{"id": "1072822", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "What does the Great Lake Compact do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [435], "text": ["proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1054713", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "Where can paper copies of water use reporting forms be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [345], "text": ["from most MSU Extension"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1075908", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of applications favor a system with low investment attributes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": ["a smaller number of large applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1056947", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is the maximum soil infiltration rate in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [176], "text": [" 1 inch/2 hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1072016", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "When should I select a radial transect line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["for center pivot"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062714", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Check irrigation tires: Check air pressure in each pivot tire. Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level. Note tires that were near flat, and return a week later to see if they leaked. Expect tires to lose two or three pounds pressure each year if not re-aired annually.", "question": "What is the first step in inspecting your irrigation tires?", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["Check air pressure in each pivot tire"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1062489", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "When is the only time when the interlocked injection pump is supposed to operate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [371], "text": ["when the irrigation water pump in"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1123903", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "What is the key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [70], "text": ["determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1041062", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the disadvantages of irrigation? Excerpt: There are potential side effects also linked with irrigation such as: Water logging in the farms, Increase or decrease in pH levels of the soil, Poor aeration to the soil because of too much moisture, Polluted water can pollute the underground resources, Irrigation in cooler regions of the country can cause disease outbreaks due to stagnant water, Fertilizers can sometimes get into the source of water and cause eutrophication, If the water in the reservoir dries up due to evaporation, then it could result in a dry land. Using the river water entirely for irrigation can disturb the local ecology", "question": "What causes the pollution of underground resources?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": [" Polluted water"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069267", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "When does the landowner have a clean separation at the end of the agreement period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [525], "text": ["If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1062447", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "How should you cut the studs used in building the catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [177], "text": ["cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1068742", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "How do lease agreements take into account the lessee's responsibility for improvements to land to be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [608], "text": ["transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119464", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "What does corn leaf rolling mean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [47], "text": ["the primary symptom of drought"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011610", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What are the units associated with EC?", "answers": {"answer_start": [834], "text": [" millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm)"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1062468", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "What is the goal of the safety system provided by the newer stop barricades?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430], "text": ["to shut the pivot down"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073246", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "How can I request a Site Specific Review from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["through the MiWWAT tool"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1094695", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What kind of soils have a faster infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [266], "text": ["sandy loams"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1095077", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "What can help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times?", "answers": {"answer_start": [366], "text": ["Small application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1057696", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is the expected daily application rate to irrigate most crops in Indiana and Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [258], "text": ["0.25 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1071866", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What is the relationship between infiltration rate and wetting time?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1121875", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the dent development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [773], "text": ["R5"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1010173", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do I turn the water off to my system in case of an emergency? Excerpt: Find your backflow assembly.''Above ground assemblies will be in a large, green/tan, rectangular box, more than likely located near your home or water meter.'Below ground assemblies will have a large, green, rectangular lid.' Once found, turn either handle on assembly to the right to turn water off.' green, rectangular lid.' Once found, turn either handle on assembly to the right to turn water off.'rs get the help they need quickly and easily.", "question": "What do below ground assemblies look like?", "answers": {"answer_start": [279], "text": ["large, green, rectangular lid"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1121800", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What is it called when reduced yield must occur due to poor pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [176], "text": ["forage or silage harvest"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094694", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What kind of soils have a faster infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [256], "text": ["sands"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1079876", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "What level of water use may be reached during extreme weather circumstances?", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": ["0.31 to 0.33 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121841", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What happens when short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion?", "answers": {"answer_start": [222], "text": ["new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080738", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "When does maximum irrigation occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["late July early August"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1073006", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "How can I use the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment tool?", "answers": {"answer_start": [730], "text": ["online"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1069270", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What happens if the improvements left by the lessee are all but the distribution system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [605], "text": ["em the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1073011", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009", "question": "What is the second category that Michgian large quantity water withdrawals can fall into? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [176], "text": ["February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057670", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "When do low initial costs compensate for high energy costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [579], "text": ["if a low total volume of water is applied annually."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1073019", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "Who do \"grandfathered\" withdrawals need to share water sources with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": ["other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1068381", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.", "question": "What justifies there being a raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1046537", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.", "question": "For catch can stands, what type of cylinder is used to measure water volume?", "answers": {"answer_start": [412], "text": ["500 ml graduated cylinder"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1094704", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What kind of infiltration do disc and moldboard tillage result in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [490], "text": ["lowest rates"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1071988", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What kind of irrigation system provides uniform application rates throughout the entire system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [267], "text": ["large gun hose traveler"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1119452", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Iowa soils hold 1.5-2.5 inches per foot of effective rooting depth. Root depth in Iowa has been found at depths greater than six feet. The importance of proper early root development cannot be underestimated. Crops with deep root systems explore a greater volume of soil are able to withstand drought conditions better.", "question": "How much effective rooting depth do Iowa soils hold?", "answers": {"answer_start": [16], "text": ["1.5-2.5 inches per foot"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121826", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "What kind of soybeans are often shorter and have smaller leaves?", "answers": {"answer_start": [90], "text": ["Drought stressed soybean"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011627", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "How must soils with a high clay content be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1057277", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What can cause the instantaneous application rate to remain uniform? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [421], "text": ["as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1008559", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Is a pressure regulator necessary to use with a drip system? Excerpt: Yes, drip irrigation or low volume irrigation systems have been designed to operate with lower pressures than sprinkler systems, so pressure regulators typically are a necessity. Operating pressure suggested for a drip system is around 25 PSI with the lower pressure start at 15 PSI and the higher pressure is 30 PSI. Using a pressure regulator will help to ensure your drip system will operate optimally", "question": "What is the lower bound for suggested operating pressure for a drip system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [356], "text": ["15 PSI "]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1047666", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What is required by the PA 148?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["State water use reports are required"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1071995", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rate. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all factors that affect the situation.", "question": "What can taking into account all factors that affect the situation do for me when it comes to irrigation application rate and soil infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [80], "text": ["Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057300", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What is considered to be a deposit into a checking account?", "answers": {"answer_start": [123], "text": ["Rainfall"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1071868", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What does the amount of water applied during each application affect?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1062426", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 1: The 2 x 3 inch stud chunks wedge into the base of the cut plastic drain pipe sections, and make the transition between the cup and post. Electric fence post should fit snug into the drill hole. A screw may be placed through the side of the plastic drain pipe into the 2 x 3 inch stud chunks. Electric fence post and cups can be stored and transported in separate stacks.", "question": "When building a catch can test, how should you place the screw?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["A screw may be placed through the side of the plastic drain pipe into the 2 x 3 inch stud chunks."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1056696", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "What is the benefit of providing the latitude and longitude of a withdrawal site?  ", "answers": {"answer_start": [511], "text": ["stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1047681", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "Where is the well pumping capacity included? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [687], "text": ["well log"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121887", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the V12-VT development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["2-5"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094945", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) System leaks and bad sprinklers: Start the system up and pressurize it. Look for leaks and bad sprinklers, create a list of units in need of attention. Remember to check risers and other irrigation pipe areas that may need attention. Small leaks can saturate the soil and weaken force blocks used to hold underground pipe and plugs in place. Create a list of pressure and flow meter readings (if available) for each pumping station and pivot point. Knowing the starting pressure can help diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future.", "question": "What can help me diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [453], "text": ["Knowing the starting pressure "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1068534", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "What would motivate a lessee to proceed with their role?", "answers": {"answer_start": [320], "text": ["additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1072701", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "Where can I find irrigation scheduling tools?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["the website."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1008550", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can I bury the drippers? Excerpt: We recommend having the drippers or ' in. dripline above ground or covered by mulch to prevent clogging. The drippers should be installed above grade, and if necessary secured by a stake.", "question": "Why should I not bury the drippers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["to prevent clogging"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1080785", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "What other tools are needed for mapping irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": ["compass"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1095088", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "What can reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["smaller application volumes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1080778", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "How many inches per day can a 7 gallon/acre irrigated system provide? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [187], "text": [" 0.30 inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1080828", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crops have the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": ["Small grains and soybeans"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1062873", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What is the benefit of visually inspecting each sprinkler when they are running?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["will often find the major problems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073016", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "What is \"grandfathering\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1094970", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "What happens by mid-June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [12], "text": ["the crop is near its full rooting depth"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1093674", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What do resource protection rules require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": [" require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1121794", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "In what case should I manage the field as normal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["If pollination is good"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011656", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the different types of irrigation? Excerpt: There are different types of irrigation systems depending on the soil type, water requirement, weather of the region etc. They are: Surface irrigation, Micro irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation, Sub irrigation", "question": "What do the different irrigation types depend on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["soil type"]}, "references": "Rivulis. (2023). Types of Irrigation: A Comprehensive Guide | Rivulis. https://www.rivulis.com/exploring-different-types-of-irrigation-and-their-applications/"}
{"id": "1057001", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "During what season is the holding capacity of the soil's surface supposed to increase? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [346], "text": ["Midseason cultivation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1071885", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "In what units is the irrigation application rate expressed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["as inches per hour."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1079888", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "When are system design capacities of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1062792", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) End gun adjustments: Make sure you are covering every foot of planted ground possible and are not watering areas that are not cropped. Fine adjustments now can improve coverage area or keep you out of trouble if irrigation water ends up where it should not be. Avoid going overboard fine tuning, higher surface and ground water levels in the spring can give a little bigger coverage area in the spring that they will late summer for some systems.", "question": "During which season, should you expect large coverage from ground water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [347], "text": ["spring"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1075970", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what do low initial costs and a low total volume of water applied annually compensate for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [560], "text": ["higher energy cost "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1094990", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "Does rainfall meet crop needs better or less in July?", "answers": {"answer_start": [169], "text": ["less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057699", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is the expected daily application rate to irrigate most crops in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [258], "text": ["0.25 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1093752", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "How much does a chemigation valve cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [566], "text": ["less than $700"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1072210", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "How many observation points should be under each span in a center pivot system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [274], "text": ["three equally spaced"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062441", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What should be the length of the drain pipe used to build a catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["3 inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1121899", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "When is the best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer to the corn to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [205], "text": ["as close to the time the corn will use it"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1069450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What kind of soils take water in at a faster rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["sandy loams"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1062439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What other cup can you used if you do not have a soda cup to build a simple, inexpensive catch can test?", "answers": {"answer_start": [89], "text": ["Taco Bell cup"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1072025", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "What should I select for traveler systems when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["a transect line representing the watering pattern"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1011569", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What does the TDS of a water sample tell you?", "answers": {"answer_start": [607], "text": ["the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1011666", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is gravity irrigation? Excerpt: Gravity system is a basic irrigation system consisting of an elevated reservoir, the pipe from the bottom of the reservoir to the irrigation system which can be either hand operated or battery operated to control the time and rate of water application. The reservoir of the gravity system is filled by harvesting rainwater.", "question": "How can the pipe from the bottom of the reservoir be operated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [215], "text": ["hand operated or battery operated"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1057561", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What happens to most of the water pumped for crop irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [220], "text": ["goes into evapotransporation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1011624", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What SAR level in water is generally not recommended for continuous irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1449], "text": ["SAR value greater than 6"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1119313", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What is evapotranspiration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": [" a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080755", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "Who handles irrigation registrations in Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [233], "text": ["Indiana DNR."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1071880", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What is the result of dammers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["increases the surface storage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1062868", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "How can you use sprinklers to find hidden leaks in your system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1120610", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What are the consequences of water stress during pollination of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [266], "text": [" not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072772", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "What does fertigation allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1062467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "How do the newer stop barricades ensure backup safety?", "answers": {"answer_start": [357], "text": ["catch and spin the tire against the barricade"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1080811", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "What will comparing potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis help me do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [420], "text": ["equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1072208", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "How long should the increments be along a line to identify observation points for a center pivot system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["50-foot"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1080746", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Water rights and regulation. Make sure you understand your rights and obligation to use water in your State. Example: Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allowing only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties.", "question": "How does Michigan operate in terms of rights and obligations of water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [145], "text": ["riparian state for surface water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1123908", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "What can I figure out by knowing how much product you want to apply per acre and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1008969", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What do I do if my controller shows no display? Excerpt: Check to see if you have power going to the controller.' If not, check circuit breakers & GFI outlets in your home to see if they have been tripped.' If you have power, but no display, unplug controller for 2 minutes then plug back in.' If still no display,' see if there is a reset button on your controller - hold for 10 seconds.' Still no display?' Controller may have gone bad.", "question": "What do I do if I run out of options with my controller showing no display?", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["reset button on your controller"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1011606", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What does a higher EC mean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [745], "text": ["more dissolved minerals in the water"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1079899", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What kind of pumping in a system leads to low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [511], "text": ["low pumping pressure."]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1121819", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "What happens to soybeans in severe drought conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069425", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: Seek professional help. A lawyer that works with land rental could advise you how to add these sections to your lease agreement ", "question": "What could a lawyer that works with land rental help me with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["advise you how to add these sections to your lease agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057295", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "What type of irrigation scheduling can improve scheduling decisions? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [187], "text": [" \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057778", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "To maintain crop clearance, would you use a shorter or longer pivot spans? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [389], "text": ["shorter"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "What have the surrounding regions of the Great Lakes been trying to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": ["to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1069230", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "What can be added to the annual cost of the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation to represent the added income opportunity with irrigation for the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [399], "text": ["the dry land rent rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121770", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What does management of corn depend on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["the remaining yield potential"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056946", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is soils infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["the rate water can enter the soils surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1072842", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "How often should reporting be done?", "answers": {"answer_start": [349], "text": ["Annual reporting"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1056587", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "How can you establish a baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [147], "text": ["Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121795", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "How should I manage the field when pollination of corn is good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [41], "text": ["as normal"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062704", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Service center drive and final drives on pivots. Gearboxes should be checked annually. First drain condensation water from the bottom of the box and then refill with recommended gear lube.", "question": "How often should I check my gearboxes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["annually."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057726", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "What is one inch every 3 days in gallons/minute/acre? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1080752", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What capacity to pump is considered to be a large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [116], "text": ["> 70 gal./min"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1073010", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009", "question": "What is the first category that Michgian large quantity water withdrawals can fall into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [108], "text": ["Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1075975", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What increases as irrigation capacity increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["System costs increase"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1119522", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "When will vegetative development progress more rapidly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["drought stress is combined with heat stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "How does one check their chemigation valve?", "answers": {"answer_start": [203], "text": ["Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1121806", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [427], "text": ["Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1079887", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "How much is 6.5 gallos/minute/acre of irrigation equal to in inches per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [250], "text": ["one inch every 3 days "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1057608", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What can you estimate with the DIRTI formula? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [582], "text": ["annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1095111", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "Where can additional irrigation scheduling information be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [283], "text": ["at the MSU irrigation website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1119457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Iowa soils hold 1.5-2.5 inches per foot of effective rooting depth. Root depth in Iowa has been found at depths greater than six feet. The importance of proper early root development cannot be underestimated. Crops with deep root systems explore a greater volume of soil are able to withstand drought conditions better.", "question": "What is a benefit of crops with deep root systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [238], "text": ["explore a greater volume of soil are able to withstand drought conditions better"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1054715", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "Where can paper copies of water use reporting forms be found? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [373], "text": ["USDA Farm Service Centers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1079916", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems: (1) Irrigation water requirements (2) Ground water availability (3) Surface water availability (4) Water rights and regulation (5) Water registration (6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment (7) Map your irrigation ideas  (8) Power sources  (9) Get multiple bids (10) Irrigation economics (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences (12) Specialty/vegetable crop options (13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas", "question": "What must be checked for planning irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [47], "text": ["Irrigation water requirements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1057254", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "What is the instantaneous irrigation application rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [270], "text": ["the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1094875", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.", "question": "What are the steps for servicing pump engines and inspecting all fluid levels?", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": ["Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1079900", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What kind of power can lead to low water source cost? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [537], "text": ["Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off."]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1073003", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "What does a screening tool do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [508], "text": ["estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121831", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "Why does soybean root growth increase during drought conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": ["plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056847", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "What are flow meters? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [16], "text": ["mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1072770", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "What can split nitrogen applications do? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [162], "text": ["reduce potential of early season loss"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1056675", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Why is the consumptive use estimated to be high for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [593], "text": ["Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1007220", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the advantage and benefits of using drip irrigation system? Excerpt: The advantage and benefits are more than just saving water.Water Efficiency: By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings ranging upwards to 60%.Ease of Installation: A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, therefore making the installation a very simple process. DIG's low volume irrigation systems install easily above or below the ground.Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth: Watering only the roots of the plants using drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the areas between plants.Versatility: Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.Root Zone: One of the most important aspects of drip irrigation is the fact that in many instances, a totally new and more favorable root zone environment is created and a relatively constant soil moisture level is maintained. This fact has important implications on plants because it bears upon questions of plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.Economy: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.Long Life: All DIG products are designed to withstand the harshest conditions in both home and commercial installations. They are manufactured of high quality, highly durable plastics and contain added quantities of the compound Carbon Black, making them resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays.", "question": "How will plants be watered during drip irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [700], "text": ["only the roots of the plants"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1095112", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "What can be found on the MSU irrigation website?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["Additional irrigation scheduling information"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1008915", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How you can tell that the system is working? Excerpt: There are several ways to verify that your drip irrigation system is working:Check for moisture or wetted area at the surface of the soil directly below a dripper and around the base of the plant .If the drippers are subsurface connect micro tubing to the dripline at any location (ideally at the end of the line) and raise it to the surface. At the end of the microtubing installed a dripper and use it as a point source dripper to check if the system is operating.Monitor the flow at your water meter.Check the control valve via the manual external bleed.", "question": "Where should I connect micro tubing to the drippers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [329], "text": ["at any location (ideally at the end of the line)"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057616", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What types of systems do small applications favor? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [270], "text": ["systems that have low labor costs,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What is included in the Physical and Chemical properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county?", "answers": {"answer_start": [553], "text": [" Estimates for water infiltration rates"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1057484", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "Where can the irrigation scheduler be used? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121895", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the R5 development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [826], "text": ["2-4"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057463", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "Which crop does the SoyWater tool target? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["soybean"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1011639", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What are the classifications of soil due to the use of moving sprinkler systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [901], "text": ["conditional"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1121878", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the V12-VT development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": ["Late vegetative "]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069293", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "What is a concern associated with allowing lessees to sublet property?", "answers": {"answer_start": [213], "text": ["opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094986", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "What are irrigation goals during July?", "answers": {"answer_start": [15], "text": ["irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1011604", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "How is TDS estimated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [724], "text": ["EC of the water"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1071990", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What kind of application rate does a large gun hose irrigation system provide? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["uniform"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069272", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What is the benefit of the landowner having a clean separation from the lessee at the end of the agreement period? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [790], "text": ["recoup the investment in land improvements."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121871", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the late vegetative development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [347], "text": ["V12 to VT"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "aa0cc49cea244017a26cfb814f912062", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a voluntary conservation program that offers farmers and ranchers financial cost-share and technical assistance to implement conservation practices on working agricultural land.", "question": "What are some resources for farmers on irrigation efficiency?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) "]}, "references": "National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. (2019). Environmental Quality Incentives Program - Helping farmers and ranchers share the costs of addressing natural resource concerns. https://sustainableagriculture.net/publications/grassrootsguide/conservation-environment/environmental-quality-incentives-program/"}
{"id": "1120624", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What happens when pollen grains are released for tassel anthers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [505], "text": ["Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080784", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "What other tools are needed for mapping irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["a pencil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1057494", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "At which locations can you use the Irrigation Scheduler tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["Michigan and Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [461], "text": [" the \"Capital Investment Model\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1080940", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Check center pivot sprinkler patterns: With water up to pressure, check sprinkler patterns. This can be easily done on bare earth or when crops are small. Look for sprinklers that have smaller wetted patterns than others. Plugs, no-turns, and watering patterns would indicate damage or obstruction. Check pressure at the pivot point and the last sprinkler and compare to the sprinkler chart, pressure thatdiffers from the chart by more than 10% indicates the need for attention.", "question": "When doing an irrigation inspection, how should you handle sprinkler systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["Check center pivot sprinkler patterns"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1121868", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the sixth development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [766], "text": [" Dent (R5)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121865", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the third development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["Pollination to Blister (R2)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057623", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What is the primary advantage of systems with low energy costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [492], "text": ["higher total annual use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1079862", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What application rate is adequate in normal conditions? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": ["5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1069449", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What kind of soils take water in at a faster rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": ["sands"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1094790", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "What happens for crops in the months of may and early June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [180], "text": ["receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1062801", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What is the potential cause of overwatering the corners of a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [215], "text": ["valves are stuck open"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1094968", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "When is the crop is near its full rooting depth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["By mid-June"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1092838", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "What is essential to know when it comes to fertigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [114], "text": ["the system applies water uniformly across the field"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1094903", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Measure static water levels in wells: Many of your neighbors may be concerned that irrigation water use is permanently lowering the water table. Documenting the static water level in your well and surrounding wells before you start pumping each year allows a comparison from beginning to end of pumping season. A late fall reading will show the recovery levels. If you do not have the equipment to measure the static water level of your well, consider an annual well maintenance company inspection or a single visit from a well driller to inspect equipment and measure water levels.", "question": "What should I do in order to compare the water season from the beginning to the end of pumping season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [149], "text": ["Documenting the static water level in your well and surrounding wells before you start pumping each year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073242", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What must be done if the MiWWAT assessment is zone c? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1056698", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where does most water used for harvest cooling go? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [811], "text": ["groundwater"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121874", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the dough development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [673], "text": ["R4"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1073008", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009", "question": "How many different categories can large quantity water withdrawals in Michigan fall into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [52], "text": ["three"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072846", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "When did Michigan limit large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [11], "text": ["2006"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1095057", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "According to Michigan State University Extension, if a producer's irrigation capacity is low, this means that the grower should be starting to irrigate prior to peak use or during rainy spells to build moisture level. Many irrigators started too late and could never regain good soil moisture level during the drought of 2012. If you have the capacity to provide one inch every three days, you can afford to gamble on receiving rainfall. For most producers, starting late can lead to poor irrigated yields.", "question": "What was a common problem that irrigators faced during the drought of 2012?", "answers": {"answer_start": [218], "text": ["Many irrigators started too late and could never regain good soil moisture level"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1080774", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "What kind of systems can provide the 0.30 inch water requirements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": ["Seven gal/acre irrigated "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1010184", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "What is the movement of water like within sandy soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [622], "text": ["straight down"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1068347", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "What is needed for land rent auction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [513], "text": ["solid structure for the process"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "519ab6087699433ebdcdade417dc7a1f", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The water needs of corn peak in July and taper off in August as we near dent stage. Irrigated corn has its highest water use and realizes its greatest potential benefit from irrigation during the week of tasseling and the following three weeks then taper off as the crop enters dent stage.", "question": "When does irrigation provide the greatest potential benefit for corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["during the week of tasseling "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020b). July/August corn water needs - Corn. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/july-august-corn-water-needs"}
{"id": "1011652", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the different types of irrigation? Excerpt: There are different types of irrigation systems depending on the soil type, water requirement, weather of the region etc. They are: Surface irrigation, Micro irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation, Sub irrigation", "question": "What are the different types of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["Surface irrigation"]}, "references": "Rivulis. (2023). Types of Irrigation: A Comprehensive Guide | Rivulis. https://www.rivulis.com/exploring-different-types-of-irrigation-and-their-applications/"}
{"id": "1121877", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the VE-V12 development stage of corn called?", "answers": {"answer_start": [212], "text": ["early vegetative"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1008960", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can you suggest other ways to save water around the house? Excerpt: Take shorter showers ' cut your shower time by 2 minutes and save 5 gallons every time you showerA typical bathroom faucet uses 6 gallons per minute. Turn off your faucet while brushing your teeth or shaving.Check your water meter to see if there are any leaks. If it's spinning and there's no water being used, there is probably an undetected leak somewhere.While waiting for the shower to warm up, catch the cold water in a container to use on outside plants.Don't use your toilets as a wastepaper basket.Run only full loads in the washing machine and dishwasher. If you only have a few dishes, it's better to wash them in the sink.Use a broom on driveways, sidewalks and patios instead of washing them down with a hose ' save as much as 150 gallons per use.When taking your car to a car wash, be sure it's one that recycles its wash water. If you wash your car at home, don't leave the hose running ' use a nozzle with an automatic shut off and save up to 10 gallons per minute.Take a look at how water is used at your workplace and consider suggesting some of these same ideas to management.Consider installing a'weather based 'smart' irrigation controller.Get your irrigation system tuned up for efficiency. When was the last time you actually watched all the sprinklers in action? Are you sure there aren't any geysers coming out of your front yard?Adjust the timer on automatic sprinklers according to seasonal water demands and weather conditions. Install a rain shut-off device on automatic sprinklers so you're not watering when the ground is already wet.Check sprinkler system valves periodically for leaks. Keep the sprinkler heads in good repair.Avoid sprinklers that spray a fine mist, which increases evaporation and water loss due to moderate to high winds.Make sure your sprinkler is placed so it only waters the lawn, not the pavement.Install a drip irrigation system for watering all non-turf (lawn) areas. Drip irrigation provides a slow, steady trickle of water to plants at their roots allowing for maximum water absorption and reducing water waste. The systems can be controlled using an irrigation controller that can be adjusted for different levels of watering according to the needs of the plants. Drip irrigation systems can substantially reduce over-watering, inefficient watering, weed growth, and the time and labor involved in hand watering.", "question": "Why should I consider drip irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2345], "text": ["reduce over-watering"]}, "references": "Volusia County. (2023). 25 ways to save water. https://www.volusia.org/services/growth-and-resource-management/environmental-management/sustainability-and-resilience/water-conservation/25-ways-to-save-water.stml; DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "f8e1f72fb5be4587b2f0e1073418ebce", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sensors should be placed at several different depths and locations in the field. Typically, sensors are placed in pairs at one-third and two-thirds the depth of the crop root zone and at two or more locations in the field, preferably in the representative soil type away from high points, depressions and slopes. Some fields contain both heavy and light textured soils. In those fields, it is recommended that each soil type be monitored and managed separately for irrigation. Field mapping technologies can be used to identify different soil, such as electromagnetic conductivity (EM) mapping. By identifying different soils (different water holding capacities), management zones can be created that can be managed separately.", "question": "When should there be different irrigation management in a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["fields contain both heavy and light textured soils."]}, "references": "Sharma, V. (2019). Soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling | UMN Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/irrigation/soil-moisture-sensors-irrigation-scheduling"}
{"id": "1095083", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Compare two irrigators using the same total amount of irrigation water in a season: One irrigator makes five one-inch applications during the peak water use period compared to another producer making 10 half-inch applications. Assuming that there is about 0.10 inches of evaporation loss from the soil surface and foliage, the irrigator making five one-inch applications will get 0.5 inches more water into the root zone.", "question": "If one irrigator makes five one-inch applications and another makes 10 half-inch applications, assuming that there is about 0.10 inches of evaporation loss from the soil surface and foliage, which one will get more water to the root zone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["the irrigator making five one-inch applications will get 0.5 inches more water into the root zone"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1010171", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do I turn the water off to my system in case of an emergency? Excerpt: Find your backflow assembly.''Above ground assemblies will be in a large, green/tan, rectangular box, more than likely located near your home or water meter.'Below ground assemblies will have a large, green, rectangular lid.' Once found, turn either handle on assembly to the right to turn water off.' green, rectangular lid.' Once found, turn either handle on assembly to the right to turn water off.'rs get the help they need quickly and easily.", "question": "Where can I find my above ground assembly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [212], "text": ["near your home or water meter"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1094759", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "What are evaporate losses minimal during irrigation application in northern Indiana and Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [555], "text": ["due to high humidity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1093749", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What causes the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water to break?", "answers": {"answer_start": [373], "text": ["The air gap"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1062461", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "How to ensure that the pivot-based irrigation system is still functioning?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1119525", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What can result in fewer kernels per row?", "answers": {"answer_start": [456], "text": ["stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057349", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Which variables does the Enviroweather tool use to estimate crop evapotranspiration demands? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "d441cd5321864f969384ea328de6cc31", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Ground water availability - Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites: https://msustatewide.msu.edu/Programs/Details/2053. Indiana information on groundwater availability can be found at: http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/2451.htm", "question": "Where can available water withdrawal sites be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1120648", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What can further cause decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [392], "text": ["Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1054712", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "What should a producer do if their site exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [99], "text": ["for collecting monthly water use data"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1119478", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "What happens when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more?", "answers": {"answer_start": [276], "text": ["Yield loss estimates are assumed"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057283", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "On average, how many steps are required to measure Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [514], "text": ["4"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1010048", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "What do DIG drippers do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1011637", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What type of system is preferred in South Dakota?", "answers": {"answer_start": [813], "text": ["moving sprinkler systems"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1119476", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "When are yield loss estimates assumed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [309], "text": ["when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062459", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "How do you check the integrity of stop barricades during an irrigation system inspection?", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1054710", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "What is the maximum capacity that makes one responsible for collecting monthly water use data?", "answers": {"answer_start": [42], "text": ["70 gal/min threshold capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1072207", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "Where should I end when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for center pivot systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["to the furthest reaches of the machine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062795", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [33], "text": ["Use of hydro valves"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1069434", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What do repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee often viewed as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease."]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1080816", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": " What is the \"Capital Investment Model\" ?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1121817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "What is a less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [196], "text": ["diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068706", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "What does the rental agreement initiate in order to help neighboring home wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119325", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What increases as corn leaf area increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Plant transpiration"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094693", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is the infiltration rate for heavier soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["slower rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1084833", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "When should fertigation happen in a three split nitrogen management plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [20], "text": [" the last step"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1079908", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What is a factor that can lead to low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1120629", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear?", "answers": {"answer_start": [664], "text": ["Drought stress during pollination"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057757", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "When are productive water tables considered close to the surface? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [302], "text": ["less than 40 feet"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1072643", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "What can my system provider provide me with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [283], "text": [" tools to print a corrected percent timer chart"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1073243", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What must be done if the MiWWAT assessment is red? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057405", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "What is the purpose of the MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1079907", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "Why do hills and steep slopes require higher pressures and large wetter areas?", "answers": {"answer_start": [612], "text": ["to reduce chance of run-off."]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1119312", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What is an abbreviation for evapotranspiration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["ET"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062854", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What is a simple and quick tip for finding major problems in sprinklers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["Visual inspection"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1119467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "Why is there greying of corn leaf tissue? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["occur under extremely severe conditions"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056586", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "What is another term for Baseline Capacity? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["Rated Capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1072215", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "Where should I end when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for traveler systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [395], "text": ["progress to the opposite side"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1008557", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Is a pressure regulator necessary to use with a drip system? Excerpt: Yes, drip irrigation or low volume irrigation systems have been designed to operate with lower pressures than sprinkler systems, so pressure regulators typically are a necessity. Operating pressure suggested for a drip system is around 25 PSI with the lower pressure start at 15 PSI and the higher pressure is 30 PSI. Using a pressure regulator will help to ensure your drip system will operate optimally", "question": "How do drip irrigation or low-volume irrigation systems operate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["with lower pressures than sprinkler systems"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1010072", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "What is the range of flow for an adjustable dripper?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1434], "text": ["between 1 GPH and 11 GPH"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1093671", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "Why do I need backflow protection?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1080748", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Water rights and regulation. Make sure you understand your rights and obligation to use water in your State. Example: Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allowing only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties.", "question": "Can well water be transferred?", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": ["well water may be transferred between properties"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1092830", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "From a management standpoint, fertigation allows producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability. As an example, let's say that a producer has a 200 bu. Yield goal on an irrigated field that calls for 230 lbs. of nitrogen. At planting he applies 30 lbs. of nitrogen, followed by 120 lbs. applied at cultivation in early June. This leaves a nitrogen need of 80 lbs. The producer decides to apply the remaining 80 lbs. split into two 40 lbs. applications through the irrigation. We get about 3.1 lbs. of actual nitrogen for each gallon of 28% N applied. He calculates that he needs to apply just short of 13 gallons per acre. Knowing that his system irrigates 2 acres per hour, he calculates that he needs to inject 26 gallons of the fertilizer per hour.", "question": "What does fertigation allow for from a management standpoint?", "answers": {"answer_start": [49], "text": ["producers the opportunity to evaluate crop stands, N losses due to wet conditions or heavy rains and the current market situation to make adjustment to the nitrogen plan to meet the crops needs and maximize profitability"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1080732", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What is considered to be an excellent source of water availability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["Nearby large volume irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1119520", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "Drought stress and what else causes vegetative development to progress more rapidly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [283], "text": ["heat stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069412", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (b) \"Equal opportunity to buy\" is the lease agreement statement that assures the lessee that they have the option to be involved in the future sale offering of the property being leased.", "question": "What does the \"equal opportunity to buy\" option allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["the lease agreement statement that assures the lessee that they have the option to be involved in the future sale offering of the property being leased"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094352", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "What do I need for an injection system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [387], "text": ["injection pumps"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1057482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "Where can the irrigation scheduler be used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1068363", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "What does the DIRTI often represent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [294], "text": ["Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What is the SoyWater tool recognized for? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["its crop development model"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1080764", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.", "question": "What is a cost-effective option when it comes to irrigation expenses?", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1079903", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What do hills require in order to reduce chance run-off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [572], "text": ["higher pressures"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1010203", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: A new center pivot irrigation system needs a water source (well or surface water), a pump, a power source (electric motor or engine), controls and often a buried pipeline. At 2018 prices, the average cost of a new quarter section center pivot (irrigating about 128 acres of the 160 acres), setup in a field with a concrete pad, is about $90,000. The cost of the pump, well, pipeline, controls and power may add another $65,000 for a total investment around $153,000 or near $1,200 per irrigated acre. ", "question": "What is the extra cost of the pump, well, pipeline, controls, and power? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [501], "text": ["$65,000"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1121888", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the pollination to blister development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [525], "text": ["3-9"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1093750", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What does the airgap created by the chemigation gaps do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1057564", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is considered to be a high consumptive water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": ["90%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121873", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the milk development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [572], "text": ["R3"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072214", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "Where should I end when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for solid set systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [395], "text": ["progress to the opposite side"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1056703", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating water use can be accomplished by several methods: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation).", "question": "Where can I look to find industry average numbers that are used to estimate water usage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [331], "text": ["Mid West Plan Service or ASAE"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1011553", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination. ", "question": "What causes the rusty color on pumps, pipelines, and irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": ["iron"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "64d7daa251494eac962fb917447ce25e", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) is designed to estimate the likely impact of a water withdrawal on nearby streams and rivers. Use of the WWAT is required of anyone proposing to make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal from the waters of the state, including all groundwater and surface water sources, prior to beginning the withdrawal. You must use the WWAT to determine if a proposed withdrawal is likely to cause an Adverse Resource Impact, and to register the withdrawal. The results page provides a quick link to submitting a registration. A registration is valid for 18 months; the withdrawal capacity must be installed within that 18 months or the registration becomes void.", "question": "What tools are there water withdrawal sites?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) "]}, "references": "EGLE. (2023). WWAT-Home Page. https://www.egle.state.mi.us/wwat/(S(whxx1bja4grx05ino0gubkx4))/default.aspx"}
{"id": "1095063", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "What is the application volume at peak water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [60], "text": ["as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1062702", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Service center drive and final drives on pivots. Gearboxes should be checked annually. First drain condensation water from the bottom of the box and then refill with recommended gear lube.", "question": "What else should you check when inspecting and repairing your irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["Gearboxes should be checked annually."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1093680", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What are chemigation valves for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": ["create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1095078", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "When can small applications help when it comes to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial time"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1073052", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "What is the civil fine that a person receives after knowingly causing an adverse resource impact with a water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1075973", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "When should irrigation systems be able to replace typical water use of a plant?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["during a prolonged dry period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1062445", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "How many 3 inches studs do you need to build a catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [62], "text": ["2"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1072036", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "What is the procedure for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for traveler systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [354], "text": ["Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1068365", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "What does the DIRTI formula do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [459], "text": ["spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057487", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "How are crop specific E.T. values estimated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["using the daily high and low temperatures"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1062428", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "How many different materials or equipments do you need to build a simple, inexpensive catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": ["4"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1080920", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "Is finding irrigation labor easy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [255], "text": ["hard to find"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1057481", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "What is the Irrigation Scheduler tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1119474", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "What does a longer duration of leaf rolling mean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [234], "text": ["the greater the stress the crop is under"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1073239", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "How can I indicate any small modifications to my large volume withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [471], "text": ["by returning to the tool and modifying your original request."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057686", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What is 0.25 inch per day in gallons/minute/acre? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [304], "text": ["5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1080812", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "How can I equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1120596", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What can cause delayed silk development?", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "d2762f289fb64e73a25897bc51fa222f", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Yes, especially if the plants are healthy and irrigation can begin at pod initiation. In general, the most important time to irrigate soybeans is from R3 (beginning pod, one pod 3/16 inch long on one of the upper four nodes on the main stem having unrolled leaves) through R6 (full seed, one pod containing green seed that fills the pod cavity on one of the upper four nodes on the main stem having unrolled leaves).", "question": "What is the irrigation period for soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [146], "text": ["from R3 "]}, "references": "Staton, M., & Kelley, L. (2012). Answers to common questions about irrigating soybeans - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/answers_to_common_questions_about_irrigating_soybeans"}
{"id": "1095096", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "Are late season applications lowered or highered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["lowered"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1119306", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What is essential to crop production?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Water"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1123889", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "How are most products injected into the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [345], "text": ["with a fixed rate injection pump"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1075966", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of systems are favored by a higher total annual use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1073107", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "What would prompt a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072737", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.", "question": "How much water should I irrigate with to activate herbicide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": ["0.5 inch or more"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1057716", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "What is the minimum water use rate that may occur during extreme situations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": [".31"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1068378", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "Where can the standard procedure of calculating the DIRTI formula be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [606], "text": ["page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\"."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119465", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "What happens to corn under extremely severe conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["Greying of leaf tissue"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069353", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "How can irrigation dealers help me in regards to insurance?", "answers": {"answer_start": [429], "text": ["direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057368", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "In Enviroweather, what is the first step for tracking crop ET as the crop develops? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [501], "text": ["clicking the Crop ET Estimate button"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1010185", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "How should I set up my system in sandy soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [653], "text": ["using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1008541", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the maximum flow that I can use with a single line of ' in. drip tubing, single line of ' in. micro tubing or a single line of 1/8 in. micro tubing? Excerpt: You should not exceed more than 220 GPH on a single line of 1/2 in. poly tubing with .700 OD, 35 GPH on a single 1/4 in. micro tubing with .245 OD or 5 GPH on a single 1/8 in. microtubing with .187 OD.", "question": "What is the maximum flow that I can use on a single line of 1/2 in. poly tubing with .700 OD?", "answers": {"answer_start": [208], "text": ["220 GPH "]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1062821", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "In what state should the hydro arms be when ensuring that all valves are shut off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [565], "text": ["fully folded"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057395", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "How often can E.T. reports be retrieved from the Enviroweather Network? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [28], "text": ["daily"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094922", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Rock traps, screens and filters - Remove debris, sand and small stones from rock traps. Clean screens and filters often used in conjunction with end guns and cornering arms. Rock traps are often removed for the winter to prevent freeze damage from water condensation in pipe and accumulating in trap. If rock traps were removed for the winter and bird guards are not put in place inspect openings for nests.", "question": "What are the steps when it comes to dealing with rock traps, screens and filters?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": ["Remove debris, sand and small stones from rock traps"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1079873", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "In what states do most crops have an E.T. rate of under 0.25 inch per day, with the exception of a few extreme days?", "answers": {"answer_start": [617], "text": ["in northern Indiana and Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1007288", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Why should we use drip irrigation? Excerpt: Drip irrigation applies water and nutrients very efficiently directly to the plant's roots and only where it is needed ensuring healthy plants and vigorous growth. Studies on drip irrigation systems are show results of up to 60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems.", "question": "What does drip irrigation ensure?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["healthy plants and vigorous growth"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1062427", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 1: The 2 x 3 inch stud chunks wedge into the base of the cut plastic drain pipe sections, and make the transition between the cup and post. Electric fence post should fit snug into the drill hole. A screw may be placed through the side of the plastic drain pipe into the 2 x 3 inch stud chunks. Electric fence post and cups can be stored and transported in separate stacks.", "question": "When building a catch can test, how should you handle the electric fence post and cups?", "answers": {"answer_start": [324], "text": ["Electric fence post and cups can be stored and transported in separate stacks."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1079915", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What kind of topography is ideal to achieve low distribution equipment cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [368], "text": ["hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearanc"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1068422", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "Does it make a difference whether the lessee provides all the equipment and water supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [85], "text": ["rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094988", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "Does the potential to lose water below the root zone increase or decrease in July?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["lessens"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1121883", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the R6 development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [867], "text": ["Maturity "]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072755", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (7) Reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss to volatilization. Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water to move nitrogen into the soil.", "question": "What does nitrogen application do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["to move nitrogen into the soil."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1069437", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What does a payment schedule allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [436], "text": ["allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1080757", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What are the options after using the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool?", "answers": {"answer_start": [476], "text": ["to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "310b1469f9d14e84ac4321901ef8d1e9", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Yes, especially if the plants are healthy and irrigation can begin at pod initiation. In general, the most important time to irrigate soybeans is from R3 (beginning pod, one pod 3/16 inch long on one of the upper four nodes on the main stem having unrolled leaves) through R6 (full seed, one pod containing green seed that fills the pod cavity on one of the upper four nodes on the main stem having unrolled leaves).", "question": "When to start irrigating soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [67], "text": ["at pod initiation."]}, "references": "Staton, M., & Kelley, L. (2012). Answers to common questions about irrigating soybeans - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/answers_to_common_questions_about_irrigating_soybeans"}
{"id": "1057597", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What does the D stand for in DIRTI? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["Depreciation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1092811", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What do side dress applications account for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1069238", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "What is the additional opportunity cost associated with permanent improvements made to land which is to be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [471], "text": ["the added income opportunity with irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057301", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What is considered to be a deposit into a checking account? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [136], "text": ["irrigation applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1068346", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "What can land rent auction be used for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [483], "text": ["to establish rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1069167", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "How can the annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080799", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "How close should the power sources be located relative to potential water sources?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["1/2 mile or less"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1057556", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "What estimation is needed when registering for new agricultural withdrawals in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [15], "text": ["expected water use by the month"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1094729", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "Why should I leave enough water holding capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [315], "text": ["to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1094996", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "Why is transpiration important when it comes to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [238], "text": ["is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1120643", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What is the result of drought that occurs in the milk, dough, and dent stages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [494], "text": ["decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1054705", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "Where does the MDA forward township based reports?", "answers": {"answer_start": [312], "text": ["to the MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1056671", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where does most water pumped for irrigation go?", "answers": {"answer_start": [648], "text": ["to the evapotransporation of the crop"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1069454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What does tillage method have an affect on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1008910", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How you can tell that the system is working? Excerpt: There are several ways to verify that your drip irrigation system is working:Check for moisture or wetted area at the surface of the soil directly below a dripper and around the base of the plant .If the drippers are subsurface connect micro tubing to the dripline at any location (ideally at the end of the line) and raise it to the surface. At the end of the microtubing installed a dripper and use it as a point source dripper to check if the system is operating.Monitor the flow at your water meter.Check the control valve via the manual external bleed.", "question": "Where should I check for moisture or wetted area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["at the surface of the soil directly below a dripper and around the base of the plant"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1080754", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What do new irrigation installations require in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [179], "text": ["require a registration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1056697", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (f) Reporting of static water level is no longer required: Static water level reporting was moved from a requirement to report. ", "question": "What was static water level reporting changed to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [204], "text": ["from a requirement to report"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1056990", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "In what location in the soil is water stored? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [222], "text": ["depressions in the soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1119326", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What happens as corn leaf area increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Plant transpiration increases"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057568", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What causes the consumptive use to be low? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057333", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "At which location can you use Enviroweather? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [113], "text": ["58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069292", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "Why is the opportunity to sublet irrigated land for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate becoming a reality?", "answers": {"answer_start": [152], "text": ["As high dollar specialty crop become more common"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080941", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Check center pivot sprinkler patterns: With water up to pressure, check sprinkler patterns. This can be easily done on bare earth or when crops are small. Look for sprinklers that have smaller wetted patterns than others. Plugs, no-turns, and watering patterns would indicate damage or obstruction. Check pressure at the pivot point and the last sprinkler and compare to the sprinkler chart, pressure thatdiffers from the chart by more than 10% indicates the need for attention.", "question": "What is a prerequisite for checking sprinkler patterns?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["With water up to pressure"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1062440", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What should be the size of a cup used to build a catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61], "text": ["32 oz"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1094859", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Check and test all control and power boxes: With all power off, open each electric box and blow it out with compressed air. Avoid leaving any dust or debris in the box or connections. Seal holes that rodents, snakes or insects may use to gain access to the box. A small application of an insecticide with a long residual time to the bottom of the box can reduce ant and spider problems in the future. Make sure disconnects function and repair or replace faulty equipment. Also make sure all connections are tight and all connection surfaces are free of corrosion. Many electrical disconnects or pivot control boxes meet an early demise from electrified mouse nest explosion in the box.", "question": "How can I reduce ant and spider problems in the future when it comes to my control and power boxes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [266], "text": ["A small application of an insecticide with a long residual time to the bottom of the box"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057512", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "Who are new wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan installed after February 2006 required to be registered with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["Michigan Department of Agriculture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1093686", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "Where do chemigation valves create an airgap in the pipeline?", "answers": {"answer_start": [320], "text": ["downstream from the pump"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1062874", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What do you gain from comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification?", "answers": {"answer_start": [373], "text": ["will often indicate hidden leaks"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1068426", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "Are land rent prices higher or lower than the cost of installing irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": ["higher"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1073018", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "Why should \"grandfathered\" withdrawals still share water sources?", "answers": {"answer_start": [356], "text": ["since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1095108", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "Why should I know crop water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [25], "text": ["can assist producers in irrigation decision making"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1121898", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "What is an efficient and effective method of applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products?", "answers": {"answer_start": [56], "text": [" through a center pivot"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1120640", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What can cause further kernel abortion?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": ["Continued drought into the milk stage"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1119466", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "When does greying of corn leaf tissue occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [102], "text": ["will occur under extremely severe conditions"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121829", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "What happens to soybean roots during drought conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["Soybean root growth increases"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1119454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Iowa soils hold 1.5-2.5 inches per foot of effective rooting depth. Root depth in Iowa has been found at depths greater than six feet. The importance of proper early root development cannot be underestimated. Crops with deep root systems explore a greater volume of soil are able to withstand drought conditions better.", "question": "At what kind of depths has root depth in Iowa been found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [102], "text": ["at depths greater than six feet"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121876", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the maturity development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [877], "text": ["R6"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072845", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "Why did Michigan limit large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["to prevent an adverse resource"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1094799", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "What kind of roots leave a limited soil water holding capacity capable that make small application ideal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [518], "text": ["Roots that are not fully established"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1057599", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What does the R stand for in DIRTI? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": ["Repairs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1008081", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the disadvantage of using a drip system? Excerpt: No serious introduction to drip irrigation would be complete without a look at the disadvantages associated with its use:Drip irrigation should have a pressure regulator and filter to protect the drip system.The soft poly tubing can be susceptible to damage from insects, rodents, and household pets.A filter is required to guard against potential clogging at the very small orifices of the drippers and micro sprinklers.You cannot see a drip system working as you can a conventional sprinkler system.Drip irrigation creates a smaller wetted area, so control is more critical to avoid stress for the plants.", "question": "What is needed to protect the drip system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": ["a pressure regulator and filter"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121791", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "When should I see how many kernels are expanding? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [580], "text": ["when the ear is in the blister stage"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072560", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "How many areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic should I look at?", "answers": {"answer_start": [281], "text": ["four to five"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1119480", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "After how many days are yield loss estimates assumed when drought stress occurs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [336], "text": ["for four consecutive days or more"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068384", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.", "question": "What is the benefit of a well compared to dry land farming?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072026", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (3) Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings.", "question": "What is the third step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1071981", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What does the application rate look like throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [32], "text": ["will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094926", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Rock traps, screens and filters - Remove debris, sand and small stones from rock traps. Clean screens and filters often used in conjunction with end guns and cornering arms. Rock traps are often removed for the winter to prevent freeze damage from water condensation in pipe and accumulating in trap. If rock traps were removed for the winter and bird guards are not put in place inspect openings for nests.", "question": "What is often used in conjunction with end guns and cornering arms?", "answers": {"answer_start": [92], "text": ["Clean screens and filters"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1007087", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the advantage and benefits of using drip irrigation system? Excerpt: The advantage and benefits are more than just saving water.Water Efficiency: By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings ranging upwards to 60%.Ease of Installation: A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, therefore making the installation a very simple process. DIG's low volume irrigation systems install easily above or below the ground.Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth: Watering only the roots of the plants using drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the areas between plants.Versatility: Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.Root Zone: One of the most important aspects of drip irrigation is the fact that in many instances, a totally new and more favorable root zone environment is created and a relatively constant soil moisture level is maintained. This fact has important implications on plants because it bears upon questions of plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.Economy: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.Long Life: All DIG products are designed to withstand the harshest conditions in both home and commercial installations. They are manufactured of high quality, highly durable plastics and contain added quantities of the compound Carbon Black, making them resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays.", "question": "How much water can you save by using drip irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [391], "text": ["upwards to 60%"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057559", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is consumptive water use? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [103], "text": ["the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121830", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "Does soybean root growth increase or decrease during drought conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["increases"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1095028", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "What was the daily crop water use of many crops in the summer of 2012?", "answers": {"answer_start": [66], "text": ["exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057704", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "When is the E.T. rate for most crops in northern Indiana and Michigan not 0.25 inches per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": ["extreme days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072754", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (7) Reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss to volatilization. Water in nitrogen application with  0.5 inch or more of irrigation water to move nitrogen into the soil.", "question": "How much water should I use in nitrogen application in order to move nitrogen into the soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["0.5 inch or more of irrigation water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1011621", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What are the units associated with SAR?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1306], "text": ["SAR has no units"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1008965", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What do I do if the water leak is between the water meter and backflow assembly? Excerpt: In this situation, the only solution is to turn the water off at the irrigation meter.", "question": "What do I do if the water leak is between the water meter and backflow assembly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [143], "text": ["turn the water off at the irrigation meter."]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1010195", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: I want to run my system three times per week.' How long should each zone run? Excerpt: Individual circumstances will vary, but as a general rule, depending on the season, spray heads should run between 5 - 15 minutes, rotors should run 15 - 30 minutes, and drip lines should run 30 minutes to 1 hour.", "question": "I want to run my system three times per week. How long should rotors run?", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["15 - 30 minutes"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1120631", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What are the consequences of drought stress on corn during grain fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": [" premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080930", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What is fertigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1094728", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "What should I consider when I water my crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["leaving enough water holding capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1010193", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do I know if my rain sensor is working? Excerpt: Make sure sensor switch on controller is in active position.' Start a manual cycle on your system, push down on center tab on top of sensor.' If system shuts off, the sensor is working.", "question": "How do I know if my rain sensor is working?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": ["Make sure sensor switch on controller is in active position.' Start a manual cycle on your system, push down on center tab on top of sensor.' If system shuts off, the sensor is working."]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1057279", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What kinds of irrigation systems can guarantee uniform instantaneous application rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [364], "text": ["solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1071869", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What holds a volume of water until the soil surface receives the water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["Small pockets"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "c3272a9b5eb5472590e06731b4119d11", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) is designed to estimate the likely impact of a water withdrawal on nearby streams and rivers. Use of the WWAT is required of anyone proposing to make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal from the waters of the state, including all groundwater and surface water sources, prior to beginning the withdrawal. You must use the WWAT to determine if a proposed withdrawal is likely to cause an Adverse Resource Impact, and to register the withdrawal. The results page provides a quick link to submitting a registration. A registration is valid for 18 months; the withdrawal capacity must be installed within that 18 months or the registration becomes void.", "question": "Where can I register a water withdrawal site?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) "]}, "references": "EGLE. (2023). WWAT-Home Page. https://www.egle.state.mi.us/wwat/(S(whxx1bja4grx05ino0gubkx4))/default.aspx"}
{"id": "1057606", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "On which page of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131 can you find the standard procedure pertaining to the DIRTI formula? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [470], "text": ["page 7"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1095049", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "How high should irrigation goals during the peak water use period be to maintain moisture levels?", "answers": {"answer_start": [483], "text": ["with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1080756", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What must be done to register my irrigation in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [287], "text": [" the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1056658", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "How does one constitute a new water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [557], "text": ["Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1071983", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "Where can the highest instantaneous application rate be found in a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [149], "text": ["at the end of the system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094345", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "When should I use irrigation to incorporate nitrogen in my field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": ["if dry weather follows"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1057298", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what is the concept behind the Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [50], "text": ["the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "f88d8ee8a4654a62b3857f7e2ed8f613", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Having three phase electric power provided at the location of the pump by your electric service provider is the simplest and safest energy source. It requires the least amount of farm owned/maintained equipment to run irrigation systems. Electric service providers can often generate a cost estimate for adding three phase electric power service to you location. In some situations estimates may be free with a commitment to use a quantity of power in the future. More likely, a simple line drop from a new set of transformers on an existing three phase line may be $500 to $2,000. If three phase power is not near the location, costs to install the service are estimated to be between $10,000 and $30,000 a mile. These costs are to be paid by the potential irrigator to upgrade service in the area", "question": "What power source is the most cost effective?", "answers": {"answer_start": [7], "text": ["three phase electric power provided at the location of the pump "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013d). Three phase power: The first choice for irrigation energy - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/three_phase_power_the_first_choice_for_irrigation_energy"}
{"id": "1073021", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "Why should I add my large water withdrawals that have not been reported yet to the 2008 report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["to gain their \"grandfathered\" status"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121816", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "What does it mean when soybeans flip their leaves over so the underside of its leaf is turned up?", "answers": {"answer_start": [28], "text": [" Soybean respond to drought stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1a8e78a3df3840eab95a9768b1fb6e69", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The researchers found a corn-soybeans-spring wheat-peas rotation reduced input costs and improved economic returns. Specifically, corn planted after peas produced higher yields than corn following soybeans. In all cases, yields from soybeans were higher when grown in a four-crop rotation than within a two-crop rotation.", "question": "How can yields from soybeans be increased?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["when grown in a four-crop rotation "]}, "references": "Delfanian, C. (2022). Diversifying crop rotation improves soil, reduces fertilizer costs. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-diversifying-crop-rotation-soil-fertilizer.html"}
{"id": "1057622", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Are systems with low investment attributes, suitable for small applications or large applications? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [331], "text": ["large applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1080745", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "What is a consequence of deleting stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts the environment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [470], "text": ["part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1008539", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water a vegetable garden? Excerpt: Our suggestion is to start with one of these 2 options: use DIG's 1/2 in. dripline model'B18100'with pre installed emitters every 18 in. for large gardens or our'ML50 Raised Garden Kit'which uses ' in. dripline with a 9 in. emitter spacing for smaller gardens or planter bed gardens.", "question": "What should you use to water a large garden?", "answers": {"answer_start": [129], "text": ["DIG's 1/2 in. dripline model'B18100'with pre installed emitters every 18 in."]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1069455", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What does surface compaction have an affect on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1119311", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What is important when water becomes limiting to the plant? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["to understand how plants use water."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072827", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "What is required to be registered in Michigan since 2006?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["new large volume water withdrawals "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057443", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What is the SoyWater tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [14], "text": ["an easy to use, irrigation management tool"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1072023", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "What should I select for center pivot systems when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["a radial transect line"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057513", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "When is registration with MDA required?", "answers": {"answer_start": [213], "text": ["prior to beginning to pump"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1094916", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Start the well pump: lowly fill water supply lines allowing air to escape from ends of lines. With the distribution system running furthest from the water source, inspect all the remaining outlets for freeze damage, missing frost plugs and leaks. Compare last year s records with your start-up reading for pressure and flow.", "question": "What should I compare in order to find the pressure and flow of my well pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [259], "text": ["last year s records with your start-up reading"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1079905", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What do hills require in order to reduce chance run-off? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [593], "text": ["large wetted areas"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1080928", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What can I do to have fertigation as an option in nitrogen management?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Irrigated production"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1094976", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "What happens to the effective water holding capacity when the crop is near its full rooting depth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["increasing"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1073105", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "What happens if an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [451], "text": ["there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057748", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What are some factors that lead to high water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [146], "text": ["Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1119317", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What does soil evaporation cause?", "answers": {"answer_start": [353], "text": ["major loss of water surface"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072721", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "When should I apply water when crusting is hampering emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [147], "text": ["at the appearance of first spike"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1119309", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "When is it important to understand how plants use water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [50], "text": ["When water becomes limiting to the plant"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1071994", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rate. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all factors that affect the situation.", "question": "How can I evaluate the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [220], "text": ["taking into account all factors that affect the situation."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1094724", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "What is considered to be efficient irrigation of water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1080744", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "What is a challenge when it comes to using surface water for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [571], "text": ["contamination challenges impacting food safety "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1080743", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "What should I be cautious of when evaluating my water availability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [363], "text": ["delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1046541", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.", "question": "Give examples of instruments required for the assembly of catch can stands.", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["a saw and a drill"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1094366", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is the low end infiltration rate of soil in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [153], "text": ["20 minutes per inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072632", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (1) Make sure your irrigation application is uniform. There are easy catch can systems available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system. Make sure to make the correction.", "question": "What is one way to get the most out of my irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [50], "text": [" Make sure your irrigation application is uniform"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1121889", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the R2 development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [525], "text": ["3-9"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069345", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "Who can help me evaluate the irrigation related options available when it comes to insurance?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["The local farm insurance provider"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1011532", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination. ", "question": "How do I control iron bacteria?", "answers": {"answer_start": [671], "text": ["annual chlorination"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1011625", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "Is there an exception to the recommendation of not using water with a SAR value greater than 6 for continuous irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1539], "text": ["soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1075766", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What is one of the categories that annual irrigation costs can be divided into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["annual cost of ownership"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1073022", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "Why should I add my large water withdrawals that have not been reported yet to the 2008 report? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["avoid the potent $1000/year fine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072710", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "How can I lessen stand loss?", "answers": {"answer_start": [51], "text": ["Use irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1011649", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is meant by irrigation? Excerpt: The process of applying a controlled amount of water or required quantity of water to the plants at specified or periodic interval of time is called irrigation. This process is an integral part of agriculture that keeps the farm land moist for the plants to grow and also solves the problem of dry areas, which lack proper rainfall.", "question": "What is meant by irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [48], "text": ["The process of applying a controlled amount of water or required quantity of water to the plants "]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1057620", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Are systems with high labor costs, suitable for small applications or large applications? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [331], "text": ["large applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1040989", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Why is irrigation important and where is it used? Excerpt: Irrigation is required to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty. Most important uses of irrigation are: Providing proper, uninterrupted and adequate water to the farmlands, Increases the productivity of farm, Irrigation ensures sowing seeds at the required moisture level, Helps in multiple cropping throughout the year, Modern methods have facilitated the supply of water to the roots which is exclusively important for the plant growth, Fertilizers can also be mixed in the water before irrigation this reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately, Large farmlands can be developed, It is the most important resource for farming in the drought stricken areas.", "question": "In what cases is irrigation required?", "answers": {"answer_start": [92], "text": ["to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty."]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1095070", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "What does transpiration allow a plant to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [147], "text": ["The plant most effectively uses water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1123964", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "How can I find the chemigation injection pump setting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [39], "text": ["can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1095090", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "What has less runoff issues?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1120639", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What happens if drought stress continues into the milk stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1073249", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "In what case should a land owner initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [367], "text": ["If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1095041", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "How can I help my plants manage stress during periods of high temperatures?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1056595", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "What happens if a large capacity water user does not report a baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": ["MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1075897", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What do annual operating costs include?", "answers": {"answer_start": [36], "text": ["an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1073103", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "What does it mean if a site-specific review by the MDEQ determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [451], "text": ["there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1008158", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "What should I use for setting up my own/an existing drip system for large containers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [452], "text": ["a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1095109", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "What is a good source of crop use rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [152], "text": ["Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1093673", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What kind of rules do both Indiana and Michigan have?", "answers": {"answer_start": [136], "text": ["resource protection "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1010188", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "What is the movement of water like within clay soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [935], "text": ["water will be absorbed very slowly,"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1119508", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What is a result of drought stress during vegetative stages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["reduced stem and leaf cell expansion"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057615", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What is a possible irrigation rate used for calculating annual irrigation costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [170], "text": ["six one inch applications of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1121820", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "In what conditions will the leaf of a soybean trifoliate and close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets?", "answers": {"answer_start": [274], "text": ["severe drought "]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011664", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is gravity irrigation? Excerpt: Gravity system is a basic irrigation system consisting of an elevated reservoir, the pipe from the bottom of the reservoir to the irrigation system which can be either hand operated or battery operated to control the time and rate of water application. The reservoir of the gravity system is filled by harvesting rainwater.", "question": "What does gravity irrigation consist of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [105], "text": ["an elevated reservoir"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069399", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "What happens if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase a property?", "answers": {"answer_start": [274], "text": ["The sale to another party can only proceed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1007224", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the advantage and benefits of using drip irrigation system? Excerpt: The advantage and benefits are more than just saving water.Water Efficiency: By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings ranging upwards to 60%.Ease of Installation: A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, therefore making the installation a very simple process. DIG's low volume irrigation systems install easily above or below the ground.Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth: Watering only the roots of the plants using drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the areas between plants.Versatility: Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.Root Zone: One of the most important aspects of drip irrigation is the fact that in many instances, a totally new and more favorable root zone environment is created and a relatively constant soil moisture level is maintained. This fact has important implications on plants because it bears upon questions of plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.Economy: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.Long Life: All DIG products are designed to withstand the harshest conditions in both home and commercial installations. They are manufactured of high quality, highly durable plastics and contain added quantities of the compound Carbon Black, making them resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays.", "question": "What is unique to DIG products?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1856], "text": ["resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057358", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "What is the first step in using the Enviroweather tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [302], "text": ["Pick the station nearest to you"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1075805", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "How can the DIRTI formula help estimate the cost of ownership?", "answers": {"answer_start": [324], "text": ["spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121861", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What happens if water deficits are short lived during drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1060], "text": ["nodule nitrogen fixation can resume"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1095107", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "What can assist producers in irrigation decision making?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Crop water use estimates"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1057673", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "When should irrigation systems be able to replace the typical water use of a plant?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["during a prolonged dry period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1095119", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Running through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system now greatly improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it. Irrigation can often aid in improving germination, crop emergence, herbicide activation and reduce Nitrogen valorization. All of the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season are dependent on the readiness of the irrigation system. Inspecting and performing necessary repairs now greatly increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it.", "question": "What are the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season dependent on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["the readiness of the irrigation system."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1041054", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Why is irrigation important and where is it used? Excerpt: Irrigation is required to supply water to large farmlands where there is no availability of watering the crops from any other resource especially when the rainfall is scanty. Most important uses of irrigation are: Providing proper, uninterrupted and adequate water to the farmlands, Increases the productivity of farm, Irrigation ensures sowing seeds at the required moisture level, Helps in multiple cropping throughout the year, Modern methods have facilitated the supply of water to the roots which is exclusively important for the plant growth, Fertilizers can also be mixed in the water before irrigation this reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately, Large farmlands can be developed, It is the most important resource for farming in the drought stricken areas.", "question": "What are the benefits of mixing fertilizer with water before irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [684], "text": ["reduces the task of fertilizing the crops separately"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1092815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What do aerating soil and improving water infiltration depend on during side-dress application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [347], "text": ["the equipment used"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1084836", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What does fertigation follow?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["starter and side dress applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1072723", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "What should I try to maintain when crusting is hampering emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["a moist soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1080731", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What does a lack of a reliable and adequate source of water make irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [45], "text": ["not profitable "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1071986", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What can be found at the end of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["the highest instantaneous application rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1008964", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best time of day to water? Excerpt: 'Early morning is best.' Watering during evening times or overnight will make the lawn more susceptible to fungus.", "question": "Why is it bad to water overnight or in the evening?", "answers": {"answer_start": [126], "text": ["will make the lawn more susceptible to fungus"]}, "references": "Virone, G. (2022). Lawn Watering Tips: Here\u2019s The Best Time To Water Your Grass. https://irrigatesmart.com/best-time-to-water-grass/"}
{"id": "1011679", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.", "question": "How is water supplied to plants or crops in a river lift system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["not done in a natural way"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1120620", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What happens to pollinating corn when there exist temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level?", "answers": {"answer_start": [449], "text": ["silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056574", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "What changed the Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["P.A. 33 of 2006 "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1068410", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "Should rent value be expected to be higher or lower than local dry land rent prices?", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": ["higher"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094794", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "Are the chances good or bad to receive additional rainfall after may and june?", "answers": {"answer_start": [402], "text": ["good"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1121879", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the R2 development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["Pollination to Blister"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080777", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "How many inches per day can a 5 gallon/acre irrigated system provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": ["0.25 inch/day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1072216", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "How long should the increments be along a line to identify observation points for a solid set system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["50-foot increment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1095101", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "How much is corn water use at the dent stage of development?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057314", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What does evapotranspiration represent in the concept of Checkbook scheduling? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [431], "text": ["withdrawals from the account"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1072212", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "Where should I start when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for solid set systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [360], "text": ["at one edge of the wetted area "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069271", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What is the benefit of the landowner having a clean separation from the lessee at the end of the agreement period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [696], "text": ["less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121869", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the seventh development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [867], "text": ["Maturity (R6)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094878", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.", "question": "How long can pumps run for without operator presence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["Pumps run for hours without operator presence"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057700", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inches per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "In non-extreme situations, what is the expected evapotranspiration rate for irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [258], "text": ["0.25 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1062715", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Check irrigation tires: Check air pressure in each pivot tire. Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level. Note tires that were near flat, and return a week later to see if they leaked. Expect tires to lose two or three pounds pressure each year if not re-aired annually.", "question": "What is the second step in inspecting your irrigation tires?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": ["Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1062457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "When inspecting your irrigation system that requires stop barricades, what should you do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["Check stops for integrity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057290", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "What is the second step for measuring instantaneous irrigation Application Rates? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1080775", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "How long will a 7 gallon/acre irrigated system require to pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [401], "text": ["require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1071996", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction).", "question": "What is the first step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1008159", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "What should I use for setting up my own/an existing drip system for small pots?", "answers": {"answer_start": [564], "text": ["individual drippers"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1094989", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "Does crop water use increase or decrease in July?", "answers": {"answer_start": [143], "text": ["higher crop water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1072739", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.", "question": "How do I activate herbicide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [103], "text": [" Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1069474", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "What factors increase runoff rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["Steeper slopes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069273", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What does spending less time locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allow the landowner to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [790], "text": ["recoup the investment in land improvements."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1072828", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "What is considered to be a large volume water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [142], "text": ["greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1011681", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.", "question": "Where is a river lift system implemented?", "answers": {"answer_start": [291], "text": ["regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1075902", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Why is an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation used when it comes to annual operating costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [129], "text": ["For calculation purposes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1080818", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "Who developed the \"Capital Investment Model\" ? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [506], "text": ["MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1057467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What can I use to predict when the soybean is at a development stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["SoyWater"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1094344", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "What should I do if there is dry weather and I want to incorporate nitrogen in my field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1095030", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "What is an important strategy when it comes to watering crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057738", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "When is the cost of water sources considered high? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": ["greater than $50000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1068341", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "Where can average current rent value be found? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119511", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What does drought stress impact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["leaf morphology"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121834", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "What is another name for the soybean mid-seeding filling stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [449], "text": ["R5.5"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057595", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What does the DIRTI formula estimate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["The annual cost of ownership is often estimated"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072637", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "What else can the catch can system tell me?", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["the actual application rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1121804", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "How should I harvest if no pollination occurs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [265], "text": ["as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121881", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the R4 development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [666], "text": ["Dough"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072764", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "What do split nitrogen applications do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [162], "text": ["reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1093753", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "When is installation cost for a chemigation valve the cheapest?", "answers": {"answer_start": [613], "text": ["at the time of pump installation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1057302", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "Should irrigation be reduced or increased to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1011671", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "How does the first part of a lift irrigation system work?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1075802", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What costs does the annual irrigation cost consist of? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["ies: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1094768", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Maximum economic yield with minimum amount of irrigation is a goal for most irrigators. Efficient irrigation water use means providing enough water to avoid drought stress, but not so much that water is lost out of the rooting zone or to runoff from the surface. This includes leaving enough water holding capacity to capture the next normal rainfall thus not losing the value of rainfall and also reduce the risk of leaching and run-off. In the irrigated region of northern Indiana and Michigan evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal due to high humidity. The humid condition cause several differences in irrigation management for efficiency compared to the arid west.", "question": "What are the evaporate losses like during irrigation application in northern Indiana and Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [496], "text": ["evaporate losses during irrigation application are minimal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1068539", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "What does the prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops serve as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [638], "text": ["a major factor in the variability"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1079894", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "At what distance is productive water tables considered to be close to the surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [295], "text": ["less than 40 feet"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1057530", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "How are the geo-coordinates provided for new large scale withdrawal locations? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["the groundwater mapping website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057503", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "When is a water withdrawal site considered properly registered? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["reported prior to 2006 "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121839", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "Why are drought effects during grain fill not as severe on soybeans compared to corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["This is a result of overlapping of development stages"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "What can the low rent value help with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": ["To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072848", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "What is the limit of the percent of a watershed's index flow that can be used by large-volume water users?", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["no greater than 25%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1095065", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "When is the application volume as large as 1.5 inches for four or five days of water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["At times of peak water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1094981", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "To what range can producers increase their application volume by mid-June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [300], "text": [" 0.75 inch per application range"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1072826", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "Since when has the Great Lakes Compact become federal law?", "answers": {"answer_start": [419], "text": ["October, 2008"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1011670", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "What is the water flow like in a normal irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [93], "text": [" water flow is natural (gravity flow)"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1073034", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "For withdrawals made between February 28, 2006, through July 8, 2009, what conditions must be true for it to not cause adverse resource impact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [216], "text": ["if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057432", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "Who does MSU Excel Version of Scheduler provide benefits to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [83], "text": ["irrigators who are comfortable using Excel"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1080810", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "What is a suggestion before setting up my irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1121805", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "How should I leave a crop when it doesn't go through pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [365], "text": ["a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1071883", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "How is the irrigation application rate measured?", "answers": {"answer_start": [110], "text": ["measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1057596", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What is the definition of DIRTI? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121783", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What is the result of each field providing a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["not all the fields will have the same yield reduction."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011680", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.", "question": "How is water supplied to plants or crops in a river lift system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [196], "text": [" the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069291", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "When should the ability for the lessee to sublet the property be considered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [57], "text": ["in the negotiations of adding irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "Where can estimates for water infiltration rates be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [599], "text": ["in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062485", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "When repairing your irrigation system, what kind of pump power source should you install?", "answers": {"answer_start": [307], "text": ["interlocked injection pump"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1068535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "What is the lower bound of the opportunity cost for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [487], "text": ["as small as 10% of the rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1071879", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What is the result of in-row soil surface modification?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["increases the surface storage."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1120623", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "Why do pollen grains become damaged during silk desiccation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [555], "text": [" when they are released for tassel anthers"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094991", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "What is a more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [224], "text": ["Transpiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Who created the Enviroweather tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["Enviroweather"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1056672", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is the consumptive use for irrigation estimated to be?", "answers": {"answer_start": [725], "text": ["high or about 90%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1079901", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What requires higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [537], "text": ["Hills"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1095114", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Running through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system now greatly improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it. Irrigation can often aid in improving germination, crop emergence, herbicide activation and reduce Nitrogen valorization. All of the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season are dependent on the readiness of the irrigation system. Inspecting and performing necessary repairs now greatly increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it.", "question": "Why should I run through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [93], "text": [" improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1092840", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "What will center-pivot systems have?", "answers": {"answer_start": [224], "text": ["uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1008542", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the maximum flow that I can use with a single line of ' in. drip tubing, single line of ' in. micro tubing or a single line of 1/8 in. micro tubing? Excerpt: You should not exceed more than 220 GPH on a single line of 1/2 in. poly tubing with .700 OD, 35 GPH on a single 1/4 in. micro tubing with .245 OD or 5 GPH on a single 1/8 in. microtubing with .187 OD.", "question": "What is the maximum flow that I can use on a single line of 1/4 in. micro tubing with .245 OD?", "answers": {"answer_start": [270], "text": ["35 GPH"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121824", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "What happens to drought stressed soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["are often shorter with smaller leaves"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1008543", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the maximum flow that I can use with a single line of ' in. drip tubing, single line of ' in. micro tubing or a single line of 1/8 in. micro tubing? Excerpt: You should not exceed more than 220 GPH on a single line of 1/2 in. poly tubing with .700 OD, 35 GPH on a single 1/4 in. micro tubing with .245 OD or 5 GPH on a single 1/8 in. microtubing with .187 OD.", "question": "What is the maximum flow that I can use on a single line of 1/8 in. micro tubing with .187 OD?", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["5 GPH"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121793", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What are ovules?", "answers": {"answer_start": [450], "text": ["unfertilized kernels"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072394", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "Where should I record observations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["at each observation point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1010065", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "In what flow rates are button drippers available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1159], "text": [".5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1119410", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What is true about periods of rapid growth for a crop?", "answers": {"answer_start": [353], "text": ["the greatest demand for transpiration occurs"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056666", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What are the requirements for new agriculture withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1080830", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "What do small grains and soybeans have in common? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [190], "text": ["offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1062454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "What else can do you while inspecting and repairing your irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [5], "text": ["Stop barricades"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1068636", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "Why does a landowner own irrigation wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["As a permanent improvement to the land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1073025", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "What is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [212], "text": ["The 2008 large volume water use report"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1119327", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What happens to plant transpiration as corn leaf area increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [20], "text": ["increases"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057680", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What is the expected range of irrigation application rates for most water sources? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["400 to 1200 gallons per minute"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1073038", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "What is required for withdrawals made between February 28, 2006, through July 8, 2009? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["Water use reporting is required"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1011663", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is localised irrigation? Excerpt: The term localised indicates specified area (roots of the plants). The process of irrigating or wetting the soil exactly at the point of the roots to facilitate proper growth and reduce water wastage is called localised irrigation. Small nozzles, tubes, perforated pipes are used for localised irrigation to water a small area of land around the plants.", "question": "What do I need for localised irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": ["perforated pipes"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1010192", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the purpose of the Backflow Assembly and why must it be tested annually? Excerpt: The backflow assembly prevents contaminated irrigation water from being siphoned back into the clean drinking water supply.' The Clean Water Act passed by Congress requires local governments to reasonably ensure that the drinking water supplied to their residents remain safe & clean.' The annual backflow test is one step that helps the local governments ensure that the drinking water supply is safe & clean.", "question": "Why must the backflow assembly be tested annually?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["The Clean Water Act passed by Congress requires local governments to reasonably ensure that the drinking water supplied to their residents remain safe & clean"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1080739", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "When are the surface waters near their lowest?", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["late July early August"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1073015", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "What is unique about withdrawals that were done previous or existing on February 28, 2006?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1008967", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What do I do if my controller shows no display? Excerpt: Check to see if you have power going to the controller.' If not, check circuit breakers & GFI outlets in your home to see if they have been tripped.' If you have power, but no display, unplug controller for 2 minutes then plug back in.' If still no display,' see if there is a reset button on your controller - hold for 10 seconds.' Still no display?' Controller may have gone bad.", "question": "What do I do if I have no power going to my controller?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["check circuit breakers & GFI outlets in your home to see if they have been tripped"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1095075", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "Why is the water lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves less beneficial to the plant? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["providing only a temporarily cooler environment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1056598", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "Why is establishing a baseline capacity important?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057294", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "what kind of information does irrigation scheduling provide when accounting for soil moisture availability? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094904", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Measure static water levels in wells: Many of your neighbors may be concerned that irrigation water use is permanently lowering the water table. Documenting the static water level in your well and surrounding wells before you start pumping each year allows a comparison from beginning to end of pumping season. A late fall reading will show the recovery levels. If you do not have the equipment to measure the static water level of your well, consider an annual well maintenance company inspection or a single visit from a well driller to inspect equipment and measure water levels.", "question": "What does a late fall reading of the water levels give me?", "answers": {"answer_start": [345], "text": ["the recovery levels"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057624", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What is the primary advantage of systems with low energy costs and low pumping costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [492], "text": ["higher total annual use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094939", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) System leaks and bad sprinklers: Start the system up and pressurize it. Look for leaks and bad sprinklers, create a list of units in need of attention. Remember to check risers and other irrigation pipe areas that may need attention. Small leaks can saturate the soil and weaken force blocks used to hold underground pipe and plugs in place. Create a list of pressure and flow meter readings (if available) for each pumping station and pivot point. Knowing the starting pressure can help diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future.", "question": "What is a consequence of small leaks?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["saturate the soil and weaken force blocks used to hold underground pipe and plugs in place"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073247", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What should I do if the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [453], "text": [" land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1075967", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What might result in low energy costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["low pumping cost "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1123950", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "What is a \"speed chart\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [215], "text": ["water application depth per pass chart)"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1069435", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "How is a repayment schedule constructed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1072781", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "Why should safety shut-downs be in place?", "answers": {"answer_start": [482], "text": ["to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1062673", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(15) Inspect bridge crossings and wheel paths through rough and low areas: Wheel tracks will only deepen as the season progresses. Identify potential problem areas now to allow time to build-up, fill, level and permanently seed problem areas. In some situations larger tires or track system may need to be added to allow the pivot to float over wet spots.", "question": "Which areas should you check when expecting bridge crossings and wheel paths?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["rough and low areas"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1121837", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "Why does soybean flowering occur earlier than normal under severe drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [546], "text": ["to produce seed before premature death"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1071982", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "In what kind of irrigation system does the application vary throughout?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["center pivot irrigation system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057438", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "Where can reference crop E.T. be taken from?", "answers": {"answer_start": [258], "text": ["each of the Enviro-weather stations"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1120597", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What is a consequence of drought stress that occurs 7-10 days ahead of silking?", "answers": {"answer_start": [85], "text": ["delayed silk development"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1008551", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can I bury the drippers? Excerpt: We recommend having the drippers or ' in. dripline above ground or covered by mulch to prevent clogging. The drippers should be installed above grade, and if necessary secured by a stake.", "question": "How should the drippers be installed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [173], "text": ["nstalled above grade, and if necessary secured by a stake"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057312", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "In the concept of Checkbook scheduling, what would represent \"withdrawals from the account\"?  ", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["transpiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1056597", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "What is the trend when it comes to available system capacities?", "answers": {"answer_start": [486], "text": ["most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1069465", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What is the range of infiltration rates of Michigan soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [483], "text": ["as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1119471", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "What is an indicator of greater stress that a crop is under?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": ["longer the duration of leaf rolling"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057468", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What can I use to predict when irrigation is needed for soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["SoyWater"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1010046", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: I think I have an irrigation leak.' How do I know for sure? Excerpt: Make sure your controller is in the \"off\" position,' remove the cover from the irrigation meter, either record or take a picture of the position of the meter then return to check it again a few hours later to see if it has moved.' If the meter has moved, you have a leak somewhere in your system.", "question": "How do I check for an irrigation leak?", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["Make sure your controller is in the \"off\" position,' remove the cover from the irrigation meter, either record or take a picture of the position of the meter then return to check it again a few hours later to see if it has moved.' If the meter has moved, you have a leak somewhere in your system."]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1057707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "In extreme situations, what is the expected range of daily application rates for irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": [".31 to .33 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1056846", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use. ", "question": "How can a producer calculate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["With an accurate estimate of pumping"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1041063", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the disadvantages of irrigation? Excerpt: There are potential side effects also linked with irrigation such as: Water logging in the farms, Increase or decrease in pH levels of the soil, Poor aeration to the soil because of too much moisture, Polluted water can pollute the underground resources, Irrigation in cooler regions of the country can cause disease outbreaks due to stagnant water, Fertilizers can sometimes get into the source of water and cause eutrophication, If the water in the reservoir dries up due to evaporation, then it could result in a dry land. Using the river water entirely for irrigation can disturb the local ecology", "question": "What are the risks of irrigation in cooler climates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["disease outbreaks due to stagnant water"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1072029", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (3) Set the machine for an irrigation amount typically used (timer setting, system speed, run time) and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings.", "question": "What is an example of a setting on the machine for an irrigation amount typically used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [153], "text": ["system speed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1057718", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "What is the maximum water use rate that may occur during extreme situations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": [".33 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1069368", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.", "question": "What is normally considered to be the responsibility of the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1095002", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "What does limiting the number of times the foliage is wetted do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [504], "text": [" reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1121880", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the R3 development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [566], "text": ["Milk"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072847", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "What did 2008 legislation add to the limit on large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121808", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [553], "text": ["During pollen shed and silking severe stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080780", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "What is a vital tool needed for mapping irrigation ideas?", "answers": {"answer_start": [39], "text": ["an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1095097", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "When are applications lowered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Late season"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1056576", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "What is a restriction on wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1047672", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "How much water can large capacity wells withdraw on average (over a 30-day period)?", "answers": {"answer_start": [124], "text": ["100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1073017", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "What is true about \"grandfathering\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": ["these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1071865", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "Does decreased infiltration time mean increased or decreased wetting time?", "answers": {"answer_start": [33], "text": ["increased"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1008111", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Where can I buy DIG products? Excerpt: DIG does not sell directly to the public. Use the link below to find local stores close to you or visit one of the online stores that sell our products.'Where to Buy", "question": "Does DIG sell products to the public?", "answers": {"answer_start": [49], "text": ["DIG does not sell directly to the publi"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1080800", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "Where should power sources be located?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": ["close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1072699", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "What can I find on the website that can help me schedule irrigation applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["Several irrigation scheduling tools"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1046546", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.", "question": "When building a catch can stand, how can you create a cup holder to fit on top of a post?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1095095", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "What does leaving more crop residue on the soil surface do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [441], "text": [" reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1041061", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the disadvantages of irrigation? Excerpt: There are potential side effects also linked with irrigation such as: Water logging in the farms, Increase or decrease in pH levels of the soil, Poor aeration to the soil because of too much moisture, Polluted water can pollute the underground resources, Irrigation in cooler regions of the country can cause disease outbreaks due to stagnant water, Fertilizers can sometimes get into the source of water and cause eutrophication, If the water in the reservoir dries up due to evaporation, then it could result in a dry land. Using the river water entirely for irrigation can disturb the local ecology", "question": "What causes poor aeration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [243], "text": ["too much moisture"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1072707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "What causes stand loss?", "answers": {"answer_start": [94], "text": ["soil crusting"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1119409", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "When does the greatest water demand for all crops occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [398], "text": ["during periods of rapid growth"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1119469", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in corn: Corn leaf rolling is the primary symptom of drought. Greying of leaf tissue will occur under extremely severe conditions. The earlier leaf rolling occurs in the day or the longer the duration of leaf rolling the greater the stress the crop is under. Yield loss estimates are assumed when drought stress occurs for four consecutive days or more.", "question": "When does the earlier rolling of corn leaf occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [180], "text": ["in the day"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1073110", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "What is the second step in the procedure of establishing new large volume withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [156], "text": ["Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1069059", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "Over the course of how many years can a lessee pay the landlord to account for the permanent improvements that must be done to the land to be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [702], "text": ["5 to 10 years"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1068585", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "Who is liable for the potential impact of the well on neighboring home wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["landlord"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1120622", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What is a consequence when silks desiccation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [505], "text": ["Pollen grains may also be damaged"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068698", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "What has the power to assign responsibility of improving neighboring wells to the lessee?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["The rental agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1008115", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "Which kit should I use to start a drip system for 24 or less pots/containers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [197], "text": ["G77AS"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057560", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where does most of the water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately go? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["into evapotransporation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1008110", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Where can I find out how to design and install DIG drip irrigation or micro sprinklers system? Excerpt: For designing and selecting the correct parts for installing a drip irrigation system, DIG is offers a'comprehensive series of links to help you'. Also, please take the time to read our comprehensive'Drip Irrigation Installation Guide. In this guide we provide you with all the information you need to install a system.", "question": "Where can I find out how to design and install DIG drip irrigation or micro sprinklers system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [314], "text": ["Drip Irrigation Installation Guide"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121801", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What should I do if there is no pollination of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [257], "text": ["harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1075807", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "Where can I find the standard procedure for calculating annual irrigation costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [468], "text": ["on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121890", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the milk development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [625], "text": ["3-6"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1094809", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "What kind of soil requires about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1121786", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What determines how successful corn pollination was?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": ["how many kernels per ear were attained"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069123", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "Where can I find the included repayment schedule?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61], "text": ["in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057671", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What happens when capacity increases? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["System costs increase"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072636", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "What can I use to evaluate my actual application rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["The catch can system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1011669", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "How is the water transported in a lift irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1079914", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What kind of power will help achieve lower distribution equipment cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": ["Three phase electric power "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121792", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "How can I tell if corn is in its blister stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [618], "text": ["plump kernels with watery liquid inside)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1010180", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "What purpose does soil serve in the watering process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [108], "text": ["the medium, through which water and nutrients mov"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1073257", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Finding a fair cost for shared irrigation systems: If you can find the true annual cost of an irrigation system it is easy to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party.", "question": "How can you prorate the annual power cost from the true annual cost of an irrigation system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["by the number of acres the system provides for each party."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1093754", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "When is installation of a chemigation valve included in the cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [669], "text": ["in almost all new irrigation pumping installations."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1055389", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "When would one need to report the uses of the water being withdrawn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [302], "text": ["If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigatio"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1011672", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "How many parts does a lift irrigation system consist of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [219], "text": ["two parts"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1057619", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Are systems with low labor costs, suitable for small applications or large applications? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": ["small applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072724", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "What kind of application should I provide when crusting is hampering emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["small application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1072217", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "How long should the increments be along a line to identify observation points for a traveler system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["50-foot increments"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069237", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "What does adding dry land rent rate and additional opportunity cost to the annual cost of permanent improvements to land to be irrigated to for landowners?", "answers": {"answer_start": [519], "text": ["compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121901", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "Why should I apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [247], "text": ["to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1121784", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What must be done after corn pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [257], "text": ["to determine how successful pollination was"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011648", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What kind of water can be used to irrigate sandy soil in comparison to soil with more clay and silt content?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1380], "text": ["water with higher TDS and SAR"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1056578", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "Who can help me guide through the Protection Act as part 327 of 451?", "answers": {"answer_start": [542], "text": ["Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1080831", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "What results from adding irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["Changes in crop rotations"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1008930", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How you can tell that the system is working? Excerpt: There are several ways to verify that your drip irrigation system is working:Check for moisture or wetted area at the surface of the soil directly below a dripper and around the base of the plant .If the drippers are subsurface connect micro tubing to the dripline at any location (ideally at the end of the line) and raise it to the surface. At the end of the microtubing installed a dripper and use it as a point source dripper to check if the system is operating.Monitor the flow at your water meter.Check the control valve via the manual external bleed.", "question": "How do I monitor the flow of the dripper?", "answers": {"answer_start": [546], "text": [" at your water meter"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "a9d719e86c74437d9e3ec6940718773b", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The reason why center pivot irrigation systems are so efficient is because they are so controllable.  Achieving that kind of efficiency requires a thorough understanding of how to actually control the irrigation. In order to avoid the common mistakes referenced above, growers must understand the output capacity of their pumps, the sprinkler system itself, and the sprinkler applicators. Experienced agricultural irrigation system services companies know  this means farmers must learn how to adjust all of these things to deliver the exact amount of water and fertilization necessary for optimal crop yield.", "question": "What irrigation knowledge allows for more optimal crop yields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [293], "text": ["the output capacity of their pumps, the sprinkler system itself, and the sprinkler applicators."]}, "references": "Queensland Government. (2020). Efficient irrigation for water conservation: guideline for water efficient urban gardens and landscapes."}
{"id": "1057534", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "Why should you provide the latitude and longitude location of withdrawal sites? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [412], "text": ["allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1056588", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "What units should you use to report the baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [397], "text": ["gal/min"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1080935", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What can be used for fertigation that meets crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["urea"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1079891", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What is considered to be a low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [120], "text": ["less than $15000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1080750", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What is irrigation considered to be in scale of water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["large volume water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1010202", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: A new center pivot irrigation system needs a water source (well or surface water), a pump, a power source (electric motor or engine), controls and often a buried pipeline. At 2018 prices, the average cost of a new quarter section center pivot (irrigating about 128 acres of the 160 acres), setup in a field with a concrete pad, is about $90,000. The cost of the pump, well, pipeline, controls and power may add another $65,000 for a total investment around $153,000 or near $1,200 per irrigated acre. ", "question": " What is the average cost of a new quarter section center pivot (irrigating about 128 acres of the 160 acres), setup in a field with a concrete pad?", "answers": {"answer_start": [419], "text": ["$90,000"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1056656", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "What does the reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [459], "text": ["puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Who can benefit from the Enviroweather Network's free service? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [771], "text": ["producers that signed up"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1073049", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "What is a restriction on large quantity water withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [204], "text": ["a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057350", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Which variables does the Enviroweather tool use to estimate crop E.T. demands? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069256", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What is considered to be additional income above the lease rate by landowners? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1095084", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Compare two irrigators using the same total amount of irrigation water in a season: One irrigator makes five one-inch applications during the peak water use period compared to another producer making 10 half-inch applications. Assuming that there is about 0.10 inches of evaporation loss from the soil surface and foliage, the irrigator making five one-inch applications will get 0.5 inches more water into the root zone.", "question": "If one irrigator makes five one-inch applications and another makes 10 half-inch applications, assuming that there is about 0.10 inches of evaporation loss from the soil surface and foliage, which one will get more water to the root zone? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["the irrigator making five one-inch applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1095103", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "Does rainfall potential increase or decrease in the late season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["increases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057662", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What is a characteristic of systems with low energy costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["low pumping cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1046534", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.", "question": "What is an advantage of using a catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [320], "text": ["The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1007082", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Why should we use drip irrigation? Excerpt: Drip irrigation applies water and nutrients very efficiently directly to the plant's roots and only where it is needed ensuring healthy plants and vigorous growth. Studies on drip irrigation systems are show results of up to 60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems.", "question": "What are the benefits of using drip irrigation as apposed to a sprinkler system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["results of up to 60% more efficiency "]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057565", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is considered to be a low consumptive rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [443], "text": ["5 to 10%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1069451", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What kind of soils take water in at a slower rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [97], "text": ["Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1121885", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the VE-V12 development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [289], "text": ["1-3."]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1121799", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What is a forage or silage harvest?", "answers": {"answer_start": [52], "text": ["If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011608", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What does more dissolved material in the water mean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [783], "text": ["the higher the EC"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1080734", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What is considered to be an excellent source for obtaining plenty of water availability? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [218], "text": ["Well drillers familiar with large volume wells"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "bc28a6f92e2e472d8acd93b04d511008", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Ground water availability - Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites: https://msustatewide.msu.edu/Programs/Details/2053. Indiana information on groundwater availability can be found at: http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/2451.htm", "question": "How can I find available water withdrawal sites?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": ["Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites:"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1094934", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) System leaks and bad sprinklers: Start the system up and pressurize it. Look for leaks and bad sprinklers, create a list of units in need of attention. Remember to check risers and other irrigation pipe areas that may need attention. Small leaks can saturate the soil and weaken force blocks used to hold underground pipe and plugs in place. Create a list of pressure and flow meter readings (if available) for each pumping station and pivot point. Knowing the starting pressure can help diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future.", "question": "What are the steps for checking for system leaks and bad sprinklers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["Start the system up and pressurize it."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1062707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Service center drive and final drives on pivots. Gearboxes should be checked annually. First drain condensation water from the bottom of the box and then refill with recommended gear lube.", "question": "What is the first procedure for repairing gearboxes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [92], "text": ["First drain condensation water from the bottom of the box"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073058", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "How much is the fine associated with falsifying a record of water withdrawal submitted? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [583], "text": ["not more than $1000"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072035", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "What is the procedure for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for solid set systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [354], "text": ["Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072584", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: Most irrigators think of irrigation management as reducing or removing the impact of drought. Consider the following eight irrigation management factors to maximize your returns on irrigation investments.", "question": "What does irrigation management do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["to maximize your returns on irrigation investments"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1121859", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "Why do nodules cease nitrogen fixation in dry conditions after soybeans experience drought stress during grain fill?  ", "answers": {"answer_start": [934], "text": ["because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057370", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "What is a special feature that Enviroweather provides for corn and soybean? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [572], "text": ["allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057528", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "How are the geo-coordinates provided for new large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [150], "text": ["handheld GPS units"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1123967", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "What is another way to determine the chemigation injection pump setting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1075904", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of applications favor systems with low labor costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [219], "text": ["A greater number of small applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1095054", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "According to Michigan State University Extension, if a producer's irrigation capacity is low, this means that the grower should be starting to irrigate prior to peak use or during rainy spells to build moisture level. Many irrigators started too late and could never regain good soil moisture level during the drought of 2012. If you have the capacity to provide one inch every three days, you can afford to gamble on receiving rainfall. For most producers, starting late can lead to poor irrigated yields.", "question": "When should the grower be starting to irrigate prior to peak use or during rainy spells to build moisture level?", "answers": {"answer_start": [66], "text": ["irrigation capacity is low"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1094702", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What results in the highest infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [458], "text": ["moldboard tillage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1095047", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "Why. should irrigation goals during the peak water use period be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1057289", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "What areas of irrigated systems is the application rate applied? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [203], "text": ["watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1073250", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What happens if the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court?", "answers": {"answer_start": [776], "text": ["action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1119387", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere?", "answers": {"answer_start": [59], "text": ["Transpiration"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1075747", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "How many categories can annual irrigation costs be divided into?", "answers": {"answer_start": [80], "text": ["two"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1093748", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "when do chemigation valves create an airgap in the pipeline?", "answers": {"answer_start": [345], "text": ["when the pump is shut down"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1079912", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What is the best total size of irrigated areas in order to achieve low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["the bigger the system the lower the cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1007637", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Why should we use drip irrigation? Excerpt: Drip irrigation applies water and nutrients very efficiently directly to the plant's roots and only where it is needed ensuring healthy plants and vigorous growth. Studies on drip irrigation systems are show results of up to 60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems.", "question": "Where does drip irrigation ensure the water goes when watering plants?", "answers": {"answer_start": [70], "text": ["applies water and nutrients very efficiently directly to the plant's roots"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1080931", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water called?", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["Fertigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1121882", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the R5 development stage of corn called? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [767], "text": ["Dent"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1011615", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What are 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m equal to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [940], "text": [" One millimho per centimeter"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1069477", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "What is the reason runoff rate may increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["if the water does not infiltrate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "when can the sale to another party other than the lessee proceed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057466", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "How was the SoyWater tool adapted for Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [434], "text": ["daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network."]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1062442", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What should be the material of the drain pipe used to build a catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [114], "text": ["plastic"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1079880", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "What can I do if my crops cannot tolerate extremes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1057589", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What is the annual cost of operation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": ["cost of energy and labor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1094994", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "What provides irrigators the opportunity to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [224], "text": ["Transpiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1119521", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What is the result of drought stress and heat stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [295], "text": ["vegetative development will progress more rapidly"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1056695", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "What will reporting latitude and longitude location of withdrawal allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [450], "text": ["will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1008549", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can I bury the drippers? Excerpt: We recommend having the drippers or ' in. dripline above ground or covered by mulch to prevent clogging. The drippers should be installed above grade, and if necessary secured by a stake.", "question": "Can I bury the drippers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [44], "text": ["We recommend having the drippers or ' in. dripline above ground or covered by mulch"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121845", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What can cause a reduction of pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["Drought"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1075907", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of systems do a smaller number of large applications favor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [361], "text": ["systems with high labor and low investment attributes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1073258", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Finding a fair cost for shared irrigation systems: If you can find the true annual cost of an irrigation system it is easy to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party.", "question": "How can you prorate the annual cost of the investment from the true annual cost of an irrigation system? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["by the number of acres the system provides for each party."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1057315", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What does E.T. stand for in agriculture? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [359], "text": ["evapotranspiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057550", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "How do most irrigators estimate their water use prior to registration? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["from experience "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1120642", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What is the result of drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [494], "text": ["decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094943", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) System leaks and bad sprinklers: Start the system up and pressurize it. Look for leaks and bad sprinklers, create a list of units in need of attention. Remember to check risers and other irrigation pipe areas that may need attention. Small leaks can saturate the soil and weaken force blocks used to hold underground pipe and plugs in place. Create a list of pressure and flow meter readings (if available) for each pumping station and pivot point. Knowing the starting pressure can help diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future.", "question": "What does knowing the starting pressure of my pump stations allow me to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [486], "text": [" help diagnose in-season irrigation problems in the future"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057307", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "Why should rainfall and irrigation be reduced?", "answers": {"answer_start": [247], "text": ["to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1072666", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "What application rate will provide adequate water to all crops with the exception of hot dry spells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["0.25 inch/day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1093751", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "Where can I get a chemigation valve?", "answers": {"answer_start": [532], "text": ["from local irrigation dealers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1080820", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crop shows the greatest economic advantage to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [72], "text": [" commercial corn"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1011626", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "Can all soils be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [46], "text": ["All soils can be irrigated"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1057256", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "What is the unit measure of the instantaneous irrigation application rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [426], "text": ["minutes for a one-inch application of water."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1079897", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What kind of power can lead to low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [401], "text": ["three phase electric power"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1084837", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What does starter allow for in a three split management plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": [" quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1062722", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Check irrigation tires: Check air pressure in each pivot tire. Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level. Note tires that were near flat, and return a week later to see if they leaked. Expect tires to lose two or three pounds pressure each year if not re-aired annually.", "question": "What happens to tires that are not re-aired?", "answers": {"answer_start": [209], "text": ["lose two or three pounds pressure each year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1054697", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "What established groundwater mapping and water use reporting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Act PA 148"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1119323", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What happens to soil evaporation after rain?", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["typically is higher"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068727", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "What could a lessee do if a landowner is not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [363], "text": ["advance the cost of the permanent improvements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "21db0076d907480690fbe15cafd1f41f", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Achieving maximum efficiency from your center pivot starts with limiting runoff and ensuring uniform water application and infiltration.", "question": "How is maximum efficiency from a center-pivot irrigation system achieved?", "answers": {"answer_start": [64], "text": ["limiting runoff and ensuring uniform water application and infiltration."]}, "references": "Burr, C., & Kranz, B. (2015). Irrigation Management in Extreme Conditions -- Maximizing Pivot Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/irrigation-management-extreme-conditions-maximizing-pivot-efficiency"}
{"id": "1072570", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "What should I record when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1054707", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "What should a producer do if their site exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [140], "text": ["file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1008116", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "Which kit should I use for installing a drip system for large containers or raised garden beds?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["ML50 kit"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1069440", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What must all contracts have in case of unperceived situations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [547], "text": ["provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1080823", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "What do commercial corn and alfalfa have in common?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1057313", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What is field capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [461], "text": ["Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1062853", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What is coverage from a solid set system dependent upon?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["each individual sprinkler"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "What is the role of the crop-specific coefficient in the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["adjust for your crop stage of growth. "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069268", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What happens if the improvements left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [608], "text": ["the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080813", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What should I make sure of when calculating irrigation profits?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": [" increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1071886", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "How is the irrigation application rate measured? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1072033", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "What is the fourth step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1080832", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "What causes changes in crop rotations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [306], "text": ["adding irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1121863", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the first development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [212], "text": ["early vegetative (VE - V12)"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1094346", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "Is the irrigation process to incorporate nitrogen in my field lengthy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [183], "text": ["This technique is quick"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1092842", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "What is the uniformity co-efficient of most systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["70 to 75% range"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1054704", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "What does the MDA assemble?", "answers": {"answer_start": [263], "text": ["township-based reports"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1008913", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How you can tell that the system is working? Excerpt: There are several ways to verify that your drip irrigation system is working:Check for moisture or wetted area at the surface of the soil directly below a dripper and around the base of the plant .If the drippers are subsurface connect micro tubing to the dripline at any location (ideally at the end of the line) and raise it to the surface. At the end of the microtubing installed a dripper and use it as a point source dripper to check if the system is operating.Monitor the flow at your water meter.Check the control valve via the manual external bleed.", "question": "What should I do if the drippers are subsurface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [292], "text": ["connect micro tubing to the dripline"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1072849", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "Why can only 25% of a watershed's index flow be used by large volume water users?", "answers": {"answer_start": [220], "text": ["defined as the median average August flow"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1068398", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "How can the high end rent value be calculated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [418], "text": ["by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121710", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "When does additional drought stress have no impact on grain yield for corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [557], "text": ["Once physiological maturity occurs"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069219", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "At what rate should the annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation be amortized?", "answers": {"answer_start": [337], "text": ["at the current interest rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094879", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.", "question": "Do pumps need an operator present?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["Pumps run for hours without operator presence"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1056855", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "Why are meters calibrated annually?", "answers": {"answer_start": [294], "text": ["To maintain accuracy"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1056949", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is the minimum soil infiltration rate in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [208], "text": ["20 minutes per inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1069258", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What is always considered to be the property of landowners?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["Wells"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1056593", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "Where should you report this baseline capacity value?", "answers": {"answer_start": [617], "text": ["on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1080736", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What do groundwater mapping tools do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [366], "text": ["help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1069261", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "When are things associated with the irrigation system considered to be recoverable or moved by the lessee?", "answers": {"answer_start": [342], "text": ["at the end of the agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1071867", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff?", "answers": {"answer_start": [67], "text": [" the amount of water applied during each application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1057293", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "What is the value of the instantaneous irrigation application rate if you apply 0.4 inches of water for 20 minutes? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [630], "text": ["50 minute/inch of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1068340", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "Where can average current rent value be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [208], "text": ["State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1062465", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "What kind of backup safety system do the newer stop barricades offer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [357], "text": ["catch and spin the tire"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1119400", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "When does the greatest water demand for soybean occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057334", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Which US state is the Enviroweather tool appropriate for? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [158], "text": ["Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062852", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What is yet another thing you should do when inspecting or repairing your irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["Check solid set system coverage patterns"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057678", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What is the expectation of irrigation systems when the typical water use must be replaced? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": ["replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1121711", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What happens when additional drought occurs during physiological maturity of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1071864", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "Does infiltration time increase or decrease as wetting time increases? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [18], "text": ["decreases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1121772", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "What depends on the remaining yield potential of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Corn management"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069262", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "Why is it important to list the land improvements in their entirety at the termination of the agreement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [250], "text": ["other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1010071", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "How do you decrease the flow of an adjustable dripper?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1368], "text": ["clockwise"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1095104", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "When does the chance of receiving rainfall increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Late season"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1069422", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: Seek professional help. A lawyer that works with land rental could advise you how to add these sections to your lease agreement ", "question": "Who could help advise me on how to modify my lease agreement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": ["A lawyer that works with land rental"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1057663", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kinds of systems have a low pumping cost? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["Systems with low energy cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057574", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "What should baseline capacity be reported with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["along with a pump and system description"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1008970", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How often should I run my system? Excerpt: Individual circumstances will vary, however, the Co-op Extension recommends watering more deeply, less often.' A general rule is 2 - 3 times per week instead of every day.", "question": "How often should I run my system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["2 - 3 times per week"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1094700", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What kind of infiltration to conservation tillage and no-till result in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [413], "text": ["the highest infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072776", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "What does fertigation allow for? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1121796", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What should I do if pollination is poor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [76], "text": ["those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "316dd3f1c10a4d82af8850dd911410be", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crops offer the worst economic advantage to irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["Small grains and soybeans "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1075906", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of applications favor systems with high labor costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": ["a smaller number of large applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1068536", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "What is the upper cost of the opportunity cost of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [524], "text": ["as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1123965", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "What can be determined using the sprinkler chart?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The chemigation injection pump setting"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1080753", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What do new irrigation installations require in Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [179], "text": ["require a registration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1121900", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "Why should I apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["it is a well-documented best management practice "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1057316", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What is the common abbreviation for evapotranspiration? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [381], "text": ["E.T."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1119433", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "What happens to the stems of water stressed plants?", "answers": {"answer_start": [329], "text": ["diminished stem integrity."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1123907", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "How can you know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver?", "answers": {"answer_start": [252], "text": ["if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1079864", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is 0.25 inches per day equal to in terms of gallons/minute/acre of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": ["5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1095086", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "In what kind of situations do smaller application volumes reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots?", "answers": {"answer_start": [20], "text": ["irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1011682", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the main sources of irrigation? Excerpt: Water for irrigation can have many sources like groundwater (springs and wells), surface water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs), water from non-conventional sources (treated water, wastewater, recycled water, desalinated water) etc. Farm lands can also be irrigated with flood water that is cautiously stored in dams, channels, etc. Some regions of the world collect and use rainwater as a source of irrigation called as rainwater harvesting, but this is not accepted as a form of irrigation.", "question": "What are the main sources of water for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [108], "text": ["groundwater (springs and wells)"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069338", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "What should be resolved before insurance is needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1094773", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "What are irrigation goals like early in the year?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1072675", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "What is the exception to a 5 gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day application rate for adequate water supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["hot long dry spells of 15 days or more"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1073046", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "How far in advance can a planned withdrawal be registered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [5], "text": ["Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1080822", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crops show the greatest economic advantage to irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["commercial corn and alfalfa"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1057774", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What types of pivot spans are needed to maintain crop clearance? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [389], "text": ["shorter pivot spans"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1056679", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "What did P.A. 33 change when it comes to reporting procedure?", "answers": {"answer_start": [181], "text": [" reporting to MDEQ was removed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057672", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What do irrigation systems need to be able to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": ["replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1071992", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What must be true for a large gun hose traveler irrigation system to have uniform application rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": ["as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069432", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What is often viewed as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1069263", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What must be done at the end of an agreement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["ist the land improvements in their entirety"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1120605", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What is a result of drought stress and heat stress combined for pollinating corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [169], "text": ["poor anthesis silking interval (ASI)."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011668", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is gravity irrigation? Excerpt: Gravity system is a basic irrigation system consisting of an elevated reservoir, the pipe from the bottom of the reservoir to the irrigation system which can be either hand operated or battery operated to control the time and rate of water application. The reservoir of the gravity system is filled by harvesting rainwater.", "question": "How is the water for the reservoir of the gravity system filled?", "answers": {"answer_start": [346], "text": ["by harvesting rainwater"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1073112", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "What is the third step in the procedure of establishing new large volume withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1069466", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "Where can estimates for infiltration rates be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [609], "text": ["the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1094356", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "Where can I find detailed information on what I need for my injection system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [508], "text": ["in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1121785", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "When should I determine how successful pollination was?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": ["After pollination"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121807", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What is a consequence of continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [515], "text": [" a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068686", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "Is there a big or small risk posed upon home wells by irrigation wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["small risk"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1069120", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "What can be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["A repayment schedule"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project?", "answers": {"answer_start": [462], "text": ["the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1080834", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Are more irrigated or non-irrigated fields managed using no-till systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [441], "text": ["non-irrigated fields"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1094972", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "What happens when a crop is near its full rooting depth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["increasing the effective water holding capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1062796", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What is the benefit of using hydro valves?", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1080927", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What is an advantage of irrigated production?", "answers": {"answer_start": [42], "text": ["fertigation as an option in nitrogen management"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1073248", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What would a meeting be for if the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [537], "text": ["to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1068696", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "what is a small risk associated with irrigation risks?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1062448", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "How can you accomodate the fence post using the studs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["drill hole partially through the chunk of wood"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1119403", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What happens from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage for corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["The greatest water demand"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121893", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the R4 development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [726], "text": ["3-5"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1121847", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What does drought affect in soybeans during grain fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [518], "text": ["Seeds per pod"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1094905", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Measure static water levels in wells: Many of your neighbors may be concerned that irrigation water use is permanently lowering the water table. Documenting the static water level in your well and surrounding wells before you start pumping each year allows a comparison from beginning to end of pumping season. A late fall reading will show the recovery levels. If you do not have the equipment to measure the static water level of your well, consider an annual well maintenance company inspection or a single visit from a well driller to inspect equipment and measure water levels.", "question": "What should I do if I do not have the proper equipment to measure the static water level of my well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [447], "text": ["consider an annual well maintenance company inspection or a single visit from a well driller to inspect equipment and measure water levels"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1080939", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "Can I use micro-nutrient solutions for fertigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": ["available to meet crop nutrient needs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1047668", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "Which act do the changes in water use laws reflect?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121823", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "When would vegetative growth be diminished for soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [60], "text": ["during drought"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1079879", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "What level of water use may be reached during periods of low relative humidity and wind? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [120], "text": [" 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1072681", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "What kind of pump provides 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["a 500 gal/minute pump "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1075804", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "How is the annual cost of ownership estimated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": [" by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1057360", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "What is the second step in using the Enviroweather tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072719", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "How much water should I apply in irrigated soil if crusting is hampering emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["0.5 inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1072034", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "What is the procedure for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for center pivot systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1010187", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "How should I set up my system in loamy soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [816], "text": ["use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1057579", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "Where should the baseline capacity value be reported to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [446], "text": ["on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1080827", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crop has the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [176], "text": ["soybeans"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1011636", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "To what percent of the land are center pivots used to apply water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [744], "text": ["88%"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1121862", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "How can nodule nitrogen fixation resume after drought stress experienced by soybeans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1025], "text": ["If water deficits are short lived,"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094689", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What kind of soils have a slower infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": ["Heavier soils"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062500", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "What type of belt can you use when running an injection pump for a diesel engine?", "answers": {"answer_start": [561], "text": ["v-belt"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1095106", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "Why do application rates decline during the late season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [383], "text": ["as the crop nears black layer or maturity."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1068712", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.", "question": "What tells me who bares responsibility for any potential liability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["Rent agreements for irrigated land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080751", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "What is an example of large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["Irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1072396", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "When should observations be made?", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": ["the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1071991", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What must be true for a solid set irrigation system to have uniform application rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [309], "text": [" as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1008162", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "How should everything be organized in order to set up the dripping system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [705], "text": ["categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121828", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "What is true about drought stressed soybeans? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": ["a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057451", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "Who created the Soil Water Balance Sheet? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [8], "text": ["MSU"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1072815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "What is the goal of the legislation created in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [39], "text": [" to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057782", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "To maintain crop clearance in the hills, would you use a shorter or longer pivot spans? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [389], "text": ["shorter pivot spans"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1119431", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "What are some concerns about water-stressed plants?", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1010067", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "What is unique about adjustable drippers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1261], "text": ["allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121896", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the maturity development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [131], "text": ["0"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "6b537a191c8a40919442961652c5978a", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The water needs of corn peak in July and taper off in August as we near dent stage. Irrigated corn has its highest water use and realizes its greatest potential benefit from irrigation during the week of tasseling and the following three weeks then taper off as the crop enters dent stage.", "question": "When is the best time to irrigate corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The water needs of corn peak in July and taper off in August "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020b). July/August corn water needs - Corn. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/july-august-corn-water-needs"}
{"id": "1011567", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What will the units of the cations, anions, and TDS be listed as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [439], "text": ["milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm)"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "0c1f051903f946c09415a89671f86a04", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Vegetable crop water requirements range from about 6\" of water per season for radishes to 24\" for tomatoes and watermelons. Precise irrigation requirements can be predicted based on crop water use and effective precipitation values. Lack of water influences crop growth in many ways. Its effect depends on the severity, duration, and time of stress in relation to the stage of growth. Nearly all vegetable crops are sensitive to drought during two periods: during harvest and two to three weeks before harvest. More than 30 different vegetable crops are grown commercially. Although all vegetables benefit from irrigation, each class responds differently: leafy vegetables, broccoli and cauliflower, fruiting vegetbales", "question": "What are disadvantages of growing vegetables?", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["Nearly all vegetable crops are sensitive to drought during two periods: during harvest and two to three weeks before harvest."]}, "references": "UMass Extension Vegetable Program. (2013). Vegetable: Irrigating Vegetable Crops | Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment at UMass Amherst. https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/irrigating-vegetable-crops"}
{"id": "1011676", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "What are the components that a lift irrigation system requires? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [466], "text": ["conveying medium (pipes)"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069414", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (b) \"Equal opportunity to buy\" is the lease agreement statement that assures the lessee that they have the option to be involved in the future sale offering of the property being leased.", "question": "What does the \"equal opportunity to buy\" option assure the lessee of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [156], "text": ["be involved in the future sale offering of the property"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1077918", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is the role of water sources that are capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute when it comes to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["supply irrigation water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1094880", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.", "question": "What can cause damage to pumps?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1094864", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Turn on power supply, using proper safety protocol: If you generate your own power, start the engine and bring it up to proper RPMs for the generator. Check voltage at teach pump and pivot in the system. Inspect the grounding wire from terminal to rods. Some irrigated crop contracts have requirements for testing of the grounding system and maximum resistance. Make a list of needed repairs for your electrician to follow-up on and get him started before the traditional over committed first days of irrigation season.", "question": "What are the steps for turning on power supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["start the engine and bring it up to proper RPMs for the generator."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1010190", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "In what type of soil does drip irrigation work the best?", "answers": {"answer_start": [881], "text": ["clay soil"]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1094705", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What causes lower infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [531], "text": ["wetting events"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1057442", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "What will the MSU excel version of scheduler use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [300], "text": ["the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1072024", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "What should I select for solid set systems when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["a transect line representing the watering pattern"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094812", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "Where is the soil that requires about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [34], "text": ["northern Indiana and southern Michigan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1011632", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What type of irrigation is not ideal for soil with a high sand fraction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [242], "text": ["surface irrigation system"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1057571", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "What is the baseline capacity based on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["the available withdrawal capacity of a system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1068380", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.", "question": "How is the profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation split?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["between landlord and lessee"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1057309", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What needs to be done in order to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1075901", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What application irrigation rate should be used for calculation purposes when it comes to calculating annual operating costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1056660", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "What does expanding the system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [641], "text": ["constitutes a new water withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1095062", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "According to Michigan State University Extension, if a producer's irrigation capacity is low, this means that the grower should be starting to irrigate prior to peak use or during rainy spells to build moisture level. Many irrigators started too late and could never regain good soil moisture level during the drought of 2012. If you have the capacity to provide one inch every three days, you can afford to gamble on receiving rainfall. For most producers, starting late can lead to poor irrigated yields.", "question": "What does starting late to build moisture levels lead to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [484], "text": ["poor irrigated yields"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1007225", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is drip irrigation? Excerpt: Drip irrigation is the slow and precise application of water directly to the root zone of the plant, resulting in less water lost to evaporation in the sun or wind. The root zone is maintained at the ideal moisture level combining the proper balance of water and air. All of these factors promote deeper penetration of the roots, more foliage growth and abundant flower, vegetable and fruit production!", "question": "What occurs to the root zone during drip irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["maintained at the ideal moisture level"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1079865", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is evapotransporation rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [455], "text": ["represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1080742", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "What should I evaluate available flow for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [297], "text": ["the summer before you start irrigating"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1069342", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "Should insurance coverage be decided before or after insurance is needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["before"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1007218", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the advantage and benefits of using drip irrigation system? Excerpt: The advantage and benefits are more than just saving water.Water Efficiency: By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings ranging upwards to 60%.Ease of Installation: A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, therefore making the installation a very simple process. DIG's low volume irrigation systems install easily above or below the ground.Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth: Watering only the roots of the plants using drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the areas between plants.Versatility: Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.Root Zone: One of the most important aspects of drip irrigation is the fact that in many instances, a totally new and more favorable root zone environment is created and a relatively constant soil moisture level is maintained. This fact has important implications on plants because it bears upon questions of plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.Economy: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.Long Life: All DIG products are designed to withstand the harshest conditions in both home and commercial installations. They are manufactured of high quality, highly durable plastics and contain added quantities of the compound Carbon Black, making them resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays.", "question": "What is the installation process like for a drip irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [428], "text": ["A drip system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1094701", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What results in the lowest infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [449], "text": ["disc"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1080918", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "Are conditions enticed by high dollar invested seeds available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [275], "text": ["no"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080895", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Why are no-till systems not used as often to manage irrigated fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [463], "text": ["Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1072843", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "What else is evaluated when reporting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [385], "text": ["a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1095081", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "What is the result of small applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [463], "text": ["reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1008160", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "How long should the drip line be for large containers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [632], "text": ["use a 1/4 in. dripline"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1072694", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "What is a consequence of over watering?", "answers": {"answer_start": [328], "text": ["can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1057722", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "What is the solution for crops that cannot tolerate extreme situations? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["one inch every 3 days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1094987", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As July nears, irrigation goals need to switch to maximizing water to the root zone. Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs. Transpiration is more effective use of water than evaporation from soil or leaf surface, providing an opportunity for irrigators to maximize effective water use by minimizing the time they wet the plant leaf and soil surface. Limiting the number of time the foliage is wetted also reduces the potential for many foliar crop diseases.", "question": "What changes during the month of July?", "answers": {"answer_start": [85], "text": ["Potential to loose water below the root zone lessens with higher crop water use and less chance of potential rain fall meeting crop needs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1121810", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What reduces yield by up to six percent per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [647], "text": ["In the weeks following pollination drought stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1011673", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is lift irrigation system? Excerpt: Unlike the normal irrigation systems where water flow is natural (gravity flow); here water is transported or lifted through pumps or surge pools. This system works as two parts: the one where the water is carried from the source through pumps to the delivery chamber and second water is distributed from the chamber to the fields. It requires 3 things or components such as water source, lifting medium (pump) and conveying medium (pipes).", "question": "How does the second part of a lift irrigation system work? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": ["water is distributed from the chamber to the fields"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1069340", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "Should permanent irrigation related improvements be decided before or after insurance is needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["before"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119507", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What causes shorter plants with less leaf area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [27], "text": [" Drought stress during vegetative stages"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057403", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "What is The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet?", "answers": {"answer_start": [41], "text": ["a paper version of a checkbook scheduler"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121768", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "Why would a grain fill period for corn be reduced during drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [654], "text": ["Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069259", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What can be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [250], "text": ["other items associated with the irrigation system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1119510", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "Is the effect of drought stress greater on leaf morphology or the effect of photosynthesis?", "answers": {"answer_start": [154], "text": ["The effect of drought stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121892", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the dough development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [726], "text": ["3-5"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1123891", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "At what rate are products injected into the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["a fixed rate injection pump"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1056596", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "Why do system capacities greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["few producers run pumps continuously"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057260", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "Given a center irrigation system, where will the instantaneous application rate be the highest? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1092836", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "What is essential to know when it comes to fertigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [8], "text": ["the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "e2389c6703aa494faf505a5d9dfec391", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sensors should be placed at several different depths and locations in the field. Typically, sensors are placed in pairs at one-third and two-thirds the depth of the crop root zone and at two or more locations in the field, preferably in the representative soil type away from high points, depressions and slopes. Some fields contain both heavy and light textured soils. In those fields, it is recommended that each soil type be monitored and managed separately for irrigation. Field mapping technologies can be used to identify different soil, such as electromagnetic conductivity (EM) mapping. By identifying different soils (different water holding capacities), management zones can be created that can be managed separately.", "question": "When do multiple management zones need to be created?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["fields contain both heavy and light textured soils."]}, "references": "Sharma, V. (2019). Soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling | UMN Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/irrigation/soil-moisture-sensors-irrigation-scheduling"}
{"id": "1095105", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "What will applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of the late season decline to as the crop nears black layer or maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [373], "text": ["0.50 inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1010196", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: I want to run my system three times per week.' How long should each zone run? Excerpt: Individual circumstances will vary, but as a general rule, depending on the season, spray heads should run between 5 - 15 minutes, rotors should run 15 - 30 minutes, and drip lines should run 30 minutes to 1 hour.", "question": "I want to run my system three times per week. How long should drip lines run?", "answers": {"answer_start": [289], "text": ["30 minutes to 1 hour"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1119428", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "When are nutrient availability, uptake, and transport limited?", "answers": {"answer_start": [131], "text": ["When plant water uptake by the roots is limited"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121787", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "How can I determine how successful corn pollination was?", "answers": {"answer_start": [373], "text": ["by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1075974", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "When do system costs increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["as capacity increases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1068718", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "What does the addition of irrigation to farmland require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": ["investment in permanent improvements to the land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1069439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What does the agreed upon fee relate to on a payment schedule?", "answers": {"answer_start": [485], "text": ["for early termination of the contract"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1057659", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Do systems with low energy costs, have a high or low pumping cost? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": ["low"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1069294", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "Why should I address sub-leasing in my agreement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [504], "text": ["avoid grief and confusion in the futur"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1119388", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What is transpiration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [76], "text": ["the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057348", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Which variables does the Enviroweather tool use to calculate crop evapotranspiration? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [194], "text": [" wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1119414", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "What does evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies result in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [74], "text": ["yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121779", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "Why do not all fields have the same yield reduction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [85], "text": ["Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072727", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "Until when should I irrigate in a situation where crusting is hampering emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["till crop emerges"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1062798", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What would happen if valves were stuck open?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057319", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "What will cause surface runoff?", "answers": {"answer_start": [617], "text": ["Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1092819", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "Why do nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasselling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [622], "text": ["to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1057347", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "Which variables does the Enviroweather tool use to calculate crop E.T.? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1056704", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating water use can be accomplished by several methods: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation).", "question": "When should I not use industry average numbers to estimate my water usage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [408], "text": ["for high variable water uses such as irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1094979", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "Does potential rainfall increase or decrease by mid-June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": ["decreases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1092812", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What is a benefit of side dress application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [390], "text": ["aerate soil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1080932", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "What is the most common product for feritgation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["Liquid 28% nitrogen"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1073040", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "What does voluntary registration of withdrawals do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [446], "text": ["help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057453", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "Who developed the excel version of scheduler? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["MSU"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "0774be0a3f534d62a993efe4833446ba", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (WWAT) is designed to estimate the likely impact of a water withdrawal on nearby streams and rivers. Use of the WWAT is required of anyone proposing to make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal from the waters of the state, including all groundwater and surface water sources, prior to beginning the withdrawal. You must use the WWAT to determine if a proposed withdrawal is likely to cause an Adverse Resource Impact, and to register the withdrawal. The results page provides a quick link to submitting a registration. A registration is valid for 18 months; the withdrawal capacity must be installed within that 18 months or the registration becomes void.", "question": "How long are water withdrawal registrations valid?", "answers": {"answer_start": [593], "text": ["18 months;"]}, "references": "EGLE. (2023). WWAT-Home Page. https://www.egle.state.mi.us/wwat/(S(whxx1bja4grx05ino0gubkx4))/default.aspx"}
{"id": "1055387", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "When would one need to determine and report the static water level of the aquifers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [405], "text": ["If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1073108", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "What is the first step in the procedure of establishing new large volume withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [72], "text": ["Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1062711", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Service center drive and final drives on pivots. Gearboxes should be checked annually. First drain condensation water from the bottom of the box and then refill with recommended gear lube.", "question": "What should you do prior to refilling your gearbox with lube? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [98], "text": ["drain condensation water from the bottom of the box"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "9e12c5eb3ea94b85944bd3f8a9ad737f", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Which crops offer the greatest economic advantage to irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["commercial corn and alfalfa "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1121858", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What happens in dry conditions after soybeans experience drought stress during grain fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [902], "text": ["nodules cease nitrogen fixation "]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057441", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "How does the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler adjust your crop stage of growth? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["use crop specific coefficient"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1068687", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "How can the small risk posed by irrigation wells on neighboring home wells be dealt with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [298], "text": [" by the rental agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1068396", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "What can give me perspective into the potential increase in profit?", "answers": {"answer_start": [353], "text": ["the low end rent value"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1092820", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What needs to be done to ensure that the nitrogen applies is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [565], "text": ["Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1079875", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "What factors are considered to be extreme weather circumstances? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [70], "text": ["ow relative humidity and wind,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1011557", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination. ", "question": "What is the problem with irrigation wells tapping aquifers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": [" most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1057553", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "If three inches of estimated irrigation are needed in both July and August and one inch in September, what is the estimated annual water use? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [441], "text": ["550 acre inches for the year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1079870", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is the E.T. rate for almost all crops grown in Northern Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [660], "text": [" under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1057399", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "What is another term for farmers? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [771], "text": ["producers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1062861", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "When should you begin inspecting your solid set system coverage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [143], "text": ["after bringing the system to designed pressure"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1080919", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "Can I decide to grow any specialty crop or high dollar invested see?", "answers": {"answer_start": [554], "text": ["Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1080749", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Water rights and regulation. Make sure you understand your rights and obligation to use water in your State. Example: Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allowing only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties.", "question": "What are the rules when it comes to surface water and well water distribution in the state of Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1069061", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "What is the effect of a shorter time frame that a lessee pays a landlord for the permanent improvement that must be implemented to land to be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [737], "text": ["provide a higher value return to landowner."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119506", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What causes reduced stem and leaf expansion?", "answers": {"answer_start": [28], "text": ["Drought stress during vegetative stages"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1079886", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "How much is 1 inch every 3 days equal to in gallons/minute/acre of irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [273], "text": ["6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1080735", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What can I use to evaluate potential water withdrawal sites?", "answers": {"answer_start": [331], "text": ["groundwater mapping tools"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1010204", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: A new center pivot irrigation system needs a water source (well or surface water), a pump, a power source (electric motor or engine), controls and often a buried pipeline. At 2018 prices, the average cost of a new quarter section center pivot (irrigating about 128 acres of the 160 acres), setup in a field with a concrete pad, is about $90,000. The cost of the pump, well, pipeline, controls and power may add another $65,000 for a total investment around $153,000 or near $1,200 per irrigated acre. ", "question": "What will the total cost be of installing a new quarter section center pivot with the pump, well, pipelines, controls, and power?", "answers": {"answer_start": [532], "text": ["around $153,000 or near $1,200 per irrigated acre. "]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1073244", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What must be done if the MiWWAT assessment is zone d? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1062810", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What procedures should you follow to ensure that your sprinklers are working correctly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [437], "text": ["inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "5574a4eb615048488b53077baaaf3dd3", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Achieving maximum efficiency from your center pivot starts with limiting runoff and ensuring uniform water application and infiltration.", "question": "How can the effiency of a center-pivot irrigation system be improved?", "answers": {"answer_start": [64], "text": ["limiting runoff and ensuring uniform water application and infiltration."]}, "references": "Burr, C., & Kranz, B. (2015). Irrigation Management in Extreme Conditions -- Maximizing Pivot Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/irrigation-management-extreme-conditions-maximizing-pivot-efficiency"}
{"id": "1094827", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "How much irrigation do heavier loam soils require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [356], "text": ["0.7 inch to 1 inch of water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1119308", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water is extremely important for crop production. When water becomes limiting to the plant it is important to understand how plants use water. We often hear the term evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to plant water demand. ET is a combination of soil water evaporation (E) and water used by the plant during transpiration (T). Soil evaporation is the major loss of water surface and typically is higher after rain and under high temperature conditions.", "question": "What is water extremely important for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [33], "text": ["crop production"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1080801", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "What is a potential environmental risk when it comes to power sources?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1079863", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is 5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation equal to in inches per day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["0.25 inch per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1120641", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What is a cause of smaller, lighter kernels?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": ["Continued drought into the milk stage"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1072677", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "How much water can a 500 gal/minute pump distribute?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1073096", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "What must withdrawals made/proposed after July 8, 2009 receive?", "answers": {"answer_start": [105], "text": [" a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1075903", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What kind of systems does a greater number of small applications favor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["systems that have low labor costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1080803", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "Why should I not use engine power for my irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1072709", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "What does soil crusting cause?", "answers": {"answer_start": [76], "text": ["stand loss"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1057284", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "What is the first step for measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1121815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "How do soybeans react to drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": ["by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "ea5a40e4b0304034a3a5bd0ac109668f", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Specifically, stress associated with lack of available soil moisture during the pod development (R3-R4) and pod fill (R5-R6) stages of reproduction has the greatest impact on soybean yield. Soybean can use 0.25 inch of water per day during reproductive development. So, stress from lack of moisture between R3 and R4 may result in fewer pods and between R5 and R6 may result in decreased seed size.", "question": "At what point is it best to irrigate soybean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": ["reproductive development."]}, "references": "Irby, T., & Gholson, D. (2022). Soybean Irrigation Initiation | Mississippi Crop Situation. https://www.mississippi-crops.com/2022/06/18/soybean-irrigation-initiation-2/"}
{"id": "1073240", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "What must be done if the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d)?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1008546", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can I use micro sprinkler or drippers on my lawn? Excerpt: Due to a low flow application rate and maintenance issues we suggest you use conventional pop-up sprinklers to irrigate turf areas.", "question": "What should I use to irrigate turf areas? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [146], "text": ["conventional pop-up sprinklers"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1057495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "What data is needed to estimate crop E.T. values in the Irrigation Scheduler tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [266], "text": ["temperatures and rainfall"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1094802", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "What kind of irrigation is ideal during the early season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [619], "text": ["small application"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1056673", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is the consumptive use for harvest cooling estimated to be? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [865], "text": ["low about 5 to 10%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057321", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "What is the minimum number of checkbook irrigation scheduling tools that exist through Extension? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Five"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121835", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative soybean: Vegetative growth of soybean during drought is diminished. Drought stressed soybean are often shorter with smaller leaves due to a lack of water, nutrient availability, and nutrient uptake. Soybean root growth increases during drought conditions because plant carbohydrates are shifted to root growth. When adequate rainfall or soil moisture returns, vegetative growth will resume until the mid-seeding filling stage (R5.5). Under severe drought stress, soybean flowering may occur earlier than normal in an effort to produce seed before premature death.  ", "question": "Under what conditions would soybean flowering occur earlier than normal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [456], "text": ["Under severe drought stress"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062444", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "How should you cut the plastic drain pipe used when building the catch can stand?", "answers": {"answer_start": [133], "text": ["cut to 5 inch in length"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1094826", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "What kind of soils require more irrigation to wet the top 6 inches of soil down?", "answers": {"answer_start": [328], "text": ["Heavier loam soils"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1072844", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "Over what increment of time should water usage be reported in the annual report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [387], "text": ["monthly"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1071881", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What is the result of dikers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["increases the surface storage."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1062496", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "How should you run the injection pump when you have a diesel engine?", "answers": {"answer_start": [554], "text": ["from a v-belt off of the engine shaft"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1094340", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "What are my options when it comes to nitrogen in the field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["dribble or broadcast nitrogen"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1094341", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "How can I broadcast or dribble nitrogen on the field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [89], "text": ["air"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "2093ea0e7f1043dd9e315d657c7ccac3", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The most critical time to avoid water stress is during the mid- to late reproductive stages. When soybean does not receive enough water to meet ET demands during this critical water use period, significant reductions in yield can occur.", "question": "When would not enough water cause a reduced yield for soybean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [48], "text": ["during the mid- to late reproductive stages."]}, "references": "Bayer Crop Science. (2023). Soybean Water Use and Irrigation Timing | Crop Science US. https://www.cropscience.bayer.us/articles/bayer/soybean-water-use-and-irrigation-timing"}
{"id": "1121838", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "Are drought effects on soybean during grain fill more or less severe than on corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057771", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "What is the size of system that lower equipment costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": ["the bigger the system "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1056963", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "Where can estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [406], "text": ["the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1095044", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "How should I build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind?", "answers": {"answer_start": [390], "text": ["irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1069380", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "What does the \"first right of refusal\" option allow for? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": ["the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1075803", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What makes up the cost of operation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": [" cost of energy and labor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1071872", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "What do small pockets in the soil surface do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1080737", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "When do surface water quantities need to be available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["at the time of maximum irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1073029", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "What can the \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\" be used for? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [451], "text": ["this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1057330", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "What is the purpose of the Enviroweather tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [19], "text": ["computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1056581", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. (a continued) Changes included: Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act, 451 includes a section that may make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable for environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage. Adverse resource impact as defined by P.A. 33: \"Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired, or decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired.\"", "question": "Which water users are liable for environmental damage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [264], "text": ["liable for environmental damage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1079877", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "What level of water use may be reached extreme hot temperatures? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [121], "text": ["0.31 to 0.33 inches per day."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1056680", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "Starting in 2006, what is the only reporting organization option for agricultural producers? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["Michigan Department of Agriculture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057773", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "Why does flat topography result in lower distribution equipment costs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [364], "text": ["hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1069456", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What kind of tillage results in the highest infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["Conservation tillage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1123947", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "What is one way  to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject?", "answers": {"answer_start": [190], "text": ["using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1095120", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Running through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system now greatly improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it. Irrigation can often aid in improving germination, crop emergence, herbicide activation and reduce Nitrogen valorization. All of the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season are dependent on the readiness of the irrigation system. Inspecting and performing necessary repairs now greatly increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it.", "question": "What will inspecting and performing necessary repairs help me with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [489], "text": ["increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1073055", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "What is the consequence of falsifying a record of water withdrawal submitted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [444], "text": ["a civil fine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1094978", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "What conditions occur by mid-June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [171], "text": ["the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1057600", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "What does the T stand for in DIRTI? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [287], "text": ["Taxes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1120638", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "When does kernel abortion near the ear tip occur when corn going through grain fill experiences drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [245], "text": ["in the two weeks following pollination"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1121818", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "What does it mean when soybeans have diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping?", "answers": {"answer_start": [144], "text": ["A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1057496", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "What types of temperature data are used in the Irrigation Scheduler tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [253], "text": ["high and low"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1093672", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "What is the result of the inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [62], "text": ["dictates the need for backflow protection"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1073026", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "What is the 2008 volume water use report a part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072712", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "How do I avoid soil crusting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [51], "text": ["Use irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1010068", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "How do you increase the flow of an adjustable dripper?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1327], "text": ["Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1080814", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "How can I make sure to receive good outcomes when calculating irrigation profits?", "answers": {"answer_start": [210], "text": ["expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1069257", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "Whose property are wells considered to be?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["the landowner of the land they are constructed on "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1011535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination. ", "question": "what is the slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [386], "text": ["iron bacteria"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1080923", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "What can lead to disaster when it comes to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1068395", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "What is the DIRTI formula?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["the estimated cost of the irrigation investment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1094882", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Service pump engines and inspect all fluid levels: Pumps run for hours without operator presence, and even small oil or coolant leaks can result in damage. Inspect belts, batteries and recharge system. Look carefully for rodent damage and insect nests that may result in malfunction later. Inspect pump murphy switches or safety shut-down systems or install them if you do not have them. Adding low oil and high temperature shut downs can avoid burning up your engine.", "question": "What does adding low oil and high temperature shut downs do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [443], "text": ["avoid burning up your engine."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1010189", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What about different soil types? Excerpt: The soil is a storage room of the plants nutrients, and the medium, through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchor for plants and the reservoir of water for plants' growth. There are various types of soil with differing characteristics, which determine What types of plants can be grown. Nevertheless, plants can thrive in a very broad spectrum of soil textures when water is applied at the proper rate, with appropriate spacing.Each type of soil creates a typical wetting pattern that will require a different layout. In sandy soil, the water will tend to go straight down, so we recommend using micro sprinklers or closely spaced, 12 in. apart, 1 GPH or 2 GPH drippers. In loamy soil, the water will move slowly and will spread evenly, so here you can use .5 GPH or 1 GPH drippers with a 16 in. to 18 in. spacing. In clay soil in which drip irrigation work the best, the water will be absorbed very slowly, so use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart.", "question": "How should I set up my system in clay soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [974], "text": ["use low flow drippers such as .5 or 1 GPH at a wider spacing, 18 in. to 24 in. apart."]}, "references": "Sunn, L. (2023). Drip Irrigation | Rainwater. https://www.rainbees.com/drip-irrigation"}
{"id": "1095074", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "At times of peak water use, the application volume could be as large as 1.5 inches for four to five days of water use. It is all about efficiency. The plant most effectively uses water is through transpiration. Water that is lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves is less beneficial to the plant, providing only a temporarily cooler environment. Small application may help in evaporative cooling during pollination or other crucial times, but reduces the amount of water that actually gets to the roots compared to fewer large applications totaling the same amount.", "question": "What does the water lost from evaporation at the soil surface or on the leaves provide the plant with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["only a temporarily cooler environment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1057669", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "What do low initial costs compensate for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [560], "text": ["higher energy cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1056577", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "What is a restriction on wells? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [482], "text": ["need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\"."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057558", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What else does the registration process also call for in regard to new agricultural withdrawals? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [40], "text": ["an estimate of consumptive water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1095085", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Compare two irrigators using the same total amount of irrigation water in a season: One irrigator makes five one-inch applications during the peak water use period compared to another producer making 10 half-inch applications. Assuming that there is about 0.10 inches of evaporation loss from the soil surface and foliage, the irrigator making five one-inch applications will get 0.5 inches more water into the root zone.", "question": "How many more inches of water will a five 1 inch application irrigator get to the root zone than an irrigator that makes 10 half-inch applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [379], "text": [" 0.5 inches"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1072738", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.", "question": "Within how many hours should I irrigate in order to activate the herbicide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["48 hours"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1062456", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(17) Stop barricades: Pivots that make partial circles often use stop barricades at the edge of the water area. Check stops for integrity, making sure that the height is still appropriate for the machine s turnoff mechanism. Manually operate the turn off arms on the pivot to make sure that they are functioning. Newer style stop barricades are designed to catch and spin the tire against the barricade allowing the safety system to shut the pivot down as a backup safety system.", "question": "Which location is suited for pivots that use stop barricades?", "answers": {"answer_start": [84], "text": ["the edge of the water area"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1011616", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What are one millimho per centimeter equal to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [981], "text": ["1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1008963", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best time of day to water? Excerpt: 'Early morning is best.' Watering during evening times or overnight will make the lawn more susceptible to fungus.", "question": "What is the best time of day to water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [59], "text": ["Early morning"]}, "references": "Virone, G. (2022). Lawn Watering Tips: Here\u2019s The Best Time To Water Your Grass. https://irrigatesmart.com/best-time-to-water-grass/"}
{"id": "1069378", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (a) \"First right of refusal\" option allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received. The term \"first right of refusal\" refers to the lessee having the right to purchase the property if sold in the contract period. The sale to another party can only proceed if the lessee having the \"first right of refusal\" refuses to purchase the property. First right of refusal options may reduce the potential sale value of a property by removing one of the most motivated and common buyer of property, the lessee, from the bidding process.", "question": "What does the \"first right of refusal\" option allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["allows the lessee to purchase the land at the highest offer received"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1119432", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "What are water stressed plants more susceptible to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [291], "text": ["insect and disease pathogens"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1079892", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What is considered to be a high water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["greater than $50000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1094901", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Measure static water levels in wells: Many of your neighbors may be concerned that irrigation water use is permanently lowering the water table. Documenting the static water level in your well and surrounding wells before you start pumping each year allows a comparison from beginning to end of pumping season. A late fall reading will show the recovery levels. If you do not have the equipment to measure the static water level of your well, consider an annual well maintenance company inspection or a single visit from a well driller to inspect equipment and measure water levels.", "question": "What could be a concern of neighbors to my irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [87], "text": ["irrigation water use is permanently lowering the water table"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1121840", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "When do new flowers and pods set for soybeans during drought conditions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [156], "text": ["When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1068634", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "what is owned by a landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["irrigation well"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "4ce5397ace7640c396f97303aa5895a9", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The depth of the sensors should be considered based on the crops root depth The threshold to trigger irrigation depends on the crop type, growth stage, soil water holding capacity, and capacity of the irrigation system Knowing soil types (especially texture) is important for irrigation scheduling because soil water holding capacity is largely determined by soil types.", "question": "What needs to be known for the irrigation schedule?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": ["soil types (especially texture) "]}, "references": "Specialty Hybrids. (2023). Soybean Water Use and Irrigation Timing. https://www.specialtyhybrids.com/en-us/agronomy-library/water-use-in-soybean-and-irrigation-timing.html"}
{"id": "1121790", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "How long should I wait to see how many kernels are expanding?", "answers": {"answer_start": [544], "text": ["seven to ten days after pollination"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1095121", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Running through a checklist of inspections and repairs for each irrigation system now greatly improves the chance of being able to start irrigating the day the crop needs it. Irrigation can often aid in improving germination, crop emergence, herbicide activation and reduce Nitrogen valorization. All of the potential benefits to using irrigation early in the cropping season are dependent on the readiness of the irrigation system. Inspecting and performing necessary repairs now greatly increases the chance the system will be ready to water when you need it.", "question": "How can I make sure to increase my chances of my irrigation system being ready to water when I need it?", "answers": {"answer_start": [433], "text": ["Inspecting and performing necessary repairs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1011662", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is localised irrigation? Excerpt: The term localised indicates specified area (roots of the plants). The process of irrigating or wetting the soil exactly at the point of the roots to facilitate proper growth and reduce water wastage is called localised irrigation. Small nozzles, tubes, perforated pipes are used for localised irrigation to water a small area of land around the plants.", "question": "What do I need for localised irrigation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": ["tubes"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1080913", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "What is an incentive for using the high dollar specialty crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [229], "text": ["less delays after rain for field work"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1056858", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Industry average numbers Industry average numbers are not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation. Although it is very common for people to say corn needs about seven inches of irrigation water/year, actual usage varies greatly depending on the weather (heat units and rain fall), soil water holding capacity and management.", "question": "What is a disadvantage of industry average numbers in water use regulation? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1071987", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What kind of irrigation system provides uniform application rates throughout the entire system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [253], "text": ["solid set"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1068735", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "What must be done in order to install irrigation to farmland?", "answers": {"answer_start": [290], "text": ["permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1011618", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "How can TDS be estimated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1043], "text": ["by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1009209", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What can I do to protect my controller from lightning damage? Excerpt: The best way is to ensure that the controller is grounded properly.' Unfortunately, like all electrical devices, controllers are susceptible to lightning strikes and little can be done to prevent damage.", "question": "What can I do to protect my controller from lightning damage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [100], "text": ["ensure that the controller is grounded properly"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1123927", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For example:  10 gallons/acre x 5 acre/hr = 50 gph  The calculation is just this simple, but it takes some effort to determine the acres per hour the pivot will irrigate.", "question": "If you have 10 gallons of product you want to apply per acre, and 5 acres/hour is the rate at which the pivot will irrigate per hour, how many gallons per hour will the pump need to deliver? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [44], "text": ["50 gph"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1121867", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the fifth development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [666], "text": ["Dough (R4)"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1119389", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "Where does the water go during transpiration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [111], "text": ["from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094364", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What do you call the rate at which water can enter the soil surface?", "answers": {"answer_start": [3], "text": [" infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1121842", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What happens as a result of prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [376], "text": ["the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062425", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 1: The 2 x 3 inch stud chunks wedge into the base of the cut plastic drain pipe sections, and make the transition between the cup and post. Electric fence post should fit snug into the drill hole. A screw may be placed through the side of the plastic drain pipe into the 2 x 3 inch stud chunks. Electric fence post and cups can be stored and transported in separate stacks.", "question": "When building a catch can test, how should you place the electric fence post?", "answers": {"answer_start": [169], "text": ["Electric fence post should fit snug into the drill hole"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1056564", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "What does the No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [168], "text": ["adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057297", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "What else can improve scheduling decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["soil moisture monitoring "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1011647", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What does successful irrigation rely on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1252], "text": ["the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1073251", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "When would action be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel?", "answers": {"answer_start": [615], "text": ["If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1072686", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "What does it mean to schedule irrigation applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [85], "text": ["Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1123948", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "What is one way to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject?", "answers": {"answer_start": [375], "text": ["involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1095089", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "What do small application volumes allow for when irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [171], "text": ["reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1119509", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What is a result of drought stress during vegetative stages? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [117], "text": ["shorter plants with less leaf area"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1120625", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "At what temperature can pollen grains be killed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [599], "text": ["When temperatures greater than 100oF"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062449", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What can be used for rain gauging?", "answers": {"answer_start": [22], "text": ["catch can stand"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1095032", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "What does maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [203], "text": ["to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1121811", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What is a consequence of drought stress during the weeks following pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [701], "text": ["reduce yield by up to six percent per day."]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1008104", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the advantage of using drip irrigation vs. spray or rotary sprinklers? Excerpt: Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save money by significantly lowering your water use in the garden and in turn lowering your water utility bills. Drip irrigation is less expensive to install in both, material and labor cost. No special tools are needed, the installation is quick and the system maintenance is very simple.", "question": "What tools are needed for a drip irrigation system installation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["No special tools are needed"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1121894", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the dent development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [826], "text": ["2-4"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1057258", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "What is an important requirement of the planning process for new irrigation systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1062450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A simple, inexpensive catch can stand can be built using: 1. 32 oz. disposable soda cup (Taco Bell cup) 2. 3 inch plastic drain pipe cut to 5 inch in length 3. 2 x 3 inch stud, cut to length to wedge into plastic drain pipe (drill hole partially through the chunk of wood to accommodate the fence post) 4. Steel (step-in) electric fence post", "question": "What else can be used as a uniformity check for evaluating irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [22], "text": ["catch can stand"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1072219", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (5) Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.).", "question": "What is the fifth step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Record observations at each observation point. Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (four to five) areas representing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1008540", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water a vegetable garden? Excerpt: Our suggestion is to start with one of these 2 options: use DIG's 1/2 in. dripline model'B18100'with pre installed emitters every 18 in. for large gardens or our'ML50 Raised Garden Kit'which uses ' in. dripline with a 9 in. emitter spacing for smaller gardens or planter bed gardens.", "question": "What should I use to water a small garden?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["ML50 Raised Garden Kit'which uses ' in. dripline with a 9 in. emitter spacing"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1068538", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "What is a major factor in variability?", "answers": {"answer_start": [578], "text": ["The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1008558", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Is a pressure regulator necessary to use with a drip system? Excerpt: Yes, drip irrigation or low volume irrigation systems have been designed to operate with lower pressures than sprinkler systems, so pressure regulators typically are a necessity. Operating pressure suggested for a drip system is around 25 PSI with the lower pressure start at 15 PSI and the higher pressure is 30 PSI. Using a pressure regulator will help to ensure your drip system will operate optimally", "question": "What is the operating pressure suggested for a drip system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [309], "text": ["around 25 PSI"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1092816", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "What makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop prior to tassel emergence?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Fertigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1072693", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "What is a consequence of under watering?", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1079902", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "What requires higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [547], "text": ["Steep slopes"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1072020", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "Should I identify the lowest or highest infiltration rate when completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [243], "text": ["lowest"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "50d02caa39734489a64469721cabe40c", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The depth of the sensors should be considered based on the crops root depth The threshold to trigger irrigation depends on the crop type, growth stage, soil water holding capacity, and capacity of the irrigation system Knowing soil types (especially texture) is important for irrigation scheduling because soil water holding capacity is largely determined by soil types.", "question": "What is important information for selecting a soil moisture sensor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["the crops root depth "]}, "references": "Specialty Hybrids. (2023). Soybean Water Use and Irrigation Timing. https://www.specialtyhybrids.com/en-us/agronomy-library/water-use-in-soybean-and-irrigation-timing.html"}
{"id": "1057369", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "In Enviroweather, what is the last step for tracking crop ET as the crop develops? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [543], "text": ["entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1010191", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the purpose of the Backflow Assembly and why must it be tested annually? Excerpt: The backflow assembly prevents contaminated irrigation water from being siphoned back into the clean drinking water supply.' The Clean Water Act passed by Congress requires local governments to reasonably ensure that the drinking water supplied to their residents remain safe & clean.' The annual backflow test is one step that helps the local governments ensure that the drinking water supply is safe & clean.", "question": "What is the purpose of the Backflow Assembly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [122], "text": ["prevents contaminated irrigation water from being siphoned back into the clean drinking water supply"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1057675", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "What happens as system costs increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["capacity increases"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1047661", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What are the water use laws in Michigan? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [86], "text": ["PA 177 and PA 148"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1071989", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rate at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "What kind of application rate does a solid set irrigation system provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["uniform"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1068738", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "What is a typical characteristic of lease agreements for irrigated land when it comes to payment for improvements to land to be irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [563], "text": ["provide no upfront cost to the landowner"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1119526", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on vegetative corn: Drought stress during vegetative stages results in reduced stem and leaf cell expansion (shorter plants with less leaf area). The effect of drought stress on leaf morphology is much larger than that of photosynthesis. When drought stress is combined with heat stress vegetative development will progress more rapidly. Any stress that occurs during the sixth to eighth leaf stage (V6-V8) can result in fewer kernel rows, whereas stress from eighth leaf to seventeenth leaf stage (V8-V17) can result in fewer kernels per row.", "question": "What happens when stress occurs during the eight leaf to seventeenth leaf stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [519], "text": ["result in fewer kernels per row"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062487", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(16) Chemigation valve and fertigation pump power supply: Many producers are investigating chemigation/fertigation as an option. Adding the equipment now makes it a far more viable option in the future. Make sure there is a functional chemigation valve on each water supply feeding into the system. Install interlocked injection pump power source. This will operate only when the irrigation water pump in on avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system. For a diesel engine this may be as simple as running the injection pump from a v-belt off of the engine shaft.", "question": "What is the advantage of using an interlocked injection pump power source?", "answers": {"answer_start": [408], "text": ["avoiding undiluted fertilizer from ever going into the irrigation system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1120637", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on corn during grain fill: During grain fill drought stress results in premature death of leaf tissue, shortened grain fill periods, increased lodging, fewer kernels, and light kernel weights. Kernel abortion near the ear tip will occur in the two weeks following pollination. Continued drought into the milk stage will result in further kernel abortion and smaller, lighter kernels. Drought that occurs in the mid to late grain filling period (milk, dough, and dent stages) results in decreased kernel weights and premature physiological maturity. Once physiological maturity occurs additional drought stress will have no impact on grain yield. Because drought stress typically coincides with higher than normal temperatures the grain fill period is often reduced.  ", "question": "What will happen within 2 weeks following pollination during drought stress?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["Kernel abortion near the ear tip"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094798", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "Why should irrigation application be kept at a minimum in the early season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [331], "text": ["Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1123966", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "What is the easiest way to determine the chemigation injection pump setting using the sprinkler chart?", "answers": {"answer_start": [124], "text": ["if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "d02e90b04178452594770a15b1d82838", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Having three phase electric power provided at the location of the pump by your electric service provider is the simplest and safest energy source. It requires the least amount of farm owned/maintained equipment to run irrigation systems. Electric service providers can often generate a cost estimate for adding three phase electric power service to you location. In some situations estimates may be free with a commitment to use a quantity of power in the future. More likely, a simple line drop from a new set of transformers on an existing three phase line may be $500 to $2,000. If three phase power is not near the location, costs to install the service are estimated to be between $10,000 and $30,000 a mile. These costs are to be paid by the potential irrigator to upgrade service in the area", "question": "Which power source should I use to save money?", "answers": {"answer_start": [7], "text": ["three phase electric power "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013d). Three phase power: The first choice for irrigation energy - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/three_phase_power_the_first_choice_for_irrigation_energy"}
{"id": "556806130b5b47df84868223207ccaad", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The depth of the sensors should be considered based on the crops root depth The threshold to trigger irrigation depends on the crop type, growth stage, soil water holding capacity, and capacity of the irrigation system Knowing soil types (especially texture) is important for irrigation scheduling because soil water holding capacity is largely determined by soil types.", "question": "What information impacts the sensors used and irrigation of crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [123], "text": ["the crop type, growth stage, soil water holding capacity, and capacity of the irrigation system "]}, "references": "Specialty Hybrids. (2023). Soybean Water Use and Irrigation Timing. https://www.specialtyhybrids.com/en-us/agronomy-library/water-use-in-soybean-and-irrigation-timing.html"}
{"id": "1069463", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "What is the lower bound of infiltration rates of Michigan soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [494], "text": ["one-half inch per hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1092817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "How much of the budget does fertigation take up?", "answers": {"answer_start": [446], "text": ["makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1094863", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Check and test all control and power boxes: With all power off, open each electric box and blow it out with compressed air. Avoid leaving any dust or debris in the box or connections. Seal holes that rodents, snakes or insects may use to gain access to the box. A small application of an insecticide with a long residual time to the bottom of the box can reduce ant and spider problems in the future. Make sure disconnects function and repair or replace faulty equipment. Also make sure all connections are tight and all connection surfaces are free of corrosion. Many electrical disconnects or pivot control boxes meet an early demise from electrified mouse nest explosion in the box.", "question": "What is the result of electrified mouse nest explosions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [568], "text": ["Many electrical disconnects or pivot control boxes meet an early demise"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1075976", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "What is the capacity rate of water sources that are used to supply irrigation water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["400 to 1200 gallons per minute"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1080730", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "What conditions would make irrigation not profitable?", "answers": {"answer_start": [60], "text": ["without a reliable and adequate source of water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1011623", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What are the important parameters I should look at in an irrigation water quality report? Excerpt: Most irrigation water analysis reports will provide a list of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and anions (bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and chloride) along with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The cations, anions and TDS will be listed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) or the equivalent, parts per million (ppm). The two most important factors are TDS or EC and SAR. The TDS of a water sample is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the water, which include all the cations and anions. TDS is estimated from the EC of the water. The more dissolved minerals in the water, the higher the EC. The units of EC can be listed as millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm), micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). One millimho per centimeter is equal to 1000 micromhos per centimeter or 1 dS/m. TDS can be estimated by multiplying the EC (in umhos/cm) by 0.64. For example, the TDS of a water sample with an EC of 2000 umhos/cm (2.0 dS/m) would be about 1280 mg/l. The SAR of a water sample is the proportion of sodium to calcium and magnesium in the water. Since it is a ratio, SAR has no units. For most soils in North Dakota, any water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m) or an SAR value greater than 6 is not generally recommended for continuous irrigation. However, soils with a high sand content can use water with an SAR up to 9. ", "question": "What EC level in water is generally not recommended for continuous irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1360], "text": ["water with an EC greater than 2000 micromhos per centimeter (2 mmhos/cm or 2 dS/m)"]}, "references": "Fipps, G. (2021). Irrigation Water Quality Standards And Salinity Management Strategies. https://irrigation.tamu.edu/files/2021/04/EB-1667.pdf"}
{"id": "1057605", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "Where can you find the standard procedure pertaining to the DIRTI formula? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [480], "text": ["MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1073252", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Finding a fair cost for shared irrigation systems: If you can find the true annual cost of an irrigation system it is easy to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party.", "question": "How can I find a fair cost for shared irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [51], "text": ["If you can find the true annual cost of an irrigation system it is easy to prorate the annual cost of the investment and annual power and labor cost by the number of acres the system provides for each party."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1057555", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "If 3 inches of estimated irrigation are needed in both July and August and 1 inch in September, what is the estimated annual water use? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [441], "text": ["550 acre inches for the year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1121788", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Corn management and yield loss: Management depends on the remaining yield potential. Each field provides a unique combination of soil, management, hybrid, and water supply so not all the fields will have the same yield reduction. After pollination a key is to determine how successful pollination was; that is how many kernels per ear were attained. This can be determined by performing a shake test to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels); silks will easily drop from fertilized ovules (kernels). Or wait until seven to ten days after pollination when the ear is in the blister stage (plump kernels with watery liquid inside) to see how many kernels are expanding.  ", "question": "Why should I perform a shake test when determining how successful corn pollination was?", "answers": {"answer_start": [400], "text": ["to see if silks are still attached to the ovules (unfertilized kernels"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1008966", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What do I do if my controller shows no display? Excerpt: Check to see if you have power going to the controller.' If not, check circuit breakers & GFI outlets in your home to see if they have been tripped.' If you have power, but no display, unplug controller for 2 minutes then plug back in.' If still no display,' see if there is a reset button on your controller - hold for 10 seconds.' Still no display?' Controller may have gone bad.", "question": "What do I do if my controller shows no display?", "answers": {"answer_start": [67], "text": ["Check to see if you have power going to the controller"]}, "references": "Carolina Irrigation. (2024). FAQ | Carolina Irrigation | Residential & Commercial Irrigation Experts Since 1999. https://www.carolinairrigation.net/faq"}
{"id": "1080896", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "What are Michigan and Indiana land dominated by?", "answers": {"answer_start": [93], "text": ["contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1121853", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "What happens if the grain filling period is shortened?", "answers": {"answer_start": [737], "text": ["lower seed weights and yields"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1094811", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "What kind of soil requires about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [14], "text": ["sandy loam soils"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1095060", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "According to Michigan State University Extension, if a producer's irrigation capacity is low, this means that the grower should be starting to irrigate prior to peak use or during rainy spells to build moisture level. Many irrigators started too late and could never regain good soil moisture level during the drought of 2012. If you have the capacity to provide one inch every three days, you can afford to gamble on receiving rainfall. For most producers, starting late can lead to poor irrigated yields.", "question": "When can I afford to gamble on receiving rainfall?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["If you have the capacity to provide one inch every three days"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1072638", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "Where can I find the tools to print a corrected percent timer chart?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["Your system provider"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1011635", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "Why should I not use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers on sandy soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [668], "text": ["due to elevation differences"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1123890", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "What happens with the products and the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": ["Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "1046547", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Assembly directions - Option 2: 0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end. 13 inches plastic cable tie secured through the 0.25 inch hole creates a cup holder to fit on top of post. The total cost per unit is less than one dollar and requires only a saw and a drill. The catch can stand will allow data collection in fields with crops up to 30 inches tall. A 500 ml graduated cylinder is used to measure water volume. 500 ml graduated cylinders are available from science lab and beer maker supply stores on the web.", "question": "Provide an alternate drilling step when assembling catch can stands.", "answers": {"answer_start": [32], "text": ["0.5 inch plastic pipe cut in 4 inch section can be drilled with 0.25 inch hole 1 inch from end."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2020). Irrigation Fact Sheet #16 - Catch Can Stands for Rain Gauges and Uniformity Check for Evaluating Irrigation."}
{"id": "1121886", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the estimated yield loss per day of stress for corn in the late vegetative development stage? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["2-5"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1094796", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "What should I do if I am expecting more rainfall after May and early June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [411], "text": ["irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1095100", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Late season applications are lowered as crop water use declines with increasing crop maturity. At the dent stage of development, corn water use can be as little as 0.15 inches per day on a 75 degree day. The chance of receiving rainfall increases during this portion of the growing season. Applications of 0.75 inches at the beginning of this period may quickly decline to 0.50 inch as the crop nears black layer or maturity.", "question": "Does crop maturity increase or decrease during late season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["increasing"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1068364", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "What represents the calculation of the annual cost  of ownership?", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": ["DIRTI"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1095092", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations, irrigators have equipment that applies water faster than the water can infiltrate into the soil. In these situations, smaller application volumes will reduce the potential for runoff or uneven application to the roots. Sprinklers that provide larger wetted diameters will have less runoff issues. Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil conditions and leaving more crop residue on the soil surface are two methods to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from increased number of applications.", "question": "What is a method to reduce potential runoff without increasing evaporative loss from an increased number of applications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["Matching sprinkler performance to field/soil condition"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1056985", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "what is the most common factor affecting the amount of water that the soil absorbs? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["The total application of water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1068709", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.", "question": "What does Michigan 2006 legislation require when it comes to environmental standards?", "answers": {"answer_start": [98], "text": ["all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1068736", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "Who should pay for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["landowners"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1057604", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "The DIRTI formula spreads the annual cost of which investment? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1056674", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where does most water used for harvest cooling go?", "answers": {"answer_start": [777], "text": ["mostly retuned back to surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1008161", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is the best way to water container plants? Excerpt: To start a drip system for containers or pots, our complete kits are a great way to start such as model'FM01AS'for 10 pots or the'G77AS'for up to 24 pots. For large containers or raised garden beds our'ML50 kit'is ideal.If you would like to add to an existing system or create your own system that can be easily accomplished by buying our products separately. Our suggestion is to use a combination of 1/4 in. dripline'(microtubing with pre-inserted emitters)'and misters for large containers and individual drippers for small pots. For larger or longer containers use a 1/4 in. dripline. For pots use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot. First, categorize the containers and pots into groups with similar sizes and similar watering needs. It is also advisable to divide containers and pots into groups that are either in full sun or in shaded areas. We have made a list'(pot and basket parts list and installation)'for what we think are the best steps to help you install this type of system. Please be aware that every installation application is different and we cannot make this link perfect for every situation. If you do not find the exact information that pertains to your application,'send as an email'with what you would like to do and we will provide a recommendation.", "question": "What kind of drippers should be used for small pots?", "answers": {"answer_start": [665], "text": ["use 1-2 .5 GPH drippers per pot"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
{"id": "1068711", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.", "question": "What tells me who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["Rent agreements for irrigated land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1072633", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (1) Make sure your irrigation application is uniform. There are easy catch can systems available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system. Make sure to make the correction.", "question": "What can I use to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [111], "text": ["easy catch can systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1011631", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: Can all soils be irrigated? Excerpt:All soils can be irrigated but the right irrigation system has to be selected. For example, soils with a high clay content can be irrigated with a trickle (often called drip) irrigation system, a surface irrigation system (if the land has less than 2% slope) and a solid-set sprinkler system, however, a moving sprinkler system like center pivots and lateral moves may not work very well. Conversely, a soil with a high sand fraction on sloping land can be irrigated very well with a moving sprinkler system but not by a surface irrigation system and it may be difficult to use trickle irrigation and solid-set sprinklers due to elevation differences. Center pivots are used to apply water to over 88% of the irrigated land in North Dakota. Due to the preference for moving sprinkler systems, all the soils in the state have been classified as irrigable, conditional and non-irrigable. The irrigable and non-irrigable classifications are self-explanatory but a soil may be conditional for one or more of the following reasons: salinity accumulation concerns, too much slope, irrigation water quality, shallow bedrock, poor drainage characteristics and too much gravel. Successful irrigation also relies on the compatibility of the water quality with the soils in the field. In general, sandy well-drained soils can be irrigated using water with higher TDS and SAR than soils with more clay and silt content.", "question": "What is the best way to irrigate soil with a high sand fraction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [348], "text": ["a moving sprinkler system"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
{"id": "1056950", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "What is the unit of soil infiltration rate? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [211], "text": ["minutes per inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1119420", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "When can yield reductions caused by evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies occur?", "answers": {"answer_start": [91], "text": ["at any time during the crop life cycle"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1041073", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is modern irrigation? Excerpt: Modern irrigation generally indicates the use of new improved equipment for carrying out irrigation in the farmlands. The traditional techniques of irrigation were not able to irrigate the entire land, especially in the boundaries and depressions. The modern equipment facilitates enhanced use of resources and reduces the human labour for irrigating the fields. Modern irrigation systems are equipped with timers and sensors to predict and deliver the amount of water required by the crops in the fields. Sprinkler irrigation is an example of modern irrigation method.", "question": "What is modern irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [84], "text": ["the use of new improved equipment for carrying out irrigation in the farmlands"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
{"id": "1095110", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use estimates can assist producers in irrigation decision making. A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops is Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota. Additional irrigation scheduling information can be found at the MSU irrigation website.", "question": "What does the Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method from the University of Minnesota tell me?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["A good source of E.T. rate charts for the most commonly irrigated crops "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1121846", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on soybean during grain fill Drought effects on soybean are generally not as severe as corn. This is a result of overlapping of development stages. When short-term drought stress results in flower or pod abortion, new flowers and pods will set when conditions improve. During prolonged drought stress, or when the stress occurs during pod set and seed filling stages, the compensatory ability is not as likely to occur. Drought can reduce pod number by up to 20 percent as a result of flower and pod abortion. Seeds per pod and seed size can also be affected by drought stress but to a lesser extent than the number of pods. Drought stress often results in earlier maturity or shortening of the grain filling period resulting in lower seed weights and yields. Soybean yield loss from drought stress is compounded by the lack of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen fixation. In dry conditions, nodules cease nitrogen fixation because of a lack of soil moisture and lack of carbohydrate supply from the soybean plant. If water deficits are short lived, nodule nitrogen fixation can resume.  ", "question": "Why does drought reduce pod number for soybeans during grain fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [493], "text": ["flower and pod abortion"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1062729", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Check irrigation tires: Check air pressure in each pivot tire. Refill to 20 pounds or the recommended level. Note tires that were near flat, and return a week later to see if they leaked. Expect tires to lose two or three pounds pressure each year if not re-aired annually.", "question": "How long should you wait to check whether the tires are week?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["a week later"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15  - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
{"id": "1057398", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Enviroweather: computes daily estimate of potential E.T. and projects E.T. demands for 7 days at each of the 58 strategically located weather stations in Michigan calculating crop E.T. using wind, relative humidity, and net solar radiation in addition to temperature to estimate crop E.T. demands. Pick the station nearest to you, and then click on one of the categories listed near the top of the screen (eg. Field crops, Fruit), then click on Potential Evapotranspiration. For corn and soybeans clicking the Crop ET Estimate button then entering the emergences date allowing tracking crop ET as the crop develops. A free service of Enviroweather Network sends daily reports of ET from the previous 4 days and projected values for the next week by text or E-mail to producers that signed up.", "question": "How can one benefit from the Enviroweather Network's free service? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [786], "text": ["signed up"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1094818", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "How much does half an inch of irrigation allow me to wet down sandy loam soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [143], "text": ["five to six inches"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1068577", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "Who owns the irrigation well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [71], "text": ["landowner"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1121870", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the short hand for the early vegetative development stage of corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": ["VE - V12"]}, "references": "Iowa State University. (2023). How Drought Affects Corn & Soybean Growth & Yield. https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/12564-how-drought-affects-corn-and-soybean-growth-and-yield"}
{"id": "1119429", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Evapotranspiration demand that exceeds soil water supplies will result in yield reductions at any time during the crop life cycle. When plant water uptake by the roots is limited so is nutrient availability, uptake, and transport. Additionally, water stressed plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity.", "question": "What kinds of plants are more susceptible to insect and disease pathogens and have diminished stem integrity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [245], "text": ["water stressed plants"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
{"id": "1069255", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What should the annual cost of permanent improvements made by the lessee be viewed as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["additional income above lease rate by landowners"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "321", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "what should you check before installing to ensure that they are reading properly?", "answers": {"answer_start": [48], "text": ["Watermark sensors"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "58", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The conclusion is that many irrigators could save money, water and nitrogen by using data from irrigation scheduling systems to make data-driven decisions to help them feel confident they are getting optimal yields without putting on extra water just for insurance purposes. Otherwise, irrigators follow their natural tendencies to put on about the same amount of water as in the past and just slightly adjust it for dry or wet years. For more information on yield losses, take time to read the following NebGuide: Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation.  ", "question": "what is the alternative to not using data from irrigation scheduling systems to make data-driven informed decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["irrigators follow their natural tendencies to put on about the same amount of water as in the past and just slightly adjust it for dry or wet years."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "207", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For potatoes in the early emergence crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.12 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.85 inches. For potatoes in the vegetative crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.15 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for potatoes during the early emergence crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [126], "text": ["0.12 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "116", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [220], "text": ["13%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "164", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what indicates over irrigation is occurring?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["if the second foot gets above 30 cb"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "229", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is considered the variable name for the pivot length?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["R"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "125", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["2%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "543", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "All these trends prompt us to manage our water more precisely. Specifically, irrigation-the largest user of freshwater in Nebraska and worldwide-can be applied more precisely. Besides improving when irrigation is applied (i.e., irrigation scheduling), where irrigation is applied (spatially) can be improved as well.", "question": "what is the largest user of freshwater in Nebraska and worldwide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["irrigation"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "416", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for soybeans in the R7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["0"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "341", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what are the categories the IrrigateCost app breaks down costs to calculate per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [516], "text": ["irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "209", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For potatoes in the early emergence crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.12 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.85 inches. For potatoes in the vegetative crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.15 inches.", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for potatoes during the vegetative crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["0.15 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "435", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [877], "text": ["13"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "338", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what specific information does the IrrigateCost app allow users to input in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [204], "text": ["acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "445", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using this information for a center pivot that is set to apply one inch of water per irrigation, the suggested recommendation would be that the system should be off for the next few days to use some of the remaining water. The next inch of water should be applied within the next seven days. Then, the next irrigation should be recalculated using updated soil water readings. The best way to use the remaining water is to delay the start of the last few irrigations a few days each time and react to any rain that might occur during the period. Slowly using the water in the lower portion of the root zone starting in early to mid-August is much better than keeping the profile full until the very end and expecting the crop to use the water all at once.  ", "question": "what should be used to recalculate the amount of irrigation needed after irrigation days prior?", "answers": {"answer_start": [347], "text": ["updated soil water readings"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "157", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In general, about one-third of the irrigators in the study on the normal to wet years are doing a good job of applying the correct amount of water to minimize deep percolation of water and nutrients and save pumping costs while producing top yields. The other two-thirds could have saved money and water without lowering yield. In fact, about one-third could have saved a lot! On the other hand, about 60% to 80% are doing a good job during the dry years as shown in Table 1.  ", "question": "generally on the normal to wet years how many irrigators are doing a good job of applying the correct amount of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [18], "text": ["one-third of the irrigators"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "199", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For pasture grass in the actively growing crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.00 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.50 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for pasture grasses during the actively growing crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [211], "text": ["1.50 inches."]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "438", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 13/4 milk line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1071], "text": ["1.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "144", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [265], "text": ["27%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "255", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The method uses a ratio of the length of the center pivot vs. the throw of the end gun. The designed end gun throw and the length of the pivot can be found on the sprinkler chart.  ", "question": "what chart can be used to determine the designed end gun throw and the length of the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": ["the sprinkler chart"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "413", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for soybeans in the R6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as end of seed elongation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [645], "text": ["3.5 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "425", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as physiological maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [300], "text": ["0"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "351", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In a dry year, aerial imagery can be a useful tool to help identify systematic patterns (i.e., rings) within a field as a result of water stress from poor uniformity. However, in high rainfall areas (i.e., low irrigation requirements) aerial imagery may not be able to visually identify differences in the crop canopy. In these instances, it's recommended that catch cans be used to evaluate application uniformity. Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application.  ", "question": "what may be difficult to visually identify in high rainfall areas using aerial imagery?", "answers": {"answer_start": [287], "text": ["differences in the crop canopy."]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "54", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Now is the time to get the probes in the ground. While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is important to ensure proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root and leaf damage and makes it easy to get around the field with the pickup or ATV to install the equipment.  ", "question": "what does the early installation of soil moisture sensors make easier?", "answers": {"answer_start": [278], "text": ["to get around the field with the pickup or ATV to install the equipment"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "538", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, VRI is not likely to reduce the consumptive use of water (i.e., evapotranspiration). Producers who are considering whether to invest in VRI technology should carefully consider the potential costs and benefits to determine whether VRI is a good fit for their situation.  Types of VRI equipment systems, prescriptions (the map that tells the pivot how to apply the water), and potential uses are described below.", "question": "what is a term used to describe the consumptive use of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["evapotranspiration"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "564", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For example, if the standard speed of the electric motor is 1770 rpm and you wanted the motor to run at 1650 rpm, you would adjust the frequency of the electric supply from 60 hertz down to 56 hertz [1650 rpm ' 1770 rpm x 60 hertz].", "question": "if the standard speed of the electric motor is 1770 rpm and you want the motor to run at 1650 rpm what would you adjust the frequency of the electric supply from?", "answers": {"answer_start": [173], "text": ["60 hertz down to 56 hertz [1650 rpm ' 1770 rpm x 60 hertz]."]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "258", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The two different speeds can be achieved by a simple setup in the computer pivot panel. The degree of rotation at which the end gun turns on, the program simply slows the speed down and then returns it to the faster speed at the time the end gun turns off. The idea is that we want the pivot to cover a constant number of acres per hour. The key is to know how to calculate the slower speed.  ", "question": "what is the main idea the computer pivot panel program wants to accomplish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [282], "text": ["the pivot to cover a constant number of acres per hour."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "520", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska is a groundwater-rich state, thanks in part to the High Plains Aquifer. Many people are familiar with the High Plains Aquifer (also sometimes called the Ogallala aquifer), but fewer people know that there are other aquifers in the state. In fact, Nebraska has seven secondary aquifers, which are much smaller in areal extent than the High Plains Aquifer and generally have poorer water quality, but are nonetheless important in places where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent.", "question": "in what types of regions are secondary aquifers especially important?", "answers": {"answer_start": [444], "text": ["where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "417", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for soybeans in the R7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [982], "text": ["0.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "503", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Chadron aquifer is the sole source of water to more than 160 wells in the Nebraska panhandle and supplies some of the water to at least 50 additional wells, most of which are near the Perkins-Chase county line. ", "question": "In addition to the 160 wells that the Chadron aquifer provides water for how many more wells does the aquifer support near the Perkins-Chase county line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [140], "text": ["50 "]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "193", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The amount of irrigation applied last year or the year before may have very little to do with the amount needed this year. The long-term average of irrigation application depth and timing is relatively meaningless for the decisions producers need to make on any given day in the current growing season. However, without any additional data, all an irrigator can do is put on about the same amount of water as in the past and make slight adjustments if the weather is dry or wet.  ", "question": "Does the amount of irrigation applied in years prior have much indication as to how much irrigation should be applied this year?", "answers": {"answer_start": [71], "text": ["very little to do with the amount needed this year"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "403", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for dry Beans R6 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as mid-seed fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [455], "text": ["4.2 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "76", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 42% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 30% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 19% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [295], "text": ["30%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "247", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2792], "text": ["0.73"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "87", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2020, 45% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 21% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 21% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2020?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": [" 45%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "453", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "how long is the crop expected to continue growing in August in central Buffalo County?", "answers": {"answer_start": [525], "text": ["for three weeks"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "213", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For soybeans in the V1 1st Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.24 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For soybeans in the V2 2nd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.47 inches. For soybeans in the V3 3rd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.71 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for soybeans during the V3 third node crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [471], "text": ["0.71 inches."]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "449", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "what should be added into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [14], "text": ["average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "173", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These six categories were determined because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil is about 70 cb; thus, it is recommended to keep at least one of the sensors in the second or third foot in this range or dryer. Yield losses would not be expected until all the sensors were approaching 140 cb, making the 70 cb level very achievable without any chance of causing yield loss. Field capacity in a silt loam is about 30 cb, so the goal is not to refill the soil above this level with irrigation in the second or third foot.  ", "question": "what is the field capacity in silt loam soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [489], "text": ["30 cb,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "528", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a static VRI irrigation prescription is that this prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season. Considerations include that it is relatively simple to apply. Does not account for change in spatial variability over a season. Example uses include avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what are example uses for static VRI irrigation prescriptions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [293], "text": ["avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "187", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "if three sensors are typically installed how deep is the third sensor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [620], "text": ["30-36 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "405", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for dry Beans R7 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as beginning maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [621], "text": ["2.0"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "84", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2021, 44% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 48% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2021?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["44%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "427", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R2 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as blister?", "answers": {"answer_start": [244], "text": ["45,"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "462", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing approximately, how much plant available water is remaining in the active root zone is critical for calculating the last few irrigations and will be referred to as the \"remaining available water.\" The best method for determining the amount of remaining soil water is to use a soil water monitoring system.", "question": "what is referred to as the remaining available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [23], "text": ["how much plant available water is remaining in the active root zone"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "414", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for soybeans in the R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as leaves begin to yellow?", "answers": {"answer_start": [780], "text": ["10"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "189", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To illustrate this, let's look at some data from the Upper Big Blue NRD. The NRD requires growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater, to use soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually. Most of the producers impacted by this rule use Watermark sensors that measure soil matric potential; thus, this study has largely focused on Watermark data for easy comparison. The soils in the NRD are mostly a silt loam or similar soil texture, making the field-to-field data comparable as well. The assumption was made that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area. To protect privacy, the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis; therefore, the location for each field is an unspecified area in the Upper Big Blue NRD.    ", "question": "what do most growers impacted by the NRD rule use to measure soil matric potentials?", "answers": {"answer_start": [334], "text": ["Watermark sensors"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "327", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: As plants mature, later installation can lead to poorer readings as a result of root damage, residual water in the sensor or slurry, and more challenging installation given soil conditions. Because of these disadvantages, early installation of sensors is highly recommended.   ", "question": "what time is highly recommended for the installation of soil sensors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["early installation of sensors"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "419", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as half bloom?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["34"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "476", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The last few irrigations of the season require some of the most important water management decisions of the year. An extra irrigation may mean wasting 1 to 3 inches of water and 2 to 5 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Furrow irrigators may want to decide sooner due to the typical higher application amounts with flood, while pivot irrigators can delay the decision and take advantage of any rainfall that may occur.  ", "question": "what type of irrigators may want to decide on their last irrigation date soon than others due to the higher application amounts with flood?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": [" Furrow irrigators"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "127", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["57%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "493", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Brule sand-sandstone aquifer and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer are the other two secondary aquifers in western Nebraska. The Brule sand-sandstone aquifer is distinguished from wells installed in Brule siltstone.", "question": "how is the Brule-sandstone aquifer distinguished?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": ["from wells installed in Brule siltstone"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "118", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet early in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "103", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using the 40% recommendation, the data shows many irrigators are applying more water late in the season than is needed. Some years, a significant rain can cause the soil to be wetter in September, but it is usually due to applying more irrigation water than needed. The data shows that in 2017, 72% of fields were over-irrigated late in the season, and even in the drought year of 2022, 36% of fields were over-irrigated late in the year.  ", "question": "what percentage of fields were over irrigated late in the season in 2017?", "answers": {"answer_start": [295], "text": ["72%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Optimize Those Last Few Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/optimize-those-last-few-irrigations"}
{"id": "62", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Additionally, we need to factor in the cost to pump the irrigation water and the danger of leaching nitrogen and sulfur below the root zone, so irrigation can get expensive very quickly. One inch of water that moves below the root zone, whether from rain or irrigation, will take at least five to 10 lbs. of nitrogen with it. This illustrates that putting nitrogen fertilizer on closer to when the plant will use it with a sidedress application or through chemigation should be considered a best management practice.  ", "question": "what should putting nitrogen fertilizer on closer to when the plant will use it with a sidedress application or through chemigation be considered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [491], "text": ["best management practice"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "295", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "what does the dripper on the pump do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["get the line shaft bearings lubed"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "287", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Check for proper operation by making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators.  This is a sign that the rubber bladder has failed.  Keep in mind that sprinklers and pressure regulators do have a life span.  If your system is approaching 10 years old you might need to take a closer look at them.  Uniformity of water application can suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date.  ", "question": "what will suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date?", "answers": {"answer_start": [326], "text": ["Uniformity of water application"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "8", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nitrate leaching loss rates typically range from five to 10 pounds of nitrogen for every inch of water lost to deep percolation or drainage in Nebraska (based on in-field research as well as modeling nitrate-nitrogen losses in a Hastings silt loam soil series with over-irrigation during May and June. Source Aaron Daigh, 2023). Leaching losses can be even larger in sandy soil, with values as large as 30 lb/ac for every inch of over-irrigation measured in a loamy sand soil. Over-irrigation is very expensive and something that needs to be avoided.  ", "question": "what is very expensive and is something an irrigator should avoid doing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [477], "text": ["Over-irrigation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "202", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For alfalfa in the stage 4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.22 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 2.05 inches. For alfalfa in the maturity crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For alfalfa in the full cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for alfalfa during the maturity crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["1.30 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "426", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as physiological maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [810], "text": ["0.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "55", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators already use soil water monitoring equipment or ET data to make good data-driven decisions. The only thing they need to do is continue what is working and hone their analysis skills.  ", "question": "what do many irrigators already use to make good data-driven decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [28], "text": ["soil water monitoring equipment or ET data"]}, "references": "# Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "38", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "what is essential for a successful growing season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Getting the crop off to a great start "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "330", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.  ", "question": "what does the early installation of soil sensors allow for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": [" sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "348", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To identify possible issues developing with pressure regulators and/or sprinklers record and observe your system's flow rate and pressure over time, looking for changes. For further information on irrigation management, visit the Agricultural Irrigation section of Water.unl.edu.    ", "question": "what should you do to identify potential possible issues developing with your irrigation systems regulators and/or sprinklers? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["record and observe your system's flow rate and pressure over time, looking for changes"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "72", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Extremely Dry Winter/Spring 2022-23 Leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields saves money on pumping costs and leaves room to store offseason precipitation. Most years, adequate precipitation will be received from October through May to refill the soil profile on fields that were fully irrigated the previous year in the entire state. A lot of years, even in the Panhandle, the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold will be received from rainfall or snowfall. In addition to financial savings, leaving the soil drier will help reduce harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall.  ", "question": "in most years where will the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold be received from?", "answers": {"answer_start": [490], "text": [" rainfall or snowfall"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "424", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as hard dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [632], "text": ["2.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "191", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To illustrate this, let's look at some data from the Upper Big Blue NRD. The NRD requires growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater, to use soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually. Most of the producers impacted by this rule use Watermark sensors that measure soil matric potential; thus, this study has largely focused on Watermark data for easy comparison. The soils in the NRD are mostly a silt loam or similar soil texture, making the field-to-field data comparable as well. The assumption was made that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area. To protect privacy, the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis; therefore, the location for each field is an unspecified area in the Upper Big Blue NRD.    ", "question": "what was one assumption made when examining the Upper Big Blue NRD data?", "answers": {"answer_start": [608], "text": ["that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "302", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Internal combustion engines need quite a bit more attention.  Change engine oil and all filters.  Check engine hours and refer to the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed.  It would also be a good idea to run the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump to see where your well stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria.  This will give you an idea on the efficiency of the power unit and pump.  In the current economic climate we want to be as efficient as possible.  ", "question": "what can be used to where your pump stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria?", "answers": {"answer_start": [264], "text": ["Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "534", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a speed control VRI system is that its application rate is varied by changing the speed of the pivot and that the irrigation management zones are pie slice shaped. Considerations for the speed control VRI system are that it is relatively inexpensive - many picot panels are capable without additional investment. It also needs no special hardware on the sprinklers. Example uses of it are if spatial variation lines up well with pie slices, varying application based on topography (e.g. reduced application on low spots) if it lines up pie slices, multiple crops or varieties under one pivot, and on-farm research. ", "question": "what are some considerations that should be accounted for speed control VRI system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": [" it is relatively inexpensive - many picot panels are capable without additional investment"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "234", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04?", "answers": {"answer_start": [519], "text": ["0.92"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "33", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "May and June are particularly vulnerable times for nitrate leaching in our irrigated fields because of several factors. First, the fields are left fairly wet from last season's irrigation, precipitation from October through May usually puts more water into the soil than it can hold, the crop is still small and not using much water, and most - if not all - the nitrogen for the corn crop has been applied.  ", "question": "what months are particularly vulnerable for nitrate leaching in irrigated fields in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["May and June "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "17", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "if the drier zone, 16- to 24-inches in depth gets wetter what should an irrigator do with the irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [351], "text": ["stop irrigating for a few days"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "502", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Chadron aquifer is the sole source of water to more than 160 wells in the Nebraska panhandle and supplies some of the water to at least 50 additional wells, most of which are near the Perkins-Chase county line. ", "question": "how many wells is the Chadron aquifer the sole provider for in the Nebraska panhandle?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61], "text": ["160 "]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "473", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "what does the 40% reduction in average water use between the silking and full dent stages require irrigators to think about?", "answers": {"answer_start": [419], "text": [" how much water needs to be applied each week"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "78", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 65% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 66% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["65%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "489", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Upper Cretaceous aquifer supplies water to only about 13 wells, mostly in western Scotts Bluff County, although it is heavily used in the Denver area. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer has high sodium, and sometimes high chloride concentrations in Nebraska. ", "question": "what element sometimes has high concentrations in the Upper Cretaceous aquifer in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [220], "text": ["chloride"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "569", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How does CornSoyWater work in the background? CornSoyWater uses crop simulation models (Hybrid-Maize for corn and SoySim for soybean) to predict crop growth, development, crop water use, and soil water balance. Based on the location of the field, the program automatically determines the weather station that is closest to the field in the weather station network, and the soil texture for the field.", "question": "what crop simulation model does CornSoyWater use for corn?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["Hybrid-Maize"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "168", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what soil types will require different field capacities other than 30 and 70 cb", "answers": {"answer_start": [520], "text": ["high sand or clay content"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "82", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2022, 36% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 20% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 18% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["20%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "390", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of sandy clay loam soils at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [898], "text": ["3.2 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "346", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation: With planting wrapping up across the state, now is an excellent time to turn attention to soil water sensor and ETgage installations if they haven't already been completed.  Timely installation is important to gain the true benefits of sensors, leading to reduced irrigation costs, reduced chances of overwatering leading to anaerobic soil conditions, and less nutrient leaching.    ", "question": "what is important to get the true benefits of the soil sensors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [252], "text": ["Timely installation "]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "223", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For corn in the V4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.21 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For corn in the V6 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.41 inches. For corn in the V8 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.60 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for corn in the V6 crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [310], "text": ["0.41 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "107", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "University of Nebraska Extension irrigation scheduling recommendations encourage irrigators to allow the crop to continue using more and more of the stored soil water starting in August and continuing into September when the crop matures. The recommendation is to lower the soil water level from the usual summer water condition of a minimum of 50% plant available water in the top three feet of soil to 40% in the top four feet after the dough stage (R4) is reached. Thus, the stored soil water content should be significantly lower when the crop matures in September than earlier in August.  ", "question": "what is the University of Nebraska Extension's recommendation to lower the soil water condition? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [404], "text": ["40% in the top four feet after the dough stage (R4) is reached"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., & Ingram, T. (2021). Scheduling the Last Few Irrigations of the Season Deserves More of Your Management Time Than Earlier Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2021/scheduling-last-few-irrigations-season-deserves-more-your-management-time-earlier-irrigations"}
{"id": "355", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As described in the video, walking and visually observing an irrigation system when it is running often can help locate where there are mechanical causes for poor uniformity. In some cases, obvious or easily noticeable issues can be identified, such as the broken gooseneck shown in the video. However, other instances such as stuck sprinklers or clogged nozzles may be less noticeable, especially if the sprinklers are on drops in a tall crop canopy.  ", "question": "what are two examples of issues with an irrigation system that may be less noticeable especially if the sprinklers are on drops in a tall crop canopy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [327], "text": ["stuck sprinklers or clogged nozzles"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "532", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a zone or nozzle control VRI system is that the sprinklers are pulsed on and off and pivot speed may vary and that irrigation management zones may be any shape or size. Considerations for this VRI system are that has greatest flexibility in application, it is more expensive, and may require additional maintenance and management effort. Example uses include avoiding application on irregularly- shaped uncropped areas for water surfaces. It can also vary irrigation on irregularly- shaped management zones as needed to maximize yield and profits. ", "question": "what can zone or nozzle control VRI systems vary to maximize yield and profits?", "answers": {"answer_start": [475], "text": ["irrigation on irregularly- shaped management zones as needed"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf"}
{"id": "267", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "where can the sprinkler chart be found for the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "559", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In recent years irrigators have begun to install variable frequency drives (VFDs) to monitor and control the speed of their irrigation pumps powered by electricity. This has led to several recent questions: Should VFD be installed on all electric motor power irrigation pumps? Will VFDs pay for the expense of installation?", "question": "what does VFD stand for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [49], "text": ["variable frequency drives"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "366", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what can result in over or under irrigated areas?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Poor water distribution"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as physiological maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [282], "text": ["0"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "442", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Beans develop based on day length. So with the same hot dry windy conditions, they will use more water per day and will still mature at about the same date resulting in more water use than predicted in the charts. Thus, it is very important to monitor soil water in beans until they reach maturity. For additional details and charts, see NebGuide Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season.", "question": "where can growers find more information about irrigation timing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [338], "text": ["NebGuide Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "100", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the data shows that in the dry years, 2020, '21 and '22, 15-20% of the irrigators let their fields get dry late in the season, maybe even dry enough to have resulted in small yield losses. So, in dry years, data driven decisions could lead some irrigators to apply more water.  ", "question": "in dry years what could data driven decisions lead some irrigators to doing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["apply more water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "548", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In about 50% of the field sites studied the best pressure sensor location was near Tower 8.  For 20% of the systems the best place was near Tower 7 and for 15%, it was near Tower 6.  Results point strongly to evaluating each center pivot installation separately to determine where the sensor should be placed on the center pivot. ", "question": "how should center pivot installations be evaluated to determine where the sensor should be placed on the center pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["separately"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "362", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The broken gooseneck on this pivot, as shown in the video, is one cause of non-uniform water application. Walking the irrigation span to visually inspect it can help identify issues before crop yield is affected.  ", "question": "what can be a cause of non-uniform water application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["broken gooseneck"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "51", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Keep in mind that the plants next to the probes are an integral part of the sensor and must be protected so they can represent all the other plants in the field. Do not install sensors when the soil is too wet and make as few footprints as possible to prevent soil compaction.  ", "question": "what should be limited as much as possible when installing the soil sensors to prevent soil compaction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["footprints"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "235", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05?", "answers": {"answer_start": [694], "text": ["0.91"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "464", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The second reason is to help prevent extended harvest delays because of rain. If the field is kept at field capacity, any rain can cause delays and lead to soil compaction from harvest equipment.", "question": "if the field is kept at field capacity what can cause delays and lead to soil compaction from harvest equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": ["any rain"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Total dissolved solids and sodium concentrations are uniformly high, but other aspects of water chemistry vary from place to place. Arsenic and uranium concentrations have both been documented to exceed their recommended maximum contaminant levels in places, and Chadron well owners should consider testing their wells for these compounds.", "question": "what elements and concentrations vary from place to place in the aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["Arsenic and uranium concentrations"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "429", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R4 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["34"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "44", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska Extension has educators and specialist across the state that would be happy to help you develop a plan as well. Feel free to send an email to xxxxx xxxxxx if you would like to set up a time to talk.  ", "question": "who can a grower send an email to get help with developing an irrigation plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2020). Is It Too Easy to Turn Irrigation Water On? | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2020/it-too-easy-turn-irrigation-water"}
{"id": "195", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The tendency should not be a surprise, because humans are creatures of habit. We get out of bed every day on the same side, we sit at the same place at the table for breakfast, etc. Farmers are no different - they tend to plant about the same number of seeds per acre each year, they apply about the same amounts of fertilizer each year, they plant the rows the same direction, etc. Well, you get the point, and without any compelling reasons, why make changes, right? However, irrigation scheduling should be an exception to this approach because the rainfall amounts and their timings are different each year.  ", "question": "why should the amount of irrigation a farmer applies each year change?", "answers": {"answer_start": [539], "text": [" because the rainfall amounts and their timings are different each year."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "521", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "This article (Barker and others, 2017) investigated the use of soil water sensors for VRI management. If VRI will be used to meet the crop water needs in each part of the field, a combination of soil water sensors and remote sensing will likely be needed.  ", "question": "what will likely be required if VRI is used to meet the crop water needs in each part of a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["a combination of soil water sensors and remote sensing will likely be needed"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "353", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In a dry year, aerial imagery can be a useful tool to help identify systematic patterns (i.e., rings) within a field as a result of water stress from poor uniformity. However, in high rainfall areas (i.e., low irrigation requirements) aerial imagery may not be able to visually identify differences in the crop canopy. In these instances, it's recommended that catch cans be used to evaluate application uniformity. Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application.  ", "question": "how can an irrigator use catch cans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "180", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "what type of sensors were used to perform an analysis on Nebraska fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [228], "text": [" Watermark sensors"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "39", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "when is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": [" dry years"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "370", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what will improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency?", "answers": {"answer_start": [476], "text": ["Routine maintenance"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "404", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for dry Beans R7 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as beginning maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [584], "text": ["15"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "540", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Variable rate irrigation or VRI is 'the ability to spatially vary water application depths across a field to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions' (Evans and others, 2013). This technology has many potential uses that might enhance farm profitability, irrigation water productivity (i.e., yield produced per unit of irrigation water applied), and water quality.", "question": "what does VRI denote?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Variable rate irrigation"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "365", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The primary source of low uniformity is faulty sprinkler nozzles as well as pressure differences along the system. Faulty sprinklers can be comprised of missing, clogged, and worn nozzles, stuck sprinklers, and out of sequence nozzle packages.", "question": "what can faulty sprinklers comprised of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [153], "text": ["missing, clogged, and worn nozzles, stuck sprinklers, and out of sequence nozzle packages"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "177", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be considered \"wet early\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [343], "text": ["No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "97", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2017, 72% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 75% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 66% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. ", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2017?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["75%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "316", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "ETgage Install Tips: As with soil sensors, early installation of atmometers or ETgages is important, so remember to take the time to get them out now (Figure 4).  By installing early, we will make sure that everything is working properly during less critical growth stages and reinforces the importance of reading the ET gage every week. Remember to use distilled water when you are setting up your ETgage. ", "question": "what does installing the ETgage early in the season ensure and reinforce?", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["make sure that everything is working properly during less critical growth stages and reinforces the importance of reading the ET gage every week"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "260", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "OK, That is Great, But I Want to Use My End Gun. The best answer may be to just not use the end gun because of its lower uniformity and the fact that it will lower the nitrogen application rate when it comes on. However, two methods of solving this problem come to mind. The first is to purchase a variable rate injection pump and the second is, if the pivot is equipped with a computer panel, keep using the lower cost fixed rate injection pump and simply slow the pivot down when the end gun turns on.  ", "question": "what are two reasons an irrigator should not use their end gun for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [111], "text": ["its lower uniformity and the fact that it will lower the nitrogen application rate when it comes on"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "436", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [914], "text": ["2.25 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "186", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "if three sensors are typically installed how deep is the second sensor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [595], "text": ["18-24 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "565", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "CornSoyWater provides irrigation recommendations in real time mode, based on a quantitative prediction of amount of available water in the soil root zone along with stage-related threshold for irrigation, and possible crop water stress.", "question": "what are CornSoyWater's irrigation recommendations in real time mode based on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["a quantitative prediction of amount of available water in the soil root zone along with stage-related threshold for irrigation, and possible crop water stress"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "130", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": ["25%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "132", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["4%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "79", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 65% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 66% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": ["66%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "48", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Keep in mind that the plants next to the probes are an integral part of the sensor and must be protected so they can represent all the other plants in the field. Do not install sensors when the soil is too wet and make as few footprints as possible to prevent soil compaction.  ", "question": "the plants next to the probe that measures soil moisture are an integral part of the senor why must they be protected?", "answers": {"answer_start": [105], "text": ["so they can represent all the other plants in the field"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "568", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Each time the user logs in and selects a field, the program will make a prediction regarding the need for irrigation (Figure 3), using up-to-date weather data for that field and other crop and soil information the user provided at field registration. When the user irrigates a field, the irrigation date and amount must be entered into the program so the next prediction will reflect the irrigation.  ", "question": "when a user of CornSoyWater irrigates a field what information should they update in the program so the next prediction will reflect the irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [284], "text": ["the irrigation date and amount"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "292", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "3) Center Pivot - The pivot will take a little more time to go through.  Start by checking each tower:  Check tire pressure and condition, check driveline knuckles for wear, drain water from gearboxes and top off with appropriate gear oil, visually inspect the tower box and the alignment system and then check operation. ", "question": "what are all components that should be checked on each tower of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["Check tire pressure and condition, check driveline knuckles for wear, drain water from gearboxes and top off with appropriate gear oil, visually inspect the tower box and the alignment system and then check operation"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "516", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska is a groundwater-rich state, thanks in part to the High Plains Aquifer. Many people are familiar with the High Plains Aquifer (also sometimes called the Ogallala aquifer), but fewer people know that there are other aquifers in the state. In fact, Nebraska has seven secondary aquifers, which are much smaller in areal extent than the High Plains Aquifer and generally have poorer water quality, but are nonetheless important in places where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent.", "question": "what is Nebraska considered, thanks in part to the high plains aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [12], "text": ["a groundwater-rich state"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "220", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For sugarbeets in the 10-30% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.17 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.20 inches. For sugarbeets in the 30-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.25 inches. For sugarbeets in the 50-70% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.40 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for sugarbeets in the 50%-70% cover crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [480], "text": ["0.40 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "384", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of silt clay or clay soil at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [365], "text": ["2.6 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "90", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2019, 54% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 54% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 38% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["54%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "479", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The 2017 growing season started with warm dry planting conditions, followed by significant rain delays in May in many parts of the state, and a summer of intermittent weeks of hot and cool temperatures. The net result is that crops may mature over a longer period than usual this fall. Fortunately, the following procedure for making end-of-season irrigation decisions is based on crop maturity stage rather than the calendar.  ", "question": "what should end of season irrigation decisions be based on instead using the calendar? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [381], "text": ["crop maturity stage"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "491", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The sand and sandstone units in the Brule Formation were deposited in ancient stream valleys and generally have higher porosity than the Brule siltstone that is common elsewhere in western Nebraska. More than 140 wells currently source all of their water from Brule sand-sandstone units and generally have good water quality.", "question": "how many wells currently source all of their water from Brule sand-sandstone units and generally have good water quality?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["More than 140"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "240", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1568], "text": ["0.83"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "5", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Leave Room for Storing Rainfall Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states also leaves room for the soil to store any rainfall that may come. Too wet and you'll lose that rainfall as runoff or deep percolation. Each inch of rainfall you store saves irrigation, input costs and prevents nitrate leaching.  ", "question": "what saves irrigation, input costs and prevents nitrate leaching?", "answers": {"answer_start": [272], "text": ["rainfall you store "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "372", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Center pivot irrigation systems are designed and managed to apply water as uniformly as possible to enhance crop production. Uniformity has a direct effect on the system's overall application efficiency, which is a measure of how well an irrigation system delivers water to a crop's root zone.  ", "question": "what does uniformity have a direct effect on with regard to efficiency?", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": ["the system's overall application efficiency"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "47", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigators wanting to purchase equipment should keep in mind that many NRDs across the state offer incentives to purchase irrigation scheduling equipment.  ", "question": "what systems across the state of Nebraska offer incentives to purchase crop irrigation scheduling equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [71], "text": ["NRDs "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "314", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If you need a refresher on how to prime the ETgage, please view the assembly video at http://water.unl.edu/cropswater/awmdnvideos. It is a good idea to replace the green covers and white wafers on a regular basis to ensure accurate readings, so if you don't have any on hand it may be a good idea to check with your local supplier.", "question": "if you don't have any green covers or white wafers on hand where should you check for some?", "answers": {"answer_start": [300], "text": ["check with your local supplier"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "135", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": [" 0%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "477", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The last few irrigations of the season require some of the most important water management decisions of the year. An extra irrigation may mean wasting 1 to 3 inches of water and 2 to 5 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Furrow irrigators may want to decide sooner due to the typical higher application amounts with flood, while pivot irrigators can delay the decision and take advantage of any rainfall that may occur.  ", "question": "what type of irrigators can delay their decison on their last irrigation date and can take advantage of any rain that falls late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [325], "text": [" pivot irrigators"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "172", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These six categories were determined because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil is about 70 cb; thus, it is recommended to keep at least one of the sensors in the second or third foot in this range or dryer. Yield losses would not be expected until all the sensors were approaching 140 cb, making the 70 cb level very achievable without any chance of causing yield loss. Field capacity in a silt loam is about 30 cb, so the goal is not to refill the soil above this level with irrigation in the second or third foot.  ", "question": "what is very achievable without experiencing any yield loss?", "answers": {"answer_start": [380], "text": ["70 cb level"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "459", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " Table II shows the typical amount of water that will be in the different soils types and can be used to help estimate the volume of water. Remember to use the top 4 ft of soil for the active root zone and plan to use the soil water down to 40% of plant available water (60% depletion) after the dough stage for corn/sorghum and the R5 stage for soybeans/dry beans.", "question": "what part of the soil is considered the active root zone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [159], "text": [" top 4 ft of soil "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "11", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Risk of Early Season Leaching Excess irrigation has its own risks. Generally, when the soil is above field capacity, excess water leaves the root zone, called deep percolation. This is an essential function of the soil for groundwater recharge. When deep percolation takes agrichemicals past the root zone, it is called leaching. May and June are the most critical time for leaching losses all year.", "question": "what is leaching?", "answers": {"answer_start": [245], "text": ["When deep percolation takes agrichemicals past the root zone"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "233", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03?", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["0.94"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "276", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "what is key to know when determining the correct setting for the chemigation injection pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [70], "text": ["determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "224", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For corn in the V4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.21 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For corn in the V6 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.41 inches. For corn in the V8 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.60 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for corn in the V8 crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [432], "text": ["0.60 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "311", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    ", "question": "who should be contacted if you lose your login or password information for the NAWMN website?", "answers": {"answer_start": [622], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "443", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Differences in Late-Season Irrigation Timing for Corn/Sorghum and Beans: Corn/sorghum and beans are somewhat different in respect to crop water use as they approach maturity. For example, if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September, daily crop water use will increase. However, since corn/sorghum develop based on heat units, they will use more water per day, but will mature in fewer days using about the average amount of water shown in the chart.  ", "question": "if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September what is expected to increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["daily crop water use "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "23", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Moisture Monitoring In this drought year, many irrigated fields have very little subsoil moisture, while other portions of Nebraska have experienced significant rains over the last month. With irrigation, any grower can can over-irrigate early and create a wet spring. The most reliable method to know when and how much to irrigate is to monitor soil moisture at multiple depths. Keep in mind that when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface, the top foot will stay very wet all summer.", "question": "when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface how much of the soil surface will stay very wet all summer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [489], "text": ["the top foot"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "53", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Now is the time to get the probes in the ground. While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is important to ensure proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root and leaf damage and makes it easy to get around the field with the pickup or ATV to install the equipment.  ", "question": "what does early installation of soil moisture sensors help minimize?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["root and leaf damage"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "93", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2018, 58% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 58% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 47% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2018?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["58%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "386", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam soils at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [571], "text": ["7.2 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "345", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation: With planting wrapping up across the state, now is an excellent time to turn attention to soil water sensor and ETgage installations if they haven't already been completed.  Timely installation is important to gain the true benefits of sensors, leading to reduced irrigation costs, reduced chances of overwatering leading to anaerobic soil conditions, and less nutrient leaching.    ", "question": "when  is an excellent time to turn attention to soil water sensor and ETgage installations if they haven't already been completed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": ["With planting wrapping up across the state"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "359", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Nebraska Extension NebGuide G888, Flow Control Devices for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems, describes the working principles of pressure regulators and provides guidelines for selecting a regulator. When regulators stop functioning properly, due to a worn out diaphragm and/or spring, they no longer provide the desired constant outlet pressure, and consequently flow rate.", "question": "when regulators stop functioning properly due to a worn out diaphragm and/or spring, what do they stop providing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [312], "text": ["the desired constant outlet pressure, and consequently flow rate"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "308", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "1) Pumping Plants - Electric motors account for the majority of the pumping plants in Nebraska, about 55% according to 2013 NASS Irrigation Survey.  They are relatively maintenance free but still need to be looked over.  It is a good idea to change the oil in the unit every year.  Next, open up the junction box and make sure the connectors are tight and have a good ground.  Also check for frayed wires and damage from rodents.    ", "question": "when checking the box of an electric motor what should you check for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [392], "text": ["frayed wires and damage from rodents"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "81", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2022, 36% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 20% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 18% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["36%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "515", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Dakota aquifer (formally called the Maha Aquifer) is by far the largest of these secondary aquifers, supplying all of the water to more than 3,400 wells in eastern Nebraska. Seventy-five percent of these wells are domestic, although in places the aquifer is capable of supplying a sufficient volume of water for irrigation and commercial use. The biggest limitation to using the Dakota aquifer is potentially high salt concentrations.  Geologists think the salty water probably moves into the Dakota aquifer from underlying rocks, a hydraulic condition that is increased by heavy pumping.  ", "question": "how do geologists think salty water is moving into the Dakota aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [517], "text": ["underlying rocks, a hydraulic condition that is increased by heavy pumping"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "511", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "what aquifer supplies huge amounts of water to Nebraska's eastern neighbor Iowa?", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System."]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "175", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be ranked \"fair\" in terms of wetness?", "answers": {"answer_start": [153], "text": ["At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "19", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "what is a resource that has more information on the irrigation scheduling strategy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [571], "text": ["Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "294", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "before irrigating in the spring what must be started on the pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": ["start the dripper"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "407", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "hat is the approximate water use to maturity for dry Beans R8 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as harvest maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [784], "text": ["0.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "117", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet late in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["17%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "160", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis found that all the fields in 2017, '18 and '19 were irrigated to a level preventing water stress all season, however 15% to 20% of the fields may have been underwatered late into the season just a little bit (it may or may not have affected the yield) late in the season in the dry years of 2020, '21 and '22.  ", "question": "what years were all fields irrigated to a level preventing water stress all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [42], "text": ["2017, '18 and '19"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "102", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using the 40% recommendation, the data shows many irrigators are applying more water late in the season than is needed. Some years, a significant rain can cause the soil to be wetter in September, but it is usually due to applying more irrigation water than needed. The data shows that in 2017, 72% of fields were over-irrigated late in the season, and even in the drought year of 2022, 36% of fields were over-irrigated late in the year.  ", "question": "what is the result of a significant rain or applying more irrigation water than is needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [165], "text": ["soil to be wetter in September,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Optimize Those Last Few Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/optimize-those-last-few-irrigations"}
{"id": "141", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["40%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "60", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Additionally, we need to factor in the cost to pump the irrigation water and the danger of leaching nitrogen and sulfur below the root zone, so irrigation can get expensive very quickly. One inch of water that moves below the root zone, whether from rain or irrigation, will take at least five to 10 lbs. of nitrogen with it. This illustrates that putting nitrogen fertilizer on closer to when the plant will use it with a sidedress application or through chemigation should be considered a best management practice.  ", "question": "what are some factors that can lead to irrigation becoming very expensive?", "answers": {"answer_start": [34], "text": [" the cost to pump the irrigation water and the danger of leaching nitrogen and sulfur below the root zone"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "300", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Internal combustion engines need quite a bit more attention.  Change engine oil and all filters.  Check engine hours and refer to the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed.  It would also be a good idea to run the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump to see where your well stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria.  This will give you an idea on the efficiency of the power unit and pump.  In the current economic climate we want to be as efficient as possible.  ", "question": "what should be changed on internal combustion engines when checking to see if they're operational?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": [" engine oil and all filters"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "539", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, VRI is not likely to reduce the consumptive use of water (i.e., evapotranspiration). Producers who are considering whether to invest in VRI technology should carefully consider the potential costs and benefits to determine whether VRI is a good fit for their situation.  Types of VRI equipment systems, prescriptions (the map that tells the pivot how to apply the water), and potential uses are described below.", "question": "what should producers who are considering investing in VRI carefully consider before to determine whether VRI is a good fit for their situation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [190], "text": ["potential costs and benefits"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "142", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["7%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "85", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2021, 44% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 48% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2021?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["48%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "246", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2617], "text": ["0.74"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "382", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for silt clay or clay at 100% of available water in 1 ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [214], "text": ["1.6 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "264", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "what can be used to determine the chemigation injection pump setting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [74], "text": ["sprinkler chart"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "374", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": "what is the available water in 1ft of soil at 100% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [292], "text": ["2.0 in/ft,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "214", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For dry edible beans in the emergence-10% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.50 inches. For dry edible beans in the 10-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for dry edible beans during emergence ~10% cover crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["0.07 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "50", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Keep in mind that the plants next to the probes are an integral part of the sensor and must be protected so they can represent all the other plants in the field. Do not install sensors when the soil is too wet and make as few footprints as possible to prevent soil compaction.  ", "question": "when should sensors not be installed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["when the soil is too wet"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "275", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "where can an irrigator find a useable spreadsheet that will help determine the chemigation injection pump setting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [644], "text": ["UNL Water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "91", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2019, 54% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 54% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 38% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["54%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "63", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Carefully Consider Decisions to Apply Water in May and June. Decisions to irrigate in May and June need to be considered very carefully. Long-term averages show May and June to be two of the highest rainfall months in Nebraska. The rainfall is usually more than needed to refill the soil profile for fields that were irrigated the previous year.  ", "question": "why should the decision to irrigate a field in Nebraska in May and June be carefully considered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137], "text": ["Long-term averages show May and June to be two of the highest rainfall months in Nebraska"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "95", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2018, 58% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 58% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 47% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2018?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["47%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "45", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Support for People Wanting to Improve Their Irrigation Management For those who have not collected data in the past or would like to hone their scheduling skills, take some time now to figure out what will work best for your operation. Many resources are available to help. A great five-part video series on this topic can be found on the CropWatch YouTube channel at: How to Schedule Irrigations with Soil Water Data.  ", "question": "where can a grower find a great five-part video series on the topic of crop irrigation management?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["CropWatch YouTube channel"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "198", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For pasture grass in the actively growing crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.00 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.50 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for pasture grasses during the actively growing crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["1.00 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "270", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "who can provide a copy of the sprinkler chart if the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new and the pivot dealer can't provide a copy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [476], "text": ["the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "203", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For alfalfa in the stage 4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.22 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 2.05 inches. For alfalfa in the maturity crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For alfalfa in the full cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for alfalfa during the full cover crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["1.18 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "444", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Differences in Late-Season Irrigation Timing for Corn/Sorghum and Beans: Corn/sorghum and beans are somewhat different in respect to crop water use as they approach maturity. For example, if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September, daily crop water use will increase. However, since corn/sorghum develop based on heat units, they will use more water per day, but will mature in fewer days using about the average amount of water shown in the chart.  ", "question": "what are two crops that develop based on heat units?", "answers": {"answer_start": [297], "text": ["corn/sorghum"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "485", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "how can xxxx xxxxxx be contacted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [411], "text": ["xxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "42", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "if a grower has water allocation what should they avoid doing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [398], "text": ["using up water that is critical for later growth stages"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "524", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a static VRI irrigation prescription is that this prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season. Considerations include that it is relatively simple to apply. Does not account for change in spatial variability over a season. Example uses include avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what is a description for a static VRI irrigation prescription?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "86", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2021, 44% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 48% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2021?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["37%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "391", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for fine sands at 100% of available water in 1 ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [207], "text": ["1.0 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "140", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["7%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "212", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For soybeans in the V1 1st Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.24 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For soybeans in the V2 2nd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.47 inches. For soybeans in the V3 3rd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.71 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for soybeans during the V2 second node crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [336], "text": ["0.47 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "339", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what related costs does the IrrigateCost app allow user to input in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [324], "text": ["the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "232", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02?", "answers": {"answer_start": [171], "text": ["96"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "183", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "what does the centibar unit represent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [406], "text": ["force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "156", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["14%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "289", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once the system is up to pressure it is a good idea to check the system for leaks and operation of the sprinklers.  If you find missing or inoperable sprinklers refer to the sprinkler chart that was developed for the system to find the correct replacement.  If the system is on rolling or hilly terrain, regulators are also needed for uniform application and definitely should be checked. ", "question": "If you find any missing inoperable sprinkler what should an irrigator check to find the correct replacements?", "answers": {"answer_start": [170], "text": ["the sprinkler chart that was developed for the system"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "448", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using this information for a center pivot that is set to apply one inch of water per irrigation, the suggested recommendation would be that the system should be off for the next few days to use some of the remaining water. The next inch of water should be applied within the next seven days. Then, the next irrigation should be recalculated using updated soil water readings. The best way to use the remaining water is to delay the start of the last few irrigations a few days each time and react to any rain that might occur during the period. Slowly using the water in the lower portion of the root zone starting in early to mid-August is much better than keeping the profile full until the very end and expecting the crop to use the water all at once.  ", "question": "what is slowly using the water in the lower portion of the root zone starting early to mid-August much better than?", "answers": {"answer_start": [658], "text": ["keeping the profile full until the very end and expecting the crop to use the water all at once."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "111", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet late in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["3%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "387", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam soils at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [647], "text": ["2.9 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "18", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "ideally what should the drier zone do as the crop matures?", "answers": {"answer_start": [414], "text": ["slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "165", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what is PAW short for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [354], "text": [" plant available water "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "26", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Also, keep in mind the corn roots grow about an inch each day into soil that is at field capacity, providing much of the water the plants need for that day. Generally, irrigation needs to be delayed until the soil begins to dry down. Furthermore, research conducted in the North Platte area has shown that irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth. For more information, go to \"Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?\"  ", "question": "generally, when does irrigation need to be delayed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["until the soil begins to dry down"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "469", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "what are contributing factors to a crop using less water per day late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "358", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Nebraska Extension NebGuide G888, Flow Control Devices for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems, describes the working principles of pressure regulators and provides guidelines for selecting a regulator. When regulators stop functioning properly, due to a worn out diaphragm and/or spring, they no longer provide the desired constant outlet pressure, and consequently flow rate.", "question": "where can you find descriptions of the working principles of pressure regulators and provides guidelines for selecting a regulator?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The Nebraska Extension NebGuide G888, Flow Control Devices for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "145", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["40%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "236", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06?", "answers": {"answer_start": [869], "text": ["0.89"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "178", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be considered \"wet all season\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [435], "text": ["Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "271", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "if you don't have a sprinkler chart how can you determine the necessary data for estimating the chemigation irrigation pump setting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [624], "text": ["by measuring the pivot"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "28", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Also, keep in mind the corn roots grow about an inch each day into soil that is at field capacity, providing much of the water the plants need for that day. Generally, irrigation needs to be delayed until the soil begins to dry down. Furthermore, research conducted in the North Platte area has shown that irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth. For more information, go to \"Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?\"  ", "question": "during what stage of crop growth does the research in the North Platte area indicate irrigation can be reduced without a significant yield reduction and stimulate deeper root growth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [404], "text": ["vegetative period"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "133", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["64%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "64", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Carefully Consider Decisions to Apply Water in May and June. Decisions to irrigate in May and June need to be considered very carefully. Long-term averages show May and June to be two of the highest rainfall months in Nebraska. The rainfall is usually more than needed to refill the soil profile for fields that were irrigated the previous year.  ", "question": "what does the rainfall in May and June do for the fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [272], "text": ["refill the soil profile for fields that were irrigated the previous year"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "1", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to early water management is to apply irrigation only when it is needed to get the crop off to a good start, while keeping in mind over-irrigation enables crop input losses. Precision water and nitrogen management can help guide your early season irrigation decisions.  ", "question": "what is the key to early water management while keeping in mind over-irrigation enables crop input losses?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["to apply irrigation only when it is needed to get the crop off to a good start"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "3", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Leave Room for Storing Rainfall Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states also leaves room for the soil to store any rainfall that may come. Too wet and you'll lose that rainfall as runoff or deep percolation. Each inch of rainfall you store saves irrigation, input costs and prevents nitrate leaching.  ", "question": "what can leave room for the soil to any rainfall that may come in the future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [32], "text": ["Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "227", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "June 19,2023  The estimated crop water use for Nebraska Panhandle crops for the previous week and the upcoming week is shown in this table. It is based on data gathered and calculations made by xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff.  ", "question": "where do they work and what two people retrieved data across the Panhandle region in Nebraska to estimate crop water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": [" xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "231", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is considered the variable for the pivot speed with the end gun off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["S"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "322", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "what should a Watermark sensor read in kPa when dry?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["199 kPa"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "303", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Internal combustion engines need quite a bit more attention.  Change engine oil and all filters.  Check engine hours and refer to the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed.  It would also be a good idea to run the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump to see where your well stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria.  This will give you an idea on the efficiency of the power unit and pump.  In the current economic climate we want to be as efficient as possible.  ", "question": "what will checking the using the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump give you a better understanding of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [409], "text": ["the efficiency of the power unit and pump"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "228", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is considered the variable name for the end gun throw?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["Rg"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "398", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for sandy loam soils at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [776], "text": ["5.6 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "15", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "what is considered the drier zone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["16- to 24-inch depth"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "506", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "What is one aquifer in eastern Nebraska that supplies huge amount of water to Iowa?", "answers": {"answer_start": [172], "text": ["the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "226", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use will vary across the Panhandle due to variations in temperature and precipitation events. Crop water use will assist growers with irrigation scheduling and efficient water use.", "question": "what will crop water use data assist growers with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [145], "text": ["irrigation scheduling and efficient water use"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2024). Estimated Crop Water Use for May 27-June 2, 2024 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2024/estimated-crop-water-use-may-27-june-2"}
{"id": "192", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To illustrate this, let's look at some data from the Upper Big Blue NRD. The NRD requires growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater, to use soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually. Most of the producers impacted by this rule use Watermark sensors that measure soil matric potential; thus, this study has largely focused on Watermark data for easy comparison. The soils in the NRD are mostly a silt loam or similar soil texture, making the field-to-field data comparable as well. The assumption was made that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area. To protect privacy, the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis; therefore, the location for each field is an unspecified area in the Upper Big Blue NRD.    ", "question": "how did the NRD protect the privacy of irrigators that provided data in the Upper Big Blue area?", "answers": {"answer_start": [712], "text": [" the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "399", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of sandy loam soils at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [852], "text": ["2.2 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "392", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for fine sands at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [282], "text": ["4.0 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "460", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " Table II shows the typical amount of water that will be in the different soils types and can be used to help estimate the volume of water. Remember to use the top 4 ft of soil for the active root zone and plan to use the soil water down to 40% of plant available water (60% depletion) after the dough stage for corn/sorghum and the R5 stage for soybeans/dry beans.", "question": "what percentage of plant available water should be used for corn/sorrghum when estimating the volume of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["40%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "265", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The chemigation injection pump setting can be easily determined using the sprinkler chart. The method is very simple to use if one has the chart, or at least the speed chart part of it. The information can also be gained from looking at the readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app.  ", "question": "where can the chemigation injection pump setting information be found if a sprinkler chart is not used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [241], "text": ["readout on a computer-style pivot panel or the pivot control app"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "432", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning dent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [589], "text": ["5.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "421", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as soft dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [428], "text": ["23"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "525", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a static VRI irrigation prescription is that this prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season. Considerations include that it is relatively simple to apply. Does not account for change in spatial variability over a season. Example uses include avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what type of irrigation system is relatively easy to apply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [21], "text": ["static VRI irrigation prescription"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "113", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet all season in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [225], "text": ["3% "]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount of water needed from rain and irrigation for the crop to reach maturity becomes important after early August. The objective is to leave the field as dry as possible without lowering the yield.", "question": "what is leaving the field as dry as possible without lowering the yield considered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [133], "text": ["The objective"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "101", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using the 40% recommendation, the data shows many irrigators are applying more water late in the season than is needed. Some years, a significant rain can cause the soil to be wetter in September, but it is usually due to applying more irrigation water than needed. The data shows that in 2017, 72% of fields were over-irrigated late in the season, and even in the drought year of 2022, 36% of fields were over-irrigated late in the year.  ", "question": "what does data show about irrigators application of water late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [45], "text": ["many irrigators are applying more water late in the season"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Optimize Those Last Few Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/optimize-those-last-few-irrigations"}
{"id": "210", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For soybeans in the V1 1st Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.24 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For soybeans in the V2 2nd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.47 inches. For soybeans in the V3 3rd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.71 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for soybeans during the V1 first node crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [122], "text": ["0.24 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "307", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "1) Pumping Plants - Electric motors account for the majority of the pumping plants in Nebraska, about 55% according to 2013 NASS Irrigation Survey.  They are relatively maintenance free but still need to be looked over.  It is a good idea to change the oil in the unit every year.  Next, open up the junction box and make sure the connectors are tight and have a good ground.  Also check for frayed wires and damage from rodents.    ", "question": "when checking the junction box of an electric motor what should you make sure of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [326], "text": [" the connectors are tight and have a good ground"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "153", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["13%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "176", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be considered \"wet late\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248], "text": ["At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "71", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Extremely Dry Winter/Spring 2022-23 Leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields saves money on pumping costs and leaves room to store offseason precipitation. Most years, adequate precipitation will be received from October through May to refill the soil profile on fields that were fully irrigated the previous year in the entire state. A lot of years, even in the Panhandle, the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold will be received from rainfall or snowfall. In addition to financial savings, leaving the soil drier will help reduce harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall.  ", "question": "in most years when will enough precipitation be received to refill the soil profile on fields that fully irrigated the year prior?", "answers": {"answer_start": [236], "text": ["October through May"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "298", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "why should an irrigator not over oil a pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["The pump can only take oil so fast "]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "354", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As described in the video, walking and visually observing an irrigation system when it is running often can help locate where there are mechanical causes for poor uniformity. In some cases, obvious or easily noticeable issues can be identified, such as the broken gooseneck shown in the video. However, other instances such as stuck sprinklers or clogged nozzles may be less noticeable, especially if the sprinklers are on drops in a tall crop canopy.  ", "question": "what can an irrigator do to help locate where there are mechanical causes for poor uniformity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [27], "text": ["walking and visually observing an irrigation system when it is running"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "129", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["6%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "572", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How does CornSoyWater work in the background? CornSoyWater uses crop simulation models (Hybrid-Maize for corn and SoySim for soybean) to predict crop growth, development, crop water use, and soil water balance. Based on the location of the field, the program automatically determines the weather station that is closest to the field in the weather station network, and the soil texture for the field.", "question": "how does the program determine the weather station that is closest to the field in the weather station network and the soil texture of the field in question?", "answers": {"answer_start": [211], "text": ["Based on the location of the field"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "12", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Risk of Early Season Leaching Excess irrigation has its own risks. Generally, when the soil is above field capacity, excess water leaves the root zone, called deep percolation. This is an essential function of the soil for groundwater recharge. When deep percolation takes agrichemicals past the root zone, it is called leaching. May and June are the most critical time for leaching losses all year.", "question": "what months are the most critical time for leaching losses all year?", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": ["May and June"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "514", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Dakota aquifer (formally called the Maha Aquifer) is by far the largest of these secondary aquifers, supplying all of the water to more than 3,400 wells in eastern Nebraska. Seventy-five percent of these wells are domestic, although in places the aquifer is capable of supplying a sufficient volume of water for irrigation and commercial use. The biggest limitation to using the Dakota aquifer is potentially high salt concentrations.  Geologists think the salty water probably moves into the Dakota aquifer from underlying rocks, a hydraulic condition that is increased by heavy pumping.  ", "question": "what is the biggest limitation to using the Dakota aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [413], "text": ["high salt concentrations"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "171", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These six categories were determined because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil is about 70 cb; thus, it is recommended to keep at least one of the sensors in the second or third foot in this range or dryer. Yield losses would not be expected until all the sensors were approaching 140 cb, making the 70 cb level very achievable without any chance of causing yield loss. Field capacity in a silt loam is about 30 cb, so the goal is not to refill the soil above this level with irrigation in the second or third foot.  ", "question": "when will yield losses be expected?", "answers": {"answer_start": [336], "text": ["sensors were approaching 140 cb"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "190", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To illustrate this, let's look at some data from the Upper Big Blue NRD. The NRD requires growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater, to use soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually. Most of the producers impacted by this rule use Watermark sensors that measure soil matric potential; thus, this study has largely focused on Watermark data for easy comparison. The soils in the NRD are mostly a silt loam or similar soil texture, making the field-to-field data comparable as well. The assumption was made that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area. To protect privacy, the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis; therefore, the location for each field is an unspecified area in the Upper Big Blue NRD.    ", "question": "what soils are typical in the Upper Big Blue NRD allowing for field to field data to be compared?", "answers": {"answer_start": [497], "text": [" silt loam or similar soil texture"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "556", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "if the irrigated area has alot of topography what is the worst location to place the sensor on the VFD?", "answers": {"answer_start": [387], "text": ["the pump outlet"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "216", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For dry edible beans in the emergence-10% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.50 inches. For dry edible beans in the 10-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for dry edible beans during the 10%-50% cover crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["0.07 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "522", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a dynamic VRI irrigation prescription is that it changes frequently during the season, possible for each irrigation event. Considerations include that it may be complicated and increase management efforts and that it may provide maximum gross benefit. Example uses include varying irrigation to each part of the field as needed and adjusting areas as needs change over the season as well as variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what is a description of a dynamic VRI irrigation prescription?", "answers": {"answer_start": [65], "text": ["it changes frequently during the season, possible for each irrigation even"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "513", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Dakota aquifer (formally called the Maha Aquifer) is by far the largest of these secondary aquifers, supplying all of the water to more than 3,400 wells in eastern Nebraska. Seventy-five percent of these wells are domestic, although in places the aquifer is capable of supplying a sufficient volume of water for irrigation and commercial use. The biggest limitation to using the Dakota aquifer is potentially high salt concentrations.  Geologists think the salty water probably moves into the Dakota aquifer from underlying rocks, a hydraulic condition that is increased by heavy pumping.  ", "question": "what percentage wells in the Dakota aquifer are domestic?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["Seventy-five percent"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "126", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["2%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "261", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "OK, That is Great, But I Want to Use My End Gun. The best answer may be to just not use the end gun because of its lower uniformity and the fact that it will lower the nitrogen application rate when it comes on. However, two methods of solving this problem come to mind. The first is to purchase a variable rate injection pump and the second is, if the pivot is equipped with a computer panel, keep using the lower cost fixed rate injection pump and simply slow the pivot down when the end gun turns on.  ", "question": "what is a solution to the problem of end gun irrigation lowering the nitrogen application rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": [" purchase a variable rate injection pump"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "304", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "1) Pumping Plants - Electric motors account for the majority of the pumping plants in Nebraska, about 55% according to 2013 NASS Irrigation Survey.  They are relatively maintenance free but still need to be looked over.  It is a good idea to change the oil in the unit every year.  Next, open up the junction box and make sure the connectors are tight and have a good ground.  Also check for frayed wires and damage from rodents.    ", "question": "what account for about 55% of the pumping plants in Nebraska according to the NASS irrigation survey in 2013?", "answers": {"answer_start": [19], "text": [" Electric motors "]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "563", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the pumping plant is designed for a center pivot installation, the pump impeller is selected that will deliver a desired flow rate and pressure to the highest elevation in the field with all sprinklers in operation. ", "question": "when a pumping plant is designed for a center pivot installation what is the selected pump impeller designed to deliver?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": [" a desired flow rate and pressure to the highest elevation in the field with all sprinklers in operation"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "312", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If you need a refresher on how to prime the ETgage, please view the assembly video at http://water.unl.edu/cropswater/awmdnvideos. It is a good idea to replace the green covers and white wafers on a regular basis to ensure accurate readings, so if you don't have any on hand it may be a good idea to check with your local supplier.", "question": "for a refresher on priming the ETgage what should an irrigator review?", "answers": {"answer_start": [64], "text": ["the assembly video at http://water.unl.edu/cropswater/awmdnvideos"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "40", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "what is critical to monitor to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other crop inputs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["soil moisture "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "16", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "if the drier zone, 16- to 24-inches in depth keeps getting drier what should an irrigator do with the irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["needs to keep running"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "422", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as soft dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [465], "text": ["5.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "557", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "VFDs are electronic monitor and control systems that alter the speed of pump rotation by adjusting the frequency of the electricity delivered to the motor. It turns out that the motor cares little about what frequency the power is and the speed of the motor changes linearly with the change in frequency. ", "question": "what are VFDs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [9], "text": ["electronic monitor and control systems that alter the speed of pump rotation by adjusting the frequency of the electricity delivered to the motor"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "356", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "One visual observation of a non-functioning regulator is when water is spraying out of the side of the regulator. If you have concerns that your regulators are approaching their usable life, contact your irrigation equipment dealer to have your regulators tested.", "question": "what is a visual observation that can be made of a non-operational regulator?", "answers": {"answer_start": [57], "text": ["when water is spraying out of the side of the regulator"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "389", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for sandy clay loam soil at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [822], "text": ["8.0 in/4 ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "239", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1394], "text": ["0.84"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "88", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2020, 45% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 21% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 21% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2020?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["21%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "402", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for dry Beans R6 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as mid-seed fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [418], "text": ["25"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "31", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Strategies for Early Season Irrigation Last year's irrigation will have left the soil fairly wet compared to dryland fields. On a typical year, a silt loam soil that was reasonably well irrigated the previously year (full yield) may only hold two to four inches of water from precipitation in the non-growing season. Sandy soils will hold even less. This means most years, irrigated fields will be at or above field capacity in May, particularly in the eastern two-thirds of Nebraska.  ", "question": "what soils will hold less water from precipitation in the non-growing season than silt loam soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [317], "text": ["Sandy soils "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "256", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The two different speeds can be achieved by a simple setup in the computer pivot panel. The degree of rotation at which the end gun turns on, the program simply slows the speed down and then returns it to the faster speed at the time the end gun turns off. The idea is that we want the pivot to cover a constant number of acres per hour. The key is to know how to calculate the slower speed.  ", "question": "where can you set up a pivot to operate on two different speeds?", "answers": {"answer_start": [66], "text": ["computer pivot panel"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "262", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "OK, That is Great, But I Want to Use My End Gun. The best answer may be to just not use the end gun because of its lower uniformity and the fact that it will lower the nitrogen application rate when it comes on. However, two methods of solving this problem come to mind. The first is to purchase a variable rate injection pump and the second is, if the pivot is equipped with a computer panel, keep using the lower cost fixed rate injection pump and simply slow the pivot down when the end gun turns on.  ", "question": "what is one solution to the problem of end gun irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [394], "text": ["keep using the lower cost fixed rate injection pump and simply slow the pivot down when the end gun turns on"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "154", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["13%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "124", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": ["15%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "280", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "what is a well documented best management practice for when to apply fertilizers to corn to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [205], "text": ["as close to the time the corn will use it "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "80", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 65% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 66% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["37%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "211", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For soybeans in the V1 1st Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.24 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For soybeans in the V2 2nd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.47 inches. For soybeans in the V3 3rd Node crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.71 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for soybeans during the V1 first node crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["1.30 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "69", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Extremely Dry Winter/Spring 2022-23 Leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields saves money on pumping costs and leaves room to store offseason precipitation. Most years, adequate precipitation will be received from October through May to refill the soil profile on fields that were fully irrigated the previous year in the entire state. A lot of years, even in the Panhandle, the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold will be received from rainfall or snowfall. In addition to financial savings, leaving the soil drier will help reduce harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall.  ", "question": "what does leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields save money on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [114], "text": [" pumping costs"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "305", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "1) Pumping Plants - Electric motors account for the majority of the pumping plants in Nebraska, about 55% according to 2013 NASS Irrigation Survey.  They are relatively maintenance free but still need to be looked over.  It is a good idea to change the oil in the unit every year.  Next, open up the junction box and make sure the connectors are tight and have a good ground.  Also check for frayed wires and damage from rodents.    ", "question": "what types of motors are relatively maintenance free?", "answers": {"answer_start": [20], "text": ["Electric motors"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "286", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Check for proper operation by making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators.  This is a sign that the rubber bladder has failed.  Keep in mind that sprinklers and pressure regulators do have a life span.  If your system is approaching 10 years old you might need to take a closer look at them.  Uniformity of water application can suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date.  ", "question": "if your irrigation system is approaching 10 years old what components should you take a closer look at?", "answers": {"answer_start": [179], "text": ["sprinklers and pressure regulators"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "254", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Thus, the pivot should operate at a 90% timer setting when the end gun is off and slow to 77.4% when it is on to apply the 30 lbs/acre nitrogen both when the end gun is off, as well as when it is on. The water application will be different - 0.29 inches when the end gun is off and about 0.33 inches when it is on - but the nitrogen rate will remain the same with the constant injection rate pump. The concept behind this method is that the pivot will irrigate the same number of acres per hour, thus the lower cost fixed-rate injection pump will work correctly.", "question": "what will remain the same if the pivot system uses a timer and there is a constant injection rate pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [320], "text": ["the nitrogen rate"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "299", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "what should an irrigator check on the pump prior to irrigating to ensure they're attached and tight?", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "336", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what is recommended to help determine the actual irrigation cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["use of the IrrigateCost app"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "574", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Whenever the crop-available soil water amount falls below the threshold for irrigation or the crop is under water stress, the program will recommend irrigation if no significant rain is expected in the next three days. The message is displayed at the top of the screen (Figure 3).  ", "question": "when will the CornSoyWater program recommend irrigation if no significant rain is expected in the next three days?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Whenever the crop-available soil water amount falls below the threshold for irrigation or the crop is under water stress,"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "73", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Extremely Dry Winter/Spring 2022-23 Leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields saves money on pumping costs and leaves room to store offseason precipitation. Most years, adequate precipitation will be received from October through May to refill the soil profile on fields that were fully irrigated the previous year in the entire state. A lot of years, even in the Panhandle, the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold will be received from rainfall or snowfall. In addition to financial savings, leaving the soil drier will help reduce harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall.  ", "question": "what will leaving the soil drier help reduce in addition to financial savings?", "answers": {"answer_start": [587], "text": ["harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "259", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The two different speeds can be achieved by a simple setup in the computer pivot panel. The degree of rotation at which the end gun turns on, the program simply slows the speed down and then returns it to the faster speed at the time the end gun turns off. The idea is that we want the pivot to cover a constant number of acres per hour. The key is to know how to calculate the slower speed.  ", "question": "what is a key calculation that needs to be made to use the computer pivot panel program?", "answers": {"answer_start": [378], "text": ["slower speed"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "138", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [265], "text": ["8%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "357", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "One visual observation of a non-functioning regulator is when water is spraying out of the side of the regulator. If you have concerns that your regulators are approaching their usable life, contact your irrigation equipment dealer to have your regulators tested.", "question": "who should you contact to have your regulators tested if you have concerns that your regulators are approaching their usable life?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": [" your irrigation equipment dealer"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "408", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for soybeans in the R4 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as end of pod elongation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["37"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "281", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "how are products like nitrogen fertilizer injected into the pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [345], "text": ["with a fixed rate injection pump"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "291", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "3) Center Pivot - The pivot will take a little more time to go through.  Start by checking each tower:  Check tire pressure and condition, check driveline knuckles for wear, drain water from gearboxes and top off with appropriate gear oil, visually inspect the tower box and the alignment system and then check operation. ", "question": "where should you start checking when ensuring your center pivot system is functional?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["Start by checking each tower"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "519", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska is a groundwater-rich state, thanks in part to the High Plains Aquifer. Many people are familiar with the High Plains Aquifer (also sometimes called the Ogallala aquifer), but fewer people know that there are other aquifers in the state. In fact, Nebraska has seven secondary aquifers, which are much smaller in areal extent than the High Plains Aquifer and generally have poorer water quality, but are nonetheless important in places where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent.", "question": "what types of aquifers are smaller in areal extent than the high plains aquifer and generally have worse water quality?", "answers": {"answer_start": [275], "text": ["secondary aquifers"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "470", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "what is the average crop water use at silking?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["2.1 inches per week"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "244", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2267], "text": ["0.77"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "169", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These six categories were determined because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil is about 70 cb; thus, it is recommended to keep at least one of the sensors in the second or third foot in this range or dryer. Yield losses would not be expected until all the sensors were approaching 140 cb, making the 70 cb level very achievable without any chance of causing yield loss. Field capacity in a silt loam is about 30 cb, so the goal is not to refill the soil above this level with irrigation in the second or third foot.  ", "question": "how many categories were formed because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil that is about 70 cb?", "answers": {"answer_start": [6], "text": ["six"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "331", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.  ", "question": "what does the early installation of soil sensors give a better chance for with regard to soil contact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [358], "text": ["gives a better chance for proper soil contact"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "529", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a zone or nozzle control VRI system is that the sprinklers are pulsed on and off and pivot speed may vary and that irrigation management zones may be any shape or size. Considerations for this VRI system are that has greatest flexibility in application, it is more expensive, and may require additional maintenance and management effort. Example uses include avoiding application on irregularly- shaped uncropped areas for water surfaces. It can also vary irrigation on irregularly- shaped management zones as needed to maximize yield and profits. ", "question": "what is a description of a zone or nozzle control VRI system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": ["the sprinklers are pulsed on and off and pivot speed may vary and that irrigation management zones may be any shape or size"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf"}
{"id": "415", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for soybeans in the R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as leaves begin to yellow?", "answers": {"answer_start": [817], "text": ["1.9 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "182", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "what is the data range for Watermark sensors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb)"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "504", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "What is one aquifer in eastern Nebraska that mostly supplies Cedar County?", "answers": {"answer_start": [57], "text": ["Niobrara aquifer "]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "204", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For winter wheat in the boot/heading crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.50 inches. For winter wheat in the soft dough crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for winter wheat during the boot/heading crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["1.30 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "461", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing approximately, how much plant available water is remaining in the active root zone is critical for calculating the last few irrigations and will be referred to as the \"remaining available water.\" The best method for determining the amount of remaining soil water is to use a soil water monitoring system.", "question": "what is critical for calculating the last few irrigations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [23], "text": ["how much plant available water is remaining in the active root zone "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "218", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For sugarbeets in the 10-30% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.17 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.20 inches. For sugarbeets in the 30-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.25 inches. For sugarbeets in the 50-70% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.40 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for sugarbeets in the 10%30% cover crop growth stage during June 19-25, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [204], "text": ["1.20 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "197", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A review of soil water data logs from farmers in the Upper Big Blue Natural Resources District indicates irrigators tend to overwater more in wetter years than dry ones. On very dry years like 2022, many farmers apply about the right amount of water. However, some still over irrigate, and some tend to under-irrigate.  ", "question": "on very dry years like in 2022 do farmers typically apply the correct of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["many farmers apply about the right amount of water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "243", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2092], "text": ["0.78"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "567", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Each time the user logs in and selects a field, the program will make a prediction regarding the need for irrigation (Figure 3), using up-to-date weather data for that field and other crop and soil information the user provided at field registration. When the user irrigates a field, the irrigation date and amount must be entered into the program so the next prediction will reflect the irrigation.  ", "question": "what does CornSoyWater use to make irrigation need predictions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": [" using up-to-date weather data for that field and other crop and soil information the user provided at field registration"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "167", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what should plant stress not start below in the summer and in late August and September?", "answers": {"answer_start": [423], "text": ["50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "433", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 1/4 milk line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [708], "text": ["19"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "437", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 13/4 milk line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430], "text": ["7"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "24", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "2023's Exceptional Drought Reviewing several soil water logs from central Nebraska, many fields were left a little drier than normal after 2022's harvest. Plus, with many areas of the state getting very little precipitation from October through May, many fields have needed some irrigation to get the crop established and growing well through the vegetative stage. It all depends on the amount of water stored in the soil.", "question": "what resulted in many fields in Nebraska needing some irrigation to get the crops established and growing well through the vegetative stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": ["many areas of the state getting very little precipitation from October through May,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for sandy loam soils at 100% of available water in 1ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [701], "text": ["1.4 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "328", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.  ", "question": "what is critical to ensure soil sensors proper operation during the later critical growth stages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": ["early installation of sensors"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "219", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For sugarbeets in the 10-30% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.17 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.20 inches. For sugarbeets in the 30-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.25 inches. For sugarbeets in the 50-70% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.40 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for sugarbeets in the 30%-50% cover crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [342], "text": ["0.25 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "508", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "How many wells are in the Codell aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [131], "text": ["70"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "who can questions regarding western Nebraska's aquifers be directed to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "349", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To identify possible issues developing with pressure regulators and/or sprinklers record and observe your system's flow rate and pressure over time, looking for changes. For further information on irrigation management, visit the Agricultural Irrigation section of Water.unl.edu.    ", "question": "for more information on irrigation management where can an irrigator visit?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["the Agricultural Irrigation section of Water.unl.edu"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "500", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "what percentage of wells in the Chadron aquifer are used for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "340", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what does the IrrigateCost app calculate using the specific information and related costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [399], "text": ["calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "466", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount of water needed from rain and irrigation for the crop to reach maturity becomes important after early August. The objective is to leave the field as dry as possible without lowering the yield.", "question": "when does calculating the amount of water needed from rain and irrigation for the crop to reach maturity become important?", "answers": {"answer_start": [113], "text": ["after early August."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "57", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The conclusion is that many irrigators could save money, water and nitrogen by using data from irrigation scheduling systems to make data-driven decisions to help them feel confident they are getting optimal yields without putting on extra water just for insurance purposes. Otherwise, irrigators follow their natural tendencies to put on about the same amount of water as in the past and just slightly adjust it for dry or wet years. For more information on yield losses, take time to read the following NebGuide: Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation.  ", "question": "what will using data from irrigation scheduling systems help irrigators feel more confident about?", "answers": {"answer_start": [183], "text": ["they are getting optimal yields without putting on extra water just for insurance purposes."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "22", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Moisture Monitoring In this drought year, many irrigated fields have very little subsoil moisture, while other portions of Nebraska have experienced significant rains over the last month. With irrigation, any grower can can over-irrigate early and create a wet spring. The most reliable method to know when and how much to irrigate is to monitor soil moisture at multiple depths. Keep in mind that when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface, the top foot will stay very wet all summer.", "question": "what is the most reliable way to know when and how much a grower should irrigate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [343], "text": ["monitor soil moisture at multiple depths"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "401", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the water use to maturity for dry Beans R5 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as early seed fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [294], "text": ["7.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "136", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": [" 3%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "352", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In a dry year, aerial imagery can be a useful tool to help identify systematic patterns (i.e., rings) within a field as a result of water stress from poor uniformity. However, in high rainfall areas (i.e., low irrigation requirements) aerial imagery may not be able to visually identify differences in the crop canopy. In these instances, it's recommended that catch cans be used to evaluate application uniformity. Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application.  ", "question": "what are recommended to be used in high rainfall areas to evaluate irrigation application uniformity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [361], "text": ["catch cans"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "541", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Variable rate irrigation or VRI is 'the ability to spatially vary water application depths across a field to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions' (Evans and others, 2013). This technology has many potential uses that might enhance farm profitability, irrigation water productivity (i.e., yield produced per unit of irrigation water applied), and water quality.", "question": "what is VRI defined as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [36], "text": ["the ability to spatially vary water application depths across a field to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "396", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of the loamy sand soil at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [605], "text": ["1.8 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "how often should the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth be recalculated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [194], "text": ["each week until the crop is mature"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "332", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The difference in cost between the two scenarios is $14.61 per acre.  With 130 acres irrigated the total annual savings from using sensors would equal $1,899.30. From this total we would have to subtract the cost of the sensors. A typical range for sensor prices is as low as $175 for systems with NRD cost share up to $1,500 per year for subscription based services. Therefore, the net savings from using sensors for a 130 acre center pivot could range from $400 to $1,700 per year.    ", "question": "what is the typical range for sensor prices in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [266], "text": ["as low as $175 for systems with NRD cost share up to $1,500 per year for subscription based services"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "284", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Check for proper operation by making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators.  This is a sign that the rubber bladder has failed.  Keep in mind that sprinklers and pressure regulators do have a life span.  If your system is approaching 10 years old you might need to take a closer look at them.  Uniformity of water application can suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date.  ", "question": "what has failed if water is squirting from the side of the regulators?", "answers": {"answer_start": [129], "text": ["the rubber bladder has failed"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "573", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The program also will show an up-to-date summary of: Amount of available water in soil root zone. Available water in soil root zone at planting. Total rainfall since planting. Total irrigation amount. Total crop water use (i.e., actual ET). Total water losses (non-ET losses) ", "question": "what does the CornSoyWater program provide and up to date summary of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["Amount of available water in soil root zone. Available water in soil root zone at planting. Total rainfall since planting. Total irrigation amount. Total crop water use (i.e., actual ET). Total water losses (non-ET losses)"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "149", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [238], "text": [" 10%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "505", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "what is one aquifer in eastern Nebraska that mostly supports Knox and Boyd counties?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["Codell aquifer "]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "490", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The sand and sandstone units in the Brule Formation were deposited in ancient stream valleys and generally have higher porosity than the Brule siltstone that is common elsewhere in western Nebraska. More than 140 wells currently source all of their water from Brule sand-sandstone units and generally have good water quality.", "question": "what were deposited in ancient stream valleys and generally have higher porosity than the Brule siltstone that is common elsewhere in western Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["sand and sandstone units in the Brule Formation"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "46", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Support for People Wanting to Improve Their Irrigation Management For those who have not collected data in the past or would like to hone their scheduling skills, take some time now to figure out what will work best for your operation. Many resources are available to help. A great five-part video series on this topic can be found on the CropWatch YouTube channel at: How to Schedule Irrigations with Soil Water Data.  ", "question": "what is the tittle of a great five-part video series on Youtube that can help growers with their irrigation management techniques?", "answers": {"answer_start": [369], "text": ["How to Schedule Irrigations with Soil Water Data"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "75", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 42% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 30% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 19% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [211], "text": ["42%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "347", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation: With planting wrapping up across the state, now is an excellent time to turn attention to soil water sensor and ETgage installations if they haven't already been completed.  Timely installation is important to gain the true benefits of sensors, leading to reduced irrigation costs, reduced chances of overwatering leading to anaerobic soil conditions, and less nutrient leaching.    ", "question": "what can the timely installation of soil sensors lead to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [334], "text": ["reduced irrigation costs, reduced chances of overwatering leading to anaerobic soil conditions, and less nutrient leaching"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "158", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In general, about one-third of the irrigators in the study on the normal to wet years are doing a good job of applying the correct amount of water to minimize deep percolation of water and nutrients and save pumping costs while producing top yields. The other two-thirds could have saved money and water without lowering yield. In fact, about one-third could have saved a lot! On the other hand, about 60% to 80% are doing a good job during the dry years as shown in Table 1.  ", "question": "what are two examples of benefits to irrigators if they apply the correct amount of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [150], "text": ["minimize deep percolation of water and nutrients and save pumping costs while producing top yields"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "337", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what platforms is the IrrigateCost app available on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [119], "text": ["Apple and Android products"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "249", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19?", "answers": {"answer_start": [3142], "text": ["0.71"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "283", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Check for proper operation by making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators.  This is a sign that the rubber bladder has failed.  Keep in mind that sprinklers and pressure regulators do have a life span.  If your system is approaching 10 years old you might need to take a closer look at them.  Uniformity of water application can suffer greatly if your sprinkler package is out of date.  ", "question": "how can you check for proper operation of your irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [30], "text": ["making sure there is not any water squirting from the side of any regulators"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "20", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Moisture Monitoring In this drought year, many irrigated fields have very little subsoil moisture, while other portions of Nebraska have experienced significant rains over the last month. With irrigation, any grower can can over-irrigate early and create a wet spring. The most reliable method to know when and how much to irrigate is to monitor soil moisture at multiple depths. Keep in mind that when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface, the top foot will stay very wet all summer.", "question": "in drought years what do many irrigated fields lack?", "answers": {"answer_start": [86], "text": ["subsoil moisture"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "112", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet early in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [243], "text": ["15%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "92", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2019, 54% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 54% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 38% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["38%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "368", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what are four outcomes as a result of excessive irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": ["runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress)"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "313", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If you need a refresher on how to prime the ETgage, please view the assembly video at http://water.unl.edu/cropswater/awmdnvideos. It is a good idea to replace the green covers and white wafers on a regular basis to ensure accurate readings, so if you don't have any on hand it may be a good idea to check with your local supplier.", "question": "what's a good idea to replace on a regular basis to ensure accurate readings on the ETgage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": ["the green covers and white wafers"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "269", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "who can provide a copy of the sprinkler chart if the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "550", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Center pivot manufacturers have developed options to place the pressure sensor somewhere on the center pivot. Part of Brar's thesis research evaluated where the pressure sensor should be located to achieve maximum energy conservation.  ", "question": "who's thesis research evaluated where the pressure sensor should be located on a center pivot system to achieve maximum energy conservation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": ["Brar's "]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "334", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In addition to reducing pumping costs, when properly used to manage irrigation, sensors may also improve crop growth and yield by helping to avoid the detrimental effects of over watering on soil conditions and nutrient leaching.  As shown in NebGuide G1904 Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation, over irrigation of a Hastings silt-loam soil at the South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center reduced yields from 8 to 15 bushels per acre.  ", "question": "in addition to reducing pumping cost what can sensors help improve when used to manage irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [105], "text": ["crop growth and yield"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "108", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "University of Nebraska Extension irrigation scheduling recommendations encourage irrigators to allow the crop to continue using more and more of the stored soil water starting in August and continuing into September when the crop matures. The recommendation is to lower the soil water level from the usual summer water condition of a minimum of 50% plant available water in the top three feet of soil to 40% in the top four feet after the dough stage (R4) is reached. Thus, the stored soil water content should be significantly lower when the crop matures in September than earlier in August.  ", "question": "what should the stored soil water content be in September when the plant matures, compared to early august?", "answers": {"answer_start": [513], "text": [" significantly lower "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., & Ingram, T. (2021). Scheduling the Last Few Irrigations of the Season Deserves More of Your Management Time Than Earlier Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2021/scheduling-last-few-irrigations-season-deserves-more-your-management-time-earlier-irrigations"}
{"id": "566", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Each time the user logs in and selects a field, the program will make a prediction regarding the need for irrigation (Figure 3), using up-to-date weather data for that field and other crop and soil information the user provided at field registration. When the user irrigates a field, the irrigation date and amount must be entered into the program so the next prediction will reflect the irrigation.  ", "question": "each time a user logs in to CornSoyWater what does the program predict?", "answers": {"answer_start": [93], "text": ["the need for irrigation"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "29", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Also, keep in mind the corn roots grow about an inch each day into soil that is at field capacity, providing much of the water the plants need for that day. Generally, irrigation needs to be delayed until the soil begins to dry down. Furthermore, research conducted in the North Platte area has shown that irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth. For more information, go to \"Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?\"  ", "question": "for more information about the reduction of irrigation in the vegetative growth period of a crop where should a grow go?", "answers": {"answer_start": [527], "text": ["Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "498", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "what percentage of wells in the Chadron aquifer are used for domestic supply?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61], "text": ["64%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "83", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2022, 36% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 20% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 18% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["18%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "410", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for soybeans in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning of seed enlargement?", "answers": {"answer_start": [438], "text": ["29"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "56", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The conclusion is that many irrigators could save money, water and nitrogen by using data from irrigation scheduling systems to make data-driven decisions to help them feel confident they are getting optimal yields without putting on extra water just for insurance purposes. Otherwise, irrigators follow their natural tendencies to put on about the same amount of water as in the past and just slightly adjust it for dry or wet years. For more information on yield losses, take time to read the following NebGuide: Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation.  ", "question": "what can irrigators save by using data from irrigation scheduling systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [50], "text": ["money, water and nitrogen"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "468", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "why do many irrigators apply more water than necessary near the end of the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["the crop is using less water per day."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "301", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Internal combustion engines need quite a bit more attention.  Change engine oil and all filters.  Check engine hours and refer to the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed.  It would also be a good idea to run the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump to see where your well stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria.  This will give you an idea on the efficiency of the power unit and pump.  In the current economic climate we want to be as efficient as possible.  ", "question": "after checking the engine hours what should be used as a reference for valve adjustments and other services that may be needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [130], "text": ["the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed."]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "174", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be ranked \"good\" in terms of wetness?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": ["At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "277", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "what unit are chemigation injection pumps calibrated in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [224], "text": ["gallons per hour (gph)"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "77", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 42% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 30% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 19% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [383], "text": ["19%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "263", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "So, if we want to apply 8.5 gallons/acre of 32% UAN (30 lbs/acre N) with a pivot irrigating 5.7 acres/hour, the pump would need to be set to pump 48.5 gph.  Example:  8.5 g/acre x 5.7 acre/hr = 48.5 gph  The pump would need to be set to deliver 48.5 gph to apply the planned 30 lbs/acre.", "question": "if an irrigator wants to apply 8.5 gallons/acre of 32% UAN (30 lbs/acre N) with a pivot irrigating 5.7 acres/hour what would the pump need to be set to in units of gph?", "answers": {"answer_start": [146], "text": ["48.5 gph"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "533", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a speed control VRI system is that its application rate is varied by changing the speed of the pivot and that the irrigation management zones are pie slice shaped. Considerations for the speed control VRI system are that it is relatively inexpensive - many picot panels are capable without additional investment. It also needs no special hardware on the sprinklers. Example uses of it are if spatial variation lines up well with pie slices, varying application based on topography (e.g. reduced application on low spots) if it lines up pie slices, multiple crops or varieties under one pivot, and on-farm research. ", "question": "what is a description for a speed control VRI system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["its application rate is varied by changing the speed of the pivot and that the irrigation management zones are pie slice shaped"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "378", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": "what is the available water in 1ft of soil at 100% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [609], "text": ["2.5 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "238", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1219], "text": ["0.86"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "570", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How does CornSoyWater work in the background? CornSoyWater uses crop simulation models (Hybrid-Maize for corn and SoySim for soybean) to predict crop growth, development, crop water use, and soil water balance. Based on the location of the field, the program automatically determines the weather station that is closest to the field in the weather station network, and the soil texture for the field.", "question": "what crop simulation model does CornSoyWater use for soybean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [114], "text": ["SoySim"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "257", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The two different speeds can be achieved by a simple setup in the computer pivot panel. The degree of rotation at which the end gun turns on, the program simply slows the speed down and then returns it to the faster speed at the time the end gun turns off. The idea is that we want the pivot to cover a constant number of acres per hour. The key is to know how to calculate the slower speed.  ", "question": "what does the computer pivot panel program do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [160], "text": [" slows the speed down and then returns it to the faster speed at the time the end gun turns off"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "252", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Thus, the pivot should operate at a 90% timer setting when the end gun is off and slow to 77.4% when it is on to apply the 30 lbs/acre nitrogen both when the end gun is off, as well as when it is on. The water application will be different - 0.29 inches when the end gun is off and about 0.33 inches when it is on - but the nitrogen rate will remain the same with the constant injection rate pump. The concept behind this method is that the pivot will irrigate the same number of acres per hour, thus the lower cost fixed-rate injection pump will work correctly.", "question": "what should the timer setting of the pivot irrigation system be operating at to apply 30 lbs/acre nitrogen when the end gun is on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [90], "text": ["77.4%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "458", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Predicting how much rain the field will receive is difficult, but if you do not plan for the possibility of rain, it is easy to apply too much irrigation water. Figures 2 and 3 show the long-term weekly average rainfall for August and September in Nebraska.  ", "question": "what becomes easy to do if you do not plan for the possibility of rain?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128], "text": ["apply too much irrigation water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "201", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For alfalfa in the stage 4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.22 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 2.05 inches. For alfalfa in the maturity crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For alfalfa in the full cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for alfalfa during the stage four crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [196], "text": ["2.05 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "558", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "VFDs are electronic monitor and control systems that alter the speed of pump rotation by adjusting the frequency of the electricity delivered to the motor. It turns out that the motor cares little about what frequency the power is and the speed of the motor changes linearly with the change in frequency. ", "question": "what does the speed of a VFD motor change linearly with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["the change in frequency"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "325", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "before going to the field to install Watermark sensors what should be done to eliminate air in the sensor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [405], "text": [" be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "512", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Dakota aquifer (formally called the Maha Aquifer) is by far the largest of these secondary aquifers, supplying all of the water to more than 3,400 wells in eastern Nebraska. Seventy-five percent of these wells are domestic, although in places the aquifer is capable of supplying a sufficient volume of water for irrigation and commercial use. The biggest limitation to using the Dakota aquifer is potentially high salt concentrations.  Geologists think the salty water probably moves into the Dakota aquifer from underlying rocks, a hydraulic condition that is increased by heavy pumping.  ", "question": "what aquifer supplies water to nearly 3400 wells in eastern Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The Dakota aquifer"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "440", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as physiological maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1235], "text": ["0.0 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "221", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For corn in the V4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.21 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For corn in the V6 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.41 inches. For corn in the V8 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.60 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for corn in the V4 crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["0.21 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "162", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what will go above field capacity after every irrigation or heavy rain?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The top foot "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "465", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "This is important for two reasons. First, it's important to provide room to store free offseason precipitation. In most years even the drier Nebraska Panhandle sees enough precipitation to fill the soil water profile. (On heavier soils it may take only 4 or 5 inches to refill to field capacity; sandy soils would only take 2-3 inches.)", "question": "what is important to leave storage room for in the offseason?", "answers": {"answer_start": [87], "text": ["offseason precipitation."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "2", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to early water management is to apply irrigation only when it is needed to get the crop off to a good start, while keeping in mind over-irrigation enables crop input losses. Precision water and nitrogen management can help guide your early season irrigation decisions.  ", "question": "what can help guide early season irrigation decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["Precision water and nitrogen management "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "106", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "University of Nebraska Extension irrigation scheduling recommendations encourage irrigators to allow the crop to continue using more and more of the stored soil water starting in August and continuing into September when the crop matures. The recommendation is to lower the soil water level from the usual summer water condition of a minimum of 50% plant available water in the top three feet of soil to 40% in the top four feet after the dough stage (R4) is reached. Thus, the stored soil water content should be significantly lower when the crop matures in September than earlier in August.  ", "question": "what is the usual summer condition in Nebraska soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [332], "text": ["a minimum of 50% plant available water in the top three feet "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., & Ingram, T. (2021). Scheduling the Last Few Irrigations of the Season Deserves More of Your Management Time Than Earlier Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2021/scheduling-last-few-irrigations-season-deserves-more-your-management-time-earlier-irrigations"}
{"id": "326", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: As plants mature, later installation can lead to poorer readings as a result of root damage, residual water in the sensor or slurry, and more challenging installation given soil conditions. Because of these disadvantages, early installation of sensors is highly recommended.   ", "question": "as the plant matures what can late field installation of soil sensors lead to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["poorer readings as a result of root damage, residual water in the sensor or slurry, and more challenging installation given soil conditions"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "222", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For corn in the V4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.21 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For corn in the V6 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.41 inches. For corn in the V8 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.60 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for corn in the V4 crop growth stage during June 19-25, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["1.30 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "478", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The 2017 growing season started with warm dry planting conditions, followed by significant rain delays in May in many parts of the state, and a summer of intermittent weeks of hot and cool temperatures. The net result is that crops may mature over a longer period than usual this fall. Fortunately, the following procedure for making end-of-season irrigation decisions is based on crop maturity stage rather than the calendar.  ", "question": "what is the net result of the growing season starting with warm dry planting conditions, followed by significant rain delays in May, and a summer of intermittent weeks of hot and cool temperatures in the state of Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["crops may mature over a longer period than usual this fall."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "288", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once the system is up to pressure it is a good idea to check the system for leaks and operation of the sprinklers.  If you find missing or inoperable sprinklers refer to the sprinkler chart that was developed for the system to find the correct replacement.  If the system is on rolling or hilly terrain, regulators are also needed for uniform application and definitely should be checked. ", "question": "what is it a good idea to check for once the irrigation system is up to pressure?", "answers": {"answer_start": [55], "text": ["check the system for leaks and operation of the sprinklers"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "530", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a zone or nozzle control VRI system is that the sprinklers are pulsed on and off and pivot speed may vary and that irrigation management zones may be any shape or size. Considerations for this VRI system are that has greatest flexibility in application, it is more expensive, and may require additional maintenance and management effort. Example uses include avoiding application on irregularly- shaped uncropped areas for water surfaces. It can also vary irrigation on irregularly- shaped management zones as needed to maximize yield and profits. ", "question": "what are some considerations that should accounted for zone or nozzle control VRI systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [233], "text": ["as greatest flexibility in application, it is more expensive, and may require additional maintenance and management effort"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf"}
{"id": "361", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pressure differences along the system can be attributed to elevation change and pipeline friction losses. When the sprinkler design flow rate varies by at least 10% for more than 15% of the system due to pressure differences, the use of pressure regulators is encouraged.", "question": "under what sprinkler design flow rate variations are the use of pressure regulators encouraged?", "answers": {"answer_start": [161], "text": ["10% for more than 15% of the system due to pressure differences"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "545", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There is increasing pressure on our water resources. Concerns about natural ecosystems and the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals are heightening. Domestic and international competition for water between different users is increasing. Agricultural demand by a global population growing both in number and in wealth is rising.", "question": "whats happening to concerns about natural ecosystems and the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [141], "text": ["heightening"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "363", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The broken gooseneck on this pivot, as shown in the video, is one cause of non-uniform water application. Walking the irrigation span to visually inspect it can help identify issues before crop yield is affected.  ", "question": "what can be done to help visually identify irrigation issues before the crop yield is affected?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["Walking the irrigation span"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "395", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for loamy sands at 100% of available water in the top 4ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [529], "text": ["4.4 in/4 ft,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "163", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what is the field capacity value?", "answers": {"answer_start": [42], "text": ["(30cb"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "367", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what are three outcomes as a result of insufficient irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["otal biomass, grain yield, and grain quality"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "147", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200], "text": ["16%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "451", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "on average how much rain (inch) per week does central buffalo county receive in August?", "answers": {"answer_start": [410], "text": ["0.60 inch "]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "70", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Extremely Dry Winter/Spring 2022-23 Leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields saves money on pumping costs and leaves room to store offseason precipitation. Most years, adequate precipitation will be received from October through May to refill the soil profile on fields that were fully irrigated the previous year in the entire state. A lot of years, even in the Panhandle, the two to four inches of recharge that fully irrigated fields can hold will be received from rainfall or snowfall. In addition to financial savings, leaving the soil drier will help reduce harvest delays due to mud if rain is received in the fall.  ", "question": "what does leaving the soil as dry as possible without lowering yields leave room to store?", "answers": {"answer_start": [154], "text": ["offseason precipitation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "188", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To illustrate this, let's look at some data from the Upper Big Blue NRD. The NRD requires growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater, to use soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually. Most of the producers impacted by this rule use Watermark sensors that measure soil matric potential; thus, this study has largely focused on Watermark data for easy comparison. The soils in the NRD are mostly a silt loam or similar soil texture, making the field-to-field data comparable as well. The assumption was made that the farmers using Watermark sensors would represent all irrigators in the area. To protect privacy, the NRD removes names from the information prior to group analysis; therefore, the location for each field is an unspecified area in the Upper Big Blue NRD.    ", "question": "what does the Upper Big Blue NRD require growers in six areas that have an increased median nitrate-nitrogen level in the groundwater to use and report??", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["soil water monitoring equipment in one irrigated field and report the data collected annually"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "217", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For sugarbeets in the 10-30% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.17 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.20 inches. For sugarbeets in the 30-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.25 inches. For sugarbeets in the 50-70% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.40 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for sugarbeets in the 10%-30% cover crop growth stage during June12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["0.17 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "335", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In addition to reducing pumping costs, when properly used to manage irrigation, sensors may also improve crop growth and yield by helping to avoid the detrimental effects of over watering on soil conditions and nutrient leaching.  As shown in NebGuide G1904 Plant Growth and Yield as Affected by Wet Soil Conditions Due to Flooding or Over-Irrigation, over irrigation of a Hastings silt-loam soil at the South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center reduced yields from 8 to 15 bushels per acre.  ", "question": "how can sensors help improve crop growth and yield?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["by helping to avoid the detrimental effects of over watering on soil conditions and nutrient leaching"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "400", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for dry Beans R5 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as early seed fill?", "answers": {"answer_start": [257], "text": ["35"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "179", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The categories are as follows: Good - At least one sensor out of the three depths drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 70 cb on 9/15. Fair - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early and one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Late - At least one sensor drier than 70 cb early but no sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet Early - No sensor drier than 70 cb early, but one sensor drier than 30 cb on 9/15. Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring the second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year, but one sensor between 30 to 70 cb on Sept. 15. Very Wet All Season - Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15.", "question": "what is the criteria for a field to be considered \"very wet all season\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [585], "text": ["Both sensors measuring second and third foot not drier than 70 cb all year and no sensor drier than 30 cb on Sept. 15"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "553", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "what is one thing that is included in the operation of a VFD system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [171], "text": ["the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "65", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the winter and spring of 2022-23 has been an exception for most of Nebraska, with off-season precipitation well below normal. This has highlighted the only downside to leaving the soil dry at the end of the irrigation season: In years when we have a very dry off-season, we will need to pump some water in June to refill the profile before the high water demand days of July arrive. The data showed that some fields were at field capacity at the end of the irrigation season in 2022, but many of the silt loam soil fields would require four to five inches of water to refill the profile. The problem is, without soil water monitoring equipment, one will not know if their field is already refilled to field capacity or not. Other lighter soil texture fields will take less water to refill them.  ", "question": "what will an irrigator have to do in in Nebraska when there is a very dry off-season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": ["pump some water in June to refill the profile before the high water demand days of July arrive"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "561", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "CornSoyWater is current being evaluated using data from irrigators' field and research plots. Irrigators and crop consultants are encouraged to try it out and send their comments and feedbacks to the developers. Potentially, this software could be implanted into irrigation control modules for automated irrigation control, variable rate irrigation, and other irrigation decision supports packages.  ", "question": "what software could potentially be implanted into  irrigation control modules for automated irrigation control, variable rate irrigation, and other irrigation decision supports packages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["CornSoyWater "]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "526", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a static VRI irrigation prescription is that this prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season. Considerations include that it is relatively simple to apply. Does not account for change in spatial variability over a season. Example uses include avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what do static VRI irrigation prescriptions not account for?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": ["change in spatial variability over a season"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "394", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for loamy sands at 100% of available water in 1 ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [454], "text": ["1.1 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "96", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2017, 72% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 75% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 66% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. ", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2017?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["72%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "123", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["3%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "456", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "to find the amount of water needed for irrigation in inches using the remaining available water at maturity and the average rainfall for September and august what should be done?", "answers": {"answer_start": [637], "text": ["you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches."]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "120", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were very wet all season in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "310", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    ", "question": "where can an irrigator enter weekly ETgage data after logging into the NAWMN website?", "answers": {"answer_start": [405], "text": ["click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "194", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The amount of irrigation applied last year or the year before may have very little to do with the amount needed this year. The long-term average of irrigation application depth and timing is relatively meaningless for the decisions producers need to make on any given day in the current growing season. However, without any additional data, all an irrigator can do is put on about the same amount of water as in the past and make slight adjustments if the weather is dry or wet.  ", "question": "is the long term average irrigation application depth and timing useful to producers for irrigation application decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["relatively meaningless for the decisions producers need to make on any given day in the current growing season"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "369", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["poor water distribution"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "32", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Strategies for Early Season Irrigation Last year's irrigation will have left the soil fairly wet compared to dryland fields. On a typical year, a silt loam soil that was reasonably well irrigated the previously year (full yield) may only hold two to four inches of water from precipitation in the non-growing season. Sandy soils will hold even less. This means most years, irrigated fields will be at or above field capacity in May, particularly in the eastern two-thirds of Nebraska.  ", "question": "particularly in the eastern two thirds of Nebraska when will irrigated fields be at or above field capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [428], "text": ["May,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "406", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Dry Beans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as early seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 35, and the water use to maturity is 7.0 inches. For Dry Beans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as mid-seed fill, the approximate days to maturity is 25, and the water use to maturity is 4.2 inches. For Dry Beans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 15, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Dry Beans R8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as harvest maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for dry Beans R8 crop stage or the stage of growth that is known as harvest maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": ["0"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "350", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In a dry year, aerial imagery can be a useful tool to help identify systematic patterns (i.e., rings) within a field as a result of water stress from poor uniformity. However, in high rainfall areas (i.e., low irrigation requirements) aerial imagery may not be able to visually identify differences in the crop canopy. In these instances, it's recommended that catch cans be used to evaluate application uniformity. Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application.  ", "question": "in a dry year what can be a useful tool in identifying systematic patterns within a field as a result of water  stress from poor uniformity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [15], "text": ["aerial imagery"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "560", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In recent years irrigators have begun to install variable frequency drives (VFDs) to monitor and control the speed of their irrigation pumps powered by electricity. This has led to several recent questions: Should VFD be installed on all electric motor power irrigation pumps? Will VFDs pay for the expense of installation?", "question": "why do irrigators install variable frequency drives?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["to monitor and control the speed of their irrigation pumps powered by electricity"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "501", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "what is the biggest challenge when using the Chadron aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [236], "text": [" poor water quality"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "148", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet early?", "answers": {"answer_start": [219], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "488", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Upper Cretaceous aquifer supplies water to only about 13 wells, mostly in western Scotts Bluff County, although it is heavily used in the Denver area. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer has high sodium, and sometimes high chloride concentrations in Nebraska. ", "question": "what element is higher than normal in the Upper Cretaceous aquifer in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": ["sodium"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "412", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for soybeans in the R6 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as end of seed elongation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [608], "text": ["18"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "562", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "It also summarizes up-to-date water inputs (rain and irrigation), crop water uses and losses, and overall water balance. Users get those up-to-date predictions without going to the fields.", "question": "what does CornSoyWater software summarize?", "answers": {"answer_start": [19], "text": ["up-to-date water inputs (rain and irrigation), crop water uses and losses, and overall water balance."]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "134", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["21%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "496", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Total dissolved solids and sodium concentrations are uniformly high, but other aspects of water chemistry vary from place to place. Arsenic and uranium concentrations have both been documented to exceed their recommended maximum contaminant levels in places, and Chadron well owners should consider testing their wells for these compounds.", "question": "what well owners should consider testing their wells for arsenic and uranium in the aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [263], "text": ["Chadron well owners"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "471", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "what is the average crop water use per week at the full dent stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [306], "text": ["1.2 inches per week"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "430", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R4 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430], "text": ["7.5 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "115", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [198], "text": ["31%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "446", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using this information for a center pivot that is set to apply one inch of water per irrigation, the suggested recommendation would be that the system should be off for the next few days to use some of the remaining water. The next inch of water should be applied within the next seven days. Then, the next irrigation should be recalculated using updated soil water readings. The best way to use the remaining water is to delay the start of the last few irrigations a few days each time and react to any rain that might occur during the period. Slowly using the water in the lower portion of the root zone starting in early to mid-August is much better than keeping the profile full until the very end and expecting the crop to use the water all at once.  ", "question": "whats the best way to use up the remaining water stored in the soil in the late season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [422], "text": ["delay the start of the last few irrigations a few days each time and react to any rain that might occur during the period"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "455", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "how many inches of remaining available water is available at maturity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [620], "text": ["5.25 inches"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "282", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These are just a few simple steps to take to check over your irrigation systems.  If you want additional information please check out the Ag Production tab on our website at water.unl.edu, or contact me directly.    ", "question": "where can you find the steps that should be taken to check over your irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["Ag Production tab on our website at water.unl.edu"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "121", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["70%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "119", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were wet all season in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [274], "text": ["16%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "492", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Brule sand-sandstone aquifer and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer are the other two secondary aquifers in western Nebraska. The Brule sand-sandstone aquifer is distinguished from wells installed in Brule siltstone.", "question": "what are two secondary aquifers in western Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["Brule sand-sandstone aquifer and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "4", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Leave Room for Storing Rainfall Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states also leaves room for the soil to store any rainfall that may come. Too wet and you'll lose that rainfall as runoff or deep percolation. Each inch of rainfall you store saves irrigation, input costs and prevents nitrate leaching.  ", "question": "if the soil is too wet what will you lose rainfall to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [230], "text": [" runoff or deep percolation"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "364", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The primary source of low uniformity is faulty sprinkler nozzles as well as pressure differences along the system. Faulty sprinklers can be comprised of missing, clogged, and worn nozzles, stuck sprinklers, and out of sequence nozzle packages.", "question": "what are the two primary sources of low uniformity in an irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [40], "text": ["faulty sprinkler nozzles as well as pressure differences along the system"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "452", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "on average how much rain (inch) per week does central buffalo county receive in September?", "answers": {"answer_start": [451], "text": ["0.55 inch"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "137", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2020, out of 39 reports, 64% were ranked good, 21% were fair, 0% were wet late, 3% were wet early, 5% were wet all season, and 8% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2020 out of 39 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [237], "text": ["5%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "487", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The Upper Cretaceous aquifer supplies water to only about 13 wells, mostly in western Scotts Bluff County, although it is heavily used in the Denver area. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer has high sodium, and sometimes high chloride concentrations in Nebraska. ", "question": "where is the Upper Cretaceous aquifer heavily used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [138], "text": ["the Denver area"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "61", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Additionally, we need to factor in the cost to pump the irrigation water and the danger of leaching nitrogen and sulfur below the root zone, so irrigation can get expensive very quickly. One inch of water that moves below the root zone, whether from rain or irrigation, will take at least five to 10 lbs. of nitrogen with it. This illustrates that putting nitrogen fertilizer on closer to when the plant will use it with a sidedress application or through chemigation should be considered a best management practice.  ", "question": "for every inch of water that moves below the root zone, whether rain or irrigation, how much nitrogen will it take below the root zone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["at least five to 10 lbs. of nitrogen"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "523", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a dynamic VRI irrigation prescription is that it changes frequently during the season, possible for each irrigation event. Considerations include that it may be complicated and increase management efforts and that it may provide maximum gross benefit. Example uses include varying irrigation to each part of the field as needed and adjusting areas as needs change over the season as well as variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what should be considered for VRI irrigation prescription?", "answers": {"answer_start": [170], "text": ["it may be complicated and increase management efforts and that it may provide maximum gross benefit"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "159", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In general, about one-third of the irrigators in the study on the normal to wet years are doing a good job of applying the correct amount of water to minimize deep percolation of water and nutrients and save pumping costs while producing top yields. The other two-thirds could have saved money and water without lowering yield. In fact, about one-third could have saved a lot! On the other hand, about 60% to 80% are doing a good job during the dry years as shown in Table 1.  ", "question": "what percentage of irrigators are doing a good job of water application in dry years?", "answers": {"answer_start": [402], "text": ["60% to 80%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}