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DOT-OST-1995-557-0008

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Amerijet International, Inc.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, DC Issued by the Department of Transportation on May 31, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-95-557 ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Application of Amerijet International, Inc. filed 12/1/99 to: XX Renew exemption for two years under 49 U.S.C. 40109 to provide the following service: Scheduled foreign air transportation of property and mail between Miami/Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, on the one hand, and Caracas, Maracaibo, and Valencia, Venezuela, on the other, via intermediate and beyond points named in the U.S.-Venezuela aviation agreement, and to integrate this authority with its existing exemption and certificate authority and any authority it may acquire in the future.1 Applicant rep: John L. Richardson (202) 371-2258 DOT Analyst: Sylvia Moore (202) 366-6519 D I S P O S I T I O N XX Granted in part (subject to conditions, see below) XX Balance dismissed (see below) The above action was effective when taken: May 31, 2000, through May 31, 2002 Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation XX The authority granted is consistent with the aviation agreement between the United States and Venezuela. Except to the extent exempted or waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: XX Holder’s certificate of public convenience and necessity XX Standard Exemption Conditions (attached) (See Reverse Side) 2 Conditions: The authority granted to serve intermediate and beyond points is limited to countries with which the United States has signed open-skies agreements and/or countries for which Amerijet holds authority to serve under certificates and exemptions issued by the Department, and for which it holds route integration authority by virtue of either the present action or other action of the Department. The route integration authority granted is subject to the condition that any service provided under this exemption shall be consistent with all applicable agreements between the United States and the foreign countries involved. Furthermore, (a) nothing in the award of the route integration authority requested should be construed as conferring upon Amerijet rights (including fifth-freedom intermediate and/or beyond rights) to serve markets where U.S. carrier entry is limited unless Amerijet notifies the Department of its intent to serve such a market and unless and until the Department has completed any necessary carrier selection procedures to determine which carrier(s) should be authorized to exercise such rights; and (b) should there be a request by any carrier to use the limited-entry route rights that are included in Amerijet’s authority by virtue of the route integration exemption granted here, but that are not then being used by Amerijet, the holding of such authority by route integration will not be considered as providing any preference for Amerijet in a competitive carrier selection proceeding to determine which carrier(s) should be entitled to use the authority at issue. Dismissal: We dismissed the carrier’s request for route integration authority with respect to future certificate/exemption authority. When faced previously with comparable requests, we decided not to grant open route integration authority on a prospective basis (see, for example, Notices of Action Taken dated August 19, 1999 (Docket OST-99-6044) and November 25, 1998 (Docket OST-98-4788)). We also dismissed Amerijet’s request to serve Cuba and Brazil as intermediate points. With respect to Cuba, U.S. Government regulations currently preclude U.S. carriers from operating scheduled services between the United States and Cuba. (See 31 CFR Part 515.) Therefore, it is not the Department’s policy to award new scheduled authority to serve this market. With respect to Brazil, there are currently no all-cargo opportunities available for scheduled service in the U.S.-Brazil market. Remarks: The U.S.-Venezuela aviation agreement does not provide for coterminalization of Caracas and Maracaibo. These points may only be served as separate terminal points. The authority for which Amerijet requested renewal expired January 30, 2000, but had been kept in force pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 558(c), as implemented by 14 CFR Part 377, pending action on its timely filed renewal application. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________ On the basis of data officially noticeable under Rule 24(g) of the Department’s regulations, we found the applicant qualified to provide the services authorized. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) immediate action was required and was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the exemption was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted or dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. (See Next Page) 3 Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR § 385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp 1 For service applicable to Amerijet’s request here, the U.S.-Venezuela agreement provides for service (1) from the Eastern zone of the United States via the Netherlands West Indies to Caracas and beyond to Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, and beyond to points beyond South America (except Europe); (2) from the Eastern zone of the United States, except New York, via Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the Netherlands West Indies to Caracas; (3) from the Eastern zone of the United States, except New York, via Cuba, Jamaica, and points on the Atlantic Coast of Colombia to Maracaibo. Amerijet currently holds authority on Route 597 to serve the Netherlands West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Colombia. The remaining intermediate points “authorized” in the bilateral agreement but not now held by Amerijet are Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Cuba. We, therefore have treated this part of Amerijet’s application as a request for intermediate authority to serve those points.

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.018202

regulations

DOT-OST-1996-1622-0011

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Aerolineas Ejecutivas, S.A. de C.V.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 22, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST 96-1622 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: AEROLINEAS EJECUTIVAS, S.A. de C.V. Date Filed: September 12, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 USC section 41301 to permit the applicant to continue to conduct passenger charter operations between Mexico and the United States, and other passenger charter operations in accordance with 14 CFR Part 212, using small equipment. If renewal, date and citation of last action: November 18, 1999; in this Docket. Applicant representative(s): Lee A. Bauer, 202-331-3300 Responsive pleadings: None. DISPOSITION Action: Approved. Action date: November 22, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 22, 2000, through November 22, 2001. Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): United States-Mexico Air Transport Services Agreement of August 15, 1960, as amended and extended (Agreement). Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions. Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: In the conduct of these operations, the carrier must adhere to all applicable provisions of the U.S.-Mexico Agreement. In the conduct of these operations, the carrier may only use aircraft capable of carrying no more than 60 passengers and having a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000 pounds (small equipment). The above grant includes authority to conduct Third and Fourth Freedom charter operations. While we have subjected, consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, Mexican carriers conducting charter operations with large aircraft to prior approval of their Third and Fourth Freedom charters (see Order 92-2-7 at 5), we determined that a Third/Fourth Freedom prior-approval requirement was not necessary on public interest grounds in the case of this carrier, since it will be conducting these operations solely with small aircraft. (Other charter operations to/from the United States under this authority, however, are subject to prior approval under 14 CFR Part 212.) Further, we are continuing to allow Mexican carriers conducting passenger charters using small equipment to make stopovers in the United States in the conduct of such operations. Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations; (3) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (4) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.020590

regulations

DOT-OST-1996-1636-0012

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: CORPORACION AEREA CENCOR, S.A. de C.V.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 22, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST 96-1636 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: CORPORACION AEREA CENCOR, S.A. de C.V. Date Filed: October 20, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 USC section 41301 to permit the applicant to continue to conduct passenger charter operations between Mexico and the United States, and other passenger charter operations in accordance with 14 CFR Part 212, using small equipment. If renewal, date and citation of last action: November 23, 1999, in this Docket. Applicant representative(s): Lee A. Bauer, 202-331-3300 Responsive pleadings: None. DISPOSITION Action: Approved. Action date: November 22, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 22, 2000, through November 23, 2001. Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): United States-Mexico Air Transport Services Agreement of August 15, 1960, as amended and extended (Agreement). Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions. Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: In the conduct of these operations, the carrier must adhere to all applicable provisions of the U.S.-Mexico Agreement. In the conduct of these operations, the carrier may only use aircraft capable of carrying no more than 60 passengers and having a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000 pounds (small equipment). The above grant includes authority to conduct Third and Fourth Freedom charter operations. While we have subjected, consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, Mexican carriers conducting charter operations with large aircraft to prior approval of their Third and Fourth Freedom charters (see Order 92-2-7 at 5), we determined that a Third/Fourth Freedom prior-approval requirement was not necessary on public interest grounds in the case of this carrier, since it will be conducting these operations solely with small aircraft. (Other charter operations to/from the United States under this authority, however, are subject to prior approval under 14 CFR Part 212.) Further, we are continuing to allow Mexican carriers conducting passenger charters using small equipment to make stopovers in the United States in the conduct of such operations. Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations; (3) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (4) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An elect潲楮⁣敶獲潩景琠楨⁳潤畣敭瑮椠⁳癡楡慬汢⁥ 湯琠敨圠牯摬圠摩⁥敗⁢瑡ഺ瑨灴⼺搯獭搮瑯朮癯⼯敲 潰瑲⽳敲潰瑲彳癡慩楴湯愮灳

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.022469

regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3051-0011

Notice

Delta Air Lines, Inc and Air Jamaica Limited - Joint Notice of Termination

December 7, 2000 By Facsimile Ms. Teresa Bingham Chief, U.S. Carrier Licensing Division Office of International Aviation U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Room 6412 Washington, D.C. 20590 Re: Joint Applications of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Air Jamaica Limited ("Air Jamaica"), Dockets OST-97-3051 Dear Ms. Bingham: Pursuant to the termination notice condition placed on the codeshare authority granted by Notice of Action Taken dated March 23, 2000 in the above-referenced docket, Delta and Air Jamaica hereby jointly notify the Department that Delta will cease displaying the “JM” designator code of Air Jamaica on flights operated by Delta between Atlanta and San Francisco, effective January 15, 2001. Sincerely, George U. Carneal Ronald P. Brower HOGAN & HARTSON L.L.P. Counsel for AIR JAMAICA LIMITED Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen SHAW PITTMAN Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. cc: Docket OST-97-3051 (by Electronic Submission) Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page STYLEREF Recipient Ms. Teresa Bingham June 8, 2000 Page PAGE 2 HOGAN & HARTSON L.L.P. Columbia Square 555 13th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004-1109 (202) 637-6546 SHAW PITTMAN 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8060

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.024930

regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3124-0013

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Delta Air Lines, Inc.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, DC Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 22, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-97-3124 ________________________________________________________________________ ______ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Application of Delta Air Lines, Inc. filed 11/1/00 to: XX Renew for two years exemption under 49 U.S.C. 40109 to provide the following service: Scheduled foreign air transportation of persons, property, and mail between Atlanta, Georgia, and Lima, Peru, and to combine this authority with its existing certificate and exemption authority. Applicant rep.: Robert E. Cohn, 202-663-8060 DOT analyst: Sylvia Moore, 202-366-6519 DISPOSITION XX Granted (subject to conditions, see below) The above action was effective when taken: November 22, 2000, through November 22, 2002 Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation XX The authority granted is consistent with the aviation agreement between the United States and Peru. Except to the extent exempted or waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: XX Holder’s certificates of public convenience and necessity XX Standard exemption conditions (attached) ________________________ Conditions: The route integration authority requested is granted subject to the condition that any service provided under this exemption shall be consistent with all applicable agreements between the United States and the foreign countries involved. Furthermore, (a) nothing in the award of the route integration authority requested should be construed as conferring upon Delta rights (including fifth freedom intermediate and/or beyond rights) to serve markets where U.S. carrier entry is limited unless Delta notifies us of its intent to serve such a market and unless and until the Department has completed any necessary selection procedures to determine which carrier(s) should be authorized to exercise such rights; and (b) should there be a request by any carrier to use the limited-entry route rights that are included in Delta’s authority by virtue of the route integration exemption granted here, but that are not then being used by Delta, the holding of such authority by route integration will not be considered as providing any preference for Delta in a competitive carrier selection proceeding to determine which carrier(s) should be entitled to use the authority at issue. (See Reverse Side) 2 On the basis of data officially noticeable under Rule 24(g) of the Department’s regulations, we found the applicant qualified to provide the services authorized. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  APPENDIX U.S. CARRIER Standard Exemption Conditions In the conduct of operations authorized by the attached notice, the applicant(s) shall: (1) Hold at all times effective operating authority from the government of each country served; (2) Comply with applicable requirements concerning oversales contained in 14 CFR 250 (for scheduled operations, if authorized); (3) Comply with the requirements for reporting data contained in 14 CFR 241; (4) Comply with requirements for minimum insurance coverage, and for certifying that coverage to the Department, contained in 14 CFR 205; (5) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (6) Comply with the applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration Regulations, including all FAA requirements concerning security; and (7) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department of Transportation, with all applicable orders and regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. The authority granted shall be effective only during the period when the holder is in compliance with the conditions imposed above.

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.026665

regulations

DOT-OST-1998-4522-0019

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: American Airlines, Inc.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, DC Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 22, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-98-4522 ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Application of American Airlines, Inc. filed 10/18/2000 to: XX Renew exemption under 49 U.S.C. §40109 to provide the following service: Scheduled foreign air transportation of persons, property, and mail between the United States and Riga, Latvia, and Tallinn, Estonia, via Helsinki, Finland. American plans to operate this service under a code-share arrangement with Finnair Oy. No answers to the application were filed. Applicant rep: Carl B. Nelson (202) 496-5647 DOT Analyst: Michael D. Bodman (202) 366-9667 D I S P O S I T I O N XX Granted The above action was effective when taken: November 22, 2000, through November 22, 2002. Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation XX The authority granted is consistent with the aviation agreement between the United States and Finland and the overall state of aviation relations between the United States and Latvia and the United States and Estonia. Except to the extent exempted or waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: XX Holder’s certificate of public convenience and necessity XX Standard Exemption Conditions (attached) XX Statement of Authorization approving American and Finnair code-share operations dated December 22, 1998, and conditions therein. ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ On the basis of data officially noticeable under Rule 24(g) of the Department’s regulations, we found the applicant qualified to provide the services authorized. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the exemption was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR § 385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this order is available on the World Wide Web at http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_ aviation.asp APPENDIX A U.S. CARRIER Standard Exemption Conditions In the conduct of operations authorized by the attached notice, the applicant(s) shall: (1) Hold at all times effective operating authority from the government of each country served; (2) Comply with applicable requirements concerning oversales contained in 14 CFR 250 (for scheduled operations, if authorized); (3) Comply with the requirements for reporting data contained in 14 CFR 241; (4) Comply with requirements for minimum insurance coverage, and for certifying that coverage to the Department, contained in 14 CFR 205; (5) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (6) Comply with the applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration Regulations, including all FAA requirements concerning security; and (7) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department of Transportation, with all applicable orders and regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. The authority granted shall be effective only during the period when the holder is in compliance with the conditions imposed above. American’s original exemption application in this Docket (requesting authority to serve Riga and Tallinn) included a request for authority to serve St. Petersburg, Russia, as well. On December 22, 1998, the Department deferred on the application to the extent that American sought authority to serve St. Petersburg, Russia. That deferred portion of the application was subsequently granted by Order 2000-1-9 in Docket OST-99-5286. On December 22, 1998, the Department granted a joint application of American and Finnair (undocketed) for a Statement of Authorization to conduct code-share services, including the services at issue here. PAGE PAGE 3

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.029712

regulations

DOT-OST-1999-6644-0006

Notice

Notice of Action Taken re: Air Engiadina AG

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on September 27, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-99-6644 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: Air Engiadina AG Date Filed: December 14, 1999 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 U.S.C. 41301 and statement of authorization under 14 CFR 212 of the Department’s regulations to permit Air Engiadina to display the airline designator code of Northwest Airlines, Inc., on flights operated by Air Engiadina between Amsterdam, Netherlands, and Berne, Switzerland. If renewal, date and citation of last action: New authority Applicant representative: Charles Donley 202-626-6601 Responsive pleadings: None DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: September 27, 2000 Effective dates of exemption authority granted: September 27, 2000 - September 27, 2002 Effective dates of statement of authorization granted: Indefinite, subject to the code-share conditions, attached Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): The authority is provided for in the U.S.-Switzerland Air Transport Agreement. We found, based on the record, that the carrier is substantially owned and effectively controlled by citizens of Switzerland, properly licensed, and operationally and financially qualified to undertake the proposed operations. Finally, the FAA has advised us that it knows of no reason to withhold this authority. Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions (attached) __ Foreign air carrier permit conditions (Order - - ) Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) immediate action was required and was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, comply (except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement) with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended). (41301/40109) 9/98 Air Engiadina AG - Docket OST-99-6644 The code-share operations authorized here are subject to the following conditions: (a) The statement of authorization will remain in effect only as long as (i) Air Engiadina and Northwest continue to hold the necessary underlying authority to operate the code-share services at issue, and (ii) the code-share and/or alliance agreement providing for the code-share operations remains in effect. (b) Air Engiadina and Northwest must promptly notify the Department if the code-share agreement providing for the code-share operations is no longer effective or the carriers decide to cease operating any or all of the approved code-share services. We expect this notification to be received within 10 days of such non-effectiveness or of such decision. Such notices should be filed in Docket OST-999-6644. (c) The code-sharing operations conducted under this authority must comply with 14 CFR 257 and with any amendments to the Department’s regulations concerning code-share arrangements that may be adopted. Notwithstanding any provisions in the contract between the carriers, our approval here is expressly conditioned upon the requirements that the subject foreign air transportation be sold in the name of the carrier holding out such service in computer reservation systems and elsewhere; that the carrier selling such transportation (i.e., the carrier shown on the ticket) accept responsibility for the entirety of the code-share journey for all obligations established in its contract of carriage with the passenger; that the passenger liability of the operating carrier be unaffected; and that the operating carrier shall not permit the code of its U.S. code-sharing partner to be carried on any flight that enters, departs, or transits the airspace of any area for whose airspace the Federal Aviation Administration has issued a flight prohibition; and (d) The authority granted here is specifically conditioned so that neither Air Engiadina nor Northwest shall give any force or effect to any contractual provisions between themselves that are contrary to these conditions. We may amend, modify, or revoke this authority at any time without hearing.

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.032944

regulations

DOT-OST-1999-6719-0002

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Aero Servicios Azteca, S.A. de C.V.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on December 18, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST 99-6719 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: AERO SERVICIOS AZTECA, S.A. de C.V. Date Filed: December 29, 1999 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 USC section 41301 to permit the applicant to conduct passenger charter operations between Mexico and the United States, and other passenger charter operations in accordance with 14 CFR Part 212, using small equipment. Applicant representative: Eugene E. Smith, 210-590-1630 Responsive pleadings: None. DISPOSITION Action: Approved. Action date: December 18, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: December 18, 2000, through December 18, 2001. Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): United States-Mexico Air Transport Services Agreement of August 15, 1960, as amended and extended (Agreement). Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: Standard exemption conditions. Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: We find that the carrier is operationally and financially qualified to conduct the operations it proposes and that it is substantially owned and effectively controlled by citizens of Mexico. In the conduct of these operations, the carrier may only use aircraft capable of carrying no more than 60 passengers and having a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000 pounds (small equipment). The above grant includes authority to conduct Third and Fourth Freedom charter operations. While we have subjected, consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, Mexican carriers conducting charter operations with large aircraft to prior approval of their Third and Fourth Freedom charters (see Order 92-2-7 at 5), we determined that a Third/Fourth Freedom prior-approval requirement was not necessary on public interest grounds in the case of this carrier, since it will be conducting these operations solely with small aircraft. (Other charter operations to/from the United States under this authority, however, are subject to prior approval under 14 CFR Part 212.) Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director, Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the W牯摬圠摩⁥敗⁢瑡ഺ瑨灴⼺搯獭搮瑯朮癯⼯敲潰瑲⽳ 敲潰瑲彳癡慩楴湯愮灳

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.035441

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-7559-0045

Notice

Notice Revising Procedural Schedule

Posted: 12/18/2000 4:45p.m. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. _______________________________ In the Matter of U.S.-Brazil All-Cargo Frequencies and Designation Docket OST-2000-7559 ________________________________ Served: December 18, 2000 Notice Revising Procedural Schedule By Notice, served November 24, 2000, the Department set the procedural schedule for new entrant applicants in the above captioned proceeding, requiring that applications be filed on December 7, 2000, that answers to applications be filed on December 19, 2000, and that replies to answers to applications be filed on December 27, 2000. Gemini Air Cargo, Atlas Air, and Evergreen International are the only applicants to this proceeding. By letter dated December 11, 2000, Gemini Air Cargo requests the Department to extend the due date for replies to Friday, January 5, 2001. Gemini states that the extension is necessary because persons needed to prepare the reply are unavailable during the Christmas holiday period just prior to the present deadline and that the brief delay requested will not prejudice the public since it will have little effect on the date when the recipient of the fourth designation will be able to introduce service to Brazil. Counsel for Gemini further states that Atlas Air and Evergreen International, the other applicants in this proceeding, support the request for the reasons stated. Inasmuch as all parties support the requested extension and the requested deadline is for a short time period that will not prejudice the public interest, we will extend the period for the filing of Replies in the above-referenced proceeding to January 5, 2001.  We will serve this Notice on all parties to this proceeding by facsimile. By: PAUL L. GRETCH Director, Office of International Aviation (SEAL) Dated: December 18, 2000 An electronic version of this notice is available on the World Wide Web at http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.039204

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-7656-0013

Notice

Delta Air Lines, Inc. - Notice

BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Applications of UNITED AIR LINES, INC. and AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. Under 49 U.S.C. § 40109 for exemption (Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo) ))))))))) Docket OST-2000-7656 and OST-2000-7714 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen SHAW PITTMAN 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. John Varley Assistant General Counsel DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, Georgia 30320 (404) 715-2872 August 11, 2000 BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Applications of UNITED AIR LINES, INC. and AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. Under 49 U.S.C. § 40109 for exemption (Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo) ))))))))) Docket OST-2000-7656 and OST-2000-7714 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta”) has determined not to pursue Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo authority at this time, and accordingly will not be submitting an application in this proceeding. Respectfully submitted, ___________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen SHAW PITTMAN 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. August 11, 2000 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that the foregoing Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc., has this 11th day of August, 2000, been served upon those persons listed below via facsimile transmission. Megan Rae Rosia Northwest Airlines 202-289-6834 Joanne Young Baker & Hostetler 202-861-1533 Carl Nelson American Airlines 202-857-4246 Barney Parrella GKMG Consulting 703-516-2773 Marshall Sinick Alaksa and ATA 202-626-6780 Jeffrey Manley Wilmer Cutler & Pickering 202-663-6363 Stephen Lachter Midway Airlines 202-835-3219 Glenn Wicks The Wicks Group, Inc. 202-457-7799 Donald Bliss O'Melveny & Myers 202-383-5414 or 15 Philip Depoian Los Angeles World Airports 310-646-9617 Linda Lundell DOT 202-366-3694 _________________________ Helena Richardson Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Reply of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Page PAGE 2

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.041114

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-7714-0011

Notice

Delta Air Lines, Inc. - Notice

BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Applications of UNITED AIR LINES, INC. and AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. Under 49 U.S.C. § 40109 for exemption (Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo) ))))))))) Docket OST-2000-7656 and OST-2000-7714 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen SHAW PITTMAN 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. John Varley Assistant General Counsel DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, Georgia 30320 (404) 715-2872 August 11, 2000 BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Applications of UNITED AIR LINES, INC. and AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. Under 49 U.S.C. § 40109 for exemption (Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo) ))))))))) Docket OST-2000-7656 and OST-2000-7714 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta”) has determined not to pursue Los Angeles-San Jose del Cabo authority at this time, and accordingly will not be submitting an application in this proceeding. Respectfully submitted, ___________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen SHAW PITTMAN 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. August 11, 2000 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that the foregoing Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc., has this 11th day of August, 2000, been served upon those persons listed below via facsimile transmission. Megan Rae Rosia Northwest Airlines 202-289-6834 Joanne Young Baker & Hostetler 202-861-1533 Carl Nelson American Airlines 202-857-4246 Barney Parrella GKMG Consulting 703-516-2773 Marshall Sinick Alaksa and ATA 202-626-6780 Jeffrey Manley Wilmer Cutler & Pickering 202-663-6363 Stephen Lachter Midway Airlines 202-835-3219 Glenn Wicks The Wicks Group, Inc. 202-457-7799 Donald Bliss O'Melveny & Myers 202-383-5414 or 15 Philip Depoian Los Angeles World Airports 310-646-9617 Linda Lundell DOT 202-366-3694 _________________________ Helena Richardson Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Reply of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Page PAGE 2

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.042777

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-7986-0002

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: AOM-Minerve

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 20, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-2000-7986 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: AOM-Minerve Date Filed: September 22, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 U.S.C. 41301 and statement of authorization pursuant to 14 CFR 212 of the Department’s regulations to display the airline designator code of Air Caledonie S.A. on flights between Noumea, New Caledonia, and Los Angeles, CA. If renewal, date and citation of last action: New authority Applicant representative: Susan Gotbetter 212-318-3121 Responsive pleadings: None DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 20, 2000 Effective dates of exemption authority granted: November 20, 2000 - November 20, 2002 Effective dates of statement of authorization granted: Indefinite, subject to attached conditions Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): U.S.-France Air Transport Services Agreement. Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions (attached) Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ We found that the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, comply (except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement) with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended). (41301/40109) 9/98  Attachment -- Docket OST-00-7986 The code-share operations authorized here are subject to the following conditions: (a) The statement of authorization will remain in effect only as long as (i) AOM-Minerve and Air Caledonie continue to hold the necessary underlying authority to operate the code-share services at issue, and (ii) the code-share agreement providing for the code-share operations remains in effect. (b) AOM-Minerve and/or Air Caledonie must promptly notify the Department if the code-share agreement providing for the code-share operations is no longer effective or the carriers decide to cease operating any or all of the approved code-share services. Such notices should be filed in Docket OST-00-7986. 1 (c) The code-sharing operations conducted under this authority must comply with 14 CFR 257 and with any amendments to the Department’s regulations concerning code-share arrangements that may be adopted. Notwithstanding any provisions in the contract between the carriers, our approval here is expressly conditioned upon the requirements that the subject foreign air transportation be sold in the name of the carrier holding out such service in computer reservation systems and elsewhere; that the carrier selling such transportation (i.e., the carrier shown on the ticket) accept responsibility for the entirety of the code-share journey for all obligations established in its contract of carriage with the passenger; and that the passenger liability of the operating carrier be unaffected. (d) The authority granted here is specifically conditioned so that neither carrier shall give any force or effect to any contractual provisions between themselves that are contrary to these conditions. ______________________ 1 We expect this notification to be received within 10 days of such non-effectiveness or of such decision.

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regulations

DOT-OST-2000-7987-0003

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Air Caledonie International S.A.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 20, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-2000-7987 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: Air Caledonie International S.A. Date Filed: September 22, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 U.S.C. 41301 to conduct scheduled foreign air transportation of persons, property and mail between Noumea, New Caledonia, and Los Angeles, CA. Air Caledonie proposes to conduct these operations pursuant to a code-share arrangement with AOM-Minerve S.A. If renewal, date and citation of last action: New authority Applicant representative: Susan Gotbetter 212-318-3121 Responsive pleadings: None DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 20, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 20, 2000 - November 20, 20002 Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): The authority is provided for in the U.S.-France Air Transport Services Agreement. We found, based on the record, that the carrier is substantially owned and effectively controlled by citizens of France, properly licensed, and operationally and financially qualified to undertake the proposed operations subject to the conditions below. Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions (attached) X Statement of Authorization for AOM-Minerve and Air Caledonie code-share operations dated November 20, 2000, and conditions therein (Docket OST-2000-7986). X Special conditions: In the exercise of the authority granted, Air Caledonie is limited to using only aircraft provided by a duly authorized and properly supervised U.S. or foreign air carrier, and may not conduct U.S. operations using its own aircraft and crews without obtaining additional economic authority from the Department and meeting applicable requirements of the FAA. Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, comply (except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement) with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended). (41301/40109) 9/98

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.046812

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-8197-0004

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Volga-Denpr J.S. Cargo Airline

DOCKET OST 2000-8197 This serves as interim notice to the public of the action described below, taken orally by the Department official indicated; the confirming order or other decision document will be issued as soon as possible. Applicant: Volga-Dnepr J.S. Cargo Airline Date Filed: October 25, 2000 as amended November 15, 2000 Relief requested: Amend exemption, granted November 1, 2000, from 49 U.S.C. 40109(g) to change the dates of operation from November 6-7, 2000 to November 20-21, 2000, of a one one-way emergency cabotage cargo flight between North Island N.A.S., CA, and Denver, CO, using AN-124 aircraft, to transport an oversized launch vehicle and associated equipment on behalf of Lockheed Martin. In its initial request, the applicant stated that Lockheed Martin required urgent delivery to meet schedule constraints that include final integration activities and preparation for subsequent launch processing; that the cargo is too large for transportation on U.S. carrier aircraft; and that surface transportation is not feasible because of the time involved, the adverse effect a long road trip could have on the vehicle, and the vehicle’s size. Applicant representative: Glenn Wicks, (202) 457-7790 Responsive pleadings: The applicant served its request for amendment of its exemption on those U.S. carriers operating large all-cargo aircraft, and, at the Department’s request, polled those carriers to obtain their views. Each carrier indicated that it did not have aircraft available to conduct the proposed operation, and that it had no comment or did not oppose grant of the requested authority. DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 17, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 20-21, 2000 Basis for approval: We found that our action was consistent with all the relevant criteria of 49 U.S.C. 40109(g) for the grant of an exemption of this type, and that the grant of this amended authority was required in the public interest. Moreover, based on the representations of the U.S. carriers, we concluded that no U.S. carrier had aircraft available which could be used to conduct the operation at issue here. We also found that grant of this amended authority would prevent unreasonable hardship to the charterer. Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the attached terms, conditions, and limitations. Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: The applicant shall comply with an FAA-approved flight routing for the authorized flight. Action taken by: FRANCISCO J. SANCHEZ Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement, comply with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended).  U.S. Department of Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation (41301/40109) 9/98 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.049156

regulations

DOT-OST-2000-8211-0003

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: BWIA International Airways Limited

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 21, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-2000-8211 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: BWIA International Airways Limited Date Filed: October 30, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 U.S.C. 41301 to conduct scheduled foreign air transportation of persons, property and mail between Trinidad and Tobago and Atlanta, GA, via the intermediate point Barbados. If renewal, date and citation of last action: New authority Applicant representative: William Evans 202-371-6000 Responsive pleadings: None DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 21, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 21, 2000 - November 21, 2001 Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): Reciprocity Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions (attached) __ Foreign air carrier permit conditions (Order - - ) Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ We found that the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, comply (except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement) with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended). (41301/40109) 9/98

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DOT-OST-2000-8256-0002

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. (AVIANCA)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on November 21, 2000 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-2000-8256 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. (AVIANCA) Date Filed: November 6, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 U.S.C. 41301 to serve Aruba as an intermediate point on authorized scheduled Colombia-U.S. services. If renewal, date and citation of last action: New authority Applicant representative: Robert Papkin 202-626-6600 Responsive pleadings: The applicant requested expedited action on its application and informed us that it had polled the parties serviced with its application and that none indicated any objection to a shortened answer period or to its application. DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 21, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 21, 2000 - November 21, 2001 Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): U.S.-Colombia Air Transport Agreement Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions (attached) __ Foreign air carrier permit conditions (Order - - ) Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ We found that the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  Appendix A FOREIGN AIR CARRIER CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITY In the conduct of the operations authorized, the holder shall: (1) Not conduct any operations unless it holds a currently effective authorization from its homeland for such operations, and it has filed a copy of such authorization with the Department; (2) Comply with all applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration, including, but not limited to, 14 CFR Parts 129, 91, and 36; (3) Comply with the requirements for minimum insurance coverage contained in 14 CFR Part 205, and, prior to the commencement of any operations under this authority, file evidence of such coverage, in the form of a completed OST Form 6411, with the Federal Aviation Administration’s Program Management Branch (AFS-260), Flight Standards Service (any changes to, or termination of, insurance also shall be filed with that office); (4) Not operate aircraft under this authority unless it complies with operational safety requirements at least equivalent to Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention; (5) Conform to the airworthiness and airman competency requirements of its Government for international air services; (6) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (7) Agree that operations under this authority constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity, for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a), but only with respect to those actions or proceedings instituted against it in any court or other tribunal in the United States that are: (a) based on its operations in international air transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a point in the United States as a point of origin, point of destination, or agreed stopping place, or for which the contract of carriage was purchased in the United States; or (b) based on a claim under any international agreement or treaty cognizable in any court or other tribunal of the United States. In this condition, the term "international air transportation" means "international transportation" as defined by the Warsaw Convention, except that all States shall be considered to be High Contracting Parties for the purpose of this definition; (8) Except as specifically authorized by the Department, originate or terminate all flights to/from the United States in its homeland; (9) Comply with the requirements of 14 CFR Part 217, concerning the reporting of scheduled, nonscheduled, and charter data; (10) If charter operations are authorized, comply (except as otherwise provided in the applicable bilateral agreement) with the Department's rules governing charters (including 14 CFR Parts 212 and 380); and (11) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department, with all applicable orders or regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. This authority shall not be effective during any period when the holder is not in compliance with the conditions imposed above. Moreover, this authority cannot be sold or otherwise transferred without explicit Department approval under Title 49 of the U.S. Code (formerly the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended). (41301/40109) 9/98

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DOT-OST-2000-8353-0002

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Volga-Dnepr J.S. Cargo Airline

DOCKET OST-2000-8353 This serves as interim notice to the public of the action described below, taken orally by the Department official indicated; the confirming order or other decision document will be issued as soon as possible. Applicant: Volga-Dnepr J.S. Cargo Airline Date Filed: November 17, 2000 Relief requested: Exemption pursuant to 49 U.S.C. section 40109(g) to permit it to operate one one-way cargo charter flight between Tulsa, OK, and Philadelphia, PA, on or about November 21, 2000, using its AN-124 aircraft, to transport an oversized cylindrical pressure vessel on behalf of Sunoco, Inc. The applicant stated that the vessel has been specially fabricated for Sunoco and is a crucial part of its refining process, and that timely delivery and installation will help to avoid possible heating oil shortages. It further stated that surface transportation was not feasible because of the time involved, the adverse effect a long road trip could have on the vessel, and the vessel’s size; that transportation by air was the only viable option; and that because of the size of the vessel transportation on U.S.-carrier aircraft was not possible. Applicant representative: Glenn Wicks 202-457-7790 Responsive pleadings: Volga-Dnepr served its application on those U.S. carriers operating large all-cargo aircraft. Each carrier indicated that it did not have aircraft available to conduct the proposed operation, and that it had no comment or did not oppose grant of the requested authority to Volga-Dnepr. DISPOSITION Action: Approved Action date: November 20, 2000 Effective dates of authority granted: November 21-24, 2000 Basis for approval: We found that the application met all the relevant criteria of 49 U.S.C. section 40109(g) for the grant of an exemption of this type, and that the grant was required in the public interest. Moreover, based on the representations of the U.S. carriers, we concluded that no U.S. carrier had aircraft available which could be used to conduct the operation at issue here. We also found that grant of Volga-Dnepr’s request would prevent undue hardship to the cargo and Sunoco. Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to standard exemption conditions and to the condition that Volga-Dnepr comply with an FAA-approved flight routing for the authorized flight. Action taken by: FRANCISCO J. SANCHEZ Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN

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EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0002-0001

Supporting & Related Material

.~ "­­* / A +­ 7 , ­y, I f % .c, t BEFORE THX'~ 'ADMINISTRATOR OF THE~ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ­ 1 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR 1 HON. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, 310 D Street, N. E. Washington, DC 20002, et al., Petitioners, vs . 3 CAROL BRO WlER? in her official capacity as, Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S. W. Room W1200 Washington, DC 20460, d .. Defendant. OCT 2 0 I999 Docket'No. A"­ O# PETITION FOR RULEMAKING AND COLLATERAL RELIEF FROM NEW MOTOR VEHICLES UNDER Q 202 OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT SEEKING THE REGULATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Pursuant to the Right to Petition Government Clause contained in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, ' the Administrative Procedure Act,* ­Tb3 i 'Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people . . . to petition Government for a redress of grievances." U. S. Const., amend. I. The right to petition for redress of grievances is among the most precious of the liberties safeguarded by the Bill of €? i, ohts. United Mine Workers of America. Dist. 12 v . Illinois State Bar Association, 389 U. S. 217, 222, 88 S. Ct. 353,356, 19 L. Ed. 2d426 (1967). It shares the "preferred . place" accorded in our system of government to the First Amendment freedoms, and has a sanctity and a sanction not permitting dubious intnisions. Thomas v. Collins, 323 U. S. 516,530,65 S. Ct. 315, 322, S9 L. Ed. 430 (1945). .. . . . /. P , the Clean Air and the Environmental Protection Agency(" EPA") implementing , regulations, petitioners file this Petition for Rulemaking and Collateral. Relief with ­ a the Administrator and respectfully requests her to undertake the following mandatory duties: Regulate the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO,) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under !j 202( a)( 1) of the Clean Air Act; Regulate the emissions of methane (CH,) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under § 202( a)( 1) of the Clean Air Act; Regulate the emissions4f nitrous oxide (N, O) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under 5 202( a)( 1) of the Clean Air Act; Regulate the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under 5 202( a)( 1) of the Clean Air Act; ­ PETITIONERS Petitioner International Center for Technology Assessment (CTA) is located at 310 D Street, N. E., Washington, DC 20002. Formed in 1994, CTA seeks to assist the public and policy makers in better understanding how technology affects society.­ CTA is a non­ profit organization devoted to analyzing the economic, environmental, ethical, political and social impacts that can result from the application of technology or technological systems. Petitioner Alliance f o r Sustainable Communities is located at 2041 Shore "Any attempt to restrict those First Amendment liberties i u s t be justified by clear public interest, threatened not doubtful or remotely, but by clear and present danger."& The Supreme Court has recognized that the right to petition is logically implicit in, and fundamental to, the very idea of a republican form of government. United States v. Cmikshank, 92 U. S. (2 Otto) 542, 552, 23 L. Ed. 585 (1375). 2 5 U. S. C. 9 553( e) (1994). 42 U. S. C. 7401, etseq. (1994). 3 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 10, 1999 2 / ". .­ / Drive, Edgewater, MD 2 1037. The Alliance was formed five years ago in order to bring together representatives of government at all levels, citizens and innovslors O b to develop projects which express the primary relationship'between people and the earth. ­ t Petitioner Applied Power TechnoZogies, Inc. (APT) is located at 357 Imperial Blvd., Cape Canaveral, FL 32920­ 42 19. APT is a research & development concern bringing new energy conversion systems to the air­ conditioning industry on behalf of the natural gas industry. APT will advent the deregulation and decentralization of power production by producing nearly pollution­ free air­ conditioning, refrigeration and related appliances which will convert clean natural gas into electric offsetting heat energy on­ site of actual end usage. Petitioner Bio Fuels America s located at 28 Lorin Dee Drive, Westerlo, Ny 12 193. Bio Fuels America is a not for profit, self funded, advocacy group that promotes renewable energies such as wind, sun and biomass. .j Petitioner The CaliJomia Solar Energy Industries Association (CAL SEIA) is located at 23120 Alicia Parkway, Ste. 107, Mission Viejo, CA 92692. CAL SEIA is a solar industry trade association with 70 member companies who do busimess in California. CAL SEIA's members include manufacturers of both solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies, as. 'kell as distributors, contractors, architects, engineers and utilities. * Petitioner Clements Environmental Co7poration is located at 3607 Seneca Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90039. Clements Environmental Corp. is a small environmental engineering firm specializing in the conversion of Municpal Solid Waste and other waste organics to biofuels and biochemicals. .Petitioner Environmental Advocates is located a t 353 Hamilton Street, Albany, NY 122 10. Environmental Advocates serves the people of New York as an effective and aggressive watchdog and advocate on virtually every important state environmental issue. Through advocacy, coalition building, citizen education and policy development, we work to safeguard public health and preserve our unique natural heritage. With thousands of individual supporters and over 130 organizational members, Environmental Advocates is truly the voice of New York's environmental community; Petitioner Environmental and Energy Study Institute (& BSl) is located at i22 C St. XW, Suice '700, lb'ashington, D. C. 20001. EESI is a Eon­ profit organization founded in 1982 by a bipartisan group of Members of Congress. EESI promotes public policy that sustains people, the environment and our natural resources. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20, 1999 3 .... ......... .. .... ...... ..... .. .... ... .­ .. .... EESI's wide­ ranging audience includes Congress and other national policymakers, as well as state and local officials, industry leaders, the public interest a ' community,­ the media, and the general public. EESI draws together timely information, innovative public policy proposals, policymakers, and stakeholders to seek solutions to environmental and energy problems. Petitioner Friends ofthe Earth is located at 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005 Friends of the Earth is a national environmental organization dedicated to preserving the health and diversity of the planet for future generations. A s the largest international environmental network in the world with affiliates in 63 countries, Friends of the Earth empowers citizens to have an influential voice in decisions affecting their environment. Petitioner FUZZ Circle Energy Ep­ oject, Inc. is located a t 6 Brooklawn Road, Wilbraham, MA 01095­ 2002. Full Circle Energy Project, Inc. is a non­ profit organization founded to enable environmentally sensible and sustainable energy resources to supply at least 50% of the total energy used in the United States. Its primary focus is on reducing the amount of fossil fuels used by the transportation sector. ­ Petitioner The Green Party oJRhode Island is located in Providence, RI. The Green Party of RI is a part of the international Green Party movement. In Rhode Island it has run candidates 'for a variety of offices, always focusing on environmental issues as well as justice, non violence, and democracy issues. Petitioner Greenpeace USA is located at 1436 U Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009. Greenpeace is one of the world's major environmental organizations with offices in 33 countries, including the United States of America, and over 3 million donating supporters worldwide. Greenpeace is a non­ profit organization devoted to the protection of the environment with an emphasis on global environmental problems such as climate change and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer, prevention of nuclear, chemical and biological pollution, and defense of biodiversity. Petitioner Network for Environmental and Economic Responsibility of the United Church of Christ, Washington Office, 1820 Sanford Road, Wheaton, MD 20902­ 4008. The Network for Environmental and Economic Responsibility (NEER) is a grmsroots, volunteer movement committed to mobilizing UCC persons, networks and resources for a holistic rninistrJr of learning, reflection, and action cognizant of the earth and its creatures. Network members believe that all living things on our planet are interdependent in a vast web of life. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Xssm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­October 20, 1999 4 .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. ,/ Petitioner New Jersey Environmental Watchis located c/ o St. John's Church, e * 61 Broad Street, Elizabeth, N J 07201. New Jersey Environmental Watch is a church based organization in New Jersey that seeks better air in their area and elsewhere. Recently, it recorded 40 percent of our Sunday School children had been hospitalized for asthma. I t is also in cancer alley and have greatly elevated cancer rates. The 14­ lane New Jersey Turnpike passes through Elizabeth, NJ the bottom 40 percent of the Newark Airport is located there as well, and Elizabeth is immediately downwind of the huge Bayway Tosco refine7 in Linden. ­ Petitioner New Mexico Solar Energy Association (NMSEA) is located at P. O. Box 8507 Santa Fe, NM 87505. NMSEA is an all volunteer organization working to further solar and related arts, sciences, and technologies with concern for the ecologic, social and economic fabr& of the region. It serves to inform public, institutional and government bodies and seeks to raise the level of public awareness of these purposes. Petitioner Oregon Environmental Council( OEC) is located at 520 SW 6& Avenue, Suite 940, Portland, OR 97204­ 1535. OEC, founded in 1968, is Oregon's oldest statewide environmental group. OEC works to restore and protect Oregon's water and air by creating and promoting environmental policies. Petitioner Public Citizen .is located at 2 15 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, Washington, DC 20003. Public Citizen, founded by Ralph Nader in 1971, is a non­ profit research, lobbying, and litigation organization based in'washington, DC. Public Citizen advocates for consumer protection and for government and corporate accountability, and is supported by over 150,000 members throughout the United States. .* .­ Petitioner Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) is located at 1 1 1 1 North 19th Street, Suite 260, Arlington, VA 22209. The Solar Energy industries Association (SEIA), founded in ­1974, is the U. S. industry organization composed of over 150 solar­ electric and solar thermal manufacturers, component suppliers, national distibutors and project developers, and an additional 400 companies in the SEIA­­ affiliated state and regional chapters covering 35 states. Petitioner The SUNDAY Campaign is located at 3 15 Circle Avenue, Suite #2, Takoma Park, MD 20912­ 4836. The SUN DAY Campaign is a non­ profit network of 850+ businesses and organizations founded in 1991 to promote increased use of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies. Areas of work include research on sustainable energy technologies, electric utility restructuring, climate change, and the federal energy budget. Projects include publication of a weekly Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20, 1999 5 ... . . . . . . . . ­ .. .. .. .. , P / newsletter, an annual series of directories of sustainable energy organizations, and other studies. *` ­ " STATEMENT OF LAW Clean Air Act, Section 302( g), 42 U. S. C. 3 7602( g): The term "air pollutant" means any air pollution agent or combination of such agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, radioactive (including source material, `special nuclear material, and byproduct material) substance or matter which is emitted into or otherwise e n t e s ambient air. Such term includes any precursors to the formation of any air pollutant, to the extent the Administrator has identified such precursor or precursors for the particular purpose for which the term "air pollutant" is used. Clean Air Act, Section 202( a)( l), 42 U. S. C. $j 7521( a)( 1): ­ \ The Administrator shall by regulation prescribe (and from time to time revise) in accordance with the provisions of this section, standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine, which in his judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may be reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. Such standards shall be applicable to such vehicles and engines for the useful life ... whether such vehicle or engines are designed as complete systems or incorporate to devices to prevent the control of such pollution. U. S. Constitution, amendment I Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U. S. C. § 551, et seq. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Xssm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ Octobcr 20, 1999 6 .. ............ .. .... .. ... ....... ...... ...... ... ... .... ­ ............. ­ .. : .". , , ,". ,/` I / All other applicable statutes and regulations. 4 4 ­ BRIEF STATEMENT OF FACT The Earth's temperature is increasing. Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (" NOM'), the U. S. Regional Climate Centers, and the World Meteorological Organization all agree that 1998 was the walmest yeal­ on rec01­ d.~ The temperature increase's recorded in 1998 represent a steady trend over the past twenty years of record breaking global surface temperature^.^ The United Nations intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (" IPCC"), an authoritative body of more than &o thousand of the world's leading climate change scientists, stated that the emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (TO,"), methane (" CH,"), nitrous oxide (" N, O"), and hydrofluorocarbons (" HFCs") [hereinafter referred to collectively as "greenhouse ­ gases"], are significantly accelerating this current warming trend. 6 Human activities are increasing the concentration of heat trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the effect is called global warming. Due to these high fossil fuel emission levels, the IPCC warned that: carbon dioxide remains the most important contributor to anthropogenic forcing of climate change: projections of future global mean temperature change and sea level rise confirrn'the potential for human activities t o alter Earth's climate to extent unprecedented in human hist01­ y.~ ' ­ 4 National Oceanic and At~ nospheric Adrninistration (January 12, 1999), h~ tp: l/~~~~ w. ncdc. noaa. povlol/ climate/ rese~ rch/ 199S/ ann/ ann9S. html. 5 ­ Id. 6 United Katiox Enviroi1mcntal Prograinme (UXEP)/ lYorld bleteoroiogical Organization (WhiO), Clirnate Change 193j: The Science of Clilnate Chance. Technical Sunirrlary of Workin: Group I of the Inter, oovernmentnl Panel on Climate Chanze [hereinafter Climate Change 1995, Pet. Ex. 11. 7 ­ Id. at 3. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPX ­ October 20,1999 7 . ­.. .......... .. ......... .. .. ........... .... / I /". 1 .". Approximately 90% of U. S. greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic , sources occurs because of the combustion of fossil U. S. mobile sourc& are responsible­ for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, in the 4 United States, the fossil fuel CO, emissions from cars and light trucks are higher than the total nationwide CO, emissions from all but three other countries (China, Russia, and Japan). ' This anthropogenic forcing of clinlate change will affect not only the environment, but will also significantly impact human health. At a conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, cosponsored by the National Science and Technolorn Council and the I'dstitute of Medicine, Vice President Al Gore outlined the potential health risks caused by global walming and stated that measures must be taken to safeguard the American people." Additionally, the conference participants stated that the lack of complete data on this issue should not be used as an excuse for inaction." Instead, the participants urged governments to apply the precautionary principle to its decision making concerning globa1, warming. l2 Embodied in this request is an understanding that ­ the tremendous potential risks to public health posed by global warming dictate that governments must act with precaution and take all prudent steps necessary 8 U. S. Department of Energy, TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE U. S. GREENHOUSE GAS ElMISSIONS, xiii (Oct. 1997). 9 John DeCicco and Marlin Thomas, GREEN GUIDE TO CARS AND TRUCKS, 2 (1999). l o The Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, September 11, 1995, at 4 [hereinafter Conference on Human Health and Global Cli~ nate Change, Pet. Ex. 21. 1 1 ­ Id. at 1. Int'l. C t r . for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1999 .... .... ... .. , . ,_ . , I .. . , . :­. ­ . . : % .. .... .......... .. ....... ..,. ­ .­ .... ... .. .... ......... ... ...... .. i ­ ­ `,"­ to reduce the emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Within the context of United States governmental decision making: the precautionq principle is embraced by the Clean AirAct (" CAA"), a statute allowing for the implementation of a regulatory framework mandating the reduction of greenhouse gases. Under the CAA, the Administrator is pennitted to nlalre a precautional? decision to regulate pollutants in order to protect public health and ~e1fare. l~ In addition to the precautionary nature of the CAA, the Administrator has a mandatory duty to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles under 202( a)( l) of the CAA. Petitioners urge the Administrator to reduce the effects idf global warnling by regulating the emission I of greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles. 4 ­ ARGUMENT I. GREENHOUSE GAS EVISSIONS FROM NEW MOTOR VEHICLES MUST BE REGULATED UNDER Q 202( a.[ l) OF THE CLEAN ATR ACT. Under 5 202( a)( l) of the Clean Air Act, 42 U. S. C. 5 7521( a)( 1), the Administrator is directed to prescribe standards for the emission of greenhouse gases from new motor vehiclesI4 if she has determined that: (1) the emission of a . greenhouse gas is an "air pollutant" and is emitted from new motor vehicles; and [Z) the emission causes or contributes to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. For the .reasons contained herein, the Administrator has made such determinations .for greenhouse gases, I ? ­ See H. R. Rep. No. 291, 95: ' Conp.. i'! Sess. 49 (1 4 i i ). I' Section 202 applies to new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines. Hereinafter, petitioners' reference t o "neiv motor vehicles" also applies to "new motor vehicle engines." Int` l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm` t. Legal Petition to EPA ­ Octobcr 20,1999 9 ... .. .. ......... .. ... ....... ... ­. . .... ....... ". . .. .. ,/ / ­\ I ". , including CO,, CH,, N, O, and HFCs. and petitioners request the Administrator to undertake her mandatory duty to regulate these as directed by $ZOZ( a)( l) of the CAA. a * ­ A. Greenhouse Gases Meet The Definition Of 'Rir Pollutant" Under The Clean Air Act And Are Emitted From New Motor Vehicles. Pursuant to 5 302( g), 42 U. S. C. 5 7602( g), of the CAA, an "air pollutant" is defined as: any air pollutant agent or combination of such agents including any physical,$ hemical, biological, radioactive (including source material, special nuclear material, and byproduct material) substance or matter which is emitted into or othenvise enters ambient air. Such term includes any precursors to the formation of any air pollutant, to the extent the Administrator had identified ­ such precursors or precursors for the particular purpose for which the term "airpollutant" is used. .. Courts have interpreted this definition in an extremely broad manner. 15 The greenhouse gas emissions that. the petitioners request the Administrator to regulate under 5 202( a)( l) meet the CAA's broad statutory definition of "air pollutant" and are emitted from new motor vehicles. (1) Emission of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide (CO,) meets the 5 3 0 2 0 definition. Over the last several decades, levels of CO, emissions have sharply risen causing the natural equilibrium of emissions and absorption to fall out of balance. Although CO, is I5 Alabama Power Co.. Y. Costle. 636 F. 2d 323,353 (D. C. Cir. 1979). Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ October 20,1999 10 .­ . . ­ .. .. . . ­. .. ­ . ~.. ~. . . . . .. . .. .. .. eo, levels and disrupted this natural equilibrium. I6 In fact, the U. S. Climate 4 4 Action Report's "Greenhouse Inventory," submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, states that CO, is considered the most. significant greenhouse gas in the U. S. because it encompasses eighty­ five percent of the total U. S. greenhouse gas emissions. l7 Due to the global warnling dangers connected with the high emissions of CO,, this greenhouse gas satisfies the definition of "air pollutant" under the C M . ­ Additionally, mobile sources emit significant amounts of CO,. The transportation sector contributes over 30% of U. S. greenhouse gas CO, emissions from fossil fuel combustion. '' Alrhbst two­ thirds of the emissions come from automobiles and the remaining emissions come from trucks and aircraft. 19 The greenhouse gas emissions from transportation sources are predicted to grow faster than any other emission source. 2o ­ Finally, the agency has already made a legal determination that CO, meets the definition contained in 3 302( 9). In an April 10, 1998, memorandum t o the Administrator, EPA General Counsel Jonathan 2. Cannon found that the broad definition of 5 302( g) "states that .'air pollutant' includes any physical, chemical biological, or radioactive substance or matter that is emitted into or othenvise enters ambient air. SO,, NO,, CO, and mercury from electric power generation are each a . "physical [and] chemical . . . substance which is emitted into . . . the ambient air," and hence, each is an air pollutant within the meaning ofthe Clean .. l6 ' Greenhouse Gas Inventory. U. S. Climate Action Report 7 (I 997) [hereinafter U. S. Climate Action Report, Ex. 31. 17 ­ Id. IS Department of Enerpy: Reducing Greenhouse Transportation Sector Emissions, l ~~t p ://w t v ~~.e s d .o ~~~l .~o v /b ~~p i b i o ~~i ~~~r ~~l u c i n ~.h ~~~~i . 19 U. S. Climare Action Report, Ex. 3 at. S. ­ Id. 20 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assnl't. Legal Petition to EPX ­ Octoher 20,1999 11 MI­ Act." 21 The memorandum further notes that Congress explicitly recognized CO, emissions as an "air pollutant" under 3 103Ig) of the Clean Air Recently, EPA again made this legal determination during hearings before Congress. 23 4 a ­ (2) Emission of Methane Methane (CH,) should also be considered an "air pollutant" under 3 302( g) of the CAA because of its contribution to global warning. The U. S. Climate Action Report indicates that CH, "is estimated to be twenty­ one times more effective at trapping heat in the drnosphere than CO, over a 100­ year time horizon." 24 During the past two centuries, CH, concentrations have more than doubled due to human a~ tivities.~~ Because CH, is a potent greenhouse gas, it satisfies the definition of "air pollutant" under the CAA. Furthermore, motor vehicles fueled by gasoline emit CH,. The EPAs most recent inventory of greenhouse gas emissions indica& that in 1997 gasoline powered cars, trucks, and heavy­ duty vehicles emitted 1.2 MMTCE of CH, 26 ­ 21 Johnathan Z. Cannon, Memorandum toCarol M. Browner, Adminsitrator, "EPA's Authority to Regulate Pollutants Emitted by Electric Power Generation Sources." (April 10, 1998). 22 ­ Id. 23 . Testimony of Gary S. Guzy, General Counsel, U. S. E. P. A., before a Joint Heaing of the Subcornmitttee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resurces and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Refornl and the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, United States House of Representatives. (October 6, 1999). 26 EPA, Inventorv of US. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990­ 1997.36 (Mar. 1999). Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October10,1999 .. ...... .. ­ ... .... 12 ,/ i I / e. (3) Emission of Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide (N20) is a greenhouse gas that is produced naturally by biological s k r c e s in soil and water. ,However, over the past two centuries, N, O levels have increased by eight percent due to human activities. 27 The U. S. Climate Action Report explains that ``[ wlhile N20 emissions [sic] are much lower than CO, emissions, N, O is approximately 3 10 times more powerful than CO, at trapping heat in the atmosphere over a 100­ year hori~ on."~~ As a result, N, O meets the CAA definition of "air pollutant." b ` This greenhouse gas is also emitted from motor vehicles during fossil fL1el cornbu~ tion.~~ Due to the installati+ of catalytic converters, a device designed to reduce air pollution, the volume of N20 emitted from motor vehicles has 1­ isen. 3~ (4) Emission of Hydrofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is a powerful greenhouse gas that meetsthe , definition of "air pollutant" under th'e CAA. HFCs were introduced as alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons, which aie ozone depleting s ~b s t a n c e .~' Although these gases do not directly destroy ozone, they do contribute to global ~m r m i n g .~~ HFCs impact the ambient air by contributing to global warning as much as 10,000 times that of C0,. 33 The emissions of HFCs from motor vehicles have increased .* 27 U. S. Climate Action Report, Ex. 3 at 13. .. 11 ­ Id. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legnl Petition to EPA ­ Oclober 20, 1999 13 since 1993 due to the use of HFC­ 134a in mobile air ~0nditioner. s.~~ ­ As discussed above, the four greenhouse gases subject to this petition have been detei­ mined to accelerate global warming. Additionally, the agency has already made the determination that CO, is an "air po1lutant" as defined under the C M . Accordingly, similar determinations that the emissions of CH,, N, O, and HFCs from motor vehicles also meet the definition of "air pollutant" under 5 302( g) of the CAA follow. B. The Emission Of G r e e n h o d Gases Contributes To Pollution Which IS Reasonably Anticipated To Endanger Public Health And Welfare. Pursuant to the requirements of §202( a)( 11, greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles must also be regulated under the CAA because of their endangemlent to public health or welfare. When determining what constitutes an endangerment to public health and welfare, the CAA does not require proof of actual harm. Instead, the Administrator is permitted to make a precautionary decision to regulate a pollutant if it "may reasonably be anticipated". to endanger public health or welfare. 35 This requirement is confirmed by the CAA's legislative history. The House Report accompanying the 1977 Anvmdrnents states that one of the CAA's purposes is "Itlo emphasize the preventive or precautionary nature of the act, i. e., to assure that regulatory action can effectively prevent harm before it occurs; to emphasize the predominant value of protection of public health." 36 As ,. 3­ 1 U. S. Climate Action Report, Ex. 3 at 16. .. Engine Mfr. Ass'n v. EPA, 85 F. 3d 1075, 1099 (D. C. Cir. 1996): See also, Lead Industries Assoc., 647 15 F. 2d at I156 (explaining that the 1977 CAA amendments made the threshold decision to regulate air pollutants p w w i u 1 I .q i r l ~~`t ~u r e .~. H. R. Rep. No. 294. 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 49 (1977)( stn! inp that Congress used the phrase "may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare" to emphasize the precautionan. nature of the CAA. This phrase is present i n sections lOS, 11 1, 112, 202, 21 1, and 231 .> Int` l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPX ­ Octoher 20,1999 14 .. . .. ­ .. .. . ­. . ­­ _­. . .. .. .. . . ­ ._ ." i". .. .. ­ .. . ._... .. . . .. enumerated below, the EPA and other federal agencies have already made numerous findings that greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles are air pollutafits reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. Therefore, the Administrator has the statutory obligation to regulate the emissions of air pollutants from new motor vehicles under 5 202( a)[ l) in order to prevent future harm. a ' (1). The Emission of Greenhouse Gases Will Endanger Public Health. The IPCC reports that greenhouse gas emissions are significantly accelerating current warming trends and estimates that by the year 2100, the Earth's temperature will have changed by two degrees Cel~ ius.~ ' As a result of increased temperatures, the EPA reports that certain infectious diseases may become more prevalent in geographic areas that were once free from the threat of such diseases. 38 In particular, glohal walming may increase vector­ born diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, encephalitis, and hantavirus alongwith increasing water­ born diseases such as choiera, toxic algae, and cryptosporidiosis. Changing climate conditions will also increase the likelihood of direct effects on human health, including heat stress, skin cancer, cataracts, and immune suppression. ­ (a). GlobalWarming Increases the Threat of Infectious Diseases. 1. Increases in Vector­ borne Diseases. Infectious diseases kill over seventeen million people each year. 39 Vector­ borne diseases, usually caused by a microbial, insect or small mammal vector, 37 Jonathan A. Patz, Public Health Effects of Climate Change Svnthesis of the IPCC Findings, 2 (i 996) [i~ cIci~~ ai'tcI FCC, EL 41. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­October 20,1999 15 .. cause a large portion of those fatalities4' The spread of vector­ borne diseases is a serious concern because disease vectors are sensitive to climate variation& 41 e * Malaza is the most prevalent vector­ born disease. Although this disease generally occurs in the tropics and subtropics, the U. S. i s not immune from this disease as indicated by the latest Center for Disease Control (`` CDC") report. 42 The CDC reports a 15% increase in cases of malaria in the U. S from 1994 th1­ u 1995.43 Unseasonably waml weather increases the transmission of malaria. Consequently, the IPCC reports that more than one million additional fatalities from malaria is estimated to occur by the middle of the next century due to global \varming. 44 3 Dengue and Dengue hemomhagic fever is a painful flu­ like illness transmitted by a mosquito bite that is increasing not only in the tropics, but also in the Americas. 45 Warmer temperatures contribute to the spreading of this disease to higher latitudes and altitudes. 46 In fact, dengue was "observed in Mexico at an unprecedented altit; Ghe of 1,700 meters during an unseasonably warm summer in 1988." 47 The 'IPCC report states that, when temperatures ­ .. ­ Id. at Table 18­ 3 (data on the diseases that are likely to be affected by climate change). 41 ­ Id. at 7. 43 Malaria Surveillance ­ United States, 1995, 44 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 8. ­ 12. 45 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20, 1999 16 ... .. ... ..... .... .. ........ ...... ... .......... ....... ........ .. .. .~ .... .. ..... " .. ~ .. ­ .. . " I / i ' :­ I h increase, more infectious mosquitos hatch resulting in more people being bitten. 4s Arboviral encephalitis is another vector­ borne disease that is highly correlated towarm temperatures. .Outbreaks of this disease have occurred in the U. S. after several clays when the temperature exceeded eighq­ five degrees F a h r e n l ~e i t .~~ Heavy rainfall during winter months and drought during summer months is another predictor for this disease. The effect of global climate change predicted fox­ the U. S. is warnl, wet winters and hot, dry summers. These conditions foster an environment for the spread of arboviral en~ eph, alitis.~~ a * Hantavirus is a deadly infectious disease caused by infected deer mice or cotton rats. 51 The CDC reported an aftltbreak of this illness in the southwest U. S in 1993.52 This epidemic occurred when six years of drought preceded heavy spring rains. 53 This ecological change resulted in an increase of the rodent population ten times its normal size and, consequently, caused the outbreak of hanta~ i­ irus.~~ Reports of this disease have occurred in the western U. S. and in. a few eastern ­ ,. .* 49 Jonathan A. Patz and Paul R. Epstein, et al., Global Climate Chance and Emercine Infectious Diseases. JAMA 219­ 220 (1996) [hereinafter JAMA]. ­ Id. at 220. 51 Center for Disease Control, Hantavirus, Public Information area, http:// www. cdc. gov/ ncidod/ diseaseslhant~ ps/ nofr~ mes/ consumer. htm. 52 JAMA, at 2 17. 'j . Center for Disease Control, HPS Case Information, h t t p ://w w n ..c d c ..o v l n c i d o d l d i s e n s e s /h a n .h t m . Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assnl't. Legal Petitiun to EPA ­ October 20,1939 17 / / / , ,," ' ­. 2. Increases in Water­ borne Diseases. ­ During the past century, sea surface temperatures have increased 0.7 degrees C e i s s i ~s .~~ Increased temperature and nutrient water promotes the growth of toxic algae. 5' Toxic algae is dangerous because it causes shell­ fish poisoning which may h a m humans, sea mammals, and sea birds. 58 4 ' Increased algae growth can also stimulate the incidence of cholera. Zooplankton feeds on algae and can serve as a reservoir for Vibrio ch01el­ a.~~ Increased algae blooms may increase the proliferation of a cholera epidemic. In Latin America, large coastal algae blooms are suspected to have perpetuated a cholera epidemic. 60 The IPCC repod that cholera may increase in the U. S. as sea temperatures increase. 61 The most widespread waterborne disease in the US. is cryptosporidiosis. 62 This disease occurs when floods, heavy rains, and snow melts cause run­ off on agricultural dairy farrns contaminating the water. 63 For example, in 1993, Milwaukee reported 403,000 cas& 'of this disease after experiencing unusually heavy spring rains and melting Rising sea levels will also affect the spread ­ .. 56 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 8. 57 JAMA at 220 (nutrient waters develop from fertilizer runoff and sewage releases). 5s ­ Id. and IPCC, Ex. 4 at 12 (explaining that a species of toxic algae that was previously confitled to the Gulf of Mexico traveled north after "a parcel of warm gulf stream water" rose up the east coast and the result was human shellfish poisonings and substantial fishkills). 59 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 8. ­ Id. 60 61 ­ Id at 12. 63 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 12. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPX ­ October 20,1999 18 ... " .. ......... .. ... ­. .. ...... .. I . .. , .? , F. i of this disease because saline water extends the viability of this disease. 65 Thus, significant research has shown that climate change affects the spyead of numeroas and life­ threatening vector­ borne and water­ borne diseases. TO 8 protect public health by reducing the threat and spread of these diseases, EPA must immediately regulate the emissions of greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles under 5 202( a)( l). (b). Global Warming Will Have Direct Effects on Human Health. 1. Increases in Heat Stress. The EPA reports that "the mo2t direct effect of climate change would be the impacts of hotter Hotter temperatures affect the young, the elderly, and people with heart problems and causes increased cases of heat exhaustion, respiratory problems, and even death. 67 The IPCC reports that the U. S. is expected to `` warm disproportionately more than tropical and, subtropical The effects from this temperature increase can be determined by reviewing­ data from past heat waves. The IPCC explains that data taken from Philadelphia during 1973 to 1988 shows that there is a relationship between temperature, humidity, and rn~ rtality.~ ' Based on data taken from several North Arnerican cities, the IPCC predicts that "the annual number of heat­ related deaths would approximately double by 2020 and would increase 6s ­ Id. 66 EPA, global warming, http:// www. epa. go~/ globalwarmin~ i~ npacts~ ealth/ index. ht~~. 15' Id. (explaining that higher temperatures increase ozone at ground level which can cause respiratory problems) and see Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, Ex. 2 at 9 (reporting that 726 people dicd i n 1995 durins n heawave i n Chicaso). IPCC, Ex. 4 at 1 1. ­ 65 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assnl't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1999 19 . " . .. ­ .~ . .~ .......... .. .. ,/ , */ ' I ­ _­ several­ fold by 2050." 70 ­ ­ 2. Increases in Skin Cancer, Cataracts, and Immune Suppression. Greenhouse gases prevent heat from entering the stratosphere. As a result, ice clystal fornlations increase in the upper stratosphere destroying the ozone laye~­.~ l Ozone destruction increases the amount of ultraviolet­ B radiation entering the earth's surface, which impacts public health by directly contributing to skin cancer, cataracts, and immune suppression. A CDC report indicates that most of the top ten cancers declined between 1990 and 1995 except for inciden'ce of skin cancer. 72 Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the U S and the incidence of melanoma has doubled since 1973. '3 The U. S. National Cancer Institute explains that "[ nlearly all skin cancers occur in fair­ skinned individuals who have been exposed to the sun, x­ rays, or ultraviolet light for prolonged periods." '* The participants at the Conference on Human Health and Global Climat­ Change predict that skin cancer will increase tsvo percent for every one percent decrease in stratospheric o~ one. '~ ­ Ultraviolet B­ radiation is also associated with the development of cataracts. 'O ­ Id. 71 ­ Id. at 10. Center for Disease Control, 1998 News Release, 12 l ~t t ~:/l w ~v ~~~.c d c .~o ~l /n c h s ~~~~~~l r ~l ~~s ~s ~9 S n e ~v s l 9 S n e w s l c a n c e r .l ~t m 72 American Cancer Society, Skin Cancer ­ Melanoma, http: l/ w~~ w3. cancer. or9/ cancerinfo/ mni1~ cont, asp? st= wi& ct= jO. 73 Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, Ex. 2 at 12, Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legnl Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1999 20 ,/ , .­ i _I Half of the blindness in the world is attributed to ~ataracts. '~ IPCC predicts that a ten percent loss of stratospheric ozone will result in approximately 1.7 million additional cases of cataracts 1 ` Inlmune suppression is also a direct effect from global warming. The Ipcc report states that "UV light has been shown to cause immune suppression in both animal and human studies."` S Immunosuppression decreases the strength of the human immune system. Therefore, the human health effects of climate change \vi11 also be exacerbated by increasing humans' susceptibility to heat stress, skin cancer, and cataracts. These direct threats to p'tiblic health immediately mandate the EPA to regulate the emissions of greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles under 5 202( a) (1). ­ @I. The Emission of Greenhouse Gases Will Endanger PubZic Welfare. In. addition to endangering public health, the emission of greenhouses gases 1. will also harm the public welfare: Under the CAA, public "welfare" is defined as: All language referring to effects on welfare includes, but is not limited to, effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, manmade materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate, damage to and deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation, as well as effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well­ being, whether caused by transformation, conversion, or combination with other air pollutant^.^ ' 76 IPCC, Ex. 4 at IO. ­ Id. ­ Id. 77 7s 79 42 U. S. C. 3 7602( h)( emphasis added); See, Engine iWr. Ass'n. 85 F. 3d at 1099 (Reaffirming the broad authority of the Administrator to make this determination). Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EP. A ­ Oclober 20, 1999 There have been numerous EPA findings that greenhouse gas emissions will endanger "public welfare" as defined by this section of the CAA. In fact, the EPA e has research­ ed the potential environmental impacts from climate change and * reports that global warming will significantly harm the environment. (a), Global Warming Will Harm Environmental Welfare. The emission of greenhouse gases and the consequential effects of global warming will severely h a m the quality of the United States environment. Global warming will harm, inter alia, water resources, rangelands, forests, non­ tidal wetlands, fisheries and birds. .d 1. Harm to Water Resources. Evaporation and precipitation is expected to increase due to global warning. The EPA predicts that ``[ l] ower river flows and lower lake levels could imfair navigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water quality, and reduce the supplies of water available for agriculture, residential, and industrial uses. ''80 Furthermore, increased rainfall will likely result in flooding. 81 2. Harm to Rangelands and Forests. Global warming willlikely harm grazing activities on both federal and private lands. The EPA predicts the decrease in the availability of water in these areas will ham the economic viability of grazing on rangelands. 62 As temperatures increase, many North American forests will shift to the s2 Id. at http:// w~ v~~. epa.~ o~/ globalwarn~ ing/ impactslranpelands/ index. html. ­ Int'i. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legni Petition to EPh ­ 0ctol) er 20,1999 22 .. .­ ,.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ." .. . . . . .­ .~. .. ­. . .. .­ .. . .. i north. s3 Tfie distance that trees will have to migrate will depend on how fast temperatures increase. s4 As temperatures increase, the soil will become >riel­, which tvill escalate the likelihood of forest fires? Also, changes in pest 4 ­ populations will negatively affect the survival of forests. SG Furthernore, the EPA reports that wildlife that depend on the habitat of nature reserves may be vulnerable because these areas may no longer be located ina climate suitable for the S L I ~~V ~I of many speciess7 3. Hwm to Non­ tidal Wetlands. Wetlands serve several purpbkes in protecting the environment. \Vetlands provjide a habitat for birds and fish and also prevent run­ off pollution from falms and other sources from entering rivers, lakes, and streams. 8s The EPA explains that the impact on wetlands from changing climate is uncertain because it ­ depends on the amount of rainfall received by vetl land^.^^ If wetland areas receive a decrease in rainfall, then the arc& will become drier and significantly impair the wetland's f ~~n c t i o n .~~ Dry land will force fanners to increase their use of irrigation which may further drain wetland^.^ ' If the wetland areas receive an increase in 83 Id. at http:// www. epa. gov/ elobalwarmin~ impacts/ forests/ index. html. ­ S­ 1 Id. (EPA recognizes the uncertainties that exist pertaining to changing climate and migrating forests) . ­ 86 ­ Id. ­ Id. 87 83 ­ Id. at hltp: Nwww. epa. gov/ plobal\~ arminp/ impa~ ts/~ vet~ an~ s/ index. ht~. ­ It!. 89 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm'f. Lcgnl Petition to EPA ­ Octoher 20,1999 23 .. .. . .. . .. / I? .­ ­. rainfall, then flooding will occur. 92 Flooding will force people to move out of hazardous areas, which will benefit wetlands by allowing them to form. HoIVever, if people build dams in order to prevent flooding, which is likely, then the new structures, along with the decrease in flooding, will prevent wetlands from forming. 93 I 8 4. Harm to Fisheries. The EPA reports that climate change may impact inland fisheries, coastal fisheries, and ocean fi~ heries. '~ Increased water temperatures may be too warm for some species of fish. gJ Global mhxiing might also harm many species of fish by changing the chemical composition of the water by decreasing the amount of oxygen and increasing the pollution and salinity level? Species that are dependent on wetlands for habitat and food would also be hamed if wetlands de~ rease. '~ ­ 5. H a m to Bird Popdations. Global warming may impact birds by altering their life cycles. The National Audubon Society's bird data reveals that, during warming years, birds do not fly as far south and during the summer months, birds fly farther north. 98 The EPA indicates that this change in migration may be harmful to birds because the 92 ­ Id. ­ Id. 93 94 EPA., Global Warming. hltp:// www. epa. pov/~ loba~~~ armin~ impacts/ fisheries/ inde. u. ht~~~. 95 ­ Id. ­ id. 96 91 ­ Id. Int` l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ October 20, 1999 24 vegetation and insects they rely upon may take decades to synchronize with the birds' change in m i g r a t i ~n .~~ ­ S I ­ Additionally, habitat loss due to global Ivarming %vi11 impact many bird species. Rising sea levels will decrease estuarine beaches, which are habitats for the least tern, an endangered species." ' The loss of wetlands and decreasing shellfish levels \vi11 also impact many species. lo' As discussed above, EPA recognizes that the environmental welfare of the United States is impacted by the emission of greenhouse gases and the effects of global n­ arnling. The impacts include, inter alia, direct ham1 to our water resources, rangelancls, forests, non­ tidal a wetlands, fisheries, and birds. Although there may be some uncertainties concerning the extent of these impacts from global warming, EPA must exercise precaution and mitigate these impacts by regulating the emissions of greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles un& r 5 202( a)( 1) of the CAA. ,. .i (b). Global Warming Will Harm Human Welfare. The emission of greenhouse gases and resulting global warming will also severely ham the human welfare of the United States' population. Global warming will harm, inter­ alia, food production, nutritional health, weather pattems, sea­ levels, water quality and quantity, and respiratory health. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal l'etition Io EPA ­ Octoher 20,1999 25 i ,i 1. Harm to Food Production and NutritionaZ'HeaZth. ­ Global warming is expected to change crop productivity. '02 Agricultural productivity may increase in some regions initially but longer­ term adaptation is e I ­ not as likely due to changes in plant physiology and the questionable availability of an adequate water supply. Global warming may adversely affect ag~ icultural production by reducing soil moisture through evapotranspiration and through extreme weather such as droughts, flooding, and tropical storms. lo4 The IPCC report explains that one of the long tern1 effects of global warming will be altered plant diseases and pest infestations. lo5 As a result of these climate change affects on agriculture, an estimated 40­ 306 xnillion additional people worldwide may be a t risk from hunger. lo6 2. Weather­ Related Ham and Rising Sea Levels. ­ Extreme weather is predicted as a result of changing climate condition^. '^^ More floods may occur due to the'increased rain fall and more tropical cyclones are expected because of wanner sea surface temperatures. '0s Extreme weather will. not only create physical harm and structural damage, but will also create ­ 102 See generally, International Rice Research Institute and American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Climate and Food Security" 1989. IO? Jonathan A. Patz, MD, MPH, "Public Health Effects of Climate Change: Synthesis of the Ipcc Findings" Statcment Prepared for a Roundtable Discussion of Senalor Lieberman, 8 (June 1 1996). I O J . ' IPCC, Ex. 4 at 8. I "6 I1) 7 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 9. ­ Id. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ Octolm 20,1999 26 . breeding sites for insects and rodents cawing disease. '09 The IPCC anticipates that global warming will also encourage human dislocation from geographically ­ 4 * ­ vulnerable areas." ' Droughts in West Afiica have already forced mass migrations." ' Sea level rises are occuning rapidly in the U. S. The EPA estimates that "along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, a one foot (30 cm) rise in sea level is likely by 2050 and could occur as soon as 2025. In the next century, a two foot rise is most likely, but a four foot rise is possible.""* Developed areas will probably attempt to protect their property with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures, however, not all property will be pdtected and consequently, many people living in coastal areas will be forced to relocate." 3 I 3, H a m to Water Quality and Quantity. ­ Rising sea levels will increase the salinity of surface and ground water. '14 The EPA reports that­ New York, ghiladelphia, and much of California's Central Valley will be susceptible to salty water during droughts if sea levels nse, '15 Climate effects will also increase. flooding and water shortages. 'I6 ro9 ­ Id. ­ Id. ­ Id. 110 116 IPCC, Ex. 4 at 9. Int'l. Ctr. For Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1999 27 ." . . . . . . . . ­. . ­ .. 4. Harm From Air Pollution and Allergens. The industrial processes that produce greenhouse gases also produce air po1lutants. 'l7 In the U. S., air pollution causes 70,000 deaths and one million hospitalizations annually. '" The participants at the Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change predict that as pollution from greenhouse gases increases, "the health effects of air pollution on a global scale could be Hotter temperatures and humidity may also lead to increased levels of plant pollen, which in t u ~m would increase the cases of asthma and hay fever." ' 4 e ­ I n sum, significant scientific rGsearch and numerous EPA findings conclude . that greenhouse gases will' adversely affect human health and welfare in the United States by causing global warming. Based on these determinations, EPA must regulate the emissions of greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles under 5 202( a)( 1) of the CAA in order to mitigate the harmful impacts of global warming on both the environmental and hilman welfare. ­ II. IT IS TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE T O REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM NEW MOTOR VEHICLES. Agency action under 5 202 will allow the EPA to implement a variety of regulatory standards to control greenhouse gas emissions. As contained in 5 202, standards set under 5 202 authority "shall be applicable to such vehicles and engines for the useful life . . . whether such vehicle or, engines are designed as complete systems or incorporate devices to prevent the control of such pollution." ' I 7 Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, Ex. 2 at 13. I I 9 ­ Id. at 14. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ October 20, 1999 25 .. . .. .. .. . . ­. .. .. .. . . ".. . .­ / , Accordingly, this language allows the EPA latitude to utilize a number of options ­ to address new motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions s o long as the options require the incorporation of complete systems or devices that reduce such 8 ` ­ emissions. Major automakers have already introduced car and truck designs that significantly reduce vehicle­ related COz fonxation, and many of these are already available to consumers and institutional purchasers at competitive prices. These vehicles generally rely on one of two strategies for reducing CO, emissions: increasing fuel economy and/ or eliminating tailpipe emissions altogether. Standards assuring their rapid market adoption of these vehicles are necessary increases in new vehicle greenhoud gas emissions. A. Standards for Sncreased Corporate Average Fuel Economy. lZ1 According to the U. S. Department of Energy, "[ Tlhe fuel economy of avehicle ­ is directly related to its emissions of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas." Furthermore, $PA added that: [Elven though today's new vehicles cause much less air pollution than in the past, their greenhouse gas emissions are as high as they were 15 years ago. A vehicle's greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to its fuel economy. Every gallon of gasoline that you use in a vehicle adds about 20 pounds of carbon dioxide to fie atmosphere." '22 The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard for 1999 is 27.5 mpg, though the actual average fuel economy is somewhat lower than this because automakers are permitted to employ credits generated through an averaging, banking, and trading program. Also, light trucks, which make up a growing It! US. DOE, "Model Year 1999 Fuel Economy Guide," DOEEE­ 0175, (JVashington, DC: October 1998) at 2. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. .. issm't. Legal Pcti: ion tu EPA ­ Octoher 20, 1999 29 i segment of passenger vehicle sales, are subject to less stringent fuel economy standards. Complete vehicle systems and incorporated devices that yould ~ significantly reduce new vehicle CO, emissions are currently in development or on the road. For example, the Union of Concerned Scientists has developed a blueprint for a sport utility vehicle utilizing devices that would emit 32 percent less CO, than comparable models now for ~a 1 e .f ~~ In addition, automakers have shown that the technology is available to support a more stringent CAF'E standard. For the 1999 model year, a number of traditional, gasoline­ powered cars achieve fuel economy ratings of at least 40 rnpg on the highway. These include the Chevrolet Metro (1.0 liter/ 3 cylinder engine, 41 mpg city/ 47 mpg highway); Honda Civic HX (1.6/ 4, 35/ 43), Mitsubishi Mirage (1.5/ 4,33/ 40), SatumSL( 1.9/ 4,29/ 40), Suzukiswift( l. 3/ 4,39/ 40), andToyota Tercel (1.5/ 4, 32/ 40). 124 3 Even better fuel economy ratings are achievable. In 199 1, ­the Congressional Office of Technoloakssessment established a list of strategies for improving vehicle fuel economy. Many remain viable. These automotive technology and design improvements include: weight reduction, aerodynamic drag reduction, improved tires and lubricants, advanced engine friction reduction, two­ stroke engines, and continuously variable transmissions that ensure optimal ' vehicle efficiency at all speeds. '25 12.3 David Welch, "Fuel­ Efficient Sport­ Utility Is Envisioned," Detroit Neb\. s, July 16, 1999, at ~1 5 . Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assrn't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1399 30 B. Increased Adoption of Hybrid and Non­ Fossil Fuel The setting of standards under 3 202 will create 4 8 ­ ,/ Vehicles. the rapid market ­ introduction of hybrid­ electric and zero emission vehicles. By encouraging the development of this technology, the agency can effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions from new vehicles. Ilybricl technologies utilize entirely new systems combining a gasoline­ powered engine and a batteqr­ powered electric motor. The energy used to charge the battely is typically generated by the gasoline engine. Toyota has sold neal­ ly 30,000 of its hybrid­ electric Prius i n Japan since December 1997, and plans to release the model in the United Stdtes in 2000. In a recent 4,200­ mile cross­ continent trip, the Prius demonstrated a fuel economy of over 60 miles per gallon. 126 Other automakers are also working on hybrid models. Honda plans to begin selling the Insight hybrid­ electric vehicle in the United States in December of this year. The company claims that the car will get 84 miles per gallon of gasoline. General Motors, Ford, &l DainllerChrysler are also developing hybrid­ electric vehicles, which they may release for public sale as early as 200 1. 127 The setting of new 5 202­ based CAFE, standards by the EPA would greatly enhance market penetration of these vehicles. In addition, other new complete vehicle systems exist for reducing n e t , vehicle­ greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Califomia Air Resources Board, there are at least 16 zero­ emission production vehicles now available to consumers in at least some states. These are electric vehicles (EVs) and include models of the Dodge Caravan, Ford Ranger pickup, General Motors S­ 10 pickup, and Plymouth Voyager. Recent technological advancements have dramatically I26 "Environmental Adventurers First to Cross the U. S. i n a Hybrid­ Electric Car." PR Newswire, J ~l y 9: 1999. 127 "Honda Unveils Fuel Efficient Car," Associated Press, July 6, 1999. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ October 10, 1999 31 ,/ _­ A increased the range of EVs. The General Motors EV­ 1 with a nickel metal hydride battery can travel up to 152 miles on a single charge, while the Toyota RAV 4 and Nissan Alta EVs also boast ranges exceeding 100 miles per charge. lZ8 EVs have no tailpipe emissions and carry the potential to reduce all automobile­ related CO, emissions to near zero. The agency itself has found that, ``[ Ilf power plants produce electricity using clean energy sources such as solar or hydro power, emissions are negligible." 129 Additionally, fuel cell vehicles may soon offer another zero­ emissions option. A fuel cell combines hydrogen and o` xygen in a chemical reaction that produces electricity. The exhaust of a fuel cell running on pure hydrogen consists of water and hot air. Ford has developed a research vehicle kno.~ vn as the P2000 .HFC, which runs on a fuel cell and emits no CO, precursors. The company plans to begin testing about 45 fuel cell cars and buses in California over the next several years. 130 Other companies developing automotive fuel cell technologies inch& Ballard Power Systems, DaimlerCh'iysler, and Toyota. $r Unfortunately, the Agency's proposed Tier 11. standard has inadequately addressed the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, including CO, emissions, from new vehicles. 13' Given the agency's intention of using the Tier I1 process to develop a regulatory framework that addresses future automobile pollution, petitioners believe that the authority provided under 5 202 requires the agency to incorporate 12s California Air Resources Board, "Buyer's Guide to Cleaner Cars," updated March 8, 1999, <http://\ v\~ W. arb. ca._ gov/ mspro~/ ccb~ ccb~. htm>. `29 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Electric Vehicles," Fact Sheet OAlS­ 10, EPA 400­ f­ 92­ 0 12, August 1994. 1.31 See gemrdiy, The International Center for Technology Assessment's Comments on the U. S. Environlnental Protection Agency's Tier 2 Proposal (Public Docket No. A­ 97­ 10), August 2, 1999. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20, 1999 32 / , I. A. / standards into its Tier 2 proposal that would combat global warming by limiting the amount of C02 pollution created by light duty vehicles. For example, establishing a declining NO, fleet average in the proposed Tier I1 regulation would, in part, achieve such a goal by requiring manufacturers to increase the number of vehicles certified to the zero emission vehicles standards of proposed Bin 1. b ` Given the scope of authority granted to the Administrator under 5202 and the existence of the requisite technologies, the Administrator can set a number of new standards for devices incorporated into new vehicles that \vi11 reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas air pollutant^. '^ ' 3 Having already made formal findings that the emission of air pollutants C02, CH,, N20, and HFCs from mobilepources poses actual or potential harmful effects of the public health and welfare, '33 the Administrator must exercise her authority to regulate the emissions of CO,; CH,, N, O, and HFCs, from new motor vehicles under 3 202( a)( l). Section 202( a) states that the Administrator "shall by regulation prescribe . . . standards applicable to any air pollutant from any . . . class or classes of new motor vehicles" (emphasis added). Prior court decisions have found that the use of "shall" in 3 202 creates a mandatory. duty to promulgate standard^. '^^ Accordingly, the Administrator must act to implement ,* 132 For example, such standards could even include such things as tire efficiency standards. 133 See supra. Argument I (a) Pr. (b). "" NRDC v. Reillv. 983 F. 2d 259, 266­ 67 (D. C. Cir. 1993j*( findins that use of "shall" i n g 202( a)( 6) mandated promulgation of standards requiring new light duty vehicles be equipped with oilboard refueling vapor recovery system): See also, Hetvitt v. Helms, 459 U S . 460, 471, 74 L. Ed. 2d 675, 103 S. Ct. 564 (19S3)( `` shall'` is "language of an unmistakably mandatory character"): Her Maiectv the Queen v. EPA. 912 F. 2d 1525, 1533 (D. C. Jnt'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assnl't. Legs1 Petition Lo EPA ­ Octoher 10, 1939 33 / / " / the standards requested by this petition. ­ Further, even should the agency believe that there are scientific uncertainties regarding the actual impacts from global warming, the precautionary purpose of the CAA supports actions regulating of these gases. In Lead Industries Assoc.. Inc. v. EPA, the court explained that: e a ­ requiring EPA to wait until it can conclusively demonstrate that a * particular effect is adverse to health before i t acts is inconsistent with both the Act's precautionaly and preventive orientation and the nature of the Administrator's statutory responsibilities . . . Congress directed the Administrator to err on the side of caution in making the necessaly decisions. 135 2 The Administrator's authority to use precaution when regulating air pollutants is also elaborated upon in Ethyl Corp. v. EPA. '36 In this case, the court stated that "[ tlhe Administrator may apply [her] expertise to draw conclusions from suspected, but not completely substantiated relationships between facts, from trends among facts, from theoretical projects from imperfect data, from probative preliminary data not yet certifiable as fact, ahd the like." '37 Thus, the Administrator's clear mandate to regulate greenhouse gases under 5 202 cannot be excused by a post hoc rationalization of scientific uncertainty. ­ e ; Based upon, inter alia, the evidence presented herein, the petitioners request the Administrator to immediately begin regulating the emissions of the greenhouse gases ­ CO,, CH,, N, O, and HFCs ­ from new motor vehicles as required by 5 202( a)( l). Should the Admifiistrator not undertake this mandatory duty, her inaction can be subject to judicial review. Cir. 1990) (" shall" signals mandatory action). 1. v 541 F. 2d 1 (D. C. Cir.) (en banc), cert. cletried, 426 U. S. 941 (1976). I17 Id. at 2s. ­ Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition t o EPA ­ October 20,1999 34 .. . / i ­ CONCLUSION / 3 ` WHEREFO&, petitioners request that the Administrator: '38 (1). Regulate the emissions of carbon dioxide (COJ from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under 5 202( a)( l) of the Clean Air Act: (2). Regulate the emissions of methane (CH,) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under 5 202( a)( l) of the Clean Air Act; (3). Regulate the emissions of nitrous oxide (N, O) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle eygines under 5 202( a)( l) of the Clean Air Act; (4). Regulate, the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines under 5 20Z( a)( 1) ofthe Clean Air Act; ­ AS required by law, the EPA is required to give this petition prompt consideration. Additionally, undei­ .. the Administrative Procedure Act "agency action" is defined to include "the whole or part of an agency rule, order, license, sanction, relief, or the equivalent denial thereof, or failure to act." Therefore, petitioners are requesting a substantive response to this petition within one hundred eighty (180) calender days. I3' In the absence of an affirmative response, petitioners will be compelled to consider litigation in order to achieve the agency actions requested. I4' .. ~~~~~~~ 13s Rulernaking undertaken pttrsuant to this petition must cornply with the requirements contained in 307( d), 42 U. S. C. 7607( d). I39 Petitioners note that a response period of 1 SO days is reasonable under the APA. See, 42 U. S. C. 9 76O:!( n) xquil­ ing notice c) T ! F9 c!?;;: yyi?: p x:::::::::: of 2:: :::: i?:?, F>: :! n:. e:, s::?` s!~.. 5!~ d:!:.;;. SI.: n! jq 2 I C. F. Z. $lO. 3O( e)( 2) (1998) (FDA's implementation of the Administrative Procedure Act's petitioning provisions). Petitioners also assert that through the filing of this petition they have complied with citizen suit notice requirements established i n $ 304: 42 U. S. C. 5 76011.. Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm` t. Legal Pclition to EPA ­ October 20, 1999 35 .. . .. .. .. .­ . I / I. ,/ J ­ , I * Respectfully, submitted, Legal Directbr International Center for Technology Assessment 310 D Street, N. E. Washington DC 20002 3 Of Counsel: Andrew C. Kimbrell & Tracie Letterman International Center for Technology Assessment 3 10 D Street, N. E. Washington, DC 20002 ­ ,ATTORNEYS FOR PETITIONERS ,. CC: Via First Class Mail .. Vice President Albert Gore Office of the Vice President 1600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20505 Mr. Robert Perciasepe Assistant Administrator Office­ of Air and Radiation Mail Code 6101A U. S. EPA Headquarters 401 M Street, SW Washington. D'C 20460 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPX ­ October 10, 1999 36 \ .­. I Ms. Margo Oge Office of Mobile Sources e * Mail Code 6401A U. S. EPA Headquarters 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 Int'l. Ctr. for Tech. Assm't. Legal Petition to EPA ­ October 20,1999 ... .. . ­ .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. . ­, ,I " 3 37 ­. .~ .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. ..... .... .. ... ... . ,. , ... 1 . ­. I . CLIMATE CHANGE 1995 ­ The Science of Climate Change," ". Foreword The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCCI was jointly established. by the World bleteorological Organization and the United Nations , Environment Programme in 1988, in order to: (i) assess available scientific information on climate change, (ii) assess the environmental and socio­ economic impacts of climate change. and (iii) formulate response strategies. The IPCC First Assessment Report was completed in August 1990 and served as the basis for negotiating the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The IPCC also completed its 1992 Supplement and "Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and .An Evaluation of thc IPCC IS32 Emission Scenarios" to a d s t the convention process further. In 1992, the Panel reorganised its Working Groups 11 and I l l and committed itself to complcte a Second .Assessment in 1995, not only updating the information on the same range of topics as in the First Assessment. but also including the new subject area of technical issues related to the economic aspects of climate change. We applaud the IPCC for producing its Second Assessment Report (SARI as scheduled. iVe are convinced that the SAR, like the earlier IPCC Reports. wili become a standard work of reference. widely used by policymakers, scientists and other csperts. This documcnt. which tontains the Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the full il'orking Group I report, represents part of the Working Group I contribution to the SAR. It discusses the physical climate system, the factors that drive climate change, analyses of past climate, detection and attribution of a human influence on recent climate and projections of ,future climate change. I As usual in the IPCC,, success in producing this document and the full report on which it is based has depended upon the enthusiasm and co­ operation of numerous busy scientists and other experts world­ uide. !\ 'e are exceedingly pleased to note here the very special efforts made by the IPCC in ensuring the participation of scientists and other reviewing. and revising of its reports. The scientists and experts from the developed, deveioping and transitional economy countries have given of their time very generously, and governments have supporred them, in the enormous intellectual and ­ P V I ­,..~.~~ 115 ~!!L .S , i:! ;~:~.~­~!,.~:!~. y ii; ti!,: {~1 ,i i i !1 g , .. ­.. A­ ­ ­ .­ " _. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .­ . physical effort required, often going substanriall!. beyond reasonable demands of duty. \Vichour such conscientious and professional involvement. tht. IPCC would be greatly impoverished. M'e express to all t h e s e s c i e n t i s t s a n d e s p e r t s , a n d the governments who supported them, our sincere appreciation for their commitment. !Ye take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the following individuals for nurturing another IPCC report through to a successful completioil: Prof. Bolin. the Chairman of the IPCC, for his able leadership and skilful guidance of the IPCC: the Co­ chairmen of IVorking Group I . Sir John Houghron (United Kingdom)) and Dr. L. G. hleira Filho (Brazil): the Vice­ Chairmen of the IVorking Group, Prof. Ding k'ihui (China), Llr. A. B. Diop (Senegal) and Prof. D. Ehhalt (Germany); Dr. B. A. Callander, the Head of . the Technical Support Unit of the LVorking Group and his staff, XIS. K. Maskell, Mrs. J. A. Lakeman and Mrs. F. hlills, with additional assistance from Dr. N. Harris (European Ozone Research Co­ ordinating Unit, Cambridge), Dr. A. Kattenberg (Royal Netherlands bleteorological Institute); and Dr. N. Sundararaman. the Secretarrof the IPCC and his staff including Mr. S. Tewungwa. Slrs. R. Bourgeois, Ms. C. Ettori and Ms. C. Tanikie. G. O. P. Obasi Secretary­ General World Meteorological Organization Ms. E. Dowdesnell Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme Preface This iocument comprises both the Summary for Policymakers and­ the Technical Summary of the LVorking Group I (WGI) report. It represents. in conjunction with the 11 chapters of the underlying CVGI report from which this material was drawn. the most comprehensive assessment of the science of climate change since PVGI of the IPCC produced its first report Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment in 1990. I t enlarges and Updates information contained in that assessment and also in the interim reports produced by CVGI in 1992 and 199­ 1. The first IPCC Assessment Report of 1990 concluded that continued accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would lead to climate change whose rate a n Q magnitude were likely to have important impacts on n a t u r a l a n d h u m a n s y s t e m s . T h e IPCC Supplementary Report of 1992, timed to coincide with the final negotiations of the' United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Rio de Janeiro (June 1992). added new quantitative information on the climatic effects of aerosols but confirmed the essential conclusions of the 1990 assessment concerning our understanding of clinwtc and the factors affecting it. The 1994 CVGI report Kadiative Forcing of Climate `Change ettamin'cd in depth the mechanisms that govern the relative importance of human and natural factors in giving rise to radiative forcing, the "driver" of climate change. The 1994 report incorporated further advances in the quantification of the climatic effects, of aerosols, but it also found no reasons to alter in any fundamental way those conclusions of the 1990 report which it addressed. . ­ !\` e believe the essential message of this report . continues to be that the basic understanding of climate change and the human role therein. as expressed in the 1990 report, still holds: carbon dioside remains the most important contributor to anthropogenic forcing of climate change; projections of future global mean temperature change and sea level rise confirm the potential for human activities t o a l t e r t h e E a r t h ' s c l i m a t e to an estent unprecedented in human history; and the long time­ greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the response of t h e c i i m a t e s y s t e m to thcsc accumulations, means that many important aspects of climate change are effectively irreversible. Further. that observations suggest "a discernible I C".. l _.__ ,< ~n ~;e r ­n i n g h [i 1 thv accurnulz; ion OP 0 ­ " I . . ~. .. .. .. .. . . CLIk! ATE Ci+ ANGk ;Yba ­ :ne >C ~~C I L .O us *D <B ~~P :­ v 8 :y ,.t l ­ ,' ­_ human influence on global climate". one of the key findings of this report adds an important netv dimension to the discussion of the climate change issue. An important political development since 1990 has been the entry into force of the VX Framework Convention on Clinlate Change (FCCC). IPCC. is recognised as a prime source of scientific and technical information to the FCCC, and the underlying aim of this report is to proljde objective information on which to base global climate change policies that will meet the ultimate aim of the FCCC ­ espressed in Article 2 of the Convention ­ of stabilisatiop of greenhouse gases at some level that has yet to be quantified but which is defined as one that will "prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". Because the definition of "dangerous" will depend on value juclgements as well as upon observable physical changes in the climate system, such policies will not rest on purely scientific grounds, and the companion IPCC .reports by CVGII on Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change. and by \t` GIII on Economic and Social Dimensions of ­ i Climate Change provicle some of the background information on which the wider debate will be based. Together the three WG reporis establish a basis for an IPCC synthesis of information relevant to interpreting Article 2 of the FCCC. An important contribution of LVCI to this synthesis has been an analysis of the emission pathtvays for. carbon dioside that would lead to a range of hypothetical stabilisation levels. The Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary were compiled between January and November 1995 by 78 lead authors from 20 countries with assistance from a few additional esperts with experience of the science­ policy ­ interfacp. Formal review of the summaries by ` governments, non­ governmental organisations (KGOs) and individual experts took place during hlay to July. Over 400 contributing authors from 26 countries submitted draft test and information to the lead authors and over 500 reviewers from 40. countries submitted valuable suggestions for improvement during the review process. The hr: ndrrc! s of comments wceiverl were carefully analysed and assimilated in a revised docunlent tha; ;.; as distributed to countries and %Os sis weeks in adsance of the fifth session of lVGI in blaclrid. 27­ 29 .November 1993. I t was at this .session. ivhere participants inclucled 177 delegates .. ­. .. . . .. . .I 3 .. ,/ , r­ from 96 countries, representatives from 14 NGOs and 28 lead authors, that the­ Summary for Policymakers was approved in detail and the underlying 11 chapters of the full WGI report accepted. The Technical Summary to the WGI report, and the report itself, were accepted at IPCC­ XI in Rome, 11­ 15 December 1995. We wish first of all to express our sincere appreciation to the lead authors whose expertise, diligence and patience have underpinned the successful completion of this effort, and to the many , contributors and revietvers for their valuable and p a i n s t a k i n g w o r k . l y e a r e g r a t e f u l t o t h e governments of Sneden, UK and USA which hosted drafting sessions in their countries, and to the government of Spain \vh! ch hosted the final session of Working Group I in Sladrihtjat which the documents were accepted and approved. The IPCC Trust Fund, contributed to by many countries, supported the participation of many developing country scientists in the completion of this report. The WGI Technical Support Unit was funded by the UK government with assistance from the Netherlands, and we echo the appreciation espresscd in the Foreword to the members 'of the Technical Supporr Unit. . ' Bert Bolin ­. IPCC chairman John Houghton Co­ chair (UK) IPCC lVG1 . L. Gylvan Meira Filho Co­ chair (Brazil) IPCC \VGI 4 .. . ­ ­­ .. .. . .. . . ­. ." . . ­. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . ,. .. Contekrts . ,. ..­. / Summary for Policymakers Technical Summary of t h e Full Working Group I Report I A Introduction B Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and their Radiative Forcing B. l Carbon dioside (CO,) B. 2 Methane (CH,) B. 3 Nitrous oxide (N20) B. 4 Halocarbons and other halogenated compounds B. 5 Ozone (0,) B. 5.1 Tropospheric Ozone B. 5.2 Stratospheric Ozone B. 6 Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols B. 7 Summary of radiative forcing B. S Global \\` arming Potential (G\ VP) B. 9 Emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the future B. 9.1 The IS92 emission scenarios B. 9.2 Stabilisation of greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations 9 C Observed Trends and Patterns in Climate and Sea Level C. l Has the climate warmed? C. 2 Is the 20th century warming unusual? C. 3 Has the climate become wetter? C. 4 Has sea level risen? C. 5 Has the climate become more variable and/ or extreme? D Modelling Climate and Climate Change D. l The basis for confidence in climarb models D. 2 Climate model feedbacks and uncertainties E Detection of Climate Change and :Attribution of Causes E. l Better simulations for defining ;. human­ induced climate change "signal" E. 2 Better simulations for estimating natural internal climate variability E. 3 Studies of global mean change ' . E. 4 Studies of patterns of change E. 5 Qualitative consistency E. 6 Overall assessment of the detection and attribution issues F The Prospects for Future Climate Change E l Forcing scenarios , ' E2 Projections of climate change F. 2.1 Global mean temperature response to IS92 emission scenarios F. 2.2 Global mean sea level response to IS92 emission .scenarios F. 2.3 Temperature, and sea level projections compared with IPCC (1990) F. 3.1 Continental scale patterns F. 3.2 Regional scale patterns F. 3.3 Changes in variability and cstrcmcs E3 Spatial patterns of projected climate change E4 Effects of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations E5 The possibility of surprises G Advancing our Understanding Glossary References 7 15 16 18 15 21 " 3 3 " 73 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 29 31 31 32 33 35 35 37 37 39 41 41 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 44 4 1 45 4G 47 47 49 43 50 51 5 2 53 JJ " .. I . . .. .. . .. . .. ., ­. . . .. . ­­ .. 3 G .. .. . . .. . ­. .. .. .: .. Summary for POiiCymakets ­ SUMMARY. FOR POLICYMAKERS This summary, approved in detail at the fifth, session ofIPCC Working Group I, (Madrid, 27­ 29 November 1995), represents the formally agreed statement of the IPCC concerning current understanding of the science of climate change. .. Summary for Policymakers Considerable progress has been macle in the understanding of climate change' science since 1990 and new data and analyses have become available. Greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to increase ' Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations since pre­ industrial times (i. e., since about 1750) have led to a positive radiatiae forcing2 of climate, tending to warm the surface and to produce other changes of climate. 0 The atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, inter diu carbon dioside KO2). methane (CHJ and nitrous oxide (PI201 have grown significantiy: by about 30%, 145% and 15% respectively (values for 1992). These trends can be attributed largely to human activities, mostly fossil fuel use, 'land­ use change and agriculture. 3 0 The growth rates of CO?, CH4 and N 2 0 concentrations were low during the early 1990s. \Vhile this apparently natural variation is not yet fully esplained, recent data indicate that the growth rates are currently comparable to those averaged over the 1980s. 0 The direct radiative forcing of the long­ lived greenhouse gases (2.45 Wm­ 2) is due primarily to increases in rhe concentrations of CO2 (1.56 Wm­ 2), CH4 (0.47 Wm­ 2) and N20 (0.14 IVm­ 2) (values f o r 1 9 9 2 ). ­ 0 Many greenhouse gases, remain in the atmosphere for a long time (for CO, and N20. many ' , decades to centuries), hence they affect radiative forcing on long time­ scales., 0 The direct radiative forcing due to the CFCs and H. CFCs combined is 0.25 Wm­ 2. Holyever, their net radiative forcing is reduced by about 0.1 tVm'z because they have caused stratospheric ozone depletion which gives rise to a negative radiative forcing. 0 Growth in the concentration of CFCs, but not HCFCs, has slowed to about zero. The concentrations of both CFCs and HCFCs, and their consequent ozone depletion. are expected to decrease substantially by 2050 through implementation of the Montreal .Protocol and its Adjustments and .Amendments. 0 At present some long­ lived greenhouse gases (particularly HFCs (a CFC substitute), PFCs'and SF61 contribute little to­ radiative forcing but their projected growth could contribute several per cent to radiative forcing during the 21st century. 0 If carbon dioxide emissions were maintained at near current (1994) levels, they would lead to a nearly constant rate of increase in atmospheric concentrations for at least two centuries. reaching about 500 ppmv (approaching twice the pre­ industrial concentration of 280 ppmv) by the end of the 21st century. Climate change in lPCc LVorking GroG? f usage refers t o any change in climate over time whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This divers frnm the usage in the Framework Convention on Climate Change where climate change refers t o a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly t o human activity that alters the compositjon o f the global atmosphere and which is in addition t o natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. O A range of carbon cycle models indicates that stabilisation of atmospheric COz concentrations at 450, 650 or 1000 ppmv could be achieved only if global anthropogenic CO2 emissions drop to 1990 levels by, respectively. approximately 40, 140 or 240 years from now, and drop substantially­ below 1990 levels subsequently. a 0 Any eventual stabilised concentration is governed more by the accumulated anthropogenic CO, emissions from now until the time of stabilisation, than by the ivax those emissions change over the period. This means that, for a given stabilised concentration value, higher ernissions. in early decades require lower emissions later on. Among the ranie of stabilisation cases studied, for stabilisation at 450. 650 or 1000 ppmv accumulated anthropogenic emissions over the period 1991 to 2100 are 630 GtCl, 1030 GtC, and 1410 GtC respectively (~t approsimately 15% in each case). For comparison the corresponding accumulated emissions for IPCC IS92 emission scenarios range from 770 to 2190 GtC. 0 Stabilisation of CH, and N20 concentrations at today's levels would involve reductions in 3 0 There is evidence that tropospheric ozone concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere have ' increased since pre­ industrial times because of human activity and that this has resulted in a positive radiative forcing. This forcing is not yet'well characterised. but it is estimated to be about 0.4 Wm­ 2 (15% of that from the long­ lived greenhouse gases). However the observations of the most recent decade shoiy that the upward trend has slowed significantly or stopped. anthropogenic emissions of S% and more than 50% respectively. Anthropogenic aerosols tend to produce negative radiative forcings 0 Tropospheric aerosols (microscopic airborne particles) resulting from combustion of fossil fuels, b, iomass burning andother sourcds have led to a negative direct forcing of about 0.5 W m ­2 , as a` global average, and possi$~ y also to a negative, indirect forcing of a similar magnitude. While the negative forcing is focused in particular regions and subcontinental areas, it can have continental to hemispheric scale effects on climate patterns. 0 Locally, the aerosol forcing can be large enough to more than offset the positive forcing due to greenhouse gases. 0 In contrast to the !origylived greenhouse gases. anthropogenic aerosols are very short­ lived in the atmosphere, hence their radiative Forcing adjusts rapidly to increases or decreases in emissions. Climate has changed over the past century At any one location year­ to­ year variations in weather can be large, but analyses of meteorological and other data over large areas and over periods of decades or more have provided evidence for some important systematic changes. 0 Global mean surface air temperature has increased by between about 0.3 and 0.6" C since the ' late 19th century; the additional data available since 1990 and the re­ analyses since then have .­ R o t significantly changcd this range of cs: in: atcd increase. 0 Recent years have been among the warmest since 18.60, i. e., in the period of instrumental record, despite the cooling effect of the 1991 >lt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption. 1 GtC = 1 billion (109) tonnes of carbon. .~. .. .. .. .. . .­ ~ .. ­. ........ ,­ ..... 1. .. .. .... ... .. ... ... . .: .. ..... .. .. .­ .. .. .~ .. 9 .. . .­ 0 ­ 0 0 0 0 " Night­ time temperatures over land have generally increased more than daytime temperatures. Regional changes are also evident. For example, the recent warming has been 'greatest Over the mid­ latitude continents in winter and spring, with a few areas of cooling, such as the North Atlantic. Ocean. Precipitation has increased over land in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, especially during the cold season. Global sea level has risen by between 10 and 25 cm over the past 100 years and much of the rise may be related to the increase in global mean temperature. There are inadequate data to determine whether consistent global changes in climate variability or weather extremes have occurred over the 20th century. On regional scales there is clear evidence of changes in some extremes and climate variability indicators (e. g., fe\ ver frosts in several widespread areas; an increase in the proportion of rainfall from extreme events over the contiguous states of the USA). Some of these changes have been toward greater variability; some4ave been toward lower variability. The 1990 to mid­ 1995 persistent warm­ phase of the El Niiio­ Southern Oscillation (which causes droughts and floods in many areas) was unusual in the context of the last 120 years. The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate Any human­ induced effect on climate will be superimposed on the background "noze" of natural climate variability, which results both from internal fluctuations and from external causes such as solar variability or vo1ca~ n; c eruptions. Detection and attribution studies attempt to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural influences. "Detection of change" is the process of .demonstrating that an observed change in climate is highly unusual in a statistical sense, but does not provide a reason for the change. "Attribution" is the process of establishing cause and effect relations, including the testing of competing hypotheses. Since the 1990 IPCC Report, considerable progress has been made in attempts to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate. This progress has been achieved by including effects of sulphate aerosois in addition to greenhouse gases, thus leading to more realistic estimates of human­ induced radiative forcing. These have then been used in climate models to provide more complete simulations of the human­ induced climate­ change "signal". In addition, new simulations with coupled atmosphere­ ocean models have. provided important information about decade to century time­ scale natural internal climate variability. A further major area of progress is the shift of focus from studies of global­ mean changes to comparisons of modelled and observed spatial and temporal patterns of climate change. The most important results related to the issues of detection and attribution are: 0 The limited available evidence from proxy climate indicators suggests that the 20th century global mean temperature is at least as warm as any other century since at least, 1400 AD. Data prior to 1400 are too sparse to allow the reliable estimation of global mean temperature. e Assessments of the statistical significance of the observed global mean surface air temperature, trend over the last century have used a variety of new estimafes of natural internal and. externally forced variability. These are derived from instrumental data. palaeodata, simple and complex climate models, and statistical models fitted to observations. Most of these studies have detected a significant change and show that the observed ivarming trend is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin. 10 0 ,' ' I 0 `. ­ hlore convincing recent, evidence for the attribution of a human effect on climate is emerging from pattern­ based studies, in which the modelled climate response to combined forcing by greenhouse gases and anthropogenic sulphate aerosols is compared with observed geographical, seasonal and vertical patterns of atmospheric temperature change. These studies show that such pattern correspondences increase with time, as one would espect as an anthropogenic signal increases in strength. Furthermore, the'probability is very low that these correspondences could occur by chance as a result of natural internal variability only. The vertical patterns of change are also inconsistent with those expected for solar and volcanic forcing. Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the expected signal is still emerging from the noise of natural variability, and because there are uncertainties in key factors. These include the magnitude and patterns of long­ term natural variability and the time­ evolving pattern of forcing by, and response to, changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and land surface changes. Xevertheless. the balance of evidence suggests that there iv discernible human influence on global climate. Climate is expected to continue t o change in the future The IPCC has developed a range of scenarios, IS92a­ f, of future greenhouse gas and aerosol precursor emissions based on assumptions concerning population and economic growth, land­ use, technological changes, energy availability and fuel mis during the period 1990 to 2100. Through understanding of the global carbon cycle and of atmospheric chemistry, these emissions ­ can be used to project atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols and the perturbation of natural radiative forcing. Climate models can then be used to develop projections of future climate. 0 The increasing realism of simulations of current and past climate by coupled itmosphere­ change. Important uncertainties remain. but these have been taken into account in the full ­. 6 ;. 'ocean climate models has increased our confidence in their use for projection of future climate " range of projections of global mea0 temperature and sea level change. 0 For the mid­ range IPCC emission scenario, IS92a, assuming the "best estimate" value of climate sensitivity' and including the effects of future increases in aerosol, modefs project an increase in global mean surface air temperature relative'to­ 1990 of about 2° C by 2100. This estimate is approximately one third lower than the "best estimate" in 1990. This is due primarily to lower emission scenarios (particularly for C02 and the CFCs), the inclusion of the cooling effect of sulphate aerosols, and improvements in the treatment of the carbon cycle. Combining the lowest IPCC emission scenario (IS92c) with a "low" value of climate sensitivity and including the effects of future changes in aerosol concentrations leads to a . projected increase of about 1° C by 2100. The corresponding projection. for the highest IPCC scenario (IS92e) combined with a "high" value of climate sensitivity gives a warming of about 3.5" C. In all cases the average rate of warming would probably be greater than any seen in the last 10,000 years, but the actual annual to decadal changes would include considerable natural variability. Regional temperature changes could differ substantially from the global mean value. Because of the thermal inertia of the oceans, only 50­ 90% o f the eventual equilibrium tcil: pcrntu­ c ckzngc ~voulcl have been realiscct b l 2100 and tcmpcrat:::­ c ~:. o::! d conticuc to increase beyond 2100, even if concentrations of greenhouse gases were stabilised by that time. In IPCC reports, climate sensitivity usually refers to the long term (equilibrium) change in global mean surface temperature following a doubling of atmospheric equivalent CO, concentration. More generally, it refers t o t h e equilibrium change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing r W m ­2 ). .~ .. .. 11 , ­. .. .... ... .. ..". ~­ . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ..,. . . ... .... .~. . ­ .. .., .~ ...... ­. ~. i ­ . ". ­ ,_ ..... ... ... ... .., ~ .. .. .. ... ... ..... .. 12. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ..... .... .. .... ... %' . : .: . , .... ..... .. ­ ...... ..... ...... e Sustained rapid climate­ change could shift the competitive balance among species and even lead to forest dieback, altering the terrestrial uptake and release of carbon. The magnitude is uncertain, but couid be between zero and 200 .GtC over the next one to two centuries, depending on the rate of climate change. There are still many uncertainties Many factors currently limit our ability to project and detect future climate change. In particular, to reduce uncertainties'further work is needed on the following priority topics: I 0 estimation of future emissions and biogeochemical cyciing (including sources and sinks) of greenhouse gases, aerosols and aerosol precursors and projections of future concentrations a n d r a d i a t i v e I 0 representation of climate processes in aodels, especially feedbacks associated with clouds, .oceans, sea ice and vegetation, in order to improve projections of rates and regional patterns of climate change: 0 systematic collection of long­ term instrumental and proxy observations of climate system variables (e. g., solar output, atmospheric energy balance components, hydrological cycles, ocean characteristics and ecosystem changes) for the purposes of model testing, assessment ­ of temporal and regional variability and for detection and attribution studies. Future unexpected, large and rapid climate system changes (as have occurred in the past) are, by their nature, difficult to predict. This implies that future climate changes may also involve . "surprises". In particular these arise from the non­ linear n'ature of the climate system. iVhen rapidly forced, non­ linear systems are especially subject to unexpected behaviour. Progress can be made by investigating non­ linear processes and sub­ components of the climatic system. `Examples of such non­ linear behaviour include rapid circulation changes in the North Atlantic ' and feedbacks associated with terrestrial ecosystem changes.. 3 .. .\ .. . .. . ... .­ ­ .. .. .. .. . ­ .. . .. . ­. .. . :. .. . . . .. . .. , .. .. . .­ .. . . .. ­ A. Introduction The IPCC Scientific Assessment Working' Group @$ GI) was established in 1988 to assess available information on the science of climate change, in particular that arising from human activities. In performing its assessments the Working Group is concerned Ivith: * developments in the scientific understanding of past and present climate. of climate variability. of climate predictability and of climate change including feedbacks from climate impacts; 0 progress in the modelling and projection of global and regional climate and sea level change; 3 observations of climate, including past climates. and assessment of t r e n d s a n d anomalies; gaps and uncertainties in current knowledge. The first Scientific Assessment in 1990 concluded that the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases since the pre­ industrial period' h a d a l t e r e d t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e of the Earth/ atmosphere and that gbbal warming would result. Model simulations of global warming due to t h e , observed increase of greenhouse gas concentrations over the past century tended towards a central estimate of about 1° C while analysis of the instrumental temperature record, on the other hand. revealed warming of around 0.5'C over the same period. The 1990 report concluded: "The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models, but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability: alternatively this variability and other human­ factors could have offset a still larger human­ induced greenhouse warming." A primary concern identified by IPCC (1990) was the espected continued increase in greenhouse gas concentrations as a result of human activity, leading to significant climate change in the coming century. The projected changes in temperature, precipitation and sui: ritoisrure viere ~w t u n i f o n o; 'cr the g! o5.. Anthropogenic zerosols were recognised as a possible source of regional cooling but no quantitative estimates of their effects were available. The IPCC Supplementary Report in 1992 confirmed. or found no reason to alter, the major conclusions of .K C (1990). It presented a new 16 .. .. . .. .. .. ... .? .. range of global mean temperature projections based on a new set of IPCC emission scenarios (IS92 a to 0 and beported progress in quantifying the effects of anthropogenic aerosols. Ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was recognisecl as a cause of negative radiative forcing. reducing the global importance of CFCs as greenhouse gases. The 1994 IVGI report on Radiative Forcing of Climate Change provided a detailed assessnmt of t h e g l o b a l c a r b o n c y c l e a n d of aspects of atmospheric chemistry governing the abundance of non­ COz greenhouse gases. Some pathways that would stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were esamined. and new or revised calculations of Global IVarming Potential for 3s species were presented. The growing literature on processes governing the abundance and racliatiye properties of aerosols was examined in considerable detail. including new information on the climatic impact of the 1991 eruption of hlt. Pinatubo. The Second IPCC Assessment of the Science of Climate Change presents a comprehensive assessment of climate change science as of 1995. including updates of relevant material in all rime ' preceding reports. Key issues examined in the Second Assessment concern the relative magnitude of human and natural factors in driving changes in. climate, including the role of aerosols; tvhetlwr a human influence on present­ day clinlatc? can be detected: and the estimation of future climatt. and sea level change at both global and continental scales. The United Nations Framework Convcntion on Climate. Change (FCCC) .uses. the term "climate change" to refer esclusively to change brought about by human activities. .4 more generic usagt' is common in the scientific community where it is necessary to be able to refer to change arising from any source. In particular scientists refc. r to past climate change and address the complcs issue of separating natural and human causes in currently observed changes. However. the climate projections covered in this document relate. only to future climate changes resulting from human influences. since it is not yet possible to predict the fluctuations ciuc to volcanu~~ s anci oriwr natur,! l i11?~~ 1tai:~,~~ 5. Consequently the use of the term "climate change" here. when referring to future change. is essentially the same as the usage adopted in the FCCC. 1 The pre­ industrial period. is defined as the several centuries preceding 1750. .. . r .. ....... B. Greenhouse Gases, Forcing ­Aerosols and their Radiative Human activities are changing the atmospheric concentrations and distributions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. These changes can produce a radiative forcing by changing either the refleaion or absorption of solar radiation, or the emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation (see Bos 1). Information on radiative forcing was extensively reviewed i n iPCC (1994). Summaries of the information in that report and new results are presented here. The most significant advance since IPCC (1994) is improved understanding of the role of aerosols and their representation4 climate models. B .l Carbon dioxide (COz) CO, concentrations have increased from about 250 ppmv in pre­ industrial times to 35s ppmv in 1994 (Table 1, and Figure la). There is no doubt that this increase is largely due to human activities. in particular fossil fuel combustion, but also land­ use conversion and to a lesser extent cement production (Table 2). The increase has led to a radiative forcing of about +1.6 iYm­ 2 (Figure 2). Prior to this recent increase, CO2 concentrations over the past 1000 years. a period tvhen global climate was relatively stable, fluctuated by about $10 ppmv around 2S0 pprnv. The annual growth rate of atmospheric CO, concentration was low during the early 1990s (0.6 ppmviyr in 299182). Hon'ever, recent data indicatc that the growth rate is currently comparable to that averaged over the 19SOs. around 1.5 ppmviyr (Figure lb). Isotopic data suggest that the low growth rate resulted from fluctuations in the exchanges of CO? between the atmosphere and both the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere, possibly resulting from climatic and biospheric variations following the eruption, of blt. Pinatubo in June i991. While understanding these short­ term fluctuations 380 ­ (a) 330 Figure I: (a) CO, concentrations 6 over the past 1000 yearsfiom e 057 E Siple I 360 A 047 ­ 7 360 ­ ice core records (D47. 057. .* i (since 1958) f r o m M a u n a Loa. ­ ­ Siple and South Pole) and ' ­ South Pole .I 340 ­. ­ ­ Mauna Loa c Hawaii, measurement s i t e . A l l a ­One hundred year .... 340 ­ Fossil CO, emissions t 320 ­ ice core measurements were taken in Antarctica. The smooth Y curve is based on a hundred year running mean. The rapid since the onset of industrialisation is evident and ­ .' C ­ 320 ­ running mean 3s = 330 ./.­ e .­ ­ ­ W 2 " 1900 ­ 1950 Year increase in CO, concentration 0 ,. $ 300 ­ c .­ .... 260 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 . 2000 Year has followed closely the increase in CO, emissions from fossil fuels (see inset of period from 1850 onwards). (b) Growth . rate of CO, concentration since 1958 in'ppmdyr at Mauna Loa. The smooth curue shows the same data butfiltered to . suppress variations on time­ scales less than approximately 10 years. ~ .................................. 1958 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 g Year ... .. I ... .......... .. . .­ , .. Figure 2: Estimates of the globally and annually averaged anthropogenic .radiative forcinflin tI. 5n­ Z) due to changes in concentrations of . greenhouse gases and aerosols from pre­ industrial times to che present (1992) and to natura1, changes in solar output from 1650 to the present. The height ofthe rectangular bar indicates a mid­ range estimate ojthe forcing whilst the error bars show an estimctte of the uncertainty range. based largely on the spread of published cakes; the "conjidence level" indicates the author's confidence thar the actual forcing lies within this error bar: The contriblctions of individual gases to the direct greenhortse forcing is indicated on thejirst bar: The indirect greenhouse forcings associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone and the increased concentration of I J I Stra: ospheric ~~ Tropospheric aerosols ­ direct effect & Fossil fuel : ozone "P I ozone 1 , Tropospheric aerosols ­ indirect effect 9 Confidence level High Low Low Low Very Very Very Very low low low low tropospheric ozone are shown in the second and third bar respectively. The direct contributions of indiuidual tropospheric aerosol component are grouped into the next set of three bars. The indirect aerosol eflect, ' arising from the induced change in cloud properties, is shown next: quantitative understanding of this process is very limited at present and hence no bar representing n mid­ range estimate is show. TheJnal, bar shows the estimate of the changes in radiative . . forcing due to variations in solar output. The forcing' associated with stratospheric aerosols resulting jrom volcanic eruptions is not shown, as i t i s very variable . over this time period. Xote that there are substantial dgerences in the geographical distribution of the forcing due to the u1ell­ mixed greenhouse gases (mainly CO, 1\ 50, CH, ancl the halocarbons) and that clue to ozone ancl aerosols. which codd lead to signijicant cliflerences in their respectiae global and regional climate responses. For this reason. the negatice radiatire forcing due to aerosols should not necessarily be regarded as nn oflset against the greenhortse gas forcing. * is important, fluctuations of a few years' duration a r e n o t r e l e v a n t to projections of future concentrations or emissions aimed at estimating longer time­ scale changes to the climate system. The estimate of the 1980s' carbon budget (Table 2) remains essentially unchanged from IPCC (1 99­ 11. \L'hile recent data on anthropogenic emissions are available, there are insufficient analyses of the other. fluses to allotv an update of this decndal budget to include the early years of the 1990s. The net release of carbon from tropical land­ use change (mainly forest clearing minus regrolvth) is roughly balanced by carbon accumulation in other land ecosystems due to forest regrowth outside the tropics, and by trailsfer to other reservoirs stim lated by CO:, and nitrogen fertilisation and by J ecadal time­ scale clinlatic effccts. Model results suggest that during the 19SOs, CO, fertilisation resulted in a transfer of carbon from thc atmosphere to the biosphere of 0.5 to 2.0 GtC/ yr and nitrogen fcrtilisation resulted in a I transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to thc biosphere of between 0.2 and 1.0 GtC/ yr. CO:, is removed from the atmosphcre by a number of processes that operate on different time­ scales, and is subsequently transferrcd to various reservoirs. some of which eyftually return CO, to the atmosphcre. Somc simile analysis of COz changes have used the concept of a single characteristic time­ scale for this gas. Such an I­. a Lses a r e of limited value because a single tinlc­ scaie cannot capture the behaviour of CO, under differellt emission scenarios. This is in contrast to methane, for example. ivhose atmospheric lifetime is dominantly controlled by a single process: osiclntion by OH in the atmosphere. For CO:, the fastest process is uptake into vegetation and the surface layer of the oceans which occurs over a fetv years. Various other sinks operate on the century time­ scale (e. g., transfer to soils and to the deep ocean) and so have a less immediate. but no less important. effect on the atmospheric concentration. IVithin 30 years about 4060% of the COP currently released to the atmosphere is removed. However. i f emissions were reduced. the CO, in the vegetation and ocean surface water tvould soon equilibrate with that in the atmosphere, and the rate of removal ~vould then be determined by the slower response of woody vegctation. soils. and transfer into the deeper layers of the ocean: Consequently, most uf the. escess atmospheric CO, would be removed over about a century although a portion would remain airborne for thousands of years because transfer to the ultimate sink ­ ocean sediments ­ is very slow. There is large uncertainty associated with ,the f u t u r e r o l e of the terrestrial Table 2: Annrtul auernge anthropogenic carbon budget for 19SO to 19S9. CO, sources. sinks and storage in tf1. e atmosphere are expressed in CtC/ yr. C 0 2 sources (1) Emissions from fossil fuel combustion and 5.5 2 0.5* cement production (2) ru'et, emissions from changes in tropical land­ use 1.6 * 1.0@ (3) Total anthropogenic emissions = (1)+( 2) 7.1 2 1.1 20 biosphcrc in the global carbon budgct for sevcral reasons. First. future rates of deforestation and regrowth in the tropics and mid­ latitudes arc difficutt to predict. Second. mechanisms such as CO, f e r t i l i s a t i o n r e m a i n p o o r l y quantified at the ecosystem .level. Over d e c a d e s t o c e n t u r i e s . a n t h r o p o g e n i c c h a n g e s i n atmospheric CO, c o n t e n t a n d climate may also alter the global distribution of ecosystem types. . Carbon couid be released rapidly f r o m a r e a s w h e r e f o r e s t s d i e , although regrowth could eventually sequester much of this carbon. . EsLiil1rLtxs OF ibis Ios:, rangtb from near zero to, at lobv probabilities, as much as 200 GtC owr the nest one­ to­ bvo centuries, depending on' thz rate of climate change. The marine biota both respond to and can influence climate change. . Marine biota play a critical role in depressing the atmospheric CO, concentration significantly below its equilibrium state in the absence of biota. Changes in nutrient supply to the surface ocean resulting from changes in ocean circulation, coastal runoff and atmospheric deposition. and changes in the amount of sea ice and cloudiness, have the potential to affect marine . 1900 1 , , , , , , , I b i o g e o c h e m i c a l would be ­ e x p e c t e d t o h a v e a n i m p a c t (a t p r e s e n t unquantifiable) on the cycling of CO, a n d t h e production of other climatically important trace Year phytoplankton growth in certain ocean areas. However. it is not likely that iron fertilisation of CO, uptake by phytoplankton can be used to draw down atmospheric CO,: even massive continual seecling of B. 2 Methane (CHb) 10­ 15% of the world oceans (the Southern Ocean) Methane is another naturally occurring greenhouse , until 2100, i f it worked with 100% efficiency and no gas whose concentration in. the atmosphere is opposing side­ effects (e. g., increased N 2 0 growing as a result of human activities such ;IS production). would reduce the atmospheric CO, agriculture and waste disposal. and fossil fuel ­ build­ up projected by the IPCC (1990) "Business­ as­ production and use (Table 3). usual" emission scenario by less than 10%. 1 5 5 0 ""' "' I ~~~~ a4 86 aa 90 92 94 gases. It has been suggested that a lack of iron linlits F W e 3 : Glo'bal methane concentrations (ppbL9for IQS3 (0 1994. Concentrations observed at hlonld Boy, Canacla are also shown. Table 3: Estimuted sources and sinks of methane& 1960 to 1990. AllJigures are in TgtCCH& yr. The current global atmospheric burden of CH, is about 5000 TgCCHd. (a) Observed atmospheric increase, estirnatedsinks and sources derived to b a l a n c e t h e b u d g e t .. ., Individual estimates To tal .. Atmospheric increase* 37 (35­ 40) Sinks of atmospheric CH4: tropospheric OH . ,. ,. 490 (405­ 575) .. stratosphere 40 (32­ 48) ­ ' soils .. . . : 30 (15­ 45) ­.. ..... .. Total atmospheric sinks. ....... :... ; ..;.__ .. : :... c . ..; ..... _. .... ... l.. . :.: .: .. . ~... ...... .. I: ~ . .. .... .$. ..~ >. i".. .......... .. .... .......... :. ...:... 560 (460­ 660), ., :: .,;...$. L. 597 (495­ 700) ' .i . Implied sources.( sinks .. + atmospheric increase) I ::: .:.: I .. ...... ....... :. = ... . ­ , . . ­ ..­. r.. .. ­. ............. _. ­:. . ...... .. . ., : .,. .. Global average methane concentrations increased by 6% over the decade starting in 1984 (Figure 3). ­ ?ts concentration in 1991 was about 1720 ppbv, 145% greater than the pre­ industrial concentration of 700 ppbv (Table 1. Figure 3). Over the last 20 years, there has been a decline in the methane growth rate: in the late 1990s the concentration \vas increasing by about 20 ppbv/ yr, during the 19SOs the growth rate dropped to 9­ 13 ppbvlyr. Around the middle of 1992, methane concentrations briefly stopped growing. but since 1993 the global growth rate has returned to about 8 ppbv/ yr. Individual methane sources. are not well quantified. Carbon isotope measurements indicate that about 20% of the totat. annual methane emissions are related to the prodkdtion and use of fossil fuel. In total, anthropogenic activities are responsible for about GO­ SO% of current methane emissions (Table 3). Methane emissions from natural wetlands appear to contribute about 20% to the global methane emissions to the atmosphere. Such emissions tvill probably increase with global warming as a result of greater microbial activity. In 1992 the direct radiative forcing due to the increase ­ in methane concentration since pre­ industrial times was about +0.47 W m ­2 (Figure 2): Changes in the concentratih of methane have clcarly identified chemical feedbacks. The main removal process for methane is reaction with the hydrosyl radicai (OH). Addition of methane to the a t m o s p h e r e r e d u c e s t h e . concentration of tropospheric 01­ 1 which'can in­ turn feed back and reduce the rate of methane removal. The adjustment time for a pulse of methane adclcd to the atmosphere has been revised to 12 (k3) years (compared. with 14.5 (r2.5) years. in IPCC (1931)). Two factors are responsible for 'the change: (a) a new estimate for the chemical removal rate (11% faster); and (b) inclusion of the uptake of methane by soils. The revised global sink strength is 560 (+ loo) Tg( CHJ/ year. higher than the 1994 estimate. but still consistent with the previous range of global source strength. 8.3 Nitrous oxide (NzO) There are many small sources of nitrous oxide, boLh ~latural a d antllropogullic, \vhich art' ciii'iicuit to quantify. The main anthropogenic sources are from agriculture and a number of industrial p r o c e s s e s (e .g ., a d i p i c a c i d a n d n i t r i c a c i d production). X best estimate of the current (19SOs) anthropogenic emission of nitrous oside is 3 to S 22 TgWyr. Natural sources are poorly quantifiecl. but are probably twice as large as anthropogenic sources. Nitrous oxide is­ removed mainly by photolysis (breakdown by .s u n l i g h t ) i n t h e stratosphere and consequently has a . long lifetime (about 120 years). Although sources cannot be well quantified. atmospheric measurements and evidence from ice cores show .that the atmospheric abundance of nitrous oxide has increased since the pre­ industrial era, most likely oiving to human activities. In 1994 atmospheric levels of nitrous. oside were about 312 ppbv: pre­ industrial levels were about 275 ppbv (Table 1). The 1993 grolvth rate (approsimately 0.5 ppbv/ yr) was lotver than that observed in the late 19SOs and early 1990s (approsimately 0.8 ppbv/ yr). but these short­ term changes in groivth rate are within the range of variability seen on decadal time­ scales. The radiative forcing due to the change in nitrous oxide since pre­ industrial times is about +0.14 Wm­ 2 (Figure 2). 8.4 Halocarbons and other ­ halogenated compounds ' Nalocarbons arc carbon compounds containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Many of these are effective greenhouse gases. For most o f these compounds. human activities are the sole sourcc. Halocarbons that contain chlorine (CFCs and HCFCs) and bromine (halons) cause ozone depletion. and their emissions arc controlled under the Montreal Protocol and its Adjustments an, d Amendments. As a result. growth rates in ,the concentrations of many of these compounds have already fallen (Figure 1) and the radiative impact of these coinpounds will slon. ly decline over the nest century. Thc contribution to direct radiative forcing due to concentration increases of these CFCs and HCFCs since preindustrial times is about +0.25 W n ­2 . Halocarbons can also esert an indirect negative radiative forcing through their depletion of stratospheric ozone (see Section B. 5.2). Perfluorocarbons (PFCs. e. g., CF,. C2F, J and sulphur hexafluoride [SF,) are removed very slocvly from the atmosphere with estimated lifetimes greater than 1000 years. As a result. effectively all emissions accumulate i n the amwspheru and ivili concilluc to influence climate for thousands of years. Although the radiative forcing due to concentration increases of these compounds since pre­ industrial times is small (about t0.01 IVm­ 2). i t may become significant in the future if Concentrations continue t o increase. ,. . I .. .. .~ i I ., Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCsl are being use$ to replace ozone­ depleting substances in some appiications; their­ concentrations and radiative impacts are currently small. If emissions increase as envisaged in Scenario IS92a. they would contribute about 3% of the total radiative forcing from all greenhouse gases by the year 2100. 8.5 Ozone (03) Ozone is an important greenhouse gas present in both the stratosphere and troposphere. Changes in ozone cause radiative forcing by influencing both solar and terrestrial radiation. The net radiative forcing is strongly dependent on the vertical distribution of ozone change and is particularly sensitive to changes around the tropopause level, where trends are difficult t o estimate due to a lack of reliable observations and the very large natural variability. The patterns of both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone changes are spatially variable. Estimation of the radiative forcing due 10 changes in ozone is thus more complex than for the wetl­ mixed greenhouse gases. 8.5.1 Tropospheric Ozone ?n the troposphere. ozone is produced during the oxidation of methane and from various short­ lived precursor gases (mainly carbon monoxide (CO): ' nitrogen oxides (NOs) and non­ methane hydrocarbons (NMHC)). Ozone is also transportrd into thc tropospherc from the stratosphere. Changes in. troposphcric ozone concentration are spatially variable. both regionally and vertically, making assessment of global longlttnn trends dificult. In the Northern .Iiernisphere. thero is some evidencc that tropospheric ozone concentrations hale increased since 1900. with strong evidence that this has occurred in many locations since the 1960s. However. the observations of the most recent decade show that the upward trend has slo& d significantly or stopped. hlddel simulations and the limited observations 'together suggest that ozone concentrations throughout the troposphere may have doubled in the Northern Hemisphere since pre­ industrial times, an increase of about 25 ppbv. In the Southern Hemisphere, there are insufiicient dak? to determine iftropospheric ozoue has changed. esccpt i t the South Pole whew a derreasc has been observed since the mid­ 1980s. Changes in tropospheric ozone have potentially important consequences for radiative forcing. The calculated­ global average radiative forcing due to the increased concentration since pre­ industrial times is +0.4 (10.2) Wm­ 2. ,. Year 4 Figure 4: Global CFC­ 11 concentrations (pptc) for 1975 to 1994. As one of the ozone­ depleting gases. the emissions of C F q l l are controlled under the hfontrenl Protocol and its Adjustments and Amendments. Obsercations at some individual measurement sites are also shown. B. 5.2 Stratospheric Ozone Decrcases in stratospheric ozone have­ occurred s i n c e t h e 1970s. .principally in' tht? lower stratosphere. The most obviws feature is the annual appearance of the Antarctic "ozone I~ olc" in September and October. The ­October averaic total ozone values over Antarctica are 50­ TO% loncr than those observed in the 1960s. Statistically significant losses in total ozone have also been observed in the mid­ latitudes of both hemispheres. Little or no downward trend in ozonc has been observed in the tropics (20" N­ ZWS). The weight of recent scientific evidence strengthens the previous conclusion that ozone loss is due largely to anthropogenic chlorine and bromine compounds. Since the stratospheric abundances of chlorine and . bromine are expected to continue to grow for a few more years before they de'cline (see Section B. 4), stratospheric ozone losses, are expected to peak near the end of the century. with a gradual recovery throughout the first half of the 21st century. ' The joss of ozone in the 1ower. strarosphere over the past 15 to 20 years has led to a globally averaged radiative forcing of about ­0.1 LVn1.2. This negative radiative forcing represents an indirect effect of .anthropogenic chlorine and bronline cornpoul+ s. ..­ 8.6 Tropospheric and stratospheric B. 7 Summary of radiative forcing ­ aerosols Globally averaged radiative forcing is a useful Aerosol is a term used for particles and very small droplets of natural and human origin that occur in the atmosphere; they include dust and other particles which can be made up of many different chemicals. .4erosols are produced by a variety of processes, both natural (including dust storms and volcanic activity) and anthropogenic (including fossil fuel and biomass burning). Aerosols contribute to visible haze and can cause a diminution of the intensity of sunlight at the ground. Aerosols in the atmosphere influence the radiation balance of the Earth in two ways: (i) by scattering and absorbing radiation ­the cf?& cf effect, and (ii) by modifying the optical properties, amount and lifetime of clouds ­ the indirect effect. Although some aerosols. such as soot, tend to warm the surface. the net climatic effect of anthropogenic aerosols is believed to be a negative radiative forcing. tending to cool the surface (see Section 6.7 and Figure 2). Most aerosols with anthropogenic sources are found in the lower troposphere (below 2 km). A e r o s o l s u n d c r g o c h c t n i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l transformations in the atmosphare, especially withiri. clouds. and are removed iiirgely by precipitation. Conscqucntly aerosols in tha ­lower troposphere typically have residence times of a fcw days. Because of their short lifetime, aerosols i n the lower tropnspherc are 'distributed' inhomogeneously with masinla 'close to the natural (especially desert) and anthropogenic (especially iildustrial and biomass combustion) source regions. Aerosol particles resulting from volcanic activity can rcach the stratosphere where they are transported around tho . globe over tnaily months or years. The radiative forcing due to aerosols depends on the size, shape and chemical composition of the­ particles and the spatial distribution of the aerosol. \Vhile these factors are comparatively well­ known for stratospheric aerosols. there remain many uncertainties concerning tropospheric aerosols. Since IPCC (1994); there have: been several a d v a n c e s i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e i m p a c t o f .tropospbcric iterosols on rlimate. Thcse includc: (i) new calculations of the spatial distribution of sulphate aerosol largely resulting from fossil fucl combustion and [ii) the first calculation of the spatial distribution of soot aerosol. The impact of these developments on the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing is (! iscussed in Section B. T. .. .. . .. . .. ­ . .. . concept for giving a first­ order estimate of the potential climatic importance of various forcing mechanisms. However. as was ernphasisecl in IPCC (1994). there are limits to its utility. In particular. the spatial patterns of forcing differ betneen the globally well­ mised greenhouse gases. rhe regionally var). ing tropospheric ozone, and the e v r n more regionally concentrated tropospheric aerosols. and so a comparison of the global mean radiative forcings does not give a complete picture of their possible climatic impact. Estimates of the radiative forcings due to changes in. greenhouse gas concentrations since pre­ industrial times remain unchanged from IPCC (1994) (see Figure 2). These are ~2 .4 5 \V1i1­? (range: +2.1 ro +2.8 Wm­ 2) for the direct effect of the main w l l ­ mixed greenhouse gases (CO.,, CH,, N, O ancl the halocarbqns), i O .1 LV1n­ Z (range: 0.2 to 0. G \I'm­ z) for tropospheric ozone and ­0.1 \Vm­ 2 (range: ­0.05 to ­0.2 Wm­ 2) for stratospheric ozone. ­ The total direct forcing, due to anthvopogenic aerosol (sulphates, fossil fuel .. soot and organic aerosols from biomass burning) is estimated to be ­0.5 Wm­ 2 (range: ­0.25 to ­1.0 Wm­ 2). This estimate is smaller than that given in IPCC (1994) owing to a reassessment of the model results used to derive the geographic distribution of aerosol particles ancl the inclusion of anthropogenic soot aerosol for tho firsr time. The direct forcing clue to sulphate aerosols resulting from fossil fuel emissions and smelting is estimated to be ­0.4 \Vm­? (range: ­0.2 to ­0.8 \V n ~­z ). The first estimates of the impact of soot in aerosols from fossil fuel sources have been made: significanr uncertainty re~ nains but an estimate of +0.1 \Vm­? (range; 0.03 to 0.3 Wm­ 2) is made. The direct radiative forcing since 1850 of particles associated with biomass burning is, estimatcd to be ­0.2 \\ 'm­ s (range: .­ 0.07 to ­0. G LVm­ 2). unchanged from lPCC (1994). It has recently been suggested that a significant fraction of the tropospheric dust aerosol is influenced by human activities but the racliati1. e forcing of this component has not yet bee11 quantified. . I ne ran; ic. nf w r i r l l z t x for rhc rarliarl\. c fnrqc; due to changes in cloud properties caused by aerosols arising from human activity (the indirect effect) is unchanged from IPCC (1994) at between 0 and ­1.5 IVm­ 2. Several netv studies confirm thnt the indirect effect of aerosol may have caused a substantial negative radiativc forcing since pre­ ­. a industrial times, but it remains c'ery difficult to direct 'warming" and indirect "cooling" effects, quantify, more so than the direct effect. While no have now been estimated. In'IPCC (1994). only the best estimate of th; indirect forcing can currently be direct GWPs were presented for these gases. The made, the central value of ­0.8 Wm­ 2 has been used indirect effect reduces their GWPs, but each ozone­ in some of the scenario calculations described in depleting gas must be considered individually. The Sections B. 9.2 and F. 2. net CWPs of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) tend to There are no significant alterations since IPCC be positive. while those of the halons tend to be (1994) in the assessment of radiative forcing caused negative. The calculation of indirect effects for a by changes in solar radiative output or stratospheric number of other gases (e. g., NO,. CO) is not aerosol loading resulting from volcanic eruptions. currently possible because of inadequate The estimate of radiative forcing due to changes in characterisation of many of the atmospheric solar radiative output since 1850 is +0.3 W m ­2 processes involved. (range: +0.1 to +0.5). Radiative forcing due to Updates or new GWPs are given for a number of volcanic aerosols resulting from an individual key species (Table 41, based on improved or new eruption can be large (the maximum global mean estimates of atmospheric lifetimes, molecular effect from the eruption of &It. Pinatubo was ­3 to ­44 radiative forcing factors, and improved 'IVm­ 2). but lasts for only a few years. However, the transient variations in both these forcings may be important in explaining some of the observed climate variations on decadal time­ scales. B. 8 Global Warming Potential (GWP) The Global Warming Potential is an attempt to provide a simple measulre of the relative radiative effects of the emissions of various greenhouse gases. The index is defined as the cumulative radiative forcing between the present and some chosen tinie horizon caused by a unit mass of gas emitted now. esprcssed relative to thal: for some reference gas (hcre CO, is used). The future global warming commitment of a greenhouse gas over a chosen tihe horizon can be estimated by multiplying the appropriate GWP by the amount of gas emitted. For. example. GWPs could be used to compare the effects, of reductions in C02 emissions relative to reductions in methane emissions, for a specified time horizon. Derivation of GWPs requires knoyledge of the fate of the emitted gas and the radiative forcing due to the amount remaining in the atmosphere. Although the G'IVPs are quoted as single values, the typical uncertainty is +35%, not including the uncertainty in the carbon dioxide reference. Because CWPs are based on the radiative forcing concept, they are difficult t o a p p l y t o r a d i a t i v e l y i m p o r t a n t constituents that are unevenly distributed in the atmosphere. No attempt is made to define a GWP for aerosols. Additionally the (choice of time horizon !vi11 depend on policy considerations. G'IVPs need to take account of any indirect effects of the emitted greenhouse gas if they are to reflect correctly future warming potential. The net G\\ 'Ps for the ozone­ depleting gases. which include the representation of the carbon cycle. Revised lifetimes for gases destroyed by chemical reactions in the lower atmosphere (particularly methane, HCFCs and HFCs ) have resulted in GWPs that are slightly lower (typically by 10­ 15%) than those cited in IPCC (1994). The IPCC definition of GN'P is based on calculating the relative radiative impact of a release ­ of a trace gas over a time horizon in a constant background atmosphere. In a future atmosphere with larger CO, concentrations, such as occur in all of the IPCC emission scenarios (see Figure 5b). we would calculate slightly larger CWP values than those given in Table 4. ' 9.9 Emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the future 5.9. I The 1592 emission scenarios The projection of future anthropogenic climate c h a n g e d e p e n d s , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s ,' o n ­ assumptions made ,about future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursors and the proportion of e m i s s i o n s r e m a i n i n g i n t h e atmosphere. Here we consider the IS92 emission scenarios (IS92a to 0 which were first discussed in IPCC (1992). The IS92 emission scenarios estend to the year 2100 and include emissions of CO,. CH,, NzO, the halocarbons (CFCs and their substitute HCFCs and HFCs). precursors of tropospllerii ozone and sulphate aerosols and aerosols from biomass burning. A wide range of assumptions regarding future economic, demographic and policy factors are encompassed (IPCC. 1992). In this report. the emissions of chlorine­ and bromine­ containing 25 .. .. i Table 4: Global Marming Potential referenced to the updated decay response for the Bern carbon cycle model ancljicture CO, atmospheric concentrations held constant at current levels. S p e c i e s C h e m i c a l GIobal ll'arming Potential Formula (Time Horizon) (years) 20 years 100 years 500 years 1 1 variables co2 co2 1 hlethane* Nitrous oxide CH4 N20 120 280 1223 56 21 6.5 3 1 0 1 7 0 ­. halocarbons listed in IS92 a r e a s s u m e d t o b e phased out under the Montreal Protocol and its Adjustments and Amendments and so a single * revised future emission scenario for these gases is incorporated in all of the IS92 scenarios. , Emissjons of individual HFCs are based on the original IS92 scenarios, although they do not reflect current markets. C02 emissions for the six scenarios are shown in Figure 5a. The calculation of future concentrations of greenhouse gases, given certain emissions, entails modelling the processes that transform and remove the different gases from the atmosphere. For example. future concentrations of COZ are calculated using models of the carbon cycle which model the exchanges of COz b e t w e e n . t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e o c e a n s a n d t e r r e s t r i a l biosphere (see Section B. 1); atmospheric chemistry models are used to simulate the removal of chemically active gases such as methane. All the IS92 emission scenarios, even IS92c. imply increases in greenhouse gas concentrations from 1990 to 2100 (e. g., C02 increases range from 35 to 170% (Figure 5b); CH, from 22 to 175%; and NzO from 26 to 40%). dependent on 'the concentration of the gas and the. strength with which it absorbs and re­ emits long­ wave radiation. For sulphate aerosol, the direct and indirect radiative forcings were calculated on the basis of sulphur emissions contained in the IS92 scenarios. The radiative forcing due to aerosol from biomass burning was assumed to remain constant a t ­0.2 iVm­ 2 after 1990. The contribution from aerosols is probably the most uncertain part of future radiative forcing. Figure 6a shows a single "best estimate" of historical radiative forcing from 1765 to 1990 (including the effects of aerosols), followed by radiative forcing for Scenarios ,IS92 a to f. Figures 6b and c shoiv the contribution to future radiative forcing from various components of the 'IS92a Scenario; the largest contribution comes from COz, with a radiative forcing of almost 3­ 6 Wm­ 2 by 2100. The negative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols, in a globally averaged sense, offsets some of the greenhouse gas positive forcing. Hotvever, becaust. tropospheric aerosols are highly variable regionally, their globally averaged radiative forcing will not adequately describe their possible climatic impact. Future projections of temperature and sea level b a s e d o n t h e I S 9 2 e m i s s i o n s s c e n a r i o s a r e discussed in Section F. .For greenhouse gases, radiative forcing is , .. I . .­ IS92f IS92a IS92b IS92d IS92C . .. . ­ :2000 ,2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 .. ­ .. b ' .. Year ­..." ' , ., , IS92e IS92f IS92a IS92b IS92d IS92c .*.3 0 0 [ ' ' ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' 1 . . . ,2000 : 2020 2040 2C60 2080 2100 .. .. . ' . .. .. . . . ,. , .. . Year [Figure 5: (a) Total anthropogenic CO, emissions under the IS92 emission scenarios and (6) the resulting atmospheric ,C02 concentrations 'calculated using the 'Bern'carbon 'cycle model and the carbon budget for the 1980s shown in Table 2. . ... . .. ..­. . . .. .. . .. ... . .. .­ :;%­.:" ­ :'. .. ­ . . . . 27 ­. .. 8 Figure 6: (a) Total'globally and annually averaged historical radiative forcing from 1765 to 1990 due to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and tropospheric aerosol emissions and projected radiative forcing ualues to 2100 derived from the IS92 emissions scenarios. (b) Radiative forcing components resulting from the IS92a emission scenario for 1990 to 2100. The 'Total non­ C02 trace gases' curue includes the radiatiue forcing from methane (including methane related increases in stratospheric water uapour). nitrous oxide. tropospheric ozone and the halocarbons (including the negative forcing effect of stratospheric ozone depletion). Halocarbon emissions have been modged to take account of the Montreal Protocol nd its Adjustments and Amendments. The t d e aerosol components are: direct sulphate, indirect sulphate and direct biomass burning. (c) Non­ C02 trace gas radiative forcing components. 'WBr direct' is the direct radiative forcing resulting from the chlorine and bromine containing halocarbons: emissions are assumed to be controlled under the Montreal Protocol and its Adjustments and Amendments. The indirect forcing from these comp. otrnds (through stratospheric ozone depletion) is shown separately (Stra;. 03. All other emissions follow the IS9Za Scenario. The tropospheric ozone forcing (Trop. 63 takes account of concentration changes due only to the indirect effect of methane. 2s . . .. . .­ .. Year " "" "" I­"" __" "" " """ " " " " " ­ Sulphate aerosol ­ indirect ­2 2000 2020 2,040 20602080. 2100 Year l .2 ,b l l l l l l l I I Year .. .. .. 8.9.2 Stabilisation of greenhouse gas and 1000 4 aerosol concentrations 950 (a) ' e. ­ '­ SlijOO i / /. * An important question to consider is: how might 900 greenhouse gas concentrations be stabilised in the 850 ; future? g 800 I f global C02 emissions were maintained at near ' g 750 ; current (1994) levels, they would lead to a nearly 3 700 ; c o n s t a n t r a t e of i n c r e a s e i n a t m o s p h e r i c 5 650 : S 650 . concentrations for at least two centuries. reaching 2 6oo : about 500 ppmv (approaching twice the pre­ ' 5j0 1 industrial concentration of 280 ppmv) by the end of 8 500 t h e S 450. In IPCC (19941, carbon cycle models were used to calculate the emissions of C02 which would lead to stabilisation of different concentration Year levels from 350 to 750 ppmv. The assumed concentration profiles leading to stabilisation are shown in Figure i a (excluding 350 ppmv). Many different stabilisation levels, .time­ scales for achieving these levels. and routes to stabilisation could have b'een chosen. The choices made are not intended to have policy implications: the exercise is illustrative of the relationship between CO? emissions and concentrations. Those in Figure 7a ' assume a smooth transition from the current average ratc of CO, c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e . t9, ' . , C02 emissions stabilisation. To a first approsimntion. the stabiliscd concentration level d e p e n d s m o r e u p o n t h e accumulated amount of carbon emitted up to the tirnc of s t a b i l i s a t i o n , t h a n u p o n t h e e x a c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a t h followed en route t o s t a b i l i s a t i o n . Year ­ / / / / ­ / v / .­ ­ h: ew results have bcen produced to take account of the revised. carbon budget for the 1980s. (Table 21, b, ut the main conclusion, that stabilisation of concentration requires emissions eventually to drop well below current levels, remains unchanged from IPCC (1994) (Figure ibl. Because the new budgct implies a reduced terrestrial sink. the allowable emissions to achieve stabilisation are up to 10% lower than those in IPCC (2994). In addition, these calculations have been estended to include alternative pathways towards stabilisation (Figure 7a) and a higher stabilisation level (1000 ppmv). The alternative pathways assume higher emissions in the early years, but require steeper reductions in en1ission. i i i 1 latcr years (Figure 7bl. The 1000 ppxn; stabilisation case allows higher maximum emissions, but still requires a decline to. current levels by about 2­ 10 years from now and further reductions thereafter (Figure 7b). Figure' 7: (a) CO, concentration profiles leading to stlnbilisation at 450. 550. 650 and 750 ppmc following the pathways defined in IPCC (1994) (solid curtes) and for . pathways that allow emissions to follow IS92a until at least 2000 (dashed curves). A single profile that stabilises at a CO, concentration of 1000 ppmv and follow IS92a emissions until at'least 2000 has also been defined. (b) C02 emissions leading to stabilisation at concentrations of 450. 550, 650, 750 and 1000 ppmv following the profiles shown in (a). Current anthropogenic CO, emissions and those for IS92a are shown for comparison. The calculations use the ­Bern' carbon cycle model and the carbon budget for the 7980s shown in Table 2. .. . 29 halocarbons listed in IS92 are assumed t o b e phased out under the Montreal Protocol and its 4 Adjustments and "hendrnents and so a single revised future emission scenario for these gases is incorporated in all ot'the IS92 scenarios. Emissiors of individual HFCs are based on the original 1592 scenarios, although they do not reflect current merkets. CO, emissions for the six scenarios a r e shoivn in Figure 5a. The calculation of future calncentrations of greenhousd ga. ses. given certain emissions, entails m o d e h g the processes that transrorm and remove the d. ifferent gases from the atmosphere. For example, future concentrations of COP a r e calculared using models of the carbon cycle which model the exchanges of CO? b e t v i e e n t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e o c e a n s a n d t e r r e s ,t r i a l biosphere (see Section B. 1); atmospheric chemistry m o d e l s a r e u s e d to simulate the remova. 1 of chemically active gases such as methane. All the IS92 emission scenarios. even IS92c. imply increases in greenhouse gas concentrations from 1990 to 3100 (e g . C02 increases range from 35 to 170% (Figure 5b); CII, from 22 to 175%; and N20 from 26 to ­10%). dependent on the Concentration of the gas and tiii strength ivith which it absorbs and re­ emits long­ wave radiation.. For sulphate aerosol. the direct and indirect radiative forcings were c; alculated on th. e basis of sulphur emissions contained in ithe IS92 scenarios. The radiative forcing due to aerosol from biomass burning was assumed to remain constant a t ­0.2 Zvmn­* after 1990. The cantribulion from aerosois is probably the most uncertain part of future radiatiwe forcing. Figure Ga shows a single "best estimate" of historical radiative forcing from 1765 to 1990 (including ,the effects of aerosols). folllavcved by radiative forcing for Scenarios IS912 a to 1. Figures 6b anld c show the Contribution to future radiative forcing from variow components of. the IS92a Scenario; the largest contribution comes from C02, with a radiative forcing of almost +15 Wm­ 2 !by 2100. The negative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols, ir. R z1? 5?.!! y everF. yd serse. n f f w t y snmp of t h ~ greenhouse gas positive forcing. However, because tropospheric aerosols are highly veriable regionally, their glo5ally averaged radiative forcing will not adequetely describe their possible climatic impact. Future projections of temperature and sea level based on the IS92 emissions scenarios are discussed in Section F. For greenhouse gases. radiative forcing is ' 4 0 ,,,,,,,,,, lS92t IS92a IS92b IS92d IS92C .­. . 2000 , 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 t ': .. d. Year .. ­. .. . .­ . .. .­ . IS92e IS92f .. 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 .. .. . . .. Year Figure 5: (a] Taltal anthropogenic CO, emissions under the ­15912 emission scenarios and (a) the resulting atmospheric GO2 concentrlutio­ ns calculated using the 'Bern' carbon ' cycle model hnd the carbon budget for the 1980s shown in Table 2. .. . . . ,. _­ ­ ­ 3 ." x,,.:: . . .. .^ . .. . .. B. 6 Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols ­ Aerosol is a term used for particles and very Small droplets of natural and human origin that occur in the atmosphere; they include dust and other particlcs which can be made up of many different chemicals. Aerosols are produced by a variety of processes. both natural (including dust storms and volcanic activity) and anthropogenic (including fossil fuel and biomass burning). Aerosols contribute to visible haze and can cause a diminution of the intensity of sunlight at the ground. .4erosols in the atmosphere influence the radiation balance of the Earth in two ways: (i) by scattering and absorbing radiation ­ the direct e p c t , and'( ii1 by modifying the optical properties, amount and lifetime of clouds ­ the irdirrct effect. .Uthough some aerosols.. such as soot, tend to warm the surface. the net clinmtic effect of anthropogetlic aerosols is belicved to be a negative radiativc forcing. tending to cool the surface (see Sectidn B. 7 and Figure 21. Most aerosols tvith anthropogenic sources are found in the lower troposphcrc (below 2 km). A e r o s o l s i n d e r g o c h e r n i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l transformations in the atmosphcre: cspecially within clouds. and'are removed largriy by prccipitation. Consoqucntly aerosols in the lower troposphcrc typically have rcsidcncc times of a few days. Bccausc of thcir short lifetime. aerosols in thc lowdr troposphcrc are distributrd inhomogcncously ivith maxima closc to the natural (especiaiiy desert) and anthropogenic (cspccinlly industrial and biomass combustion) source regions. Aerosol particlcs resulting from volcanic activity .can reach thc . stratosphrrc where they are transportrd around thc globc over many months or years. The radiative forcing due to aerosols depends on the size. shapc and chcmical composition of thc particles and the spatial distribution of the aerosol. LVhile thcsc factors are comparatively well­ knoun for ' stratospheric aerosols, there remain many uncertainties concerning trop& pIleric aerosols. Since IPCC (1994). there have been scveral a d v a n c c s i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e i m p a c t of 'tropospheric aerosols on clim5te. These include: li) new calculations of the spatial distribution of sulphnx neroso! Inr221y resulting from fossil fud combustion and (ii) the first calculation of the spatial distributiop of soot aerosol. The impact of thcse developmcnts on the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing is discussed in Section f3.7. .. '4 .. .. .. . .. ­ .. , B. 7 Summary of radiative forcing Globally averaged radiative forcing is a useful concept for giving a first­ order estimate of the potential climatic importance pf various forcing mechanisms. However. as was emphasised in IPCC (1994), there are limits to its utility. In particular. :he spatial patterns of forcing differ betiyeen the globally tvell­ mixed greenhouse gases, the regionally \wying tropospheric ozone, and the even more regionally concentrated tropospheric aerosols. and so a comparison of the global mean radiative forcings docs not give a complete picture of their possible elinlatic impact. Estimates of the radiative forcings due to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations since pre­ industrial times remain unchanged from IPCC. (19341 (see Figure 2). These are +2.45 W m ­2 (range: t2.1 to +2.8 iVm­ 2) for the direct effect of the main \veli­ mixed greenhouse gases (C02. CH+ N20 and the halocarbonsj. +0.4 Ct'm­ 2 (range: 0.2 to 0.6 V h ­2 ) for tropospheric ozone and ­0.1 iVm­ 2 (range: ­0.03 to . ­0.2 Wm­ 2) for stratospheric ozone. The total direct forcing due to anthropogenic aerosol (sulphatcs, fossil fuel soot and organic aerosols From biomass burning) is estimated to be ­0.5 iVm­ 2 (range: ­0.25 to ­1.0 iVm­ 2). This estimate is smallcr than that givenjn IPCC (1994)­ owing to a reasscssnlent of the model results used to derive the geographic distribution of aerosol particles and the inclusion of anthropogenic soot aerosol for the first time. Thc direct forcing due to sulphate aerosols rcsulting from fossil fuel emissions and smelting is estimated 10 be ­0.4 CVm­ 2 (range: ­0.2 to ­0.8 tvnr'). The first estimates 0. f the impact of soot in aerosols from fossil fuel sources have been made: significant uncertainty rcmains but an estimate of +0.1 C t ' m ­~ (range: 0.03 to 0.3 iVm­ 2) is made. The direct radiative forc'ing since 1850 of particles associated with ,biomass burning is estimated to be ­0.2 LVm­ 2 (range: ­0.07 to ­0. G \. 'dm­ 21. unchanged from IPCC (1994). I t has recently' been suggested that a significant fraction of the tropospheric dust aerosol is influeked by human activities but the radiative forcing of this component has not yet been quantified. Tho rerlyr nf v +t T r t w fnr thn rac! i?.! i.­ r fc:~!::: due to changes in cloud properties ­caused b). aerusois arising from human acrivitj­ (tho indirccr effect) is unchanged from IPCC (1994) at between 0 and ­1.5 !Ym­?. Several new studies confirm that, the indirect effect of aerosol tnai have caused 2 substantial negative radiative forcing since pre­ ­ .. .. . .. .. .. . ' ,­ .. .. .. . . .. .. ," ~ I direct 'warming" and indirect "cdoling" effects. have now been estimated. In IPCC (1994), only the direct GLYPs were presented for these gases. The indirect effect reduces their GLVPs, but each ozone­ dep! eting gas must be considered indiridually. The net G\ VPs of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) tend to be positive. while those of the halons tend to be negative. The calculation of indirect effects for a number of other gases (e. g.. NO,. CO) is not currpntly possible because of inadequate characterisation of many of the atmospheric processes involved. Updates or new CWPs are given for a number of key species (Table 4). based on improved or new estimates of atmospheric lifetimes, molecular ~a d i a t i v e ' f o r c i n g f a c t o r s , a n d i m p r o v e d representation of the carb'on cycle. Revised lifetimes for gases destroyed by chemical reactions in the lon. er atmosphere (particularly methane, HCFCs and HFCs ) have resulted in GWPs that are slightly lolver (typically by 10­ 15%/ 0) than those cited in IPCC (1994). The' IPCC definition of GWP is based on calculating the relative radiative impact of a release of a trace gas over a time horizon in a constant background atmosphere. In a future atmosphere with larger COz concentrations. such as occur in all . of the IPCC emission scenarios (see Figure 5b), we \vould calculate slightly larger GWP values than , those given in Table 4. ­ o! J Emissions and concentrations of reenhouse gases and aerosols in the future B. 9. I The IS92 emissr" on. scenarios . ' The projection of, future anthropogenic climate change depends. among other things. on assumptions made about future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursors and the proportion of e m i s s i o n s r e m a i n i n g i n t h e atmosphere. Here we consider the IS92 emission scenarios'( IS92a to 0 which were first discussed in ­ IPCC (1992). The IS92 emission scenarios extend to the year 2100 and include emissions o f C02, CH,, N, O, the halorarhons KFCs and their sz~ hstitute HCFCs and HFCsl. precursors of tropo, spheric ozone and a. 2> lLL.: c aerosols and aerosols fro:, biomass burning. A wide range of assumptions regaiding dutijre economic, demographic and policy factors ;! re encompassed (IPCC. 1992). In this report, the emissions of chlorine­ and !bromine­ containing 23 .. .. ,. , .. .. . .. .. >­ .. .. ," Global average methane concentrations increased by 6% over the decade starting in 1984 (Figure 3). Its concentration in 199­ 1 was about 1720 ppbv, ­ 14504 greater than the pre­ industrial concentration of 700 ppbv (Table 1, Figure 3). Over the last 20 years, there has been a decline in tlie methane gronrh rate: in the late 1970s the concentration was increasing by­ about 20 ppbvlyr, during the 1980s the groivth rate dropped to 9­ 13 ppb::/ yr. Around the middle of 1992, merhane concentrations briefly stopped growing. but since 1993 the global growth rate has returned to about 8 ppbvlyr. I n d i v i d u a l m e t h a n e s o u r c e s a r e n o t w e l l quantified. Carbon isotope measurements indicate t h a t a b o u t 20% of the total annual methane emissions are related to the production and use of foskil fuel. In total. anthropogdic activities are responsible for about 6040% of current methane emissions (Table 3). Nethane emissions from natural wetlands appear to contribute about 20% to the gtobal methane emissions to the atmosphere. Such emissions will probably increase with global warming as a result of greater microbial activity. In 1932 the direct radiative forcing due to the increase in methane concentration since pre­ industrial times was about +0.47 Wm­­ (Figure 2). Changes in the concentratim of methane have clearly identified che~ nical feedbacks. The main removal process for methane is reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OIH). .Addition of methane to the atmosphere reduces the . Concentration of tropospheric Oll which can in turn feed back and roduco the rate of methane removal. The adjustment time for a pulse of methane added ., to the atmosphere has been revised to 12 (+ 3) years (compared with 14.5 (c2.5) years in IPCC (1991)). . Two factors are responsible fof the change: (a) a new estimate for the chemical removal rate (11% faster); and (b) inclusion of the uptake of methane by soils. The revised global sink strength is 560 (* loo) Tg( CH$/ year, higher than the 1991 estimate, but still consistent with the previous range of global . source strength. B. 3 Nitrous oxide (N, O) There are many small sources of nitrous oxide, ' . both nntrlra! and zc:!; r2p;;::::;, ;; i1iiil arc jiiiicult to quantify. The main' anthropogenic. so. ilrces are fruit1 agricuirure and a number of industrial processes' (e. g.. adipic acid and nitric acid productionl. '4 best estimate of the current (1980s) anthropogenic emission of nitrous oxide is 3 to 8 /. ... .. . ,. 22 i .I .. .. .. . .I .. ­ .. ". . . ­. . _.. . , I: . 1. .­ , .. I .. Tg( N)/ yr. Natural sources are poorly q 1 .1 ,~r r i f i p c l ~ bur are probably twice as large as allthropoge; lic sources. Nitrous oxide is removed n; alnl!, by photolysis (breakdowx by sunlight) in the stratqsphere and conseyuer. d~ has a ion; lifetirr:? (about 120 years). Although sources cannot be well cjr. antiEet\, atmospheric measurements and evidencc from ice cores shoiv that the atmospheric abunciance of nitrous oside has incroased since the pre­ inciustrial era, most likely otving to human activities. In 199: armospheric levels of nitrous oxide were abour 312 ppbv: pre­ industrial levcls \rere about 275 ppbv (Table 1). The 1993 grow. th rate Eapprosimarely 0.5 ppbvlyr) was lower than that observed in the late 1980s and early 1990s (approximately 0.5 pphI,/ yr). but these short­ term changes i n gronth rate are within the range of variabilig. seen on decadal time­ scates. The radiatir. e forcing due t o thc chnnge in nitrous oxide since pre­ industrial times is about 1­ 0.14 1Vm. Z (Figure 2). B. 4 Halocarbons and other ­ halogenated campounds Halocarbons are carbon compounds conraining fluorine. chlorine. bromine or iodine.. Many of these are efrective greenhouse gases. For: most of these cdrnpounds. human activities am the sole source. Halocarbons that contain chlarinc (CFCs ancl HCFCs) and bromine (hnlonsd I:: BLIS@ ozone depletion, and thcir e~ nissions are contrullcci under the Montreal Protocol and its Adjustments and Amendrncnts. As a result. growth! ratcs i n the conccncraeirjns of many of these compounds have already fallen (Fig& 4) and tPlc radiative impact of these compounds w i l l slowly decline oyer the nest century. The contribution to dirccl radinti1. e forcing due to Concentration increases of these CFCs and HCFCs since pre­ industrial timcs is itbout +0.25 \l'm­?. Halocarbons can also exert an indirect negative radiative forcing through their depletion of stratospheric ozone (see Section R. 5.2). Perfluorocarbons (PFCs. e. g.. CF,, C2F6) and sulphur ­hexafluoride iSF6) are removed very slo\ vly from the atmosphere \\ lth estimated lifetimes greater than 1000 years. As a result, dh­ hv> l!: ?1' P Y !:::: :: accumulate in the atmosphere and will continue to influrnre rlirnntc fo~ r thsis: tdz uljears. Although the radiative forcing due to concentration increases of these compounds since pre­ industrial times is sn? all (about ­1.0.01 IVtn. '). it may b e r m e significant in the future if concentrations continste to increase. HydrofZuororarbons IIHFCS) ;­! Ye being used ?I ) replace ozone­ deplehg substances in some applications; rheir­ concentI ations and radiative impacts are currently small I f emiss: ons increase as envisaged in Scenario IS92a, the! 5r. ould contributc about 3% of the tora. 1 radiati\, e forcing from all greenhouse ga'es bq. the year 2 11.) 5. ­9.5 Ozone (0,) Ozone is an .;:: portan: grccnho,~ l; e gas pslescnt i! l both the stratosphere and troposphere. Changes in ozone ca:: se rndintit 2 forciw: b) influencing both solar anti terrestrial radiation. The net radiative forcing is strongi) dependent on the vertical distriburicn of ozone chang ­ and is panticularli. sensitive to cI: anges around the tropopause levell, where trends are diriit: tdt to estimate due to a 18ack 01' reliable observations 2nd tho \: xry large , natural variability ThcL patterns o f both troposphcric anti stratospheric ozone changes are spatially variable. Estimation of t! le radi#: ltive forcing d u ~ to changes in ozone is thus more comples than for the well­ mixed greenhouse gases. 8.5. I Tropcspheric Ozone In the troposphcrc. ozone is produced during the I oxidation of tfxthnnc and from vnri'ous st­ lort­ livcdw precursor gases (mainly c; srbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides CNQ,) and non­ nlcthane hydrocarbons (NMIiC1). Ozone is a. lso transported into the troposphcre from the stratosphrrc IChangcs in ,troposphc~­ ic ozonc conccntratilJru, are spatially variable, both regiocnlly and rsticall,: matking assessment of global ilnr1q­ term trends difficult. I n the Northern iiemisphere. there is some evidence that tropospheric ozone concentrat~ t~ nS have increascd since 1900, with str1on; g widcnlcc that Ih'k has 13ccurrcd in many locations sino: the 19GOs. However, the obsen? ations of h e most recent dccade stlow that the upward trl:> nd has SIO! AWI significantly or stopped. Model simulations and the limited observations together suggest tha. t ozone conccntrmntions thrloughout the troposphere may have douhicc! in the Piortlhern Hemisphcrr:, since pre­ industrial times, an increase of about 25 ppbv. In the Southern Hemisphere, therc! are insuffcient ldata to determine if tropospheric 0ron. e has has been objervi: d sincc the mid­ 1 9:: Os. Likiigcd, e. '\~ t. pi <.; LlL dLluiil i c,; u .+ iit. lc ~~c :~~~l ~~~,.j t . Changes in tropospheric ozone hake potentially important ~cOnsfquence.; for radiative fcrcirrg. The calculated giobal averq? radiati­. tt Iurcing dule to the increased cnncer?. tratioil since pre­ industrial 1: imes is +0.4 (50.2) SVm­ 2. .. ­. . Year ', li Figure 4: Global CFC­ I1 concentrations (pptcr. ifar 1978 to 1994. As one ofthe ozone­ depletinggases. rhc emissiohs of CFC­ I1 are' conrrolled under the Aforzrrecl! Protocol and its Adjustments and Amendrnerlts. Observations at some individual measurement sites are also shown!. . 8.5.2 Stratiospheric Ozone Decreases in stratosphcric ozone haw occurred since the 14170s. principally in the iowt: r stratosphere. The most ob7; ious featurc i s t h e annual appcarnnce of thc Antarctic "ozonc hole" in Scptonibcr and Octobw. The October average totill w o n 0 values elver Antarctica are 50­ 70% IOWCI. t h a n those observed in the 1960s. Statistically siznificant losses in tomtni ozone have also been observed in the mi$­ latitudes of both hemispheres, Little 01­ n'ca dorvnw, ard trcnd in ozone has beet? observeld in the tropics (2QPN­ 20" S). The iveight 08f recent scientific evidence strengthens thr pre~ ious conclusion that ozonle loss is due lacgely to anthroplogenic chlorine and bromine compounds. . S i l :c e the stratospheric ahundances of chlorine and bromine arb expected to continue to grot$­ for a reit; more years before they decline (see Section B. 41, s, rrntosplheric ozone losses are expected to peak near t h f end of the century, with a gradual recover) r L! . .1 .,.. .x.. ~ ,." t,.. ,ddi. vk. u >.L :. 'aL !iu; T u. ' ?i> L CGLLL;,. ­The loss of ozone in tho loiver StratosptlPre over ' the past 1: s to 20 years has led to a globallJr a: cragecl radiative forcing of about ­0.1 \Vn1.2. This nepntive radiative famin:: represents an indirect effr. ct o f anthropogcqic chlorine and brom! ne coxpounds: .. .. .. ., ,\ 1 .. .. .. .. .. B. 6 Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols ­ Aerosol is a term used for particles and very small droplets. of natural and human origin that occur in the atmosphere; they include dust and other particles which can be made up of many clifferent chemicals. Aerosols are produced by a variety of processes, both natural (including dust storms and volcanic actiLVity) and anthropogenic (including fossil fuel and biomass burning). Aerosols contribute to visible haze and can cause a diminution of the intensity of sunlight at rhe ground. Aerosols in the atmosphere influence the radiation balance of the Earth in two ways: (i) by scattering and absorbing radiation ­ the dfrect effect, and (ii) by modifying the optical propertds. amount and lifetinle of clouds ­ the irrdircct effect. Although some aerosols. such a s soot, tend to warm the surface, the net climatic effect of anthropogenic aerosols is believed to be a negative radiative forcing, tending to cool the surface (see Section 13.7 and Figure 2). Most aerosols with anthropogenic sources are found in thc lower troposphere (bclotv 2 km). Aerosols u n c l c r g o c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l transformations in the atmosphcp. especially within clouds, and are removed largcly by precipitation. Conscqucntly acrosols in thc loivcr troposphere typically have resiclcncc times o r a f c k days. Bccausc. of thcir short lifctimc. aerosols in the lower troposphere nr! distributcd inhomogcncorrsi~ with masinla close to the natural (especially desert) .and anthropogenic (especially industrial and biomass combustion) source regions. Aerosol particles resulting from volcanic activity can reach the stratosphcre where they are transported around the globe over many months or years. . ' The radiative forcing due to aerosols depcnds on the size. shape and chemical composition of the particlcs and the spatial distribution of the aerosol. . \iVllilc 'these factors are comparatively well­ known for stratospheric aerosols, there remain many uncertainties concerning tropospheric aerosols. Since IPCC (1994). there have been several a d v a n c e s i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e i m p a c t o f tropospheric aerosols on cliinate. These include: (i) sulphate aerosol largely resulting from fossil f w l combustion and (ii) the first calculation of the spatial distribution of soot aerosol. The .impact of these developments on the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing is discussed in Section 13.;. .. II": '. ' C:.!: L! s:": 5 "T Li, C 5prliidl u l ~l r l u u r i u l l ~ u i 24 9.7 Summary of radiative forcing Globally averaged radiative forcing is a usefill concept for giving a first­ order estimate of the potential climatic importance of various forcing mechanisms. Hojvever, as was emphasised in IPCC (199111, there are limits to its utility. In particular. the spatial patterns of forcing differ betireen the globally well­ mised greenhouse gases, the regionally varying tropospheric ozone, and the even more regionally concentrated tropospheric aerosols. and so a comparison of the global mean radiative forcings does EO: give a complete picture of their possible cliniatic impact. Estimates of the radiative forcings due to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations since pre­ 'industrial tinles remain unchanged from IPCC (19.94) (see Figure 2). These are +2.45 it. 111­ 2 (range: +2.1 to +2.8 Wm­ 2) for the direct effectof thc main well­ rnised grcenhouse gases (CO,. CH,, K20 and the halocarbons), +0.4 IVm­ 2 (range: 0.2 to 0. G \V d ) for tropospheric ozone and ­0.1 iVm­ 2 (range: ­0.05 to ­0.2 VVm­ 2) for stratospheric ozone. The total direct forcing due to anthropogenic aerosol (sulphates. fossil fuel soot and organic aerosols from biomass burning) is cstimated to be ­0.5 iVm­ 2 (range: ­0.25 to ­1.0 IYm­ 2). This estimate is smaller than that given in IPCC (1994) oLving to a reassessment of the model results used to dcrivc the geographic distribution of aerosol particlcs and the inclusion of anthropogenic soot aerosol for the first time. Thc dirrtcr forcing due to sulphate aerosols resulting from fossil fuel emissions and smelting is . estimated to be ­0.4 \l'm­ z (range: ­0.2 to ­0. S LVm. '). Thc'first cstimates of the impact of soot in aerosols from fossil fuel sources have bccn made: significant uncertainty remains but an estimate of +0.1 \t'm­ z (range: 0.03 to 0.3 Wm­ 2) is made. The direct , .radiative forcing since 1850 of particles associated with biomass burning is estimatdd to be ­0.2 \Vm­ n (range: ­0.07 to ­O h IVrn­ 2). unchanged from IPCC (1994). I t has recently been suggested that a significant fraction of the tropospheric dust aerosol is' influenced by human activities but the radiative forcing of this component has not yet been quantified: The range of estimates for thc rartistivr fnrri­? due t o changes in cloud properties­ caused by aerosols arising f: G: x iiutnan activity (the indiruct ­effect) is unchanged from­ IPCC (1994) at between 0 and ­1.5 iVm*~. Sel­ era1 ~e t y wclics confirm that the indirect effect of aerosol may have caused a substantial negative radiatiw forcing since pre­ .. I industrial times, but it remains very dilTicu! t to quantify, more so than the direct effect. \Vhile no best estimate of theindirect forcing can 'currently be made, the central vaiue of ­0.8 i\ 'rn­ z, has been used in some of the scenario cAculntions dmcribcd i n Sections B. 9.2 and F 2. There are no significant alterations since iPCC (1994) in the assessment of radiative forcing caused by changes in solar radiatiw outuut or stratospheric aerosol loading resuicing from volcanic eruptrons. The estimate of radiative forcing due to changes in solar radiative output since 1550 is +0.3 il'm. 7 (range: +0.1 to +0.5). I3ndiatiL. e forcing due to volcanic aerosols resultiEe from an individual eruption can be large (the maximum global mean effect from the eruption of h l r . Pinatubo \vas ­3 to ­4 Wm­ 2). but lasts for only a f e w ). ears. HIDivever. the transient variations in both these forcings may be important in explaining sornc of tile obsen. ed climate variations on decadal time­ scales. B. 8 Global Warming Potential (GWP) The Global Warming Potential is an al: tempo to provide B simple measure o f t h e relative radiative effects of the emissions of various greenh'ouse ga. ses. The indes is defined as the cumulative radiative * forcing between the present and some chosen tido horizon caused by ;ii unit mass of gas emitted nown expressed relative to that Far some reference gas (here CO, is used). The hlture global warming; commitment of a greenhousc gas over a chosen timi horizon can be estimated by multiplying the appropriate GWPby the arnolu~ nt ofgas emitted. For exan~ plc. GI'VPs could be used t o compare! the efTects of reductions in C02 (emissions lrelative to reductions in methane emissions, for a specified time horizon. Derivation of GWPs requires knowledge of the fate of the emitted gas and the rndiarive­ forcing due to the amount remaining in thc atmosphere. .4lthough the GWPs are quoted ,as 'single values. the typical uncertainty is r35%. not inciuding the uncertajnty in the carbon dioside. ieference. Because GVVPs are based on the radiative forcing lconcept. tlhey are difficult to apply to radiatively important constituents that are unevenly distributed in the atmosphere. No attem'ot is madle to define R GWP for aerosols. Additionally the clnolce of time ho'rizon >will cicpcnd on policy cor,; idera:. cns. GWPs need to take accour! t of any indirect effects of the emitted greenk. ou& 6 ~s i f they are to re! lect correctly future warming potentlial. The net GZ'v'Ps for the ozone­ depleting gases. ruhich inlrlude the .. .. . .. direct "warming" and indirect "cooling" effects, have now been estimated. In IPCC (1991), only the direct GWPs were presented for these gases. The indirect effect reduces their GWPs. but each ozone­ depicting gas must be considered individually. The net GWPs of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) tend to be positive. while those of the halons tend to be negative. The calculation of indirect effects for a number of other gases (e g , NO,, CO) is not c u r r e n t l y p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e of inadequate characterisation of many of the atmospheric, processes involved. Updates or new GWPs are given for a number of kel, species (Table 4). based on improved or new estimates of atmospheric lifetimes, molecular r a d i a t i v e f o r c i n g f a c t o r s . a n d i m p r o v e d representation of the carbon cycle. Revised lifetimes for gases destroyed by chemical reactions in the Eotver atmosphere (particularly methane, HCFCs and HFCs ) have resulted in GiVPs that are slightly 1ov. w­ (typically by 10­ 15% 0) than those cited in IPCC (19941. The IPCC definition of GWP is based on calculating the relative radiative impact 'of a release of a. trace gas over a time horizon in a constant background atmosphere. In a future atmosphere with larger CO2 concentrations, such as occur in all of the IPCC emission scenarios (see Figure 5b). we wduid calculate slightly larger GWP values than those given in Table 4. id B. 9 Emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the future B. 9.1 The IS92 emission scenarios The projection of future anthropogenic climate c h a n g e d e p e n d s , a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , o n assumptions made about future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursors and the proportion of emissions remaining in the atmosphere. Here we consider the 1592 emission scenarios (IS92a to D which were first discussed in IPCC (1992). The IS92 emission scenarios extend to the year 21100 and include emissions of COz. CH4, NzO, the halocarbons (CFCs and their substitute HCFCs and HFCs), precursors of tropospheric ozone and bul! pt!: Itc aerosols and z~ rosols from biomass burning. A wide range of assumptions regarding f u t w p economic, demographic. and policy factors are encompassed (IPCC. 1992). In this report, the emissions of chlorine­ sild bromine­ containing . .. . .. .~ .. ~ . ~ '. " .. 25 Table 4: Globul Wurming Potential referenced to the updated decay response for the Bern carbor: cgclc ­ and future C02 atmospheric concentrations held constant at current iecels. Species Chemical Lifetime Global \! 'arming Potential Formula (T h e Horizon) (years) 20 years 100 years 500 years Methane* CH4 1253 56 21 6.5 Kitrous oxide X20 120 280 310 170 26 halocarbons listed :II IS92 u r e assumed to be phased ou& under :he blontreal Protocol and it5 Adjustments and ;kmendnnenI: s and so a single revised future emissioa scenario for these gases is incorporated in all oi' :he 1592 xenarios. Emissions of indi<, idual HFCs are based on the original IS92 scenari. iis, aichourh they do n o t reflecr current markets. CO, emission:; for the si4 scenarios are shown in Figure 3?.. The calculation 3 ; future concentrations of greenhouse gases. g: ven certain emissions, entaiis modelling the processes tilet transform and remove the different. gases from the atmosphere. For esample, future concentrations of C 0 2 are calculated using rnodt. 1~ of the carbon cycle which m o d e l t h e e x c h a q e s of COz bletiveen t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e o c e a n s a n d t e r r s s t r l a l biosphere (see Section B. 1); atmospheric chemistry m o d e l s a r e u s e d to sirrulatle the removal of chemically ,active ga. sss such 85 methalne. All the IS92 emission scenarios, even IS92c. imply increases' in greenhouse gas concentrations from 1990 to 2100 (e. g., CO? increases range from. 35 to 170% (Figure 5b); CH2 From 2'2 to 175%; and N 2 0 from 26 to ,40%). dependent on the tconcentration of the gas and ti,; strength with which i t absorbs and ne­ emits long­ 'wave radiation. For suiphnte aerosol. the direct a :d indirect radiative forclngs ~e :­e calculated on th. 8 basis of sulphur emissions contained in the IS92 scenarios. The radiarlT. e Forcing due to aerosol from biomass burning was assumed to remain constant at ­0.2 Wm­ 7 after 1990. The contribution from aerosols is probabl! the tnosc uncertain part of future radiative forcing. Figure 61, a shows a single "best estimate" of historical radiative forcing from 1765, to 1990 (including ­the effects of aerosols). foilobved by radiative forcing for Scenarios IS92 a to f. Figures 6b and c show the contribution to future mdiative . forcing from variolus cornpolxnts of the iS9'a Scenario; the largest contribution comes From C02, with a radiative forung of ~Imost c 6 Wm. 2 by 2100. The negative forcing due tu tropospheric aerosols. ir. 7. g?!~ bzl! '! l. averay­ 2 501's~ pffsets scmo of t h p greenhouse gas positive forcing. However. because tropospheric aerosols are h~ ghiy variablle reglonalL)., their globa. li!. averapcl radiative forcing will not adequately ldescribe thclir possible climatic impact. Future projections o f tenlperature and sea level based on the IS92 ernlssims sclenarios a r e discussed in Sectil? n f:. For greenhouse gases,, radiative forcing is ' I .' ' .. . .. , .­ . . I. .. i" _, ­ IS92t IS92a IS92b IS92d IS92c 3 0 J "J "' J I f 2000 , 2020 21340 2060 2080 2100 .. u a Year __. .­. IS92eIS92f . 2000 ~ 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 .. .. Year Figure 5: [a) Total anthrbpogenic C02 emissions under the . IS92 emission scenarios and (3) the resulting atmospheric CQz concentrations calculateld using the 'Bern' carbon cycle modelhnd the carbon bludget for the 1980s shown in Tdlbie2. ', : 28 .. . . _. B. 9.2 Stabilisation o f greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations An important questi; to consider is: how might greenhouse gas concentrations be' stabilised in the future? If global CO, emissions were maintained at near current (1991) levels, they would lead to a nearly c o n s t a n t r a t e ­ of increase in atmospheric concentrations for at least two centuries, reaching about 500 ppmv (approaching twice the pre­ industrial concentration of 280 ppmv) by the end of the 21st century. In IPCC (19941, carbon cycle models were used to calculate the emissions of COz which would lead to stabilisation at a number of different .concentration levels from 350 to 750 ppmv. The assumed concentration profiles leading to stabilisation are shown in Figure 7a (excluding 350 ppmv). Many different stabilisation levels. time­ scales for achieving these levels. and routes to stabilisation could have been chosen. The choices made are not intended to have policy implications; the exercise is illustrative of the relationship between COz emissions and concentrations. Those in Figure i a assume' a smooth 'transition from the current average rate of CO, concentration increase to . stabilisation. To a first approximation, the stabilised concentration level depends more upon the accumulated alnount of carbon emitted up to the time of stabilisation. than upon the exact Concentration path followed en route to stabilisation. New results have been produced to take account of the revised carbon budget for the 1980s (Table 2). but the main conclusion. that stabilisation of concentration requires emissions eventually to drop . well below current levels. remains unchanged from IPCC (1994) (Figure ibl. Because the new budget implies a reduced terrestrial sink. the allowable emissions to achieve stabilisation are up to 10% lower than those in IPCC (1994). In addition, these calculations have been extended to include alternative pathways towards stabilisation (Figure 7a) and a higher stabilisation level (1000 ppmv). The alternative pathways assume higher emissions in the early years, but require steeper reductions in stabilisation case allo~ vs higher maximum emissions, but still requires a decline to current levels .by about 240 years from now and further reductions thereafter (Figure 7b). cL.,& idL; a ILt; u~ )c a t s (1.1gule 7bj. ­Tile ibbd ppr11c­ ­ .,. .­. Year F i p m 7: (a) CO, concentration profiles 1radii; g t o stabihsation at 450, 550. 650 and 750 pprnvJol! iou~ ing the pathuays defined in IPCC( 1994) (solid curms) and for p a t h w y s that allow emissions to follow lS32a plntil at least 2000 (dashed curves). A single projile that srabiiises at a Ccl, concentration of IO00 ppmv and folious 1592a emissiwu until at least 2000 has also been deflned. (b! cO, emissims Leading to stabilisation at concentrarions ofi'30. 550, 6.70. 750 and 1000 ppmv following rhe p r a J k s shorrn I in [a). Current anthropogenic CO, emissions and those f o r IS92a 'Ire shown for comparison. The ca! cn! c! ions ltse the ' B e n ' ' carbon cycle model and the carboll budgetybr the 1980s shown in Table 2. ­. Table 5: Total anthropogenic CO, emissions accumulatedfrom 1997 to 2100 inclusive (Gt&). All values were calculated using the ­ carbon budget for 1980s shown in Table 2 and the Bern carbon 3 _. cycle model. Case Accumulated C 0 2 emissions 1991 to 2100 [GtC) IS92 scenarios c 770 d 980 .. b 1430 . ­a 1500 .. f 1830 . ­. . e 2190 ... .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .~ ~ ............ ........................... ... ... ....... . .' ..... ,. ­ ­ .. . ­ _.; .. .. .. ". The accumulated anthropogenic COz emissions from 1991 to 2100 inclusive are shown in Table 5 for the profiles leading to stabilisation at 450, 550, 650, 750 and 1000 ppmv via the profiles shown in Figure 7 a a n d , for comparison, the ' IS92 emission scenarios. These values are calculated using the ." Bern" carbon cycle model. Based on the results in IPCC (1994) it is estimated that values calculated with different carbon cycle models could be up to approximately 15% higher .or, lower than those presented here. If methane emissions were to remain constant at 1984­ 1994 levels (i. e., those sustaining an .. atmospheric trend of +10 ppbv/ yr), the methane concentration would rise to about 1850 ppbv over the next 40 years. If methane emissions were to remain constant at their current (1994) levels (Le., those sustaining an atmospheric trend of Bppbv/ yr), the methane concentratinn wnqlr! rise fn rhntit !c? n .. ppbv over the next 40 years. If emissions were cut by about 30 Tg( CH4)/ yr (about 8% of current anthropogenic emissionls), CH4 concentrations would remain at today's levels. These estimates are lower than those in IPCC (1994). If emissions of N20 were held constant at toda! 's level. the concentration would climb from 312 ppbv to about 400 ppbv over several hundred years. In order for the concentration to be stabilised near current levels. anthropogenic sources would need to be reduced by more than 50%. Stabilisation of PFCs and SF6 concentrations can only be achieved effectively by stopping emissions. Because of their short lifetime, future tropospheric aerosol concentrations would respond almost immediately to changes in emissions. For esample. control of sulphur emissions would immediately reduce the amount of sulphate aerosol in the qt­ 7ncnhn­ n ...... ........ .­ .... ". . ­ .. I ' . ,. .. I C. Observed Trends and Patterns general and desertification could have contributed only a small part (a few hundredths of a degree) of I Section B demonstrated that human activities have the overall global warming, although urbanisation , influences may have been important in sonle regions. Indirect indicators, such ' as borehole temperatures and glacier shrinkage, provide independent support for the observed warming. Recent years have been among the warmest since 1860, Le.. in the period of instrumental record. The warming has not been globally uniform. The r e c e n t w a r m t h h a s b e e n g r e a t e s t o v e r t h e 1 continents between 40% ' and 70" N. A fen. areas. C. l Has the climate warmed? such as the North Atlantic Ocean north of 30's. and Global average surface air temperature, excluding some surrounding land areas, have cooled in recent Antarctica, is about 15° C. Year­ to­ year temperature ' decades (Figure 9). changes can be computed with much more As predicted in !Pee (1992) and discussed in confidence than the absolute global average IPCC (19941, relatively cooler global surface aut1 temperature. tropospheric temperatures (by about 0.5" C) and a T h e m e a n global s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e h a s relatively warmer lower stratosphere (by about increased by about 0.3" to 0.6" C since the late 19th 1.5OC) were observed in 1992 and eariy 1003, century, and by about 0.2" to 0 .X Over the last 30 following the 1991 eruption of &It. Pinatubo. years, the period with most credible data (see Figure it'armer temperatures at the surface and i n the 8 which shows data up to the end of 1994). The ' l o w e r . t r o p o s p h e r e . a n d a cooler lower 1 in Climate and Sea Level changed the concentrations and distributions 'Of greenhouse gases and aerosols over the 20th 1 century; this section discusses the changes in temperature, precipitation (and related hydrological variables), climate variability and sea level that have been observed over the same period. Whether the observed changes are in part induced by human 1 i activities is considered in Section E. , j I warming occurrcd largely ,during two periods, stratosphere, reappeared in 1994 following the i .­ I. changed since the IPCC (1990) and IPCC (1992J.; The general tendency toward reduced daily Warming is evident in both sea surface and land­ temperature range­ over land, at least since the based surface air temperatures. Urbanisation in middle of the 20th century, noted in IPCC (1992), ­ temperatiirc> s 1% '1 IS6 I IO 1994. re1utir. r tu 1961 10 ' . 1990. The solid c~~ rct' represehts snluothircg $IIW annrcul I? alws slronx 69 t l w bars to suppress srtb­ tir~ ac! nl time­ scale rariutiwn, The dashed sncoutirecl ~1 1 1 1 ~ is thL, corresponclirry w w l t J i m c 1860 1880 1900 1920 . 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year :: I .. ­2 ­1.5 ­1 ­0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Figure 9: Change (fro112 1955T4 to 1975­ 9­ 1) of arlnrtal land­ snrface air temperature and sen strrfnce ternper~ trrre. ­ has been confirmed with more data (which have now been analysed for more than 40% of the global land area). The range has decreased in many areas because nights have warmed more than days. Minimum temperatures have typically increased twice as much as maximum temperatures over the last 40 years. A likely esplanation, in addition to the effects of enhanced greenhouse gases. is an increase in cloud cover which has been observed in many of the areas with reduced diurnal temperature range. An increase in cloud reduces diurnal temperature range both by obstructing daytime sunshine, and by preventing the escape of terrestrial radiation at night. .Anthropogenic aerosols may also have an influence on daily temperature range. Temperature trends in the free atmosphere are more difficult to determine than at the surface as there are fewer data and the records .are much shorter. Radiosonde data which are available since the 1950s show warming trends of around 0.1" C per decade. as at the surface, but since 19T9 when satellite data of global tropospheric temperatures became available, there appears. to have been a J ..~.,L ­1: ­!. 4 <u>: iilg (abdui ­0. ciO'i per decade), rvtlereas . . surface measurements still show a warming. Thpsp apparently contradictory trends can be reconciled if the diverse response of the troposphere and surface to short­ term events such as volcanic eruptions and' El NiAo are taken into account. After adjustment for .. 32 *­ .. these transient effects, both tropospheric and surface data show slight warming (about 0.1" C per decade for the troposphere and nearly 0.2'C per decade at the surface) sincc 1973. Cooling of the lowcr stratosphere has been observed since 1979 both bq' satcllitcs and weather balloons. as noted in IPCC (1992) and IPCC (1994). Current global mean stratospheric tcnlpcrnturcs are the coldest obsen­ ecl in thc relatively short period of the record. Reduced stratospheric tcmpcrature has been projected to accompany both ozonc losses in the lower stratosphere and atmospheric increases of carbon dioside. C. 2 Is the 20th century. warming unusual? In order to .establish whether the 20th century warming 'is part of the natural variability of the climate system or a response to anthropogenic forcing. information is needed on climate variability on relevant time­ scales. As an average over the Northe'rn Hemisphere for summer. recent decades. appear to be the warmest since a t least 1400 from tilt. illiiiieu avauade evidence (Figure 10). The warminn over t h P past century began d1.1ri~ g one qT the colder periods of the last 600 years. Prior to 1400 data are insufficient t o provide hemispheric temperature esTirnates. Ice core data fron: se,< e: al sites suggest that the 20th century is at least as .. warm a s any century in the past 600 years, although the recent warming is not exceptional everywhere. Large and rapid climatic changes occurred during the last glacial period (around 20,000 'to 100.000 years ago) and during the transition period towards the present interglacial (the last 10,000 years, known as the Holocene). Changes in annual mean temperature of about 5° C occurred over a few decades, at least in Greenland and the Korth Atlantic, and were probably linked to changes in oceanic circulation. These rapid changes suggest that climate may be quite sensitive to internal or external climate forcings and feedbacks. The possible relevance of these rapid climate changes to future climate is discussed in Section F. 5. 3 Temperatures have been less variable during the last 10,000 years. Based on the incomplete evidence available, it 'is unlikely that global mean temperatures have varied by more than 1'C in a century during this period. ­ C. 3 Has the climate become wetter? As noted in IPCC (1992). precipitation has increased over land in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. especially during the cold season. A step­ like decrease of precipitation occurred a h r the 19GOs over the subtropics and tropics from Africa to Indonesia. These changes are consistent with changes in streamflow. lake levels and soil moisture (whcre data analyses are available). Precipitation. averaged over global land areas. increased from the start o f the century LIP to about 19GO. Since about 1980 precipitation over land has decreased (Figure 11). There is evidence to suggest increased precipitation over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean in recent decades, with decreases to the north and south. Lack of data prevents us from reaching firm conclusions about other precipitation changes over the ocean. Estimates suggest that evaporation may have increased over the tropic. al oceans (although not everywhere) but decreased over large portions of Asia and North America. There has also been an observed increase in atmospheric water vapour in the tropics, at leasr since 1Yi3. 'Cloudiness appears' to have increased sinc'e the 1950s over the oceans. In many land areas where the daily temperature range has decreased (see Section C. 1). cloudiness increased from the 1950s to at least the 1970s. I .. Northern Hemisphere Summer (JJA) o_ 0.2 Figure 10: Decadal summer (June to August) temperature index for the Northern Hemisphere (to 19i0­ 19iqJ based on 16 proxy records (tree­ rings. ice cores, docwnentnrzJ records) from North America. Europe and East Asia. The thin line is a smoothing of the same data. .­ lnomnlies are relative to 1961 to 1990. a 1900 * 1920 1940 1950 . 1980 Year Figure 1 I: Changes in land­ surface precipitatiou arernged over regions between 55's and 8SN. Annual precipitation depurtures from the. 1961­ 90 period are depicted by the hollow bars. The continuous curue is a smoothing of (he sclr71c' data. .. Snow cover extent over the Northern Hemisphere land surface has been consistently below the 21­ pear average (1974 to 19943 since 19SS. Snow­ radiation feedback has amplified springtitlie warming­ over mid­ to high latitude' Northern Hemisphere land areas. A summary of observed climate trends is sholvn in Figure 12. .. 3 3 (a) Temperature indicators (0.6 "C decrease 1979­ 94) *** stratosphere *' 0.3 "C increase 1958­ 94 troposphere *" little change 1979­ 94 .. 0 . 4 . *** N. H. spilng snow cover I (1 0% decrease1973­ 94) '\, . ­­­­­­­­­""""""""­ *** near surface air C""""""" .......... ­;** land night­ time air ­.; .. '.!. '. ' ....... .:. ... ­ .­ ...... *** near surface ocean (0.3­ 0.6 "C increase since temperatures rising faster .: ** sea ice (1 973­ 94) . ~ .. late 19th century) than daytimetemperatures . during 1990s ' ' N. H. below avg. (1951­ 90) : .:.,: 1, ... ~ ...... ... ................ .. .......... ,_. .: ': Tf groundtemperaturesS. H. avg. ..... ... ..... .. (mostlywarming) .. 33 .. ... _.. t .. , I *. , " .. , .­ .... .... ... ... ... ........ ...... ... .. ­. .... ... ­ ­. .. .. '. . : 1 .. .. .. ­. .. C. 4 Has sea level risen? Over the last 100 years global sea level has risen by about 10 to 25 cm, based on analyses of tide gauge , records. A major source of uncertainty in estimating the rate of rise is the influence of 'vertical land movements, which are included in sea level measurements made by tide gauges. Since IPCC (1990), improved methods for filtering out the effects of long­ term vertical land movements, as well as greater reliance on the longest tide­ gauge records for estimating trends, have provided greater confidence that the volume of ocean water has, in fact, been increaSing and causing sea level to rise within the indicated range. It is likely 'that much of the rise in sea level has C. 5 Has the climate become more variable and/ or extreme? Many of the impacts of climate change may result from changes in climate variability or estreme weather events. Some reports have already suggested an increase in variability or extremes h a s t a k e n place in recent decades. Do meteorological records support this? There are inadequate data to determine whether consistent global changes in climate variability or extremes have occurred ­over the 20th century. On regional scales there is clear evidence of changes in some extremes and climate variability in$ icators (e. g., fewer frosts in several widespread areas: an'increase in the proportion of scale, the warming and consequent espansion of the oceans may account for about 2 to 7 cm of the observed rise in sea level, while the observed retreat of glaciers and ice­ caps may account for about 2 to 5 cm. Other factors are more difficult to quantify. Changes in surface and ground water storage may have caused a small change in sea level over the last 100 years. The rate of observed sea level rise. suggests that there has been a net positiv? ­contribution from the huge ice sheets of Greenhpd and Antarctica, but observations of the ice sheets do not yet allow meaningful quantitative estimates of their separate contributions. The ice sheets remain a major source of uncertainty in accounting for past changes in sea level, because there are insufficient data'about these ice sheets over the last 100 years. .. States of the USA). Some of these changes have been toward greater variability: some have been toward lower variability. There have been relatively frequent El Niiio­ Southern Oscillation warm phase episodes, with only rare excursions into the other estreme of the phenomenon since 1977, as noted in IPCC (1990). This behaviour, and especially the persistent warm phase from 1990 to mid­ 1995. is unusual in the last 120 years (i. e.. since instrumental records began). The relatively low rainfall. over the subtropical. land areas in the last two decades is related to this behaviour. ­ .. BOX 2: What took are used to project future climate and how ­ are they used? 3 G D. Modelling Climate and (a) Obse. wed Climate Change surface air temperature (OC) December­ Februari * Climate models which incorporate, in various degrees of complexity. mathematical descriptions of t h e a t m o s p h e r e , o c e a n , l a n d , b i o s p h e r e a n d cryosphere. are important tools for understanding climate and climate change of the past, the present cl A \J +:. r ;& 'j '. : LyF : ,:, d; and the future. These models. which use primarily physical lalvs and physically based empirical relations, are very much more complete than. for example. models based on statistical relationships used in less quantitative disciplines. Detailed (b) Model averaae surface air ternDerature projections of future climate change rely heavily on coupled atmosphere­ ocean models (see Box 2). How much confidence should we have i n predictions from such models? D. l The basis for confidence in climate models As discusscd in Section B, changes in the radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere produce radiative forcing. For cquivalcnt CO, concentrations equal to twice the pre­ industrial concentration, the positive radiative forcing is about +4 \Vm­ '. To restore the radiative balance other changes in climate must occur. The initial reaction is for the. locvcr atmosphcrc (the troposphere) and the Earth's surface to warm: in thc absrncc of othcr changcs. the warming would be about 1.2" C. I­ fon. cvrtr. hcating not only changes tcmpcraturc's. but also altcrs other aspects of the cliunate systcnl and various feedbacks arc invokcd (see Section D. 2). The key role of climate moclcls is to quantify those fecdbacks and determine the ovcrall climate response. Further, .the warming and othor clilnatc effects will not be uniform over thc Earth's surfacc; an important role of models is, to simulate possiblc continental and regional scalc climate responscs. Climate models include, bascd on our current undcrstanding. the most important large scalc .physical processes govcrning the climate system. Climate models have improved since IPCC (1990). but so too has our unclcrstanding of thc complcsity of the climate system and thc recognition of the need to include additional processes. In uruec to assess tile i ;t I u c ui' 't 1il" ici hi­ projections of future climate. its simulated climate can be compared with known features of the observed current climate and. to a less satisfactory degree. with the morc limited information from significantly different past climate states. I t is , .. .. .. .. . ­. .. .. I (4 Observed precipitation rate (rndday) June­ August (d) Model average precipitationrate 3i important to realise that even though a model may have deficiencies, it can still be of value in quantifying the climate response to anthropogenic climate forcing (see also Bos 2). Several factors give us some confidence in the ability of climate models t o simulate important aspects of anthropogenic climate change in response to anticipated changes in atmospheric composition: (i) The most successful climate models are able to simulate the important large­ scale features of the components of the climate system well, including seasonal, geographical and vertical variations which are a consequence of the variation of forcing and dynamics in space and time. For example, Figure 13 'shows the geographical distribution of December to February surface temperature a@ June to August precipitation .simulated by comprehensive coupled atmosphere­ ocean models of the type used for climate prediction. compared nith observations. The large scale features are reasonably well captured by the models, although at regional scales more discrepancies can be seen. Other seasons are similarly well simulated. indicating the ability of models to reproduce the seasonal cycle in response to changes in solar forcing. The improvement since IPCC (1990) is that this level of a, ccuracy is achieved in models with­ a fully­ interactive ocean as compared to the majority of models that employed simpler schemes used in 1990. (ii) Many climate changes are consistently projected by different models in response to greenhouse gases and aerosols and can be explained in terms of physical processes which are kn0Lr. n to be operating in the real world. for example. the maximum ivarming in high northern latitudes in winter (see Section F). (iii) The models reproduce with reasonable fidelity other less obvious variations in climate due to changes in forcing: * Some atmospheric .models when forced' with observed sea surface temperature variations can reproduce with moderate to good skill several regional climate variations, especially in parts of the tropics and sub­ tropics. For 'esample. a s p e c t s o f the l a r g e s c a l e i n t e r a n n u a l .­.?.:;; Lc: c ELL~ G~ L~ U, A> UI. GI tile iruplcai Packtic, ­r e l a t i n g t o t h e El Nifio­ Southern Oscillation phenomenon are captured, as are interannual Variations in rainfall in north­ east Brazil and to some extent decadal variations in rainfall over the Sahel. dl 3s * AS discussed in IPCC (199.11, stratospheric aerosols resulting from the eruption of hit. Pinatubo in Jtine 1991 gave rise to a short­ lived negative globel mean radiative forcing of rhe troposphere which peaked at ­3 to ­4 IVm. 2 a few months after the eruption and had v i r t ~~;~i ~­ disappeared by about the end of 1994. .A clin:;: e model was used to predict global tempera: ure variations betwen the time of the eruption a2d the end of 1994 and the results agreed c l ~j ;.!~ with observations (Figure 11). Such a, Ureemenr increases confidence in the ability ofcIin1e: e models to respond in a realistic way to transienr. planetary­ scale radiative forcings of i a r g magnitude. 0 Previous IPCC reports demonstrated the abilj;;: . of models to simulate some known features of palaeoclimate. Only modest progress has been made in this area, mainly because of the pauciv of reliable data for comparison. 0 Currently available model simulations of global mean surface temperature trend m r the past half century show closer agreement wirh observations when the simulations include the likely effect of aerosol in addition to greenhouse gases (Figure 15). (iv) The model results eshibit "natural" variability on a wide range of rime­ and space­ scales which is broadly comparable to that observed. This "natural" .Variability arises from the internal processes at work in the climate system and not from changes in esternal forcing. Variab'ility is a very important aspect of the behaviour of the climate system and has important implications for the detection of climate change (see Section E). The year to year variations of surface air temperature for the current climate are moderately realistic in model simulations at the larger space­ scales. For example the smaller variability over the oceans compared with continental interiors is captured. Too low interannual variability of the tropical east and central Pacific Ocean temperatures associated with the .El Nifio­ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is one deficiency. No current coupled atmosphere­ ocean model simulates a l l aspects of LI'sbu events, bul some of the 0bserve. d interannual variations in thP almwphere nssbcintccl rT: ith t h e s events are captured. .. Climate models are c a l i b r a t e d , i n p a r t , by * the systematic adjustments (the so­ called flux m ­ adjustments) that are used in some models at the ' atmosphere­ ocean interface in order to bring the $ '''r simulated climate closer to. the observed state. E 1 These adjustments are used to compensate for models, are 'used to ensure that the simulated present day climate is realistic and hence that c l i m a t e f e e d b a c k p r o c e s s e s o p e r a t e i n t h e Year generally be traced to deficiencies in the simulation of current climate in the unadjusted models. for example, systematic errors in sea ice. The main unknown regarding the use of adjustments in models is the extent to which they allow important against known climate variations including the.; 5 seasonal cycle and the perturbations mentivncd above. This provides some conficlence in their use 3 0.5 activities. improvements. e. g.. the successful incorporation of a d d i t i o n a l p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s (s u c h . a s c l o u d .. . microphysics and the radiative effects of sulphate Figure 15: Simulated global annual mean a­ arming from aerosols) into global coupled models. and the 1860 to 1990 allowing for increases in greenhouse gases only (dashed curve) and greenhouse gases and sulphate improvement in such models' simulation of the wrosols (solid curve), compared with observed changes observed changes in climate over recent decades. over the same period. Further confidence will be gained as models continue to improve. D. 2 Climate model feedbacks and uncertainties 2.5" C. The range of the estimate arises from the initial response. The likely equilibrium response have emerged to change Lhese estim& es of th5 of global surface temperature to a doubling of climate sensitivity. The present activities regarding equivalent carbon dioxide concentration (the incorporation of these feedback processes in models "climate sensitivity") was estimated in 1990 to be in are described below. .. .. Water vapour feedback An increase in the temperature of the atmosphere increases its water holding capacity and is expected to be accompanied by an increase in the amount of water vapour. Since water vapour is a powerful greenhouse gas, the increased water vapour would in turn lead to a further enhancement of the greenhouse effect (a positive feedback). About half of this feedback depends on water vapour in the upper troposphere. whose origin and response to surface temperature increase is not fully understood. Feedback by water vapour in the lower troposplwe is unquestionably positi1. e and the preponclcrence of evidence points to the same conclusion. for upper tropospheric water vapour. ' Feedbacks resulting from changes$ the decrease of temperature with height can partially compensate the water vapour feedback. I Cloud/ radiative feedback Several processes are involved in cloud/ radiative feedback. Clouds can both absorb and reflect solar radiation (which cools the surface) and absorb and emit long­ wave radiation (which warms the surface). depending 0. n cloud height. thickness and cloud radiative properties. The radiative properties of clouds clcpcnd on the evolution of atmospheric watcr in its vapour, liquid and kii phases and upon atmosphc! ric aerosols. The processes are complcs and. although considerable progress has been made since II'CC (1990) in describing and modelling those cloud pr~ c: c! sses thnt arc most important for dctermilling radiative and t1rnce temprrntrtrc changcs. thcir uncertainty represents a significant source of potcntial error in climate simulation. This potrntinl error can be estimated by first noting that if clouds and sea ice are kept k e d accorcling to thcir observed distributions and propertic% climate models would a l l report climate sensitivitic. s i n the range of 2 to 3° C. &Ioclellers have shown foi. various assumptions that physically plausible changes in, cloud distribution could either as much as double the warming expected 'for fixed clouds or. on the other hand. reduce it by up to 1° C. The range in estimated climate sensitivity of 1.5 to 3.5" C is Iarg~ ly dictated by this uncertainty. Ocean circn. '­ ': '5,2 Oceans play an important role in climate because they c a q large amounts of heat from the tropics to the poles. They also store large amounts of heat. carbon and CO, and are a major source of water to osphrre (through evaporation). Coupling of I ' .... . '. . ­ .. . ..~.. . .­ . ,. . atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (see B~~ 2) improves the physical realism of models used for projections Of fUtUre dimate change, particularly the timing and regional distribution of the changes. Several models show a decrease or only margilyal increase of sea surface temperatures in the northel­ E North Atlantic in response to increasing greenhouse g a s e s , r e l a t e d to a s1on. ing down of the thermohaline circulation as the climate warms. This represents a local negative temperature feedback. although changes in cloud cover might be an important factor. The main influence of the oceans on simulations of climate change occurs because of their large heat capacity, ivhich introduces a dela? in warming that is not uniform spatially. Ice and snow albedo feedback An ice o r snow covered surface strongly reflecrs solar radiation (i. e.. it has a high "albedo"). As solne ice melts at the warmer surface, less solar radiation is reflected leading to further warming (a positive feedback). but this is complicated by clouds, leads (areas of open water in sea ice) and snowcover. The realism of simulated sea ice cover varies considerably between models. although sea ice models that include ice dynamics are showing increased accuracy. . Land­ surface/ atrnosphere interactions Anthropogenic climate changes, e. g., increased temperature. changes in precipitation, changes in net radiative heating and the direct effects of CO,. will influence the state of the lend surface (soil moisture. albedo. roughness. vegetation). In turn. the altered land surface can feed back and alter the overlying atmosphere (precipitation, water vapour. clouds). Changes in the composition and structure of ecosystems can alter not only physical climate. but also the biogeochemical cycles ' [see Section B). Although land­ surface schemes . used in current GChls may be more sophisticated than in IPCC (1990). the disparity between models in their simulation of soil moisture and surface heat and moisture fluses has not been reduced. Conhdence in calculation of regional projections of soil moisture changes in response to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing remains low. C ;i L k i L d c > 11; ~C ~;C L ~;L U I ~ call powaailg tuctner modify climate locally and regionally by altering thP exchange of water and energy between. the lard surface and atmosphere. For esample, forests spreading into tundra in a w r m e r worlci tvould absorb a greater proportion of solar 'energy and * . ... . ­ .. ~. feedbacks may have important effects on regional natural in origin. Such natural fluctuations occur on climate change projection. a variety of s p a c e ­ a n d t i m e ­s c a l e s , a n d c a n b e purely internal (due to complex interactions E. Detection Of `Iimate Change betiveen individual components of the climate , and Attribution of Causes system, such as t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d o c e a n ) or respect to the increase in global mean temperature natural variability, in the observations. This is over the last 100 years, IPCC (1990) concluded. that b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e l a r g e u n c e r t a i n t i e s in the the observed warming was "broadly consistent lvirh . evaJ, 2tion and magnitude of both human and natural predictions of climate models, but it is also of the forcings, and in the characteristics of natural same magnitude as natural climate variability". The internal variability, which translate to uncertainties . report went on to esplain that "the observed in the relative magnitudes of signal and noise. increase. could be largely due to this natural In the modelled world, however. it is possible to variability; alternatively this variability and other perform multi­ century control experiments with no. human factors could have offset a still larger human­ induced changes in greenhouse gases. human­ induced greenhouse warming". sulphate aerosols or other anthropogenic forcings. Since IPCC (1990). considerable progress has Since 1990, a number of such control esperiments been made­ in the. search for an identifiable human­ have been performed with coupled atmosphere­ induced effect on climate. osean models, These yield important information on ., the patterns, . time­ scales, and magnitude of `the "internally generated" component of natural climate Espcrimcnts with GChIs are now starting to ' observed changes can be plausibly incorporate some of the forcing due to huInnn­ . explained by internal climatic fluctuations. but i n d u c e d c h a n g e s i n s u l p h a t e a e r o s o l s a n d only dne part of the "total­ llatural ' stratospheric ozonc. Thc inclusion o f . these variability ofclimate (since such control runs do not induced climate change from a large (> 18) number of transient experiments in which coupled well­ misecl greenhouse gases; see "equivalent C02" only. These investigations compared observed in the Glossary). some of these experiments have changes over the past 10­ 100 years with estimates been repeated with identical forcing but starting of internal or total natural variability noise derived i. ii,. i &. .... .....­. L... igiti:].! r l ;v ?.t P ~+o t n . Sl.! rh frnm palneodata. climate models, or statistical repetitions help to better define the espected models fitted to observations. Most. bur nor all ot r . ... .. ,.I :.,L +I ,. cl: r? n ,..,,. natural fluctuations of the climate system. ." 1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 Time (years) ­ 0.75 E 5 2 0.50 m c 0.25 m p! .­ x 0.00 m Ql p­ 0.25 L. 5 I­ ­0.50 1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 Time (years) Figure 16: Observed changesin global mean temperature over 1861 to 1994 compared with those silldated using an upwelling diffusion­ energy balance climate model. The model was runprst with forcing due to greenhohe gases alone (a) and then with greenhouse gases and aerosols (3). These global mean results cannot establish a clear cause and effect link between observed changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations ,and changes in the Earth's surface temperature. This is the attribution issue. Attribution is. difficult using global mean changes only because of uncertainties '. in the histories and magnitudes .of natural and human­ induced forcings: there are many possible combinations of these forcings that could yield the same curve of observed global mean temperature change. Some combinations are more plausible than others, but relatively few data exist to constrain the range of possible solutions. Nevertheless, model­ based estimates of global temperature increase over the last 130 years are more easily reconciled with observations when the likely cooling effect of s,? lgh, t" 7prr7CT, 11 is +",." :­.­ ^,. ^..... . .., I . . .' ­ qualitative support for an estimated range of clim'ate sensitivity consistent with that given in IPCC (1990) (Figure 16). I 4 <._. i_,___ .._.. ".. ..,­., C I r i r V r ..., u.. LA *"""" L E. 4 Studies of patterns of change To better address the attribution problem, a nu[ l, ber of recent studies have compared observations [virh model­ predicted patterns of temperature­ change i n response to anthropogenic forcing. The argu[ l; enr underlying pattern­ based approaches is til>.. different forcing mechanisms (" causes") may ha,­,. d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s of response (" eflectj..,, particularly if one considers the full three­ or four­ dimensional structure of the response, e. p.. temperature change as a function of latitude. longitude. height and time. Thus a good march between modelled and observed multi­ dimensional patterns of climate change would be dimcult TO achieve for "causes" other than those actually use(! in the model experiment. Several studies have compared observed patterns of temperature change with modei patterns of change', from simulations with changes in both greenhouse gases and anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. These comparisons hare been made at the Earth's surface and in vertical sections through the atmosphere. While there are concerns rearding the . relatively simple treatment of aerosol effects in model experiments. a n d . the neglect of other potentially significant contributions 'to the radiative forcing, all such pattern comparison studies show significant correspondence. ' between the observations and model predictions (an example is shown in Figure 17). Much of the model­ observed corrcspondencc .in these experi~ ncnts occurs at the largest spatial scales ­ for csamplc. temperature differences betwccll. hemispheres., land and ocean; or the troposphere 'and strt~ tosphcre. Model . predictions are more reliable at these spatial scales than at the regional scale. Increasing confidence in the identification of a human­ induced effect on climate comes primarily from such pattern­ based work. For those seasons during which aerosol effects should be most pronotu~ ced the pattern correspondence is generally higher than that achieved if model predictions are based on changes in greenhouse gases alone (Figure 1 T). As in the global mean studies, pattern­ oriented detection work relies on model estimates of internal natural variability as the primary yardstick for temperature patterns could be due to natural causes. Concerns remain regarding the reliability of this yardstick. .. cictlckLiLLg b,, ilciiicr U ~J S ~K V ~U . c[ l; t[ lges 111 42 I .. 60's aws " ­ 180" 135'W SO'W 45" W 0" 45'E 90'E 135'E 180' W 60's 905 t" s ' 180" 135'W 90" W 45'W 0' 45'E 90'E 135'E 180" Figure 17: Annual mean near­ srlrjace air temperature changes (" 0 from eqtlilibrirlm response experiments uith an atmospheric GCM with a mixed­ layer ocean coupled to a tropospheric chemistry model. forced mith present­ day atmosplreric concentrations of COY (a) and by the combined e/ fects of present­ day CO, lecels and sulphw emissions (b). Obserced ternperailire changes from 1955P4 to 1975­ 94. ­ show1 in Figure 9. are qualitatirely more similar to the changes in the combined forcing experirnefzt than ir~ the CO, only experiment. arcas o f q u a l i t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n obscrvations and those model predictions that either i~ icludc aerosol effects or do not depend critically on their inclusion. As in the quantitative studies. one m u s t b e c a u t i o u s i n a s s e s s i n g consistency because the expected climate change signal due to human activities is still uncertain, and has changed as our ability to model the climate system has improved. In addition to the surface warming. the model and obsorved commonalities in which we have most confidence include stratospheric cooling. reduction in diurnal temperature range, sea level rise: high latitude precipitation increases .and water vapour and evaporation increase over tropical oceans. In summary. the most important results related to the issues of detection and attribution are: 0 The limited available evidence from prosy climate indicators suggests that the 20th century . global mean temperature is at least as ivarm as any other century since at least 1400 AD. Data prior to 1400 arc too sparse to allow the reliable estimation of global mean temperature (sec Section .C. 2). 0 Assessments of the statistical significance. of the observed global mean temperature trend over ,. the iast century have used a variety of new estimates of natural internal and esternally forced variability. These are derived from instrumental data. palaeodata, simple and , complex climate modeis, a11~ siatisilci ihbuL; C: 3 fitted to observations. Most of these studies have detected a significant change. and show that the observed warming trend is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin. 43 .. ­1 : . .. . . . . .. .. .. 0 More convincing recent evidence for the (compounded). For comparison the IS92a Scenario. attribution of a human effect on climate. is neglecting the effect of aerosols, is equivalent to a emerging from pattern­ based studies, in which compounded rate of increase varying from 0.77 to the modelled climate response to combined 0.84%/ yr during the 21st century. forcing by greenhouse gases and anthropogenic The projections of global mean temperattlre sulphate aerosols is compared with observed sea level changes do not come directly from coupleci geographical, seasonal and vertical patterns of atmosphere­ ocean models. Though these are t h e atmospheric temperature change. These studies most sophisticated tools available for making s h o w t h a t s u c h p a t t e r n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s projections of future climate change they are increase with time, as one would expect as an computationally expensive, making i t unfeasible to anthropogenic signa! increases in strength. produce results based on a large number of Furthermore, the probability is very low that emission scenarios. In order to assess global these correspondences could occur by chance as temperature and sea level projections for the fuii a result of natural internal variability only. The range of Is92 emission scenarios. simple upnelling vertical patterns of change are also inconsistent diffusion­ energ). balance models (see Box 2) can be with those expected for s d r and volcanic employed to interpolate and extrapolate the couplecl forcing. model results. These models, used for similar tasks in IPCC (1990) and IPCC (1992). are calibrated to give the same globally averaged temperature response as the coupled atmosphere­ ocean models. T h e c l i m a t e s i m u l a t i o n s h e r e are called projections instead of predictions to e q h a s i s e that they do not represent attempts to forecast the most likely (or "best estimate") evolution of climate i n the future. The projections are aimed at estimating and undcrstanding responses of the climate system to possible forcing scenarios. ­ I 0 Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the expected signal is still emerging from the noise of n a t u r a l v a r i a b i l i t y ; a n d b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e uncertainties in key factors. These include the magnitude and patterns of long­ term natural variability and the time­ evolving pattern of forcing by, a n d r e s p o n s f t o , c h a n g e s . i n concentrations of gree! house g a s e s a n d a e r o s o l s , a n d , land­ surface changes. I Nevertheless. the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on F* 2 Projections of climate change ­, global climate. climate change emissions of both grecnho__; ....... F. l ­Forcing scenarios precursors (Section B. 9.11 projected global mean Projections of future anthropogenic climate change tempcrature challges relative to 1990 were depend; amongst other things, on the scenario used calculated for the 21st century. Temperature to force the 'climate model. The IS92 emission projections assuming the "best estimate" value of scenarios are used here for projections of changes in climate sensitivity, 2.5" C. (sce Section D. 2) are global mean temperature and sea level. The IS92 shown for the full set of IS92 scenarios in Figure 18. scenarios include emissions of both greenhouse. For IS92a the temperature increase by 2100 is 2° C. gases and aerosol precursors (see Section B. 9.1) and Taking account of the range in thc estimate of for the first time both factors have been taken into climate sensitivity (1.5 to 4.5'C) and the full set of account in, the global mean temperature and sea IS92 emission scenarios, the models project an level projections (Section F. 2). increase in global mean temperature of between 0.9 In many coupled model experiments the forcing and 3.5" c (Figure 19). In all cases the al'PralnP raw scenario is simplified by summing the radiative of warming would probably be greater than an) forcings of all the trace gescs (co,, CU;, 0,. ctc.) c:; d scfn in the !as: IC. 3CO cars. hi;: iht: ;Cts; ii ztiiiiu'.: treating the total forcing as if it came from a n to decadal changes would include considerable "equivalent" concentration of c02. The rate of natural variabilitx. Because of the thermal inertia of increase of "equivalent CO," in these experiments is the oceans. global mean temperarure ~r o u l d o f t e n a s s u m e d t o b e a constant +10/ o/ vr c o n t i n u e t o . i n c r e a s e b e v o n d 2100 even. if .. .. concentrations of greenhouse gases were stabilised a t t h a t t i m e . Only 50­ 90% of the eventual temperature changes are Tealised at the time of greenhouse gas' stabilisation. All scenarios show substantial climate warming, even when the. negative aerosol radiative forcing is accounted for. Although CO2 is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, the other greenhouse gases contribute significantly (about 30%) to the projected global warming. To allow closer comparison with the projections presented in­ IPCC (1990) and IPCC (1992) and to illustrate the sensitivity of future global temperature to changes in aerosol' concentrations, the same series of calculations were performed neglecting future aerosol changes, i. e. aerosol concentrations were held constant at 1990 levels. These lead to higher projections of temperature change. Taking account of the range in the estimate of climate sensitivity and the full set of IS92 emission scenarios, the models project an increase in global mean temperature of between 0.8 and 4.5" C. For IS92a, assuming the "best estimate" of. climate ­sensitivity. the temperature increase by 2100 is 24° C. For comparison. the corresponding temperature increase for IS92a presented in IPCC (1992) was ­2. S" C. The projections in IPCC (1990) were based OR an earlier set, of emission scenarios, the "best estimate" for the increase in global temperature by 2100 (relative to 1990) was 3.3" C. E2.2 Global mean sea level response to . 1592 emissionscenarios . Using the IS92 emission scenarios. including gre. enhouse .gas and ae'rosol precursors, projected global mean sea level increases relative to 1990 were calculated for the 21st century. Sea level projections assuming the, "best estimate" values for climate sensitivity and ice melt are shown for the full set of IS92 scenarios in Figure 20. For IS92a. the sea level rise by 2100 is 49 cm. For comparison. the "best estimate" of global sea level rise by 2100 given in IPCC (1990) was 66 cm. Also taking account of the ranges in the estimate of climate sensitivity and ice melt parameters, and the full set of 1592 ern­ ission scenarios, the models project'an increase in global mean sea level 01 betxyeen 13 anu 94 cm (Figure 21). During the first haif of the nesi century, the choice of emission scenario .has relatively little effect on the projected sea level rise due to the large thermal inertia of the ocean­ ice­ atmosphel­ e climate system. but has increasingly Year Figure 18: Projected global mean surface temperature changes from 1990 to 2100 for the full set of IS92 emission scenarios. A climate sensitivity of 2.5% is assumed. .. " 20002020 ­2040 2060 2080 2100 . . Year Figure 19: Projected global mean surface temperature change extremes from 1990'to 2100. The highest temperature changes assume n climate sensitiuity of 4.5% 'and the IS92e emission scenario; the lowest a climate sensitivity of 1.5% a, nd the IS92c emission scenario and the mid­ range curves a climate Sensitivity of 2.5% and the IS92a Scenario. The solid curves include the effect of changing aerosol: the dashed curves assume aerosol emissions remain constant at their 1990 lereis. ' L 45 ... ... ...... .. .. Year 4 Figure 20: Projected global mean sea level rise from 1990 to .. 2100 for the fidl set of IS92 emission scenarios. A climate sensitirity of2.5'C and mid­ value ice melt parameters are assumed. a, u) .­ L 40 I c Year In these projections, the combined contribLltioll of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheers are projected to be relatively minor over the nest century. However, the possibility of large chal1gej i l l the volumes of these ice sheets (and. consequeiltl!., in sea level) cannot be ruled out, although tlIr likelihood is considered to be low. Changes in future sea level will not O C C ~I ~ uniformly around the globe. Recent couplec\ atmosphere­ ocean model esperimeuts suggest thal the regional responses could differ substantially. o\ ving to regional differences in heating ant! circulation changes. In addition, geological ~I I C ~ geophysical processes cause vertical lancl movements and thus affect relative sen` levels 011 local and regional scales. Tides. waves and storm surges couId be ilffected by regional climate changes. but future projections are. at present, highly uncertain. 152.3 Temperature and sea level projections compared with /K C (7990) The global average tempcraturc! aiid sea level projections presented here for 1990 to 2100. both e s c l u d i n g a n d i n c l u d i n g c h a n g i n g a e r o s o l emissions, are lower than the corresponding projections presented in IPCC 11990). Taking into account the negative radiative forcing of aerosols reduces projections of temperature and sca level rise. T ~O S C projections which e s c l d e the ct't'ectof changing aerosol emissions are lonw than IPCC (1990) for a number of reasons, mainly: 0 The revised (IS921 cmission scenarios have been u s e d f o r all grccnhousc gases. This is particularly important for CO, a n d CFCs. Revised treatment of thc carbon cvcle. The Figure 21: Projected global mean sea leuel rise extremes from 1390 to 2100. The highest sea level rise curue assumes carbon cycle rnoclcl used to calculate future a climnte semiticity of 4.5%. high ice melt parameters and temperature and sea level rise in IPCC (19901 the IS92e emission scenario: the lowest a climate sensitivit. v and II'CC (1992) did not incorporate the effect of of 1.5%. low ice melt parameters and the IS9Zc emission carbon uptake . through C 0 2 fertilisation. scenario nnd the middle curues a climate sensitivity of2.5. c. ,resulting in highkr futurc CO, concentrations for mid­ rnlrte ice melt parameters and the IS92a Scenario. given emissions in IPCC (1990). larger effects in the latter part of the nest century. In addition. because of the thermal inertia of the .. oceans, sea level would continue to rise for many centuries bcyo1: cl 2100 even if concrntrations of greenhouse gases were stabilised at that time. The projected rise in sea level is primarily due to thermal espansion as the ocean Ivaters tvarrn. but also due to increased melting of glaciers. 0 The inclusion of aerosol effects in the pre­ 1990 radiative forcing history. The estimated. historical thanncs of radintivo fnrcinr up to 1990. used in this report for global mean .a component due to aerosols. This particularly affects projections of sea level rise. tvhich are strongly influenced by the history of radiative forcing ocer the last century. ternpcrature ?.: id S E ~ I c \~; ~FU; L~ 'L;,,;~>. iii<!:~<!;< 0 Revised (and more realistic) parameters in the simple upwelling diffusion­ energy balance c l i m a t e m o d e l . ­ 4 0 The inclusion in the model of spatial variations in the climate sensitivity and the effect of changing strength ,of t h e t h e r m o h a l i n e circulation, to accord with coupled atmosphere­ ocean general circulation models. @ Thc usc of improved models for the ice melt component of sea level rise. F. 3 Spatial patterns of projected climate change Although in global mean terms, the effect of including aerosols is to reduce the projected warming (scc Section F. 2). it can be rnislcading to consider only the global mean surface temperature. which does not give an effective indication of climate .change at smaller spatial scalcs. Because aerosols arc short­ lived. they are uncvcnly distributed across the globe, being concentrated ncar regions where they are emitted. As a result. thc spatial pattern of aerosol forcing is ve& different 'to that produced by thc long­ lived w +m i s e d g r e c n h o u s e g a s e s 2 n d . w h c n simulations that include the effects of both aerosols and co2, neither of which have yet been thoroughly analysed. LVe have concentrated on those changes which show most consistency between models, and for which plausible physical mechanisms have been identified. . Temperature and Precipitation All model simulations. whether they are forced with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, or with increased greenhouse . gas concentrations alone, show the following features: 0 generally greater surface warming of the land than of the oceans in winter, as in equilibrium simulations (Figures 22 and 231; *. a minimum warming around Antarctica and in &the northern North Atlantic which is associated with deep oceanic mixing in those areas: 0 maximum warming in high northern latitudes in late autumn and winter associated with reduced sea ice and snow cover: 0 little warming over the 'Arctic in summer: little seasonal variation. of the warming in low ­ latitudes or over the southern circumpolar ocean: considering pattcrns of climntc? change. thcir cooling , ' .. 0 a reduction in diurnal temperature range ober effcct is not a sirllplc offsct to the warming effcct of greenhouse gases. as might be implied from the global mcarresults. Aerosols are likcly to have a significant offcct on future regional climntc changc. , Confidcncc is highcr in hcmisphcric to continental scalc projnctiorts o f climate changc (Section F. 3.1) than at regional scalcs (Section F. 3.2). whcre confidcncc remains low. E3.1 Continental scale patterns I n IPCC (1990). estimrttes of the patterns of future climntc changc were prescnted. the most robust of which relatcd .to continental and larger spatial scalcs. The results xere based on CCM experiments .which included the effect of greenhouse gases, but did not take into account the effects of aerosols. The following provides some details of the changcs on continental scales in experiments with 'greenhouse gases alone (generally represented by a , l'ju, sr ir, c: erh;: i n U?,) and increases in Freenhouse gas and aerosol conc. entrations (using aerosol concentration derived from the IS92a Scenario). It is important to realise that, in contrast to the many model results with COz alone, there are only two recent coupled atmosphere­ ocean model , land in most seasons and most regions; a n enhanced global mean hydrological cycle: i incremed precipitation in high latitudes in . winter. , Including the effects of aerosols in simulations of future climate leads to a somewhat reduced surface warming, mainly in middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The maximum winter warming in high northern latitudes is less extensive (compare _Figures 22 and 23). Hon. ever. adding the cooling effect of aerosols is not a simple offset' t o . t h e w a r m i n g effect of greenhouse gases, but. significantly affects some of the continental scale patterns of climate change.. This is most noticeable in summer where the cooling due to aerosols tends to weaken monsoon circulations. For esample. when the effects of both greenhouse gases and aerosols are included, Asian 'summer monsuon m i d d l L! C: XX~: ~.+~F R S i n earlier simulations­ with 'only' the effect of '. greenhouse gases represented, Asian summer monsoon rainfall increased. Conversely. 'the addition of aerosol effects leads to a n i n c r e a s e i n 1 \ x.­ 4T Figure 22; The patterrl of surface temperature change projected at the time of CO, doubiiny frorll a transient corrpled model e. rperiment. 180" 90'W 0' 90'E , 180' ­6 ­4 ­2 0 2 4 6 3 Figure 23: The pntterrl oJsurjiace temperature change projrcted by a transient corlpled rnodrl at the time of CO, donbliny rr'tm both CO, and nerosol ­ concentration increases are taken into account. ­6 ­4 ­2 2 ' 4 ­6 Precipitation over southern' Europe, whereas decreases are found in simulations with greenhouse gases only. These changes will be sensitive to the aerosol scenario used, and the details of the parametrization of the radiative effects of aerosol. Other forcings. including that due to increases in tropospheric ozone, soot and the indirect effect of sulphate aerosols have been neglected and could influence these results. In general, regional projections are also sensitive to model resolution and are affected by large natural variability. Hence confidence in regional projections remains low. With increases in C02 only. two coupled atmosphere­ ocean models show a pattern of SST (sea surface temperature) chanp, precipitation change and anomalies in kind and ocean currents that resemble the warm phase of ENSO, a s y e l l as the obscrw! decadal t i n ­s c a l z SST anonmlics of the 1980s and early 1990s. This is characterised by a reduction of the. east­ west SST gradient in the tropica1, Pacific. though the magnitude of this effect varies among models. Soil moisture Although there is less confidence in simulated changes in soil moisture than in those of temperature, some of the 'results concerning soil moisture are dictated 'more by changes in precipitation and evaporation than by the detailed response .of the surface scheme of the climate model. All model .simulations, i h e t h e r they are forced with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases and' aerosols. or with increased greenhouse gas concentrations alone. produce predominantly increased soil moisture in high northern latitucles in winter. Over the northern continents in summer. the changes in soil moisture are sensitive to the inclusion of aerosol effects. . , Oceancirculation ' . In resp0: ise io iiicrcnsiIlg grceniiuuse gases, I I I U >L models show a decrease in the strength of the northern North Atlantic oceanic circulation further reducing the strensh of the warming around the North Atlantic. The increase in precipitation in high latitudes decreases the surface salinity, inhibiting 0 Land­ use changes are also believed to have a the sinking of water at high latitude, which drives significant impact on t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h i s c i r c u l a t i o n . ­ precipitation changes, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Climate model experiments have E3.2 Regional scale patterns ­­ shown the likelihood of substantial local climate Estimation of the potential impacts of climate change associated with deforestation in the change on human infrastructure and natural Amazon, or desertification in the Sahel. Changes ecosystems requires projections of future climate in land­ use on small scales which cannot be foreseen are expected to continue to influence regional climate. or continental means. Since IPCC (1990). a greater appreciation has Because of these problems, no information on been developed of the uncertainties in making future regional climate change is presented here. projections at the regional scale. There are several However. this situation is espected to in1pror. e in the difficulties: future as a result ,of: 0 The global climate models used for future 0 more coupled atmosphere­ ocean model projections are run at fairly coarse resolution Aperirnents with aerosol effects included; and do not adequately depict many geographic features ' (such as coastlines. lakes and m o u n t a i n s ). s u r f a c e v e g e t a t i o n , a n d t h e interactions betxveen the atmosphere with the surface which become more important on 0 more refined scenarios for .aerosols and other regional scales. Considerable spread esists among model projections on the regional scale even when climate modcl espcrimcnts are E3.3 Changes in variability and extremes driven by the same future radiative forcing Small changes in the mean climate or 'climate tariability can produce relatively large changes in the frequency of cstrcrnc events (defined as events where a certain threshold is surpasscdl: it small change in the variability has a stronger effect than a similar change in the mean. improvements in models, both from increased resolution and improved representation of small­ scale processes: There is much more natural variation in local c l i m a t e t h a n in cliniatc averaged over continental or larger scales. This variation arises interactions benveen the atmosphere and the. Temperature oceans (such as EXSO). and fro111 variations in A generill warming tcrlds to lead to a n inrrp; lsc in^ Soil moisture. Sea ice. and other COmpOnentS of high tempcr; ltllrc events allcl a decrease the climate system. Series or ensembles Of model in lolv temperatures (e. g., frost days). "­ predictions started from different initial . from locally generated variability from storms. . . superimposed variability to be determined. 8 Because of their uneven spatial distribution. 1 human induced tropospheric aerosols arc likely to^ greatly influence future regional climate change. At present. howver. there are very few projections of climate change with coupled atmosphere­ ocean models (the type of modcl that gives more reliable information on the effects of aeroso1s: Those that have been run . gas concentrations. In some, areas a numb& of simulations show there is also an increase in the probability of dry days and the length of dry spells (consecutive days without precipitation). Wllere mean precipitation decreases, the likelihood of drought increases. Xew results reinforce the view !­::?.;­! n$ r~.! c;: r! n translates into prospects for more severe droughts and/ or floods in­ some places and :c;::~.:>.! T::.!.) lq: f, irh inrl~ qrip the radiative aerosol effects: Year Figure 21: The gloilal mean surface temperature response to the CO, CoIrcentration pathuays leading to stabilisation at 450 (dashed curves) and 650 (solid crrrces) pprnu (see Figure 7a) for a climate sensiticily of 1.3. 2.5 and 4.5%. The changes shown are those nrising from CO, increases alone. The date of concentration stabilisation is indicated by the dot. Calculations assume the "obserued"% istory of forcing to 1930, including aerosol efleects and then C02 ronwntrotion increases only beyond 1990. 350 300 250 Y 6 a, F 200 m ­c 0 p 150 a, m ­ ­ c% 100 50 0 2.01 Year Figrtre 25: The global'mean sea level response to the CO, concentration pothruays leading to stabilisntion at 450 (dashed C i l t ' C L ' s / c t r i i LS; i iauiiu' cwcrs) p p /m isre i; gi'r< i u j j i r ti c i i m (m sensitiritg of 1.5. 2.5 and 4.5%. The changes s h o m are those arisiny frour CO, irrcrenses alone. The date of concentration stnbi[ isation is indicated by the dot. Cnlculafiorls assunze the %bsersed" lrisrory of forcing to 1990, including aerosol eflects and then CO2 com­ eutrution increases only beyond 1990. Mid­ latitude storms In the felv analyses available, there is little agreement between models on the changes in storminess that might occur in a warmer tvorlcl. Conclusions regarding estreme storm events are ' obviously even more uncertain. Hurricanes/ Tropical cyclones The formation of tropical cyclones depends not o! ll!. on sea surface temperature (SST). but also 011 a number of amospheric factors. Although some models non. represent tropical s t o m s with so111e realism for present day climate, thc state of rile science does not allow assessment of future changes. El Nifio­ Southern Oscillation Several global coupled nlodels indicatc that the ENSO­ likc­ SST variability thcy simulatc continues with increased CO,. Associated with the mean increase of tropical SSTs as a result of increased greenhouse gzs conccntrations. there could be enhanced .precipitation variability gssociatccl Lcith ENS0 evcnts in the increased COz climate. especially over rhc tropical continents. F. 4 Effects of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations Possiblc global temperature and sca Icvrl rcsponse to the scenarios for s$ lbilising conccntrations discusscd i n Section R. 9.2 wcrc calcuiatod with rhe­ same upndling diffusion­ cnergy balance model used for the rcstrlts in Sections F. Z. 1 and F. 2.2. . , .For cach of the pathways lcacling to stabilisntion. the climate system shows consiclcrablc warming d u r i n g t h e 21st century. Figure 24 shoivs ternpcrature increases for thc cases which stabilise at concentrations of 650 and 450 ppmv for different clinlatc sensirivitics. Stabilisation of the concentration does not lead to an imrnediate stabilisation of rhe global mean temperature. The global nlean temperature is seen to continue rising for hundreds of\­ ears after thc concentrations have stabiiiscd in Figure 24 due to long time­ scales in the ocean. As sh0u. n in Figure 25. the long­ term sea level i'iaa "C U l l l l l l l l l l .C ,,i I:, cLal1 111urs pL'u" ull11~~ u. 3 e c l level continues to rise. at only a slowly dcclininr rate, for many centuries after greenhouse gas ConcentrationS and temperatures ha5. e stnbiiised. . .. F. 5 The possibility of surprises Unexpected external influences. such as volcanic , eruptions, can lead to unexpected and relatively sudden shifts in the climatic .state. Also, as the response of the climate system to various forcings can be non­ linear. its response to gradual forcing changes may b e quite irregular. Abrupt and significant changcs in the atmospheric circulation involving the Nor: h Pacific lvhich began about 1976 were described i n I K C (1990). .A re. lated esample is the apparent fluctuation in the recent behaviour of ENSO. with warm conditions prevailing since 1989. a pattern which 112s been unusual compared to previous ENSO bclhnviour. Another esample is the possibility that the LVest Antarctic ice shect might "surge". causing a rapid rise in sea level. The current lack of knowledge regarding the spwilic circumstances under which this might occur. cirhcr in total or in part. limits the ability to quantify this risk. Nonethelcss. the likelihood of a major sea level rise by the year 2 100 due to thc collapse of the West Antarctic icc sheet is considcrcd low. In tht: occans tho meridional overturning might Lvcakcn in a futurc climatc. This overturning (tho thcrmohalinc circnlntion) is driven in part by dcop convection in the northern North Atlantic Ocean and kccps the northern Sorth Atlilntic Occan several clcgrcc? s ~vrnrmcr than it would othorwisc be. Both tho study uf palacoclimate' from scclimcnt records and ice CDITS anclmoclclling studies with couplod climate rnivcEcls and ocean GCbls can be interpreted to suggest that the ocean circulation has been very different in the past. Both in these observations and in the ocean models. transitions between different types of circulation seem to occur on a time­ scale of a few decades, so relatively sudden changes in the regional (Sorth Atlantic, Lt'estern Europe) climate could occur, presumably mainly in response to precipitation and runoff changes gvhich alter the salinity. and thus the density. of the upper layers of the Sorth Atlantic. LVhether or not such it suclden change can actually be realisecl in response to global warming and how strong a perturbation is required to cause a transition bet! veen types of circulation are still the subject of much debate. In terrestrial ecological systems. there are Jhresholds in the sustained temperature and water availability at which one biological population is replaced by another. Sonic replacement. e. g., in tree species, is slow whilc some. e g . in micro­ organisms is rapid. Minimum temperatures exist for thc survival of organisms in winter. and the populations of such organisms may move polclvards as the climntc and especially night­ time temperatures warm. If the transitions are not orderly. sudclen shifts in ccosystcm functioning will occur. These may have impacts of direct human rclevancc (as cliscusscd ­in IPCC \V G I I (1995)) but may also havc surprising impacts on climate via effects on albcdd, acrosol forcing. the hydrological c­ dc. cvapotnu1spir; ttion. C02 rclcasc and methane cycling. for csamplo (see Sections 11.1 and D. 2). G. Advancing our Understanding An important long­ term goal is the accurate projection of regional climate change, so that ­ potential impacts can he adequately assessed. Progress towards this objective depends on determining the likely global magnitude and rate of human­ induced climate change. including sea level change. as well as the regional expressions of these quantities. The detection and attribution of human­ induced climate change is also most important. To achieve these objectives requires systemtic and sustained global observations of relevant variables. as well as requiring the effective co­ operaiion and participation of .many nations. The most urgent. scientific problems requiring attention concern: (i) t h e rate and magnitudegf climate change and sea level rise: 0 the factors controlling the distribution o l clouds and their radiative characteristics; ' 0 the hydrological cycle, including precipitation. evaporation and runoff; 0 the distribution and time evolution of ozone and aerosols and their radiative characteristics: .. 0 the response 'of terrestrial and marinc systems to . climate change and their positive and, negative fccdbacks; t h e r e s p o n s e o f ' ice sheets anci glaciers to climate: tho influence of human activities on cmissions: the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean, and ocean circulation; t h e f a c t o r s c o n t r o l l i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r i c concentrations of carbon dioxide a n d . o t h e r greenhouse gases: (i i ) detection and attribution of climate change: 0 systematic observations of key variables. and development of model diagnostics relating to climate change: pataeoclirnatic time­ series to describe natura­] variability of the climate system: 0 relevant p r "r y data to construct arid (i i i ) regional patterns of climate change: land­ surface processes and their link to atmospheric processes; @ coupling of scales between global climate modeis and regional and smaller scale models; 0 simulations with higher resolution climate models. The research activities for each objective are strongly interconnected. Such research is and needs to be conducted by individual investigators in a variety of institutions. .as well as by co­ ordinated international efforts which pool natioEal resources and talents in order to more efficiently engage in large­ scale integrated field a n d m o d e l l i n g programmes to ndvancc our understanding. .. . .. . .. . .. Glossary Aerosols ­ Climate change (FCCC usage) Climate change (IPCC usage) Climate sensitivity Diurnal temperature rangc Equilibrium climate experiment Equivalent C02 Evapotranspiration Greenhouse gas Airborne particles. The term has also come to be associated, erroneously, with the. propellant used in. "aerosol sprays'. .A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity t h a t alters the composition of the global atmosphere ancl which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate change as referred to i:: the observational record of climate occurs because of internal changes within the climate system or in the interaction betlveen its components, or because of changes in esternal forcing either for natural reasons or because of human activities. It is generally not possible clearly to make attribution between these causes. Projections of future climate change reported by IPCC g e d a l l y consider only the influence on climate of anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases and other human­ related factors. InlpCC reports, climate sensitivity usually refers to the long­ term (equilibrium) change in global m a n surface temperature following a doubling of atmospheric C02 (or equivalent C021 concentration. More generally, it refers to the equilibrium change in surface air . ­ temperature following a unit change i n radiative forcing (" C/ tVm­~). The difference between masimuln and minimuni. tcmpcraturo oycr a period of 21 hours. ­411 cspcrimcnt where a step change is applied to the forcing of a climate model and the model is then allowed to redch a new equilibrium. Such esperimcnts proviclc information on thc difference between the initial and final states of the model. bu­ t not on the time­ dependent response. The concentration of CO, that would cause 'the same amount of , radiative forcing as the given misture ofCO, and othcr grct: nhousc gases. .. The combined process of evaporation from the Earth's surface and transpiration from vegetation. A gas that absorbs radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of radiation (infrared radiation) emitted by the Earth's surface and by clouds. The gas in turn emits infrared radiation from a level where the temperature is colder than the surface. Tilt: net effect is a local trapping of part o i the absorbed rnergy and a . tendency to warm the planetary surface. LVater vapour (H, O), carbon dioxide (CO,). nitrous oside (S20), methane (CIf,) and ozone (0,) are'the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. 5 3 .. . ,.. . . .. CLIMATE CHANC ­. 795 ­ The Science of Climate Change ,I' ~ Ice­ cap A dome­ shaped glacier usually covering a highland near a !yarer divide. ­ Ice sheet A g l a c i e r m o r e t h a n 50,000 Lrnz in a r e a f o n n i n g a continuous covey Over a land surface or resting on a continental shelf. . Radiative forcing A simple measure of the importance of a potential climate change mechanism. Radiative forcing is the perturbation to the e n e y s ­ balance of the Earth­ atmosphere system (i n \\ 'm­ ') follo\ ving. for esample. a change in the concentration of carbon dioside or a change in the output of the Sun: the climare system responds to the racliative forcing so a s to re­ establish the energy balance. A p0sirii. e radiative forcing tends to warm the surface and a negative radiati\­ e forcing tends to cool the surface. The radiative forcing is normally quoted as a global and annual mean value. .4 more precise definition of radiative forcing. as usecl in IPCC reports. is the perturbation of ,the energy balance of the surface­ troposphere system. after allowing for the stratosphere to re­ adjust to a stale of global mean radiative equilibrium (see Chapter 4 of IPCC (1994)). Sometimcs called "climate forcing". Continental: 10 ­ 100 million square kilometrt! s (kmz) Regional: 100 thousand ­ 10 million k m l , Local: less than 100 thousand km? ­ Spatial scales 3 Soil rnoislure ­ Wltcr storod in or a t the continclital surfwe and available for ctapor: ition. I n II'CC . (1990) a single storc (or "buc: kct") \vas comnionly uscd, in climate ~; odcls. Toclay's models which incorporafr! canopy and soil proccsscs vicw soil moisture a s t h e amount lwld i n cscoss of plant "wilting point". Slralosp11cre Tho highly s t r a t i f i e d a n d s t a b l c region o f tho a t n w s p h c r e a b o v e t h e troposphcrc (qr. 1 extcnding from &ut 10 km to about 50 km. Thermol~ alinc circulation h r g o scale density­ driven circulation i n the oceans. driven b>­ diffcrencc: s in temperature and salinity. Transient clirnatc experiment An analysis of the time­ depenclent response of a climate model to a time­ varying change of forcing. Troposphere T h e l o w s t p a r t o f t h e a t m o s p h e r e from the surface to about 10 km in altitudc in mid­ latitudes [ranging from 9 kn1 i n high latitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average) where. cloucls and "weather" phenomena occur. The troposphere is cieiineti as he region b b i w i tempcraturw gencrally decrease [virh i l p i y l r . .x /' I . References IPCC, (IntergoTernDen'tal Panel on'climate Change) 1990: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins and J. J.. Ephraums (eds.), Cambric& Urliversity Press, Cambridge, Tu'#, 365 pp. IPCC, 1992: Climute Chctnge 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander and S. K. Varney (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 198 pp. IPCC, 1994: Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an EvalLlation of the IPCC 7.932 Elnission Scenarios, J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, Iioesung Lee, B. A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris and K. Maskell (eds.), Cambridge University Press, C& bridge, UK, 339 PP. 3 IPCC WGII, 1995: Climate Change 1995 ­ Impacts. Adaptations clnd Mitigations oj' Climatt, Change: Scientific­ Technical Analyses: Contribrltion of Working Group 11 10 the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel o~< Climate Change, R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowcra and R. H. Moss (eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.. ' ­ IPCC WGI, 1995: Climate Change 1995, ­ The. Science of Climate Change: Conlrihlion of Working Group I to the SecondAssessment Report of the Inter~ ooerrznlentctl Panel on Clilnnte Change. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Ilarris, A. Kattcnberg and K. Maskell (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. f Conference on Human Health and ­ Global Climate Change Summary of the Proceedings NationalScience Technology Council and the 'Institute of Medicinemational Academy of Sciences Written by Paul B. Phelps­ for the Institute of Medicine Valerie Setlow and Andrew Pope, Editors NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 'Washmgton, D. C. 1996 .. \ " / ~ ­_ // I.. NATIONl ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitutioa. Avenue, N. W. * Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The conference that is the subject of this summary was approved by the Govemi Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn fiom the councils of the Natior Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors accordins to proredm approved by a Report Revie; r­ Committee consisting of members of t k Xziions: Ai; t& iiiY o i Science tile Wationai Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enli distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining t the health of the public, In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional chartt responsibility to be an adviser tothefederal government and its own initiative, to identify issues c medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine, This summary was prepared by Paul Phelps for the Institute of Medicine. It summarizes th presentations and discussions that occurred during a 2­ day conference (September 11­ 12, 1995) that wa organized and conducted in a collaborative effort between the Institute of Medicine, the Nationa Academy of Sciences, and the Naunal Science and Technology Council (NSTC), with support fron several member agencies of the NSTC. The views summarized in this report are those of the Conference participants and donot represent the views of the NSTC or the Institute of Medicine and Nationa. Academy of Sciences. This summary was reviewed for accuracy by the chairs of the individual sessioE of the, conference and by the chairs of the breakout group panels. Funding for the conference was provided by the National Academy of Sciences, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronaiitics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the EnvironmentaI Protection Agency, the Department of Defense, the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty. Intemtiona1 Center and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the Department of Agriculture, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the Agency for International Development, and the Department of Energy. Additional copies of this report are available in 1imited. quantities fiom: Division of Health Sciences Policy Institute of Medicine .. 21 01 Constitution Avenue, N. W. XVashington, DC 2041 8 . . . ­. Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 3 I i. Acknowledgments 3 The Conference on Human Health and GlobalClimateChangethat is the subject of this summary was the product of a collaborative effort between the Institute of Medicine, the National Science and TechnologyCouncil( NSTC), and the NationalResearchCouncil'sBoardon Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Board on Sustainable Development, and Polar Research Bead. It ., would not have been possible without the concerted efforts and contributions of many individuals and organizations. The conference planners and, organizers are listed in Appendix By including the NSTC Working .Group, the sponsoring agencies, the IOM/ NAS Steering Committee, and the responsible staff. The .conferencespeakers, background paper' authors,. andsessionchairsdeservespeciiil recognition and thanks for 'their efforts ,and arelisted in Appendix. C. The approximately 300 conference participants were zin important part of this activity, especially in stimulating discussion, providing ideas, 'and developing the strategies that were the products of the individual working group panels. These individuals are included in the list of conference registrants in Appendix C. Of particulafnote, Eric Chi& n, Bob Shope, and ,Mary Wilson are acknowledged for their contribution in both raising and discussing these issues with Vice President Albert' Gore, Jr., in the formative stages of the conference's development and for their participation in the conference itself. We. also would like to acknowledge Vice President Gore for his initiative in requesting .that this conference take place, and for his contribution as a participant and 'qeaker. .. .I ... 111 .I Contents I 3 EXECWIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW ....... ,... i .......... .. .......................................................................... 2 Greenhouse Warming, 5 Ozone Depletion, 6 ­ POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ..... ..: .... : ........ I... 7 Infectious Disease, 8 ­. Vector­ Borne Infectious Diseases, 8 Non­ Vector­ Borne Infectious Diseases, 9 Heat Stress, 9 Skin Cancer, Cawacts, and Immune Suppression, 12 Food Production and Nutritiond' Health, 13 FreshWater Quality andQuantity, 13 .. Air Pollution and Allergens, 13 Weather Diskters and Rising Sea Level, 14 Social and Demographic Dislocations, 14 Direct Effects on Human Health, 9 . Indirect Effects on Human Health, 13 POLICY IMPLICATIONS .................. ........................ ...................................................................... 15 , Panel Reports, 15 Global Surveillance and Response, 16 Disease Prevention, 17 Education for the Medical and Public. Health Communities; 19 InternationalCooperation, 22 . ­. .I ­. v .. ""* U ,/p I ~ . Research and DevelopmentNeeds, L­ Public Outreach and Risk Communication, 24 s w y OF PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES .................................................................. &FERENCES AND FURTER READING .............................................................. ................ APPENDIXES A National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Sponsoring Members, Interagency Working Group, Institute of Medicine (IOM) Steering Committee, and Staff, 3 1 B Conference Agenda, 35 C Speakers, Authors, Chairs, and ConferenceRegistrants, 41 D AbstractsofConferencePresentations, 57 4 c * .. Conference on Human, Health and ' . Global Climate Change Summary of the Proceedings J J .. . .. .. ­. ,­ / 4 Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change: Summary of the Proceedings I i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Observed changes in the Earth's climdte over the past 100 years appear to be consistent with ' theoreticalmodels ofgreenhousewarming, accordingtotheparticipants in arecentscientific conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, cosponsored by the National Science and TechnologyCouncil OIJSTC) andtheInstituteofMedicine (IOM). ' Thesemodelssuggestthat, without major changes in environmental policy, we could expect to see even greater changes in global climate over the next 100 years. These changes could produce 'alterations both &physical systems (e. g., higher temperatures, heavierrainfall, and risingsealevel) and in ecosystems( e. g., forests, agriculture, marine ecologies, and the habitats of various insects and animals). In addition to the global changes associated with greenhouse warming, a continuing depletion of stratospheric ozone would increase the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, causing increased rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and i m u n e suppression. The focus of concern to .the conference participants was the substantial risks to human health, including both direct risks (e. g., death in heat waves or floods, skin ckcer) and indirect risks (e. g., changes in foodproductionorthedistributionandincidenceofvector­ bornediseases) that are believed to be associated with changes in global climate. The indirect risks appear to be the most difficult to cope with, particularly those posed by emerging and reemerging infectious'diseases such as cholera, malaria, dengue fever, and Hantavirus. These risks are of particular concern in regions and populations that are already 'vulnerable due to crowding, malnutrition, poor sanitation, and political or economic instability. , . ' The general agreement that emerged during the conference was that changes in the global climate could pose significant risks to human health. Much remains to be done to clarify the exact linkages between human activities, global climate change, and human health, but the lack of complete . . data should not be used as an excuse for inaction. Instead, the precautionary principle should apply: If the risk to public health is great, even if there is uncertainty, both policy and action should be biased infavor of precaution. ,. In discussing the poIicy implications of global climate change for h m health in the United Skates and thc international community, participants identified a number of actions that should be taken, including( a) thecreation of a globalsurveillanceandresponsenstwork; (b) increased 'The conference was held at the National Academy of Sciences on September 11­ 12, 1995, and was attended by more than 300 people (see­ Appendix C). .1 cu~ vPEREiVCE ON Xfhl2 4J HEALTH AND GLOBAL CLIUq TE Ci coordinab among nations and scientificdiscipl 3; (c) multidisciplinaryresearch on. th. between ~ ,bal climate change and human health; (d) improved environmental health kifi health professionals; and (e) an outreach program to inform and educate the public about the of global climate change on human health. In the face of current fiscal constraints, these effofi be, based on identifylng and linking together existing activities, facilities, organizations, and fi Zgencies. i /­ i BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW In October 1994, following a meetingwithconcernedscientists and medical experts Chivian, BobShope, and Mary Wilson), VicePresidentGoreasked therOffice of Science TechnologyPolicy (OSTP) and theCouncil on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to orgmi; conference on the potential human health risks posed by global climate change, and strategic address them­ such as global health surveillance, public outreach, and education. Members of NSTC, OSTP and CEQ formed a working group to develop a preliminary agenda for the confert andlaterrequestedthatthe l d M join inplanning, organizing, andconductingthe confers (Appendix A presents a list of the sponsoring agencies, the IOM steering committee, and confere orgikizing staff.) The purpose of the conference was twofold: I 1. To, bring togetheradiverse, interdisciplinarygroup of expertstoaddressthe poten1 effects of global climate change and ozone depletion on the current and fkture incidence of &sea heat stress, food and water supplies, and air pollution; and 2. To discuss initial strategiesforimprovingresearch and deveIopment (R& D), glot: health surveillance systems, htalth care and disease prevention, medical and public health communi education, international cooperation, and public outreach. ­ It is important to note that the focus of the `conference was human health. Presenting evidenc of whether or not global climate change is, has, or will OCCW, was not the primary focus. Participant ­were asked rather to work within an "if/ then? type of scientific .exercise: If global .climate chang occurs, what are the potential adverse human health effects and what strategies should be developec to address them? The first day of the two­ day conference­ was filled with scientific presentations and a plenary discussion on the current state of knowledge about global climate change and its potential risks for human health (see the agenda, Appendix B), including a presentation by Vice President Gore (see Box 1). On thesecond day, participants` discussedhealthpolicyimplicationsandpotential intervention strategies in a series of panels. Each panel's, findings were presented and discussed by the conference participantslin a final plenary `session. Approximately 300 scientists, health care providers, policymakers, academicians, federal and state officials, industry representatives, and others attended the conference and participated in developing the strategies (see Aypenoix C). BOX I. The Interplay of Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Human Health' 3 ­ Albert Gore, Jr: 'Vice President of the United States I've spoken before about the radical changes that have occurred in our environment just in my lifetime. As i s often the case, when a fundamental change takes place, one can't point to a single causal factor to explain it. In this case, I've come to believe, that this radical change in the relationship between civilization and the Earth has come about because of the confluence of three factors at the same time, the first being the population explosion, which is now adding the equivalent of one China's worth of people every 10 years. Thesecond change is the scientific and technological revolution, which has dramatically magnified the average impact that each of the billions of people on Earth can potentially have on the Earth's environment. And the third factor, the most subtle in some ways but the most important in other ways, .'. . there has been a change in thinking about our duty to consider the future consequences of our present actions and a sometimes willful asdrtion that we can't possibly have any meaningful impact on the Earth's environment, therefore we shouldn't think about it much less wow about it or study it in detail. Together, these three elements have combined to produce what some of youwouldcall a discontinuity: a fundamental. change in the relationshipbetweenhuman civilization and the earth. There is a scientific consensus on the most salient issues, a revisionist few not withstanding: We* know that human activities are causing the atmospheric concentrations of­ greenhouse gases to increase dramatically in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide has increased nearly 30 percent since the industrial revolution, methane has more than doubled, and nitrous oxide has gone up by 15 percent. We also know that the current trends are leading to an^ even : more rapidaccumulation of greenhou'se gases and that, as this trend continues, the concentration of greenhouse gases will dontinue to mount. Now, in addition to the greenhouse gases, human activities have increased the atmospheric concentrations of sulfate aerosols­ the keyingredient in acid rain­ especially over industrialized areas in the Northern Hemisphere, ' warmest years this century have all occurred since 1980. There are plentyof other measures­ from the tree­ ring .record to the record in land­ based . glaciers­ thatall demonstrate that the current period is by far the hottest that we have been able to measure. And the evidence is getting ever stronger that this warming nowunderway is not due to natural variability, but to human activities. .. The real question is: "What will happen i n the future?" ­Without climate change policies that limit global emissions of greenhouse gases, there is no doubt that the Earth's climate will change. It's not a question ofwill it change, it is a question of when, by how much, and where. The question of when is now being answered. It has already begun to change significantly. And the best evidence is consistent with a prediction that, in the lifetimes of people now living, we will commit the world to an increase of up to 3 O and 4° C­ up to 8OF. The scientists warn us that change is coming. In just the last century, the Earth's temperature has risen by about 0.5OC, or I° F. The nine ' .. Continued ' *Excerpts from remarks at the Conference on Human Health and Giobal Climate Cnange, September 11, 1995. ­. 'i c .Hc till globalwarmingaffect US? There a ;lea@+ profoundimplications at the regie level f ood security, water supplies, natural eCOSystemS, loss of land due to sea level r andhumanhealth. A temperature increase of 2" to 8° F is projected to double heat­ rela deaths in NewYork City andtriplethenumberof deaths in Chicago, LOS Angeles, 2 Montreal, Andan increase of 8OF maybeGoKeiated with an increase in theheauhumic So will those withchroniccardiovascularandrespiratory diseases. The past Summe stunning number of deaths in Chicago­ over 500 in just a few days­ make these hypothes all f30 real. Changing temperatures and rainfall patterns are predicted to also increase the spread infectious diseases. Insects that carry disease organisms may now move to areas that we. once toocold for themtosurvive. These newbreeding sites and higher temperatures mz also speed reproduction. Diseases we hadhopedwere just a memory in this county ar suddenly a renewedthreat. Cholera is resurgent in our hemisphere. After years ofbein contained in much of the world, Dengue Fever has returned to countries that had not seen th disease in 50 years. Malaria, too, is a global concern, and some of the new strains are mort troubling thananythathavebeen seen. Malariaalready infectsseveralhundred millior people each year­ mainlydn the Tropics. But this July, for the first time in 40 years, more thar 100 people contracted maIat4 in a Russian city. And besides the return of old diseases, there are new ones on the U. S. scene, such as the hantavirus in the Southwest. Unfortunately, ignoring the news does not make it better. Closing your eyes to a problem doesn't make it vanish. You can't simply wish ozone holes away. SO it astounds me, in light of all the data that has been collected over the years, that some are once again challenging'the fact that there is ozone depletion. And what's even more amazing is that some people are listening. Ladies and gentlemen, we have an extraordinary international consensus: We have thousands and thousands of atmospheric measurements linking manmade CFCs toglobal ozone depletion. We all know that depletion of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV­ B radiation that reaches the Earth. And so nowwehave to confront the fact that the observed depletion of ozoneof 5­ 10 percent in summertime, whenpeople are outdoors a lot, will' increase nonmelanoma skin cancer in fair­ skinned populations by about 10­ 20 percent. and cataracts are already the third­ largest cause of preventable blindness in the United States. These numbers would be much higher yet were it Rot for the success of the Montreal Protocol.. We must not forget though, that evenwith that world­ wide action, it will be until the middle of the next century before the ozone layer recovers. Well, for the past 25 years, the United .States has been committed to the bipartisan effori to protect the environment. . . . President Clinton has . . . fought to make sure that the United States is at the forefront of a globalenvironmentalmovement. We'restriving to return greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. We're striving to convince others to make as much progress as is possible. We're engaged in internationathegotiations to address this globalproblem. We'rehelpingtodevelop treaties notonly for the protection of our awn nation, but for the health and welfare of the world community of which we are a part. ' We know that science is essential to our understanding of global problems. Ladies and gentfernen, the role of the scientific community in articulating cleariy the best accepted understanding of what we know and what, we can say with sufficient confidence to enable the American people to takeprudent measures 10 safsguard our future is abso! y? e! y critical. "­. .I , index of 1 2 O to 15OF. The very young, the elderfy, anb the poor will be the ones most at ­ In addition, there w i l l be an increase in the incidence of cataracts and other eye lesions, 5 ..' Greenhouse Warming T. 4 Without the naturallyoccuning" greenhouseeffect," Earth would be toocoldtosustain life as we know it. The greenhouse effect results from water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases in the atmosphere that trap solar heat as it is reradiated from the Earth's surface. The net effect is to keep the, ph. net about 33° C (60° F) wannerthan it wouldbeotherwise. Inthepast century, however, human activities have added substantially to this effect by releasing additional greenhouse gases into the akosphere, primarily through combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide concenkations have increased nearly 30 percent, nitrous oxide about 15 percent, and methane approximately 100 percent. The principalsource of the emissions thatproducetheatmosphericconcentrationshasbeen the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), although agriculture and deforestation contribute a share. There is a growing consensus in the scientific community that the increase in greenhouse gases has contributed to a warming of the earth's surface by between 0.3" and 0.6" C (0.5" and 1. l0F), on average, over the past 100 years (see Figure 1). In some regions, particularly in the industrialized areas of the Northern Hemisphere, this warminghas been masked by increased concentrations of air . pollutants such as sulfate aerosols, which reflect solar radiation (and thus serve to counter­ balance, in part, the warming that might be seen otherwise). Nevertheless, the nine warmest years in this century have occurred since 1980, andthereisconsiderableevidencetosupportthis ­warming trend (see "References and Further Reading," p. 28): decreases in Northern Hhsphere snow cover and Arctic sea ice, the retreat of glaciers in all of the world's mountain ranges, and a measurable rise in average sea. level­ 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) over 'the past 100 years­ mainly due to the& expansion of water. m i l e emissions of greenhouse gases ' 4 1 certainly continue in the future, the exact amounts will depend. on population growth, economic development, energy technologies, and policy variables. Nevertheless, according to the participants, it seems reasonable to expect that global emissions of carbon dioxide will rise in the .short term from the current level­ of approximately, 6 billion tons of carbon per year, to between 8 billion and 15 billion tons per yeaf in 2025, 'and could range from 5 billion to 36 billion tons per year by 2100. This 'would mean that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide­ which were 200 parts per million (ppm) during the last ice age and about 280 ppm in preindustrial times­ could rise from today's 350 ppm to'anywhere from 500 to 900 ppm by 2100. The scientific community has growing confidence in the ability. of computerized general circulation models to predict the climate impacts of such changes in greenhouse gases. These models, whichprovide an increasinglygood fit betweentheoryandobservationofpastglobalclimate changes, indicatethat, in a worldwithapproximatelytwicethecurrentconcentrationofcarbon ' dioxide, the global mean temperature will increase by 1" to 4° C (2" to 7" F), with significant regional variations (e. g., somewhat less warming in the Northern Hemisphere due to air pollution). Average .evaporation will also increase, and hence average precipitation, again with regional variations (more rain in some places, especially in winter, less rain in others, especially in summer). Sea level will rise by another 15 to 90 centimeters (6 to 35 inches) over the next 100 years. 6 . ­., CONFERENCE ONHU­ MX~ EALTHAND GLOBAL CLIMATE c m partA ­$ ants noted that the impact of such changes on natural and human systems mixed. Increased .carbon dioxide concentrations would have a "fertilizer" effect for some plants, not for others, leading to changes in natural plant communities and ripple effects on animal spec Overall, the balance would probably be tilted in favor of "weedy'' species­ those with higher rate reFoduction and dispersal­ to the detriment of biological diversity. Tropical forest communities be affected, .and there will probably be some die­ off in boreal foress as well. Temperature­ re12 changes in the oceans will affecttheworld'scoralreefs and oceanfisheries. Global agricdh production may be unchanged, although increased production in northern latitudes might be offset decreases in tropical regions where many populations are already malnourished. Coastal populatic may be dislocated by changesinsealevel, andthere .will likelybeincreasednumbers of 06 "ecological refbgees" as well. ir Ozone Depletion A thin layer of ozone h i g h the atmosphere (the stratosphere) protects life on earth. shie :I dir the Surface by absorbing much of the ultraviolet radiation from­ the &. However, surface' ozone ( the 1ower. atmosphere or troposhpere) is a major component of urban smog and ca. also serve as I Temperature change PC) 4 I ' 20,000 10,000 ­5000 1,000 200 . 100 18, OOO vcan ­ A 1.800 w a r s ­ ` 300vean > Number of years befori p r m n t (note: quasi­ iog scale) FIGURE I . Variations in average global temperature' over the past 20,000 years and predictions for the next century. (McMichael, 1993) ­. . SUMIUARY OF THE PROCi' XVGS 7 greenhouse gas; the protective ozone layer resides some 10 to 40 kilometers, or 6 to 25 miles, above ,. the .Earth's surface. Solar energy recombines diatomic oxygen (03 into triatomic ozone (OJ;. these ` molecules are broken down to 0, by naturally occurring compounds containing nitrogen, hydrogen, and chlorine; and ihe cycle begins again. In the past 50 years human activities have added millions of tons of ozone­ depletingchemicalstotheatmosphere, primarilythrough the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerators, spray cans, foam insulation, and cleaning compounds. In theory, these ozone­ depleting chemicals rise up in the atmosphere and destroy the ozone layer faster than it is' naturally restored. Indeed, in 1985, researchers reported dramatic declines in ozone concentrations over Antarctica during the southern spring. This seasonal "hole" in the ozone shield has grown larger and appeared earlier in subsequent years. Many other factors might contribute " to these findings, including sunspot cycles and the isolation and extreme cold of the Antarctic weather system, but CFCs and other ozone­ depleting compounds were clearly implicated. ' More recentmeasurementshaveconfirmedthatozonedepletion is in facta global phenomenon; ` although it is lessacute in th troicsand more pronouncedtoward the poles, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. At present there is a 5 to 7 percent ozone depletion over the United States during the summer, when people are most likely to be outdoors; about 11 percent over southern temperate areas; and more than 50 percent over Antarctica. Every 1 percent decrease in ozone can lead to a 2 percent increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer. This phenomenon is. expected to continue for the next decades, despite international efforts to ban CFCs and to phase out other ozone­ destroying compounds. Peak ozone depletion will occur around the turn of the century; recoveqis expected to occur over the following 50­ year period. i. J P POTENTlwL HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMA'IE CHANGE Conference participants noted that the anticipated human health risks caused by global climate change will not be localized; instead, they willoccur on alargescale, impinging on entire populations. In additiontoincreasingthefamiliar, direct6ffectsofclimate( i. e., extreme weather events such as heatwavesandfloods), globalchangewillalsoinvolveavarietyof indirect risks arising from the disturbance ofnaturalsystems( e. g., the. ecologyofinfectiousdiseases, food production, andfresh `water supplies). Forecastingtheserisks is acomplex, uncertaintask, and encompasses a long time horizon. ( Box 2 summarizes a pair ofpresentations on El Nifio as an analogue for long­ term global climate change.) The health effects ofglobalclimate. changespanacontinuumfromdirectto indirect, as shown in Figure 3. In the long run, the indirect effects of disturbing natural systems may have greater cumulative impacts on human health, and most of those impacts will be adverse. As summarized in the most recent assessment of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate'Change (IPCC, 1995) and by various speakers during the first day of the conference, the most likely and most serious health risks and health effects of globalclimatechangeandozonedepletionwould be adverse changes in the following: I . .. 'The 1995 Nobel Prize for. Chemistry. was awarded to Molina and Rowland for this research. .. heat stress; skin cancer, cataracts, and immune suppression; vector­ borne infectious diseases; non­ vector­ borne infectious diseases; food production and nutritional health; water quality and quantity; airpollutionandallergens; weather disasters and rising sea level; and social and demographic dislocations. Infectious Disease Climate influences the distribution, fiequency, types, and severity of infectious &seas humans. The interaction between climate and infectious diseases derives from the impact of cli oninfectiousorganisms (w h as bacteriaandviruses), on the humanhost, and onvectors reservoir hosts and their ecosydms. Climate change can increase the probability of contact be& humans and infectious organisms. Temperatureandrainfallinfluencetheabundance anddistribution of insectvectors i animals" one source of infectious diseases in humans. Global climate change is likely to affect geographic distribution of a n i m a l s and insects and could expand transmission of infectious disea carriedbymosquitoes( e. g. z malaria, dengue, andyellowfever) andothervectors, such as tic: sandflies, and fleas. Altered distributions of vectors are likely to involve expansion of vector­ bor diseases into new geographic areas `md populations and disappezkance from other areas. For a vectc borne disease to persist in a n ' i r e a , climatic conditions must support a complex interaction that rn; involve plants, animals, insects and human activities. Extreme events, such as flooding and hurricanes, that lead to displacement of populations in1 crowded, temporary shelters, or movement into previously uncleired lands, could also contribute t an increase in vector­ borne infections. Vector­ borne diseases are already a major cause of illness and death in tropical countries I where 2.4 billion people are at risk from malaria and 1.8 billion from dengue fever (see Table 1). The numbers of people at risk from theseand other diseases will .increase with warmer temperatures and humidity, particularly because these changes are occurring &nultaneously with changes in ,human behaviorthatincrease the dangers of infectious disease­ mostnotably international travel, population growth, rapid urbanization, poor sanitation, and changes in land­ use patterns :that increase habitator bring humans in contactwith insect. or rodent vectars. Climate­ related migrations could also contiibute to the dissemination of previocsly localized diseases. Several vector­ borne diseases have been increasing rapidly in recmt yexs, including some that were previously ccnsidsicii to be under control, such as dengue fever and malaria. Strong support for public health ­programs both domestically and internationally would help to reduce this risk. .,/ ­ , . Suh. fMRY OF THE PROCJLDINGS Non­ Vector­ Borne Infectious Ddeases i 9 ­ * Changes in watertemperatureandtheresultingproliferationofaquaticmicroorganisms would tend to increase the range and. severity of cholera and other. food­ and water­ related diseases that can cause epidemics of diarrhea and dysentery. Cholera epidemics are typically associated with seacoasts and rivers, for instance, where the cholera organism, Vibrio cholerae, &ves by sheltering under the mucous coating of tiny invertebrates called copepods. These hosts, in turn, respond both to water temperature and to nutrients (fertilizer, wastewater) in stream runoff. Researchers are currently evaluating the connection between water temperature, coastal currents, algal blooms, and subsequent ,; outbreaks of cholera like those in Peru in 1991 and Bangladesh in 1992. Higher temperatures contribute to faster reproduction by disease organisms. Rates of genetic mutation also increase in times ofstress. Furthermore, diseasecausingorganismsareremarkably resilient and can respond rapidly to changes in the physicochemical awironmknt. Climatic and other environmental changes are contributing to thgselection and. emergence of genetic strains that are resistant to drugs and other controls. Direct Effects on Human Health Heat Stress ­ , An increase in average temperature would probably be accompanied by an increase in the number and seventy of extreme heatwavesin some Teas. This would cause an increase in illness and death, particularly among the young, the elderly, the frail, and the ill, especially in large urban areas. Climate change would exacerbate an already large urban heat island effect that exists in many large cities. In fact, heat­ related mortality may prove to ,be the largest direct health threat from global climate change. The deathsof 726 people that were attributed to a heatwave in Chicago i n the summer of 1995 may be an extreme example, but it serves as a possible indicator of what might occur if climate change scenarios &e correct. Mid­ latitudecitiesthatexperienceirregular, butintense, heatwavesappearto' be most susceptib1e" citie. s like, St. Louis, Washington, D. C., and New York. Tropical and subtropicai cities seem to be less susceptible, in part because populations have acclimatized to the regularity of hot weather (although a 1995 incident in New Dehli indicates the susceptibility of tropical populations as well). People in mid­ latitude cities mi@ also acclimatize, and air conditioning can mitigate perhaps 25 percent of heat­ relatedmortality( while also requiringincreasedenergyandrefrigerantuse, thereby increasing greenhoLisegasemissions). In addition, summermortalityincreasesmight be.. partially offset by declines in winter mortality. However, much of the research points to a substantial increase in weather­ related mortality der climate chapge conditions. Despite these uncertainties, there is a clear need to develop an adequate warning system. to alert the public and governmint ztgencies when oppressive air masses are expected" extended periods of extreme high tqerature, light winds, high humidity, and intense solar radiation. TABLE 1 lrlajor Tropical Vector­ Borne Diseases and the Likelihood of Change of Their Dkmbution with Climate Change Likelihood of Altered Currently Population 8: Infectedor New Present with C h a r ­ NO. of PeopIe Disease Vector Risk (million) 'Cases per Year Distribution Change Malaria Pllosquito 2,400b 300­ 500 million TropicdSubtropics +t)­ Schistosomiasis Water Snail 600 200 million TropicdSubtropics U Lymphatic Filariasis Mosquito 1,094' 117 million TropicdSubtropics + African Tsetse Fly 5 9 250,000­ 300,000 Tropical Africa f Trypanosomiasis casedyr (Sleeping Sickness) Dracunculiasis Cmsaceau 100' 1oo, ooo/ yr South AsidArabian (Guinea Worm) (~ PePQd) ? 3 PeninsuldCentral­ West Africa Leishmaniasis Phlehtomine 350 Sand Fly Onchocerciasis Black R y 123 (River Blindness) American Triatomine 100' Trypanosomiasis Bug. (Chagas'disease) Dengue ,Mosquito 1,800 12 million infected, 500,000 new .cases/$ 17.5 million 18 million 10­ 3Omilliodyr ­ AsidSouthern + Americas EuTopefAfricd ­ Africa/ Latin America ++ Central and South + America All Tropical Countries tt Yellow Fever. Mosquito 450 4,000 casedy­ r Tropical, South +i­ . . hericaand Africa NOTE: + = likely, "I­ = very likely, ­++ t = highly likely, and ? = unknown. 'Top three entries are population­ prorated projections, based on 1989 estimates. 'WHO, 1995. .e Michael and Bundy, i995. 'WHO, 1994a Ranque, personal ccmmunication. 'Annual incidence of viscerai leishmaniasis; annual incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is 1 million­ 1.5 million casedyr (PAHO, 1994). 'WHO, 1995 ... ,z SOURCE: PCC, 1995. ~, I 1 " , I SUMhMY OF THE PROCEL NGS BOX 2. El Niiio: Analogue for Long­ Term Global Climate Change? ' J. Michael Hall Director, Office of Global Programs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric, Administration and Paul Epstein Harvard Medical School ­ The El Nitio southern oscillation (ENSO) may represent an analogue not only for larger­ scale globalclimate change and its consequences, but also for the steps that might be taken to monitor and respond to globalclimate changes that threaten human health. Prevailing winds in the tropics create a pool of warm water in the western Pacific Ocean, a regionthatdrivesmuch of the atmospheric heating that controls the world's weather. Periodically, .however, the trade winds 'relax or even reversethemselves, releasing this pool of warm water and setting in motion changes in water temperature, sea level, and coastal currents off South Americathat­ becausetheyhappenaround Christmas­ are known by the name of "El Nitio." This oscillation in atmosphericand ocean conditions, whichnormally happens every 3 to .7 years, causes notonly the collapse of ocean fisheries in the eastern Pacific, but also characteristic changes in the weather in otherregions, including drought in northeastern Braziland increased precipitation in the southeastern United Sjates (see Figure 2). The international scientific community has linked a huge network of ocean buoys and remote­ sensingsatellitestoobserve and. study the dynamics of the. ENSO phenomenon. Interdisciplinary research andanalysishave led to thecreationof multisector models that can predict the occurrence and effects of these changes. The ENSO forecasts made by these models are alreadyreliableenough to support major policy decisions. In both Peruand Brazil, .for example, governments are making decisions about which cropsto plant, and how many acres to'cultivate, based on 12­ month forecasts of ENSO­ related rainfall. .More research and refinement will be needed before these predictive models will be useful in' regions outside the tropics and in sectors other than agriculture, including public health. Nevertheless, this predictive approach .to .short­ term ENSO changes may have major relevance to the study of long­ term'changes i n the. globa1 climate. ' . ENSO­ related algal blooms off Peru; for instance, are part of what appears to be a global epidemic of algal blooms caused in part by warmer oceans everywhere. These blooms represent "environmental reservoirs" for microbes, such as Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera in humans. Similarly, insect and rodent populations also have increased following the mild, wet winters associated with El Nitio, and this can have serious impacts in areas wh, ere these animals act as pests in agriculture or as vectors for diseases such as malana and Lyme disease. Consequently, the ability to understand and anticipate the relations between globalclimats changes, environments! responspc, 2nd threlts to human health may have significant value in developing early warning systems to protect vulnerablepopulations. Multidisciplinary, multisectoralresearchto . developreliable indicators could have extremely broad benefits for public health. .. "Excerpts from a special briefing at the Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, 11, ,1995. . . i 11 ­,/ ' i ,­ 12 ­ 60" N 40" N 20" N EQ 20" s 40" s Northern Hemisphere Winter J 120" E 160" W a o 0. w :­­*= dry _. = dry & warm m= wet mm = wet & warm ma = warm ma= wet & cool ­" FIGURE 2. Pictoral representation of global climate impact anamolies due to ENSO. (Provided by NOM, based on work of C. Rppelewski and collaborators) Skin Cancer, Cataracts, and Immune' Suppression .. Ozone 'depletion can have' both direct p d indirect effects on ecological systems and hum2 health. Increased exposure to .ultraviolet radiation (especially UV­ B) can have harmful effects e photosynthesis (on land and sea), with potejntidy disruptive impacts on food production and th stability of ecosystems. The most important direct human .health effect would be an increase i nonmelanoma skin cancers, espe& ally in fair­ skinned populations. Such cancers are already a majc problem in the United States, ' w i t h about 1 million new cases per year. Furthermore, cwent model. suggest a two percent increase in incidence for every one percent decrease in stratospheric ozone. The current scenario for phaseout of CFCs predicts a 25 percent increase in skin cancer by 2050 at 50" N latitude, relative to the 198Oincidence. Melanoma is a less fiequent but far more deadly skin cancer, whose relationship to W­ B exposure remains uncertain. Both types of skin cancer have ' a long lag time betweenexposure and disease; the effects of increased W­ B &y not be seen until after 2050, Idcreased W­ B can also be expected to increase the frequency of cataracts, which can lead to blindness in all populations. Current estimates indicate a 0.3 to 0.6 percent increase in new cataractcasesforevery 1 percent decreaseinstratosphericozone. Ozone depIetion may also contribute to the frequency, severity, and duration of someinfectious diseacs &e io dhaviolet's ability to suppress the ilmune system. There are m y ~c z t t i i t k s about the effect of W ­B on i m u n e responses, althoughitappearsthatneitherpigmentationnor m s c r m s offer gffective protection. _­ . ­I / , / sI/&€ A4ARY OF THE PROCLdIiVGS ­, Indirect Effects on Human Health ' Food Production ind Nutritional Health 13 Global climate change would have mixed effects on the productivity of agriculture, livestock, and fisheries. In tropical and subtropical areas, global climate change may lead to droughts, flooding, and the emergence of new plant diseases, decreasing food production in many areas where food supplies are already insecure. Meanwhile, crop productivity may increase in other regions, mostly in the higher temperatelatitudessuch as Canada, Siberia, andPatagonia. However, agricultural f. projectionsarestronglydependentonassumptionsabouttechnologicaladvancesandpatterns of consumption. Over 800 million people are chronically undernourished today, particularly in the developing world, andmalnutritionisanunderlyingcause of childhoodmortality. Withfurtherpopulation growth, malnutrition may increase the vulneraJhty of these populations to endemic diseases and epidemics. Some areas may need to change crops, planting practices, and diet, further increasing vulnerability during the period of transition. Such regions might be helped by. advance warning of .conditions that might cause crop failures. Overall, : modelsprojecttheworldmay be abletoproduceenoughfoodtofeedfuture populations.. However, .changes in regional patterns of production could be significant, and in &e long term, nutritional security can only be ensured through education and training, higher incomes, ­ favorable market mechanisms, political stability, and population controls. Fresh Water QuaZiv. and. Quantiv Great spatial' and temporal variability characterize water availablility. Climate change m y exacerbate such variations. Today 1 billion people lack access to clean and abundant drinking water, and even more are without adequate sanitation. Adjustments to .'water shortages can be managed where physical infrastructixe (reservoirs, pipelines, and canals) and water management institutions exist. Increasing populations dependent on limited sources served by isolated systems are at more risk. Landscapes may erode or' stabilize as precipitation alters vegetative cover, thus affecting runoff ,and transport of sediment and pollutants. Air Pollution I .. .. The sameindustrialprocessesthatproducegreenhousegases will alsoproduceincreased urban air pollutants, 'and they too can pose major health risks. Levels of fine particulates (from fossil fuels and. wood smoke) and ozone (from photochemical reactions) are known to be asocizted with highx !z: e! s of hss? itd admissions far respirzttoq diseases. Fine pahculates also appear to' be associated with admissions for heart 'disease and with general mortality. In the United States, where air pollution is relatively low .compared with Mexico City .and some Asian cities, it nevertheless contributes to 70,000 excess deaths and 1 million additional hospitalizations annually. In the firture, as globalincreasesinenergyproductionlead to higherlevels of particulates, andincreases in .. .. " temper& nd ultraviolet radiation accelerate the reactions that produce ozone and other SecO pollutants, thehealtheffectsof air pohtion on aglobalscalecould bestaggering. E temperatures and humidity may also lead to higher concentrations of plant pollen and fungal s that cause allergic disorders such as asthma and hay fever. Weather Disasters and Rising Sea Level ­ El Nifio is associated with increased rainfall and floods in some regions. Long­ term cli~ change over the entire planet may result in an increase in extreme weather events, such as &OUC_ floods, and cyclones. These events could increase the number of deaths and injuries and the incid;; of infectious diseases and psychological disorders, as well as causing indirect effects thou& f shortages and the proliferation of disease vectors. A 40­ centimeter rise in sea level would approximately double the number of people who currently exposed to flooding each year in areas like Bangladesh. It could also contribute to the 1 of coastal and delta farmland, 3 in Egypt, and to the destruction of food supplies. Rising sea le also increases the vulnerability of costal cities, low­ lying areas, and small islands to damage duri storms. Social and Demographic Dislocations , ­ Global ' climatechangewouldalterpatterns of employment, wealth distribution, ax populationsettlementthroughouttheworld. Physical. conflictsmight also ariseoverdeplete environmental resources such ds farmland, surface water, and coastal fisheries. Biodiversity woul also be affected (see Box 3). The greatest destabilizing effects would likely be experienced in areas c Africa which are dready highly vulnerable. At the same time,. populations may be moving out o L ' How climate change may affect health DIRECT EFFECTS IErDIRECP EFFEcrS 1 + Y ? FIGURE 3. Ways in which global climate change may affect human health. (Adapted from IPCC, 1995) ­ i .. / . tropicalandcoastal areas and into coolerwildernessareaswheretheywillbeexposedto new and 2. Unfdar health threats. From anGther point of view, the difficulty of responding to global climate change lies in the rapid pace of the change­ the projected rate of change is greater than has occurred on earth in the p a t 10,000 years. Although it appears that some of the global climate .changes may be dealt with by the industrial world, adaptation will be more difficult in the developing world. The pace of global climate change may be complicated by an inadequate pace of institutional change. 8 POLICY IMPLICATIONS At the end of the first day of the conference, presentations were made on potential policy implications for health surveillance, diseaseprevention, andhealthprofessionaleducation. In addition, a special address was made by Briar@ twood, administrator of the Agency for International Development, on "Implication's for InternationalCooperation" ( seeBox 4). Thesepresentations served as background and introduction for the breakout and working group panel discussions that occurred on the second day; infomiation from those'presentations has been integrated into the panel reports that follow. ­ Panel Reports The second day of the conference wak organized around six concurrent breakout and. working group panels that considered the policy implications of global climate change and human health. The six panels were: (1) Global Surveillance and Response, (2) Disease Prevention, (3) Education for the Medicaland Public HealthCommunities, (4) InternationalCooperation, (5 ) Researchand Development Needs, and (6) Public Outreach­ and Risk Communication. These panels were asked to work fiom the assumptionthatglobalclimate change would occur, and that its impacts on human health would be more or less as described in the foregoing , discussion. Working from .that assumption, the panels were charged with addressing. the question, .`` What do we do about it? ' That is, what, strategic actions could, and should, be taken to anticipate adverse health effects before they occur and to reduce or mitigate those effects when they do occur? In addition, the panels were asked to identify both short­ term (1. to 5­ years) and long­ term (5 ­ to 25 years) strategies. .. The following summariesreflecttheindividual group chairs'sense .of theparticipants' discussion in their respective working groups, further illuminated by the material presented in plenary sessions on the ,. .. .. .. . Global Surveillance and Response' The emergence of new diseases and the reemergence of familiar diseases represent a seric threit to many regions and, indeed, .in a shrinking world, to the entire human species. In the f~ ru therefore, it will be criticaltohaveinplaceanintegrated, worldwidesurveillance and respon mechanism for emerging infectious diseases. The purpose of such a system would be to shorten t: timebetween the detectionofthefirst caseand theimplementation of effectivemeasures f treatment, prevention, andcontrol. To thedegreepossible, therefore, itshouldalso i n c h surveillance for the various changes in climate and environment that may provide early warning sigr of the possible outbreak of dxease. The vitalelements of suchasystemare( a) arapid and comprehensivecommunicatior network; (b) accurate, reliable, laboratory­ based diagnosis capabilities in host countries or region: centers; and (c) a mechanism for rapid response. The functioning of this system would also be aide by heightenedcooperation among nationalandinternationalhealthorganizations. In the end, th ,creation of an integrated, worlddde system to monitor the occunence and emergence of diseas could become the most important international health policy initiative of the twenty­ first century. The breakout panel reported that the most important problem in this area is the creation an( maintenance of a critical mass of multidisciplinary expemse. Short­ term strategies to address thi: problem include personnel exchanges, cross­ training, a d the establishment of a Vice Presidentia Fellowship Program. Long­ Term strategies include the encouragement of multidiscipllllary training a The panel also endorsed earlier reports calling for the creation of an international consortium toaddressclimate­ relatedissuej: Onedifficulty in doingthisistheneedforpoliticalwilland interagency and global coordination. A short­ termstrategywouldlietocompiIeaninventory of existing resources and facilities that might become part of the effort, including sites and projects studying the environment and climate that could provide remote­ sensing data and other indicators for health surveillance. There was no consensus on which agency should serve as the focal point for this coordination within the United States, although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the NAS, the IOM, and the interagency Committee on International Science Engineeringand Technology @art of NSTC) were offered as candidates. There was agreement, however, that the United States could not carry out this mission alone; it will be necessary to work with the resources, facilities, and Finally; the importance of global surveillance and response was discussed as being critical to national security because military forces might need to be deployed to virtually any area of the world on short notice. Knowledge of emerging diseases and their potential impact on rnih­ y operations is of great importance in the preparation of countermeasures to avoid such threats, riduce their impact, and provide a rapid response to outbreaks. levels of relevant fields. . I institutions of other countries and international organizations. : 3 Dr. RuthBerkelman, deputydirector, NationalCenterforInfectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cochaired this panel and summarized their discussion and findings. .. .. . .. ,. .. ~ ." ­ '/ " I .I . S U M W Y OF THE PROCEEDINGS .. 17 Strategies (see also Table 3). I ­ Short­ term strategies: Create and maintain a critical mass of multidisciplinary expertise. Commission the NAS or the IOM to conduct a study of the problem. Long­ term strategies: ' Encourage multidisciplinary training at all levels of relevant fields. Disease Prevention4 The reemergence in the Americas of infectious diseases that had been controlled in the past, such as cholera, plague, and dengue, as well =@ e emergence of new infectious agents, such as Hanta and Guanarito viruses, E. coli: O: 157, and cgptosporidia, have had a direct impact on health policy and prevention efforts. Over the past several years, governmental and nongovernmental organizations have been working closely to modify health policy to place more emphasis on disease prevention. A majorconcern of theseeffortsarethechangingdynamicsofdiseasetransmission, which are . influenced by migration, land use, and environmental degradation. any response will be flexible management within the health sector closest to the viherable population to allow it to adapt to changing patterns of disease. In addition, the wide impact of infectious diseases such as AIDS requires a policy of increasd intersectorial cooperation­ that is, there must be fluid and open communication and management of health problems among health, environmental, and agriculturalsections, supportedbycompetentresearchthat is ­basedoncarefulpolicyanalysis. Participants believed that policy reform, combined with broad public support gained by effective use of the mass media, will allow us to confront the health problepx caused by global climate change and environmental degradation. Policies for disease prevention and control usually involve three responses: (1) removal of the hazardousexposure, (2) earlydetection( andinvestigationoftheoccufrenceofdiseases), and (3) , treatmentandcontrolmeasures, such as prophylactic ther'dpy. Primarypreventionmightinclude vaccinating children or draining stagnant. pools where, mosquitoes breed. In dealing with the health effects of global climate bhange, however, it would require preventing and even reversing greenhouse warming itself. This kind of "preprimary" or `` primordial" prevention would be desirable but was beyond the scope­ of this conference. Nevertheless, there are still many actions that might be taken to mitigate the health effects ofglobalclimatechange, especially in terms of anticipating what those , effects will be and which populations are most at risk. ,Secondary prevention involves surveillance and early screening­ the collection, analysis, and dissemination of 'pertinent data­ and tertiary prevention involves responses­ plans and facilities for rapid diqposis and effective treatment to keep a disease from progressing. Secondary and tertiary Many lines of action are being examined as ways to prevent diseases. One' requirement for . 4Dr. Jonathan Patz, research& ociate, Johns Hopkins ichool of Public Health, cochairedthis . panel ahd summarized their discussionandfindings.. I BOX. 3. Ecology, Epidemiology and Climate Change' Thomas E. Lovejoy ­ Smifhsonian Institution I Altered levels of greenhouse gases like C02 constitute an important environmental change by themselves in addition to those changes driven by thealteredlevels. Field studies of the effects of elevated COz on natural Communities are limited at this point. Bert Drake'stwo­ speciesmarshcommunityatthe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center­ the longest running field experiment­ shows that plants with a Cq photosynthetic pathway (e. g., a sedge) have a'definite competitive edge over %­ pathway species (e. g., a grass), Within a group of C4 or C3 plants, however, it is not possible to predict in advance how various species will respond to higher levels, of (2 0 2 . An initial study of part of a tree subjected to 2 months of elevated C02 in a Panamanian rainforest ledtoyellowing of its leaves andreducedphotosynthesis. It appears thattheexcessiveaccumulationof carbohydrates ' inhibits photosynthesis, with consequent high irradiation stress, photodamage, and loss ofchrdrophyll. The rest of the tree seems incapable of drawing off the excess photosynthates. This, is, of course, different from a treeexperiencing a coz increase occurringover yearsand decades or a tree thatgrows up in a high­ C02 environment. Of course, climate change willincludenotonly C02 elevation but also changes in temperature regimes, .rainfall, and other hydrologicalpatterns. There are almostnofield experiments yet that combine more than a single one of these factors. Nonetheless, it is clear from the above findings that it is a mistake to think of elevated C02 alone as a benign fertilizing factor for plants. Rather, it is importanttorecognizethatelevated C02 and associated climate change will instigate a cascade of effects that will ripple through natural communities withhard­ to­ en'visionepidemiological consequences. ' Paleoecologicalevidencerelating to. climatechange during glaciallinterglacial swings indicate rates of dispersal for plant species, especially trees, that are much slower (l/ lOth) than those projected by climate models. It is simply not ­known whether species couldmove faster. In addition, it is wellknown in NorthAmericaandEurope, and to a lesser extent in the less studied tropics, that biological communities disassembled during thoseclimate changes anddifferent species movedat differentratesand in different directions. Ultimately, species assembled in communities of differentcomposition. The implications for epidemiology are difficult to envision, although worrisome. . ' Climate change, whether human or naturally driven,. will take place in landscapes that have been highly modified by human activity. This ,will dramatically lower opportunities for dispersalandconsequentlygenerateconsiderableextinction of species­ that is, a reduction in biological diversity. , " What are the implications for human .health?. lt is hard to be precise ana to provide a. lot of detaif. Nonetheless, an .abundance of changing relationships between species will undoubtedly affect epidemiology. Some changes, of course, may bebeneficial, but the balance are likelyto be detrimental because weedy species such as white­ tailed deer will be favored overnonweedy species., It seems reasonable to anticipate epizootics and epidemics without any precedents. In addition, loss of biodiversity wi!! impoverish the potentialofbiotechnology to contribute to the wealth of nationsand willsimilarlydiminishthepotential of thelife sciences to contribute to human health, weaith, and well­ being. *Excerpts from a special briefingat the Conference onHumanHealthandGlobal Climate Change, September I I , 1995. SUMMARY OF THE PROL DINGS 19 preventionstrategies are needed in. most if notallnations. However, thecreation of aglobal +. surveillance and response capability will require unprecedented international 'collaboration, including ' a softening of the' traditional boundaries between sectors, agencies, and nations. Nongovernmental organizations and the media also have a important role to play in educating the population, without frightening them, and possibly changing some of theirmoredestructivebehaviors( see ' "Public Outreach and Risk Communication," p. 24). The breakout group recommended that prevention activities focus on anticipatory, rather than reactionarymeasures. It identifiedsixpriorityareasthatoverlapandincorporatethose of other breakout groups: 1. targeted, integrated nuveillance thatfocuses on transitionalzonesandvulnerable 2. changes in medical education that incorporate environmental health into curriculum and 3. international cooperation through information sharing and surveillance networks; 4. methodologicalresearch toevaluatepreventionandinterventionprogramsandto 5. public education and outreach aimed at policymakers as well as vulnerable popu­ lations, 6. public health inffastruchlre toconduct( a) researchand (b). vaccineand expome populations; board u identify vulnerable populations, transition areas, and other risk factors; especially children and the elderly; and reduction programs. ­. e . Strutegies (see also Table i . 3). Short­ term strategies: Compile 'an inventory of existing resources and facilities to study the environment and climate that could provide remote­ sensing data'and other indicators for health, surveillance. Long­ termstrategies: ' . Refocus or develop the public health infrastructure. .. Education for the'hedical and Public Health Communities5 Despite increasing evidence that global climate change. and ozone depletion may have serious­ consequences for human health, there is little' understanding, both among policymakers; and the public, of the extent of this potential threat. Physicians and public health professionals should be central figures in helping to promote an understanding of the health effects associated .w i t h climate change, but they are by and large uninformed about the topic, as their education does not, .in general, cover the relationship o f global environmental change to h u m . healtin. I , .. 'Dr. Max Lum, director, Office of HealthCommunications, NationalInstitute of Occupational Safety and Health, cochaired this panel and summarized their discussion and findings. .. I .. . .. 20 ­ I . ,­. CONFERENCE ON HUUdN fF I TH A flD GLOBAL CLIM TE CHANGE ,I Physicia, J, nurses, and other health professionals have a vital role. to play in responding tb the health effects of global climate change. At present, however, physicians donotreceiveadequate training in occupational and environmental medicine, much less in the medical problems arising from . global climate change, such as tropical diseases appearing in ternperature zones. In the United States, for exbple, although two­ thirds of medical schools include occupational and environmental hed& in their curricula, the average student receives only 6 hours of exposwe to these subjects over 4 years of study. The situation is somewhat better in schools of public health. Yet for both medical and public health students in the United States there is essentially no time available in the curriculum to address thepotential human healthconsequencesofglobalclimatechange. Formostprofessionalstheir principal source of information on global environmental health are articles in the scientific literature and conferences sponsored by nonprofit organizations. The breakout group agreed that health professionals should play a critical role in addressing the health effects of global climate change. The central questions panelists posed were (a) what do health professionals already know, (b) what do they want to know, and (c) what should they know. As a short­ term strategy, the group re3ommended that the IOM and NAS conduct a study to identify core competencies and training mechanisms in'the area of human health effects of global climate change, similar to a recent IOM study of environmental medicine (1995). Global climate and health issues should be incorporated into medical board exams, reflecting the­ importance of this subject for the training of physicians. The IOM and NAS might also broker efforts to promote faculty development in this area and to create centers of excellencein medical schools that would develop curricula in huinan health and global climate change. The group also recommended conducting a study to identify existing government and indytry progrzms that protect workers from the effects of ultraviolet exposure. Such an activity could also increase awareness of the h v d s of stratospheric ozone depletion. These effortsshould be cbordinated. withthose of professional, educational, andpublic service organizations. Health professionals should also help in developing educational materials and in presenting information to policymakers and the general public to help increase understanding of .' thehealthimplicationsofenvironmentalpolicies. Theseeffortsshouldincludethespecialneedsof populations such as migrant workers and minorities that might not have adequate access to health care information. In the long term, it will be important to monitor the effectiveness of these and other programs and, more importantly, to disseminate their results. Strategies (see also Table 3). Short­ term strategies: Y . Have the IOM or NAS conductastudy to ­identify corecompetencie$. andtraining mechanisms in thearea of globalenvironmentalhealth, similartoarecent IOM studyof environmentalmedicine. f Identify and study *existing government and industry programs designed to protect workers from the effects of exposure to the sun. ' .­ . ' / ,.., BOX 4. Implications for international Cooperation* Brian Atwood U. S. Agency for lnfernafional Development ­ By workingclosely with ourdevelopingcountry partners, the U. S. Agency for International Development is able to facilitate the subtle but critically important changes that raise awareness of the threats of climate change andhelp to. shape preventative and responsive measures', Our work has informed other donors and encouraged them to invest in solutions we need. Developingcountries in particular are . on the precipiceofglobal environmental change. Theysoon will be the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions,, and the resultingclimate change will take a heavy toll on theircrowded coastal areas and fragile ecosystems. Theextraordinarybiologicalwealth of these countries is already threatened by poorly planned development that undercuts the natural capital they and we need for the future. 9 Energy consumption and one of its unwelcomeby­ products, pollution in the formof carbon emissions, are growing fastest in developingcountries and in countries whose economies are in transition. Developingcountries are also experiencingrapid rates of deforestation and ecosystem degradation, which 'eliminates a primary sink for, greenhouse gases. For example, over the last decade, 154 million hectares of tropical forests, equivalent to more than three times the land area of France, have been lost to other uses. The rate of that­ loss of biomass, especially in developing countries, is alarming. The resultingenvironmental degradations and misuse ofnatural .resources create opportunities for new diseases, or old ones, to takehold. We use the phrase "emerging diseases," yet for millions of people. the'new viruses have already emerged, and they have already claimed the lives of loved ones. The word" emerging" simply does not convey the urgency we sense. Only yesterday we were convinced that science had overcome the assault of these infectious diseases. Advances in antibiotic drugs, vaccines against childhood diseases, and improved sanitation technology all seemed to be winning the day. The incidence of polio, whooping cough, and diphtheria were declining. Fast­ acting antibiotics reduced the threat of meningitisandbacterialpneumonia. ' But we nowknow that our euphoria was premature. We did not take into account the extraordinary resilience of infectious microbes, which. have a remarkable ability to evolve, adapt, and develop resistance to drugs. Thus,. diseases that were once thought to be under control have reemerged. There are many of these reemerging diseases, andthey just do not' appear only in the developingwodd nowadays. We find them in NewMexico, in Minnesota, in Virginia, and in New York. Around the world there is a resurgence of cholera, malaria, and yellow fever, often in drug­ resistant forms. And of course, there is HIV and AIDS. We believe that global problems must be resolved at. the local level. We know that 'these efforts must be aided by new breakthroughs in science and technology. Investment in research is essential if we are to keep up with the effects of ecological change. The battles we must fight against new microbes, new forms of crop blight, the spread of desertification, new forms of pestilence, and the rapid population growth make research more important than ever. ; VJa face'a dynamic, rapidly accelsr?! ing set of n w challenges, yet we are at risk of falling desperately behind the curve, as the changes we advertently and inadvertently introduce run far ahead of our resources and our knowledge base. Research is not like tap water. It cannot be turned off and on again without serious consequences. To be successful in these efforts, Conjiriued 'Excerpts from remarks at the Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change, September 11, 1995. 22 . ­. y­. CONFERENCE ONHUMANF. LTHAND GLOBAL CLIMATE c m c BOX 4. C­ otinued governments must continue their support Of t h e scientific community. This will require considerable efforts by federal agencies, by our university partners, and by nongovernmental organizations. The private sector is our natural partner. However, it does not cover the entire I t is dangerous to assume that the unfettered hand of Adam Smith will lead to the investments we need to deal with international health and environmental threats to the United States. That. will require a coherent and cost­ effective foreign assistance program backed by sound policies and global cooperation. We are uniquely placed as a nation to help the rest of the world meet these challenges. Our quality of fife in the next century will be determined in large measure by how we meet the global challenges of today. Science and technology give u s t h e tools we will need to meet the challenges of tomorrow. a spectrum of research. % 3 Long­ term strategies: Monitortheeffectivenessoftheseandotherprogramsand, moreimportantly, dissem­ Incorporate questions about climate­ related health issues on medical board examinations. inate their results. ­ International Cooperation6 Global climate change is .bqlieved to cause a wide variety of deleterious effects including desertification, changes in agricultural patterns, and disease. These effects are both direct and indirect, and the causes may be either nahiral or manrnade. TO the extent that global climate change and its impacts are influenced by human activity, methods must be found to mitigate, adapt to, or respond to them. The U. S. govemment 3s obligated to exercise leadership at home and abroad to ensure that responses are appropriate and timely. .Every human being is vulnerable to the effects, of global climate change, but the citizens of developing countries and regions face the most immediate dangers. In those areas, both climatic change and the need for responses to it 'may be greatest, but the available resources for addressing .' them is most limited. Clearly, thepreventiveandresponsivemeasuresweusetodealwith global climate change and its effects must involve every affected person .and operate society­ wide. The breakoutpanelreportedthatmany of thenecessarysystems . andnetworksfor . internationalcooperationarealreadyin place­ theUnitedNationsEnvironmentalPrQgrarnme, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and networks of collaborating centers. WhaGis required is improved coordination among existing systems to place the health effects of global climate change on their respective agendas and to ensure a two­ way flow of information among them. The panel found a particular need to . improve'. thelinksbetweenagenciesandorganizationsthatconductclimate forecasting, health planning, health surveillance, and the implementation of health pro, gniis. I I I 6 Dr. Rudi Slooff, Division of Environmental Health, World Health Orgkization, cochaired this ­panel &d summariz. ed their discussion and findings. , ­. ,/ I \ ' . .4 . S U M M Y OF THE PROCi?, JNGS 23 One short­ term strategy would be to incorporate health effects monitoring and reporting into existingglobalclimatechangeactivities, such as theFrameworkConvention on ClimateChange $o g m and the Uiited Nations­ sponsored,". Climate Agenda." Another strategy would be to look for the health effects of global climate change in the information already gathered for the ongoing U. S. Country Study Program. These efforts will be ineffective, however, unless they are accompanied by increased efforts to provide relevant infomation to national and international policymakers. In the long term, the panel recommended that global climate change and health issues be incorporated into sustainable development planning, not only by individual nations, but also by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and similar organizations. By the same token, health and climate planning should be broadened to include " related environmental issues such as biodiversity. This, in turn, requires that stakeholders have better accessto the information gathered, analyzed, anddisseminatedbytheglobalsurveillancesystem discussed by other breakout panels. .3 Strategies (see also Table 3). Short­ term strategies: Incorporatehealtheffectsmonitoringandreportingintoexistingglobalclimatechange Look for the health effects of global climate change in the information already gatherzd programs. for other programs. . Long­ termstrategies: Incorporate, globalclimate . changeandhealth . issuesintosustainabledevelopment planning, not only by individualnations, butalsobytheWorld Bank, theUnitedNations Development Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and similar orgapizations. . Broaden health and climate planning to include environmental issues such as biodiversity. Research and Development Nee& ' Rather than enumerate the many specific research topics that need to be addressed,. the breakoutpanelemphasizedtheneed for, an integrated, interdisciplinary R& D program that will encourage collaboration among experts and. organizations from a wide range of fields and disciplines. Achieving this will probably require a concerted effort to overcome the boundaries that Currently ieparate scientificdisciplines, researchinstitutions, budgetaryprograms, h d i n g agencies, and internationalsponsors. IntheUnitedStates, forexample, fundingwouldprobablycome from a consortium of federal agencies rather than from a series of small, fragmented programs. The researchproblemsaddressedbythisprogramshouldincludeclimaticvariationsthat already pose health risks, as well as future effects of global climate change. .. 'Dr. David Rall, foreign. secretaq, Institute of Medicine, cochaired this panel and summarized their discussion and. findings. .. .. .. .. .. I . .. I . %. .. . ­. . .. . . .. .. / " . I /` ,­, CONFERENCE ONKUMAN HEALT 1~~ GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 24 Strategies (see also Table 3). Short­ term strategies. In the short term, the panel proposed that the program undertake pdot projects involving c a e studies that integrate three sets of variables: 1. infectious diseases (e. g., cholera, dengue, malaria, and Lyme disease); 2. mechanisms ufmcqtibilily (e. g., W­ B and immune suppression, fine pdcdates, and 3. global change driyers that might exacerbate or mitigate these problems (e. g., population cardiovascular or pulmonary disease); and growth, economic development, and urbanization). ­ Possible models for these case studies are the Technical and Scientific Assessment and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The case studies themselves could be performed by international organizations,$ y private groups, or by the IOM or NAS. . Long­ term strategies. The long­ termgoals of thisprogram wouldbeto identify andaddressgaps in current .. knowledge, and to disseminate and apply the lessons learned from the case studies; ­ Public Outreach and Risk Communication` Despite a wealth of scientific &dies and technical information, the general public is not well informed on the relationship between global climate change and human health. Several participants made the analogy to the difficulties of informing the public about the dangers of nuclear war: Such information is highlytechnical, far' removed from thecommonexperience, disconcerting to contemplate, and often undermined by a vocal opposition. AS a result, the first step in any outreach campaign. would be to. assess the information( anddisinfonnation) that is alreadyavailable to determine what further steps might be appropriate. The breakout panel endorsed the principles of risk communication that are embodied in the 10­ step strategy outlined in Table 2. The primary long­ term goals ofihis strategy are (1) involving the public by encouraging awareness' and discussion, and (2) building .bridges between the medical and environmentalcommunities. In bothcases, the panelrecommended working through existing nemorks and infrastructures, initially targeting opinion leaders but making use of the full range of formal and informal intermediaries to reach broader audiences­ not only churches ana newspaper eilitors, `for example, but also Boy/ Girl Scouts andtelevisionweathemeri, as well as medical associations, senior citizens' aisociations, and schools. . Dr. William Farland, director, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Environmental 8 Protection Agency, cochaired this panel and summarized their discussion and findings. I .. .. / I' ,/ ' ,­. S U ~~R Y OF THE PROCET {V G ~ r? TABLE 2. Developing a Risk Communication Strategy for Global Climate Change 25 Step 1: Step 2: , Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: .Review background information. (What messages are already out there?) Set communication objectives. (What do we want to accomplish?) Example: Increase public awareness about the public health implications of global climate change. Analyze and segment target audiences. (Whom do we want to reach?) Example: Construct communications based on audience attitudes. Develop and pretest message concepts. (What do we want to say?) Select communication channels. (Where do we want to say it?) Create and pretest messages and produd'. (How do we want to say it?) Develop a promotion plan. (How do we get it used?) Implement communication strategies and conduct a process evaluation. (Let's do it!) Conductoutcomeandimpactevaluations. (How well did we do?) . .. Step 10: Feedback to improve communication effectiveness. (Wheredowe go from here?) ­ Strategies (see alsoTable 3). The panelideritifiedthefollowingshort­ termactionitems, which might serve as the foundation for long­ term efforts: ... Identify, contact, . andinfuseexistingnetworkswithhealth. concernsrelatedtoglobal climate change. Use these networks as a feedback mechanism to find out what further information the public or needs. t Distilltheinformationgenerated by thepresentconference for dissemination through joumal articles, editorials, op­ edpieces, targetedbrochures, publicserviceannouncements, informational videos, or a home page on the World Wide Web. . Establish a volunteer group or fonun to continue the communication activities suggested or actually begun during the present conference. Develop a response capability to counter disinfomtion. .. .I .. .. .... ." .. Participants voiced a clear message throughout the conference: Changes in global climate their efforts would help mobilize opinion and action toward the implementation of strategies that would occur 'as far "upstream" as possible. ' Confermce participants identified and described a number of'actions that could be taken to address these potential threats. These strategies are summarized in Table 3 and share certain common threads: e would pose­ substantial risks to h k a n health, both in the near andlong­ term. They also hoped that 'identify and work with existing resources, facilities, networks, and information; encouragegreatercoordination and collaboration amoqg relevantorganizations, create from these institutions and funding sources an integratedworldwidenetworkfor support multidisciplinaryresearchtodeterminelinkagesamongglobalclimatechange, provideappropriatetraining for researchers and healthprofessionals, includingthe establishinformation and outreachprograms. ­ disciplines, nations, and funding agencies; surveillance and response to indicators o@ lobal climate change and emerging diseases; food production, and human health; creation of centers of excellence and the enhancement of faculty; and .­ 0 E a 3 c a * d a ­ ­ c c 27 i I­ ­ i References and Further Reading I The­ interestedreadercan find more detailedinformationaboutthetopicscovered by &is conference by referring to the following publications: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Addrasing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United Stata. Atlanta: CDC. Chivian, Eric, Michael McCally, Howard Hu, and Andrew Haines (eds.). 1993. CriticaZ Condition: Human Health and the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. CISET( Committeeon International. Science, Engineering, andTechnology) WorkingGroup on Emerging and Re­ emerging Infectious Diseases. 1995. h. fectious Diseme: A Global Health Threat. Washington, DC: National Science and Technology Council. Epstein, Paul R 1995. Course Reader: Global Climate Change, Ecology and Public Health. Prepared for the NSTC­ IOM Conferencan HumanHealthandGlobalClimateChange, 11­ 12 September 1995. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1995. Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education. Andrew M. Pope and David L. Rall (eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1992. EmergingInfections: MicrobialThreats to HealthintheUnitedStates.­ Joshua Lederberg, Robert E. Shope, andStanley C. Oaks, Jr. (eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1995; Climate Change 199.5: Impacts, Adapta­ tions andMitigatiun of ClimateChange: Scienhpc­ Technical Anabsa. Contribution of WorkingGroup I1 to theSecondAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChange. . Watson, R. T.; .M. C. Zinyowera, and RH. Moss (eds.). ' Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress. . McMichael, Anthony J. 1993. Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Michael, E., and D. A. P. Bundy. 1995. The global burden of lymphatic filariasis. In: World Burdei of Diseases. C. J. L. Murray and A. D. Lopez (eds.). World Health Organization, Geneva. NationalResearchCouncil. 1989. Improving Risk. Communication. ' Washington, DC: National Academy Press. UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgram. i994. Environmenful Efects of OzoneDepletion: 1994 Assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. Wilson, Mary Elizabeth, Richard Levins, and Andrew .Spielman (4s.). 1994. Diseuse in: Evolution: Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Dbeam. Albany: NewYork Academy of Sciences. WHO (World Health Organizkon). In press. ClimateandHeaith iri a Changing World. Geneva: WHO. WHO. Ant'lmny J. Mc? kichsd st d. .(&.). i n press. Human Hea! th and Global Climate Change. Geneva: WHO. WHO. 1995. Action Planfor Malaria .Control 1995­ 2000. Unpublished document. ' WHO. 1995. Chaga. sDisease: Important Advances in Elimination of Pansmission in Four Countn'es 28 ., in Latin America. WHO Press Office Feature No. 183, Geneva: WHO. \ .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. , . ,I , :­, .REFERENCESAND FURTF' . ~~ EADING WHO. 1994. Progress Report Control document. . ,/ ' ..­. 29 of Tropical Diseases (CTD/ MIP/ 94.4). Unpublished ,WHO. 1990. Potential Health Eflects of Climatic Change. Geneva:. WHO. 3 .. .. I . .. _. . APPENDMA ,/ ' ­. ­ National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Sponsoring Members, Interagency Working Group, Institute of Medicine @OM) Steering Committee, and Staff NSTC SPONSORING MEMBER AGENCIES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Science Foundation Environmental Protection Agency .4 . Pan American Health Organization National Aeronautics and Space U. S. Department of Agriculture Administration U. S. Department of Defense National Institutes of Health U. S. Department of Energy. ~, National Oceanic and Atmospheric U. S. Global Change Research Program Administration U. S. A g e n c y f o r International . . Development . ' ­ . NSTCINTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP Maurice Averner, Advanced Life Support, Life and Biomedical Sciences and Applications Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC Lois Beaver, Office of Extemal Affairs, Food and 'Drug Administration, Rockyille, MD Rosina Bierbaum, Environment Division, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC , Jim Buizer, Office of Global Programs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD Dennis Carroll, Office of Health and Nutri­ tion, Agency for International Development, Washington, DC Jack C.. Chow, Division of International Relations, Fogarty International .. .. .. ' \' .. . .­ . ~ ' .. .. .. .. . ~. .. Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Robert' Corell, Geosciences Division, .. National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA .. Jackie Dupont, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD Elaine Esber, Center for Biologics Evalua­ tion and Research, Food and Drug . Administration, Rockville, MD Gary Evans, Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC Mike Finley, Office of External Relations, 'Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC Karen Gallegos, Office of Global Programs, U. S. Department of State, Washing­ ton, DC . .. .. 31 .. .. .. . ­. .. .. .. _. . ­.: ,:. Luiz Galvao, Division of Health and Envi­ ­ ronment, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC Mary GantYNational Institute of Environ­ mental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Ann Grambsch, Climate Change Bureau, Office of Policy, Planning, and . Evaluation, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Duane Gubler, Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO 3 Debbie Hanfman, Science Division, Office o f Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC cal Research and Materiel .. Command, Ft. Detrick, MD Carla Kappell, Office of Energy, Environ­ Col. Jerry Jam, United States Amy, Medi­ ment, and Technology, Burequ of Global Programs, Field Support, and Research, Agency for International Development, Washington, DC Hiram Larew, Office of Policy and Evalua­ tion, Agency for International Development, Washington, DC Orville Lavander, Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service; U. S. Departkent of Agriculture, . ' Beltsville, MD nology and Health, U. S. Department of State, Washington, .DC Ed Malloy,, Office of Science, Technology, and Hea1th; U. S. Department of State, Washington, DC . ' . Alexandra Leviti, Office of Science, Tech­ ., ,. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. :. q Patrick McConnon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Mike McCracken, US. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC Roscoe M. Moore, Development Support and African Affairs, Office of. International Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD Jonathan Patz, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Climate Change Division, ­Washington, DC Karen Peterson, Division of ,International Relations, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Hemah Rosenberg, Office of External Re­ ' lations, Pan American Health­ Organization, Washington, DC David Sandalow, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC Joel Scheraga, Climate Change Bureau, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Artie Shelton, Office of Allergy, Immunol­ ogy and Oncology, U. S. Department of Veterans .Affairs, Washington, DC Phillip L. Sims, Agriculture Research Ser­ ­ vice, U. S. Department of ­ , .Agriculture, Beltsville, MD Anthony Socci, U. S. Global Change Re­ search Program, Washin$ on, DC Macol Stewart, Office of Global Programs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD Col. Ernie Takafkji, U. S Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD ,. .. .. . ,. . .. . ... .. . .. .. . .. .. ~. / i­. . APPENDLXA ,­ ,/ ' 33 David Thomassen, Office Health and Envi­ ronment Research, Office of Energy Energy, Washington, DC Beth Viola, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC I Research, U. S. Department of Robert Watson, Environment Division, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC Catherine Woteki, Science Division, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC INSTITUTE OF MEDICINEBIATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STEERING CO" 3[ TTEE David P. Rall (Chair), IOM foreign secretary; ad director (Retired), National Institute of Eric 'Bq­ on, Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Environmental Health Sciences, Washington, DC Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Boston; Board on Health Sciences Policy . Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City; Board on Sustainable Development Research Board . Deborah Cotton, assistant professor, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Philip J. Landrigan, Ethe1. H. Wise, professor and chairman, Department of Community . ­ Diane M. McKnight, US. Geological Sury~ y, Water Resources Division, Boulder, CO; Polar INSTITUTE OF MEDICINENATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STEERING COMr$ ITTEE .. Bill Colglazier, executive officer, National . Loren Setlow, director, Polar Research Academy of Sciences, 'National Re­ Board, National Academy of search Council ' . ­ Sciences Linda DePugh, administrative assistant, , Valerie Setlow, director, Division ofHealth' Division of Health Sciences Policy, Sciences Policy, Institute of Institute of Medicine ­, Medicine Division of Health Sciences Policy Medicine Human Health and Global Climate Change, Kenneth Shine, president, Institute of Karen Hein, executive officer, Institute of William Sprigg, 'director, Board on Atmo­ John Perry, staff director, Board on Sus­ David Westbrook, manager, Federal Con­ I .. Medicine spheric Sciences and Climate, David tainable Development, National tracts, National Academy of Sci­ ,nces Academy of Science .. National Academy of Sciences Rosina Bierbaum, senior­ policy analyst Brett Orlando, intern _. Jason Randall, intern Robert Watson, associate director for environment I Jack Gibbons, assistant to the presidentforscience and technology J ... .$ . .­. a . APPENDIX B Conference Agenda Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change The National Science and Technology Council, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Academy of Sciences September 11­ 12, 1995 National hademy of Sciences Main Auditorium 2 1 0 1 Constitution Avenue, N. W. Washington, DC 2041 8 AGENDA MONDAY. SEPTEMBER 11.1995 7: 30­ 9: 00 aim. . REGISTRATION . ' 9: OO­ 9: lO a. m. WELCOMING REMARKS . Kenneth I. Shine, M. D. .. President, Institute of Medicine John H. Gibb0ns; Ph. D. Assistant to the President for Science and Technology ' .. .. 9: 10­ 9: 50 a. m. PANEL I: OVERVIEW . . Kenneth. 1. Shine, M. D. (Chair) President, Institute of Medicine n e Science and Impacts of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Associate Director for the Environment, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President , ' Robert Watson, Ph. D: . . Climate Change and Human Health Risks ­ Anthony McMichael, Ph. D. Professor of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropicai Mehcine 950­ 10: lO a. m QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION .. : J U L WNFERENCE ON iiVMN HEALTH ANI) GLdBAL CLh4. i TE CHANGE i " 10: 10­ 11: 10a. m. PAP. 11: CLIMATE CHANGE AND INFEC? .JS DISEASES Mar, A. Wilson, M. D. (Pond (3ilair) Assistant Professor, Hiward University Vector­ Borne Diseases ­ Duane Gubler, Sc. D. ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging and Reemerging Di. wuycs Steven Morse, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Of Virology, Rockefeller University 11: 10­ 12: OO p. m. QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 12: 00­ 12: 30 p. m. LUNCH (Provided in the @rent Hall) 12: 30­ 1: OO p. m. SPECIAL BRIEFING El Niiio: Analogue for Long­ Tt` m Climate Change J. Michael Hall, Ph. D. Director, Office 0fGloba. I Progrinls, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratzn Paul Epstein, M. D., M. P. H. Harvaxd Medical School , 1: OO­ 1: 30 p. m. PANEL 111: DIRECT HEALTH EFFECTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE DEPLETION Terri Damstra, Ph. D. (Pmel c'ltojr) . Deputy Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Climate Change and Heat Srr~.~.~ Larry Kalkstein, Ph. D. Professor of Geography, Univ. er; ity of Delaware 1: 30­ 2: 00 p. m. QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION c .. . ,I APPENDXB 2: OO­ 2: 45 p. m. PANEL IV: INDIRECT HEALTH EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE . ,. ' 37 ' Andrew Haines, M. D. (Panel Chair) 8 ­ Professor of Primary Care, Universityof London MedicalSchool Impacts on Nubitional Health David Oot, Ph. D. Director, Office of Nutrition and Health, United States Agency for International Development Impacts on Fresh Water Quality and Quantity Reds Wolman, Ph. D., M. A. Professor of Geography, Johns Hopkins University 2: 45­ 3: 15 p. m. 3: 15­ 3: 30 p. m. 3: 30­ 4: 00 p. m. I 4: 00­ 4: 30 p. m. 4: 30­ 5: 15 p. m. .­ Impacts on Air Quality Joel Schwartz, Ph. D. Professor of Environmental pdemiology, Harvaxd University QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION COFFEE BREAK ­ . SPECIAL ADDRESS Implications for International Cooperation Mr. J. Brian Atwood Administrator, United States Agency for International Development INTRODUCTION OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER­ John H. Gibbons, Ph. D. Assistant to the President for Science and Technology KEYNOTE ADDRESS The Interplay of Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Human Health , Albert Gore, Jr., Vice President of the United States PANEL V: POLICY IMPLICATIONS ­Anne Solomon, M. P. A. (Panel Chair) . . Deputy Assistant Secretary for Science, Technology and Health, Cepartment of State Implicationsfor Global Health Suheillance and Response Stephen Joseph; M. D., M. P. H. ' Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs, Department of Defense Implications fo; Disease Prevention Sir George A. O. Alleyne, M. D. Director, Pa0 American Health Organization 1 ­ .. ._ . Inrylications for Education in the Medical and Public Health Communities Eric Chivian, M. D. Chair,. Physicians for S. ocial Responsibility a 5: 15­ 5: 45 p. 15 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 5: 45­ 6: 00 p. m. WRAP U p , INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NEXT DAY 600 p. m. ADJOURN .. 6 1 .5 p. m. RECEPTION­ GREAT HALL TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.1995 7: OO­ 8: OO a. m. CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST­ NAS GREAT HALL 8: 0019: 00 a. m. BREAKOUT SESSION& OCHAIRS CONVENE TO DISCUSS GOALS AND STRATEGIES 9: OO­ 9: 15 a. m. MORNING PLENARY Charge to Breakout Groups Bernard Goldstein, M. D. (Chair) 9: 15­ 1230 p. m. BREAKOUT GROUP SESSIONS *, GROUP 1: IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL HEALTH SURVXILLANCE AND RESqONSE .Ruth Berkleman, M. D. (Government Cochair) Deputy Director, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Demise Habte, M. D. (Nongovernment Cochair) `Director, Centre for Health and Population Research GROUP 2: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION ,. Sheila Newton, Ph. D. (Government Cochair) Coordinator for Environment, Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Department of Hedth agd Human Services . J. .. ' Jonathan Patz, M. D., M. P. H. (Nungovernment Cochair) _­ Johns Hopkins University .. APPENDLXB GROUP 3: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION OF THE MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH COMMLMlTIES ­ Max Lum, Ed. D., M. P. A. (Government C h a i r ) Director, Office of Health Communications, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Bernard Goldstein, M. D. (NongovernmentCochair) ' Chair, Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine GROUP 4: IhlPLTCATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Rafe Pomerance (Government Cochair) Deputy Assistant Secretary fo the Environment ind Development, State Department d Rudi Slooff, Ph. D. (Nongovernment Cochair) .Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization 39 GROT" 5 : IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AM) DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Robert Corell, Ph. D. (Govehment Cochair) Chair, Subcommittee on Global Change Research and Development, United States Global Change Research Program ' David P. Rall,­ M. D., Ph. D. (Nongovernment Cochair) Foreign Secretary, Institute of Medicine GROUP 6: IMPLICATiONS FOR PUBLIC OUTREACH AND RISK ­ .. COMMUNICATION Bill Farland, Ph. D. '( GovernmehtCochair) . .. Director of National Center for Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency Thomas Malone, Ph. D. ( NingovernmentCochair) . Director of Sigma Xi Center's Human Development Program 12: 30­ 1: OO p. m. LUNCH (PROVIDED IN THE GREAT HALL) 1: OO­ 1: 30 p. m. SPECLAL ADDRESS Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Human Health Thomas Lovejoy, 'Ph. D. Counselorto the S ~C T C W ~ for Biodiversity and Environmental hiairs, Smithsonian Institution .. / ,I! 40 ­x, CONFERENCE ONHUM HEALTH% GLOBAL CLIAZATE CHANGE 1: 30­ 3: 30 p. m. ' CLOSING PLENARY _. Bernard Goldstein, M. D. (Plenary Chair) Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine Breakout group Cochairs report on strategies for addressing potential health effects of global climate change developed during their discussions. ­ Chair, Department of Environ.& ental and Community Medicine, 3: 00­ 4: 00 p. m. OPEN DISCUSSION 4: OO p. m. ADJOURN ., ,. .­ .. .­ .. .. .. .. ­, .... ' .. ­ .­ . ...... .... .. I .... ...... .......... .. ­ .. , .. .. ­. .. .. ,/ . / *­. / APPENDIX C I ­ Speakers, Authors, Chairs, and Conference Registrants SPEAKERS George A. O. Alleyne Bernard Goldstein Director Pan American Health Organization 4 Director J. Brian Atwood Administrator , United States Agency for International Development Eric Chivian Physicians for Social Responsibility .; Rita Colwell President American Association for the Advancement of Science Teni Damstra Acting Deputy Director International Programs ' National Institute of Emironmental Health Sciences. Paul Epstein. Harvard Medical School . ,­ , John H. Gibbons Assistmt to the President for Science' and Technology .. ­ Environmental &d Occupational Health Sciences Institute UMDNJ­ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Albert Gore, Jr; ­ Vice President . United States of America Duane Gubler .Director Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Ceniers for Disease Control and Prevention, Demisse Habte Director Centre for Health and Population Research ., Andrew Haines : Professor of Primary Care University of London Medical School , J. Michael Hall Director Office of Globs1 .Progms National Oceanic &d Atmospheric Administration 41 .. ,. ' . ­ . .. .. / ` .. .. ,. . . . .~, . Stephen Joseph Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs U. S. Department of Defense Larry Kalistein Department of Geography University of Delaware Margaret Kripke Department of Immunology Anderson Cancer Center Thomas E. Lovejoy Secretary for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs Smithsonian Institution Max Lum Associate Director for Health Communications . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 9 Anthony McMichael Department of Epidemiology ­and ­ Population Science London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Steven Morse Associate Professor `Rockefeller University David Oot Director Office of Nutrition and Health United States Agency for International Development I . Ari Patrinos Associate Director Office of Health and Environmental Research U. S. Department of Energy David Rall Foreign Secretary Institute of Medicine Joel Schwartz Associate Professor Environmental Epidemiology Program Harvard University School of Public Health Kenneth I. Shine President Institute of Medicine Rudi Slooff Division of Environmental Health ­ World Health Organization Anne Soloman Deputy Assistant Secretary of Science Technology and Health US. Department of State Robert Watson Associate Director for the Environment Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Office of the President Mary E. Wilson Assistant Professor Himaid University P p M. Gordon "Reds" Wolman Professor of Geography Johns Hopkins University " . ,/ I "­.. ,/ APPENDX C ­, 43 John M. Balbus­ Kornfeld ' Assistant Professor of Medicine George' Washington University Ann Bostrom School of Public Policy I Georgia Institute of Technology Eric Chivian Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Paul R. Epstein Professor The Cambridge Hospital Harvard University Medical School Duane Gubler Director Division of Vector Bourne Infectious Diseases Center for Disease Control and Prevention' 19 r .. AUTHORS James A. Harrcli Deputy Director Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion' Public Health Service .I Hiram Larew Policy Specialist Agency for International Development Jonathan A. Patz Research Associate Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Warren T. Piver Adjunct Professor National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Marla Salmon Director Division of Nursing Department of Health and Human Services Rudi Slooff .. Division of Environmental Health World Health Organization ' ­ Tim Tinker . .. Health Education Specialist Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry I . Continued CHAIRS Ruth L. Berkleman Deputy Dkector National Center for Infectious'Disease Centers for Disease Control and Prevention I Robert W. Core11 Subcommittee on Global Change Research and Development U. S. Global Change Research Program Terri Damstra Acting Deputy Director International Programs 3 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences William H: Farland Director National Center for Environmental Assessment Environmental Protection Agency ' .. Bernard D. Goldstein Director Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute . Robert Wood Johnson Medical School .­ Demisse Habte Director Center'for Health Population Research Andrew Haines Professor of Primary Health Care University College of Middiesex Max Lum Director , . Office of Health Colmuications National Institute of Oc'cupational Safety and Health Thomas F. Malone. , .. Founding Director The Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society Sheila A. Newton Coordinator for the Environment Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Public Health Service Jn . ­ +7 :alth Lb "­. /' Foreign ­. . ­0 .q , . '\ Institute of Medicine ­ Kenneth I. Shine President ,' Institute'of Medicine Anne K. Solomon j ' ' Deputy Assistant Secretary for Science, Technology and Health U. S. .Department of State Rudi Slooff . . ~. Division of Environmental Health World HealthOrganization . Mary E. Wilson Assistant Professor Harvard University . Y p Colin L. Bradford, Jr. Agency for International Deveiopment ­ Lynn Bradley ' ­ I Association of State and Territorial Health Officers David Brandling­ Bennet Pan American Health Organization Bryna Brennan Pan American Health Organization Mary J. Brooks Greencool . Allen Buckingham American Association of Retired Persons .. Jim Buizer National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Joy E. Carlson Children's Environmental Health Network Gregory R. Carmichael Center for Global and^ RegionalEnvironmegt ' Fran Cm' Agency for International ' Development t I . .. 1' MichaelD. Carr , . , U. S. Department of Interior .. .. I . : . ,­ .. .. .. ... .. ., ,. .. ­ . _..~ .. .... ... .. ­ .­ . , , . .­: i 1 '_ ­ , ... ........ ..... ....... " . . .. .... .. .. . .~ .. ... ................... .. ... .. Wiiline can Grantmakers in Health Dennis Can011 Agency for International Development James C. Cecil The Pentagon D. W. Chen ' Health Resources and Services Administration Shoulquan Cheng University of Delaware Mary Ann Childs Universal Healthwatch, Inc. Eunyong Chung U. S. Agency for International Development Christopher Chyba Princeton University Eric Chivian Harvard University Medical School David L. Clark University of Wisconsin, Madison " . Emery T. Cleaves Geological Society of America Daniel G. Colley Cezters foT Disease Control and Prevention Rita R. Colwell University of Maryland Nugent Conn ,Liberty Tree Alliance Elizabeth Cook World Resources Institute Leslie B. Cordes Agency for International Development Anthony Cortese Consortium for Environmental Education in Medicine Robert W. Core11 U. S. Global ChangeResearch Program Lisa Cruz­ Avalos . . Nurse Consultant Owen Cylke Tata Energy and Resources Institute John Daly Agency for International Development Tem Damstra National Institute of Environmental He4lth Sciences i David Danzig Sierra Club .. ......... Lora E. Fleming University of Miami Dana A. Focks US. Department of Agriculture Loren B. Ford Environmental Protection Agency Michael Fosberg U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Marvin Frazier U. S. Department of Energy Kenneth Frederick Resources for the Future Clifford' J. Gabriel American Institute of Biological Sciences Ashok Gadgil Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Steven K. Galson, Environmental Protection .. .. . Agency . Mary M. Gant National Institute of Environmental Health ' Sciences t i David Gardiner Environmental Protection Agency Bronsoh Gardner Global Climate Coalition ., " .. ­ I . .. f I : .­ ~ ._ .. . ,. : , .. ,. ­. . 1 . .. Martha Geores University of Maryland Brigitta Genven .Netherlands National Institute of Public Health . . Herman. Gibb Environmental Protection Agency John H. Gibbons The White House Len$% E. Gilbert Columbia University. William H. Glaze University of North Carolina Patricia Glick Sierra Club L* nR. Goldman . . Environmental Protection Agency Bemkd D. Goldstein University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Robert Wood. Johnson Medical School Robert Gordon Institute of International Education '. Anne Grambsch Environmental Protection Agency Erick'Gray Universal Healthwatcg; Inc. .. ,. .. . .. .. .. .. . ­. .. Robert H. Gray University of Michigan Gina C. Green The Nature Conservancy Harry L. Greene I1 Massachusetts Medical Society Nancy Greenspan Environmental Network Priscilla C. Grew University of Nebraska, Lincoln Francesca T. Grifo 'Center for Biodiversity and .Consewation ­Museum of Natural History John T. Grupenhoff National Association of Physicians for the Environment Duane J. Gubler Centers for Disease .Control and Prevention Audrey Haaf Coaland Synfuels ' : Technology Craig Haas Environmental Protection Agency Demisse Habte Center for Health and Population Research j%. 5' .. .. .. .. , ,. ..­ 50 CONFERENCE ON HU'NHEA HAND GLOBAL CLIMATE CmNGE Richard J. Jackson Centers for Disease Control and Prewntion . ., Paul F. Jamason University of Delaware Christer T. Jansen University of Turku, Finland Nyka Jasper US. Agency for International Development Jim Jensen U. S. Agency for International I Development .e .. James Jessleman .. Academy for Educational Development Stephen C. Joseph U. S. Department of Defense John R. Justus Library of Congress Peter R. Jutro Environmental Protection Agency ­­ Laurence S. Kalkstein University of Delaware '~ :. Carla Kappell Development John 'Kallos . ­ 1 Agency for International .. .­ Columbia Business School I Timothy P. Kanaley Institute of Medicine ., . .. . . .. .. .. .. Tim R. Kramer U. S. Department of Agriculture . Kalee Kreider Ozone Action Sally Kane Council of Economic Advisers Thomas R. Karl National Climatic Data Center Eileen Kennedy Center for'Nutrition Policy and Promotion Charles Kennel National Aeronautic and S p v Administration John L. Kermond National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Katherine Kirkland Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics fiornas M. Kirlin American Petroleum Institute Heidi M. Klein National Association of City and County Health Officials Edward Knipling US. Department of Agriculture .. Andrei P. Kozlov National Institutes of Health Katharine Kripke Stanford University Margaret Kripke M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Jon Kusler Association of Wetland Manager' Sandra L: LaFevre Reinsurance Association of America ' Carol Lancaster Agency for International Development Stephen Landry ­ . ,\ Agency for International Development Hiram Larew Agency for International Development Daniel Lashof Natural Research Defense Cougcil Sharon LeDuc' . : Environmental Protection Agency ; Alexander Leaf Harvard University Medical School Joel M . Leyy National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .. L . . .. Harry Moses U. S. Department of Energy * Richard Moss Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Jeryl L. Mumpower Rockefeller College Robert K. Musil . Physicians for Social Responsibility Charles E. Myers National Science Foundation Carolyn Needleman Bryn Mawr College Elvia E. Neibla U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Henry Newhouse Atmospheric Administration . National Oceanic and Sheila A. Newton '. U. S. Departinent of Health and Human Services CIaudia Nierenberg National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Frances P. Noonan George Washington r University School of Medicine i Michael Northrop Rockefeller Brothers Fund Susan Norwood US. Department of Energy Edward W. Novak Army Environmental Policy Institute Christine O'Brien Environmental Protection Agency James J. O'Brien Florida State University Robeft O'Keefe Health Effects Institute Tara O'Toole U. S. Department of. Energy Ellen Odgen Agency for International Development David Oot Agency for International Development .. .. Michael Oppenheimer Environmental Defense Fund Brett Orlando Office of Science and Technology Policy Joseph V. Osterman Defense Research and Acquisition Horst Otterstetter Pm Amcricm Health Organization Countess Alicia Paoloui National Association of Physicians for the Environment John Passacantmoo Ozone Action Ari Patrinos U. S. Department of Energy Jonathan A. Patz Johns Hopkins School of Public Health David Pelletier Cornell University Michele Pena . ' . . Climate Institute . ­ John S. Perry National Academy of Sciences . .. Jonathan Pershing. U. S. Dep­ ent of State Anne C. Petersen , National Science Foundation Karen. Peterson National Institutes of Health Annie Petsonk . , Environmkntal De& se, Fund Paul B. Phelps Science Writer Winfred M. Phllips University of Florida .. . 54 CONFERENCE UNH" 4NHE. [HAND GLO3AL CLIWTE CHANGE Gabriel Schmunis ­ Dave Sharma Anthony Socci Pa& American Health U. S. Department of u­ s. Global Change Research OrganizatiodWorId Health Transportation Program Organization Joe Schwartz Physicians for Social Responsibility Joel Schwartz Harvard University School of Public Health John Kimball Scott National Association of Physicians for the Environment Louise Scott Consultant Glenn E. Schweitzer . National ­Research Council Jeff Seabright. Agency for International Development Stephen Seidel . Council on Environmental Quality Loren W. Setlow National Research Council Valerie P. Setlow Institute of Medicine Moira Shannon I U. S. Department of Health a d Human Services ,. .. . .. Eileen L. Shea Rosemary Sokas Institute of Global .George Washington Environmental Society University Clive Shiff Jo$ s Hopkins University Martha Shimkin Pan American Health ­ Organization, Kenneth I. Shine Institute of Medicine John .ShIaes Global Climate Coalition Robert Shope University of Texas Michael Simpson Library of Congress . Holly Sims State University of New York James B. Sitrick . Agency for International Development Rudi Slooff World Health Organization Meta Snyder Registered Nurse ­. ­. " .­ . .. .. . . .. .­ William Sprigg National Academy of Sciences Ray Squitieri U. S . Treasury William Sprigg National Academyof Sciences Jennifer Steinbeig .. Journal of NIH Research Macol Stewart ' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ahinistration Paul. S tolpman Environmental Protection Agency _. Richard E. Stuckey Center for Application of Sciences and Tec& ol~ m Nicholas Sundt Global Change Mark Sutton U. S. Global Climate Change Research Program ,. "­. c. 56 CONFERENCE ONl% JiM"&?­ .THAND GLOBAL CLIMATE CMNGE Natalie Williams Byron L. Wood Timothy Yarling University of Delaware National Aeronautics and Japan International Mark L. Wilson Ames Research Center Yale University School of Teny F. Yosie Medicine Robert C. Worrest EnvironmentalDevelopment Mary E. Wilson Information Network Space Administration a * Cooperation i 1 Consortium for Earth Science Group Harvard University cy C. Wilson Climate Institute Tom Wilson Electric Power Research Institute Robert Wolcott Environmental Protection Agency M. 'Gordon Wolman Johns Hopkins University Stephen W. Wyatt Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tagny R. Wyles Georgia­ Pacific Corporation Ann G. Wylie University of Maryland Roger E.­ Wyse University of Wisconsin­ Madison Elizabeth Younger Younger and Rata Eve Carroll Zentrick Uniformed Services University Brigitta Zuiderna­ van Gerwen Netherlands National Institute Environmental ProEction ' of Public Health and ­ i ERIC CHNIAN, M. D. Despite increasing evidence that climate change and ozone depletion may have disastrous consequences for human health, ' there is little understanding, either among policy­ makers o r the public, of the extent ofthe possible threat to human life. Physicians and public health professionals should be central figures in helping to promote this understanding, but they are by .and large uniformed, as their education does not in general coverthe relationship of global environmental change to human health. This presentation shall look at the role of the medical and public health communities in global environmental issues, such as climate change and Ozone depletion, and shall address the grswing need for their education and involvement. ' ._ 4 RITA R. COLWELL, Ph. D The origin and cyclical nature of cholera has intrigued scientists and public health officials. Robert Koch postulated environmental origins'of cholera, but proof was not­ established until the tools of molecular biology and immunology were available. Work on environmental aspects of cholera during the past 20 years has revealed an association of Vibrio cholerae with zooplankton and marine and estuarine systems. Furthermore, the capability of K cholerae to ­ .enter a dormant, that is, viablerbut noncultuiable state, has offeredan explanation for the inability to isolate it between epidemics. With .fluorescent monoclonal antibody and gene probes, coupled with PCR implification, it has been possible to detect and monitor K cholerae in the environment. Furthermore, it has been shown that plankton blooms are correlated with increased incidence of I? cholerae, Studies carried out in Bangladesh provided the link between cholera outbreaks and plankton populations. Studies in progress, employing satellite imagery, will permit retrospective and prospective analyses of marine plankton and the cholera outbreak in Latin America during 1991­ 1992. The El Niiio event. appears to be closely associated with this cholera outbreak. Perturbations of the marine ecosystem may be the key to the eratic, cyclical nature of cholera epidemics. STEPHEN C. JOSEPH, M. D., M. P. H. .. f" Y Global surveillance is critical to national security and plays a vital role in the mission of the Department .of Defense ~DoD). Military forces can be deployed to virtually any area of the world on short notice; knowledge of emerging diseases and their potcntial impact on military operations greatly assist us, in preparing countsmeasures to avoid such threats, reduce their ­impact,. and provide a rapid response to. outbreaks. Ai present, three things need to be I :. 60 ­. CONFERENCE ON&?. JMNHEAI" 'Ab GLOBAL CLIUATE CHANGE ANTHONY J. MciMCHAEL, L k A ., Ph. D Three thmgs about this topic need emphasis: scale, context, and &certainty. First, the anticipated health risks are­ not of a localizedkind; they are of large scale, impinging at the same" (more heatwaves, air pollution, etc). Rather, they would arise substantially via indirect pathways (by disturbance of natural systems, e. g., the ecology of infective agents, food production, and freshwater supplies). Third, forecasting them entails complexity, .uncertainty, a populatioii level, and tianscending national boundaries. Second, the risks are not just. "more of 1 1 and a long time horizon. It is tempting to focus on the more familiar risks; increased deaths from 1 heatwaves (especially in the very young, frail, and elderly), trauma from floods and storms, and­­ from stratospheric ozone depletion­ morecases of skincancer. However, in the long term, sustained changes in climate and in climate­ dependent natural systems (particularly if also subjected to other environmental or ecological stresses) would result in: (a) altered patterns of infectious diseases, especially vector­ borne diseases (malaria, dengue, etc); (b) some regional declines in food production; and (c) population displacement (rising seas, declining agriculture, food shortages, and weather disaster9 and its many public health consequences. Combinations of mobile infections, malnutrition, andsocial stress­ especially in displaced arid migrating groups" cou1d amplify the health impacts of climate ch'ange. ' .. STEPHEN S. 'MORSE, Ph. D ,I ­ . "Emerging infectious diseases" are those that are newly appeared in the population or­ are rapidly increasing their incidence or geographic range (e. g., HIVIAIDS, cholera in South ­. America and Africa, Ebola in Africb, and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and Lyme disease in the United States). Most emerging infections are caused by pathogens that are present in the environment but are newly introduced into humans, often from another species as a result of ' changing ecological or environmental conditions that increase the chance of human contact, or ' are infections that were once geographically isolated but now have an opportunity to reach larger human populations. Climate may­ often be .a factor. For example, with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States in 1993,. the virus probably was long present in local rodent populations, but unusual local weather conditions .. led to an exceptionally large rodent ' population, with greater opportunities for people to come in contact with infected rodents (and, . hence, with the virus); 'the weather anomaly itself may have been due to large­ scale climatic effects. Human­ population. movements, whichcan introduce remote infections to a large. population, also are often a factor in the emergence of disease. The mass, movement of workers from rural areas to cities, largely driven. by economic conditions, cm. allow a previogsly isolated infection to reach larger numbers of people (this probably happened k t h H W . Climate changes, by potentially decrkasing productivity of local rural. agriculture, could accelerate this migration. As a final exardple, epidemiologists have long documented a close relationship .. behveen climatic conditions and epidemics of childhood bacterial meningitis (which can also sprsad loba all^^ by trave!) in parts of Africa whzre the dmase naFaily occurs. ­* ,/ n. ' I ,"­­ 62 CONFERENCE O N H W HEALTHAND GLOBAL CLIMATE C ~N G E changescould have adverse effects on ecological systems, human health, andsocioeconomic sectors. . AccGulation of CFCs in the upper atmosphere has already led to world­ wide depletion of the ozone layer ­and an ozone hole in springtime over Antarctica. Ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation andkeeps it from'. reaching the Earth's surface. Recentinternational agreements to phase out CFCs are beginning to show results; we now expect peak depletion to occur about the tum of the century, and the ozone layer should recover over the next several decades. Ozone depletion and climate change are complex problems that will affect the economy and the quality of life for this and future generations. The lag time between emission of the gases and their impact is on the order of decades to centuries; SO, too, is the time needed to reverse any effects. Thus, decisions in the near term will have long­ term consequences. 3 M. GORDON "REDS' WOLMAN, Ph. D The geologic' recordprovides clear evidence ofclimaticallyinducedchangesinthe quantity and quality of fresh water on the globe. Major fluctuations in climate, in the last 10,000 yearsand before, have resulted in the creationanddemiseoflakesand river, systems. Temperature perturbations of only a few degrees have also been accompanied bysignificant increases in the frequency of floods, and similar flood events are associatedwith El Niiio oscillations in some regions. Increasing seasonal runoff at some locations in 'the United States may be associated with a warning'trend during this century, but the record is not consistent. Climate change influences . water. quality directly an'd indirectly; directly .through changes in water temperature and associated chemical and biochemical phenomena (e. g., dissolved oxygen, algae), and indirectly through alterations of vegetationand the' erosionalprocessonland. .. Sediment yield and accompanying organic' and inorganic constituents may alter the quality of ambient flow aid the characteristics of the habitat. Human impacts acting on both landscape and climate are often inseparable from the variable'behavior of natural processes. i D A W OOT, Ph. D. .. .. I Morethan 800 millionpeople, .or 15 percent oftheworld'stotalpopulation, are food insecure. .They lack the economic and physical access to adequate food to meet 'their dietary needs and to lead healthy and productive lives. inadequate food consumption is a vary 6. cause of malnutrition along with infection and poor health. For 1993, the UN reports that over 34 hercent of all preschool children i n developing countries are malnourished. From recent research we know that protein energymalnutrition (PEM), even in its mild­ to­ moderate forms, contributes to 56 percent of'child deaths in 53 developing countrizs. Tht tsmbk budes ofPEh1 onchild survival is evengreaterwhenthetollofhiddenhunger due tomicronutrient i. i I * I `/ , P. ." 64 water resourczs management, and agriculture (`` FamineEarly Warning Systems"). wi additional investigation, the potential exists to extend these application efforts to human heal (" Health Early Warning Systems"). While climate circumscribes the distribution of m a disease vectors, extreme events may determine the timing of outbreaks. learned from El Niiio's effects on extreme events: changes in droughts, floods, and minimur and maximum temperatures. Study of the linkage between ENS0 and health is beginning t reveal important threshold effects and provide tools for predicting the impacts of global climat change that can be tested and perfected on verifiable timescales. The significance of ENSO ma: be greater still, as some scientists believe that global climate change may be experienced in largr part through changes in climatic extremes and climate variability., For some diseases, changes ir climatic extremes may be even more important than changes in average temperature and average precipitation. CONFERENCE ON H U M ACTH AND GLOBAL C L I m TE CMN( In considering El Nifio as an analogue for long­ tern climate change, lessons can 5 ­, ,/ .P. i ­" .­ 1 The 1997 U S Jimate Action Reporl, Chapter 3, , submitted .by the United States of America * Under the United NationsFramework .... Convention on Climate Change. 3 This document has beenreformatted to facilitate electronic distribution. Released July, 1997 ......... ~.. Plaintiff Exhibit No. .3­ + . .. . . . 1997 U. S Climate Action Report. Chapter 3 I . .... Table of Contents Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Title Page) ........................................................................... 1 Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Introduction) ....................................................................... 3 Recent Trends in .U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................ 4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions ................................................................................................ 7 The Energy Sector ................................................................................................................................... 7 Fossil Fuel Consumption ...................................................................................................................... 7 Fuel Production and Processing .................... iii ............................................................. : ..................... 9 Biomass and Biomass­ Based Fuel Consumption ........... : ..................................................................... 9 Industrial Processes .......................................................................................................... ­ ..................... 9 Cement Production (10.5 MMTCE) ....................................................................................................... 9 Lime Production (3.7 MMTCE) ............................................................................................................. 9 Soda Ash Production and Consumption ................................................ : ............................................... (1.6 MMTCE) ...................................................................................................................................... ;; 9 Limestone Consumption (1.2 MMTCE) ....................................................... ....................................... 10 Carbon Dioxide Manufacture (0.4 MMTCE) ........................................................................................ 10 Changes in Forest Management and Land Use .................................................................................... 10 Methane Emissions ......... I ................................................................................................ 10 Landfills ......................................................... ......................................................................................... 11 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Enteric Fermentation in Domestic Livestock (34.9 MMTCE) ............................................................... 11 Manure Management (17.1 MMTCE) ............... i ................................................................................. 12 Rice Cultivation (2.8 MMTCE) ........................................................................................................... 12 Field Burning of Agricultural Wastes (0.04 MMTCE) ........................................................................... 12 Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing .................................................................................. 12 Coal Mining .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Other Sources ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Nitrous Oxide Emissions .................................................................................................. 13 Agricultural Soil Management and Fertilizer Use ................................................................................ 13 Fossil Fuel Combustion ........................................................................................................................ 13 Adipic Acid Production ......................................................................................................... ­ ................. 13 Nitric Acid Production ........................................................................................................................... 14 Other Sources of N20 ............................................................................................................................ 14 Emissions from HFCs, PFCs and SF6 ............................................................................ 14 Emissions of Criteria Pollutants ..................................................................................... 16 References ........................................................................................................................ 17 2 .. U. S. Climate Action Report .. ......... ,i ,­., , ,'? The 1997 U. S. ClimateActionReport, Chapter 3, submitted by the United States of America Under the `United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. I Greenhouse Gas Inventory 4 Central to any study of climate change is the development of an emission inven­ tory that identifies and quantifies a country's primary sources and sinks of green­ house gases (GHGs). This inventory provides both (I) a basis for the ongoing development of a comprehensive and detailed methodology for estimating sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, and (2) a common, consistent mechanism that enables all signatory countries to the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) to e'stimate emissions and to compare the relative contribution of different emission sources and greenhouse gases to climate change. Moreover, systematically and consistently estimating national and international emissions is a prerequisite for evaluating the cost­ effectiveness and feasibility of mitigation strate­ gies and emission reduction technologies. This chapter summarizes the latest information on U. S. greenhouse gas emission trends, from 1990 to 1995 , as presented in the draft EPA report, Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990­ 1995. To­ ensure that the U. S. emissions inventory is comparable to those of other FCCC signatory countries, the estimates presented here were calculated using baseline methodologies similar to those recom­ mended in Volumes 1­ 3 of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inven­ tories (IPCC/ OECD/ IEA/ UNEP 1995). For U. S. emission sources related to energy consumption, forest sinks, and some CH2ources, the IPCC default methodologies were expanded, resulting in a more comprehensive procedure for estimating U. S. emissions. Details on how these estimates were developed are available in the 1995 Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990­ 1994 (U. S. EPA 1995) and i n the L! pcomir? g editicn. This document has been reformated to facilitate electronic distribution. Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 3 ... Recent Trends in US. Greenhouse Gas Emissions the atmosphere, the' cent atmospheric buildup is largely the result of human activities. Since 1800, atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases have increased by 30, 145, and 15 percent, 6 Greenhouse gasesjnclude water vapor, carbon respectively (Ipcc 1996). This buildup has altered dioxide (CO,), methane (Cy), nitrous oxide (yo), the Of the earth's atmosphere, and may and ozone (OJ. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a affect future global climate. family of human­ made compounds, and other com­ Beginning in the 195O's, the use of CFCs in­ pounds such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and creased by nearly 10 percent L1 )` ear, u n t i l the mid­ perfluorinated carbons (PFCs) are also greenhouse 1980's when international concern about Ozone gases. depletion led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol. Other nongreenhouse, radiatively important Since then, the consumption of CFCs has rapidly gases ­ such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of declined as they are phased Ollt. In contrast, LlSe O f nitrogen (NOx), and nonmethane volatile organic CFC substitutes is expected to grow significantly. compounds (NMVOCs) ­ contribute indirectly to Figure 3­ 1 and Table 3­ 1 summarize the current the greenhouse effect. These are commonly referred U. S. greenhouse gas emissions inl'entory for 1990­ to as "tropospheric ozone precursors" because they 4 95. They present the estimated sources and sinks in influence the rate at which ozone and other gases are millions of metric tons Of carbon equivalent . created and destroyed in the atmosphere. For conve­ (MMTCE), which accounts for the gases' global nience, all gases discussed in this chapter are generi­ warming potentials. cally referred to as "greenhouse gases" (unless The growth in U. S. greenhouse gas emissions has otherwise noted). been erratic from 1990 to 1995. Emissions from Although CO,, CH,, and N$) occur naturally in anthropogenic Sources in dropped in 1991, increaEd steadily through 1994, and then slowed down in 1995. Over the five­ year period, greenhouse gas emissions rose by 5.9 percent, representing Figure 3­ I Recent Trends in U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions an average annual increase of just Over one (1990­ 1995) 1800 __.....__...._......._....._._............,­.....­....... percent. This trend is largely attributable to changes in total energy consumption resulting 1990s and the subsequent recovery. U. S. 1600 ­. f r o m t h e economic slowdown in t h e e a r l y .I a, 1400 C ­ .­ energy consumption increased at an average ­ m annual rate of 1.5 percent over the same period 1200 ­. ' (DOEEIA 1996a). The increase in emissions C from 1993 through 1995 \vas also influenced *­ creased demand for fossil fwls (DOEEIA s! ­. ­* changes in CO, emissions from fossil fuel ­ *. the five­ year period. In most cases, emissions 8 .­ Lu 0 Ei looo ­1 by generally low energy prices, which in­ 0 u) 800 C 0 Among the inventory's greenhouse gases, .­ L 600 s consumption had the greatest impact during a f r o m m e t h a n e , N, O, HFCs, PFCs, and sulfur 200 .. hexaflouride (SF,) have rcrnained relatively .O 400 C ­ constant or have increased slightly. For ex­ ample, methane emissions increased by just over 4 percent. The rise in HFC, PFC, and SF, El HFCS, PFCS, & SFS since 1990, overa{/ em/ ssions of Nitrous Oxide CO;, have incrsssed, while emissions emissions, although a small portion of the of othergreenhouseandphotcchemically total, is significant because of their extremely [17 Methane importanfgassShave remainedrlek! ile& high global warming potentials and, i n the cases of PFCs and S t , their long atmospheric 0 1990 1997 1992 1993 1994 1995 Carbon Dioxide constant ofd& h& 4 ­­ US. Climate Action Report I , ­. .\ i Recent Trends in U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1990­ 1995) ("T s of Carbon Equivalent) Gasand Source ­ A . Emissions ­ Direct and Indirect Effects 1990 1991 1992 1993 _. _. . ". ...... . . .... . .... . Carbon Dioxide (0 2 ) 1,228 1,213 1,235 1,268 1,291 1,305 Fossil Fuel Combustion 1,336 1,320 1,340 1,370 1,391 1,403 Industrial Processes and Other 17 16 17 18 19 19 ZM (3S' (336 (357 (388 (470 1,422 Forests (sink) ' (125) (123) (122) (120) (119) (117) Methane (CH?) 170 172 173 171 176 177 Landfills 56 58 58 60 62 64 Agriculture 50 57 52 52 54 55 Coal Mining 24 23 22 20 21 20 Oil and Natural Gas Systems 33 33 34 33 33 33 Other 6 7 ,& 6 6 6 Nitrous Oxide (Nz0) 36 , 37 37 38 39 40 Agriculture 17 17 17 18 18 18 Fossil Fuel Consumption 11 11 12 12 12 12 Industrial Processes 8 8 8 8 9 9 HFCs PFCs SF6 12 12 13 14 17 21 5 5 5 5 7 8 7 7 8 8 8 8 U. S: Emissions 1,583 1,570 1,592 1,624 1,657 1,676 Net U. S, Emissions !: 1,458 1,447 i ,470 1,504 1,538 1,559 *These estimates for the conterminous US for 1990­ 91 and 1993­ 95 are interpolated from forest inventories in 1987 and 1992, and projections through 2040. The methodology reflects long­ term averages rather than specific events in any given year. Note: The totals presented in the summary tables in this chapter may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Nitrous oxide emissions rose by just under 10 percent during the period, primarily for two reasons. First, fertilizer use, which account for approximately 46 percent of total U. S. N, O emissions, increased sigificantly during 1993­ 95 as farmers planted more acreage and worked to replace nutrients lost i n the 1993 floods. And second, emis­ sions from other categories grew slightly as the U. S. economy grew. HFCs, PFCs, and SF, emis­ sions are increasing, along with their expanded use as substitutes for CFCs and other ozone­ depleting compounds being phased out under the terms of the Montreal Protocol and Clean Air . Act Amendments (IPCC/ OECD/ IEA/ UNEP 1995). Two major contributors to the rise in HFC emissions since 1990 are the use of HFC­ 134a for mobile air conditioners and the emission of HFC­ 23 during the production of the refrigerant HCFC­ 22. The following sections present the anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas emissions, briefly discuss emis­ lifetimes. Greenhouse gas emissions were partly sion pathways, summarize the emission estimates, offset by carbon sequestration in forests. and explain the relative importance of emissions the primary greenhouse gases to total U. S. emissions in 1995, with CO, emissions accounted for the largest share. The largest change i n methane emission estimates compared to earlier inventories is in the natural gas sector, where emissions have been Total 1995 US. G r e e n h o u s e G a s Emissions adjusted upward by more than 75 percent due to HFCs improved estimation methods; however, these revised NitrousOxide (1.2%) emissions have not changed significantly during 1990­ 95. LarSei landfills, apanded animal popuh­ tions, and more widespread use of liquid manure management systems increased methane emissions from waste management and agricultural activities. In contrast, improved methane recovery and lower coal production from gassy mines have reduced methane emissions from coal mining. (84.8%) Figure 3­ 2 illustrates the relative contribution of from each Source category. Figure 3­ 2 Methane (2.4%) (10.6w \ PFCs (O. S%/ J Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 5 ~ ~~~~ Box 3­ I The Global Warming . .. .. Potential Concept.. . .. I ­ ,.. . .. .. Gases can contribute to the greenhouse effect both directly and indirectly. Direc when the gas itself is a greenhouse gas; indirect radiative forcing occurs when ch transformations of the original gas produce a greenhouse gas, or when a gas infl atmospheric lifetimes of other gases. The concept of Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been developed to allow scientists and policy makers to compare the ability of each greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to another gas. C02 was chosen as the reference gas to be consistent with IPCC guidelines (IPCCIOECDIIENUNEP 1995). a All gases in this inventory are presented in units ofmillion metric tonnes of carbon equivalent, or MMTCE. Carbon comprises 12/ 44 of carbon dioxide by weight. The following equation may be used to convert MMTsof emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) x to MMTCE: "TCE=(" T of GHGx)( GWP of GHGx)( l2/ 44) The GWP of a greenhouse gas is the ratio of. global warming, or radiative forcing (both direct­ and indirect), from one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to one kilogram of C02 over a period of time. While any time period may be selected, this report uses the 1 OO­ year GWPs recommended by the IPCC and employed for U. S. policy making and reporting purposes (IPCC 1996). The GWPs of some selected GHGs are shown here. GWPs are not provided for the photochemically important gases CO, Nox, NMVOCs, and SO2 because there is no agreed­ upon method to estimate their contributions to climate change, and they affect radiative forcing only indirectly (IPCC 1996). Global Warming Potential The higher global waiming potential lower emitting ,greenhouse gases significantly increases their contribulio the greenhouse effect. For example, o 100­ year time horizon, nitrous oxid? i times more effective than carbon dioxi trapping heat in. the atmosphere. . ., GWP .. . .. . .. . . ., . _. . .. Gas .. (1 00 Years) Carbon Dioxide 1 ­ Methane , 21 Nitrous Oxide 31 0 HFC­ 23 1 1,700 HFC­ 125 2,800 HFC­ 134a 1,300 HFC­ I 43a 3,800 HFC­ 152a 140 HFC­ 227ea 2,900 HFC­ 43­ 1 Omme \ 1,300 CF4 6,500 CZFS 9,200 c4F10 7,000 c6F14 7,400 PFCs/ PFPEs 7,400 SF6 23,900 6 ­­ U. S. Climate Action Report Carbon Dioxide Emissions figure 3­ 3 ­ Sources of U. S. Energy Consumed in 1995 The global carbon cycle is made up 'of large carbon flows andre% eIyoirs. Hundreds of billions of tons of carbon in the form of CQare absorbed by the oceans or trees (sinks) or are emitted to the atmo­ sphere annually through natural processes (sources). When in equilibrium, carbon fluxes among the various reservoirs are roughly balanced. has been increasingly compromised. Atmospheric concentrations of CO, have risen about 30 percent, Since the Industrial Revolution, this equilibrium (25%) (38%) Natural Gas Petroroieum Source: .! L S. DOEAEIA 19955 principally because of fossil fuel combustion, which accounts for 99 percent of total U. S. COgmissions (Seki 1995). Changes in land use and forestry activi­ ties can emit CO,( e. g., through conversion of fwst land to agriculturh or urban use) and can act as a sink for ­ or absorb ­ CO, (e.,.., through improved forest management activities). CO,, while the remainder of this section discusses CO, ­ emission trends in greater detail. Table 3­ 2 summarizes US. sources and sinks of The Energy Sector percent of annual U. S. greenhouse gas emissions. Of that share, approximately 85 percent is produced through fossil fuel combustion, and the remaining 15 percent comes from renewable or other energy sources, such as hydropower, biomass, and nuclear energy (Figure 3­ 3). Energy related activities other than fuel combustion also emit greenhouse gases Energy­ related activities accoyt for roughly 87 Fossil Fuel Consumption ResidenIial Commercial Industrial Transportation U. S. Territories Fuel Production and Processing 6.2 1.7 Cement Production 38.5 10.5 Lime Production 13.6 3.7 Limestone Consumption 4.4 , ' 1.2 Soda Ash Production and Consumption 5.9 1.6 Carbon Dioxide Manufacture 1.5 0.4 .... .... .. ... ..... I ,.. . . ,. . .... .. ... ... .. .. .. . ... Note: The totals provided here do not reflect emissions from bunker fuels used in international transport activities. At its Ninth Session, the Intergovernmental Negotia: ing Comm;:! ee instruc: ed countries to report these emissions separately, and not include them in national totals. U. S. emissions from bunker fuels were zpproximately 22 MMTCE in 1995. (primarily methane), such as those associated with producing, transmit­ ting, storing, and distributing fossil fuels. Fossil Fuel Consumption The amount of carbon in fossil fuels vanes significantly by fuel type. For example, coal contains the highest amount of carbon per unit of energy, natural gas has about 45 percent less than coal, and petroleum has about 20 percent less. Carbon dioxide is the most significant GHG emitted in the U. S. Currently, carbon dioxide makes up 85 percent of the total US. GHG emissions and the combustion of fossil fuels accounts for 99 percent of that portion. In 1995, U. S. fossil fuel combustion eniited 1,403 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). Tetal consumption of fossil fuels during 1990­ 95 increased at an average annual rate of 1.2 percent, primarily because of eco­ nomic groivth and generally low energy prices. Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 7 ... x , / *. .I ., / Overall, emissions from foss Jel consumption energy consumed i n sector comes from petro­ have increased from 1990 to 1995. While emissions leum­ based products. Nearly two thirds of the of CO, in 1991 were approximate1y 1.2 percent lou. er emissions result fI'Om gasoline Consumption in than the 1990 baseline level, in 1992 they increased automobiles and other vehicles. The remaining by about 1.6 percent abo. ve the 1991 levels, thus emissions stem from meeting other transportation returning emissions to slightly more than the 1990 demands, including the combustion of diesel fuel for baseline, By 1993, CO, emissions from fossil fuel the trucking industry and jet fuel for aircraft. combustion were approximately 2.5 percent greater Residential and Commercial Sectors. The than i n 1990; in 1994, they were about 4.1 percent residential and commercial Sectors account for about higher than 1990; and in 1995, they were about 5 19 and 16 percent, respectively, of CQemissions percent higher. This trend is largely attributable to frorll fossil fuel consumption, Both s& tors rely changes in total energy consumption resulting from heavily on electricity for meeting energy needs, with the economic slowdown in. the United States i n thc about two­ thirds to three­ quarters of their emissions early 1990s and the subsequent recovery. attributable to electricity consumption. End use Despite the continued increase in natural gas and applications include lighting, heating, cooling, and coal consumption in 1995, the total amount of operating appliances. The remaining emissions are petroleum used for energy production declined by .$ largely due to the consumption of nafural gas and oil, about 0.2 percent, as somewhat higher prices for primarily for meeting heating and cooking needs. cruds oil in 1995 led electric utilities and industry to Electric Utilities. The United States relies on decrease their consumption of petroleum by 32 and electricity to meet a significant portion of its energy 1.9 percent, respectively, and to rely more heavily on requirements ­­ e. g., lighting, electric motors, and natural gas, coal, nuclear electric power, and, renew­ heating and air conditioning. As the largest consum­ able energy. In contrast, consumption of petroleum ers of U. S. energy (averaging 28 percent), electric­ increased 1.3 percent in the residential and commer­ utilities are collectively the largest producers (ap­ cia1 sectors, and about 1.6 percent in the trsnsporta­ proximately 3 j percent) of U. S. CO, emissions tion sector. emissions included steam production for industrial processes, gasoline consump­ tion for transportation, heating in residen­ tial and commercial buildings, and generation of electricity. Petroleum products across all sectors of the economy accounted for about 42 percent of total U. S. energy­ related C0, emis­ sions; coal, 36 percent; and natural gas, 22 percent. Industrial Sector. Industry accounts for the largest percentage of U. S. emis­ sions from fossil fuel consumption (Figure 3­ 4). About two­ thirds of these emissions result from producing steam and process heat, while the remaining third rzsults from providing electricity for such uses as motors, electric furnaces, ovens, and lighting. Transportation Sector. In the same league as the industrial sector, the trans­ portation sector accounts for about 31 percent of U S . CO, emissions from fossil fuel consumption. Virtually all of the The energy related sources of CQ . (Figure 3­ 5). Ffgue 3­ 4 and3­ 5 1995 Sectoral Emissions of C02 from Fossil Fuel Combustion Cwnmercial 15.7% lnduitri+ 7f Mte: In this piechart, .5%) electric utit~ v emisicns 8R distfitutedto each enduseseabracccrdhg to each setofs share d dectricity wnsunption. Transp crtation i Rsickntial (7%) Ccmrnerciaf I E I Coal ] .A (5%) I 0 100 200 300 400 500 MilJon Mdrc Tons Czxbon Equivalent 8 ­­ U. S. Climate Action Report ~~ ~~~ '7 The type of energy eleci utilities consume directly affects the volume of CO, emitted. For example, some of this electricity is generated with low­ emitting technologies, such as nuclear energy, 4 hydropower, or geethermal energy. However, electric utilities rely on coal for over half of their total energy requirements and account for about 87 percent of all coal consumed i n the United States. Consequently, changes i n electricity demand can significantly affect coal consumption and associated CQ emissions. Fuel Production and Processing at natural gas systems and oil wells. The methane trapped in natural gas systems or oil wells is flared to relieve the rising pressure or to dispose of snlall quantities of gas that are not commercially mark ­ able. As a result, the carbon contained in the met 1 ane becomes oxidized and forms CO,. In 1995, flaring activities emitted approximately 2 MMTCE, or about 0.1 percent of total U S . Cqemissions. Emissions trends from fuel production­ and processing are dictated by fossil fuel consumption. Biomass and Biomass­ Based Fuel Consumption Biomass fuel is used primarily by the industrial sector in the form of fuel wood and wood waste, while the transportation sector dominates the'use of biomass­ based fuel, such as ethanol from corn or woody crops. Ethanol and ethanol blends, such as gasohol, are typically used to fuel public transport vehicles. Carbon dioxide is produced via flaring activities Although these fuels do emit C9, their emis­ sions do not increase total atmospheric CQbecause the biomass resources are consumed on a sustainable basis. For example, fuel wood burned one year but regrown the next only recycles carbon, rather than creating a net increase in total atmospheric carbon. CO, emissions from biomass consumption were approximately 51 MMTCE, with the industrial sector accounting for 72 percent of the emissions, and the residential sector, 25 percent. CQ emissions from ethanol use in the United States have been rising in recent years due to a number of factors, including extension of federal tax exemptions for ethanol production, the Clean Air Act Amendments mandat­ ing the reduction of mobile source emissions, and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, which established incentives for increasins the use of alternative­ fueled vehicles. In 1995, total U. S. CQ emissions from ethanol were 2 MMTCE. / , ". Inc trial Processes Emissions are often produced as a by­ product of various nonenergy­ related activities. For example, in the industrial sector raw materials are often chemi­ cally transformed from one state to another. This transformation often releases such greenhouse gases as CO,. The production processes that emit CO, include cement production, lime production, lime­ stone consumption (e. g., in iron and steel making), soda ash production and use, and CQmanufacture. Total carbon dioxide emissions from­ these SOllrCeS were approximately 17.4 MhlTCE in 1995, account­ ing for about 1 percent of total U. S. Cemissions. In 1995, emissions from these sources were approxi­ mately 10.5, 3.7, 1.2, 1.6, and 0.4 MMTCE, respec­ tively, for a total of 17.4 MMTCE, or about one percent of total U. S. Cofmissions. Since 1990, emissions from cement, lime, and CQ manufacturing have increased slightly; emissions from limestone use have fluctuated; while emissions from soda ash production remained constant from 1990­ 1994 and increased in 1995. * Cement Production ( . MMTC ) production of clinker, an intermediate product from which finished Portland and masonry cement are made. Specifically, carbon dioxide is created when calcium carbonate (CaCOJ is heated in a cement kiln to form lime and CO, This lime combines with other materials to produce clinker, while the CQis re­ leased into the atmosphere. Lime Production ( . MMTC ) and paper manufacturing, and water and sewage treatment. It is manufactured by heating limestone (mostly calcium carbonate ­ CaCO,) in a kiln, creating calcium oxide (quicklime) and CQ which is normally emitted to the atmosphere. Soda Ash Production and Consumption ­ Carbon dioxide is produced primarily during the Lime is used in steel making, construction, pulp ( . MMTC ) Commercial soda ash (sodium carbonate) is used i n many consumer producis, s x h as glass, soap and detergents, paper, textiles, and food. During the manufacturing of these products, natural sources of sodium carbonate are heated and transformed into a crude soda ash, in which CQis generated as a by­ product. In addition, CO, is­ released when the soda ash is consumed. ~~~ ~ Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 9 "y ., limestone Consumption ( , h 'C ) variety of industries, including the construction, agriculture, chemical, and metallurgical industries. Fdr example, limestone can be used as a purifier in refining metals. In the case of iron ore, limestone heated i n a blast furnace reacts with impurities i n the iron ore and fuels, generating COqs a by­ product. Limestone is also used in flue gas desulfurization systems to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases. Carbon Dioxide Manufacture ( . MMTC ) economy, including food processing, beverage manufacturing, chemical processing, crude oil products, and a host of industrial and miscellaneous4 applications. For the most part, the CQused in these applications will eventually be released into the atmosphere. Limestone is a basic raw material used by a wide Carbon dioxide is used in many segments of the Changes in Forest Management and Land Use How the Earth's land resources are managed can alter the natural balance of trace gas emissions. , Everyday land­ use decisions include clearing an area of forest to create cropland or pasture, restocking a logged forest, draining a wetland, or allowing .a pasture to revert to a grassland or forest. (737 million acres) of U. S. land in the contiguous 48 states (USDANSFS 1990), are also an important terrestrial sink for Cq. Because approximately half the dry weight of wood is carbon, as trees add mass to trunks, limbs, and roots, carbon is stored in relatively long­ lived biomass instead of being released to the atmosphere. Soils and vegetative cover also provide potential sinks for carbon emis­ sions. Forests, which cover about 295 million hectares In the United States, improved forest­ manage­ ment practices and the regeneration of previously cleared forest areas have resulted in a net uptake (sequestration) of carbon in U. S. forest lands. This uptake is an ongoing result of land­ use changes in previous decades. For example, because of improved agricultural productivity and the widespread use of tractors, the rate of clearing forest land for crop cultivation and pasture slowed greatly in the late 19th century, and by 1920 this practice had all but ceased. As farming expanded in the Midwest and West, large areas of previously cultivated land in the East were n brought out of crop . duction, primarily between 1920 and 1950, and were allowed to revert to forest land or were actively reforested. Since the early 1950s, the managed growth of private forest land in the East has nearly doubled the biomass density there. The 1970s and 1980s saw a resurgence of federally sponsored tree­ plantins programs (e. g., the Forestry Incentive Program) and soil conservation programs (e.,.., the Conservation Reserve Program), which have focused on reforesting previously harvested lands, improving timber­ management, combating soil erosion, and converting marginal cropland to forests. 1995 is estimated to have been an uptake of i17 MMTCE (which includes the carbon stored in the U. S. wood product pool and in landfiils). This carbon uptake represents an offset of about S percent of the 199 5 CO, emissions from fossil fuel combustion during this period. The amount of carbon sequestered through changes in U. S. forestry and land use prac­ tices continues to decline, as the expansion of eastern forest c o v e r s l o w s d o w n . ­ As a result of these activities, the net CO, flux in Methane Emissions Atmospheric methane (CH,) is an integral component of the greenhouse effect, second only to CO, as an anthropogenic source. Methane's overall contribution to global warming is large because it is estimated to be twenty­ one times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CQover a 100­ year time horizon (IPCC 1996). Over the last two centuries, methane's concentration in the atmosphere has more than doubled. Scientists believe these atmospheric increases are due largely to increasing emissions from anthropogenic soarces, such as landfills, agricultural activities, fossil fuel combus­ FQure 3­ 6 U. S. Sources of Methane Emissions in 1995 FossilFuel Consurnp~ iofl coal~ dning (2.6%) Wastewater (I i. 5;;) I / Trsatrnen! . (30.9%) (­." IO, 10 ­­ US. Climate Action Report / , ­., "­. . .~ '# have reduced lan 1 methane emissions by more than 50 percent (6. 'L million metric tons of methane, by Source in 1995 or 35.5 MMTCE). MMT MIMTCE 11.1 63.5 The agricultural sector accounted for approxi­ 9.6 54.8 3.6 20.4 mately 31 percent of total US. methane emissions i n Oil andNatural Gas Systems 5.8 33.2 1995, with enteric fermentation i n domestic livestock Fossil 0.8 4.6 (34.9 MMTCE) and manure management (17.1 WastewaterTreatment 0.2 0.9 MMTCE) together accounting for the majority (Figure 3­ 7). Other agricultural activities contributing TOTAL EMISSIONS 31 .O 377.3 directly to methane emissions include rice cultivation * ­. ,. . . Agriculture . . ...... ... .... . .. ... ." . ­­ . (2.5 MMTCE) and field burning of agricultural crop Note: All methane emission estimates are preliminary. * One­ year data were used to estimate methana emissions from rice wastes (0.04 MMTCE). cultivationas part of theAgriculturesector. Correspondingvalues for the Between 1990 and 1995, methane emissions Agricultural sector using lPCC recommended three­ year averages for ricecultivationare: 9.3 MMT and 53.2 MMTCE. from domestic livestock enteric fermentation and manure management increased by about 7 percent ' tion, coal mining, the production and processing of and 1 j percent, respectively. During this Same time natural gas and oil, and wastewater treatment (Table period, methane emissions from rice cultivation 3­ 3 and Figure 3­ 6). increased by about 10 percent, while emissions from field burning fluctuated. Several other agricultural Landfills activities, such as ihigation and tillage practices, may Landfills =e the largest single anthropogenic contribute to methane emissions. However, since Source of methane emissions in the United States. Of emissions from these sources are uncertain and are the estimated 3,000 methaneeemitting landfills in the believed to be small the United States has not in­ United States, 1,300 account for about half ofthe cluded them in the Current inventory. Details on the emissions. emission pathways included in the inventory follow. In an environment where the oxygen content is Enteric Fermentation in Domestic Livestock low or nonexistent, organic materials, such as yard ( .g MMTC waste, household waste, food waste, and paper, are During animal digestion, methane is produced decomposed by bacteria to produce "2, through a process referred to as enteric fermentation, and stabilized organic materials (materials that in which microbes that reside in animal digestive cannot be decomposed further). Methane emissions systems break down the feed consumed by the from landfills are affected by such specific factors as animal. In 1995, fermentation was the waste composition, moisture, and landfill size. of about 20 percent of total U. S. methane emissions, Methane emissions from U. S. landfills in 1995 and about 64 percent of methane emissions from the were 63.5 MMTCE, a slight increase over the 60 MMTCE reported in the previous inventory. Emis­ sions from U. S. municipal solid waste landfills, Figure 3­ 7 which received over 59 percent of. the total solid U. S. Sources of Agricultural waste generated in the United States, accounted for Methane Emissions in 1995 about 90 to 95 percent of total landfili emissions, while industrial landfills accounted for the remaining Rice Cultivation waste Bumin_ o 5 to 10 percent. Currently, almost 15 percent of the methane released is recovered for use as energy, compared to 10 percent reported in the last inventory. A regulation promulgated in March 1996 re­ quires the largest U. S. landfills to collect and com­ bust t h e i r l a n d f i l l emissions of i3: eric Fernentation nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It (a %) is estimated that by the year 2000, this regulation will Agricultural " , Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 11 I agricultural sector. This estimate 34.9 MMTCE is the same as that reported in the previous inventory. Manure Management ( . MMTC ) anaerobic environment produces methane. The most important factor affecting the amount of methane produced is how the manure is managed, since certain types of storage and treatment systems promote an oxygen­ free environment. In particular, liquid systems tend to produce a significant quantity of methane, whereas solid waste management approaches produce little or no methane. Higher temperatures and moist climatic conditions also promote methane production. Emissions from manure management were about 10 percent of total U. S. methane emissions in1995,, and about 31 percent of methane emissions from the agriculture sector. Liquid­ based manure management systems accounted for over SO percent of total emissions from animal wastes. The 17.1 MMTCE estimate reported here is slightly above the 13.7 MMTCE reported in the previous inventory because of larger U. S. farm animal populations and expanded use of liquid manure management systems. Rice Cultivation ( . MMTC ) United States, is grown on flooded fields. The soil's organic matter decomposes under the anaerobic . conditions created by the flooding, releasing methane to the atmosphere, primarily through the rice plants. In 1995, rice cultivation .was the source of less than 2 percent of total U. S. methane emissions, and about 5 percent of U. S. methane emissions from agricultural sources. Emissions estimates from this source have not changed significantly since 1990. Field Burning of Agricultural Wastes , The decomposition­ of organic animal waste in an Most of the world's rice, and all of the rice in the ( . MMTC ) Farming systems produce large quantities of agricultural crop wastes. Disposal systems for these wastes include plowing them back into the field; composting, landfilling, or burning them in the field; using them as a biomass fuel; or selling than in supplemental feed markets. Burning crop residues releases a number of greenhouse gases, including C q , methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Field burning is not considered to be a net source of carbon dioxide emissions because the CQ released during burning is reabsorbed by crop regrowth during _­. the next growing sez . However, this practice is a net source of emissions for the other gases, since their emissions would not have occurred had the wastes not been combusted. Because field burning is not common in the United States, it was responsible for only 0.02 percent of total U. S. methane emissions in 1995, and 0.07 percent of emissions from the agricultural sector. Estimates of emissions from this source have dropped significantly since the last inventory as a result of new research indicating that a smaller fraction of U. S. crop wastes is burned than previ­ ously assumed. Oil and Natural Gas Production and Processing Methane emissions vary greatly from facility to facility. In 1995, an estimated 31.2 MMTCE (or approximately I S percent) of U. S. methane emissions were due to leaks, disruptions, etc., in the operation and maintenance of equipment in the U. S. natural gas system. This figure is `significantly higher than previous estimates because of revised estimation ­ methods that improved activity factors (i. e., equip­ ment counts) and emission factors. As a result, natural gas systems are now ranked as the third largest source of U. S. methane emissions. Natural gas is often found in conjunction with oil exploration. Methane is also released during the production, refinement, transportation, and storage of crude oil. During 1995, oil and gas production facilities released 2.0 MMTCE of methane to the atmosphere, representing about one percent of total U. S. methane emissions. Coal Mining Produced millions of years ago during the formation of coal, methane is trapped within coal seams and surrounding rock strata. The volume of methane released to the atmosphere during coal­ mining operations depends primarily upon the depth and type of coal being mined. Methane from surface mines is emitted directly coal seam are removed. Because methane in under­ ground mines is explosive at concentrations of 5 to 15 percent in air, most active underground mines are required to circulate large quantities of air and vent the air into the atmosphere. At some mines, methane­ recovery systems may supplement these ventilation to ths atizoaphers X thz rock stia; d ovzrlying iiie 12 ­­ U. S. Climate Action Report ­ ,. ­. ,, .­ . systems to ensure mine saff u. S. recovery of Agricult~ Soil Management and methane has been increasing rn recent years. During Fertilizer Use 1995, coal mining, processing, transportation, and consumption activities produced an estimated 20.4 MMTCE of methzne,.. pr 12 percent of total U. S. methane emissions. This lower estimate is the result of improved mine­ specific information and expanded methane recovery. In 1995, U. S. consumption of synthetic nitrogen and organic fertilizers accounted for 18.4 IMiMTCE, or approximately 46 percent of total US. p emissions. Other agricultural soil management practices, such as irrigation, tillage practices, or laying fallow the land, can ~I S O affect fluxes to Other Sources and from the soil. However, because there is much uncertainty about the direction and magnitude of the Methane is also Produced from several other effects of these other practices, only the emissions sources in the United States, including energy­ related from fertilizer use and field burning of agricultural combustion activities, wastewater treatment, indus­ lvnstes are included i n the U. S. inventory a[ this time, trial processes, and changes in land use. The sources included in the U. S. inventory are fuel combustion `Fossil Fuel Combustion and wastewater treatment, which accounted for approximately 4.6 and 0.9 MMTCE, respectivelp in 1995. These emissions represent about 3 percent of total U. S. methane emissions. Additional US. anthropogenic sources of methane ­­ such as ammo­ ­ nia, coke, iron, steel production, and land­ use changes ­­ are not included because little information on methane emissions from these sources is currently For converters installed­ to a v a i l a b l e . . promoted the formation of N?. As the number of catalytic converter­ equipped ;. chicles has risen in the U. S. motor vehicle fleet, so have emissions of $dl N, O is a product of the reaction that occurs between nitrogen and oxygen during fossil fuel combustion. Both mobile and stationary sources emit N, O, and the volume emitted varies according to the type of fuel, technology, or pollution control device used, as well as m$ intenance and operation practices. Nitrous Oxide Emissions f r o m t h i s s o u r c e (DOEEIA, 1993b). Nitrous oxide (N, O) is a chemically and radia­ In 1995, N, O emissions from mobiIe sources tively active greenhouse gas that is produced natu­ totaled 9.2 MMTCE (or 23 percent of total J$) and water. While 50 emissions of are much lower were 3* 0 than CO, emissions, NP is approximately 310 times more powerful than C0, at trapping heat in the Adipic Acid Production atmosphere over a 100­ year time horizon (IPCC The vast majority of all adipic acid produced in 1996). the United States is used to manufacture nylon 6,6. During the past two centuries, human activities N20 is also used to produce some low­ temperature have raised atmospheric concentrations of N, O by lubricants, and to add a "tangy" flavor to foods. approximately 8 percent (Figure 3­ 8, Table 3­ 4). rally from a \vide variety of biological Sources in soil emissions), and Bo emissions from stationary The main anthropogenic activities producing NQ are soil management and fertilizer use for agricul­ ture, fossil fuel combustion, adipic acid production, and nitric acid production (seeTnble 3­ 4 and Figure 3­ 8). While emissions from soil management and fertilizers remained relatively constant during 1990­ 93, they increased during 1994­ 95 because of intensified fertilizer applications to speed recovery of nutrients lost to the 1993 floods. N, O emissions from all other sources showed no significant changes. Table 3­ 4 Agricultural Soil ivlanagerneni and Fertilizer Use Fossil Fuel Consumption Adipic Acid Production Nitric Acid Production Agricultural Waste Burning 0.21 18. 0 12. 0 5 0 3 < < TOTAL EMISSIONS . 0.47 .. 39.5 : Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 13 Figure 3­ 8 U. S. Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in 1995 Adpic Acid Nitrfc Acid pcductjon Field Burning of a Agnkufturaf Wastes Fossil Consumption (31.4%) Management and Fertilizer Use (46%) In 1995, U. S. adipic acid production generated 5.2 MMTCE of nitrous oxide, or 13 percent of total 1995, agricultural bl ng contributed approxi­ mately 0.01 MMTCE of N, O emissions to the atmosphere. land­ use changes because of uncertainties in their effects on fluxes in IjO and trace gases, as .well as poorly quantified statistics on them. These changes include forest activity, reclamation of freshwater wetland areas, conversion of grasslands to pasture and cropland, and conversion of managed lands to grasslands. The U. S. inventory does not account for several Emissions from HFCs, PFCs and SF, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and eerfluorinated U. S. N20 emissions. By 1996, all adipic acid producdcompounds (PFCs) have been introduced as alterna­ tion plants in the United States are expected to have tives to the ozone depleting substances being phased N, O controls in place that will reduce emissions up out under the Montreal Protocoland Clean Air Act to­ 98 percent, compared to uncontrolled levels. (One­ Amendments of 1990. Because HFCs and PFCs are halfof the plants had these controls in place and not directly harmful to the stratospheric Ozone layer, operating in 1995.) they are not controlled by thaMonrrea1 Protocol. However, these compounds, along with sulfur ­ Nitric Acid Production hexafluoride (SF,), are powerful greenhouse gases. Nitric acid production is another industrial ' Therefore, they are considered under the United Source of N, O emissions. Used primarily to make' Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change synthetic co& nercial fertil­ izer, this raw material is also a major component in the production of adipic acid and explosives. Virtually all of the nitric acid that is manufactured commercially in the United States is produced by the oxidation of ammonia, during which r\ TO is formed and emitted to the atmo­ sphere. In 1995, about 3.6 MMTCE of N20 were emitted from nitric acid production, accounting for 9 percent of total U. S. NQ emissions. Other Sources of N, O Other N, O­ emitting activities include the burning of agricultural crop residues and changes in land use. In C?. FP%!!!!! HFCs HFC­ 23 HFC­ 1 25 HFC­ 134a HFC­ 143a HFC­ 152a HFC­ 227 HFC­ 4310 PFCs CF4 C2Fs C4FlO c6F14 PFCs/ PFPEs' s F6 .... .. MMT of Gas 0.02071 0.00426 0.00227 0.01 086 0.00004 0.00091 0.001 86 0.00051 ....... ~0.00410 0.00250 0.00057 0.00001 < 0.00001 0.00102 0.001 29 ....... Atmospheric GWP ......... Lifetime (yrs) ... ..... Vrdue __ "TCE 20.92 264 11,700 33 2,800 15 1,300 48 3,800 2 140 37 2,900 17 1,300 7.93 50,000 6.500 10,000 0.200 2,600 7,000 3,200 7,400 7 3,200 23,900 8.40 'PFCIPFPEs are a pro4 for many diverse PFCs and perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) which are beginning to be employed in solvent applications. GWP and lifetime values are based upon c6F1:. 14 ­­ US. Climate Action Report ­ // , / .? Emissions of CFCs and Related Compounds .. ­. .... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated compounds were f this century. This family of human­ made compounds includes CFCs, ha1 tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). T variety of industrial applications, including foam production, refrigeration cleaning, sterilization, fire extinguishing, paints, coatings, other chemical miscellaneous uses (e. g., aerosols and propellants). Because these compounds have been shown to deplete stratospheric to as ozone­ depleting substances (ODSs). In addition, they are importa they block infrared radiation that would otherwise escape into space (IP Recognizing the harmful effects of these compounds on the atmosph signed the MontrealProtocolon Substances 3 consumption of a number of them. As of Apr M United States furthered its commitment to phase out these substances by signing and ratifying th Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol in 1992. Under these amendments, the U. S. committed to eliminating the production of halons by January 1, 1994, and CFCs by January 1, 1 The IPCC Guidelines do not include reporting instructions for emissions of ODSs because their use is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Nevertherless, because the United States believes that no inventory is complete without these emissions, estimates for emissions from several Class 1 and Class II ODSs are provided here: Compounds are classified according to their ozone­ depleting potential and must adhere to a strict set of phase­ out requirements under the Montreal Protocol. Class I compounds are the primary ODSs; Class I I compounds include partially halogenated chlorine compounds (HCFCs), some of which were developed as interim replacements for CFCs. Because these HCFC compounds are only partially halogenated, their hydrogenkarbon bonds are more vulnerable to oxidation in the troposphere and, therefore, pose only about one­ tenth to one­ hundredth the threat to stratospheric ozone, compared to CFCs. Also, the effects of these compounds on radiative forcing are not provided here. Although CFCs and related compounds have large direct global warming potentials, their indirect effects are believed to be negative and, therefore could significsntiy reduca tha magnitude of their direct effects (IPCC 1992). Given the uncertainties surrounding the net effect of these gases, they are reported here on a full molecular weight basis only. ........ Compound ~ ". Ch55 /Compounds CFC­ 11 CFC­ 12 CFC­ 113 CFC­ I 14 CFC­ I 15 Carbon Tetrachloride Methyl Chloroform Halon­ 1211 Halon­ I301 Chs5 // Compounds HCFC­ 22 HCFC­ 123 HCFC­ 124 HCFC­ 141 b HCFC­ 142b ­ Emissions " . 0.036 0.052 0.01 7 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.046 0.001 0.002 0.092 0.002 0.005 0.01 9 0.020 Greenhouse Gas Inventory ­­ 15 Emissions of Criteria * Pollutants ­ Table 3­ 6 shows that fuel consumption accounts for the majority of emissions of these gases. In fact, motor vehicles that bum fossil fuels contributed In the United States, carbon monoxide (CO), approximately 81 percent of all U. S. CO emissions in nitrogen oxides (NCI), nonmethane volatile organic 1995. Motor vehicles also emit more than a third of compounds (NMVOCs), and sulfur dioxide (SQ) are total U. S. NOx and NMVOC emissions. Industrial commonly referred to as '( criteria pollutants." CO is processes ­­ such as the manufacture of chemical and produced when carbon containing fuels are burned allied products, metals processing, and industrial incompletely. Oxides of nitrogen (NO and NC; 3 are uses of solvents ­­ are also major sources of CO, created by lightening, fires, fossil fuel combustion, , NOx, and NMVOCs. and in the stratosphere from nitrous oxide. NMVOCs ~ ­­ which include such compounds as propane, butane, and ethane ­­ are emitted primarily from transporta­ tion and industrial pro­ cesses, as well as forest wildfires and nonindustrial consumption of organic . solvents. And SO, can result from the combustion of fossil fuels, industrial processing (particularly in the metals industry), waste incineration, and biomass burning (U. S. EPA 1996). 1995 Emissions of CO, NOx, NMVOCs, and SO .. (MillionMetricTonnes): . . sources ...... ­. .. ­. .... .... "T ..... ._.: ....... ... E?. ox .... MUTCE ­ "_ . , .. ..... Fossil Fuel Combustion 70.95 . 18.75 8.22 Industrial Processes 5.15 0.71 4.13 Solvent Use ' < 0.01 < 0.01 5.80 Waste Disposal and Recycling 1.60 0.01 2.1 9 Other Combustion 5.86 0.21 0.41 TOTAL­ '. .... .. .... 83.55 .; 19.? 3 20.74 ... ... i . ... so2 1473 1.83 < 0.01 0.03 0.01 ...... ..... " ....... 16.60 .... .. ... 16 ­­ US. Climate Action Report "_ B O ? 3­ 3 Sources and Effects of Sulfur Dioxide .. Emitted into theatmosphere through natural and human processes, SO2 affects the Earth's radiative budget through photochemical transformation into sulfate particles that (1) scatter sunlight back to space, thereby reducing the radiation reaching the Earth's surface; (2) possibly increase the number of cloud condensation nuclei, thereby potentially altering the physical characteristics of clouds; and (3) affect atmospheric chemical composition ­­ e. g., atmospheric ozone ­­ by providing surfaces for heterogeneous chemical processes. As a result of these activities, the effect of these SO2 emissions on radiative forcing is likely negative (IPCC 1996), although the distribution is not uniform. SO2 is also a major contributor to the mix of urb3n air pollution, which can significantly increase acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Once SO2 is emitted, it is chemically transformed in the atmosphere and returns to the Earth as the primary source of acid rain. Because of these harmful effects, the United States has regulated SO2 emissions in the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its subsequent 1990 amendments. Electric utilities are the largest source of SO2 emissions in the United. States, accounting for about 66 percent of total SO2 emissions in 1995. Coal combustion contribute3 approximately 96 percent of those emissions. SO2 emissionshave significantly decreased in recent years, as electric utilities have increasingly switched to lower­ sulfur coal and natural gas. The second largest source is fuel combustion for metal smelting and other industrial processes, which produced about 20 percent of 1995 SO2 emissions (U. S. EPNOAQPS). / I " I IPCC. 34. Clinrnte Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios; J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, B. A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell, Eds.; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge; pp. 1­ 34. IPCC. 1996. Climrie Change 1995: Tj2e Science of Clin~ ate Change; J. T. Houghton, L. G. hleira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Eds.; Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U. K. IPCC/ OECD/ IEA/ UNEP. 1995. IPCC Guidelines for Nariond Greenhorlse Gas Inventories, Vol. 3, Reference Manual; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organization for Economic Co­ Operation and Development, Internatjonal Energy Agency, United Nations Environment Program: ­ Brecknell, UK; pp. Preface l­ Overview 7. US. EPA. 1995. bwentory of US. Greenhouse GAS Emissions and Sinks: 1990­ 1994; Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, D. C. U. S. EPA. 1996. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1995, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Washington, D. C. U. S. EPA. 1997. draft of Inventory of U. S. REFERENCES United States Department of EnergyEnergy Information Administration (DOEEIA). 1993. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States: 1985 ­ 1990. U. S. DOE, Washington, D. C. DOE/ EIA­ 0573. DOEEIA. 1996a. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1995; Energy Information Administration, U. S. Department of Energy, JJ'ashington, D. C. DOEEIA. 1996b. Annual Euergy Review 1995; Energy Information Administration, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C. IPCC. 1992. Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Reporr to the IPCC Scientific Assessmenf. University Press, Cambridge, England. Greenhouse GAS Emissions and Sinks: 199O­ i99$ Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, D. C. United States Forest Service (USFS). 1990An Analysis of rhe Timber Sirmrion in the United States: 1989 ­ 2040: A Technical Document Supporting the 1989 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment. Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report &\ I­ 199. Seki, M., Christ, R. 1995. African Regional Wrkshop on Greenhoirse G ~J En1ission Inventories and Emission Mitigation Oprions: Forestv, Land­ use Change and Agricrdturc Uh'EP. Greenhause Gas Inventory ­­ 17 PUBLIC HEALTH EmCTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: SYNTHESIS OF THE lPCC FINDINGS" Jonathan A. Patz, MD, MPH Department of Envifo ental Health Sciences & Department of Molecular % cmbidogy and Immundgy Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health Statement prepared for a Roundtable Discussion of SENATOR JCSEPW I. UEElERMAN United Scates. Senate, June 11,1996 Plaintiff 1 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 .6 ­1 0 ­9 6 . 02: 07FbI PO02 g 2 2 . .... . .... ..... .... ..*.­ ­. * Public Health ­ Effects Of Climate Change: Synthcsts Of The IPCC Findings Pak, J. A. ABSTRACT Climatologists have identified upward trends in global temperatures and m w estimate a rise of 2. WC by the year 2100. Of major concern in the health community is that these changes can cause an increase in both direct and i n d k m health outcomes such as: 1) mortality and morbidit dated to heatwaves and increased urban air pollution; 2) re­ emergmce of serious vector­ borne in ty &om diseases: 3) spread of water­ borne diseases from hydrological extremes and elevated sen surfsce temperatures; 4) malnutrition from t h r e a t e n e d food supply; and 5) general public health infrastrucrural damage from weather disasters and sea­ level rise. Temperatures above threshold levels andlor particular types of air masses can be directly hazardous to human health, musing mortality in vulnerable populations. Infectious agents which cycle throughcold­ blooded insect vectors to complete their development, however, tend to be sensitive to very subtle climate variations. In temperate &ions, climare change wouId affect vector­ borne diseases by altering the vectoT's range, reproductive and biting rates, as well as pathogen development rate within the vector host For example, the geographic mge of malaria is gmedly limited to the tropics and subtropics because the PIamroditium parasite requins an average temperature above 16" C to develop Freezing temperatures kill overwintering eggs of Aedes mgypzi, the mosquito canier of dengue and yellow fever, and warmer temperatures shorten dengue virus extrinsic incubation periods, potentially accelerating transmistdon rates. ­ Climate­ related increases ia sea surface temperature can lead to higher incidence of water­ borne cholera and shellfish pisoning, Marine phytoplankton blmm5 include red tides that cause diarrheal and paralytic diseases. Vibrio choler& has been found to be associated with marine zooplankton, and blooms from warmer sea surfacetempwatures could expand this important reservoir from which chdera epidemics may arise. Human migration and damage to health infi­ ashuctures from the projected increase in climate variability and severity of storms could thMen human shelters and public health infrastructures and indirectly contribute to disease tratlstnission. Furtkmore, projected increases in extremes of the hydrologic cycle can impact diarrheal diseases; drought in developing countries compromises personal hygiene, while flooding in developed agricdtwal areas can increase exposure to Cryptosporidim. Human susceptibility to disease might be further compounded by regioN matnutritiondue to climate impacts on agriculm, and perhaps, by immunosuppression caused by in­& flux of ultraviolet radiation due to stratospheric m e depletion. Elite& of stratospheric omne depletion may act synergistically with health outcomes of Climate change, though the chlorofluombon chemical destruction of strawspheric omne is, for the most part, a different anthropogenic process than is g r ~~h o ~~e warming (climate change). Analyzing the dosts d climate change's influence on human diseases will require interdiscipIinW cooperation and must account for both disease burden and costs of adaptation and prevention, Internenlions can occur at varying points along disease camation and each level carries vatying costs. Generally, steps are more cost­ effective when occurring early in the course of disease progression; indeed, considering the irreversibk nature of some of the health hazards associated with clinak change, upa~ caa intervention strategies maybe particularly beneficial in this case. Inkmali~ nal d i w sweiliance, in wmbination with ecological and ciimablogical monitoring will afford more anticipatory measures ta optimize proactive preventive measures. Integral& assessments at multiple geographic levels and ~CTOSIS varying sc= ctms are necessary to better understand climatological and ecologiCat change as determinants of human health. R­ 98% 2 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO03 #2 2 R­ 98% Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Nature of tire Probkem ANTICIPATED HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Heat= reluted Morbidity and Morlaliiy Climate, Air Pollution Vuctar­ borne Diseases. lL& zlmh Dengue and Dengue Hmrrhagic Fever Other Vecm­ bormDkeases MaAm Ecology: Cholera & Toxic Algae Agriculture I Human Nutrition Sea Level Rise, Extreme Weather Events and Climate Vcviabiflty Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Spaergistic Impacts on Hetiiih CUmate Obrenntions for Zhe U. S. Hsaf­ related Mortuk'tg ­ US. Vector­ borne Diseases ­ U. S. Waterborne Diseases ­ US. costs to t h U. S. POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS IN THE UNITED STATES RECOMMENDATIONS integruted Apptoacher To Improvs The Asfessment Of Health Impacts Levels of Prevention: the Public Health Model CONCLUSION 3 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 06­ 10­ 96 02: 07PM PO04 #2 2 .. .. ­. .. . .. . . . .. . .. ,INTRODUCTION The first assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) focused on natural and managed resources, such as forests, agriculture, coastal mnes and fisheries; initially there was little attention given to the public health effects of climate change. While it is clear that the. health af human populations depends on these sectors, only recently have public health scientists become concerned abuut the mare primary effects of greenhouse warming on human diseases. The debut of a chapter dedicated to human health in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC ROW provides a platform on which to focus further efforts in this field. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been integrally involved with the writing of the population health chapter uf IPCC. In several weeks the WHO will release its own major monograph, "Climate Change and Human Health, ' which expands upon the findings highlighted by tbe IPCC (WHO, in press). Nature of the Problem According to the health chapter af the IPCC Second Assessment Report (" ichaet et al., 1gg6), the scale ofthe anticipated health impacts is that of whole cornmunitm orpop~~ Iations dm than at the individual level. Human health impacts would occur via pathways of varying directness and complexity, including distuhce of naturai and managed ecrrsystems. Research to this point mostly has been qualitative, with the exception of recent studies on heat mortality and mathematid modeling of infectious diseases. Qualitatively, however, the aggregate b d health implications ­ are of major concern and are presently receiving far more attention from the medical and public health communities, including agencies and imtitutions such as the Cenbers for D i m e Control and Prcvcntion, the Environmental Protection Agency,. the National Institutes of Health, the institute of Medicine and ?he National Academy of Science as examples. Most of ihe impacts are expected to be adverse, though regionally some areas may benefit. Some J impacts would occur via relatively direct ways, such as from heatwaves and floods; others would occur via less direct pathways, changes in habitat that may define the distribution of dime­ carrying insects. Some impacts would be deferred in time and would QCCW on a largq &e than most other environmental health impacts with which we are familiar. If long­ t e r m clime change mues, indirect impads would probably predominate. These represent public health problems at a relatively new level of sde, being glow geographically and placing p p l a t i m ­rather than individuals­ at risk. Furthermore, as the health impacts likely would occur wef an extended time scale, it will be diffidt to discern them from natural variation, making & h e f i t s of early preventive measurn more difficult to identify. ANTICIPATED HEALTH IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE The main physical components anticipated from climate change are: 1) tempemhue elevation with concomitant precipitation changes; 2) =­ level rise (primarily from thennoexpansion of oceans); and 3) extreme weather events ­ rticularly in the hydrologic cycle, e. g., flaxis and droughts (Houghton et at., 19%). These c E n ges may lead to an increased frequency of heat waves and potentially hazardous air pollution episodes, reduced soil moisture, severe sbms and coastal flooding. Subsequent health effects may include an increase in: 1) heat­ related ri. r. odity 2. d morbidity; 2) vector­ borne diseases, e. g., carried by insects or small rodents; Sj water­ borne diseases both from f l d i n g and from altered marine ecology; 4) malnutrition from threatened food and water supply; and 5) general public health infrastructurd damage from weather disasters, sea­ level rise, and forced human migration (see figwe 1). 4 R­ 98% 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO05 #2 2 He&­ related Morbidity and Moriality , Although humans have a great capacity to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, them m limits to physiologic accommodation (Kilboumt, 1989). Weather conditions exceeding threshold temperatures and petsiating for several consecutive days can cause increased mentality in the population. In lwge urban areas, poor housing combined with the urban "heat islend" effect further women8 ccr~~ iitions. ' Hevated night­ time teinperatwe readings ­offering no relieffM '. oppressive daytime heat ­ m the most significant meteoroiogical variable mtrihuting to heat­ related mortality; the greenhow effect is predtded to especially a. f€ ect these minimum tenqxranrres (Kalkstein & Smoyer, 1993). Higher latitudes are ex­ d to w m disproportionately more than tropical and subtropical zones. According to the IPCC report (MeMichael et al., 1996), the frequency of extremely hot days in temperate climatea would approximately double far an increase of 2­ 3° C in the average summw temperature (CDC, 1989; C l m t e Change Impacts Review Group UK, 1W1). Extensive research has shown thal heatwaves cause excess deatha( Weihe, 1986; Kilbourne, 1992), many of which are due to i n c r e a s e d demand on the cardiovasculgg system required for physiologic cooling. Death rates in temperate and subtropical zones are higher, however, in winter than in summer (Kilboume, 1992) and it is a reasonable expectation that milder winters in such countries would entail a reduction in cold­ related deaths and illnesses. Yet, summer­ related deaths appear to be more related to temperature extremes than are winter­ related deaths that may be m a a function of . indmr confinement with increased contact to infectious agents such as respiratory viruses; this expected reduction in winter mortality may not fully offset the heat­ related incteases (McMcW et ­ al., 199r5). Mortality f r m extreme h t is increased by crmcomitanr conditions of low wind, high humidity and intense solar radiation (Klbourne, 1992). These meteordogid elements have ken treated synoptically or wholistidly as one approa& to evaluate the net effect of weather on human health. f i r example, recent studies in the US. have described "offensive" air masses which represent synoptic meteorological situations statistically associated with human mortality. TIris approach recognizes that humans principally res@ to the envelope of air that surrounds them (Kalkstein, 15­ 93}, It should also be m d that concurrent hot weather and air pollution have synergistic impacts on health (Katsouyanni et al., 1993). Climate and Air Pollution climate change can indirectly alter urban air pollution by altering local weather patterns (Scott et ai., 1%), and atmospheric chemical reactions. l3qxsure to air pollutants has broad public health implications. Chronic expure to o m e bas been shown to exambate asthma and impair lung function in children and the elderly and chronic expure to fine particles is a came of excess deaths and morbidity (Dockery et aL, 1993; Pope et al., 1995). Over 1 billion people are exposed to excessive particulate levels and nearly 900 million are expDsed to unhealthy levels of sulfur dioxide {Scott et al., 1M). Under the conditions of global warming, air pollution exposure may be exacerbated given cunent trends in urbanization, combined with increasing fossil fuel combustion, Warmer tempratlrres canbind with inc& ambient ultraviolet( UV) radiation could worsen air pollution, especially over urban areas. UV­ photodecompsition of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence d volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in the secondary prduction of Voposphehc mme. Such increases in photochemical smog formation will likely cause health hazards in semi­ wid, suqny citics such as Los Angela and Mexico City (Scott et al., 1%). Adding to health hazards of this type of air pollution, concentrations of allergenic ajrborne pollen may change with vegetation$ response to a shifting climate regime and to the "fertilization" effect afforded by higher atmospheric CCQ levels. R­ 98% 5 4 1 0 3 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­3 6 0 2 : 07PM PO06 #22 Vector­ borne Direures , Infectious diseascsare still the world's leading cause of fatalitiea killing over 17 million people annually (WHO, 1996). Vector­ borne diseases (primarily carried by i n s e c t M small mammal "vectors') and water­ borne diarrheal diseases represent a large proportion of these, For example, according to the WHO report, last year malaria alone killed 2.1. million and diarrheal diseases k i l l e d 3.1 million, most being children. I t is well recognized that climate conditions directIy affect disease vector andlor parasite biology, as dmentrxl below. In addition, however, climate's indirect health impact OD, regional food supply with subsequent nutritional status and on forced human migration may substantially alter susceptibility to infections as well. It is also imperative to view climate change's e f k t s within the cuntext of other key determinants of disease, such as swioeconomic or cultural factors, to better evaluate population vulnerability. Bacteria, viruses or parasites which cyde ttuough cold­ bWed insect vectors to complete their development are quite sensitive to subtle climauvariations (Dobson & Carper, 1993). Temperature determines vector infectivity by affecting ogen replication, maturation, and the period d infectivity (Longstreth & Wiseman, 1989). Epatfi evated temperature and humidly d80 intensify the biting behavior of most inseds. Table 18.3 from the fFCC repwt summarim widespread vector­ borne diseases and rankB their l k l i h d of being influenced by climate &w e . Disease carried by small dents, whose populations strongly depend on their surrounding environment, also likely would respond to climate­ related ecological change. br example, the ­ pulmonaiy hantavirus epidemic in the southwest U S was felt to be due to an upsurge In rodent pulations related to climate and ecological conditions (Wenzel, 1994). Six years of drought, !% owed by cxtremely heavy spring rains in 1993, resulted in a 10­ fold increase in the population of deer mice, which can carry hantavirus (Stme, 1993; Levins et at,, 1994). Floods and hurricanes also significantly affect vector­ he diseases. More aquatic breeding sim for mosquitos translates into higher insect population densities. Moreover, destruction of shelters leaves human ppulations more likely to come into contact with infective mosquitoes. Simultaneously, Infect& humans exped to the elements beccmne a more readily wccessitae reservoir of dieease from which epidemics may be fueled by the mosquitoes which feed upon them. ,. _: Two of the world's most widespread ~ector­ born~ dim are malaria and dengue fever. These are highlighted below as illustrative examples of h o w climate change can strongly influence disease transmission. Bear in mind, however, that other determinants of disease must be considered simultaneously to determine site­ specific poplation vulnerability to the altered risk potentid. Malaria, ­ Malaria is the most prevalent vector­ borne disease globally, and causes 350 million new c ~s e s and 2 million deaths annually (Institute of Medicine, 1991). Control of malaria has been disappointing and the number of cases annually is increasing. Malaria generally occurs throughout the tropics and subtropics primarily because the malaria parasite cannot develap inside its mosquito h a t at temperatuns below 16° C (GilIes, 1993). Temperature and humidity are among the most important determinants of disease transmission and the exbinsic incubation period of the parasite shortens dmnatidy at ternprztwes krween 20"­ 27° C (Ncden et al., 1995; Gilles, 1993). The extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is defined as the number of days between the vector's ingestion of an infected Mood meal and the point that i t becomes capzble oftransmi# ing infection, Climatic factors that increase the inoculation rate of Plamrodiwn pathogens, as well as Che breeding activity of Anopheles mosquitoes, are considered the most important cause of epidemic outbreaks of malaria in nm­ endemic areas (Gilles, 1993). R­ 98% 6 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 06­ 10­ 96 02: 07PM PO07 #22 Unseasonably bot w e e r has been found to increase malaria transmission, for example, in , Pakistan (Bouma e€ al., 1994), and bas been associated with malaria occurring at higher altitudes in Rwanda (Loevinsohn, 1994) Under climate change scenarias (Martcsns et al., 1995; Matsu& a & Kai, 1993, risk of malaria epidemics would rise subtantially in both t r o p i c a l and temperate regions. More than one million additional fatalities per year is estimated to be attributed to dimrite change by the middle of the next century, according to a model developed by Martens et al., which is cited in the lPCC report (Martens et al., 1994). Change in disease di6tribUtiOn itself may be significant, let done inCreased mdaria cases. F; or example, large u r h highland populations in the tropics (ego, Nairobi and Harare) that are ~Q K endemic for malaria are also immunologically naive to the disease; fhese populations are at far greater risk of serious illness than are populations where malaria currently occurs Ipatr; et d., 19%). Dengue andDengcre Hemonha ic P e w . ­ Over the past 15 years, epidemics of dengue, or breakbone fever' ­ an extreme f y painful ff u­ like. illness ­ have increased in both number and severity, especially in tmpid urban centers. Dengue hemcxrhagic fever (DHF), a more sex­ iow variant of dengue, usually associated with second infections of dengue virus, now ranks as one of the leading causes for hospitalization and mortality of children in Southeast Asia (Institute af Medicine, lm), and i s on the risein the Americas (Gubles & Trent, 1994; PAHO, 19%). Urbanization, inadequate mosquito contrd, aLsence of water systems, and international travel m migration m major factors leading to the reemergence of dengue (PAHO, 1994; Gubler & Clark, 1995). Climate conditions, however, contribute to epidemic Spread and geogmphic distribution ­ (Macdonald, 1956; Reiter, 1988). The range of the primary mosquito vector, Ae& s mgypri, (which also carries yellow fever) is limited because freezing temperam kill bofh larvae and adults. Warming trends, therefore, may shift vector and disease distribution to higher latitudes and altitudes. In Mexico in 1986, the must important predictor of local dengue transmission was found to be the median tempe­ e during the rainy season (Koopman, et al., 199l), and dengue was observed in Mexico at w1 unprecedented altitude of 1,700 meters during an unseasonably warm summer in 1988 (Henera­ Basto et al., 1992). Temperature also affects the transmission dynamics of dengue. Warmer temperatures reduce mosquito larval size (Rueda et al., 1990). Smaller hatching adults must feed more frequently to develop EUI egg batch (Macdondd, 29%; Scott et al., 1993), boosting the incidence Of multiple reeding within each egg­ laying cycle (Macdonald, 1956; Pant Lk Yasuno, 1973). Additionally, viral development inside th. e r n a q u i t o shortens with higher ternpratures (Watts et al., 1987; &iter, 1sK18), increasing the pmpOmm of mosquitoes that become infectious at a given time (Fock3 et d., 1995). In summary, higher temperature leadrr to more infectious mosquitoes that bite more frequently. Ohher Vecmr­ barn Dkeares. ­­ Onchccerciasis, or Viver blindness", is a prevalent form of blindness caused by a helminth (or worm) infection, Canid by blackflies, it is primarily found in West Africa and, to a lesser extent, in Latin America. Climate plays an important role in the Occurrence of onchocerciasis since the vector requires fast­ flowing water for successful. reproduction, and the adult vector can be spread by wind (WHO, 1935). A recent st~ dy found khp~ if temperature and precipik~",. chzqg LTW pi+ hrs of Mest Africa as ?r& ict& by some GCMs, blacMly populations may increase by as much as 25% at their current breeding s i b (Nils, 1995). Pokntial abmdonment of agricultural land in river valleys could add to regional food production problems (patz et al., 1996). R­ 98% 7 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 @6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO08 #22 African trypanosomiasis, or incuable and usUatIy fatal nslceping sichess" is canied by tsetse , flies, whose distribution depends on vegetation cover. Researchers in s~~ bsahamn Africa have correIated vegetation type to the population densitics of tsetseflies using s a t e l l i t e images to predict a large extension of regions at risk for this disease, assuming a 3° C temperatwe rise in mean monthly temperature (Rogers &t Randolph, 1991 & 1993). Tick­ borne diseases are also eeasitive to climatic conditions but favor cooler temperatures. In Africa, Rogers and Randolph found mean monthly maximum temperature to be the shongest predictor of tick occumnce at the margins of endemic zones (Rogers Packer, 1993). OnIy2" C determined the difference between arm where tick$ are present or absent in southeastern Africa. In the southern US, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever may decline due to ticks' intolerance of high temperanves and diminished humidity (Haile, 1989). Murine Ecology: Cholera & Toxic A l p Over the past century, average sea surface temperature has increased approximately 0.7T (Haughton et al., 1992), and marine growth of dgae has been observed to respond to localized temperature increases in nutrient replete waters (from fertilizer runoff and sewerage release). warm water favors the growth of dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria (Valiela, 1984), that include rnw toxic organisms such aa red tides, which cause paralytic shell fish poisming, diarrheic sheU fish poimning. and amnesiac shell fish poisoning. Thw, climate­ induced changes in the production of both aquatic pathogens and biotoxins may jeopardize s d d safety for humans, sea m m &, seabirds, and fin­ fish (McMichael et al., 1996). Zooplankton, which feed on algae, can m e as reservoirs for VibriochoZerae and other enteric pathogens, particularly gram­ negative mis (Epstdo, 1995). Latge coastal blwms may have conaibuted to the recent mulriepicentered choIera epidemic in Latin America. Quexmt forms of V. cb2era. e have been found to persist wittxini algae that a n revert to a culturslble (and likely infectiuus) state when nutrients, pH, and temperature permit (Huq et al., 1990). With warmer sea s u f a c e temperatures, cmstal algal blooms may therefore p n t i a t e cholera proliferation and transmission. ­ Agriculhue 1 Human Nutrition Climate change could adversely affect agriculture both by long­ term changes, such as r e d u c i n g soil moisture though evapotranspiration, and more immediately, by extreme weather events such as droughts, flooding (and erosion) and tropical storms (Meams, 1993). Sealevel rise couldafkct fd production thrwgh the combhation of inundation and i n c r e a s e d salinity of coastal farmlands (Haines & Pany, 1993). "C q fertilization," on the other hand, enhances photosynthesis and may initially benefitplants (Tegart et al., 1%). Increases in the intensity of rainfall in some regions wouId exacerbate soil erosion. The net global impact of these climate­ relatedchanges upon food production is highly uncertain (Reilly, 1994). While productivity in some regions may increase initially, longer­ term adaptations to sustained climate change may be less likely because of the limitations of plant phy8iology (Woodward, 19B7), and water availability. According to the IFCC report, cljrnak change could also affect agriculture by long­ term changes in agmmysterns and by altered patterns of plant di­ and pest infestations (IvIcMichael et& 19%). C.@ fertilization would affect differently the two major metabolic categories of plants: the C3 plants (e. g., wheat, soya beans, rice, and p o t ~t c m )~ which worlr! I Y ~~X K ! psiE; tz! y, and ~2 C4 plants (e­ g., millet, sorghum, md ~iizc), mb~ ch tvauld lx UiLaff~ ted. Such infiuences on ttK climatically optimal mix of crop s p e c i e s would disturb patterns of saditional agiculture in some regions (McMichad et al., 19%). Controlling for CQ fertilization, a study involving 30 nations nevertheless estimated that 40 ­ 300 million additional peop­ le worldwide could be at risk from hunger due to climate change (Parry & Rosenzweig, 1993). R­ 98% 8 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO09 .# 22 Sea Level Rise, Extreme Weather Event: and Climate YarsabiUty Sea Level Rise. ­­ According to the IPCC rem, much of coastal B a n g l W and of Egypt$ heavily populated Nile Delta would lx flooded. For example, a sca­ level rise of one meter would destroy IS% and 20% of agridhlre in Egypt arxl Bangladesh respectivsly (Tegart et al., 1990). Some low­ lying, small island stam such as the Maldives and Vanuatu would be at risk of mal immersion and many other low­ lying coastal regions (for example, eastern England, parts of Indonesia, Louisianna, and parts of the northeast coast d Latin America) would be wlnerable. The displacement of inundated communities ­ prtic~ 1Iar1 thaw with limited economic, t e c h n i c a l , and social T~ SOUK'RS ­ would grcatIy incttase the risks o Y various infectious, psychological, and other adverse h d t h consequences (McMichA et al., 1996). 3 ­ Other health effects of sea­ level rise include the disruption of stormwater drainage and sewage disposai, compromised sanitation and displacement of coastal dwdlen. Saline intrusion ofcoastal aquifers a u l d diminish fresh water supply and coastat farmland in addition to frank inundation. In many plares, industrial and agricultural depletiwof groundwater are already causing land subsidence, thus decreasing the threshold for impiszt. Some changes in the distribution of infectious disease vectors could occur (e+., Anopheles sundajcus, a salt­ water vector of malaria) (McMichael and et al., 1996), Extreme W e a k Events, ­­ More frequent extreme weather events are predicted to accompany global warming, due in part to increases in convective activity (Whetton et al., 193). More intense rainfall events accompanying global warming (fcazi et al., 1995), would be expected to increase tbe ­ occurrence of floods, and warmer sea sutface temperature$ can be expected to strengthen tropical cyclones (Houghton, Meira Filho et at,, 19%). Severe storms can caw direct physical hann to humans as well as'disrupt public health infmnucture, cawing contamination of water systems. Meanwkile, heavy storms create breeding sites for insects or favorable conditions for rodents that carry diseases. Destruction uf shelters leavehuman populations more exposed to infectious vecton, increasing the potential for epidemics. Climatic effects on the distribution and quality of surface water, inchding increases in flaxling andlor water shortages, can impede personal hygiene and impair locaf. sewerage. Subsequent risks of dimheal (including cholera) and dysentery epidemics, parhcularly in developing wunaies would be expected to ensue (McMichael et al,, 1996). Diarrheal diseases can be caused by a large variety of bacteria (e. g., Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter), viruses (e. g., Rotavim), and protozoa (e. g., Giardia lamblia, amoebas, and Cryptosporidium). In addition, expected intensification of heavy rainfall even& could lead to more rapid leaching from hazardous waste landfills which are not watertight (Scott et d,, 19%). Toxic contamination of groundwater or swface drinking water would then pose a local health threat, Human migration away from coastal, rural or other economically or physically vuinerabte k~ xti0n~ j could be anricipated. Already, droughts have fared mass migrations in West Africa and other parts of the world, compounding upward trends in urbanization (Scott et al., 19%). Also, many infectious disease endemic regions throughout the tropics and subtropics have been identifified being vulnerable to an increase in extreme weather events (Patz & Balbus, 1996). The potentid risk of epidemics could increase in urt3an settings as refugees anive from disease eridemic areas (Leaf, 1989; Hainw & FUC~ B, 1991). Already, current h n d s in urbanization incmx the p ~e ~f i d for disease epidemics such as cholera and dengue fever. C I W e Variability. ­­ Same of the anticipared health impacts associated with extreme climate variability are already within the range of arrent human experience. Many disease outbreaks have lzeen asscw= iated with the erratic wearher conditions driven by El Nido Southem Oscillation (ENSO) events. ENSO is a climate phenomenon that is second only to seasod cycles in i t s i m p & on regional climate variability (Nicblls, I%), and OCCUT on average every four years (Kifadis & 9 R= 98% C 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 06­ 10­ 95 0 2 :0 7 P f *l P O 1 0 #22 Dias, 1989). Anomalous fluctuations in precipitation, even to the extent of flaxIs or droughts, , known to result from climate variations ifluenoeri by ENS0 events. Exbeme heavy Istinfalls havebeen c o r r t l a t e d with outbreaks of Munay Vally encephalitis and Ross River virus in Australia, eastern equine encephalitis in the US (Nicholls, 1993), West Nile k v e r in southern Africa (Glantz et al., 1991), cyclical malaria epidemics in Argentina (Macdonald, 1941), and Wstan (Zulueta, lW), Such climate­ related outbreaks have closely cumpod to ENSO cycles, which are now thought to be the driving force behind these geographical2y­ speuf1c extreme climaticconditions (Nicholls, 1991; Bquma et al., 1994). Maria can also be associated with droughts linked to ENS0 phenomenon ­when rivets pool ­ in Sri Lanka (Bouma et d., 1994). The devastating drought in countries of the Indian Ocean region in the past several years has been attributed to a persistent El Nifio as well (Glantz et al., 1992). Sbatorpheric Orsns Depletion: Synergistic Im acts on Health Some consider stratospheric ozone depletion (Molina 8pRowlmd, 1974), accompanied by increases in ambient biologically destructive ulmviolet­ B radiation (UV­ B) (Ken & McElroy, 1993), alongside climate change, though it arises from a different anthropogenic process than does. the greenhouse effect. Partial justification stems from the fact that chlorofluorocwbns (CFCs), other halocarbons and methyl bromide are themselves pdent greenhow gases. Mormvw, the h a t trapping effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere results in reduced amounts of heat reaching t h e stratosphere; suhstsquent increases in ice crystal formation in the uppr stratasphere serves catalyst for Further destruction of the m e layer. The d i r e c t health impacts from increases in UV­ B include: 1) skin cancer; 2) cataract and dhw ocular diseases: and 3) immunosuppression. Indirect effects to health may occur primarily tbugh UV­ mediated crop damage and by photochemical formation of tropospheric ozone (at the ground level as opposed to in the stratosphere). alluded to within the previous section on air pollution. Immunauppressim cwld exacerbate several of the health outcomes from geedm warming, especially infectious disease epidemics, ­ Regarding cancer, it is estimated that for a sustained 10% decline in the stratospheric ozone layer, non­ melanoma skin cancer cases could rise by 26%, or300,000 globally per year; mclanoma could increase by 2096, or 4,500 more cases mually (UNEP, 1Srgl). UV­ B radiation has also been associated with ocular cataract formation (Taylor, 1990); cataracts m u n t for half of all blindness in the world. A 10% sustained loss of stratospheric ozone would result in nearly 1.75 million extra cataractsannually (UNEP, 1991). UV­ induced immunosuppression may exacerbate the effect of climate change on infectious diseases, particularly diseases of the skin such as onchocerciasis and dermatophytosis (fungal infections), and diseases where the skin is a portat of entry as in leishmaniasis (Giannini, 1990). UV light has been shown to cause immunosuppmsion in both animal and human studies (Jeevan 62 Kripke, 1990; Larcom et al., 19%); B a w d , 1991; UNEP, 1591; Cooper et d., 1992; IARC, 1992; Kripke, 1m; Cestari et al., 1! 295). UV­ B impairs antigen p m s i n g and presentation by Langerhan cells in the skin (Wolff & Sting, 1983; Cruz & Betgstresser, 1988; Morison, 1989), as well as altering lymphokine pfcductian, which reduces T­ hlperlT­ supprwor cell ratios at the systemic level (Noonan et al., 1981; DeFabo & Nmm, 1983; Hersey et a]., 1983; Kripke & Morison, 1986; Daynes, 1990). In shoh, i& UV­€ 3 expasure may augment ihe potential fw disease emergence and dissemination by !owering human L r n 1 ~­ defer. sB, :... .. .> POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS IN THE UNITED STATES ' While most of the health effects described above apply throughout many parts of the world, a few are particularly relevant dommticaUy, Climate change has been implicated in the continental US. and clc" examination of resultant health effects should follow. 10 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 R­ 98% 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07P? d P o l l #2 2 Health and Climate Change , CIimnie obssrvdwnr for the U. S. Climatic data for the U. S. reveal changes and variations that may be significant to human morbidity and mortality. Since the turn dthe century average daily temperature6 in the contiguous U. S. have increased by approximately 0.4" C, with most of t h i s i n c r e a s e occurring during the past 30 years (Karl et at., 199%). Recent studies have shown that the hydrologic cycle in the U. S. is changing as indicated by increases in cloud cover (Karl & Steurer, 1990) and precipitaticm (Gmisrnan & Easterling, 1994) and decreases in pan evapmdion (Petenson, 1995). Extremes in U. S. precipitation have been changing with increases in heavy precipitation events and ~~e s in lighter precipitatian events (Karl et al., 199%; E M et al., 1996). Using data back to 1910, Kixl et al. found that the most recent 15 y m had the highest values of Greenhouse Climate Response Index (GCRI) as well as Climate Extremes Index (Cn). It is becoming increasingly apparent that measurable changes in climate rrends are occurring in the U. S. Heat­ related Mottuliiy ­ US. Temperate regions, such as the US, are o warm disproportionately more than tropical and subtropical zona @FCC, 1990). of c o n m t meteorological and mortality data in cities in the USA, Canada, the Netherlands, China, and the Middle East provide wnflmatory evidence that overall death rates rise during heat wave8 (Kalkstein & Smoyer, 1991; Kunst el id., 1W), particularly when the temperature rises above the I d population's threshold value. Using data from Philadelphia for the years 1973 through 1988, Samet et al,, found a rdatimship ­ between temperature and humidity and daily mortality counts through regression rncdels (Samet et al.+ 19%). Long­ term trend and increasing variability both may be incmpomd into models. The tcmm relationship between temperature and mortality, was also found to have differing time lags for hotter and colder regions of the U. S.; and the magnitude of the health risk is age­ dependent. In the IPCC report, the population of Atlanta wax given as an example of expected change in heat­ related mortality (McMichael et d., 1996). Presently, Atlanta experiences an average of78 k t ­ related deaths each summer. Under the climate projections of the GmL 1989 (transient) climate change GCM model, and assuming no change in population size or age rofile, this number would increase to 191 in the year 2020, and to 293 in the year 2050. With popu P ation acclimatization, the annual total excess mortality is 96 and 147 respectively. Under the T "R (transient) model m, the cwresponding four projectiohs of heat­ related mortality are 20­ 40? 6 higher than for the aFDL model run: 247 and 436 deaths (unacclimatized, 2020 and 2 0 5 0 ) and 124 and 218 deaths (acclimatized, 2020 and 2050). These and other results for selected North American cities indicate that the annual number of heat­ nlated deaths would approximately double by 2020 and would increase several­ fold by 2050. Vector­ borne dioeaoer ­ U. S. Mosquito­ borne diseases, ­ Currently, dengue viruses are being transmitted in the npics between 300 north and 200 south latitude, (Trent et al., 1983) sinm frosts or mtaiXKd cold wealher kills a d u l t mosquitoes and overwintering eggg and larvae (Chandler, 1945; Shope, 1991). hem averages 10, OOO dengue fever cases annually, and dengue now occu~; s in nearly all Caribkn nations and Mexico, and periodically has been endemic inTexas in the past two d d e s . h e to the climate sensitivity of dengue a dp,. criM ir, &t& i a b l e , this disPae ma;. f ~h r ~hka *" ti: southern U. S. with climate change. Endemic malaria also cxmsionally arises in the U. S. and has recently been reported in Texas, New Y ork and New Jersey during unseasonably hot summers. Of reported encephalitis cases in the US., most are mquito­ borne and, in order of prevalence in the U. S,, include: Saint Louis and Lacrosse encephalitis, and western, e a s t e r n , and Venezuelan 11 R= 98% 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07Pb! PO12 #2 2 equine encephalomyelitis (Shop, 1980). Clinical features range from headache to frank , m~ e@ ditis, with the elderiy at highest risk for mortality. Though mosquito longevity diminishes as pmpratures rise, viral transmission rates (similar to dengue) rise sharply at higher temperatures ' (see figure 2) (Hardy, 1988; Reisin et al,, 1993). From field studies in Callfonnia, (Reeves et d., 1994) researchers predict that a3­ 5'C temperature increase will caw a significant northern shift in both western equine and Saint Louis encephalitis outbreaks, with disappearance of western equine in southern endemic regions. Human outbreaks of Saint io& s encephalitis are highly ux" dai& d With severalday periods when temperature exceeds 85OF( 30" C) (Monath & Tsai, 19$ 7), as was the case during the 1984 California epidemic thal followed a period of extremely high temperatures. Computer analysis of monthly climate data has demonstrated that excessive rainfall in January and February, in combination with drought in July, most often precedes outbreaks (Bowen & Francy, 1980). Such a pattern of warm, wet winters followed by hot, dry summers resembles the GCM projections for climate change over much of the U. S. (Schneider, 1990; Houghton, Meita Filho et al., 1996). Tick­ borne diseuses. ­ Ticks transmit Lyme disease, the most commonvector­ bme disease in the U. S.. with more than 10, OOO cam in 1994, along with Rwky Mountain Spotted Fever, and EMidhiosis, which is rapidly emerging disease. Involved tick and mammal hwt ppulatians are influenced by land uselland cover, soil type, elevation, and the timing, duration, and rate of change of temperature and moisture regimes (Glass et al. 1994; Mount et al., 1! 393). The relationships between vector life stage pameters and climatic conditions havebeen verified experimentally in both field aod laboratory studies (Mount et al. 1993, Ooddard 1992). Climate change, therefore, ­ could be expted to alter the diatxibution of these diseases. Waterborne Diseases ­ US. Cryptosporidiosis causes severe diarrhea in children and can be fatal to immuncmmpromised individuals and i s the most prevalent wakrbrne disease in the U. S. (Mwe et al., 1994). The disease is a zoonosis associated with dairy farms, domestic stock and water associated contamination. Natural events (eg. floods, storms, heavy rainfall, snow melt, and swollen fivers) wash material of fecal origin, primarily fm. agricultud non­ point sources into potable water. The Milwaukee outbreak in 1993 resulted in 4U3, ooO reported cases and coincided with unusually heavy spring rains and runoff from melting snow (WcKemie et al., 1994). The five best documented waterborne outbreaks of nyptosporidiosis in the U. S. were caused by bath cmtantinatim of water mums relared to aberrant weather and operational deficiencies ofthe water treatment facilities (Lisle &Rose, l! XB). Factors enhancing waterbane Cryptosporidiosis will depend on hydrological responses to climate change snd degree of flooding in water catchment areas. Land use pattern determine agricultw contamination sow= and must therefore be considered. Watekbm diseases also will k. affected by salinity change from sea lev4 rise. In freshwater, the q s t dieoff rate is relatively hi& but saline water extends oocyst viability of this protozoan (Lisle & Rose, 1995). important implications for coastal recreational waters contaminated with sewage and runoff material containing Cryptosporidirun oocysts and concomitantly experiencing salinity changes secondary to sea level rise. 4 Cholera and red tides, as previously described, re sensitive to changes in marine ecology related io ciimate change, For example, one species of toxic algae previously mnfined to the G d f of Mexico, G'ymnaditu'um breve, extended northward in 1987 after a "parcel of warm gulf stream water" reached fu up the East Coast resulting in human neurologic shellfish poisonings and substantial fishkills (Tester, 1991). Cholera m u m in the Gulf of Mexico and human cases, which dready cccur in the U. S., may increase as sea temperatures w m . 12 X= 98% 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 0 2 :0 7 P M P O 1 3 #22 Cogts to the US. a ~llness associated with climate change, whether it resultsin acute or chronic morbidity effects or in mortality, irnpoaes multiple costs to society: fox treatment (incIuding medical care, drugs, and hospitalization); lost work days and lowered productivity: and reduced quality of life. Farmany climaterelated illnesses, costs may also be incurred to prevent the spread of illness and reduce health impacts and associated costs. Such prevention programs include va: tw­ control actjvitieg, such a eliminating breeding pIaces or applying insecticides to animals or houses. Prevention can also take the form of widespread immunization or monitoring and watch­ warning systems Varying levels of mts will parallel the multipk points of intervention along the continuum of disease devcloprnent. In general, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," since end­ stage trcatment options are nearly always more costly than proactive measurn. Unintended costs of control measures must be considered, as well. For example, the adverse effects on public health and the environment resulting fram gene& pesticide use are estimated to CQSt between $100 billion and $200 billion arrsually worldwide (Pimend, 1990). Pesticides not only involve direct human toxic effects, but a l s u t ~y lead to insect resistance and reduction in natural predatory organisms. Mosquito resistance has been "extremely costly'' with regards to malaria control (Pant, 1987), and more than 50 species have developed resistance to i n s e c t i c i d e since 1947 (Brown, 1983). Risks to American military personnel overseas and to the tourist industry impose additional cos6 on the US.; 230, OOO cases of malaria were diagnosed in Vietnam veterans (Institute of Medicine. 1992). RECOMMENDATIONS Integrated Approaches to Impruve the 'Arsssrment of Health hpacts Most human diseases that stem from hazardous environmental expoSUres are multifacrorid. Many of the primary determinants of human healtki (a d q u a food, clean water and secure shelter) are related to &e outcomes of sectors such as agriculture, water resources and fisheries. In populations suffering malnutrition problems, the effect of climate change on agricultural production may have a greater adverse effect on human health than any given disease. Therefore, it is important to integrate these relevant systems into the human health assessment. One should also realize that it may not be possible to make firm predictions of climate­ related alterations in disease incidence for two main reasons, First, at a global level, the anticipated climate changes are beyond the range of recorded observations, and therefore, we have no direct evidence of human disease under these new conditions (McMicM, 19%) (though the site­ specific studies referenced throughout this ppet clearly show disease sensitivity to climate conditions). Second, we have a long way to go in our understanding the dynamics between climate, ecological change, and human health, which reduces our confidence in extrapolating from historical observatians, For these reasons, mathematicat mcdels can be useful where empirical observations are unavailabie. A number of integrated models are cumntly under development for such diseases as dengue and malaria (Fmks et al., 1993; Jetten 8c Takken, 1994; Martens et al., 1994). For specific health assessments at the local level, geogra hically organized data is h o m i n g increasingly more useful in environmental exposure stu (E 'es. Examples of &ul analytical toois include: 1) geographic information systems (GIS) to organize gm­ gaphimlly­~ disex­, climate and demographic data; and2) remote *! k. se, nSng txhnology Wpoyidzs tduabli: data on land use patterns, habitat characteristics, and marine ecosystems (Glass et al., 1993). In m n t studies, GIS and remote sensing were used to identify weas receptive to dengue fever a d Lyme disease in the U. S., schistosomiasis in Egypt and the Philippines, and malaria in temperate rice growing regions (Glass et al., 1993; Washino & Wood, 1994). R­ 98% 13 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO14 #22 An essential ste in recognizing and thereby preventing adverse health outoomes i s enhanced ,surveillance amfresponse. Early detectim ~1 1 not only provide an early warning fm possibly more pervasive changes in d i m behavior and allow for intervention, but will also enrich our knowledge of dimate­ related diseases and facilitate ?he creation of better predictive models, In summary, the msesmexlt of the human'hedth risk posed by global climate change thus presents a new challenge to public health professionals. A framework for ecologically­ based human health risk assessment will need to be developed, since conventional dose­ response risk assessments may not apply to climate change health research. Studies should include historical analysis of climate and geographical discase data in cambination with simulation studies utilizing inregrated mathematical models. k v s k of Prevention: the Public Henlth Model In addition to mrnmending further research, monitoring and education in addressing this long­ term health threat, we must begin to consider implementation of preventive options. Conventid preventive strategies in public health are classifie& s either primary, secondary, or tertiary in relation to the point along the causal pathway to disea~ a Primary prevention refers to avoidance or removal of a hazardous expure or otecting individuals SO that exposure to the hazard is of no consequence. Examples could inch r e venting of noxious fumes in an occupational setting a administering childhad vaccinations, rwpectively. Swxlndary prevention, somewhat ' 'downstream" in the disease pathway, involves early detection (or screening) of an altered human physiologic state and subsequent intervention which averts full progression to disease, e. g., a mammogram for breast cancer screening. This also appliea to population­ wide screening for the ­ first "index case" of a disease which would dert health officials to bolster preventive rneasm to avoid subsequent cases, Finally, tertiary pevention, which in practical 'terms is trearment rather than prevention, attempts to minimize the advetse effccts of the already present disease. The further "upstream" an intervention can be impl'emented, generally, the greaterthe potential health benefit to the largest number of individuals. Likewise, the further upstream the pvention, the lower the per­ case cost. Preventive measures should neither exwrbate the primary hazardous exposure, nor should they introduce new hazards themselves. In esserx= e, the "cure" must not be wow than tk "disease". Some options to protect populations are energy intensive, e. g., air conditioning, that will worsen greenhouse warming via increasing demand for energy unless alternative energy 80urces are developed. Vector­ control i s another response wit5 potentially h d u l side effecb as mentioned above. In essence, we must avoid solving om environmental health problem by compounding another. Finally, policies to address climate change will be expected to have short­ and long­ tern benefits, and both must be considered in planning optimal preventive strategiw Health gains realized through the reduction in air pollution stemming from greedmuse gas reduction, for example, could substantial. Such short­ term gains must weigh into any policy decision, considering the inherent uncertainties of predicting long­ term hazardous expasures due to climate change. As with most of the health outcomes described abve, impacts from climate change should not be viewed in isolation fmm other determinants of health. This case of air pollutiw reduction "companying p s i ble climate change policy clearly illustrates the need to integrate this issue with o t h e r environmental health problems ­ in this case, air pollution and climate change, rpYicy go hmd irr L n m A CON@ LU$ ION In the history of public health and medicine, our specialized appmh to research (and prevention) has to this point been quite mccewfd in identifying single etiologic agents, including micrwrganisme, chemical toxins, and sjxcific harmful human behaviors. The Mth effects R­ 98% 14 4.109551811 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 07PM PO15 #2 2 In dealing with these 6ompIex% sUes, we will be faced with making policy decisions, within a setting of inevitable uncertainty. Furthermore, efforts to duce the uncertainty of health risk assessment of climate change will require improved disease surveiUance and concerted efforts among scientists to achieve fully integrated assessments. The large inertia of the dimate system, requires adaptive options to be p c t i v c to reduce potentially large disease burdens. Considering the magnitude and long­ term nature of the tial pblic health impacts from climate change, a rational approach would stress continued stu 8""" y and monitoring, accornahting a range of possible health outcomes. Similariy, preventive policies should emphasize measures that are appropriate for current conditions and build capacity to respond to both expected and unexpected threats to human health. Interdisciplinary links fw promoting an integrated assessment must be advocated to reduce these uncertainties. Yet, fora public healthchallenge as complex and potentially l a r g e (and possibly ineversible) as globat climate change, discussion must not only occur between health pfessiaals and scientists from diverse fields, but must extend include policy makers at all levels of the assessment. In an area with much uncertainty, such cooperatian will ultimately enhance the risk communication nece~~ ary for making informed decisions affecting the health of the public. ­ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to the primary reveiwers for this pap. Professor Anthony J. McMichael, Departmat d Epidemiology and Population Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and Professor Jonathan Samet, Chairman, D e m e n t of Epidemiology, Jdhns Hopkins Schod of Hygiene and Public HeaIth. M a l funding supprt for some ofthe healWctimate assessments cited in this paper has been provided by the Climate Policy and Assessment Division of the US EPA, Cooperative Agrement # CR823 143010. For valuable comments I thank Professor Andrew b i n e s , University College London Medid School and Dr. Rudi Sloaff, World Health Organization. R­ 96% 15 $109551611 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 0? PM PO16 #2 2 PAGE 82 Palr 16 4109551811 06­ 10­ 96 02: 26PM PO02 #24 R­ 98% 17 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 6 1 1 06­ 10­ 96 02: 26PM P O 0 3 #2 4 18 R= 98% 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 0 2 : 26Pl. f PO04 S24 19 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 0 6 ­1 0 ­9 6 02: 26PM PO05 #2 4 / R­ 98% 20 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 06­ 10­ 96 02: 26PM PO06 #24 . ­ . ." .. Figure 1 I URBAN HEAT Heat­ related ISLAND EFFECT Respiratory dims Dengue €4 DHF Encephalitis Malaria Lyme disease Yellow fever Toxic algae & cholera ­ Malnutrition & immunosuppres­ sion se Diarrheal & vector­ Lost public health infrastructure DISASTERS 5 bme. diseases, & Overcrowding, poor disease & impacts on fisheries SEA LEVEL sanitation, infectious OZONE DEPLrnON Skin Cancers imrnuno­ suppression UV­ 8 Radiation ­­­­ Ocular cataracts Anficlgated causal pathways of public health impacts from climate change. Adapted from: Patz & Balbus. Methods for assessing public health vulnerability to climate change. Climate Research 1996; 6: 1 13­ 1 25. R­ 98% 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 06­ 10­ 96 02: 26PM PO07 #24 Leishmaniasis Onchcroeniasis (River Blindness) Ycllaw Fever 9 173 miUian Tropi­ ics Tropialhfrica Africahatn Amcrica Ccntnl and SoUthAmtrica c R­ 97% 4109551811 06­ 10­ 96 02: 26PM PO08 #2 4 Figure 2 r­ 4 1 0 9 5 5 1 8 1 1 . ... .. OE­ 10­ 96 0 2 : 26PM PO09 #24 . A . TESTIMONY OF GARY S. GUZY GENERAL COUNSEL U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY SUBCOMMITTEE GN NATiONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH, NATURAL RESOURCES'AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE U. S. HOUSEQF REPRESENTATIVES ,/ ­ . BEFORE A JOINT HEARING OF THE October 6,1999 Thank you, Chairman McIntosh, Chairman Calvert, and Members of the Subcommittees, for the invitation to appear here today. I am pleased to have this ­ opportunity to explain the U. S. Envifonmental Protection Agency's (EPA) views as to the legal authority provided by the­ klean Air Act (Act) to regulate emissions of carbon dioxide, or CO,. Before I do, however, 1 would like to stress, as EPA repeatedly has stated in letters to Chairman­ McIntosh and other Members. of Congress, that the Administration has no intention of imple­ irmting the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on CIimte Change prior to its ratification with the advice and consent of the Senate. ' As I indicated in my letter of September 17, 1999 to Chairman McIntosh, ' S e e , e. g., Letter f r m Gz­ y S. C L ' Z ~, Gcnerel Counse!, to Consressman ~a!; id McIntosh, September 17, 1999; Letter from David Gardiner, Assistant Administrator for Policy, to Congressman David McIntosh, June 23, 1999; Letter from David Gardiner, Assistant Administrator for Policy, to Congressman David Mclntosh, August 13, 1988. Plaintiff Exhibit No. .. .... ..... .. ... ... ... .. .. ............ .. .... .... ­ i ._ ,­ . ... ..... ........ .. ........ ­ .. ­. . .... .... .. .. .. ... ....... .; _. _. i . ~ . ............ ... ...... ..... ... ... ­.­ ._ ...... . .~ . ... . .i , ............... ................... ... ...... ... ............... ....... " ...... ....... . " ..... ... ... :. . . ­ ..". :.: .::.: ...;:;, ~ .:. : .. ........ ..... .. ..> ........ ... .. .... , there is a clear differL., ce between actions that carry out a. .rarity under the Clean Air Act or other domestic law, and actions that would implement the Protocol. Thus, there is nothing inconsistent in assessing the extent of current authority under the Clean Air * * ­ Act and maintaining our commitment not to implement the Protocol without ratification: Some brief background information is helpful in understanding the context for this question of legal authority. In the course of generating electricity by burning fossil fuels, electric power plants emit into the air multiple substances that pose environmental concerns, several of which .are already subject to some degree of regulation. Both industry and government share an interest in understanding how d different pollution control strategies interact. These interactions are both physical (strategies for controlling emissions of one substance can affect emissions of others) and economic (strategies designed to address two or more substances together can cost substantially less than strategies for individual pollutants that are designed and ­ i' implemented independently). EPA has worked with a broad array of stakeholders to evaluate multiple­ pollutant control stra. tegies for this industy in a series of forums, dating back to the Clean Air Power initiative (CAPI) in the mid­ 1990s. While the CAP1 process focused on SO2 and NOx, a broad range of participants, including representatives of power generators, the United Mine Workers, and environmentalists, expressed support for inclusion of CO2'emissions; aiong with S02, NOx, and mercury, in subsequent analyses. One conclusion that emerged from these analytical efforts is that integrated strategies using market­ based "cap­ and­ trade" approaches like the 2 > ,/ ' i . ,.". , ­ program currently in ,. ace to address acidrain would be t i . most flexible and lowest cost means to control multiple pollutants from these sources. 6 6 OnM5rch 1 I, 1998, during hearings on EPA's FY 1999 appropriations; Representative CeLay asked thz Administrator whether she believed that EPA had . authority to regulate emissions of pollutants of concern from electric utilities, including CO,. She replied that the Clean Air Act provides such authority, and agreed to Representative DeLay's request for a legal opinion on this point. Therefore, my predecessor, Jonathan Z. Cannon, prepared a legal opinion for EPA Administrator Carol Browner on tfe question of EPA'S legal authority to regulate several pollutants, including CO, emitted by electric power generation sources. The legal opinion requested by Rep. Delay was completed on April I O , 1998. It addressed the Clean Air Act authority to regulate emissions of four pollutants of concern from . electric power generation: nitrogen dxides (NO,,, sulfur dioxide (SO,), mercury, and . C O , Because today's hearing is focused exclusively on CO,, 1 will summarize the ­ opinion's conclusions only as they relate to that substance. The Clean Air Act includes a definition of the term "air pollutant, '' which is the touchstone of EPA's regulatory authority over emissions. Section 302( g) defines "air pollutant" as ,. any air pollution agent or Combination ofsuch agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, [or] radioactive . . . substance or matter which is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air. Such term includes any precursors to the . ' formation of any air pollutant, to the extent that the Administrator has identified such precursor or precursors for the particular purpose for which the term "air pollutant" is used, Mr. Cannon noted that CO, is a "physical [and] chemical substance which is emitted 3 ­ .. :. . .. .. . ­ . .. ­. . .. .. ­ into ... the ambient all , ' and t h u s is an "air pollutant'' withi,. .ne Clean Air Act's (. definition. Congress explicitly recognized emissions of CO, from stationary sources, such as fossiifuel power plants, as an "air pollutant" in Section 103( g) of the Act, which 4 4 authorizes EPA to cocduct a basis research and technology program to include, among other things, "[ i] mprovements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies for preventing or reducing multiple air pollutants, includinq sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, PM­ 10 (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, from stationary sources, including fossil fuel power plants." (Emphasis added.) 4 The opinion explains'further that the status of CO, as an "air pollutant" is not changed by the fact that C02 is a constituent of the natural atmosphere. In other words, a substance can be an "air pollutant" under the Clean Air Act's definition even if it has natural sources in addition to its man­ made sources. EPA regulates a number of ­ ~. ..... .. .. .­ .. i ." ,. ­ .. ­.. naturally­ occurring substances as ai; pollutants because human activities have . . increased the quantities present in the air to levels that are harmful to public health, welfare, or the environment. For example, SO, is emitted from geothermal sources; volatile organic compounds. (VOCs), which are precursors to harmful ground­ level ozone, are emitted by vegetation. Some substances regulated under the Act as hazardous airpollutants are. actually necessary in trace quantities forhuman life, but are tokk at higher levels orthrough otherroutes of exposure. Manganese­ and i­:". .i_ .. ` selenium are two examples of such pollutants. Similarly, in the water context, phosphorus is regulated as a pollutant because although it is a critical nutrient for plznts, in excessive quantities it kills aqugtic life in lakes and other water bodies. .. 4 ~. .............. .. ,... ........ ...... ...... L. ............ .. _:. ­. . : ..: ­. . .. ...... ­. . .. ...... .. . .+,­ x.. .­ i While CO,, a, A n "air pollutant," is within the sc0pL ~f the regulatory authority provided by the Clean Air Act, this by itself does not lead to regulation. The Clean Air Act includes3 number of regulatory provisions that may potentially be applied to an air a pollutant. But before EPA can actt~ ally iswe restilations governing a polhtant, the Administrator must first make a formal finding that the pollutant in question meets specific criteria laid out in the Act as prerequisites for EPA regulation under its various provisions. Manyof these specific Clean Air Act provisions for EPA action share a common feature in that the exercise of EPA's authority to regulate air pollutants is linked to a determination by the Administrator regarding the air pollutant's actual or 9 potential harmful effects on public health, welfare or the environment. For example, EPA has authority under section 109 of the Act to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards for any air pollutant for which the Administrator has established air quality criteria under section 108. U$ der section 108, the Administrator must first find ­ that the air pollutant in question meets several criteria, including that: ­ it causes orcontributesto" airpollutionwhichmay reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare;" and ­ its presence in the ambientair'" resu1tsfromnumerous or diverse mobile or stationary sources ... .'I Section 302( h), a provision dating back to the 1970 version of the Clean Air Act, defines "welfare" and states: all language referring to effects on welfare includes, but is not limited to, effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, man­ made materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate, damage to and deterioration of property, and hazards io transpofiation, 2s L V ~ as &ki= ts on econcnic va! ves and on person?! comfort and well­ beim! whether caused by transformation., conversion, or combination with other air pollutants. 5 ...... ..... ....... .. ..... .. ..... , ­. #­, / Thus, since 1970, t h t Jean Act has included effects on considered in the Administrator's decision as to whether section 108.­ * ,/ r­".. , "c,. .late" as a factor to be to list an air pollutant under Analogous threshold findings sre required before the Administrator may establish new source performance standards for a pollutant under section 11 1, list and regulate the pollutant as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112, or regulate its emission from motor vehicles under Title I I of the Act. Given the clarity of the statutory provisions defining "air pollutant" and providing '4 authority to regulate air pollutants, there is no statutory ambiguity that could be clarified by referring to the legislative history. Nevertheless, I would note that Congress' decision in the 1990 Amendments not to adopt additional provisions directing EPA to regulate greenhouse gases by no means suggests that Congress intended to limit a­ existing authority to address any aicpollutant that the Administrator determines meets the statutory criteria for regulation under a. specific provision of the Act. I would like today to reiterate one of4he central conclusions of the Cannon memorandum, which stated: "While CO,, as an air pollutant, is within EPA's scope of authority to regulate, the Administrator has not yet determined that CO, meets the criteria for regulation .under one or more provisions of the Act." That statement remains true today. EPA has not made any of the. Aet's threshold findings that would lead to regulation of CO, emissions from electric utilities or, indeed, from any source. The opinion of my predecessor simply clarifies ­­ and I endorse this opinion ­­ that CO, is in the class of compounds that coulcl be subject to several of the Fiean Air A& s .... regulatory approaches. Thus, I would suggest that many of the concerns raised about 6 .. .... ... ..... ... __ .... ­. .. .. ... .­ ... ...... .... ... .. " .. ....... .. .... .. .......... .. .­ t h e statutory authority [o address CO, relate more to factuGl and scientific, rather than legal, questions regarding whether and how the criteria for regulation under the Clean a * Air Act could be satisfied. 1 also want to notq however, EPA has strongly promoted voluntary partnerships to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases through the EnergyStar and Green Lights programs and other non­ regulatory programs that Congress has consistently supported. These successful programs already have over 7,000 voluntary partners who are taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce energy costs and help address local air pollution problems. These programs also help the United States meet its 3 obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was ratified in 1992. I would also note, as EPA has indicated in past correspondence with Chairman McIntosh and others, in the course of carrying out the mandates of the Clean Air Act, EPA has in a few insiances directly limited use or emissions of certain ­ greenhouse gases other than CO,. .For example, EPA has limited the use of certain substitutes for ozone­ depleting substances under Title VI of the Act, where those substitutes have very high global warming potentials. i wish to stress once more, however, that while­ EPA will pursue efforts to address the threat of global warming through the voluntary programs authorized and funded by Congress and will carry out the mandates of the Clean Air Act, this Administration has no intention of implementing the Kyoto Protocol prior to its ratification on the advice and consent of the Senate, This concludes my prepared sistment. I would be happy to mswer any questions that you may have. 7 APR I 0 1 9 5 8 MEMORANDUM 1. Xntmduction and Background c, I,. A Definition of Air PoHutant my air pollution agent or combination of such agents, including any physical, chcrnical, bjologd, [or3 radioactive ­ . . substance or matter which is crnittcd into or othwisc emers the ambieht air. Such tern includcs any precursors to the formation of any air pohtanr, to the e x t e n t that thc Administtaror has idemifiicd such precursor or prtcursors for the particular purpose for which the term "air pollutant" i s used. This broad definition states that "air pollutant" includes any physical, chemic& biologjtaj, or radioactive substance ctr matter that is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air. so,, NO,, CO, and mercury from ciectric power gcncration Ere each a "physical [and] chemicd , , . . .. : " 2 . .. , " . . .,. .. .. : .. . . .. /­.. 4 " TOTRL P. 06

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.083382

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0149

Supporting & Related Material

BASELINE DATA SET BASELINE DATA SET Facility Name City State Aircraft/ Aerospace Appl/ Bus Equip A­ 1 Fiberglass, Inc. Hastings NE 0 0 A. R. E., Inc. (Massillon) Massillon OH 0 0 A. R. E., Inc. (Mount Eaton) Mount Eaton OH 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) Grand Junction CO 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) Grand Junction CO 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) Wallace ID 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) Wallace ID 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) Winona Lake IN 0 0 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) Winona Lake IN 0 0 Accent Marble Co., Inc. (Houston, TX) Houston TX 0 0 Accra Industries, Inc. South Beloit IL 0 0 Accurate Glass, Inc. Terre Haute IN 0 0 Acme Fiberglass, Inc. Hayward CA 0 0 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Marysville CA 0 0 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Marysville CA 0 0 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Marysville CA 0 0 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Marysville CA 0 0 Aero Transportation Products Independence MO 0 0 Aero Transportation Products Independence MO 0 0 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) Martinsburg WV 0 0 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) Martinsburg WV 0 0 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, N Oak Rd) Plymouth IN 0 0 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, Pidco Dr) Plymouth IN 0 0 Alliance Equipment Co., Inc. Alliance OH 0 0 Allied Moulded Products, Inc. Bryan OH 0 0 American Acrylic Corp. West Babylon NY 0 0 American Bluegrass Marble Co., Inc. Louisville KY 0 0 American Marble Co., Inc. Birmingham AL 0 0 American Reinforced Plastics Tacoma WA 0 0 American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. Hickory NC 0 0 Americh Corp. (Charlotte, NC) Charlotte NC 0 0 Americh Corp. (Hollywood, CA) North Hollywood CA 0 0 An­ Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. North Tonawanda NY 0 0 An­ Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. North Tonawanda NY 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Glade Spring VA 0 0 Applied Composites Corp. Saint Charles IL 0 0 Applied Composites Corp. Saint Charles IL 0 0 Applied Composites Corp. Saint Charles IL 0 0 Aqua Bath Co., Inc. Nashville TN 0 0 Armorcast Products Co. North Hollywood CA 0 1 Arrow Dynamics, Inc. Clearfield UT 0 0 Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. Muncie IN 0 0 Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. Muncie IN 0 0 Athena Marble, Inc. Salisbury NC 0 0 Attbar Plastics, Inc. Vancouver WA 0 0 Austin Countertops, Inc. Austin TX 0 0 Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) Salisbury NC 0 0 Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) Salisbury NC 0 0 Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) Salisbury NC 0 0 Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) Salisbury NC 0 0 Baja Products (Tucson) Tucson AZ 0 0 Baja Products (Tucson) Tucson AZ 0 0 Bathcraft, Inc. Valdosta GA 0 0 Beden­ Baugh Products, Inc. Laurens SC 0 0 Beden­ Baugh Products, Inc. Laurens SC 0 0 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Bedford PA 0 0 Beetle Plastics, Inc. Ardmore OK 0 0 Beetle Plastics, Inc. Ardmore OK 0 0 Beetle Plastics, Inc. Ardmore OK 0 0 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) Greenville MI 0 0 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) Greenville MI 0 0 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) Greenville MI 0 0 Bittner Industries, Inc. Prichard AL 0 0 Bittner Industries, Inc. Prichard AL 0 0 Bittner Industries, Inc. Prichard AL 0 0 Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools Largo FL 0 0 Bolfing Brothers Marble, Inc. Cypress TX 0 0 Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. Lake City IA 0 0 Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. Lake City IA 0 0 Bradley Specialties Corp. Shartlesville PA 0 0 Bremen Glas, Inc. Bremen IN 0 0 Bristol Fiberlite Industries Santa Ana CA 0 0 Brunnel Products of Florida, Inc. St. Petersburg FL 0 0 Builders Marble, Inc. Jackson MS 0 0 C & K Fiberglass Plastics, Inc. Millersburg IN 0 0 Cameo Marble New Albany IN 0 0 Cameo Marble New Albany IN 0 0 Capital Marble Creations, Inc. Lillington NC 0 0 Capon Valley Marble, Inc. Moorefield WV 0 0 Carolina Counters Locust NC 0 0 Carolina Counters Locust NC 0 0 Carsonite International Corp. Carson City NV 0 0 Carsonite International Corp. Carson City NV 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) Corcoran CA 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) Corcoran CA 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) Corcoran CA 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) Corcoran CA 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) OK 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) OK 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) OK 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) Palatka FL 0 0 Cedar Manufacturing, Inc. (Bremen Glas) Cedar Rapids IA 0 0 Central Marble Products, Inc. Rice MN 0 0 Century Manufacturing Co. Aurora NE 0 0 Century Manufacturing Co. Aurora NE 0 0 Century Manufacturing Co. Aurora NE 0 0 Century Marble Co., Inc. Indianapolis IN 0 0 Chance Operations, Inc. Wichita KS 0 0 Chance Operations, Inc. Wichita KS 0 0 Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. Cherryvale KS 0 0 Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. Cherryvale KS 0 0 Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. Cherryvale KS 0 0 Clark Manufacturing Chino CA 0 0 Coastal Engineered Products, Inc. Varnville SC 0 0 Composites USA, Inc. Northeast MD 0 0 Composites USA, Inc. Northeast MD 0 0 Composites USA, Inc. Northeast MD 0 0 Composites USA, Inc. Northeast MD 0 0 Comtech Antenna Systems, Inc. Saint Cloud FL 0 0 Concept Plastics, Inc. High Point NC 0 0 Concept Plastics, Inc. High Point NC 0 0 Conley Corp. Tulsa OK 0 0 Contemporary Products, Inc. Menomonee Falls WI 0 0 Contemporary Products, Inc. Menomonee Falls WI 0 0 Contemporary Products, Inc. Menomonee Falls WI 0 0 Continental Camper Co., Inc. La Follette TN 0 0 Core Materials Corp. (formerly Navistar International) Columbus OH 0 0 Covermaster, Inc. Elkhart IN 0 0 Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Alum Bank) Alum Bank PA 0 0 Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Roswell, NM) Roswell NM 0 0 Cultured Marble Products, Ltd. Sacramento CA 0 0 Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. Long Beach CA 0 0 Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. Long Beach CA 0 0 Custom Marble, Inc. Millstadt IL 0 0 Dasco Pro, Inc. Rockford IL 0 0 Delta Fiberglass & Environmental Products, Inc. Denham Springs LA 0 0 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. Salt Lake City UT 0 0 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. Salt Lake City UT 0 0 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. Salt Lake City UT 0 0 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. Salt Lake City UT 0 0 Diamond Coach Corp. Oswego KS 0 0 Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. Victoria TX 0 0 Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. Victoria TX 0 0 Dom­ Fab (DFI Pultruded Composites) Erlanger KY 0 0 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. Grand Ledge MI 0 0 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. Grand Ledge MI 0 0 Eagle Craft, Inc. Plymouth IN 0 0 Ebonite International, Inc. Hopkinsville KY 0 0 Eckler Industries Titusville FL 0 0 Eckler Industries Titusville FL 0 0 ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) Rogersville MO 0 0 ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) Rogersville MO 0 0 Electric­ Glass, Inc. Jackson TN 0 0 Elmore Truck Accessories, Inc. Elmore MN 0 0 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. New York NY 0 0 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. New York NY 0 0 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. New York NY 0 0 Epoch Industries Los Angeles CA 0 0 Evelands, Inc. Backus MN 0 0 Faball Enterprises of Utah, Inc. Clearfield UT 0 0 FG Products, Inc. Rice Lake WI 0 0 Fiber Pad, Inc. Tulsa OK 0 0 Fiber Pad, Inc. Tulsa OK 0 0 Fiber Pro (formerly Great Dane Trailers Indiana, Inc.) Cadillac MI 0 0 Fibercast Co. Sand Springs OK 0 0 Fibercast Co. Sand Springs OK 0 0 Fibercast Co. Sand Springs OK 0 0 Fibercast Co. Sand Springs OK 0 0 Fiberdome, Inc. (Plant #1) Lake Mills WI 0 0 Fiberflex, Inc. Big Spring TX 0 0 Fiberflex, Inc. Big Spring TX 0 0 Fiberflex, Inc. Big Spring TX 0 0 Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. Indianapolis IN 0 0 Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. Indianapolis IN 0 0 Fiberglass Engineering Corp. Midland VA 0 0 Fiberglass Forms, Inc. Independence KS 0 0 Fiberglass Forms, Inc. Independence KS 0 0 Fiberglass Forms, Inc. Independence KS 0 0 Fiberglass Industries, Inc. Fort Valley GA 0 0 Fiberglass Industries, Inc. Fort Valley GA 0 0 Fiberglass Plus Recreational Industries, Inc. Biddeford ME 0 0 Fiberglass Products, Inc. Auburn ME 0 0 Fiberglass Products, Inc. Auburn ME 0 0 Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. Henderson TX 0 0 Fiberglass Systems, Inc. Boise ID 0 0 Fiberglass Systems, Inc. Boise ID 0 0 Fibre Body Industries, Inc. Swea City IA 0 0 Fibrenetics, Inc. Woodbridge NJ 0 0 Fibrenetics, Inc. Woodbridge NJ 0 0 Fibrex Corp. Burlington WA 0 0 Fibrex Corp. Burlington WA 0 0 Florida Line of Astatula, Inc. Astatula FL 0 0 Marble Creations, Inc. (Foreman Industries, Inc.) Warsaw IN 0 0 Foremost Interiors, Inc. Rancho Cordova CA 0 0 Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. Atlantic Beach FL 0 0 Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. Atlantic Beach FL 0 0 G. W. Fiberglass, Inc. O'Fallon MO 0 0 Gesmar Corp. Richmond VA 0 0 GHM, Inc. Orwigsburg PA 0 0 GHM, Inc. Orwigsburg PA 0 0 Gibbon Fiberglass Reprod., Inc. Gibbon NE 0 0 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #1) White Pigeon MI 0 0 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #2) White Pigeon MI 0 0 Glasforms, Inc. (Birmingham) Birmingham AL 0 0 Glasforms, Inc. (San Jose) San Jose CA 0 0 Glasgo Plastics, Inc. Springfield OH 0 0 Glasgo Plastics, Inc. Springfield OH 0 0 Glasteel Industrial Laminates Collierville TN 0 0 Global Glass, Inc. Elkhart IN 0 0 GPI Corp. Schofield WI 0 0 GPI Corp. Schofield WI 0 0 GPM Industries, Inc. Holland MI 0 0 Grayson Tool Co. Minden NE 0 0 Great Lakes Plastics Corp. Hancock MI 0 0 Great Lakes Plastics Corp. Hancock MI 0 0 Gruber Systems, Inc. Valencia CA 0 0 H & R Industries, Inc. Beecher IL 0 0 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) Piqua OH 0 0 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) Piqua OH 0 0 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) Piqua OH 0 0 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) Piqua OH 0 0 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) Piqua OH 0 0 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. Lake View NY 0 0 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. Lake View NY 0 0 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) Belding MI 0 0 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) Belding MI 0 0 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) Belding MI 0 0 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) Hastings MI 0 0 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) Hastings MI 0 0 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) Hastings MI 0 0 HEMCO Corp. Independence MO 0 0 Henderson, Black & Green, Inc. Troy AL 0 0 Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. Columbus OH 0 0 Hess County Industries of WV, Inc. La Habra CA 0 0 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. Santa Ana CA 0 0 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. Santa Ana CA 0 0 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. Santa Ana CA 0 0 Hy­ Tec Fiberglass, Inc. Fort Wayne IN 0 0 I. M. Penna, Inc. Houston TX 0 0 I. M. Penna, Inc. Houston TX 0 0 Images Products Corp. Erwin TN 0 0 IMCO Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Moorestown NJ 0 0 Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. Noblesville IN 0 0 Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. Noblesville IN 0 0 Industrial Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. Dayton OH 0 0 Industrial Linings, Inc. Mobile AL 0 0 International Grating, Inc. Houston TX 0 0 International Grating, Inc. Houston TX 0 0 International Marble, Inc. Woodstock GA 0 0 International Reinforced Plastics Denmark SC 0 0 International Reinforced Plastics Denmark SC 0 0 Iten Industries Ashtabula OH 0 0 Jason Industries, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Elkhart IN 0 0 Jason International, Inc. (N. Little Rock, AR) North Little Rock AR 0 0 Johnson Truck Bodies Rice Lake WI 0 0 Johnson Truck Bodies Rice Lake WI 0 0 Kalwall Corp. Bow NH 0 1 KBK Industries, Inc. Rush Center KS 0 0 KBK Industries, Inc. Rush Center KS 0 0 Kenro, Inc. Fredonia WI 0 0 Kerrico Corp. Selinsgrove PA 0 0 Kivett's, Inc. Clinton NC 0 0 Kreider Manufacturing, Inc. Ligonier IN 0 0 Laminated Products, Inc. Kenosha WI 0 0 Larson Co. AZ 0 0 Larson Co. AZ 0 0 LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) Vancouver WA 0 0 LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) Vancouver WA 0 0 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. Copiague NY 0 0 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. Copiague NY 0 0 Leer East, Inc. Milton PA 0 0 Leer Midwest Elkhart IN 0 0 Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. Macungie PA 0 0 Liberty Polyglas, Inc. West Mifflin PA 0 0 Lippert Corp. Menomonee Falls WI 0 0 Lippert Corp. Menomonee Falls WI 0 0 LL Cultured Marble Mount Airy NC 0 0 Lund Industries, Inc. Minneapolis MN 0 0 M. C. Gill Corp. El Monte CA 1 0 Mac Molding Co., Inc. Saint Louis MO 0 0 Magnum Plastics, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Magnum Plastics, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Marbelite Corp. Novi MI 0 0 Marble Designs, Inc. Central Point OR 0 0 Marble Products Co. Wichita KS 0 0 Marble Products Co. Wichita KS 0 0 Marble Works, Inc. Greenwood DE 0 0 Marblecast Products, Inc. Wheeling IL 0 0 Marquis Corp. Independence OR 0 0 McClarin Plastics, Inc. Hanover PA 0 0 McClarin Plastics, Inc. Hanover PA 0 0 McClure Industries, Inc. Portland OR 0 0 Melcher Manufacturing Co., Inc. Spokane WA 0 0 Mesa Fiberglass, Inc. Commerce City TN 0 0 Mesa Fiberglass, Inc. Commerce City TN 0 0 Mesa Fully Formed, Inc. Mesa AZ 0 0 Michiana Fiberglass, Inc. White Pigeon MI 0 0 Micro­ Fab, Inc. Theodore AL 0 0 Micro­ Fab, Inc. Theodore AL 0 0 Miles Fiberglass & Plastics, Inc. Oregon City OR 0 0 Miles Fiberglass & Plastics, Inc. Oregon City OR 0 0 Millennium Products, Inc. Elkhart IN 0 0 Millennium Products, Inc. Elkhart IN 0 0 Mincey Marble Manufacturing, Inc. Gainesville GA 0 0 Miracle Recreation Co. Monett MO 0 0 Molded Plastic Industries, Inc. Holt MI 0 0 Molded Plastic Industries, Inc. Holt MI 0 0 Molded Plastic Industries, Inc. Holt MI 0 0 Monarch Plastic, Inc. Orrville OH 0 0 Monarch Plastic, Inc. Orrville OH 0 0 Mr. Tubs, Inc. Sugar Hill GA 0 0 Murphy Body Co. Wilson NC 0 0 National Fiber Glass Products, Inc. Romeoville IL 0 0 New England Plastic Coated Products, Inc. Norton MA 0 0 New England Plastic Coated Products, Inc. Norton MA 0 0 New York Blower Co. (Plant #2) La Porte IN 0 0 New York Blower Co. (Plant #2) La Porte IN 0 0 Newport Laminates Santa Ana CA 0 0 Niagara Fiberglass, Inc. Buffalo NY 0 0 Non Metallic Resources, Inc. Mobil AL 0 0 Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Devils Lake) Devils Lake ND 0 0 Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Devils Lake) Devils Lake ND 0 0 Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Devils Lake) Devils Lake ND 0 0 Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Warren) Warren MN 0 0 Northwest Bodies, Inc. Manson IA 0 0 Nova Group, Inc. Napa CA 0 0 Nova Group, Inc. Napa CA 0 0 Nova Group, Inc. Napa CA 0 0 Nova Marble Products Asheville NC 0 0 Oasis­ Bertch Cabinet Manufacturing Waterloo IA 0 0 Oasis Industries, Inc. Batavia IL 0 0 Odom Fiberglass, Inc. Milton FL 0 0 Olympic Fiberglass Industries, Inc. Rochester IN 0 0 Omega Pultrusions, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Omega Pultrusions, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Omega Pultrusions, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Omega Pultrusions, Inc. Aurora OH 0 0 Osborne Industries, Inc. Osborne KS 0 0 Oxford CMP, Inc. Oxford MS 0 0 Pacific Tank, Ltd. Adelanto CA 0 0 Pacific Tank, Ltd. Adelanto CA 0 0 Pacific Tank, Ltd. Adelanto CA 0 0 Parkson Aeration & Fiberglas Corp., Inc. Medley FL 0 0 Parkson Aeration & Fiberglas Corp., Inc. Medley FL 0 0 Parthenon Marble Products, Inc. Greenville SC 0 0 Pearl Baths, Inc. Brooklyn Park MN 0 0 Perma Grain Products, Inc. Lenoir City TN 0 0 Peterson Products Belmont CA 0 0 Peterson Products Belmont CA 0 0 Phil Carter System, Inc. Newport News VA 0 0 Picken's Plastics, Inc. Ashtabula OH 0 0 Picken's Plastics, Inc. Ashtabula OH 0 0 Picken's Plastics, Inc. Ashtabula OH 0 0 Picken's Plastics, Inc. Ashtabula OH 0 0 Picken's Plastics, Inc. Ashtabula OH 0 0 Piedmont Fiberglass, Inc. Mooresville NC 0 0 Pillings F. R. P. Shamokin PA 0 0 Pillings F. R. P. Shamokin PA 0 0 Pinta's Cultured Marble, Inc. Worth IL 0 0 Plas­ Tech, Ltd. Honolulu HI 0 0 Plas/ Steel Products Walkerton IN 0 0 Plasti­ Fab, Inc. Tualatin OR 0 0 Plasti­ Fab, Inc. Tualatin OR 0 0 Plastic Composites Corp. Fort Wayne IN 0 0 Plastic Composites Corp. Fort Wayne IN 0 0 Plastic Composites Corp. Fort Wayne IN 0 0 Plastic Development Co. Williamsport PA 0 0 Polymer Concrete Corp. Detroit MI 0 0 Polyply, Inc. (Grand Haven) Grand Haven MI 0 0 Prestigious Accessories, Inc. Tyler TX 0 0 Primero, Inc. Nashua NH 0 0 Prodelin Corp. (Catawba Facility) Catawba NC 0 1 Prototype Concepts, Inc. Costa Mesa CA 0 0 R & D Marble Willis TX 0 0 Radiant Marble Co. Deerfield Beach FL 0 0 Red Ewald, Inc. Karnes City TX 0 0 Red Ewald, Inc. Karnes City TX 0 0 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. Piqua OH 0 0 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. Piqua OH 0 0 Roma Marble, Inc. Ludlow MA 0 0 Rubber & Plastic Applicators Mobile AL 0 0 Rubber & Plastic Applicators Mobile AL 0 0 Rynone Manufacturing Corp. (Sayre Plant) Sayre PA 0 0 S. R. Smith, Inc. Canby OR 0 0 S. R. Smith, Inc. Canby OR 0 0 Schmitt Marble Products Loveland OH 0 0 Seal Reinforced Fiberglass Copiague NY 0 0 Seal Reinforced Fiberglass Copiague NY 0 0 Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. Front Royal VA 0 0 Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. Front Royal VA 0 0 Southeast Marble, Inc. Kissimmee FL 0 0 Space Tables, Inc. Minneapolis MN 0 0 Specialty Plastics Associates, Inc Lakeland FL 0 0 Specialty Plastics, Inc. Baton Rouge LA 0 0 St. Croix of Park Falls, Ltd. Park Falls WI 0 0 St. Mary's Marble, L. L. C. Saint Marys KS 0 0 Standard Glas, Inc. Bremen IN 0 0 Standard Glas, Inc. Bremen IN 0 0 Structron Corp. San Marcos CA 0 0 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. Wyoming MN 0 0 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. Wyoming MN 0 0 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. Wyoming MN 0 0 Sunset Plastics, Inc. Anderson CA 0 0 Superior Home Products Maryville IL 0 0 Superior Home Products Maryville IL 0 0 Synmar, Inc. San Francisco CA 0 0 Taylor Industries, Inc. Parker Ford PA 0 0 Teco, Inc. Fort Wayne IN 0 0 Tecton (Fargo) Fargo ND 0 0 Tiffany Marble Manufacturing, Inc. Fenton MO 0 0 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. Eugene OR 0 0 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. Eugene OR 0 0 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. Eugene OR 0 0 Trail Wagons, Inc. Yakima WA 0 0 Tri­ City Marble, Inc. Allentown PA 0 0 U. S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. Middlebranch OH 0 0 U. S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. Middlebranch OH 0 0 Ultra/ Glas of Lakeville Lakeville IN 0 0 United States Marble, Inc. Remus MI 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Universal Plastics, Inc. Maple Grove MN 0 0 Vendura Industries, Inc. Madison WI 0 0 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Helotes, TX) Helotes TX 0 0 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Richmond, VA) Richmond VA 0 0 Vertex Plastics, Inc. Kearney MO 0 0 VMC Fiberglass Products, Inc./ Tri­ Glas Daleville AL 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) Jacksonville TX 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) Jacksonville TX 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) Jacksonville TX 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) Jacksonville TX 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Southampton PA 0 0 Water Heater Innovations, Inc. Eagan MN 0 0 Wayne Manufacturing Co. Cedar Rapids IA 0 0 Western Recreational Vehicles, Inc. Yakima WA 0 0 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. Petaluma CA 0 0 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. Petaluma CA 0 0 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. Petaluma CA 0 0 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. Petaluma CA 0 0 Wilson Marble Co. Marion NC 0 0 Xenon Co., Inc. Ashland VA 0 0 Xenon Co., Inc. Ashland VA 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) Anaheim CA 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) Anaheim CA 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) Anaheim CA 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) Avon OH 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) Avon OH 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) Avon OH 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Lakeland) Lakeland FL 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Seguin) Seguin TX 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Tipton) Tipton IA 0 0 Xerxes Corp. (Williamsport) Williamsport MD 0 0 Yankee Plastic Co. Davenport IA 0 0 Zane's Fiberglass Shop, Inc. Scranton ND 0 0 Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #1) Ashtabula OH 0 0 Custom Fiberglass Moldings, Inc. 0 0 Dixie­ Pacific Manufacturing Co. 0 0 Fiber­ Tech Industries, Inc. 0 0 Hydro Systems 0 0 Gen Construction Plumbing Fixtures Panels Consumer Prod Corrosion­ Resistant Electrical/ Electronic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Land Transpt Misc 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.203342

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0150

Supporting & Related Material

Facility Specific Emissions & Materials Existing Sources Important Notes: The average emissions f actors used in this spread sheet to calculate emissions should not be used to determine or estimate actual emi A facility's specific emissions shown in this spread sheet may not represent the facility's actual emissions and should therefore not be u This database only contains facilities for which the Administrator has information. Other facilities that should be part of this database a 010101 Subcategory Process Grouping (If Applicable) Product Grouping (If Applicable) CR Applications Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Plant Name (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 20th Century Fiberglass, Inc. (Plant #4) A. R. E., Inc. (Massillon) A. R. E., Inc. (Mount Eaton) A­ 1 Fiberglass, Inc. ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) 36.0 21.1 9. 0 4.4 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) 30.0 17.6 7. 5 3.7 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) 45.0 26.4 11.2 5. 5 Accent Marble Co., Inc. (Houston, TX) Accra Industries, Inc. Accurate Glass, Inc. Acme Fiberglass, Inc. ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Advance Transformer Co. (Boscobel) Aero Transportation Products Aeroquip Inoac AGCO, Inc. AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, N Oak Rd) AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, Pidco Dr) Allen Group (Crown Fiberglass) Alliance Equipment Co., Inc. Allied Moulded Products, Inc. Altec Industries, Inc. (Midwest Oper.) American Acrylic Corp. American Bluegrass Marble Co., Inc. American Marble Co., Inc. American Reinf orced Plastics American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. American Standard Americh Corp. (Charlotte, NC) Americh Corp. (Hollywood, CA) Ameron, Inc. (Burkburnett) Amtech Corp. An­ Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. 142.7 66.9 0. 0 14.0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. Applied Composites Corp. Aqua Bath Co., Inc. Aqua Glass Corp. (Adamsville) Aqua Glass Corp. (Klamath Falls) Armorcast Products Co. Arrow Dynamics, Inc. Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. Ashworth Plastic Products 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Associated Plastics, Inc. Astoria Industries, Inc. Athena Marble, Inc. Attbar Plastics, Inc. Austin Countertops, Inc. Bailey Transportation Products, Inc. Baja Products (Tucson) Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) Baltek Corp. Bathcraft, Inc. Beaver Motor Coaches, Inc. Beden­ Baugh Products, Inc. 9.7 4. 50.0 1. 0 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Beetle Plastics, Inc. 35.5 14.9 0. 0 3.4 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Bittner Industries, Inc. 4.3 2. 00.0 0. 4 Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools Bolf ing Brothers Marble, Inc. Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. Bradley Specialties Corp. Bremen Glas, Inc. Bristol Fiberlite Industries Brunnel Products of Florida, Inc. Budd Co. (Carey) Budd Co. (Kendallville) Budd Co. (North Baltimore) Budd Co. (Van Wert) Builders Marble, Inc. Bulk Molding Compounds, Inc. C & K Fiberglass Plastics, Inc. Cameo Marble Capital Marble Creations, Inc. Capon Valley Marble, Inc. Carolina Counters Carsonite International Corp. CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) Cedar Manufacturing, Inc. (Bremen Glas) Central Marble Products, Inc. Century Manufacturing Co. Century Marble Co., Inc. Ceramic Cooling Tower Co. Chance Operations, Inc. Channel Master Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. Clark Manuf acturing Coastal Engineered Products, Inc. Columbia Specialties, Inc. Composites USA, Inc. 32.9 15.4 0. 0 3.2 Comtech Antenna Systems, Inc. Concept Plastics, Inc. Conley Corp. Contemporary Products, Inc. Continental Camper Co., Inc. Cor Tec Co. Core Materials Corp. (f ormerly Navistar International) Country Coach, Inc. Covermaster, Inc. CR/ PL Ltd. Partnership (Newartesian Ltd. Partnership) Crane Kemlite (Joliet) Crane Kemlite (Jonesboro ­ formerly BP Chemicals) Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Alum Bank) Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Roswell, NM) Cultured Marble Products, Ltd. Custom Fiberglass Molding, Inc. Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. Custom Marble, Inc. Cytec Industries (American Cyanamid) Dasco Pro, Inc. Delta Fiberglass & Environmental Products, Inc. Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. 29.6 8. 8 0.0 2. 6 Diamond Coach Corp. Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. 75.9 35.6 0. 0 7.4 Dixie­ Pacific Manufacturing Co. Dom­ Fab (DFI Pultruded Composites) Dow Chemical (Russellville, AR) Eagle Craft, Inc. Eagle­ Picher Industries, Inc. (Grabill) Eagle­ Picher Industries, Inc. (Huntington) Eagle­ Picher Plastics Div. (Ashley) Ebonite International, Inc. Eckler Industries Ecowater Systems ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) Electric­ Glass, Inc. Eljer Manufacturing (Valdosta) Eljer Plumbingware (Wilson) Elmore Truck Accessories, Inc. Emsig Manufacturing Corp. Enduro Fiberglass (formerly W. R. Grace) Enduro Fiberglass Systems, Inc. Epoch Industries Ershigs, Inc. (Bellingham) 47.1 22.1 0. 0 4.6 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 134.0 62.8 0. 0 13.1 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 38.9 18.2 0. 0 3.8 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. Evelands, Inc. Faball Enterprises of Utah, Inc. FG Products, Inc. Fiber Pad, Inc. Fiber Pro (f ormerly Great Dane Trailers Indiana, Inc.) Fibercast Co. 67.0 40.0 2. 0 7.2 Fiberdome, Inc. (Plant #1) Fiberflex, Inc. Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. Fiberglass Engineering Corp. Fiberglass Forms, Inc. Fiberglass Industries, Inc. Fiberglass Plus Recreational Industries, Inc. Fiberglass Products, Inc. Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. Fiberglass Systems, Inc. Fibergrate Corp. 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Fiber­ Tech Industries, Inc. Fibre Body Industries, Inc. Fibrenetics, Inc. 23.4 9. 9 0.0 2. 2 Fibrex Corp. 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Fleetwood (Decatur ­ f ormerly Gold Shield) Fleetwood (Fontana ­ f ormerly Gold Shield) Florida Line of Astatula, Inc. Foremost Interiors, Inc. Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. 281.0 147.2 96.6 35.3 Frankf ort Plastics G. W. Fiberglass, Inc. GenCorp. Automotive, Inc. (Marion) GenCorp. Automotive, Reinf orced Plastic Div. (Ionia) General Electric Distibution and Control General Marble Co. (Guasti) General Marble Co. (Hornell) General Marble Co. (Lincolnton) Gesmar Corp. GHM, Inc. Gibbon Fiberglass Reprod., Inc. Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #1) Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #2) Glasforms, Inc. (Birmingham) Glasforms, Inc. (San Jose) Glasgo Plastics, Inc. Glasspec Associates, Ltd. Glasstite, Inc. Glasteel Industrial Laminates Glastic Corp. (Jeff erson) Glastic Corp. (South Euclid) Global Glass, Inc. GMC (Inland Fisher Guide Div.) Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Gorman­ Rupp Co. GPI Corp. GPM Industries, Inc. Grayson Tool Co. Great Lakes Plastics Corp. Gruber Systems, Inc. H & R Industries, Inc. Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) 8.1 8. 60.0 1. 1 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. 50.0 18.0 0. 8 4.6 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) 109.5 51.3 0. 0 10.7 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) 20.8 9. 8 0.0 2. 0 Haysite Reinforced Plastics HEMCO Corp. Henderson, Black & Green, Inc. Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. Hess County Industries of WV, Inc. Holiday Rambler Corp., Plant 36 and 37 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. Hydro Systems, Inc. Hy­ Tec Fiberglass, Inc. I. M. Pena, Inc. 1.8 1. 00.5 0. 2 IKG Industries Images Products Corp. IMCO Reinforced Plastics, Inc. Indian Industries, Inc. Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. Industrial Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. Industrial Linings, Inc. 31.3 14.8 0. 0 3.1 International Grating, Inc. International Marble, Inc. International Paper (Hampton) International Paper (Odenton) International Reinf orced Plastics 54.2 24.4 0. 0 5.3 Iten Industries Jason Industries, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Jason International, Inc. (N. Little Rock, AR) Johnson Truck Bodies Kalwall Corp. KBK Industries, Inc. Kearney/ Western Power Products Kenro, Inc. Kerrico Corp. Kivett's, Inc. Kohler Co. Kreider Manufacturing, Inc. Krueger International, Inc. Laminated Products, Inc. Larson Co. LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) 41.0 20.4 0. 0 4.1 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. Leer East, Inc. Leer Midwest Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. Liberty Polyglas, Inc. Lippert Corp. Livingston, Inc. LL Cultured Marble Lund Industries, Inc. M. C. Gill Corp. Mac Molding Co., Inc. Magnum Plastics, Inc. 7.5 3. 50.0 0. 7 Marbelite Corp. Marble Creations, Inc. (Foreman Industries, Inc.) Marble Designs, Inc. Marble Falls (owned by Gould Shawmut) Marble Products Co. Marble Works, Inc. Marblecast Products, Inc. Marley Cooling Tower Co. Marquis Corp. McClarin Plastics, Inc. McClure Industries, Inc. Melcher Manufacturing Co., Inc. Menasha Corp. (LEWISystems) Menasha Corp. (Watertown) Mesa Fiberglass, Inc. Mesa Fully Formed, Inc. MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Adelanto) MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Linesville) MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Plant #1 ­ Ashtabula) MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Plant #2 ­ Ashtabula) MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Union City) MFG Justin Tanks, Inc. 52.9 32.3 0. 0 5.6 Michiana Fiberglass, Inc. Micro­ Fab, Inc. 89.9 42.2 0. 0 8.8 Miles Fiberglass & Plastics, Inc. Millennium Products, Inc. Mincey Marble Manufacturing, Inc. Miracle Recreation Co. Molded Plastic Industries, Inc. Monarch Plastic, Inc. Morrison Molded Fiber Glass (Bristol) Morrison Molded Fiber Glass (Twinsburg) Mr. Tubs, Inc. Murphy Body Co. National Fiber Glass Products, Inc. New England Plastic Coated Products, Inc. 1.9 1. 90.0 0. 2 New York Blower Co. (Plant #2) Newport Laminates Niagara Fiberglass, Inc. Non Metallic Resources, Inc. Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Devils Lake) Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Warren) North American Lighting Co., Inc. Northwest Bodies, Inc. Norton Perf ormance Plastics Corp. Nova Group, Inc. 5.2 4. 85.0 1. 0 Nova Marble Products Oasis Oasis Industries, Inc. Odom Fiberglass, Inc. Olympic Fiberglass Industries, Inc. Omega Pultrusions, Inc. Osborne Industries, Inc. Owens­ Corning (Auburndale) Owens­ Corning (Mount Union) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Owens­ Corning Fiberglas (Bakersf ield) Owens­ Corning Fiberglas (Conroe) Owens­ Corning Tanks (Valparaiso) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Oxford CMP, Inc. Pacific Tank, Ltd. 19.1 8. 9 0.0 1. 9 Parkson Aeration & Fiberglas Corp., Inc. 2.8 1. 30.0 0. 3 Parthenon Marble Products, Inc. Pearl Baths, Inc. Perma Grain Products, Inc. Peterson Products 22.5 13.5 0. 0 2.4 Phil Carter System, Inc. Picken's Plastics, Inc. 47.9 22.4 0. 0 4.7 Piedmont Composites Div. Piedmont Fiberglass, Inc. Pillings F. R. P. Pinta's Cultured Marble, Inc. Plas/ Steel Products Plas­ Tech, Ltd. Plastic Composites Corp. Plastic Development Co. Plasti­ Fab, Inc. Polymer Concrete Corp. Polyply, Inc. (Grand Haven) Premix / E. H. S., Inc. (Hartford, IN) Premix / E. H. S., Inc. (North Kingsville, OH) Prestigious Accessories, Inc. Primero, Inc. Prodelin Corp. (Catawba Facility) Prototype Concepts, Inc. Quazite Co. R &D Marble R. D. Werner Co., Inc. Radiant Marble Co. Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Red Ewald, Inc. 20.7 17.9 0. 0 2.5 Resolite 60.8 27.0 11.4 6. 7 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. Robroy Industries, Inc. (Belding, MI) Robroy Industries, Inc. (Verona, PA) Rockwell International Rockwell Plastic Products (Newton, NC) Roma Marble, Inc. Rubber & Plastic Applicators 36.5 15.5 0. 0 3.5 Rynone Manufacturing Corp. (Sayre Plant) Ryobi Motor Products Corp. S. R. Smith, Inc. S. W. C. Industries, Inc. (Swirl­ Way Div.) Schmitt Marble Products Seal Reinf orced Fiberglass Sequentia, Inc. (Grand Junction) Shakespeare Co. Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. 79.1 46.4 19.8 9. 7 Sherman Poles Simon­ Telelect, Inc. Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Wichita) Southeast Marble, Inc. Space Tables, Inc. Spears Fabrication Specialty Plastics Associates, Inc Specialty Plastics, Inc. Square D Co. (Cedar Rapids) Square D Co. (Lincoln) St. Croix of Park Falls, Ltd. St. Mary's Marble, L. L. C. Standard Glas, Inc. Sterling Plumbing Group, Inc. Structron Corp. Structural North America Style Crest Products Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. Sunset Plastics, Inc. Superior Home Products Synmar, Inc. Syntechnics Taylor Industries, Inc. Teco, Inc. Tecton (Fargo) Tiffany Marble Manufacturing, Inc. Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Anaheim) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Cordele) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Elizabethtown) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Lancaster) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Moapa) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (South Boston) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Three Rivers) Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Yelm) Tomkins ­ LASCO Panel Products (KY) Trail Wagons, Inc. Tri­ City Marble, Inc. TRW ­ Trans. Electronics Div. (Union Springs) U. S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. Ultra/ Glas of Lakeville United States Marble, Inc. United Technologies Motor Systems Universal Plastics, Inc. Universal­ Rundle Corp. (New Castle) Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Ottumwa) Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Union Point) Velasco Scale Co. (Plastics Div.) 49.0 19.0 0. 0 4.6 Vendura Industries, Inc. Venetian Marble, Inc. (Helotes, TX) Venetian Marble, Inc. (Richmond, VA) Vertex Plastics, Inc. VMC Fiberglass Products, Inc./ Tri­ Glas W. H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Camden Rd) W. H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Cameron Ave.) Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) Water Heater Innovations, Inc. Wayne Manufacturing Co. Western Recreational Vehicles, Inc. Wildon Industries, Inc. William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. Wilson Marble Co. Xenon Co., Inc. 3.8 1. 60.1 0. 4 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) 47.4 22.2 0. 0 4.7 Xerxes Corp. (Lakeland) Xerxes Corp. (Seguin) Xerxes Corp. (Tipton) Xerxes Corp. (Williamsport) Yankee Plastic Co. Zane's Fiberglass Shop, Inc. Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #1) Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #2) Total Resin Usage, Filler Usage, Pre/ Post MACT Emissions (tpy) 2323.1 1142.1 163.8 242.6 Total Resin Usage, Filler Usage, Pre/ Post MACT Emissions (%) 0.8% 0.0% Potential Major / Potential Synthetic Minor 27 N/ A N/ A N/ A 865,315 issions at a specific facility. used. re likely to exist. 010121 Open Molding Subcategory Non­ CR Applications Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 2.8 2. 2 FALSE 2.4 1. 9 FALSE 3.5 2. 8 FALSE 241.7 113.4 0. 0 23.7 24.8 9. 2 9. 9 8. 8 TRUE 70.0 32.8 0. 0 6.9 5. 1 2.7 4. 9 2. 9 TRUE 6.5 3. 0 0.0 0. 6 0.4 0. 2 43.5 24.0 0. 0 4.5 1. 1 1.1 1. 3 0. 6 TRUE 2. 3 2. 2 TRUE 3. 8 2. 9 TRUE 0.3 0. 3 FALSE 146.8 68.8 0. 0 14.4 15.1 5. 6 0.5 0. 2 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 152.0 126.0 0. 0 18.2 5. 8 5.8 125.0 120.0 0. 0 16.0 6. 1 4.8 146.8 95.3 56.5 20.0 6. 6 5.6 74.5 16.8 60.0 10.4 7. 0 2.8 110.0 51.6 0. 0 10.8 4. 1 4.1 3.2 1. 5 0.0 0. 3 0.2 0. 1 2. 5 2. 0 TRUE 2100.0 1348.7 776.0 282.2 70.6 70.6 101.0 47.4 0. 0 9.9 8. 1 3.8 1. 9 1. 8 TRUE 140.8 42.4 0. 0 12.4 8. 7 5.4 6. 7 4. 7 TRUE 3.1 0. 2 0.0 0. 2 0.2 0. 1 146.8 68.8 0. 0 14.4 9. 6 5.6 3. 8 2. 9 TRUE 9. 2 8. 3 TRUE 3. 3 2. 4 TRUE 5. 3 4. 1 TRUE 44.0 20.6 0. 0 4.3 2. 9 1.7 3. 7 2. 9 TRUE 1458.7 947.4 561.4 198.3 80.2 55.6 1.9 1. 4 FALSE 3.8 2. 9 FALSE 29.5 17.4 TRUE 3.4 0. 9 0.0 0. 3 0.2 0. 1 3.9 1. 8 0.0 0. 4 0.3 0. 1 0.5 0. 5 FALSE 3.5 3. 1 FALSE 9. 1 6. 8 TRUE 2. 1 1. 3 TRUE 80.0 46.0 0. 0 8.4 5. 8 3.0 0.1 0. 1 FALSE 127.0 53.8 0. 0 12.1 10.3 4. 8 130.0 60.0 0. 0 12.7 10.3 5. 0 2.2 1. 9 FALSE 4.6 3. 3 FALSE 195.0 91.4 0. 0 19.1 8. 9 7.4 15.9 7. 5 0.0 1. 6 1.6 0. 6 1.7 1. 7 FALSE 79.0 203.0 0. 0 17.7 11.1 3. 0 0.5 0. 5 FALSE 146.8 68.8 0. 0 14.4 9. 6 5.6 5. 2 3. 3 TRUE 5. 7 5. 6 TRUE 43.8 20.5 0. 0 4.3 1. 8 1.7 0.2 0. 1 FALSE 8.0 3. 1 0.0 0. 7 0.4 0. 3 59.0 18.0 22.7 6. 8 2.7 2. 2 0.4 0. 3 FALSE 3. 8 2. 9 TRUE 3. 8 2. 9 TRUE 1.6 1. 2 FALSE 0.2 0. 2 FALSE 1.8 1. 4 FALSE 3.9 3. 0 TRUE 256.5 120.3 0. 0 25.2 21.8 9. 8 8.0 5. 6 4.0 1. 2 0.5 0. 3 27.7 13.0 0. 0 2.7 2. 4 1.1 4. 6 2. 9 TRUE 1. 7 1. 3 TRUE 3. 5 3. 5 TRUE 2.5 1. 2 0.0 0. 2 0.1 0. 1 37.3 15.3 0. 0 3.5 2. 3 1.4 2.9 2. 3 FALSE 191.7 89.9 0. 0 18.8 12.8 7. 3 25.6 12.0 0. 0 2.5 1. 6 1.0 8.1 4. 9 FALSE 6. 9 4.5 2. 8 0.9 0. 4 0.3 32.8 11.0 0. 0 3.0 3. 4 1.2 3. 7 2. 9 TRUE 15.5 7. 3 0.0 1. 5 1.0 0. 6 33.0 15.5 0. 0 3.2 1. 5 1.3 84.6 39.7 0. 0 8.3 3. 9 3.2 2.8 2. 8 FALSE 12.1 4. 0 0.0 1. 1 0.7 0. 5 13.9 4. 6 0.0 1. 3 0.9 0. 5 14.1 9. 2 5.4 1. 9 0.6 0. 5 0.3 0. 2 FALSE 3. 7 2. 9 TRUE 3. 7 2. 9 TRUE 189.1 142.3 N/ A 6769.0 4057.0 1488.8 821.5 373.4 247.9 0. 8% N/ A 2. 3% 0. 4% 1. 6% 22 N/ A N/ A 27 N/ A N/ A N/ A 19 N/ A 010201 010222 CR Applications Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) 134.3 TRUE 241.7 184.1 47.8 47.6 14.6 0. 0 10.4 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 56.6 25.8 27.6 18.5 3. 4 3.4 TRUE 10.3 34.0 TRUE 70.0 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE TRUE 510.0 55.4 100.0 FALSE 185.1 87.3 26.8 0. 0 19.1 22.0 8. 3 TRUE 23.8 9. 9 0.0 5. 6 2.7 2. 3 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 14.3 9. 0 TRUE 20.5 6. 3 0.0 4. 5 1.7 1. 7 FALSE TRUE FALSE 51.2 25.9 10.9 0. 0 6.1 3. 9 2.5 FALSE 247.7 104.0 TRUE 184.1 TRUE 184.1 TRUE 184.1 TRUE FALSE FALSE 29.2 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 10.7 9. 0 TRUE 180.9 191.9 188.2 TRUE 133.6 122.5 TRUE 184.1 266.0 79.2 0. 0 57.9 30.5 25.3 TRUE TRUE 177.7 54.5 0. 0 38.9 27.5 16.9 TRUE 20.0 61.2 FALSE 28.2 TRUE 35.0 44.0 58.8 18.0 0. 0 12.9 7. 9 5.6 TRUE 134.0 41.1 0. 0 29.4 16.2 12.7 TRUE 17.8 5. 5 0.0 3. 9 3.0 1. 7 TRUE 60.5 142.4 96.0 378.8 100.0 54.7 75.0 120.0 FALSE 36.7 37.2 77.0 TRUE 255.0 9.6 4. 1 0.0 2. 3 1.4 0. 9 FALSE 1355.2 499.1 133.2 TRUE 158.2 22.1 187.8 187.8 18.3 281.5 FALSE 35.1 97.1 48.0 0. 0 24.2 14.7 9. 2 TRUE 184.1 160.1 107.0 53.3 36.0 32.8 16.4 10.2 TRUE 42.0 19.1 0. 0 10.2 5. 2 4.0 FALSE 12.5 4. 5 0.2 2. 9 1.5 1. 2 FALSE 324.0 99.4 0. 0 71.0 52.8 30.8 TRUE 250.1 76.7 0. 0 54.8 46.2 23.8 TRUE 35.2 4. 5 1.2 6. 9 3.8 3. 3 FALSE 177.0 FALSE 16.4 8. 8 8.0 5. 6 1.8 1. 6 FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE 198.9 587.8 200.0 92.0 148.0 73.9 24.2 19.0 TRUE 43.4 214.2 252.0 FALSE 41.0 20.4 0. 0 10.2 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 26.1 522.2 503.3 TRUE 22.5 6. 9 0.0 4. 9 2.4 2. 1 FALSE 634.0 105.0 TRUE 136.7 24.0 7. 4 0.0 5. 3 3.4 2. 3 TRUE 525.2 161.1 0. 0 115.1 73.9 49.9 TRUE 122.4 74.8 0. 0 32.8 21.4 11.6 TRUE 187.8 38.5 11.8 0. 0 8.4 4. 3 3.7 TRUE 8.4 2. 6 0.0 1. 8 1.6 0. 8 TRUE 159.7 758.8 102.0 TRUE 44.6 117.0 17.1 16.9 0. 0 5.6 2. 7 1.6 FALSE FALSE 72.0 183.6 FALSE 94.7 43.2 46.2 30.9 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 150.2 46.8 15.7 4. 5 11.2 6. 7 4.4 FALSE 184.1 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 19.1 5. 8 0.0 4. 2 2.9 1. 8 FALSE 25.2 7. 7 0.0 5. 5 3.9 2. 4 FALSE 325.0 22.5 46.0 TRUE 95.6 29.3 0. 0 21.0 13.7 9. 1 TRUE 28.5 120.0 39.8 40.0 TRUE 140.0 92.0 440.6 FALSE 156.9 48.1 0. 0 34.4 27.6 14.9 TRUE 395.0 342.1 0. 0 121.9 57.1 37.5 TRUE FALSE 22.2 FALSE TRUE FALSE 8.5 FALSE TRUE 32.8 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 18.9 6. 1 0.0 4. 2 3.0 1. 8 FALSE 841.0 126.3 84.0 FALSE 36.2 1014.0 FALSE 34.2 32.6 378.8 154.0 TRUE 84.6 68.0 159.1 TRUE 108.9 TRUE 125.4 55.1 FALSE 7.5 11.3 4. 8 0.2 2. 7 1.4 1. 1 FALSE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 9. 3 9.0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 94.7 29.1 0. 0 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 23.5 7. 2 0.0 5. 1 2.5 2. 2 FALSE 75.9 N/ A 5116.3 1950.9 271.9 1228.1 738.7 482.3 N/ A 18506.6 N/ A 1. 7% 0. 1% 3. 3% N/ A 6. 3% N/ A 38 N/ A N/ A N/ A 16 N/ A N/ A 73 010223 Open Molding Subcategory Mechanical Resin Application Non­ CR Applic. (Unfilled) NonReinforce Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 97.2 38.4 58.3 5983.5 1002.5 6404.8 1007.1 514.6 1078.1 402.9 140.8 40.8 77.0 30.0 12.0 114.0 56.3 114.0 185.0 90.0 75.0 65.7 0. 0 33.3 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 91.2 0. 0 55.7 44.6 12.6 TRUE 2275.7 1162.8 2436.0 2310.1 702.2 2378.7 164.7 52.3 180.5 69.5 0. 0 42.4 19.8 9. 6 TRUE 288.0 44.0 121.0 1000.0 510.9 1070.4 63.2 32.3 67.6 42.1 21.5 45.1 16.7 0. 0 10.8 8. 8 2.5 TRUE 3.9 0. 0 2.4 1. 6 0.5 TRUE 9.8 5. 0 10.5 1117.0 612.5 1365.0 10143.0 3490.2 4000.0 992.5 507.1 1062.4 128.5 32.5 62.5 12.8 0. 0 7.8 4. 9 1.8 FALSE 26.4 0. 0 16.1 9. 0 3.6 TRUE 162.6 83.1 174.1 61.2 40.8 42.8 244.8 0. 0 125.9 85.3 26.5 TRUE 20.9 0. 0 12.8 9. 0 2.9 FALSE 37.7 0. 0 23.0 16.3 5. 2 TRUE 945.2 278.5 986.9 69.9 0. 0 42.6 26.5 9. 6 TRUE 20.4 0. 0 12.0 3. 0 2.7 FALSE 1159.0 393.0 1558.0 40.5 0. 0 48.6 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 62.5 16.0 56.0 16.3 0. 0 20.3 11.3 5. 4 TRUE 69.5 0. 0 42.4 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 69.5 0. 0 42.4 8. 9 8.9 TRUE 69.5 0. 0 42.4 8. 2 8.2 TRUE 367.0 94.8 359.4 11.0 0. 0 6.7 3. 7 1.5 FALSE 347.4 121.2 80.8 661.0 233.0 325.0 68.3 0. 0 41.7 16.1 9. 4 TRUE 72.4 0. 0 44.2 4. 8 4.8 TRUE 71.0 0. 0 43.4 17.9 9. 8 TRUE 101.0 51.6 108.1 62.5 0. 0 32.7 14.4 6. 9 TRUE 46.2 0. 0 28.2 6. 4 6.4 FALSE 463.1 149.9 271.3 15.0 4. 4 3.0 69.5 0. 0 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 7.5 0. 0 4.6 1. 8 1.0 TRUE 23.1 0. 0 14.1 4. 3 3.2 FALSE 1.7 0. 0 5.1 2. 5 2.0 FALSE 1012.4 517.3 1083.6 348.8 98.2 49.1 363.0 62.0 467.0 992.5 507.1 1062.4 0.8 0. 0 6.1 4. 2 1.8 FALSE 13.7 0. 0 9.7 3. 4 2.3 FALSE 23.3 0. 0 14.0 8. 6 3.1 TRUE 53.7 0. 0 32.8 11.1 7. 4 TRUE 17.2 0. 0 19.1 16.0 5. 0 TRUE 292.9 0. 0 111.3 18.8 18.8 TRUE 60.0 0. 0 26.6 12.8 5. 2 TRUE 22.0 0. 0 12.8 6. 6 2.8 FALSE 15.0 0. 0 15.2 10.7 3. 9 TRUE 45.3 0. 0 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 13.9 0. 0 8.5 4. 2 1.9 FALSE 14.0 0. 0 8.6 4. 0 1.9 FALSE 121.2 51.5 69.7 33.0 0. 0 18.4 8. 3 4.0 TRUE 723.3 33.0 774.2 45.9 0. 0 50.7 22.7 13.2 TRUE 511.4 0. 0 312.2 153.9 70.4 TRUE 314.1 154.8 313.1 188.3 0. 0 115.0 39.4 25.9 TRUE 417.3 206.0 417.3 74.4 0. 0 34.5 14.3 6. 9 TRUE 752.8 658.1 171.8 54.0 0. 0 35.5 10.1 8. 2 TRUE 10.4 0. 0 5.4 1. 7 1.2 FALSE 70.9 0. 0 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 70.9 0. 0 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 1032.2 527.4 1104.9 5.5 0. 0 4.0 1. 4 1.0 FALSE 336.6 101.0 249.9 106.2 0. 0 64.9 34.0 14.6 TRUE 13.2 0. 0 8.1 4. 8 1.8 FALSE 69.5 0. 0 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 60.4 0. 0 36.9 11.6 8. 3 TRUE 306.0 90.0 200.0 494.0 243.8 494.0 714.0 190.8 59.2 63.8 0. 0 40.3 19.2 9. 2 TRUE 125.0 46.3 62.5 109.0 33.0 116.7 1012.4 517.3 1083.6 86.5 31.5 64.0 75.1 0. 0 45.8 15.5 10.3 TRUE 238.4 0. 0 138.1 88.6 30.5 TRUE 16.4 0. 0 10.0 8. 0 2.3 FALSE 550.0 100.0 520.0 49.0 0. 0 44.2 17.0 11.1 TRUE 95.1 0. 0 58.1 16.5 13.1 TRUE 10.6 5. 4 11.3 9.8 0. 0 6.0 2. 8 1.4 FALSE 544.7 178.5 445.7 612.0 102.0 510.0 102.0 0. 0 105.1 28.7 27.1 TRUE 189.9 0. 0 115.9 57.4 26.1 TRUE 174.0 0. 0 135.6 49.3 32.9 TRUE 39.6 0. 0 24.2 14.2 5. 5 TRUE 992.5 507.1 1062.4 142.8 60.7 103.0 40.8 0. 0 29.8 19.5 7. 1 TRUE 209.0 53.0 20.0 70.9 0. 0 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 60.3 0. 0 36.8 17.9 8. 3 TRUE 286.3 0. 0 174.8 46.0 39.4 TRUE 91.9 46.9 98.3 992.5 507.1 1062.4 38.5 0. 0 23.5 8. 5 5.3 TRUE 16.8 0. 0 10.3 6. 0 2.3 TRUE 137.0 91.0 110.0 44.1 0. 0 26.9 12.2 6. 1 TRUE 640.0 219.7 570.0 27.9 0. 0 16.7 5. 6 3.7 FALSE 49.0 0. 0 39.0 14.3 9. 5 TRUE 316.2 158.4 270.0 246.3 142.2 198.5 53.6 0. 0 34.1 17.6 7. 8 TRUE 145.0 39.4 145.0 82.6 46.7 88.4 69.5 0. 0 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 122.6 0. 0 74.9 56.2 16.9 TRUE 13.5 0. 0 6.0 3. 2 1.2 FALSE 17.4 0. 0 10.6 4. 9 2.4 FALSE 10.8 0. 0 6.6 4. 3 1.5 TRUE 45.3 0. 0 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 0.9 0. 0 6.9 5. 7 2.1 FALSE 15.1 0. 0 9.2 4. 3 2.1 FALSE 72.0 26.7 36.0 52.8 0. 0 32.3 25.8 7. 3 TRUE 34.7 0. 0 21.2 10.1 4. 8 TRUE 166.3 0. 0 101.5 36.7 22.9 TRUE 8.4 0. 0 5.1 2. 0 1.2 FALSE 107.0 54.7 114.5 992.5 507.1 1062.4 3.2 0. 0 2.0 0. 9 0.4 FALSE 11.0 0. 0 7.3 4. 7 1.7 TRUE 12.2 15.0 1. 2 350.4 0. 0 199.0 113.8 43.7 TRUE 47.6 0. 0 29.1 15.3 6. 6 TRUE 31.7 0. 0 19.4 6. 5 4.4 TRUE 13.7 0. 0 8.3 3. 9 1.9 FALSE 254.0 70.0 215.0 687.5 0. 0 282.4 108.9 52.7 TRUE 12.9 0. 0 7.9 4. 6 1.8 FALSE 3135.5 675.0 4890.8 1976.6 415.0 3092.2 2124.8 655.0 3304.6 2259.3 356.0 3564.7 6258.6 3974.0 9844.6 2770.5 709.0 4078.6 2815.4 584.0 4386.6 2753.9 575.0 4215.6 74.5 0. 0 17.5 4. 7 1.7 FALSE 151.5 0. 0 88.6 57.1 19.7 TRUE 75.0 0. 0 38.2 28.4 8. 0 TRUE 31.9 0. 0 19.5 6. 6 4.4 TRUE 3585.0 765.6 3256.6 2500.0 804.0 3276.0 1410.0 476.0 1347.0 28.0 0. 0 16.0 4. 6 3.5 FALSE 60.0 0. 0 36.7 12.4 8. 3 TRUE 9.0 0. 0 20.0 11.7 5. 7 TRUE 41.4 0. 0 27.9 13.5 6. 5 TRUE 23.5 0. 0 13.1 4. 0 2.9 FALSE 2.8 0. 0 1.7 0. 7 0.4 FALSE 28.6 0. 0 17.5 5. 0 3.9 FALSE 7246.7 0. 0 4305.6 1924.5 941.4 N/ A 78747.7 27501.3 84292.6 0.0% 8.5% N/ A 26.9% 24.5% N/ A N/ A N/ A 32 N/ A N/ A 70 N/ A N/ A 010301 ­CR Applic. (Filled) CR Applications Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 32.6 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 2266.4 36.2 36.2 TRUE 436.8 98.6 72.5 TRUE 98.0 43.3 29.0 TRUE 50.0 36.7 9. 9 6.4 4. 6 30.0 22.0 6. 0 3.8 2. 7 45.0 33.0 8. 9 5.8 4. 1 19.9 7. 1 5.5 FALSE 47.8 21.0 8. 2 TRUE 58.6 23.7 13.3 TRUE 987.0 18.9 18.9 TRUE 909.5 295.7 166.2 TRUE 67.0 21.1 11.8 TRUE 76.6 27.1 20.7 TRUE 433.7 6. 3 6.3 TRUE 27.4 8. 1 4.5 FALSE 18.3 3. 3 3.0 FALSE 2.5 1. 5 0.0 0. 3 0.2 4.3 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 35.5 26.1 7. 1 4.5 3. 9 519.9 135.1 80.4 TRUE 2962.7 1298.5 729.9 TRUE 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 37.7 16.5 9. 2 TRUE 70.5 20.4 11.7 TRUE 24.2 4. 8 4.4 FALSE 373.0 110.1 68.0 TRUE 232.3 186.0 0. 0 27.4 19.1 51.8 31.7 0. 0 5.5 4. 8 34.6 21.2 0. 0 3.7 2. 5 524.8 156.9 83.4 TRUE 22.7 8. 9 4.5 TRUE 138.7 34.8 26.4 TRUE 92.2 39.6 25.0 TRUE 204.9 71.0 47.6 TRUE 68.1 41.7 0. 0 7.3 5. 8 15.0 9. 2 0.0 1. 6 1.5 43.8 15.1 7. 3 TRUE 148.8 65.8 33.3 TRUE 3.8 3. 5 1.1 FALSE 159.8 77.3 0. 0 15.8 15.4 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 83.3 42.2 25.1 TRUE 151.0 57.7 26.1 TRUE 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 275.7 168.8 0. 0 29.4 23.1 87.2 53.5 0. 2 9.3 7. 1 115.4 70.7 0. 0 12.3 10.1 97.1 134.6 1. 2 15.0 10.3 40.7 9. 4 8.7 TRUE 259.8 127.1 52.0 TRUE 30.0 18.3 0. 0 3.2 2. 7 131.4 49.6 22.6 TRUE 174.8 58.5 30.0 TRUE 211.8 111.0 54.4 25.3 15.1 262.5 83.8 54.2 TRUE 447.7 129.2 74.3 TRUE 115.9 26.2 24.2 TRUE 36.6 18.1 0. 0 3.6 2. 9 100.4 56.5 22.0 TRUE 2.0 1. 2 0.0 0. 2 0.2 145.9 89.3 0. 0 15.6 14.7 207.0 38.4 35.6 TRUE 162.0 86.3 51.4 TRUE 39.3 9. 0 9.0 TRUE 43.6 13.6 7. 8 TRUE 16.5 10.2 0. 2 1.8 1. 3 376.6 230.6 0. 0 40.2 34.5 18.1 8. 1 0.0 1. 8 1.6 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 30.6 9. 3 6.2 FALSE 197.9 59.1 39.6 TRUE 4.6 2. 0 0.8 FALSE 196.9 42.3 39.2 TRUE 207.1 76.6 44.0 TRUE 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 51.5 20.4 10.3 TRUE 71.3 43.6 0. 0 7.6 6. 3 47.4 16.2 15.0 TRUE 89.6 54.7 0. 0 9.6 8. 8 39.8 6. 7 6.6 TRUE 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 56.6 14.7 9. 9 TRUE 240.9 107.0 46.1 TRUE 125.0 54.2 22.8 TRUE 98.4 42.2 17.7 TRUE 18.7 14.5 5. 0 2.5 1. 7 55.6 25.5 10.4 TRUE 36.5 6. 4 5.9 FALSE 69.5 42.5 0. 0 7.4 6. 2 106.2 65.0 0. 0 11.3 9. 4 68.1 41.7 0. 0 7.3 6. 9 161.4 98.8 0. 0 17.2 14.3 114.4 70.0 0. 0 12.2 10.2 19.1 11.7 0. 0 2.0 1. 8 22.6 7. 7 5.2 TRUE 159.9 97.9 0. 0 17.1 15.7 38.3 16.3 0. 0 3.7 3. 4 46.4 12.5 7. 7 TRUE 430.5 77.1 71.4 TRUE 81.7 50.0 0. 0 8.7 7. 5 117.8 72.1 0. 0 12.6 10.8 4.7 2. 1 0.9 FALSE 32.9 37.6 0. 0 4.6 3. 1 90.9 32.5 18.3 TRUE 1472.5 516.2 225.6 TRUE 928.1 327.1 142.2 TRUE 1027.8 183.7 152.9 TRUE 1047.0 210.2 162.6 TRUE 3373.4 994.1 450.4 TRUE 1277.8 324.1 199.4 TRUE 1317.8 463.5 202.6 TRUE 1276.8 147.3 147.3 TRUE 1285.6 1037.9 258.0 TRUE 1110.6 386.9 179.9 TRUE 544.9 151.5 101.5 TRUE 72.2 44.2 0. 0 7.7 6. 6 123.9 75.9 0. 0 13.2 11.4 32117.1 9497.1 5010.9 N/ A 3482.4 2237.3 92.8 384.5 312.5 41. 9% N/ A 1. 2% 0. 0% 1. 4% N/ A 9 N/ A N/ A 26 N/ A N/ A N/ A 13 010321 Open Molding Subcategory Filament Winding Non­ CR Applications Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source 4. 1 FALSE 2. 4 FALSE 3. 7 FALSE 0. 2 FALSE 2.9 TRUE 150.0 110.1 29.8 19.2 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 18.9 TRUE 4. 2 TRUE 2. 5 FALSE 5. 6 TRUE 1. 2 FALSE 13.0 TRUE 22.5 TRUE 7. 1 TRUE 9. 4 TRUE 7. 9 TRUE 2. 4 FALSE 15.1 TRUE 2. 9 TRUE 0. 2 TRUE 11.9 TRUE 1. 3 FALSE 30.7 TRUE 1. 5 FALSE 5. 8 TRUE 7. 3 TRUE 1. 5 FALSE 5. 7 TRUE 8. 7 TRUE 5. 6 TRUE 13.2 TRUE 9. 3 TRUE 1. 6 FALSE 13.0 TRUE 46.0 28.2 0. 0 4.9 4. 5 2.8 TRUE 3. 1 FALSE 2306.9 1693.1 458.6 295.2 140.0 140.0 TRUE 6. 7 TRUE 9. 6 TRUE 2. 7 FALSE 70.4 43.1 0. 0 7.5 6. 2 4.3 FALSE 5. 9 TRUE 10.1 TRUE 281.4 N/ A 2573.4 1874.5 488.4 326.8 159.3 155.5 N/ A N/ A 0. 9% 0. 1% 0. 7% N/ A N/ A N/ A 3 N/ A N/ A N/ A 1 N/ A N/ A 010405 010404 Open Molding Subcategory Gel Coat Application Pigmented Production Clear Production Gel Coat Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Gel Coat Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 15.3 1. 5 2.6 2. 0 TRUE 1572.0 157.2 16.4 16.4 TRUE 266.8 26.7 52.6 35.4 TRUE 96.9 9. 7 16.6 12.8 TRUE 20.9 2. 1 7.2 5. 3 5.0 0. 5 1.1 0. 7 FALSE 37.0 3. 7 7.0 4. 9 TRUE 37.5 3. 8 8.1 5. 0 TRUE 21.2 2. 1 4.1 2. 8 TRUE 94.9 9. 5 16.3 12.6 TRUE 35.1 3. 5 9.9 8. 8 912.5 91.3 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 875.0 87.5 81.3 81.3 TRUE 43.8 4. 4 4.1 4. 1 TRUE 39.6 4. 0 8.5 5. 2 TRUE 25.0 2. 5 4.3 3. 3 TRUE 14.7 1. 5 4.2 3. 7 23.8 2. 4 7.4 6. 0 56.0 5. 6 12.3 7. 4 TRUE 2.1 0. 2 0.4 0. 3 FALSE 19.6 2. 0 5.5 4. 9 3.5 0. 3 0.6 0. 5 FALSE 3.0 0. 3 0.5 0. 4 FALSE 17.6 1. 8 3.3 2. 3 TRUE 4.7 0. 5 1.2 0. 6 TRUE 1170.0 117.0 225.4 155.1 TRUE 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 10.0 1. 0 1.7 1. 3 FALSE 28.9 2. 9 5.3 3. 8 TRUE 12.6 1. 3 2.4 1. 7 TRUE 4.1 0. 4 0.9 0. 5 FALSE 5.6 0. 6 1.0 0. 7 FALSE 5. 6 0.6 1. 6 1.4 80.6 8. 1 13.8 10.7 TRUE 25.5 2. 5 6.7 6. 4 383.2 38.3 79.1 50.8 TRUE 1.6 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 TRUE 31.7 3. 2 4.7 4. 2 TRUE 0.5 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 31.5 3. 2 6.1 4. 2 TRUE 18.8 1. 9 2.8 2. 5 FALSE 9.4 0. 9 1.4 1. 3 FALSE 1.7 0. 2 0.4 0. 2 FALSE 448.1 44.8 79.2 59.4 TRUE 15.6 1. 6 0.8 0. 8 FALSE 27.5 2. 8 7.2 3. 6 TRUE 11.6 1. 2 3.1 2. 9 43.9 4. 4 7.5 5. 8 TRUE 56.2 5. 6 14.7 14.2 10.7 1. 1 2.8 2. 7 12.4 1. 2 3.9 3. 1 16.7 1. 7 4.4 4. 2 123.5 12.3 21.9 16.4 TRUE 14.1 1. 4 3.7 3. 6 25.5 2. 6 4.4 3. 4 TRUE 55.9 5. 6 15.7 14.1 17.6 1. 8 3.8 2. 3 FALSE 22.8 2. 3 4.9 3. 0 FALSE 86.9 8. 7 14.9 11.5 TRUE 29.4 2. 9 6.3 3. 9 TRUE 42.4 4. 2 5.6 5. 6 TRUE 74.0 7. 4 15.9 9. 8 TRUE 350.0 35.0 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 29.5 2. 9 5.8 3. 9 TRUE 2.0 0. 2 0.5 0. 5 71.4 7. 1 12.3 9. 5 TRUE 135.0 13.5 41.9 34.0 9.3 0. 9 2.9 2. 3 17.4 1. 7 2.9 2. 3 FALSE 126.5 12.6 27.6 16.8 TRUE 24.1 2. 4 6.8 6. 1 23.0 2. 3 4.9 3. 0 TRUE 24.5 2. 4 5.3 3. 2 TRUE 54.5 5. 4 10.3 7. 2 TRUE 20.4 2. 0 4.0 2. 7 FALSE 11.1 1. 1 2.0 1. 5 FALSE 254.0 25.4 47.9 33.7 TRUE 93.0 9. 3 16.7 12.3 TRUE 213.2 21.3 39.8 28.3 TRUE 7.0 0. 7 1.5 0. 9 FALSE 12.0 1. 2 2.3 1. 6 FALSE 6.2 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 TRUE 6.2 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 TRUE 8.3 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 TRUE 5.7 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 FALSE 11.2 1. 1 1.7 1. 5 TRUE 48.9 4. 9 9.2 6. 5 TRUE 20.2 2. 0 4.1 2. 7 TRUE 106.1 10.6 16.9 14.1 TRUE 30.0 3. 0 5.1 4. 0 TRUE 9.0 0. 9 1.6 1. 2 FALSE 13.5 1. 4 3.5 1. 8 TRUE 8.0 0. 8 1.7 1. 1 TRUE 15.3 1. 5 2.3 2. 0 FALSE 12.8 1. 3 2.7 1. 7 FALSE 30.3 3. 0 6.5 4. 0 TRUE 20.0 2. 0 4.3 2. 7 TRUE 158.6 15.9 34.0 21.0 TRUE 347.0 34.7 55.4 46.0 TRUE 71.4 7. 1 13.5 9. 5 TRUE 673.7 67.4 153.2 89.3 TRUE 158.0 15.8 30.5 21.0 TRUE 51.1 5. 1 9.2 6. 8 TRUE 9.2 0. 9 2.4 2. 3 69.0 6. 9 13.6 9. 1 TRUE 19.1 1. 9 5.4 4. 8 52.3 5. 2 14.9 13.2 74.9 7. 5 21.3 18.9 15.7 1. 6 4.1 4. 0 7.5 0. 8 1.3 1. 0 TRUE 4.6 0. 5 1.0 0. 6 FALSE 6.7 0. 7 1.3 0. 9 TRUE 3.5 0. 3 0.7 0. 5 TRUE 230.6 23.1 49.5 30.6 TRUE 7.5 0. 7 1.3 1. 0 FALSE 73.8 7. 4 13.9 9. 8 TRUE 81.0 8. 1 11.3 10.7 TRUE 7.5 0. 8 1.7 1. 0 FALSE 17.0 1. 7 3.8 2. 2 TRUE 45.9 4. 6 9.9 6. 1 TRUE 80.0 8. 0 13.7 10.6 TRUE 15.7 1. 6 2.9 2. 1 TRUE 9.0 0. 9 1.5 1. 2 FALSE 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 FALSE 13.5 1. 4 3.9 3. 4 153.0 15.3 26.3 20.3 TRUE 20.4 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 TRUE 10.0 1. 0 1.1 1. 1 TRUE 6.0 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 FALSE 0.4 0. 0 0.1 0. 0 FALSE 30.0 3. 0 5.8 4. 0 TRUE 4.9 0. 5 1.5 1. 2 112.5 11.3 32.0 28.3 221.9 22.2 41.8 29.4 TRUE 54.5 5. 5 10.1 7. 2 TRUE 9.1 0. 9 1.8 1. 2 TRUE 42.0 4. 2 9.0 5. 6 TRUE 33.0 3. 3 8.6 8. 3 4.5 0. 5 0.8 0. 6 FALSE 10.0 1. 0 2.1 1. 3 TRUE 104.0 10.4 18.7 13.8 TRUE 61.7 6. 2 10.6 8. 2 TRUE 8.5 0. 9 1.8 1. 1 FALSE 3. 6 0.4 0. 9 0.9 0.6 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 FALSE 4.4 0. 4 0.8 0. 6 FALSE 3.3 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 FALSE 119.4 11.9 20.5 15.8 TRUE 204.0 20.4 35.0 27.1 TRUE 1.5 0. 2 0.5 0. 2 TRUE 43.4 4. 3 12.2 10.9 66.0 6. 6 17.3 16.6 61.2 6. 1 11.0 8. 1 TRUE 4.3 0. 4 1.2 1. 1 173.8 17.4 28.6 23.0 TRUE 10.0 1. 0 1.8 1. 3 FALSE 10.6 1. 1 3.0 2. 7 10.0 1. 0 1.6 1. 3 TRUE 16.5 1. 6 4.5 4. 2 8.8 0. 9 2.1 2. 1 30.0 3. 0 6.4 4. 0 FALSE 6.4 0. 6 1.8 1. 6 10.0 1. 0 3.1 1. 3 FALSE 6. 0 0.6 1. 9 1.5 110.0 11.0 23.6 14.6 TRUE 244.8 24.5 42.0 32.5 TRUE 14.3 1. 4 2.5 1. 9 TRUE 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 TRUE 96.4 9. 6 24.3 24.3 46.0 4. 6 9.9 6. 1 TRUE 103.0 10.3 31.1 13.7 TRUE 41.2 4. 1 6.4 5. 5 TRUE 3.1 0. 3 0.7 0. 4 TRUE 41.0 4. 1 7.6 5. 4 TRUE 170.3 17.0 26.9 22.6 TRUE 32.0 3. 2 10.0 8. 1 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 49.0 4. 9 8.4 6. 5 TRUE 14.1 1. 4 2.7 1. 9 TRUE 17.6 1. 8 3.0 2. 3 TRUE 167.3 16.7 31.5 22.2 TRUE 30.6 3. 1 5.5 4. 1 TRUE 7.0 0. 7 1.5 0. 9 FALSE 20.3 2. 0 4.4 2. 7 TRUE 23.8 2. 4 4.1 3. 2 TRUE 13.6 1. 4 2.4 1. 8 TRUE 23.1 2. 3 4.1 3. 1 TRUE 4.7 0. 5 1.3 1. 2 57.7 5. 8 16.8 14.5 16.2 1. 6 2.9 2. 1 TRUE 1.6 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 FALSE 39.6 4. 0 6.5 5. 2 TRUE 12.0 1. 2 2.1 1. 6 FALSE 17.9 1. 8 5.6 4. 5 3.0 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 FALSE 31.2 3. 1 13.2 7. 9 4.5 0. 5 0.8 0. 6 TRUE 7.5 0. 8 1.3 1. 0 FALSE 9.0 0. 9 1.5 1. 2 FALSE 45.5 4. 5 7.8 6. 0 TRUE 2.3 0. 2 0.4 0. 3 TRUE 7.4 0. 7 2.3 1. 9 5.0 0. 5 0.7 0. 7 FALSE 20.0 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 TRUE 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 TRUE 20.5 2. 1 3.9 2. 7 TRUE 66.4 6. 6 10.0 8. 8 TRUE 7.0 0. 7 1.3 0. 9 FALSE 10.5 1. 0 2.9 2. 6 11.0 1. 1 2.4 1. 5 FALSE 12.2 1. 2 3.8 3. 1 12.1 1. 2 3.4 3. 1 17.0 1. 7 3.0 2. 3 TRUE 17.8 1. 8 3.8 2. 4 TRUE 3.2 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 FALSE 3.9 0. 4 0.7 0. 5 FALSE 12.2 1. 2 4.1 3. 1 123.0 12.3 38.4 16.3 TRUE 2.9 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 TRUE 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 47.5 4. 8 12.4 12.0 3.3 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 FALSE 0.6 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 FALSE 24.0 2. 4 4.1 3. 2 TRUE 22.5 2. 3 5.9 5. 7 7.3 0. 7 1.5 1. 0 FALSE 70.9 7. 1 20.6 17.8 15.2 1. 5 2.6 2. 0 TRUE 35.0 3. 5 6.0 4. 6 TRUE 18.4 1. 8 3.7 2. 4 FALSE 50.0 5. 0 9.3 6. 6 TRUE 49.1 4. 9 14.3 12.4 10.5 1. 1 3.3 2. 6 140.3 14.0 30.1 18.6 TRUE 16.1 1. 6 4.5 4. 1 4.0 0. 4 0.9 0. 5 FALSE 8.6 0. 9 2.6 2. 2 8.3 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 FALSE 760.5 76.1 139.4 100.8 TRUE 470.0 47.0 86.2 62.3 TRUE 541.0 54.1 52.1 52.1 TRUE 556.0 55.6 53.5 53.5 TRUE 1596.0 159.6 292.6 211.6 TRUE 479.0 47.9 46.1 46.1 TRUE 685.1 68.5 125.6 90.8 TRUE 603.7 60.4 110.7 80.0 TRUE 8.2 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 FALSE 17.0 1. 7 3.7 3. 7 23.7 2. 4 3.1 3. 1 TRUE 69.6 7. 0 11.2 9. 2 TRUE 8.3 0. 8 2.2 2. 1 480.7 48.1 136.7 121.1 48.0 4. 8 8.2 6. 4 TRUE 607.5 60.8 104.3 80.6 TRUE 593.0 59.3 116.8 78.6 TRUE 300.0 30.0 51.5 39.8 TRUE 11.5 1. 1 3.3 2. 9 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 49.6 5. 0 15.5 12.5 15.0 1. 5 2.7 2. 0 FALSE 254.9 25.5 53.0 33.8 TRUE 30.0 3. 0 6.4 4. 0 TRUE 37.3 3. 7 8.0 4. 9 TRUE 17.3 1. 7 1.8 1. 8 FALSE 6.5 0. 7 1.4 0. 9 FALSE 9.7 1. 0 2.7 2. 4 0.8 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 FALSE 20.3 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 TRUE 20.3 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 TRUE 1.5 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 FALSE 10.3 1. 0 1.9 1. 4 FALSE 22301.7 2230.2 3469.3 2517.8 N/ A 2090.9 209.1 597.3 525.9 89.8% 15.3% N/ A 8. 4% 2. 6% 148 N/ A 61 N/ A N/ A 26 N/ A 36 N/ A 020500 020600 Closed Molding Subcategory Compression & R Injection Molding M Major SMC/ BMC Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) TRUE 86.9 1. 7 0.2 0. 2 TRUE TRUE 858.5 17.2 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 7119.0 142.4 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 362.5 7. 3 4.0 4. 0 FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE 8787.0 175.7 20.2 20.2 TRUE 140.0 22.0 0. 0 FALSE TRUE 3406.8 68.1 10.2 10.2 TRUE FALSE 8017.2 160.3 17.6 17.6 TRUE 4345.2 86.9 9. 6 9.6 FALSE 7201.2 144.0 15.8 15.8 TRUE 571.2 11.4 1. 3 1.3 TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE 38.2 0. 8 0.1 0. 1 TRUE FALSE 10.5 2. 6 0.0 TRUE 941.8 18.8 2. 9 2.9 FALSE 3973.9 79.5 9. 7 9.7 TRUE 67.5 10.6 0. 0 67.5 10.6 0. 0 11261.8 225.2 25.7 25.7 TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE 11220.0 224.4 45.1 45.1 TRUE 4109.9 82.2 9. 3 9.3 FALSE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 252.0 5. 0 1.6 1. 6 TRUE 24.5 0. 5 0.1 0. 1 TRUE 68.4 15.7 0. 0 68.9 10.8 0. 0 411.1 8. 2 0.4 0. 4 TRUE 13.8 2. 2 0.0 FALSE 1428.0 28.6 4. 0 4.0 FALSE 18160.1 363.2 41.8 41.8 TRUE 2728.5 54.6 6. 3 6.3 FALSE 301.4 6. 0 0.8 0. 8 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 5069.4 101.4 16.0 16.0 TRUE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 7.6 3. 7 0.0 839.0 16.8 1. 8 1.8 FALSE FALSE 0.8 0. 3 0.0 600.0 12.0 2. 0 2.0 FALSE 394.0 7. 9 0.8 0. 8 TRUE 163.8 3. 3 0.9 0. 9 FALSE FALSE TRUE 417.5 8. 4 1.1 1. 1 FALSE 2140.0 42.8 4. 9 4.9 FALSE TRUE 176.0 3. 5 0.4 0. 4 TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE 173.4 30.6 76.5 FALSE 1500.0 30.0 2. 4 2.4 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE 25.0 5. 1 7.7 FALSE FALSE 603.0 12.1 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 8000.0 160.0 21.0 21.0 TRUE TRUE 4453.6 89.1 10.1 10.1 TRUE 3155.6 63.1 6. 5 6.5 FALSE 4161.2 83.2 6. 6 6.6 TRUE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 3.1 0. 5 0.0 TRUE 76.5 1. 5 0.2 0. 2 TRUE 71.1 11.1 0. 0 94.7 1. 9 0.3 0. 3 TRUE 1611.5 32.2 0. 5 0.5 FALSE FALSE TRUE 438.3 108.0 241.0 FALSE TRUE 2728.5 54.6 6. 5 6.5 TRUE 10.2 0. 1 0.0 FALSE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 29.3 4. 6 0.0 805.0 16.1 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 500.0 10.0 1. 4 1.4 FALSE FALSE 860.0 17.2 2. 6 2.6 FALSE FALSE FALSE 817.5 16.4 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 1351.5 27.0 5. 7 5.7 FALSE 20.5 5. 8 16.3 FALSE 2384.4 47.7 2. 9 2.9 TRUE TRUE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE FALSE 1500.9 30.0 3. 0 3.0 FALSE 5177.5 103.6 8. 8 8.8 FALSE TRUE 2728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 914.8 18.3 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 67.5 10.6 0. 0 TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE 5.9 0. 9 0.0 FALSE 700.7 14.0 1. 3 1.3 FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE 99.9 2. 0 0.4 0. 4 TRUE 73.6 11.5 0. 0 FALSE 697.0 13.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE N/ A 172156.8 3443.1 420.5 420.5 N/ A 1362.6 267.2 341.5 N/ A 100.0% 1.9% N/ A 0. 5% 0. 1% N/ A 31 N/ A 31 N/ A N/ A 11 N/ A N/ A 030701 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) CR Applications Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 12.5 1. 2 1.2 TRUE 1.0 0. 1 0.1 TRUE 6.0 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 6.0 0. 4 0.4 TRUE 6.4 0. 6 0.6 TRUE 6.2 0. 6 0.6 FALSE 372.1 269.1 1. 2 38.5 4. 9 1.2 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 0.8 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 0.1 0. 0 0.0 TRUE 21.8 1. 6 1.6 TRUE 2.9 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 0.3 0. 0 0.0 TRUE 6.4 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 60.8 3. 4 3.4 FALSE 0.8 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 2.6 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 45.7 32.9 0. 0 4.7 12.5 3.3 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 6.0 0. 6 0.6 FALSE 0.5 0. 0 0.0 FALSE 6.6 0. 6 0.6 TRUE 152.4 11.1 11.1 N/ A 417.7 302.0 1. 2 43.3 17.4 0. 0% N/ A 0. 1% 0. 0% 0. 1% N/ A 9 N/ A N/ A 2 N/ A N/ A N/ A 0 030721 Centrifugal Casting Subcategory Non­ CR Applications Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source 233.0 308.5 0. 0 32.5 57.8 46.2 TRUE 1298.0 1662.9 41.0 180.1 253.5 253.5 TRUE 555.5 689.9 0. 0 74.7 108.8 108.8 TRUE 4. 9 TRUE 393.0 503.5 12.4 54.5 77.8 77.8 TRUE 12.5 TRUE 45.7 56.7 0. 0 6.1 12.5 9. 0 TRUE 2487.5 3089.2 0. 0 334.6 520.5 492.7 TRUE 21.4 8. 3 0.7 1. 8 7.2 4. 2 FALSE 17.4 N/ A 5034.1 6319.0 54.1 684.4 1038.2 992.3 N/ A N/ A 1. 7% 0. 0% 4. 6% N/ A N/ A N/ A 6 N/ A N/ A N/ A 1 N/ A N/ A 040800 050900 Continuous Lamination / Continuous Casting Subcategory Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) 397.7 0. 0 223.2 0. 0 463.3 0. 0 518.3 0. 0 275.9 0. 0 203.6 0. 0 131.4 0. 0 470.4 0. 0 220.9 0. 0 464.4 0. 0 496.5 0. 0 106.5 0. 0 140.1 0. 0 251.2 0. 0 578.0 0. 0 1091.2 0. 0 327.8 0. 0 157.0 0. 0 648.5 0. 0 169.7 0. 0 1000.0 0. 0 16830.0 9160.6 12436.2 4011.0 23.7 10.8 TRUE 6250.0 3498.0 2565.2 1293.8 31.9 31.9 TRUE 88.2 0. 0 273.5 0. 0 967.2 46.0 549.4 0. 0 132.1 0. 0 1235.2 1095.5 507.0 296.1 3. 7 3.7 TRUE 138.1 0. 0 172.7 0. 0 221.7 0. 0 606.0 0. 0 867.7 0. 0 189.1 0. 0 1104.0 0. 0 453.1 166.8 65.3 29.7 TRUE 257.6 0. 0 120.6 0. 0 1.7 0. 0 71.1 1. 0 1872.1 0. 0 3266.2 532.6 15.6 15.6 TRUE 393.8 0. 0 3510.0 1279.5 817.8 595.8 29.9 13.6 TRUE 242.6 0. 0 79.6 0. 0 526.9 0. 0 701.6 0. 0 108.7 0. 0 234.3 0. 0 382.0 0. 0 75.6 0. 0 49.0 0. 0 58.4 0. 0 139.1 0. 0 1621.5 0. 0 457.5 0. 0 39.6 0. 0 2192.4 0. 0 241.0 0. 0 303.0 0. 0 95.0 0. 0 74.0 0. 0 247.2 0. 0 135.1 0. 0 929.8 90.0 218.6 0. 0 169.1 0. 0 1781.3 742.1 311.5 301.3 31.0 14.1 TRUE 153.3 0. 0 861.6 0. 0 164.4 0. 0 12644.9 5246.3 2803.3 2195.9 247.8 112.7 TRUE 179.6 0. 0 582.8 0. 0 549.4 0. 0 146.5 0. 0 161.2 0. 0 119.6 0. 0 13592.2 4396.8 3479.0 2282.7 137.2 62.4 TRUE 173.2 0. 0 391.1 0. 0 5572.0 0. 0 273.5 0. 0 0.2 0. 0 385.4 0. 0 193.4 42.3 0. 0 25.5 48.4 22.0 TRUE 186.3 0. 0 96.9 0. 0 59013.1 25461.0 26639.2 11701.5 634.5 316.6 N/ A 32704.2 137.0 20.2% 7.7% 2.8% N/ A 11.2% 10 N/ A 0 N/ A N/ A 35 061000 Polymer Casting Pultrusion Subcategory Subcategory Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) Source (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) (tpy) 730.3 33.8 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 476.7 21.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 1642.7 63.2 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 817.5 40.1 3. 6 3.6 TRUE 804.4 32.4 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 972.0 35.3 1. 6 1.6 FALSE 394.1 15.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 14.7 14.6 2. 6 2.6 TRUE 1775.1 2955.0 531.0 243.6 940.0 34.8 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 1806.0 68.1 3. 3 3.3 FALSE 1610.7 63.2 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 266.3 11.2 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 420.4 16.8 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 753.7 30.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 554.0 981.0 190.0 79.1 362.5 28.2 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 434.0 45.8 7. 9 7.9 TRUE 955.7 38.5 2. 3 2.3 TRUE 628.0 23.6 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 1890.8 76.2 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 354.0 850.0 165.0 58.5 494.8 19.9 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 2915.8 117.5 6. 8 6.8 TRUE 833.0 1000.0 31.0 89.1 484.1 642.2 44.5 55.1 257.1 10.4 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 825.6 33.0 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 262.1 937.3 81.9 46.3 3724.7 141.7 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 1602.0 64.5 3. 8 3.8 FALSE 0.0 4. 0 1.1 1. 1 TRUE 192.6 129.4 57.3 22.6 95.2 7. 0 1.1 1. 1 TRUE 517.9 1538.6 70.2 77.8 446.1 899.1 100.0 61.7 577.0 22.5 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 646.3 26.0 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 1767.0 71.2 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 2530.2 101.9 6. 0 6.0 TRUE 551.3 22.2 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 647.0 1278.2 129.4 87.7 399.0 788.3 79.8 54.1 740.4 1492.3 166.0 102.4 387.8 19.4 1. 8 1.8 TRUE 39.1 50.6 49.7 8. 1 381.7 15.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 0.1 0. 1 0.0 0. 0 TRUE 132.6 262.4 0. 0 15.9 59.3 64.1 84.7 12.8 114.7 188.9 0. 0 13.0 245.0 9. 5 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 1148.2 46.3 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 927.1 35.1 1. 7 1.7 TRUE 213.0 8. 8 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 1519.9 61.4 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 1753.4 3481.9 847.6 277.7 5564.9 188.0 3. 9 3.9 TRUE 336.0 13.3 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 594.7 24.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 1113.8 44.9 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 220.5 8. 9 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 76.1 89.1 13.0 8. 9 146.9 5. 9 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 175.2 7. 0 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 405.7 16.3 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 41.0 41.0 0. 0 4.1 3687.2 159.3 11.2 11.2 TRUE 653.3 33.3 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 4428.6 7334.3 1256.9 601.5 92.0 120.0 20.0 11.4 118.8 4. 8 0.3 0. 3 FALSE 6392.7 257.6 15.3 15.3 TRUE 964.6 1444.1 310.2 130.9 702.6 28.3 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 789.0 32.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 1330.0 42.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 74.0 4. 4 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 99.2 197.0 20.5 13.5 918.0 35.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 436.6 17.2 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 6104.0 212.8 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 655.8 26.2 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 5288.9 9086.6 230.3 623.3 539.5 21.3 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 134.0 180.0 46.0 18.0 304.9 13.7 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 258.3 33.6 6. 9 6.9 TRUE 657.4 24.7 1. 0 1.0 TRUE 638.0 1285.8 143.0 88.2 318.2 14.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 104.5 192.0 2. 4 12.4 1699.2 68.5 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 329.4 820.8 94.6 50.3 1355.8 57.2 3. 0 3.0 TRUE 427.2 17.2 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 496.0 19.7 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 868.0 1749.4 194.6 120.0 348.7 14.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 505.1 20.4 1. 2 1.2 FALSE 1955.3 70.4 2. 3 2.3 FALSE 16246.9 654.6 38.8 38.8 TRUE 797.6 32.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 0.5 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 FALSE 1042.4 42.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 67.0 65.0 5. 0 7.1 54.7 90.1 0. 0 6.2 543.2 21.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 324.3 12.6 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 94970.3 3833.0 227.8 227.8 N/ A 22490.3 40234.5 4964.5 3001.1 27.6% 1.0% N/ A 7. 7% 1. 4% N/ A 43 N/ A N/ A 21 N/ A Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major (tpy) (tpy) Source 25.7 20.7 TRUE 27.7 6. 5 TRUE 21.7 4. 1 TRUE 81.5 9. 7 TRUE 8.7 5. 7 FALSE 8. 3 3. 1 TRUE 21.8 2. 2 TRUE 25.3 6. 0 TRUE 22.7 5. 2 TRUE 7. 6 7. 6 TRUE 4. 6 4. 6 TRUE 37.7 8. 6 TRUE 2.2 0. 5 FALSE 10.7 1. 5 TRUE 2. 5 0. 7 TRUE 2.5 1. 3 FALSE 87.7 20.5 TRUE 3.8 0. 9 FALSE 2. 0 0. 5 TRUE 102.0 51.7 TRUE 4.8 1. 1 FALSE 67.6 11.3 TRUE 5.6 1. 2 FALSE 198.3 61.7 TRUE 6.2 1. 6 FALSE 26.3 7. 4 TRUE 5.9 1. 2 FALSE 15.6 3. 8 TRUE 2. 2 2. 2 TRUE 3.1 0. 8 FALSE 2.9 0. 6 FALSE 845.2 254.6 N/ A 3.7% N/ A 10 N/ A N/ A Facility Name 010101 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap 20th Century Fiberglass, Inc. (Plant #4) 010101 ­ ­ ­ A R. E., Inc. (Massillon) 010101 ­ ­ ­ A R. E., Inc. (Mount Eaton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ A 1 Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) 010101 36.0 21.1 9. 0 4.4 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) 010101 30.0 17.6 7. 5 3.7 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) 010101 45.0 26.4 11.2 5. 5 Accent Marble Co., Inc. (Houston, TX) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Accra Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Accurate Glass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Acme Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Advance Transformer Co. (Boscobel) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Aero Transportation Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Aeroquip Inoac 010101 ­ ­ ­ AGCO Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) 010101 ­ ­ ­ AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, N Oak Rd) 010101 ­ ­ ­ AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, Pidco Dr) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Allen Group (Crown Fiberglass) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Alliance Equipment Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Allied Moulded Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Altec Industries, Inc. (Midwest Oper.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Acrylic Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Bluegrass Marble Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Marble Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Reinforced Plastics 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ American Standard 010101 ­ ­ ­ Americh Corp. (Charlotte, NC) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Americh Corp. (Hollywood, CA) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ameron Inc. (Burkburnett) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Amtech Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ An Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. 010101 142.7 66.9 ­ 14.0 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Applied Composites Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Aqua Bath Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Aqua Glass Corp. (Adamsville) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Aqua Glass Corp. (Klamath Falls) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Armorcast Products Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Arrow Dynamics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ashworth Plastic Products 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Associated Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Astoria Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Athena Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Attbar Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Austin Countertops, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bailey Transportation Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Baja Products (Tucson) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Baltek Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bathcraft Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Beaver Motor Coaches, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Beden Baugh Products, Inc. 010101 9.7 4. 5 ­ 1. 0 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Beetle Plastics, Inc. 010101 35.5 14.9 ­ 3.4 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Bittner Industries, Inc. 010101 4.3 2. 0 ­ 0. 4 Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bolfing Brothers Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bradley Specialties Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bremen Glas, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bristol Fiberlite Industries 010101 ­ ­ ­ Brunnel Products of Florida, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Budd Co. (Carey) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Budd Co. (Kendallville) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Budd Co. (North Baltimore) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Budd Co. (Van Wert) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Builders Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Bulk Molding Compounds, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ C & K Fiberglass Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Cameo Marble 010101 ­ ­ ­ Capital Marble Creations, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Capon Valley Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Carolina Counters 010101 ­ ­ ­ Carsonite International Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) 010101 ­ ­ ­ CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) 010101 ­ ­ ­ CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Cedar Manufacturing, Inc. (Bremen Glas) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Central Marble Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Century Manufacturing Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Century Marble Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ceramic Cooling Tower Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Chance Operations, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Channel Master 010101 ­ ­ ­ Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Clark Manufacturing 010101 ­ ­ ­ Coastal Engineered Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Columbia Specialties, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Composites USA, Inc. 010101 32.9 15.4 ­ 3.2 Comtech Antenna Systems, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Concept Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Conley Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Contemporary Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Continental Camper Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Cor Tec Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Core Materials Corp. (formerly Navistar International) 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Country Coach, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Covermaster Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ CR PL Ltd. Partnership (Newartesian Ltd. Partnership) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Crane Kemlite (Joliet) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Crane Kemlite (Jonesboro ­ formerly BP Chemicals) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Alum Bank) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Roswell, NM) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Cultured Marble Products, Ltd. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Custom Fiberglass Molding, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Custom Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Cytec Industries (American Cyanamid) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Dasco Pro, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Delta Fiberglass & Environmental Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. 010101 29.6 8. 8 ­ 2. 6 Diamond Coach Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. 010101 75.9 35.6 ­ 7.4 Dixie­ Pacific Manufacturing Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Dom Fab (DFI Pultruded Composites) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Dow Chemical (Russellville, AR) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eagle Craft, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eagle Picher Industries, Inc. (Grabill) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eagle Picher Industries, Inc. (Huntington) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eagle Picher Plastics Div. (Ashley) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ebonite International, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eckler Industries 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ecowater Systems 010101 ­ ­ ­ ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Electric Glass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eljer Manufacturing (Valdosta) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Eljer Plumbingware (Wilson) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Elmore Truck Accessories, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Emsig Manufacturing Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Enduro Fiberglass (formerly W. R. Grace) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Enduro Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Epoch Industries 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ershigs Inc. (Bellingham) 010101 47.1 22.1 ­ 4.6 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 010101 134.0 62.8 ­ 13.1 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 010101 38.9 18.2 ­ 3.8 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Evelands Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Faball Enterprises of Utah, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ FG Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiber Pad, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiber Pro (formerly Great Dane Trailers Indiana, Inc.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fibercast Co. 010101 67.0 40.0 2. 0 7.2 Fiberdome, Inc. (Plant #1) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberflex Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Engineering Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Forms, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Plus Recreational Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fibergrate Corp. 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Fiber­ Tech Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fibre Body Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fibrenetics Inc. 010101 23.4 9. 9 ­ 2. 2 Fibrex Corp. 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Fleetwood (Decatur ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fleetwood (Fontana ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Florida Line of Astatula, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Foremost Interiors, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 281.0 147.2 96.6 35.3 Frankfort Plastics 010101 ­ ­ ­ G W. Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ GenCorp Automotive, Inc. (Marion) 010101 ­ ­ ­ GenCorp Automotive, Reinforced Plastic Div. (Ionia) 010101 ­ ­ ­ General Electric Distibution and Control 010101 ­ ­ ­ General Marble Co. (Guasti) 010101 ­ ­ ­ General Marble Co. (Hornell) 010101 ­ ­ ­ General Marble Co. (Lincolnton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Gesmar Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ GHM Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Gibbon Fiberglass Reprod., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #1) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #2) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasforms Inc. (Birmingham) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasforms Inc. (San Jose) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasgo Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasspec Associates, Ltd. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasstite Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glasteel Industrial Laminates 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glastic Corp. (Jefferson) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Glastic Corp. (South Euclid) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Global Glass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ GMC (Inland Fisher Guide Div.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Gorman Rupp Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ GPI Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ GPM Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Grayson Tool Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Great Lakes Plastics Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Gruber Systems, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ H & R Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) 010101 8.1 8. 6 ­ 1. 1 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. 010101 50.0 18.0 0. 8 4.6 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) 010101 109.5 51.3 ­ 10.7 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) 010101 20.8 9. 8 ­ 2. 0 Haysite Reinforced Plastics 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ HEMCO Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Henderson Black & Green, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Hess County Industries of WV, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Holiday Rambler Corp., Plant 36 and 37 010101 ­ ­ ­ Hood Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Hydro Systems, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Hy Tec Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ I M. Pena, Inc. 010101 1.8 1. 0 0.5 0. 2 IKG Industries 010101 ­ ­ ­ Images Products Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ IMCO Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Indian Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Industrial Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Industrial Linings, Inc. 010101 31.3 14.8 0. 0 3.1 International Grating, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ International Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ International Paper (Hampton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ International Paper (Odenton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ International Reinforced Plastics 010101 54.2 24.4 ­ 5.3 Iten Industries 010101 ­ ­ ­ Jason Industries, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Jason International, Inc. (N. Little Rock, AR) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Johnson Truck Bodies 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kalwall Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ KBK Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kearney Western Power Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kenro Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kerrico Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kivett's Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kohler Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Kreider Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Krueger International, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Laminated Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Larson Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) 010101 41.0 20.4 ­ 4.1 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Leer East, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Leer Midwest 010101 ­ ­ ­ Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Liberty Polyglas, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Lippert Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Livingston Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ LL Cultured Marble 010101 ­ ­ ­ Lund Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ M C. Gill Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Mac Molding Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Magnum Plastics, Inc. 010101 7.5 3. 5 ­ 0. 7 Marbelite Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marble Creations, Inc. (Foreman Industries, Inc.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Marble Designs, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marble Falls (owned by Gould Shawmut) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marble Products Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marble Works, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marblecast Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marley Cooling Tower Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Marquis Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ McClarin Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ McClure Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Melcher Manufacturing Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Menasha Corp. (LEWISystems) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Menasha Corp. (Watertown) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Mesa Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Mesa Fully Formed, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Adelanto) 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Linesville) 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Plant #1 ­ Ashtabula) 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Plant #2 ­ Ashtabula) 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG ­ Molded Fiber Glass Co. (Union City) 010101 ­ ­ ­ MFG Justin Tanks, Inc. 010101 52.9 32.3 ­ 5.6 Michiana Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Micro Fab, Inc. 010101 89.9 42.2 ­ 8.8 Miles Fiberglass & Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Millennium Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Mincey Marble Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Miracle Recreation Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Molded Plastic Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Monarch Plastic, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Morrison Molded Fiber Glass (Bristol) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Morrison Molded Fiber Glass (Twinsburg) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Mr Tubs, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Murphy Body Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ National Fiber Glass Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ New England Plastic Coated Products, Inc. 010101 1.9 1. 9 ­ 0. 2 New York Blower Co. (Plant #2) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Newport Laminates 010101 ­ ­ ­ Niagara Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Non Metallic Resources, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Devils Lake) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Nordic Fiberglass, Inc. (Warren) 010101 ­ ­ ­ North American Lighting Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Northwest Bodies, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Norton Performance Plastics Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Nova Group, Inc. 010101 5.2 4. 8 5.0 1. 0 Nova Marble Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Oasis 010101 ­ ­ ­ Oasis Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Odom Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Olympic Fiberglass Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Omega Pultrusions, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Osborne Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Owens­ Corning (Auburndale) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Owens Corning (Mount Union) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Owens­ Corning Fiberglas (Bakersfield) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Owens Corning Fiberglas (Conroe) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Owens Corning Tanks (Valparaiso) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Oxford CMP, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Pacific Tank, Ltd. 010101 19.1 8. 9 ­ 1. 9 Parkson Aeration & Fiberglas Corp., Inc. 010101 2.8 1. 3 ­ 0. 3 Parthenon Marble Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Pearl Baths, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Perma Grain Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Peterson Products 010101 22.5 13.5 ­ 2.4 Phil Carter System, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Picken's Plastics, Inc. 010101 47.9 22.4 ­ 4.7 Piedmont Composites Div. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Piedmont Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Pillings F. R. P. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Pinta's Cultured Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Plas Steel Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Plas Tech, Ltd. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Plastic Composites Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Plastic Development Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Plasti Fab, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Polymer Concrete Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Polyply Inc. (Grand Haven) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Premix / E. H. S., Inc. (Hartford, IN) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Premix / E. H. S., Inc. (North Kingsville, OH) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Prestigious Accessories, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Primero Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Prodelin Corp. (Catawba Facility) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Prototype Concepts, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Quazite Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ R & D Marble 010101 ­ ­ ­ R D. Werner Co., Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Radiant Marble Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Red Ewald, Inc. 010101 20.7 17.9 ­ 2.5 Resolite 010101 60.8 27.0 11.4 6. 7 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Robroy Industries, Inc. (Belding, MI) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Robroy Industries, Inc. (Verona, PA) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Rockwell International 010101 ­ ­ ­ Rockwell Plastic Products (Newton, NC) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Roma Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Rubber & Plastic Applicators 010101 36.5 15.5 ­ 3.5 Rynone Manufacturing Corp. (Sayre Plant) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ryobi Motor Products Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ S R. Smith, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ S W. C. Industries, Inc. (Swirl­ Way Div.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Schmitt Marble Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Seal Reinforced Fiberglass 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Sequentia, Inc. (Grand Junction) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Shakespeare Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. 010101 79.1 46.4 19.8 9. 7 Sherman Poles 010101 ­ ­ ­ Simon Telelect, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Wichita) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Southeast Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Space Tables, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Spears Fabrication 010101 ­ ­ ­ Specialty Plastics Associates, Inc 010101 ­ ­ ­ Specialty Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Square D Co. (Cedar Rapids) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Square D Co. (Lincoln) 010101 ­ ­ ­ St Croix of Park Falls, Ltd. 010101 ­ ­ ­ St Mary's Marble, L. L. C. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Standard Glas, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Sterling Plumbing Group, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Structron Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Structural North America 010101 ­ ­ ­ Style Crest Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Sunset Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Superior Home Products 010101 ­ ­ ­ Synmar Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Syntechnics 010101 ­ ­ ­ Taylor Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Teco Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tecton (Fargo) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tiffany Marble Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Anaheim) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Cordele) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Elizabethtown) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Lancaster) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Moapa) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (South Boston) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Three Rivers) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Yelm) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tomkins ­ LASCO Panel Products (KY) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Trail Wagons, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Tri City Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ TRW ­ Trans. Electronics Div. (Union Springs) 010101 ­ ­ ­ U S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Ultra Glas of Lakeville 010101 ­ ­ ­ United States Marble, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ United Technologies Motor Systems 010101 ­ ­ ­ Universal Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Universal Rundle Corp. (New Castle) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Universal Rundle Corp. (Ottumwa) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Universal Rundle Corp. (Union Point) 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Velasco Scale Co. (Plastics Div.) 010101 49.0 19.0 ­ 4.6 Vendura Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Venetian Marble, Inc. (Helotes, TX) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Venetian Marble, Inc. (Richmond, VA) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Vertex Plastics, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ VMC Fiberglass Products, Inc./ Tri­ Glas 010101 ­ ­ ­ W H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Camden Rd) 010101 ­ ­ ­ W H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Cameron Ave.) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Water Heater Innovations, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Wayne Manufacturing Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Western Recreational Vehicles, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Wildon Industries, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Wilson Marble Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Xenon Co., Inc. 010101 3.8 1. 6 0.1 0. 4 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) 010101 47.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 Xerxes Corp. (Lakeland) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Xerxes Corp. (Seguin) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Xerxes Corp. (Tipton) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Xerxes Corp. (Williamsport) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Yankee Plastic Co. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Zane's Fiberglass Shop, Inc. 010101 ­ ­ ­ Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #1) 010101 ­ ­ ­ Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #2) 010101 ­ ­ ­ ­ Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 010121 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.8 2. 2 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.4 1. 9 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.5 2. 8 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 241.7 113.4 ­ 23.7 24.8 9. 2 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 9.9 8. 8 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 70.0 32.8 ­ 6.9 5. 1 2.7 4.9 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 6.5 3. 0 ­ 0. 6 0.4 0. 2 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 43.5 24.0 ­ 4.5 1. 1 1.1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.3 0. 6 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.3 2. 2 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.3 0. 3 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 146.8 68.8 ­ 14.4 15.1 5. 6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 0.5 0. 2 ­ 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 152.0 126.0 ­ 18.2 5. 8 5.8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 125.0 120.0 ­ 16.0 6. 1 4.8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 146.8 95.3 56.5 20.0 6. 6 5.6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 74.5 16.8 60.0 10.4 7. 0 2.8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 110.0 51.6 ­ 10.8 4. 1 4.1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 3.2 1. 5 ­ 0. 3 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.5 2. 0 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 2,100.0 1, 348.7 776.0 282.2 70.6 70.6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 101.0 47.4 ­ 9.9 8. 1 3.8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.9 1. 8 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 140.8 42.4 ­ 12.4 8. 7 5.4 6.7 4. 7 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 3.1 0. 2 ­ 0. 2 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 146.8 68.8 ­ 14.4 9. 6 5.6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 9.2 8. 3 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.3 2. 4 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 5.3 4. 1 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 44.0 20.6 ­ 4.3 2. 9 1.7 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.7 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 1,458.7 947.4 561.4 198.3 80.2 55.6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.9 1. 4 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 9 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 29.5 17.4 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 3.4 0. 9 ­ 0. 3 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 3.9 1. 8 ­ 0. 4 0.3 0. 1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.5 0. 5 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.5 3. 1 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 9.1 6. 8 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.1 1. 3 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 80.0 46.0 ­ 8.4 5. 8 3.0 0.1 0. 1 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 127.0 53.8 ­ 12.1 10.3 4. 8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 130.0 60.0 ­ 12.7 10.3 5. 0 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.2 1. 9 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 4.6 3. 3 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 195.0 91.4 ­ 19.1 8. 9 7.4 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 15.9 7. 5 ­ 1. 6 1.6 0. 6 1.7 1. 7 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 79.0 203.0 ­ 17.7 11.1 3. 0 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.5 0. 5 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 146.8 68.8 ­ 14.4 9. 6 5.6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 5.2 3. 3 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 5.7 5. 6 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 43.8 20.5 ­ 4.3 1. 8 1.7 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.2 0. 1 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 8.0 3. 1 ­ 0. 7 0.4 0. 3 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 59.0 18.0 22.7 6. 8 2.7 2. 2 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.4 0. 3 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.6 1. 2 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.2 0. 2 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.8 1. 4 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.9 3. 0 TRUE 010121 256.5 120.3 ­ 25.2 21.8 9. 8 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 8.0 5. 6 4.0 1. 2 0.5 0. 3 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 27.7 13.0 ­ 2.7 2. 4 1.1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 4.6 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.7 1. 3 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.5 3. 5 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 2.5 1. 2 ­ 0. 2 0.1 0. 1 ­ ­ ­ 010121 37.3 15.3 ­ 3.5 2. 3 1.4 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.9 2. 3 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 191.7 89.9 ­ 18.8 12.8 7. 3 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 25.6 12.0 ­ 2.5 1. 6 1.0 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 8.1 4. 9 FALSE 010121 6.9 4. 5 2.8 0. 9 0.4 0. 3 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 32.8 11.0 ­ 3.0 3. 4 1.2 3.7 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 15.5 7. 3 ­ 1. 5 1.0 0. 6 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 33.0 15.5 ­ 3.2 1. 5 1.3 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 84.6 39.7 ­ 8.3 3. 9 3.2 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.8 2. 8 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 12.1 4. 0 ­ 1. 1 0.7 0. 5 ­ ­ ­ 010121 13.9 4. 6 ­ 1. 3 0.9 0. 5 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 14.1 9. 2 5.4 1. 9 0.6 0. 5 ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.3 0. 2 FALSE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.7 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.7 2. 9 TRUE 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010121 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ Major 010201 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 47.6 14.6 ­ 10.4 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 56.6 25.8 27.6 18.5 3. 4 3.4 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 87.3 26.8 ­ 19.1 22.0 8. 3 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 23.8 9. 9 ­ 5. 6 2.7 2. 3 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 14.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 20.5 6. 3 ­ 4. 5 1.7 1. 7 FALSE 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 25.9 10.9 ­ 6.1 3. 9 2.5 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 10.7 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 266.0 79.2 ­ 57.9 30.5 25.3 TRUE 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 177.7 54.5 ­ 38.9 27.5 16.9 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 58.8 18.0 ­ 12.9 7. 9 5.6 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 134.0 41.1 ­ 29.4 16.2 12.7 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 17.8 5. 5 ­ 3. 9 3.0 1. 7 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 9.6 4. 1 ­ 2. 3 1.4 0. 9 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 97.1 48.0 ­ 24.2 14.7 9. 2 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 107.0 53.3 36.0 32.8 16.4 10.2 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 42.0 19.1 ­ 10.2 5. 2 4.0 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 12.5 4. 5 0.2 2. 9 1.5 1. 2 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 324.0 99.4 ­ 71.0 52.8 30.8 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 250.1 76.7 ­ 54.8 46.2 23.8 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 35.2 4. 5 1.2 6. 9 3.8 3. 3 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 16.4 8. 8 8.0 5. 6 1.8 1. 6 FALSE 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 200.0 92.0 148.0 73.9 24.2 19.0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 41.0 20.4 ­ 10.2 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 22.5 6. 9 ­ 4. 9 2.4 2. 1 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 24.0 7. 4 ­ 5. 3 3.4 2. 3 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 525.2 161.1 ­ 115.1 73.9 49.9 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 122.4 74.8 ­ 32.8 21.4 11.6 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 38.5 11.8 ­ 8.4 4. 3 3.7 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 8.4 2. 6 ­ 1. 8 1.6 0. 8 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 17.1 16.9 ­ 5.6 2. 7 1.6 FALSE 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 43.2 46.2 30.9 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 46.8 15.7 4. 5 11.2 6. 7 4.4 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 19.1 5. 8 ­ 4. 2 2.9 1. 8 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 25.2 7. 7 ­ 5. 5 3.9 2. 4 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 95.6 29.3 ­ 21.0 13.7 9. 1 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 156.9 48.1 ­ 34.4 27.6 14.9 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 395.0 342.1 ­ 121.9 57.1 37.5 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 18.9 6. 1 ­ 4. 2 3.0 1. 8 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 TRUE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 FALSE 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 11.3 4. 8 0.2 2. 7 1.4 1. 1 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 9. 3 9.0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 010222 ­ 010201 23.5 7. 2 ­ 5. 1 2.5 2. 2 FALSE 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 ­ 010201 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010222 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 010223 Resin Reinforce. ­­­­­­­ 010223 97.2 38.4 ­­­­­­­ 010223 5,983.5 1, 002.5 ­­­­­­­ 010223 1,007.1 514.6 ­­­­­­­ 010223 402.9 140.8 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 77.0 30.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 114.0 56.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 185.0 90.0 134.3 65.7 ­ 33.3 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 241.7 91.2 ­ 55.7 44.6 12.6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 2,275.7 1, 162.8 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,310.1 702.2 ­­­­­­­ 010223 164.7 52.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 19.8 9. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 288.0 44.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,000.0 510.9 ­­­­­­­ 010223 63.2 32.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 42.1 21.5 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 47.8 16.7 ­ 10.8 8. 8 2.5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 10 3 3. 9 ­ 2. 4 1. 6 0. 5 TRUE 010223 9.8 5. 0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,117.0 612.5 ­­­­­­­ 010223 10,143.0 3, 490.2 ­­­­­­­ 010223 992.5 507.1 ­­­­­­­ 010223 128.5 32.5 34.0 12.8 ­ 7.8 4. 9 1.8 FALSE 010223 ­ 70.0 26.4 ­ 16.1 9. 0 3.6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 162.6 83.1 ­­­­­­­ 010223 61.2 40.8 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 510.0 244.8 ­ 125.9 85.3 26.5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ 55.4 20.9 ­ 12.8 9. 0 2.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 100.0 37.7 ­ 23.0 16.3 5. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 945.2 278.5 185.1 69.9 ­ 42.6 26.5 9. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 51.2 20.4 ­ 12.0 3. 0 2.7 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,159.0 393.0 247.7 40.5 ­ 48.6 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 62.5 16.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 104.0 16.3 ­ 20.3 11.3 5. 4 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 010223 ­ 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 8. 9 8.9 TRUE 010223 ­ 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 8. 2 8.2 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 367.0 94.8 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 29.2 11.0 ­ 6.7 3. 7 1.5 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 347.4 121.2 ­­­­­­­ 010223 661.0 233.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 180.9 68.3 ­ 41.7 16.1 9. 4 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 191.9 72.4 ­ 44.2 4. 8 4.8 TRUE 010223 ­ 188.2 71.0 ­ 43.4 17.9 9. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ ­­­­­­­ 010223 101.0 51.6 133.6 62.5 ­ 32.7 14.4 6. 9 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 122.5 46.2 ­ 28.2 6. 4 6.4 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 463.1 149.9 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 15.0 4. 4 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 20 0 7. 5 ­ 4. 6 1. 8 1. 0 TRUE 010223 ­ 61.2 23.1 ­ 14.1 4. 3 3.2 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 28.2 1. 7 ­ 5. 1 2.5 2. 0 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,012.4 517.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 348.8 98.2 ­­­­­­­ 010223 363.0 62.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 992.5 507.1 35.0 0. 8 ­ 6. 1 4.2 1. 8 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 44.0 13.7 ­ 9.7 3. 4 2.3 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 60.5 23.3 ­ 14.0 8. 6 3.1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 142.4 53.7 ­ 32.8 11.1 7. 4 TRUE 010223 ­ 96.0 17.2 ­ 19.1 16.0 5. 0 TRUE 010223 ­ 378.8 292.9 ­ 111.3 18.8 18.8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 100.0 60.0 ­ 26.6 12.8 5. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 54.7 22.0 ­ 12.8 6. 6 2.8 FALSE 010223 ­ 75.0 15.0 ­ 15.2 10.7 3. 9 TRUE 010223 ­ 120.0 45.3 ­ 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ ­ 36.7 13.9 ­ 8.5 4. 2 1.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 37.2 14.0 ­ 8.6 4. 0 1.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 121.2 51.5 77.0 33.0 ­ 18.4 8. 3 4.0 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 723.3 33.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 255.0 45.9 ­ 50.7 22.7 13.2 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 1,355.2 511.4 ­ 312.2 153.9 70.4 TRUE 010223 314.1 154.8 499.1 188.3 ­ 115.0 39.4 25.9 TRUE 010223 417.3 206.0 133.2 74.4 ­ 34.5 14.3 6. 9 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 752.8 658.1 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 158.2 54.0 ­ 35.5 10.1 8. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ 22.1 10.4 ­ 5.4 1. 7 1.2 FALSE 010223 ­ 187.8 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 187.8 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,032.2 527.4 18.3 5. 5 ­ 4. 0 1.4 1. 0 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 336.6 101.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 281.5 106.2 ­ 64.9 34.0 14.6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 35.1 13.2 ­ 8.1 4. 8 1.8 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 160.1 60.4 ­ 36.9 11.6 8. 3 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 306.0 90.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 494.0 243.8 ­­­­­­­ 010223 714.0 190.8 177.0 63.8 ­ 40.3 19.2 9. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 125.0 46.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 109.0 33.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 1,012.4 517.3 ­­­­­­­ 010223 86.5 31.5 198.9 75.1 ­ 45.8 15.5 10.3 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 587.8 238.4 ­ 138.1 88.6 30.5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 43.4 16.4 ­ 10.0 8. 0 2.3 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 550.0 100.0 214.2 49.0 ­ 44.2 17.0 11.1 TRUE 010223 ­ 252.0 95.1 ­ 58.1 16.5 13.1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 10.6 5. 4 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 26.1 9. 8 ­ 6. 0 2.8 1. 4 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 544.7 178.5 ­­­­­­­ 010223 612.0 102.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 522.2 102.0 ­ 105.1 28.7 27.1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 503.3 189.9 ­ 115.9 57.4 26.1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 634.0 174.0 ­ 135.6 49.3 32.9 TRUE 010223 ­ 105.0 39.6 ­ 24.2 14.2 5. 5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 992.5 507.1 ­­­­­­­ 010223 142.8 60.7 136.7 40.8 ­ 29.8 19.5 7. 1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 209.0 53.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 187.8 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 159.7 60.3 ­ 36.8 17.9 8. 3 TRUE 010223 ­ 758.8 286.3 ­ 174.8 46.0 39.4 TRUE 010223 91.9 46.9 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 992.5 507.1 102.0 38.5 ­ 23.5 8. 5 5.3 TRUE 010223 ­ 44.6 16.8 ­ 10.3 6. 0 2.3 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 137.0 91.0 117.0 44.1 ­ 26.9 12.2 6. 1 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 640.0 219.7 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 72.0 27.9 ­ 16.7 5. 6 3.7 FALSE 010223 ­ 183.6 49.0 ­ 39.0 14.3 9. 5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 316.2 158.4 ­­­­­­­ 010223 246.3 142.2 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 150.2 53.6 ­ 34.1 17.6 7. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 145.0 39.4 ­­­­­­­ 010223 82.6 46.7 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 325.0 122.6 ­ 74.9 56.2 16.9 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 22.5 13.5 ­ 6.0 3. 2 1.2 FALSE 010223 ­ 46.0 17.4 ­ 10.6 4. 9 2.4 FALSE 010223 ­ 28.5 10.8 ­ 6.6 4. 3 1.5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 120.0 45.3 ­ 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 010223 ­ 39.8 0. 9 ­ 6. 9 5.7 2. 1 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 40.0 15.1 ­ 9.2 4. 3 2.1 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 72.0 26.7 140.0 52.8 ­ 32.3 25.8 7. 3 TRUE 010223 ­ 92.0 34.7 ­ 21.2 10.1 4. 8 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 440.6 166.3 ­ 101.5 36.7 22.9 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 22.2 8. 4 ­ 5. 1 2.0 1. 2 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 107.0 54.7 ­­­­­­­ 010223 992.5 507.1 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 8 5 3. 2 ­ 2. 0 0. 9 0. 4 FALSE 010223 ­ ­ ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 32.8 11.0 ­ 7.3 4. 7 1.7 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 12.2 15.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 841.0 350.4 ­ 199.0 113.8 43.7 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 126.3 47.6 ­ 29.1 15.3 6. 6 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 84.0 31.7 ­ 19.4 6. 5 4.4 TRUE 010223 ­ 36.2 13.7 ­ 8.3 3. 9 1.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 254.0 70.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 1,014.0 687.5 ­ 282.4 108.9 52.7 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 34.2 12.9 ­ 7.9 4. 6 1.8 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 3,135.5 675.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 1,976.6 415.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,124.8 655.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,259.3 356.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 6,258.6 3, 974.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,770.5 709.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,815.4 584.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,753.9 575.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 32.6 74.5 ­ 17.5 4. 7 1.7 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 378.8 151.5 ­ 88.6 57.1 19.7 TRUE 010223 ­ 154.0 75.0 ­ 38.2 28.4 8. 0 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 84.6 31.9 ­ 19.5 6. 6 4.4 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 3,585.0 765.6 ­­­­­­­ 010223 2,500.0 804.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 1,410.0 476.0 ­­­­­­­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 68.0 28.0 ­ 16.0 4. 6 3.5 FALSE 010223 ­ 159.1 60.0 ­ 36.7 12.4 8. 3 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 108.9 9. 0 ­ 20.0 11.7 5. 7 TRUE 010223 ­ 125.4 41.4 ­ 27.9 13.5 6. 5 TRUE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 55.1 23.5 ­ 13.1 4. 0 2.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 7 5 2. 8 ­ 1. 7 0. 7 0. 4 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 75.9 28.6 ­ 17.5 5. 0 3.9 FALSE 010223 ­ 010223 ­ 010223 ­ ­ Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 010301 Resin Reinforce. Filler 58.3 32.6 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 6,404.8 2, 266.4 36.2 36.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 1,078.1 436.8 98.6 72.5 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 40.8 98.0 43.3 29.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 50.0 36.7 9. 9 ­­­­­ 010301 30.0 22.0 6. 0 ­­­­­ 010301 45.0 33.0 8. 9 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 12.0 19.9 7. 1 5.5 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 114.0 47.8 21.0 8. 2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 75.0 58.6 23.7 13.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 2,436.0 987.0 18.9 18.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 2,378.7 909.5 295.7 166.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 180.5 67.0 21.1 11.8 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 121.0 76.6 27.1 20.7 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,070.4 433.7 6. 3 6.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 67.6 27.4 8. 1 4.5 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 45.1 18.3 3. 3 3.0 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 2.5 1. 5 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 10.5 4. 3 0.5 0. 5 TRUE 010301 35.5 26.1 7. 1 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,365.0 519.9 135.1 80.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 4,000.0 2, 962.7 1, 298.5 729.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 1,062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 62.5 37.7 16.5 9. 2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 174.1 70.5 20.4 11.7 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 42.8 24.2 4. 8 4.4 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 986.9 373.0 110.1 68.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 232.3 186.0 010301 51.8 31.7 010301 34.6 21.2 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,558.0 524.8 156.9 83.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 56.0 22.7 8. 9 4.5 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 359.4 138.7 34.8 26.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 80.8 92.2 39.6 25.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 325.0 204.9 71.0 47.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 68.1 41.7 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 15.0 9. 2 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ 108.1 43.8 15.1 7. 3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 271.3 148.8 65.8 33.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 3.0 3. 8 3.5 1. 1 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 159.8 77.3 1,083.6 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 49.1 83.3 42.2 25.1 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 467.0 151.0 57.7 26.1 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 1,062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 275.7 168.8 010301 87.2 53.5 0. 2 ­­­­­ 010301 115.4 70.7 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 97.1 134.6 1. 2 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 69.7 40.7 9. 4 8.7 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 774.2 259.8 127.1 52.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 30.0 18.3 313.1 131.4 49.6 22.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 417.3 174.8 58.5 30.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 211.8 111.0 54.4 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 171.8 262.5 83.8 54.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,104.9 447.7 129.2 74.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 249.9 115.9 26.2 24.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 36.6 18.1 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 200.0 100.4 56.5 22.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 2.0 1. 2 010301 145.9 89.3 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 494.0 207.0 38.4 35.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 59.2 162.0 86.3 51.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 62.5 39.3 9. 0 9.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 116.7 43.6 13.6 7. 8 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 16.5 10.2 0. 2 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 376.6 230.6 010301 ­ ­ 010301 18.1 8. 1 010301 ­ ­ 1,083.6 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 64.0 30.6 9. 3 6.2 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 520.0 197.9 59.1 39.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 11.3 4. 6 2.0 0. 8 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 445.7 196.9 42.3 39.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 510.0 207.1 76.6 44.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 103.0 51.5 20.4 10.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 71.3 43.6 010301 ­ ­ 20.0 47.4 16.2 15.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 89.6 54.7 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 98.3 39.8 6. 7 6.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 1,062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 110.0 56.6 14.7 9. 9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 570.0 240.9 107.0 46.1 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 270.0 125.0 54.2 22.8 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 198.5 98.4 42.2 17.7 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 18.7 14.5 5. 0 ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 145.0 55.6 25.5 10.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 88.4 36.5 6. 4 5.9 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 69.5 42.5 010301 106.2 65.0 010301 68.1 41.7 010301 161.4 98.8 010301 114.4 70.0 010301 ­ ­ 010301 19.1 11.7 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 36.0 22.6 7. 7 5.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 159.9 97.9 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 38.3 16.3 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 114.5 46.4 12.5 7. 7 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 1,062.4 430.5 77.1 71.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 81.7 50.0 010301 117.8 72.1 010301 ­ ­ 1.2 4. 7 2.1 0. 9 FALSE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 32.9 37.6 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 215.0 90.9 32.5 18.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 4,890.8 1, 472.5 516.2 225.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 3,092.2 928.1 327.1 142.2 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 3,304.6 1, 027.8 183.7 152.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 3,564.7 1, 047.0 210.2 162.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 9,844.6 3, 373.4 994.1 450.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 4,078.6 1, 277.8 324.1 199.4 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 4,386.6 1, 317.8 463.5 202.6 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 4,215.6 1, 276.8 147.3 147.3 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 3,256.6 1, 285.6 1, 037.9 258.0 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 3,276.0 1, 110.6 386.9 179.9 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ 1,347.0 544.9 151.5 101.5 TRUE 010301 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 72.2 44.2 010301 123.9 75.9 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ 010301 ­ ­ ­ Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 010321 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6.4 4. 6 4.1 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.8 2. 7 2.4 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 5.8 4. 1 3.7 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.3 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 4.5 3. 9 2.9 TRUE 010321 150.0 110.1 29.8 19.2 8. 5 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 27.4 19.1 18.9 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 5.5 4. 8 4.2 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.7 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.3 5. 8 5.6 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.6 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 15.8 15.4 13.0 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 29.4 23.1 22.5 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 9.3 7. 1 7.1 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 12.3 10.1 9. 4 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 15.0 10.3 7. 9 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.2 2. 7 2.4 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 25.3 15.1 15.1 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.6 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0.2 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 15.6 14.7 11.9 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.8 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 40.2 34.5 30.7 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1.8 1. 6 1.5 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.6 6. 3 5.8 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 9.6 8. 8 7.3 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.5 1. 7 1.5 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.4 6. 2 5.7 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 11.3 9. 4 8.7 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.3 6. 9 5.6 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 17.2 14.3 13.2 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 12.2 10.2 9. 3 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 2.0 1. 8 1.6 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 17.1 15.7 13.0 TRUE 010321 46.0 28.2 ­ 4.9 4. 5 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 3.7 3. 4 3.1 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 2,306.9 1, 693.1 458.6 295.2 140.0 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 8.7 7. 5 6.7 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 12.6 10.8 9. 6 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 4.6 3. 1 2.7 FALSE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 70.4 43.1 ­ 7.5 6. 2 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.7 6. 6 5.9 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ 13.2 11.4 10.1 TRUE 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010321 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ Post­ MACT Major 010405 Gel Coat Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT ­ ­ 010405 15.3 1. 5 2.6 2. 0 ­ ­ 010405 1,572.0 157.2 16.4 16.4 ­ ­ 010405 266.8 26.7 52.6 35.4 ­ ­ 010405 96.9 9. 7 16.6 12.8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 5.0 0. 5 1.1 0. 7 ­ ­ 010405 37.0 3. 7 7.0 4. 9 ­ ­ 010405 37.5 3. 8 8.1 5. 0 ­ ­ 010405 21.2 2. 1 4.1 2. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 94.9 9. 5 16.3 12.6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 912.5 91.3 8. 5 8.5 ­ ­ 010405 875.0 87.5 81.3 81.3 ­ ­ 010405 43.8 4. 4 4.1 4. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 39.6 4. 0 8.5 5. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 25.0 2. 5 4.3 3. 3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 56.0 5. 6 12.3 7. 4 ­ ­ 010405 2.1 0. 2 0.4 0. 3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 3.5 0. 3 0.6 0. 5 ­ ­ 010405 3.0 0. 3 0.5 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 17.6 1. 8 3.3 2. 3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ 8.5 TRUE 010405 4.7 0. 5 1.2 0. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 1,170.0 117.0 225.4 155.1 ­ ­ 010405 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 1.7 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 28.9 2. 9 5.3 3. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 12.6 1. 3 2.4 1. 7 ­ ­ 010405 4.1 0. 4 0.9 0. 5 ­ ­ 010405 5.6 0. 6 1.0 0. 7 ­ ­ 010405 80.6 8. 1 13.8 10.7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 383.2 38.3 79.1 50.8 ­ ­ 010405 1.6 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 31.7 3. 2 4.7 4. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 31.5 3. 2 6.1 4. 2 ­ ­ 010405 18.8 1. 9 2.8 2. 5 ­ ­ 010405 9.4 0. 9 1.4 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 1.7 0. 2 0.4 0. 2 ­ ­ 010405 448.1 44.8 79.2 59.4 ­ ­ 010405 15.6 1. 6 0.8 0. 8 ­ ­ 010405 27.5 2. 8 7.2 3. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 43.9 4. 4 7.5 5. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 123.5 12.3 21.9 16.4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 25.5 2. 6 4.4 3. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 17.6 1. 8 3.8 2. 3 ­ ­ 010405 22.8 2. 3 4.9 3. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 86.9 8. 7 14.9 11.5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 29.4 2. 9 6.3 3. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 42.4 4. 2 5.6 5. 6 ­ ­ 010405 74.0 7. 4 15.9 9. 8 ­ ­ 010405 350.0 35.0 7. 3 7.3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 29.5 2. 9 5.8 3. 9 ­ ­ 010405 71.4 7. 1 12.3 9. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 17.4 1. 7 2.9 2. 3 ­ ­ 010405 126.5 12.6 27.6 16.8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 23.0 2. 3 4.9 3. 0 ­ ­ 010405 24.5 2. 4 5.3 3. 2 ­ ­ 010405 54.5 5. 4 10.3 7. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 20.4 2. 0 4.0 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 11.1 1. 1 2.0 1. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 254.0 25.4 47.9 33.7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 93.0 9. 3 16.7 12.3 ­ ­ 010405 213.2 21.3 39.8 28.3 ­ ­ 010405 7.0 0. 7 1.5 0. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 12.0 1. 2 2.3 1. 6 ­ ­ 010405 6.2 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 ­ ­ 010405 6.2 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 ­ ­ 010405 8.3 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 5.7 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 ­ ­ 010405 11.2 1. 1 1.7 1. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 48.9 4. 9 9.2 6. 5 ­ ­ 010405 20.2 2. 0 4.1 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 106.1 10.6 16.9 14.1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 30.0 3. 0 5.1 4. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 9.0 0. 9 1.6 1. 2 ­ ­ 010405 13.5 1. 4 3.5 1. 8 ­ ­ 010405 8.0 0. 8 1.7 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 15.3 1. 5 2.3 2. 0 ­ ­ 010405 12.8 1. 3 2.7 1. 7 ­ ­ 010405 30.3 3. 0 6.5 4. 0 ­ ­ 010405 20.0 2. 0 4.3 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 158.6 15.9 34.0 21.0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 347.0 34.7 55.4 46.0 ­ ­ 010405 71.4 7. 1 13.5 9. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 673.7 67.4 153.2 89.3 ­ ­ 010405 158.0 15.8 30.5 21.0 ­ ­ 010405 51.1 5. 1 9.2 6. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 69.0 6. 9 13.6 9. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 7.5 0. 8 1.3 1. 0 ­ ­ 010405 4.6 0. 5 1.0 0. 6 ­ ­ 010405 6.7 0. 7 1.3 0. 9 ­ ­ 010405 3.5 0. 3 0.7 0. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 230.6 23.1 49.5 30.6 ­ ­ 010405 7.5 0. 7 1.3 1. 0 ­ ­ 010405 73.8 7. 4 13.9 9. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 81.0 8. 1 11.3 10.7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 7.5 0. 8 1.7 1. 0 ­ ­ 010405 17.0 1. 7 3.8 2. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 45.9 4. 6 9.9 6. 1 ­ ­ 010405 80.0 8. 0 13.7 10.6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 15.7 1. 6 2.9 2. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 9.0 0. 9 1.5 1. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 153.0 15.3 26.3 20.3 ­ ­ 010405 20.4 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 1.1 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 6.0 0. 6 1.1 0. 8 ­ ­ 010405 0.4 0. 0 0.1 0. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 30.0 3. 0 5.8 4. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 221.9 22.2 41.8 29.4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 54.5 5. 5 10.1 7. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 9.1 0. 9 1.8 1. 2 ­ ­ 010405 42.0 4. 2 9.0 5. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 4.5 0. 5 0.8 0. 6 ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 2.1 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 104.0 10.4 18.7 13.8 ­ ­ 010405 61.7 6. 2 10.6 8. 2 ­ ­ 010405 8.5 0. 9 1.8 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 0.6 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 4.4 0. 4 0.8 0. 6 ­ ­ 010405 3.3 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 119.4 11.9 20.5 15.8 ­ ­ 010405 204.0 20.4 35.0 27.1 ­ ­ 010405 1.5 0. 2 0.5 0. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 61.2 6. 1 11.0 8. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 173.8 17.4 28.6 23.0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 1.8 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 1.6 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 30.0 3. 0 6.4 4. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 10.0 1. 0 3.1 1. 3 ­ ­ 010405 110.0 11.0 23.6 14.6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 244.8 24.5 42.0 32.5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 14.3 1. 4 2.5 1. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 46.0 4. 6 9.9 6. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 103.0 10.3 31.1 13.7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 41.2 4. 1 6.4 5. 5 ­ ­ 010405 3.1 0. 3 0.7 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 41.0 4. 1 7.6 5. 4 ­ ­ 010405 170.3 17.0 26.9 22.6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 ­ ­ 010405 49.0 4. 9 8.4 6. 5 ­ ­ 010405 14.1 1. 4 2.7 1. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 17.6 1. 8 3.0 2. 3 ­ ­ 010405 167.3 16.7 31.5 22.2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 30.6 3. 1 5.5 4. 1 ­ ­ 010405 7.0 0. 7 1.5 0. 9 ­ ­ 010405 20.3 2. 0 4.4 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 23.8 2. 4 4.1 3. 2 ­ ­ 010405 13.6 1. 4 2.4 1. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 23.1 2. 3 4.1 3. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 16.2 1. 6 2.9 2. 1 ­ ­ 010405 1.6 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 ­ ­ 010405 39.6 4. 0 6.5 5. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 12.0 1. 2 2.1 1. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 3.0 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 4.5 0. 5 0.8 0. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 7.5 0. 8 1.3 1. 0 ­ ­ 010405 9.0 0. 9 1.5 1. 2 ­ ­ 010405 45.5 4. 5 7.8 6. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 2.3 0. 2 0.4 0. 3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 5.0 0. 5 0.7 0. 7 ­ ­ 010405 20.0 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 1.0 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 20.5 2. 1 3.9 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 66.4 6. 6 10.0 8. 8 ­ ­ 010405 7.0 0. 7 1.3 0. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 11.0 1. 1 2.4 1. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ 2.8 TRUE 010405 17.0 1. 7 3.0 2. 3 ­ ­ 010405 17.8 1. 8 3.8 2. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 3.2 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 3.9 0. 4 0.7 0. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 123.0 12.3 38.4 16.3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 2.9 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 213.2 21.3 40.2 28.3 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 3.3 0. 3 0.6 0. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ 140.0 TRUE 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 0.6 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 24.0 2. 4 4.1 3. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 7.3 0. 7 1.5 1. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 15.2 1. 5 2.6 2. 0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 35.0 3. 5 6.0 4. 6 ­ ­ 010405 18.4 1. 8 3.7 2. 4 ­ ­ 010405 50.0 5. 0 9.3 6. 6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 140.3 14.0 30.1 18.6 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 4.0 0. 4 0.9 0. 5 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 8.3 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 760.5 76.1 139.4 100.8 ­ ­ 010405 470.0 47.0 86.2 62.3 ­ ­ 010405 541.0 54.1 52.1 52.1 ­ ­ 010405 556.0 55.6 53.5 53.5 ­ ­ 010405 1,596.0 159.6 292.6 211.6 ­ ­ 010405 479.0 47.9 46.1 46.1 ­ ­ 010405 685.1 68.5 125.6 90.8 ­ ­ 010405 603.7 60.4 110.7 80.0 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 8.2 0. 8 1.4 1. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 23.7 2. 4 3.1 3. 1 ­ ­ 010405 69.6 7. 0 11.2 9. 2 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 48.0 4. 8 8.2 6. 4 ­ ­ 010405 607.5 60.8 104.3 80.6 ­ ­ 010405 593.0 59.3 116.8 78.6 ­ ­ 010405 300.0 30.0 51.5 39.8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 15.0 1. 5 2.7 2. 0 ­ ­ 010405 254.9 25.5 53.0 33.8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 30.0 3. 0 6.4 4. 0 ­ ­ 010405 37.3 3. 7 8.0 4. 9 4.3 FALSE 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 17.3 1. 7 1.8 1. 8 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 6.5 0. 7 1.4 0. 9 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 0.8 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 20.3 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 20.3 2. 0 3.8 2. 7 ­ ­ 010405 1.5 0. 2 0.3 0. 2 ­ ­ 010405 10.3 1. 0 1.9 1. 4 ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ 010405 ­ ­ ­ ­ Major 010404 Gel Coat Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 20.9 2. 1 7.2 5. 3 TRUE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 35.1 3. 5 9.9 8. 8 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 14.7 1. 5 4.2 3. 7 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 23.8 2. 4 7.4 6. 0 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 19.6 2. 0 5.5 4. 9 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 5.6 0. 6 1.6 1. 4 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 25.5 2. 5 6.7 6. 4 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 0.5 0. 1 0.2 0. 1 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 11.6 1. 2 3.1 2. 9 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 56.2 5. 6 14.7 14.2 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 10.7 1. 1 2.8 2. 7 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 12.4 1. 2 3.9 3. 1 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 16.7 1. 7 4.4 4. 2 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 14.1 1. 4 3.7 3. 6 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 55.9 5. 6 15.7 14.1 TRUE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 2.0 0. 2 0.5 0. 5 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 135.0 13.5 41.9 34.0 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 9.3 0. 9 2.9 2. 3 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 24.1 2. 4 6.8 6. 1 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 9.2 0. 9 2.4 2. 3 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 19.1 1. 9 5.4 4. 8 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 52.3 5. 2 14.9 13.2 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 74.9 7. 5 21.3 18.9 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 15.7 1. 6 4.1 4. 0 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 13.5 1. 4 3.9 3. 4 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 4.9 0. 5 1.5 1. 2 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 112.5 11.3 32.0 28.3 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 33.0 3. 3 8.6 8. 3 TRUE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 3.6 0. 4 0.9 0. 9 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 43.4 4. 3 12.2 10.9 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 66.0 6. 6 17.3 16.6 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 4.3 0. 4 1.2 1. 1 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 10.6 1. 1 3.0 2. 7 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 16.5 1. 6 4.5 4. 2 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 8.8 0. 9 2.1 2. 1 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 6.4 0. 6 1.8 1. 6 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 6.0 0. 6 1.9 1. 5 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 96.4 9. 6 24.3 24.3 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 32.0 3. 2 10.0 8. 1 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 4.7 0. 5 1.3 1. 2 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 57.7 5. 8 16.8 14.5 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 17.9 1. 8 5.6 4. 5 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 31.2 3. 1 13.2 7. 9 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 7.4 0. 7 2.3 1. 9 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 10.5 1. 0 2.9 2. 6 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 12.2 1. 2 3.8 3. 1 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 12.1 1. 2 3.4 3. 1 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 12.2 1. 2 4.1 3. 1 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 47.5 4. 8 12.4 12.0 TRUE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 22.5 2. 3 5.9 5. 7 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 70.9 7. 1 20.6 17.8 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 49.1 4. 9 14.3 12.4 TRUE 020500 ­ 010404 10.5 1. 1 3.3 2. 6 FALSE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 16.1 1. 6 4.5 4. 1 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 8.6 0. 9 2.6 2. 2 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 17.0 1. 7 3.7 3. 7 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 8.3 0. 8 2.2 2. 1 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 480.7 48.1 136.7 121.1 TRUE 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 11.5 1. 1 3.3 2. 9 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 FALSE 020500 ­ 010404 49.6 5. 0 15.5 12.5 TRUE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 9.7 1. 0 2.7 2. 4 FALSE 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 TRUE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 FALSE 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 ­ 010404 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 020500 SMC/ BMC Reinforce Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 020600 Resin Reinforce. ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 86.9 1. 7 0.2 0. 2 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 858.5 17.2 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 7,119.0 142.4 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 362.5 7. 3 4.0 4. 0 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 8,787.0 175.7 20.2 20.2 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 140.0 22.0 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 3,406.8 68.1 10.2 10.2 TRUE 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 8,017.2 160.3 17.6 17.6 TRUE 020600 ­ 4,345.2 86.9 9. 6 9.6 FALSE 020600 ­ 7,201.2 144.0 15.8 15.8 TRUE 020600 ­ 571.2 11.4 1. 3 1.3 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 38.2 0. 8 0.1 0. 1 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 10.5 2. 6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 941.8 18.8 2. 9 2.9 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 3,973.9 79.5 9. 7 9.7 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 67.5 10.6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 67.5 10.6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 11,261.8 225.2 25.7 25.7 TRUE 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 11,220.0 224.4 45.1 45.1 TRUE 020600 ­ 4,109.9 82.2 9. 3 9.3 FALSE 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 252.0 5. 0 1.6 1. 6 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 24.5 0. 5 0.1 0. 1 TRUE 020600 68.4 15.7 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 68.9 10.8 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 411.1 8. 2 0.4 0. 4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 13.8 2. 2 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 1,428.0 28.6 4. 0 4.0 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 18,160.1 363.2 41.8 41.8 TRUE 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 6. 3 6.3 FALSE 020600 ­ 301.4 6. 0 0.8 0. 8 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 5,069.4 101.4 16.0 16.0 TRUE 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 7.6 3. 7 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 839.0 16.8 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 0.8 0. 3 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 600.0 12.0 2. 0 2.0 FALSE 020600 ­ 394.0 7. 9 0.8 0. 8 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 163.8 3. 3 0.9 0. 9 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 417.5 8. 4 1.1 1. 1 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,140.0 42.8 4. 9 4.9 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 176.0 3. 5 0.4 0. 4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 173.4 30.6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 1,500.0 30.0 2. 4 2.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 25.0 5. 1 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 603.0 12.1 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 8,000.0 160.0 21.0 21.0 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 4,453.6 89.1 10.1 10.1 TRUE 020600 ­ 3,155.6 63.1 6. 5 6.5 FALSE 020600 ­ 4,161.2 83.2 6. 6 6.6 TRUE 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 020600 3.1 0. 5 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 76.5 1. 5 0.2 0. 2 TRUE 020600 71.1 11.1 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 94.7 1. 9 0.3 0. 3 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 1,611.5 32.2 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 438.3 108.0 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 6. 5 6.5 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 10.2 0. 1 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 29.3 4. 6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 805.0 16.1 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 020600 ­ 500.0 10.0 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 860.0 17.2 2. 6 2.6 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 817.5 16.4 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 1,351.5 27.0 5. 7 5.7 FALSE 020600 20.5 5. 8 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,384.4 47.7 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 1,500.9 30.0 3. 0 3.0 FALSE 020600 ­ 5,177.5 103.6 8. 8 8.8 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 2,728.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 914.8 18.3 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 67.5 10.6 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 5.9 0. 9 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 700.7 14.0 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ ­ ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 99.9 2. 0 0.4 0. 4 TRUE 020600 73.6 11.5 ­­­­­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 020600 ­ 697.0 13.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 020600 ­ 020600 ­ ­ Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 030701 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 12.5 1. 2 1.2 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1. 0 0. 1 0. 1 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 0 0. 5 0. 5 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 0 0. 4 0. 4 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 4 0. 6 0. 6 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 2 0. 6 0. 6 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 372.1 269.1 1. 2 38.5 4. 9 ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1. 2 0. 1 0. 1 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0. 8 0. 1 0. 1 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 76.5 21.8 1. 6 1.6 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 7.7 2. 9 0.2 0. 2 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 4 0. 5 0. 5 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 241.0 60.8 3. 4 3.4 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0. 8 0. 1 0. 1 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 2. 6 0. 2 0. 2 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 45.7 32.9 ­ 4.7 12.5 ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 16.3 3. 3 0.2 0. 2 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 0 0. 6 0. 6 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 0. 5 0. 0 0. 0 FALSE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6. 6 0. 6 0. 6 TRUE 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ 030701 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ Post­ MACT Major 030721 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 233.0 308.5 ­ 32.5 57.8 46.2 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 1,298.0 1, 662.9 41.0 180.1 253.5 253.5 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 555.5 689.9 ­ 74.7 108.8 108.8 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 4.9 TRUE 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 393.0 503.5 12.4 54.5 77.8 77.8 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 12.5 TRUE 030721 45.7 56.7 ­ 6.1 12.5 9. 0 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 2,487.5 3, 089.2 ­ 334.6 520.5 492.7 TRUE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 21.4 8. 3 0.7 1. 8 7.2 4. 2 FALSE ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 030721 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 040800 Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 050900 Resin 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 397.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 223.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 463.3 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 518.3 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 275.9 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 203.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 131.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 470.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 220.9 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 464.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 496.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 106.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 140.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 251.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 578.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 1,091.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 327.8 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 157.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 648.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 169.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 1,000.0 040800 16,830.0 9, 160.6 12,436.2 4, 011.0 23.7 10.8 TRUE 050900 040800 6,250.0 3, 498.0 2, 565.2 1, 293.8 31.9 31.9 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 88.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 273.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 967.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 549.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 132.1 040800 1,235.2 1, 095.5 507.0 296.1 3. 7 3.7 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 138.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 172.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 221.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 606.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 867.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 189.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 1,104.0 ­ 453.1 166.8 65.3 29.7 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 257.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 120.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 1.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 71.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 1,872.1 ­ 3,266.2 532.6 15.6 15.6 TRUE 050900 393.8 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 3,510.0 1, 279.5 817.8 595.8 29.9 13.6 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 242.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 79.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 526.9 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 701.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 108.7 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 234.3 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 382.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 75.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 49.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 58.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 139.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 1,621.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 457.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 39.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 2,192.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 241.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 303.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 95.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 74.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 247.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 135.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 929.8 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 218.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 169.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 1,781.3 742.1 311.5 301.3 31.0 14.1 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 153.3 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 861.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 164.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 12,644.9 5, 246.3 2, 803.3 2, 195.9 247.8 112.7 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 179.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 582.8 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 549.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 146.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 161.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 119.6 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 13,592.2 4, 396.8 3, 479.0 2, 282.7 137.2 62.4 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 173.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 391.1 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 5,572.0 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 273.5 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 0.2 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 385.4 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 193.4 42.3 ­ 25.5 48.4 22.0 TRUE 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 186.3 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 96.9 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 040800 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 050900 ­ Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major 061000 Resin Reinforce. Filler ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 730.3 33.8 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 476.7 21.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 642.7 63.2 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 817.5 40.1 3. 6 3.6 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 804.4 32.4 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 972.0 35.3 1. 6 1.6 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 394.1 15.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 14.7 14.6 2. 6 2.6 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 1,775.1 2, 955.0 531.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 940.0 34.8 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 806.0 68.1 3. 3 3.3 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 610.7 63.2 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 266.3 11.2 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 420.4 16.8 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 753.7 30.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 554.0 981.0 190.0 ­ 362.5 28.2 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 434.0 45.8 7. 9 7.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 955.7 38.5 2. 3 2.3 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 628.0 23.6 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 890.8 76.2 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 354.0 850.0 165.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 494.8 19.9 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 2, 915.8 117.5 6. 8 6.8 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 833.0 1, 000.0 31.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 484.1 642.2 44.5 ­ 257.1 10.4 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 825.6 33.0 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 262.1 937.3 81.9 46.0 3, 724.7 141.7 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 602.0 64.5 3. 8 3.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ 4.0 1. 1 1.1 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 192.6 129.4 57.3 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 95.2 7. 0 1.1 1. 1 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 517.9 1, 538.6 70.2 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 446.1 899.1 100.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 577.0 22.5 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 646.3 26.0 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 1, 767.0 71.2 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 2, 530.2 101.9 6. 0 6.0 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 551.3 22.2 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 647.0 1, 278.2 129.4 ­­­­­­ 061000 399.0 788.3 79.8 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 740.4 1, 492.3 166.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 387.8 19.4 1. 8 1.8 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 39.1 50.6 49.7 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 381.7 15.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 132.6 262.4 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 59.3 64.1 84.7 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 114.7 188.9 1.0 245.0 9. 5 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 148.2 46.3 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 927.1 35.1 1. 7 1.7 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 213.0 8. 8 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 519.9 61.4 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 1,753.4 3, 481.9 847.6 ­ 5, 564.9 188.0 3. 9 3.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 336.0 13.3 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 594.7 24.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 1, 113.8 44.9 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­ 220.5 8. 9 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 76.1 89.1 13.0 ­ 146.9 5. 9 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 175.2 7. 0 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 405.7 16.3 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 41.0 41.0 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 3, 687.2 159.3 11.2 11.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 653.3 33.3 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 4,428.6 7, 334.3 1, 256.9 ­­­­­­ 061000 92.0 120.0 20.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 118.8 4. 8 0.3 0. 3 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 6, 392.7 257.6 15.3 15.3 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 964.6 1, 444.1 310.2 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 702.6 28.3 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 789.0 32.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 330.0 42.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 74.0 4. 4 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 99.2 197.0 20.5 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 918.0 35.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 436.6 17.2 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 90.0 6, 104.0 212.8 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 655.8 26.2 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 5,288.9 9, 086.6 230.3 ­ 539.5 21.3 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 134.0 180.0 46.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 304.9 13.7 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 258.3 33.6 6. 9 6.9 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 657.4 24.7 1. 0 1.0 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 638.0 1, 285.8 143.0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 318.2 14.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 104.5 192.0 2. 4 ­ 1, 699.2 68.5 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 329.4 820.8 94.6 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 355.8 57.2 3. 0 3.0 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 427.2 17.2 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 496.0 19.7 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 868.0 1, 749.4 194.6 ­ 348.7 14.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 505.1 20.4 1. 2 1.2 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 1, 955.3 70.4 2. 3 2.3 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 16,246.9 654.6 38.8 38.8 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 797.6 32.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 0. 5 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 1, 042.4 42.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 67.0 65.0 5. 0 ­­­­­­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 54.7 90.1 061000 ­ ­ 543.2 21.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 324.3 12.6 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ 061000 ­ ­ ­ Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major ­­­ ­­­ 243.6 25.7 20.7 TRUE ­­­ 79.1 27.7 6. 5 TRUE ­­­ 58.5 21.7 4. 1 TRUE ­­­ ­­­ 89.1 81.5 9. 7 TRUE 55.1 8. 7 5.7 FALSE ­­­ 46.3 8. 3 3.1 TRUE ­­­ 22.6 21.8 2. 2 TRUE ­­­ 77.8 25.3 6. 0 TRUE ­­­ ­­­ 61.7 22.7 5. 2 TRUE ­­­ 87.7 7. 6 7.6 TRUE 54.1 4. 6 4.6 TRUE ­­­ 102.4 37.7 8. 6 TRUE ­­­ 8.1 2. 2 0.5 FALSE ­­­ 15.9 10.7 1. 5 TRUE ­­­ 12.8 2. 5 0.7 TRUE ­­­ 13.0 2. 5 1.3 FALSE ­­­ 277.7 87.7 20.5 TRUE ­­­ ­­­ 8.9 3. 8 0.9 FALSE ­­­ 4.1 2. 0 0.5 TRUE ­­­ 601.5 102.0 51.7 TRUE 11.4 4. 8 1.1 FALSE ­­­ 130.9 67.6 11.3 TRUE ­­­­ ­­­ 13.5 5. 6 1.2 FALSE ­­­ 623.3 198.3 61.7 TRUE ­­­ 18.0 6. 2 1.6 FALSE ­­­ ­­­ 88.2 26.3 7. 4 TRUE ­­­ 12.4 5. 9 1.2 FALSE ­­­ 50.3 15.6 3. 8 TRUE ­­­ 120.0 2. 2 2.2 TRUE ­­­ ­­­ 7.1 3. 1 0.8 FALSE ­­­ 6.2 2. 9 0.6 FALSE ­­­ Generated by Sorting "Conversion" worksheet by Resin Volume( Eliminates Zero Records). Fac ID assigned us FacID FacName ProcID Joint Resin 1 20th Century Fiberglass, Inc. (Plant #4) 010223 1010223 97.2 1 20th Century Fiberglass, Inc. (Plant #4) 010405 1010405 15.3 3 A. R. E., Inc. (Massillon) 010223 3010223 5,983.5 3 A. R. E., Inc. (Massillon) 010405 3010405 1,572.0 4 A. R. E., Inc. (Mount Eaton) 010223 4010223 1,007.1 4 A. R. E., Inc. (Mount Eaton) 010405 4010405 266.8 2 A­ 1 Fiberglass, Inc. 010223 2010223 402.9 2 A­ 1 Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 2010405 96.9 5 ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) 010101 5010101 36.0 5 ABC Industries, Inc. (Grand Junction, CO) 010301 5010301 50.0 6 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) 010101 6010101 30.0 6 ABC Industries, Inc. (Wallace, ID) 010301 6010301 30.0 7 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) 010101 7010101 45.0 7 ABC Industries, Inc. (Winona Lake, IN) 010301 7010301 45.0 8 Accent Marble Co., Inc. (Houston, TX) 010404 8010404 20.9 8 Accent Marble Co., Inc. (Houston, TX) 050900 8050900 397.7 9 Accra Industries, Inc. 010223 9010223 77.0 9 Accra Industries, Inc. 010405 9010405 5.0 10 Accurate Glass, Inc. 010223 10010223 114.0 10 Accurate Glass, Inc. 010405 10010405 37.0 11 Acme Fiberglass, Inc. 010223 11010223 185.0 11 Acme Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 11010405 37.5 12 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010222 12010222 134.3 12 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010405 12010405 21.2 12 ACME Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 020500 12020500 86.9 13 Advance Transformer Co. (Boscobel) 050900 13050900 223.2 14 Aero Transportation Products 010121 14010121 241.7 14 Aero Transportation Products 010222 14010222 241.7 14 Aero Transportation Products 010405 14010405 94.9 16 AGCO, Inc. 010404 16010404 35.1 16 AGCO, Inc. 050900 16050900 463.3 17 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) 010223 17010223 2,275.7 17 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Martinsburg) 010405 17010405 912.5 18 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, N Oak Rd) 010223 18010223 2,310.1 18 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, N Oak Rd) 010405 18010405 875.0 19 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, Pidco Dr) 010223 19010223 164.7 19 AKER Plastics Co., Inc. (Plymouth, Pidco Dr) 010405 19010405 43.8 20 Allen Group (Crown Fiberglass) 020500 20020500 858.5 21 Alliance Equipment Co., Inc. 010222 21010222 184.1 21 Alliance Equipment Co., Inc. 010405 21010405 39.6 22 Allied Moulded Products, Inc. 020500 22020500 7,119.0 23 Altec Industries, Inc. (Midwest Oper.) 010405 23010405 25.0 23 Altec Industries, Inc. (Midwest Oper.) 030721 23030721 233.0 24 American Acrylic Corp. 020500 24020500 362.5 25 American Bluegrass Marble Co., Inc. 010404 25010404 14.7 25 American Bluegrass Marble Co., Inc. 050900 25050900 518.3 26 American Marble Co., Inc. 010404 26010404 23.8 26 American Marble Co., Inc. 050900 26050900 275.9 27 American Reinforced Plastics 010223 27010223 288.0 27 American Reinforced Plastics 010405 27010405 56.0 28 American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. 010405 28010405 2.1 28 American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. 010404 28010404 19.6 28 American Slate and Marble of Hickory, Inc. 050900 28050900 203.6 29 American Standard 010223 29010223 1,000.0 31 Americh Corp. (Charlotte, NC) 010223 31010223 63.2 31 Americh Corp. (Charlotte, NC) 010405 31010405 3.5 32 Americh Corp. (Hollywood, CA) 010223 32010223 42.1 32 Americh Corp. (Hollywood, CA) 010405 32010405 3.0 33 Ameron, Inc. (Burkburnett) 010301 33010301 2.5 34 Amtech Corp. 010222 34010222 47.8 34 Amtech Corp. 010405 34010405 17.6 35 An­ Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. 010101 35010101 142.7 35 An­ Cor Industrial Plastics, Inc. 010201 35010201 47.6 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010201 36010201 56.6 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010222 36010222 10.3 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010223 36010223 9.8 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010301 36010301 35.5 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010321 36010321 150.0 36 Appalachian Plastics, Inc. 010405 36010405 4.7 37 Applied Composites Corp. 020500 37020500 8,787.0 38 Aqua Bath Co., Inc. 010223 38010223 1,117.0 39 Aqua Glass Corp. (Adamsville) 010223 39010223 10,143.0 39 Aqua Glass Corp. (Adamsville) 010405 39010405 1,170.0 40 Aqua Glass Corp. (Klamath Falls) 010223 40010223 992.5 40 Aqua Glass Corp. (Klamath Falls) 010405 40010405 213.2 41 Armorcast Products Co. 010223 41010223 128.5 42 Arrow Dynamics, Inc. 010222 42010222 34.0 42 Arrow Dynamics, Inc. 010405 42010405 10.0 43 Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. 010121 43010121 70.0 43 Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. 010222 43010222 70.0 43 Arrowhead Plastic Engineering, Inc. 010405 43010405 28.9 44 Ashworth Plastic Products 010101 44010101 47.4 44 Ashworth Plastic Products 010201 44010201 94.7 45 Associated Plastics, Inc. 010121 45010121 6.5 45 Associated Plastics, Inc. 010223 45010223 162.6 45 Associated Plastics, Inc. 010405 45010405 12.6 45 Associated Plastics, Inc. 020600 45020600 140.0 46 Astoria Industries, Inc. 010223 46010223 61.2 46 Astoria Industries, Inc. 010405 46010405 4.1 47 Athena Marble, Inc. 010405 47010405 5.6 47 Athena Marble, Inc. 010404 47010404 5.6 47 Athena Marble, Inc. 050900 47050900 131.4 48 Attbar Plastics, Inc. 010222 48010222 510.0 48 Attbar Plastics, Inc. 010405 48010405 80.6 49 Austin Countertops, Inc. 010404 49010404 25.5 49 Austin Countertops, Inc. 050900 49050900 470.4 50 Bailey Transportation Products, Inc. 020500 50020500 3,406.8 52 Baja Products (Tucson) 010222 52010222 55.4 51 Baja Products Ltd. (Salisbury) 010222 51010222 100.0 53 Baltek Corp. 010121 53010121 43.5 54 Bathcraft, Inc. 010223 54010223 945.2 54 Bathcraft, Inc. 010405 54010405 383.2 55 Beaver Motor Coaches, Inc. 010222 55010222 185.1 55 Beaver Motor Coaches, Inc. 010405 55010405 1.6 56 Beden­ Baugh Products, Inc. 010101 56010101 9.7 56 Beden­ Baugh Products, Inc. 010201 56010201 87.3 57 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 061000 57061000 1,775.1 58 Beetle Plastics, Inc. 010101 58010101 35.5 58 Beetle Plastics, Inc. 010201 58010201 23.8 58 Beetle Plastics, Inc. 010301 58010301 232.3 59 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 010101 59010101 47.4 59 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 010201 59010201 94.7 59 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 010301 59010301 51.8 59 Belding Tank Technology (D & R Fabrication, Inc.) 010405 59010405 31.7 60 Bittner Industries, Inc. 010101 60010101 4.3 60 Bittner Industries, Inc. 010201 60010201 20.5 60 Bittner Industries, Inc. 010301 60010301 34.6 60 Bittner Industries, Inc. 010404 60010404 0.5 61 Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools 010121 61010121 146.8 61 Blue Dolphin Fiberglass Pools 010405 61010405 31.5 63 Bolfing Brothers Marble, Inc. 010405 63010405 18.8 63 Bolfing Brothers Marble, Inc. 050900 63050900 220.9 64 Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. 010121 64010121 0.5 64 Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. 010222 64010222 51.2 64 Bowie Manufacturing, Inc. 010405 64010405 9.4 65 Bradley Specialties Corp. 010201 65010201 25.9 65 Bradley Specialties Corp. 010405 65010405 1.7 66 Bremen Glas, Inc. 010223 66010223 1,159.0 66 Bremen Glas, Inc. 010405 66010405 448.1 67 Bristol Fiberlite Industries 010222 67010222 247.7 67 Bristol Fiberlite Industries 010405 67010405 15.6 68 Brunnel Products of Florida, Inc. 010223 68010223 62.5 68 Brunnel Products of Florida, Inc. 010405 68010405 27.5 69 Budd Co. (Carey) 020500 69020500 8,017.2 70 Budd Co. (Kendallville) 020500 70020500 4,345.2 71 Budd Co. (North Baltimore) 020500 71020500 7,201.2 72 Budd Co. (Van Wert) 020500 72020500 571.2 73 Builders Marble, Inc. 010404 73010404 11.6 73 Builders Marble, Inc. 050900 73050900 464.4 75 C & K Fiberglass Plastics, Inc. 010222 75010222 104.0 75 C & K Fiberglass Plastics, Inc. 010405 75010405 43.9 77 Cameo Marble 010404 77010404 56.2 77 Cameo Marble 050900 77050900 496.5 78 Capital Marble Creations, Inc. 010404 78010404 10.7 78 Capital Marble Creations, Inc. 050900 78050900 106.5 79 Capon Valley Marble, Inc. 010404 79010404 12.4 79 Capon Valley Marble, Inc. 050900 79050900 140.1 80 Carolina Counters 010404 80010404 16.7 80 Carolina Counters 050900 80050900 251.2 81 Carsonite International Corp. 020500 81020500 38.2 81 Carsonite International Corp. 061000 81061000 554.0 82 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) 010121 82010121 152.0 82 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) 010222 82010222 184.1 82 CDR Systems Corp. (Corcoran) 050900 82050900 578.0 84 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) 010121 84010121 125.0 84 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) 010222 84010222 184.1 84 CDR Systems Corp. (Palatka) 050900 84050900 1,091.2 83 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) 010121 83010121 146.8 83 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) 010222 83010222 184.1 83 CDR Systems Corp. (Waynoka) 050900 83050900 327.8 85 Cedar Manufacturing, Inc. (Bremen Glas) 010223 85010223 367.0 85 Cedar Manufacturing, Inc. (Bremen Glas) 010405 85010405 123.5 86 Central Marble Products, Inc. 010404 86010404 14.1 86 Central Marble Products, Inc. 050900 86050900 157.0 87 Century Manufacturing Co. 010121 87010121 74.5 87 Century Manufacturing Co. 010405 87010405 25.5 87 Century Manufacturing Co. 020600 87020600 10.5 88 Century Marble Co., Inc. 010404 88010404 55.9 88 Century Marble Co., Inc. 050900 88050900 648.5 89 Ceramic Cooling Tower Co. 010121 89010121 110.0 89 Ceramic Cooling Tower Co. 010405 89010405 17.6 90 Chance Operations, Inc. 010121 90010121 3.2 90 Chance Operations, Inc. 010222 90010222 29.2 90 Chance Operations, Inc. 010405 90010405 22.8 91 Channel Master 020500 91020500 941.8 92 Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. 010223 92010223 347.4 92 Charloma Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 92010405 86.9 93 Clark Manufacturing 010223 93010223 661.0 94 Coastal Engineered Products, Inc. 061000 94061000 354.0 95 Columbia Specialties, Inc. 020500 95020500 3,973.9 96 Composites USA, Inc. 010101 96010101 32.9 96 Composites USA, Inc. 010201 96010201 94.7 96 Composites USA, Inc. 010301 96010301 68.1 96 Composites USA, Inc. 020600 96020600 67.5 97 Comtech Antenna Systems, Inc. 010222 97010222 180.9 97 Comtech Antenna Systems, Inc. 010405 97010405 29.4 98 Concept Plastics, Inc. 050900 98050900 169.7 99 Conley Corp. 010301 99010301 15.0 100 Contemporary Products, Inc. 010222 100010222 191.9 100 Contemporary Products, Inc. 010405 100010405 42.4 100 Contemporary Products, Inc. 020600 100020600 67.5 101 Continental Camper Co., Inc. 010222 101010222 188.2 101 Continental Camper Co., Inc. 010405 101010405 74.0 102 Cor Tec Co. 010121 102010121 2,100.0 102 Cor Tec Co. 010405 102010405 350.0 103 Core Materials Corp. (formerly Navistar International) 020500 103020500 11,261.8 105 Country Coach, Inc. 010223 105010223 101.0 105 Country Coach, Inc. 010405 105010405 29.5 105 Country Coach, Inc. 010404 105010404 2.0 106 Covermaster, Inc. 010222 106010222 133.6 106 Covermaster, Inc. 010405 106010405 71.4 292 CR/ PL Ltd. Partnership (Newartesian Ltd. Partnership) 010404 292010404 135.0 292 CR/ PL Ltd. Partnership (Newartesian Ltd. Partnership) 050900 292050900 1,000.0 235 Crane Kemlite (Joliet) 040800 235040800 16,830.0 107 Crane Kemlite (Jonesboro ­ formerly BP Chemicals) 040800 107040800 6,250.0 108 Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Alum Bank) 061000 108061000 833.0 109 Creative Pultrusions, Inc. (Roswell, NM) 061000 109061000 484.1 110 Cultured Marble Products, Ltd. 010404 110010404 9.3 110 Cultured Marble Products, Ltd. 050900 110050900 88.2 500 Custom Fiberglass Molding, Inc. 010222 500010222 122.5 500 Custom Fiberglass Molding, Inc. 010405 500010405 17.4 112 Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. 010121 112010121 101.0 112 Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. 010223 112010223 463.1 112 Custom Fibreglass Manufacturing Co. 010405 112010405 126.5 113 Custom Marble, Inc. 010404 113010404 24.1 113 Custom Marble, Inc. 050900 113050900 273.5 115 Dasco Pro, Inc. 010223 115010223 15.0 116 Delta Fiberglass & Environmental Products, Inc. 010222 116010222 184.1 117 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. 010101 117010101 29.6 117 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. 010201 117010201 266.0 117 Delta Fiberglass Structures, Inc. 010405 117010405 23.0 118 Diamond Coach Corp. 010121 118010121 140.8 118 Diamond Coach Corp. 010405 118010405 24.5 119 Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. 010101 119010101 75.9 119 Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. 010201 119010201 177.7 119 Diamond Fiberglass Fabricators, Inc. 010405 119010405 54.5 501 Dixie­ Pacific Manufacturing Co. 030721 501030721 1,298.0 120 Dom­ Fab (DFI Pultruded Composites) 061000 120061000 262.1 121 Dow Chemical (Russellville, AR) 010222 121010222 20.0 121 Dow Chemical (Russellville, AR) 050900 121050900 967.2 123 Eagle Craft, Inc. 010222 123010222 61.2 123 Eagle Craft, Inc. 010405 123010405 20.4 126 Eagle­ Picher Industries, Inc. (Grabill) 020500 126020500 11,220.0 125 Eagle­ Picher Industries, Inc. (Huntington) 020500 125020500 4,109.9 124 Eagle­ Picher Plastics Div. (Ashley) 020500 124020500 2,728.5 127 Ebonite International, Inc. 050900 127050900 549.4 128 Eckler Industries 010121 128010121 3.1 128 Eckler Industries 010222 128010222 28.2 128 Eckler Industries 010405 128010405 11.1 129 Ecowater Systems 010301 129010301 159.8 130 ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) 010121 130010121 146.8 130 ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) 010223 130010223 1,012.4 130 ED Industries, Inc. (Sportsman Pickup Covers) 010405 130010405 254.0 131 Electric­ Glass, Inc. 010223 131010223 348.8 132 Eljer Manufacturing (Valdosta) 010223 132010223 363.0 132 Eljer Manufacturing (Valdosta) 010405 132010405 93.0 133 Eljer Plumbingware (Wilson) 010223 133010223 992.5 133 Eljer Plumbingware (Wilson) 010405 133010405 213.2 134 Elmore Truck Accessories, Inc. 010222 134010222 35.0 134 Elmore Truck Accessories, Inc. 010405 134010405 7.0 135 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. 020500 135020500 252.0 135 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. 030721 135030721 555.5 135 Emsig Manufacturing Corp. 050900 135050900 132.1 137 Enduro Fiberglass (formerly W. R. Grace) 040800 137040800 1,235.2 136 Enduro Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 020500 136020500 24.5 136 Enduro Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 020600 136020600 68.4 136 Enduro Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 061000 136061000 192.6 139 Epoch Industries 010222 139010222 44.0 139 Epoch Industries 010405 139010405 12.0 140 Ershigs, Inc. (Bellingham) 010101 140010101 47.1 140 Ershigs, Inc. (Bellingham) 010201 140010201 58.8 140 Ershigs, Inc. (Bellingham) 010301 140010301 275.7 140 Ershigs, Inc. (Bellingham) 010405 140010405 6.2 141 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 010101 141010101 134.0 141 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 010201 141010201 134.0 141 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 010301 141010301 87.2 141 Ershigs, Inc. (Biloxi), Formerly LaValley Construction Co. 010405 141010405 6.2 142 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 010101 142010101 38.9 142 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 010201 142010201 17.8 142 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 010301 142010301 115.4 142 Ershigs, Inc. (Wilson) 010405 142010405 8.3 122 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. 010405 122010405 5.7 122 E­ T­ M Enterprises, Inc. 020600 122020600 68.9 143 Evelands, Inc. 010222 143010222 60.5 143 Evelands, Inc. 010405 143010405 11.2 145 Faball Enterprises of Utah, Inc. 050900 145050900 138.1 146 FG Products, Inc. 010222 146010222 142.4 146 FG Products, Inc. 010405 146010405 48.9 147 Fiber Pad, Inc. 010222 147010222 96.0 147 Fiber Pad, Inc. 010405 147010405 20.2 148 Fiber Pro (formerly Great Dane Trailers Indiana, Inc.) 010222 148010222 378.8 148 Fiber Pro (formerly Great Dane Trailers Indiana, Inc.) 010405 148010405 106.1 149 Fibercast Co. 010101 149010101 67.0 149 Fibercast Co. 010301 149010301 97.1 149 Fibercast Co. 020500 149020500 411.1 149 Fibercast Co. 030701 149030701 372.1 150 Fiberdome, Inc. (Plant #1) 010222 150010222 100.0 150 Fiberdome, Inc. (Plant #1) 010405 150010405 30.0 151 Fiberflex, Inc. 061000 151061000 517.9 152 Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. 010222 152010222 54.7 152 Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. 010405 152010405 9.0 152 Fiberglass & Plastic Fab., Inc. 020600 152020600 13.8 153 Fiberglass Engineering Corp. 010222 153010222 75.0 153 Fiberglass Engineering Corp. 010405 153010405 13.5 154 Fiberglass Forms, Inc. 010222 154010222 120.0 154 Fiberglass Forms, Inc. 010405 154010405 8.0 155 Fiberglass Industries, Inc. 010121 155010121 44.0 155 Fiberglass Industries, Inc. 010222 155010222 36.7 155 Fiberglass Industries, Inc. 010405 155010405 15.3 156 Fiberglass Plus Recreational Industries, Inc. 010222 156010222 37.2 156 Fiberglass Plus Recreational Industries, Inc. 010405 156010405 12.8 157 Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010223 157010223 121.2 157 Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010405 157010405 30.3 158 Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. 010222 158010222 77.0 158 Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. 010405 158010405 20.0 159 Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 010223 159010223 723.3 159 Fiberglass Systems, Inc. 010405 159010405 158.6 160 Fibergrate Corp. 010101 160010101 47.4 160 Fibergrate Corp. 061000 160061000 446.1 502 Fiber­ Tech Industries, Inc. 010121 502010121 1,458.7 502 Fiber­ Tech Industries, Inc. 010405 502010405 347.0 162 Fibre Body Industries, Inc. 010222 162010222 255.0 162 Fibre Body Industries, Inc. 010405 162010405 71.4 163 Fibrenetics, Inc. 010101 163010101 23.4 163 Fibrenetics, Inc. 010201 163010201 9.6 164 Fibrex Corp. 010101 164010101 47.4 164 Fibrex Corp. 010301 164010301 30.0 165 Fleetwood (Decatur ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010222 165010222 1,355.2 165 Fleetwood (Decatur ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010223 165010223 314.1 165 Fleetwood (Decatur ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010405 165010405 673.7 166 Fleetwood (Fontana ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010222 166010222 499.1 166 Fleetwood (Fontana ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010223 166010223 417.3 166 Fleetwood (Fontana ­ formerly Gold Shield) 010405 166010405 158.0 167 Florida Line of Astatula, Inc. 010222 167010222 133.2 167 Florida Line of Astatula, Inc. 010405 167010405 51.1 169 Foremost Interiors, Inc. 010404 169010404 9.2 169 Foremost Interiors, Inc. 050900 169050900 172.7 170 Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. 010101 170010101 281.0 170 Fowler Manufacturing, Inc. 010301 170010301 211.8 171 Frankfort Plastics 020500 171020500 1,428.0 172 G. W. Fiberglass, Inc. 010223 172010223 752.8 172 G. W. Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 172010405 69.0 174 GenCorp. Automotive, Inc. (Marion) 020500 174020500 18,160.1 173 GenCorp. Automotive, Reinforced Plastic Div. (Ionia) 020500 173020500 2,728.5 175 General Electric Distibution and Control 020500 175020500 301.4 176 General Marble Co. (Guasti) 010404 176010404 19.1 176 General Marble Co. (Guasti) 050900 176050900 221.7 177 General Marble Co. (Hornell) 010404 177010404 52.3 177 General Marble Co. (Hornell) 050900 177050900 606.0 178 General Marble Co. (Lincolnton) 010404 178010404 74.9 178 General Marble Co. (Lincolnton) 050900 178050900 867.7 179 Gesmar Corp. 010404 179010404 15.7 179 Gesmar Corp. 050900 179050900 189.1 180 GHM, Inc. 010121 180010121 3.4 180 GHM, Inc. 010222 180010222 158.2 180 GHM, Inc. 010405 180010405 7.5 181 Gibbon Fiberglass Reprod., Inc. 010222 181010222 22.1 181 Gibbon Fiberglass Reprod., Inc. 010405 181010405 4.6 182 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #1) 010222 182010222 187.8 182 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #1) 010405 182010405 6.7 183 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #2) 010222 183010222 187.8 183 Glas Master, Inc. (Plant #2) 010405 183010405 3.5 184 Glasforms, Inc. (Birmingham) 061000 184061000 647.0 185 Glasforms, Inc. (San Jose) 061000 185061000 399.0 186 Glasgo Plastics, Inc. 010223 186010223 1,032.2 186 Glasgo Plastics, Inc. 010405 186010405 230.6 187 Glasspec Associates, Ltd. 010222 187010222 18.3 187 Glasspec Associates, Ltd. 010405 187010405 7.5 188 Glasstite, Inc. 010223 188010223 336.6 188 Glasstite, Inc. 010405 188010405 73.8 189 Glasteel Industrial Laminates 040800 189040800 1,104.0 190 Glastic Corp. (Jefferson) 020500 190020500 2,728.5 191 Glastic Corp. (South Euclid) 020500 191020500 2,728.5 191 Glastic Corp. (South Euclid) 061000 191061000 740.4 192 Global Glass, Inc. 010222 192010222 281.5 192 Global Glass, Inc. 010405 192010405 81.0 193 GMC (Inland Fisher Guide Div.) 020500 193020500 5,069.4 194 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 020500 194020500 2,728.5 195 Gorman­ Rupp Co. 010121 195010121 3.9 195 Gorman­ Rupp Co. 010222 195010222 35.1 195 Gorman­ Rupp Co. 010405 195010405 7.5 196 GPI Corp. 010201 196010201 97.1 196 GPI Corp. 010301 196010301 36.6 196 GPI Corp. 010405 196010405 17.0 197 GPM Industries, Inc. 010222 197010222 184.1 198 Grayson Tool Co. 010222 198010222 160.1 198 Grayson Tool Co. 010405 198010405 45.9 199 Great Lakes Plastics Corp. 010223 199010223 306.0 199 Great Lakes Plastics Corp. 010405 199010405 80.0 200 Gruber Systems, Inc. 050900 200050900 257.6 201 H & R Industries, Inc. 010201 201010201 107.0 201 H & R Industries, Inc. 010405 201010405 15.7 202 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) 010101 202010101 8.1 202 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) 010201 202010201 42.0 202 Hartzell Fan, Inc. (Bldg 275) 020600 202020600 7.6 203 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. 010101 203010101 50.0 203 Hasbrouck Plastics, Inc. 010201 203010201 12.5 204 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) 010101 204010101 109.5 204 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) 010201 204010201 324.0 204 Hastings Group, Inc. ­ Viatec (Belding) 010301 204010301 2.0 205 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) 010101 205010101 20.8 205 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) 010201 205010201 250.1 205 Hastings Reinforced Plastics ­ Viatec (Hastings) 010301 205010301 145.9 206 Haysite Reinforced Plastics 020500 206020500 839.0 206 Haysite Reinforced Plastics 061000 206061000 39.1 207 HEMCO Corp. 010201 207010201 35.2 207 HEMCO Corp. 010405 207010405 9.0 208 Henderson, Black & Green, Inc. 030721 208030721 393.0 209 Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. 010405 209010405 1.0 209 Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. 010404 209010404 13.5 209 Heritage Marble of Ohio, Inc. 050900 209050900 120.6 210 Hess County Industries of WV, Inc. 010223 210010223 494.0 212 Holiday Rambler Corp., Plant 36 and 37 010223 212010223 714.0 212 Holiday Rambler Corp., Plant 36 and 37 010405 212010405 153.0 213 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. 010222 213010222 177.0 213 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. 010405 213010405 20.4 213 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. 020600 213020600 0.8 213 Hood Manufacturing, Inc. 050900 213050900 1.7 503 Hydro Systems, Inc. 010223 503010223 125.0 503 Hydro Systems, Inc. 010405 503010405 10.0 214 Hy­ Tec Fiberglass, Inc. 010121 214010121 80.0 214 Hy­ Tec Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 214010405 6.0 215 I. M. Pena, Inc. 010101 215010101 1.8 215 I. M. Pena, Inc. 010201 215010201 16.4 215 I. M. Pena, Inc. 010405 215010405 0.4 216 IKG Industries 010121 216010121 127.0 216 IKG Industries 061000 216061000 132.6 217 Images Products Corp. 010223 217010223 109.0 217 Images Products Corp. 010405 217010405 30.0 218 IMCO Reinforced Plastics, Inc. 010121 218010121 130.0 219 Indian Industries, Inc. 020500 219020500 600.0 220 Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. 020500 220020500 394.0 220 Industrial Dielectrics, Inc. 061000 220061000 59.3 221 Industrial Fiberglass Specialties, Inc. 010301 221010301 16.5 222 Industrial Linings, Inc. 010101 222010101 31.3 223 International Grating, Inc. 020500 223020500 163.8 223 International Grating, Inc. 061000 223061000 114.7 224 International Marble, Inc. 010404 224010404 4.9 224 International Marble, Inc. 050900 224050900 71.1 225 International Paper (Hampton) 010301 225010301 376.6 225 International Paper (Hampton) 010404 225010404 112.5 226 International Paper (Odenton) 040800 226040800 1,872.1 226 International Paper (Odenton) 050900 226050900 393.8 227 International Reinforced Plastics 010101 227010101 54.2 227 International Reinforced Plastics 010301 227010301 18.1 228 Iten Industries 020500 228020500 417.5 229 Jason Industries, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) 010223 229010223 1,012.4 229 Jason Industries, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) 010405 229010405 221.9 230 Jason International, Inc. (N. 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(Vancouver) 010101 244010101 41.0 244 LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) 010201 244010201 41.0 244 LaValley Industries, Inc. (Vancouver) 010405 244010405 4.4 245 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. 010222 245010222 26.1 245 Lawrence Wittman & Co., Inc. 010405 245010405 3.3 246 Leer East, Inc. 010223 246010223 544.7 246 Leer East, Inc. 010405 246010405 119.4 247 Leer Midwest 010223 247010223 612.0 247 Leer Midwest 010405 247010405 204.0 248 Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. 010405 248010405 1.5 248 Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. 010404 248010404 43.4 248 Lehigh Cultured Marble, Inc. 050900 248050900 526.9 249 Liberty Polyglas, Inc. 061000 249061000 1,753.4 250 Lippert Corp. 010404 250010404 66.0 250 Lippert Corp. 050900 250050900 701.6 76 Livingston, Inc. 010222 76010222 522.2 76 Livingston, Inc. 010405 76010405 61.2 76 Livingston, Inc. 020600 76020600 173.4 251 LL Cultured Marble 010404 251010404 4.3 251 LL Cultured Marble 050900 251050900 108.7 252 Lund Industries, Inc. 010222 252010222 503.3 252 Lund Industries, Inc. 010405 252010405 173.8 253 M. C. Gill Corp. 010121 253010121 79.0 254 Mac Molding Co., Inc. 020500 254020500 1,500.0 255 Magnum Plastics, Inc. 010101 255010101 7.5 255 Magnum Plastics, Inc. 010201 255010201 22.5 256 Marbelite Corp. 010405 256010405 10.0 256 Marbelite Corp. 010404 256010404 10.6 256 Marbelite Corp. 050900 256050900 234.3 168 Marble Creations, Inc. (Foreman Industries, Inc.) 010405 168010405 10.0 168 Marble Creations, Inc. (Foreman Industries, Inc.) 010404 168010404 16.5 168 Marble Creations, Inc. 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(Hartford, IN) 020500 335020500 500.0 337 Prestigious Accessories, Inc. 010222 337010222 440.6 337 Prestigious Accessories, Inc. 010405 337010405 66.4 338 Primero, Inc. 010405 338010405 7.0 338 Primero, Inc. 010404 338010404 10.5 338 Primero, Inc. 050900 338050900 135.1 339 Prodelin Corp. (Catawba Facility) 020500 339020500 860.0 340 Prototype Concepts, Inc. 010121 340010121 27.7 340 Prototype Concepts, Inc. 010405 340010405 11.0 341 Quazite Co. 050900 341050900 929.8 342 R & D Marble 010404 342010404 12.2 342 R & D Marble 050900 342050900 218.6 343 R. D. Werner Co., Inc. 061000 343061000 5,288.9 344 Radiant Marble Co. 010404 344010404 12.1 344 Radiant Marble Co. 050900 344050900 169.1 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010101 345010101 47.4 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010201 345010201 156.9 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010301 345010301 159.9 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010321 345010321 46.0 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 010405 345010405 17.0 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 030701 345030701 45.7 345 Raven Industries, Inc. (Sioux Falls) 030721 345030721 45.7 346 Red Ewald, Inc. 010101 346010101 20.7 346 Red Ewald, Inc. 010201 346010201 395.0 346 Red Ewald, Inc. 010405 346010405 17.8 347 Resolite 010101 347010101 60.8 347 Resolite 040800 347040800 1,781.3 348 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. 010121 348010121 2.5 348 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. 010222 348010222 22.2 348 Retterbush Injection Molded Fiberglass Corp. 010405 348010405 3.2 349 Robroy Industries, Inc. (Belding, MI) 010121 349010121 37.3 349 Robroy Industries, Inc. (Belding, MI) 010405 349010405 3.9 349 Robroy Industries, Inc. (Belding, MI) 020500 349020500 817.5 350 Robroy Industries, Inc. (Verona, PA) 061000 350061000 134.0 351 Rockwell International 020500 351020500 2,728.5 352 Rockwell Plastic Products (Newton, NC) 020500 352020500 1,351.5 352 Rockwell Plastic Products (Newton, NC) 020600 352020600 20.5 353 Roma Marble, Inc. 010404 353010404 12.2 353 Roma Marble, Inc. 050900 353050900 153.3 354 Rubber & Plastic Applicators 010101 354010101 36.5 354 Rubber & Plastic Applicators 010301 354010301 38.3 355 Rynone Manufacturing Corp. (Sayre Plant) 010405 355010405 123.0 355 Rynone Manufacturing Corp. (Sayre Plant) 050900 355050900 861.6 356 Ryobi Motor Products Corp. 020500 356020500 2,384.4 357 S. R. Smith, Inc. 010121 357010121 191.7 357 S. R. Smith, Inc. 010223 357010223 107.0 357 S. R. Smith, Inc. 010405 357010405 2.9 358 S. W. C. Industries, Inc. (Swirl­ Way Div.) 010223 358010223 992.5 358 S. W. C. Industries, Inc. (Swirl­ Way Div.) 010405 358010405 213.2 359 Schmitt Marble Products 010404 359010404 47.5 359 Schmitt Marble Products 050900 359050900 164.4 360 Seal Reinforced Fiberglass 010121 360010121 25.6 360 Seal Reinforced Fiberglass 010222 360010222 8.5 360 Seal Reinforced Fiberglass 010405 360010405 3.3 361 Sequentia, Inc. (Grand Junction) 040800 361040800 12,644.9 363 Shakespeare Co. 010321 363010321 2,306.9 363 Shakespeare Co. 061000 363061000 638.0 364 Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. 010101 364010101 79.1 364 Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. 010121 364010121 6.9 364 Shenandoah Fiberglass Products Co. 010405 364010405 0.6 365 Sherman Poles 030721 365030721 2,487.5 366 Simon­ Telelect, Inc. 010121 366010121 32.8 366 Simon­ Telelect, Inc. 010222 366010222 32.8 366 Simon­ Telelect, Inc. 010405 366010405 24.0 367 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 010101 367010101 47.4 367 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 010201 367010201 94.7 367 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 010301 367010301 81.7 367 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Little Rock) 020500 367020500 2,728.5 368 Smith Fiberglass Products, Inc. (Wichita) 010301 368010301 117.8 369 Southeast Marble, Inc. 010404 369010404 22.5 369 Southeast Marble, Inc. 050900 369050900 179.6 370 Space Tables, Inc. 010223 370010223 12.2 370 Space Tables, Inc. 010405 370010405 7.3 371 Spears Fabrication 010201 371010201 18.9 372 Specialty Plastics Associates, Inc 010222 372010222 841.0 373 Specialty Plastics, Inc. 010301 373010301 32.9 374 Square D Co. (Cedar Rapids) 020500 374020500 1,500.9 375 Square D Co. (Lincoln) 020500 375020500 5,177.5 376 St. Croix of Park Falls, Ltd. 061000 376061000 104.5 377 St. Mary's Marble, L. L. C. 010404 377010404 70.9 377 St. Mary's Marble, L. L. C. 050900 377050900 582.8 378 Standard Glas, Inc. 010222 378010222 126.3 378 Standard Glas, Inc. 010405 378010405 15.2 379 Sterling Plumbing Group, Inc. 020500 379020500 2,728.5 380 Structron Corp. 061000 380061000 329.4 381 Structural North America 020500 381020500 914.8 381 Structural North America 030721 381030721 21.4 382 Style Crest Products 010222 382010222 84.0 382 Style Crest Products 010405 382010405 35.0 383 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. 010121 383010121 15.5 383 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. 010222 383010222 36.2 383 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. 010405 383010405 18.4 383 Sunrise Fiberglass Corp. 020600 383020600 67.5 384 Sunset Plastics, Inc. 010223 384010223 254.0 384 Sunset Plastics, Inc. 010405 384010405 50.0 385 Superior Home Products 010404 385010404 49.1 385 Superior Home Products 050900 385050900 549.4 386 Synmar, Inc. 010404 386010404 10.5 386 Synmar, Inc. 050900 386050900 146.5 387 Syntechnics 010222 387010222 1,014.0 387 Syntechnics 010405 387010405 140.3 388 Taylor Industries, Inc. 010404 388010404 16.1 388 Taylor Industries, Inc. 050900 388050900 161.2 389 Teco, Inc. 010121 389010121 33.0 389 Teco, Inc. 010405 389010405 4.0 390 Tecton (Fargo) 061000 390061000 868.0 391 Tiffany Marble Manufacturing, Inc. 010404 391010404 8.6 391 Tiffany Marble Manufacturing, Inc. 050900 391050900 119.6 392 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. 010222 392010222 34.2 392 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. 010405 392010405 8.3 392 Tom Smith Fiberglass, Inc. 020600 392020600 5.9 393 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Anaheim) 010223 393010223 3,135.5 393 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Anaheim) 010405 393010405 760.5 394 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Cordele) 010223 394010223 1,976.6 394 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Cordele) 010405 394010405 470.0 395 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Elizabethtown) 010223 395010223 2,124.8 395 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Elizabethtown) 010405 395010405 541.0 396 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Lancaster) 010223 396010223 2,259.3 396 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Lancaster) 010405 396010405 556.0 397 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Moapa) 010223 397010223 6,258.6 397 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Moapa) 010405 397010405 1,596.0 398 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (South Boston) 010223 398010223 2,770.5 398 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (South Boston) 010405 398010405 479.0 399 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Three Rivers) 010223 399010223 2,815.4 399 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Three Rivers) 010405 399010405 685.1 400 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Yelm) 010223 400010223 2,753.9 400 Tomkins ­ LASCO Bathware (Yelm) 010405 400010405 603.7 401 Tomkins ­ LASCO Panel Products (KY) 040800 401040800 13,592.2 402 Trail Wagons, Inc. 010222 402010222 32.6 402 Trail Wagons, Inc. 010405 402010405 8.2 404 Tri­ City Marble, Inc. 010404 404010404 17.0 404 Tri­ City Marble, Inc. 050900 404050900 173.2 405 TRW ­ Trans. Electronics Div. (Union Springs) 020500 405020500 700.7 406 U. S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010222 406010222 378.8 406 U. S. Fiberglass Products, Inc. 010405 406010405 23.7 407 Ultra/ Glas of Lakeville 010222 407010222 154.0 407 Ultra/ Glas of Lakeville 010405 407010405 69.6 409 United States Marble, Inc. 010404 409010404 8.3 409 United States Marble, Inc. 050900 409050900 391.1 410 United Technologies Motor Systems 010404 410010404 480.7 410 United Technologies Motor Systems 050900 410050900 5,572.0 411 Universal Plastics, Inc. 010121 411010121 84.6 411 Universal Plastics, Inc. 010222 411010222 84.6 411 Universal Plastics, Inc. 010405 411010405 48.0 412 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (New Castle) 010223 412010223 3,585.0 412 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (New Castle) 010405 412010405 607.5 413 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Ottumwa) 010223 413010223 2,500.0 413 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Ottumwa) 010405 413010405 593.0 414 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Union Point) 010223 414010223 1,410.0 414 Universal­ Rundle Corp. (Union Point) 010405 414010405 300.0 138 Velasco Scale Co. (Plastics Div.) 010101 138010101 49.0 415 Vendura Industries, Inc. 010404 415010404 11.5 415 Vendura Industries, Inc. 050900 415050900 273.5 416 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Helotes, TX) 010404 416010404 0.0 416 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Helotes, TX) 050900 416050900 0.2 417 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Richmond, VA) 010404 417010404 49.6 417 Venetian Marble, Inc. (Richmond, VA) 050900 417050900 385.4 418 Vertex Plastics, Inc. 010222 418010222 68.0 418 Vertex Plastics, Inc. 010405 418010405 15.0 419 VMC Fiberglass Products, Inc./ Tri­ Glas 010222 419010222 159.1 419 VMC Fiberglass Products, Inc./ Tri­ Glas 010405 419010405 254.9 420 W. H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Camden Rd) 061000 420061000 67.0 421 W. H. Brady U. S. A, Inc. (Cameron Ave.) 040800 421040800 193.4 422 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) 010121 422010121 12.1 422 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) 010222 422010222 108.9 422 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Jacksonville) 010405 422010405 30.0 423 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 010121 423010121 13.9 423 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 010222 423010222 125.4 423 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 010405 423010405 37.3 423 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 020500 423020500 99.9 423 Warminster Fiberglass Co. (Southampton) 020600 423020600 73.6 424 Water Heater Innovations, Inc. 010321 424010321 70.4 425 Wayne Manufacturing Co. 061000 425061000 54.7 426 Western Recreational Vehicles, Inc. 010222 426010222 55.1 426 Western Recreational Vehicles, Inc. 010405 426010405 17.3 427 Wildon Industries, Inc. 050900 427050900 186.3 428 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. 010121 428010121 14.1 428 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. 010222 428010222 7.5 428 William Kreysler & Associates, Inc. 010405 428010405 6.5 429 Wilson Marble Co. 010404 429010404 9.7 429 Wilson Marble Co. 050900 429050900 96.9 430 Xenon Co., Inc. 010101 430010101 3.8 430 Xenon Co., Inc. 010201 430010201 11.3 430 Xenon Co., Inc. 010405 430010405 0.8 431 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) 010101 431010101 47.4 431 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) 010201 431010201 94.7 431 Xerxes Corp. (Anaheim) 010301 431010301 72.2 432 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) 010101 432010101 47.4 432 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) 010201 432010201 94.7 432 Xerxes Corp. (Avon) 010301 432010301 123.9 433 Xerxes Corp. (Lakeland) 010201 433010201 94.7 434 Xerxes Corp. (Seguin) 010201 434010201 94.7 434 Xerxes Corp. (Seguin) 010405 434010405 20.3 435 Xerxes Corp. (Tipton) 010201 435010201 94.7 436 Xerxes Corp. (Williamsport) 010201 436010201 94.7 436 Xerxes Corp. (Williamsport) 010405 436010405 20.3 437 Yankee Plastic Co. 010201 437010201 23.5 437 Yankee Plastic Co. 010405 437010405 1.5 438 Zane's Fiberglass Shop, Inc. 010222 438010222 75.9 438 Zane's Fiberglass Shop, Inc. 010405 438010405 10.3 439 Zehrco Plastics, Inc. (Plant #1) 020500 439020500 697.0 435,090.0 check: with PES Totals: ing index match function on names. Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Major Composite 38.4 58.3 32.6 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 150.9 1.5 2. 6 2.0 TRUE 11.2 1,002.5 6, 404.8 2, 266.4 36.2 36.2 TRUE 11,088.2 157.2 16.4 16.4 TRUE 1,398.5 514.6 1, 078.1 436.8 98.6 72.5 TRUE 2,064.4 26.7 52.6 35.4 TRUE 187.6 140.8 40.8 98.0 43.3 29.0 TRUE 443.2 9.7 16.6 12.8 TRUE 70.6 21.1 9. 0 4.4 2. 8 2.2 FALSE 58.8 36.7 9. 9 6.4 4. 6 4.1 FALSE 85.7 17.6 7. 5 3.7 2. 4 1.9 FALSE 49.0 22.0 6. 0 3.8 2. 7 2.4 FALSE 51.4 26.4 11.2 5. 5 3.5 2. 8 FALSE 73.5 33.0 8. 9 5.8 4. 1 3.7 FALSE 77.1 2.1 7. 2 5.3 TRUE 11.6 ­ 730.3 33.8 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 1,089.9 30.0 12.0 19.9 7. 1 5.5 FALSE 92.0 0.5 1. 1 0.7 FALSE 3.4 56.3 114.0 47.8 21.0 8. 2 TRUE 215.5 3.7 7. 0 4.9 TRUE 26.3 90.0 75.0 58.6 23.7 13.3 TRUE 267.7 3.8 8. 1 5.0 TRUE 25.7 65.7 ­ 33.3 10.4 7. 0 TRUE 156.2 2.1 4. 1 2.8 TRUE 15.0 1.7 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 84.9 ­ 476.7 21.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 677.1 113.4 ­ 23.7 24.8 9. 2 TRUE 306.6 91.2 ­ 55.7 44.6 12.6 TRUE 232.7 9.5 16.3 12.6 TRUE 69.1 3.5 9. 9 8.8 TRUE 21.7 ­ 1, 642.7 63.2 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 2,039.6 1,162.8 2, 436.0 987.0 18.9 18.9 TRUE 4,868.5 91.3 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 812.8 702.2 2, 378.7 909.5 295.7 166.2 TRUE 4,185.8 87.5 81.3 81.3 TRUE 706.2 52.3 180.5 67.0 21.1 11.8 TRUE 309.3 4.4 4. 1 4.1 TRUE 35.3 17.2 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 838.6 69.5 ­ 42.4 19.8 9. 6 TRUE 191.4 4.0 8. 5 5.2 TRUE 27.1 142.4 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 6,969.2 2.5 4. 3 3.3 TRUE 18.2 308.5 ­ 32.5 57.8 46.2 TRUE 451.2 7.3 4. 0 4.0 FALSE 351.2 1.5 4. 2 3.7 TRUE 9.1 ­ 817.5 40.1 3. 6 3.6 TRUE 1,292.2 2.4 7. 4 6.0 TRUE 14.0 ­ 804.4 32.4 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 1,046.0 44.0 121.0 76.6 27.1 20.7 TRUE 349.3 5.6 12.3 7. 4 TRUE 38.1 0.2 0. 4 0.3 FALSE 1.5 2.0 5. 5 4.9 FALSE 12.1 ­ 972.0 35.3 1. 6 1.6 FALSE 1,138.7 510.9 1, 070.4 433.7 6. 3 6.3 TRUE 2,141.4 32.3 67.6 27.4 8. 1 4.5 FALSE 127.6 0.3 0. 6 0.5 FALSE 2.5 21.5 45.1 18.3 3. 3 3.0 FALSE 87.2 0.3 0. 5 0.4 FALSE 2.2 1.5 ­ 0.3 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 3.5 16.7 ­ 10.8 8. 8 2.5 TRUE 44.9 1.8 3. 3 2.3 TRUE 12.6 66.9 ­ 14.0 9. 9 8.8 TRUE 185.8 14.6 ­ 10.4 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 47.2 25.8 27.6 18.5 3. 4 3.4 TRUE 88.2 3.9 ­ 2.4 1. 6 0.5 TRUE 10.3 5.0 10.5 4. 3 0.5 0. 5 TRUE 20.6 26.1 7. 1 4.5 3. 9 2.9 TRUE 60.2 110.1 29.8 19.2 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 262.3 0.5 1. 2 0.6 TRUE 3.0 175.7 20.2 20.2 TRUE 8,591.0 612.5 1, 365.0 519.9 135.1 80.4 TRUE 2,439.5 3,490.2 4, 000.0 2, 962.7 1, 298.5 729.9 TRUE 13,372.0 117.0 225.4 155.1 TRUE 827.6 507.1 1, 062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 2,007.3 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 151.7 32.5 62.5 37.7 16.5 9. 2 TRUE 169.4 12.8 ­ 7.8 4. 9 1.8 FALSE 34.1 1.0 1. 7 1.3 FALSE 7.3 32.8 ­ 6.9 5. 1 2.7 TRUE 90.9 26.4 ­ 16.1 9. 0 3.6 TRUE 71.3 2.9 5. 3 3.8 TRUE 20.7 22.2 ­ 4.7 4. 9 2.9 TRUE 60.1 29.1 ­ 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE 85.5 3.0 ­ 0.6 0. 4 0.2 TRUE 8.5 83.1 174.1 70.5 20.4 11.7 TRUE 328.9 1.3 2. 4 1.7 TRUE 8.9 22.0 ­ 12.5 1. 2 1.2 TRUE 148.3 40.8 42.8 24.2 4. 8 4.4 FALSE 115.9 0.4 0. 9 0.5 FALSE 2.8 0.6 1. 0 0.7 FALSE 4.1 0.6 1. 6 1.4 FALSE 3.4 ­ 394.1 15.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 508.9 244.8 ­ 125.9 85.3 26.5 TRUE 543.7 8.1 13.8 10.7 TRUE 58.7 2.5 6. 7 6.4 TRUE 16.3 ­ 14.7 14.6 2. 6 2.6 TRUE 467.9 68.1 10.2 10.2 TRUE 3,328.4 20.9 ­ 12.8 9. 0 2.9 FALSE 54.5 37.7 ­ 23.0 16.3 5. 2 TRUE 98.4 24.0 ­ 4.5 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 61.9 278.5 986.9 373.0 110.1 68.0 TRUE 1,727.5 38.3 79.1 50.8 TRUE 265.8 69.9 ­ 42.6 26.5 9. 6 TRUE 185.9 0.2 0. 3 0.2 TRUE 1.1 4.5 ­ 1.0 1. 3 0.6 TRUE 12.0 26.8 ­ 19.1 22.0 8. 3 TRUE 73.0 2,955.0 531.0 243.6 25.7 20.7 TRUE 4,991.7 14.9 ­ 3.4 2. 3 2.2 TRUE 44.7 9.9 ­ 5.6 2. 7 2.3 TRUE 25.4 186.0 ­ 27.4 19.1 18.9 TRUE 371.8 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 8 2.9 TRUE 61.1 29.1 ­ 20.7 14.3 9. 0 TRUE 88.7 31.7 ­ 5.5 4. 8 4.2 TRUE 73.1 3.2 4. 7 4.2 TRUE 23.8 2.0 ­ 0.4 0. 3 0.3 FALSE 5.6 6.3 ­ 4.5 1. 7 1.7 FALSE 20.6 21.2 ­ 3.7 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 49.6 0.1 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 0.3 68.8 ­ 14.4 15.1 5. 6 TRUE 186.2 3.2 6. 1 4.2 TRUE 22.3 1.9 2. 8 2.5 FALSE 14.1 ­ 940.0 34.8 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 1,124.5 0.2 ­ 0.0 0. 0 0.0 FALSE 0.6 20.4 ­ 12.0 3. 0 2.7 FALSE 56.7 0.9 1. 4 1.3 FALSE 7.0 10.9 ­ 6.1 3. 9 2.5 FALSE 26.7 0.2 0. 4 0.2 FALSE 1.1 393.0 1, 558.0 524.8 156.9 83.4 TRUE 2,428.3 44.8 79.2 59.4 TRUE 324.1 40.5 ­ 48.6 2. 7 2.7 FALSE 237.0 1.6 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 13.2 16.0 56.0 22.7 8. 9 4.5 TRUE 102.9 2.8 7. 2 3.6 TRUE 17.6 160.3 17.6 17.6 TRUE 7,839.2 86.9 9. 6 9.6 FALSE 4,248.7 144.0 15.8 15.8 TRUE 7,041.3 11.4 1. 3 1.3 TRUE 558.5 1.2 3. 1 2.9 FALSE 7.4 ­ 1, 806.0 68.1 3. 3 3.3 FALSE 2,199.0 16.3 ­ 20.3 11.3 5. 4 TRUE 88.7 4.4 7. 5 5.8 TRUE 31.9 5.6 14.7 14.2 TRUE 35.9 ­ 1, 610.7 63.2 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 2,041.1 1.1 2. 8 2.7 FALSE 6.8 ­ 266.3 11.2 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 360.8 1.2 3. 9 3.1 FALSE 7.3 ­ 420.4 16.8 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 542.7 1.7 4. 4 4.2 FALSE 10.7 ­ 753.7 30.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 973.0 0.8 0. 1 0.1 TRUE 37.3 981.0 190.0 79.1 27.7 6. 5 TRUE 1,618.2 126.0 ­ 18.2 5. 8 5.8 TRUE 254.0 69.5 ­ 42.4 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 203.8 ­ 362.5 28.2 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 908.5 120.0 ­ 16.0 6. 1 4.8 TRUE 223.0 69.5 ­ 42.4 8. 9 8.9 TRUE 202.2 ­ 434.0 45.8 7. 9 7.9 TRUE 1,471.6 95.3 56.5 20.0 6. 6 5.6 TRUE 272.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 8. 2 8.2 TRUE 202.9 ­ 955.7 38.5 2. 3 2.3 TRUE 1,242.7 94.8 359.4 138.7 34.8 26.4 TRUE 647.7 12.3 21.9 16.4 TRUE 89.3 1.4 3. 7 3.6 FALSE 9.0 ­ 628.0 23.6 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 760.4 16.8 60.0 10.4 7. 0 2.8 TRUE 133.9 2.6 4. 4 3.4 TRUE 18.6 2.6 ­ 1.0 0. 1 0.1 TRUE 12.0 5.6 15.7 14.1 TRUE 34.6 ­ 1, 890.8 76.2 4. 5 4.5 TRUE 2,458.5 51.6 ­ 10.8 4. 1 4.1 FALSE 146.7 1.8 3. 8 2.3 FALSE 12.1 1.5 ­ 0.3 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 4.2 11.0 ­ 6.7 3. 7 1.5 FALSE 29.8 2.3 4. 9 3.0 FALSE 15.6 18.8 2. 9 2.9 FALSE 920.1 121.2 80.8 92.2 39.6 25.0 TRUE 417.6 8.7 14.9 11.5 TRUE 63.3 233.0 325.0 204.9 71.0 47.6 TRUE 943.1 850.0 165.0 58.5 21.7 4. 1 TRUE 1,288.8 79.5 9. 7 9.7 TRUE 3,884.8 15.4 ­ 3.2 2. 5 2.0 TRUE 42.6 29.1 ­ 20.7 10.7 9. 0 TRUE 92.3 41.7 ­ 7.3 5. 8 5.6 TRUE 96.7 10.6 ­ 6.0 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 71.5 68.3 ­ 41.7 16.1 9. 4 TRUE 191.4 2.9 6. 3 3.9 TRUE 20.2 ­ 494.8 19.9 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 643.2 9.2 ­ 1.6 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 21.1 72.4 ­ 44.2 4. 8 4.8 TRUE 215.3 4.2 5. 6 5.6 TRUE 32.6 10.6 ­ 6.0 0. 4 0.4 TRUE 71.6 71.0 ­ 43.4 17.9 9. 8 TRUE 198.0 7.4 15.9 9. 8 TRUE 50.7 1,348.7 776.0 282.2 70.6 70.6 TRUE 3,871.9 35.0 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 307.7 225.2 25.7 25.7 TRUE 11,010.9 51.6 108.1 43.8 15.1 7. 3 TRUE 201.7 2.9 5. 8 3.9 TRUE 20.7 0.2 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 1.3 62.5 ­ 32.7 14.4 6. 9 TRUE 149.0 7.1 12.3 9. 5 TRUE 52.0 13.5 41.9 34.0 TRUE 79.6 ­ 2, 915.8 117.5 6. 8 6.8 TRUE 3,791.6 9,160.6 12,436.2 4, 011.0 23.7 10.8 TRUE 34,392.1 3,498.0 2, 565.2 1, 293.8 31.9 31.9 TRUE 10,987.5 1,000.0 31.0 89.1 81.5 9. 7 TRUE 1,693.4 642.2 44.5 55.1 8. 7 5.7 FALSE 1,106.9 0.9 2. 9 2.3 FALSE 5.5 ­ 257.1 10.4 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 334.3 46.2 ­ 28.2 6. 4 6.4 FALSE 134.1 1.7 2. 9 2.3 FALSE 12.7 47.4 ­ 9.9 8. 1 3.8 TRUE 130.3 149.9 271.3 148.8 65.8 33.3 TRUE 669.7 12.6 27.6 16.8 TRUE 86.2 2.4 6. 8 6.1 TRUE 14.8 ­ 825.6 33.0 1. 9 1.9 TRUE 1,064.2 4.4 3. 0 3.8 3. 5 1.1 FALSE 15.2 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 191.1 8.8 ­ 2.6 1. 9 1.8 TRUE 33.8 79.2 ­ 57.9 30.5 25.3 TRUE 256.8 2.3 4. 9 3.0 TRUE 15.8 42.4 ­ 12.4 8. 7 5.4 TRUE 162.1 2.4 5. 3 3.2 TRUE 16.8 35.6 ­ 7.4 6. 7 4.7 TRUE 97.3 54.5 ­ 38.9 27.5 16.9 TRUE 165.7 5.4 10.3 7. 2 TRUE 38.8 1,662.9 41.0 180.1 253.5 253.5 TRUE 2,568.3 937.3 81.9 46.3 8. 3 3.1 TRUE 1,226.8 7.5 ­ 4.6 1. 8 1.0 TRUE 21.2 46.0 3, 724.7 141.7 8. 5 8.5 TRUE 4,587.7 23.1 ­ 14.1 4. 3 3.2 FALSE 65.9 2.0 4. 0 2.7 FALSE 14.3 224.4 45.1 45.1 TRUE 10,950.5 82.2 9. 3 9.3 FALSE 4,018.4 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 2,666.6 ­ 1, 602.0 64.5 3. 8 3.8 FALSE 2,083.1 0.2 ­ 0.2 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 2.9 1.7 ­ 5.1 2. 5 2.0 FALSE 22.3 1.1 2. 0 1.5 FALSE 8.0 77.3 ­ 15.8 15.4 13.0 TRUE 205.9 68.8 ­ 14.4 9. 6 5.6 TRUE 191.6 517.3 1, 083.6 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 2,047.5 25.4 47.9 33.7 TRUE 180.8 98.2 49.1 83.3 42.2 25.1 TRUE 370.5 62.0 467.0 151.0 57.7 26.1 TRUE 683.3 9.3 16.7 12.3 TRUE 67.0 507.1 1, 062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 2,007.3 21.3 39.8 28.3 TRUE 152.1 0.8 ­ 6.1 4. 2 1.8 FALSE 25.4 0.7 1. 5 0.9 FALSE 4.8 5.0 1. 6 1.6 TRUE 245.3 689.9 ­ 74.7 108.8 108.8 TRUE 1,061.9 ­ ­ 4.0 1. 1 1.1 TRUE 127.0 1,095.5 507.0 296.1 3. 7 3.7 TRUE 2,537.8 0.5 0. 1 0.1 TRUE 23.9 15.7 ­ 6.4 0. 6 0.6 TRUE 77.1 129.4 57.3 22.6 21.8 2. 2 TRUE 334.8 13.7 ­ 9.7 3. 4 2.3 FALSE 44.6 1.2 2. 3 1.6 FALSE 8.5 22.1 ­ 4.6 3. 8 2.9 TRUE 60.7 18.0 ­ 12.9 7. 9 5.6 TRUE 56.0 168.8 ­ 29.4 23.1 22.5 TRUE 391.9 0.6 1. 1 0.8 TRUE 4.5 62.8 ­ 13.1 9. 2 8.3 TRUE 174.4 41.1 ­ 29.4 16.2 12.7 TRUE 129.5 53.5 0. 2 9.3 7. 1 7.1 TRUE 124.4 0.6 1. 1 0.8 TRUE 4.5 18.2 ­ 3.8 3. 3 2.4 TRUE 50.0 5.5 ­ 3.9 3. 0 1.7 TRUE 16.4 70.7 ­ 12.3 10.1 9. 4 TRUE 163.7 0.8 1. 4 1.1 TRUE 6.0 0.6 1. 1 0.8 FALSE 4.0 10.8 ­ 6.2 0. 6 0.6 FALSE 72.9 23.3 ­ 14.0 8. 6 3.1 TRUE 61.1 1.1 1. 7 1.5 TRUE 8.3 ­ 95.2 7. 0 1.1 1. 1 TRUE 225.2 53.7 ­ 32.8 11.1 7. 4 TRUE 152.2 4.9 9. 2 6.5 TRUE 34.8 17.2 ­ 19.1 16.0 5. 0 TRUE 78.0 2.0 4. 1 2.7 TRUE 14.1 292.9 ­ 111.3 18.8 18.8 TRUE 541.6 10.6 16.9 14.1 TRUE 78.5 40.0 2. 0 7.2 5. 3 4.1 TRUE 96.5 134.6 1. 2 15.0 10.3 7. 9 TRUE 207.6 8.2 0. 4 0.4 TRUE 402.6 269.1 1. 2 38.5 4. 9 4.9 TRUE 598.9 60.0 ­ 26.6 12.8 5. 2 TRUE 120.6 3.0 5. 1 4.0 TRUE 21.9 1,538.6 70.2 77.8 25.3 6. 0 TRUE 2,023.6 22.0 ­ 12.8 6. 6 2.8 FALSE 57.3 0.9 1. 6 1.2 FALSE 6.5 2.2 ­ 1.2 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 14.6 15.0 ­ 15.2 10.7 3. 9 TRUE 64.1 1.4 3. 5 1.8 TRUE 8.6 45.3 ­ 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 124.7 0.8 1. 7 1.1 TRUE 5.5 20.6 ­ 4.3 2. 9 1.7 FALSE 57.4 13.9 ­ 8.5 4. 2 1.9 FALSE 37.9 1.5 2. 3 2.0 FALSE 11.4 14.0 ­ 8.6 4. 0 1.9 FALSE 38.7 1.3 2. 7 1.7 FALSE 8.7 51.5 69.7 40.7 9. 4 8.7 TRUE 192.3 3.0 6. 5 4.0 TRUE 20.8 33.0 ­ 18.4 8. 3 4.0 TRUE 83.4 2.0 4. 3 2.7 TRUE 13.7 33.0 774.2 259.8 127.1 52.0 TRUE 1,143.5 15.9 34.0 21.0 TRUE 108.7 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 7 2.9 TRUE 61.2 899.1 100.0 61.7 22.7 5. 2 TRUE 1,360.8 947.4 561.4 198.3 80.2 55.6 TRUE 2,689.1 34.7 55.4 46.0 TRUE 256.9 45.9 ­ 50.7 22.7 13.2 TRUE 227.5 7.1 13.5 9. 5 TRUE 50.8 9.9 ­ 2.2 1. 9 1.4 FALSE 29.2 4.1 ­ 2.3 1. 4 0.9 FALSE 10.0 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 8 2.9 FALSE 61.1 18.3 ­ 3.2 2. 7 2.4 FALSE 42.5 511.4 ­ 312.2 153.9 70.4 TRUE 1,400.4 154.8 313.1 131.4 49.6 22.6 TRUE 601.0 67.4 153.2 89.3 TRUE 453.1 188.3 ­ 115.0 39.4 25.9 TRUE 533.1 206.0 417.3 174.8 58.5 30.0 TRUE 807.3 15.8 30.5 21.0 TRUE 111.7 74.4 ­ 34.5 14.3 6. 9 TRUE 158.7 5.1 9. 2 6.8 TRUE 36.8 0.9 2. 4 2.3 FALSE 5.9 ­ 577.0 22.5 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 726.1 147.2 96.6 35.3 29.5 17.4 TRUE 460.0 111.0 54.4 25.3 15.1 15.1 TRUE 336.7 28.6 4. 0 4.0 FALSE 1,395.4 658.1 171.8 262.5 83.8 54.2 TRUE 1,236.4 6.9 13.6 9. 1 TRUE 48.5 363.2 41.8 41.8 TRUE 17,755.1 54.6 6. 3 6.3 FALSE 2,667.7 6.0 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 294.6 1.9 5. 4 4.8 FALSE 11.8 ­ 646.3 26.0 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 840.4 5.2 14.9 13.2 TRUE 32.2 ­ 1, 767.0 71.2 4. 2 4.2 TRUE 2,297.6 7.5 21.3 18.9 TRUE 46.1 ­ 2, 530.2 101.9 6. 0 6.0 TRUE 3,290.0 1.6 4. 1 4.0 FALSE 10.0 ­ 551.3 22.2 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 717.0 0.9 ­ 0.3 0. 2 0.1 TRUE 3.8 54.0 ­ 35.5 10.1 8. 2 TRUE 166.5 0.8 1. 3 1.0 TRUE 5.4 10.4 ­ 5.4 1. 7 1.2 FALSE 25.4 0.5 1. 0 0.6 FALSE 3.2 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 195.0 0.7 1. 3 0.9 TRUE 4.8 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 195.0 0.3 0. 7 0.5 TRUE 2.5 1,278.2 129.4 87.7 7. 6 7.6 TRUE 1,959.4 788.3 79.8 54.1 4. 6 4.6 TRUE 1,208.4 527.4 1, 104.9 447.7 129.2 74.3 TRUE 2,087.6 23.1 49.5 30.6 TRUE 158.1 5.5 ­ 4.0 1. 4 1.0 FALSE 18.4 0.7 1. 3 1.0 FALSE 5.4 101.0 249.9 115.9 26.2 24.2 TRUE 545.5 7.4 13.9 9. 8 TRUE 52.5 ­ 453.1 166.8 65.3 29.7 TRUE 1,325.1 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 2,666.6 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 2,666.6 1,492.3 166.0 102.4 37.7 8. 6 TRUE 2,258.7 106.2 ­ 64.9 34.0 14.6 TRUE 288.9 8.1 11.3 10.7 TRUE 61.6 101.4 16.0 16.0 TRUE 4,952.0 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 2,666.6 1.8 ­ 0.4 0. 3 0.1 FALSE 5.0 13.2 ­ 8.1 4. 8 1.8 FALSE 35.5 0.8 1. 7 1.0 FALSE 5.0 48.0 ­ 24.2 14.7 9. 2 TRUE 106.2 18.1 ­ 3.6 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 48.1 1.7 3. 8 2.2 TRUE 11.5 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 191.1 60.4 ­ 36.9 11.6 8. 3 TRUE 172.1 4.6 9. 9 6.1 TRUE 31.5 90.0 200.0 100.4 56.5 22.0 TRUE 439.1 8.0 13.7 10.6 TRUE 58.3 ­ 387.8 19.4 1. 8 1.8 TRUE 624.2 53.3 36.0 32.8 16.4 10.2 TRUE 147.0 1.6 2. 9 2.1 TRUE 11.1 8.6 ­ 1.1 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 15.1 19.1 ­ 10.2 5. 2 4.0 FALSE 45.7 3.7 ­ 0.8 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 10.4 18.0 0. 8 4.6 3. 5 3.1 FALSE 60.7 4.5 0. 2 2.9 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 12.8 51.3 ­ 10.7 9. 1 6.8 TRUE 141.0 99.4 ­ 71.0 52.8 30.8 TRUE 299.6 1.2 ­ 0.2 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 2.9 9.8 ­ 2.0 2. 1 1.3 TRUE 26.4 76.7 ­ 54.8 46.2 23.8 TRUE 225.9 89.3 ­ 15.6 14.7 11.9 TRUE 204.9 16.8 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 820.5 50.6 49.7 8. 1 2.2 0. 5 FALSE 129.1 4.5 1. 2 6.9 3. 8 3.3 FALSE 30.2 0.9 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 6.5 503.5 12.4 54.5 77.8 77.8 TRUE 776.5 0.1 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 0.8 1.4 3. 9 3.4 FALSE 8.3 ­ 381.7 15.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 486.4 243.8 494.0 207.0 38.4 35.6 TRUE 986.5 190.8 59.2 162.0 86.3 51.4 TRUE 715.7 15.3 26.3 20.3 TRUE 111.4 63.8 ­ 40.3 19.2 9. 2 TRUE 181.3 2.0 3. 8 2.7 TRUE 14.5 0.3 ­ 0.1 0. 0 0.0 TRUE 1.0 ­ 0. 1 0.1 0. 0 0.0 TRUE 1.8 46.3 62.5 39.3 9. 0 9.0 TRUE 185.5 1.0 1. 1 1.1 TRUE 7.9 46.0 ­ 8.4 5. 8 3.0 FALSE 111.8 0.6 1. 1 0.8 FALSE 4.3 1.0 0. 5 0.2 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 2.9 8.8 8. 0 5.6 1. 8 1.6 FALSE 25.9 0.0 0. 1 0.0 FALSE 0.3 53.8 ­ 12.1 10.3 4. 8 TRUE 158.4 262.4 ­ 15.9 10.7 1. 5 TRUE 368.4 33.0 116.7 43.6 13.6 7. 8 TRUE 201.4 3.0 5. 8 4.0 TRUE 21.2 60.0 ­ 12.7 10.3 5. 0 TRUE 167.0 12.0 2. 0 2.0 FALSE 586.0 7.9 0. 8 0.8 TRUE 385.3 64.1 84.7 12.8 2. 5 0.7 TRUE 192.8 10.2 0. 2 1.8 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 23.7 14.8 0. 0 3.1 2. 2 1.9 FALSE 40.8 3.3 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 159.6 188.9 ­ 13.0 2. 5 1.3 FALSE 288.1 0.5 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 2.9 1.0 245.0 9. 5 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 307.1 230.6 ­ 40.2 34.5 30.7 TRUE 532.4 11.3 32.0 28.3 TRUE 69.3 ­ 3, 266.2 532.6 15.6 15.6 TRUE 4,590.1 ­ 1, 148.2 46.3 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 1,493.0 24.4 ­ 5.3 4. 6 3.3 FALSE 68.7 8.1 ­ 1.8 1. 6 1.5 FALSE 22.8 8.4 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 408.0 517.3 1, 083.6 439.1 126.7 72.9 TRUE 2,047.5 22.2 41.8 29.4 TRUE 157.9 31.5 64.0 30.6 9. 3 6.2 FALSE 142.1 91.4 ­ 19.1 8. 9 7.4 TRUE 258.4 75.1 ­ 45.8 15.5 10.3 TRUE 212.7 5.5 10.1 7. 2 TRUE 39.0 1,279.5 817.8 595.8 29.9 13.6 TRUE 4,981.5 238.4 ­ 138.1 88.6 30.5 TRUE 599.5 0.9 1. 8 1.2 TRUE 6.4 92.0 148.0 73.9 24.2 19.0 TRUE 341.9 4.2 9. 0 5.6 TRUE 28.8 42.8 4. 9 4.9 FALSE 2,092.3 3.3 8. 6 8.3 TRUE 21.1 ­ 927.1 35.1 1. 7 1.7 TRUE 1,132.9 16.4 ­ 10.0 8. 0 2.3 FALSE 41.7 0.5 0. 8 0.6 FALSE 3.3 100.0 520.0 197.9 59.1 39.6 TRUE 913.0 1.0 2. 1 1.3 TRUE 6.9 49.0 ­ 44.2 17.0 11.1 TRUE 201.9 10.4 18.7 13.8 TRUE 74.9 95.1 ­ 58.1 16.5 13.1 TRUE 272.6 6.2 10.6 8. 2 TRUE 44.9 3.5 0. 4 0.4 TRUE 172.1 0.9 1. 8 1.1 FALSE 5.8 0.4 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 2.3 ­ 213.0 8. 8 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 283.1 7.5 ­ 1.6 1. 6 0.6 FALSE 20.2 5.4 11.3 4. 6 2.0 0. 8 FALSE 20.8 0.1 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 0.4 20.4 ­ 4.1 1. 7 1.7 FALSE 55.6 20.4 ­ 10.2 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 48.7 0.4 0. 8 0.6 FALSE 3.2 9.8 ­ 6.0 2. 8 1.4 FALSE 27.1 0.3 0. 6 0.4 FALSE 2.4 178.5 445.7 196.9 42.3 39.2 TRUE 929.7 11.9 20.5 15.8 TRUE 86.9 102.0 510.0 207.1 76.6 44.0 TRUE 940.3 20.4 35.0 27.1 TRUE 148.6 0.2 0. 5 0.2 TRUE 0.9 4.3 12.2 10.9 TRUE 26.9 ­ 1, 519.9 61.4 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 1,982.2 3,481.9 847.6 277.7 87.7 20.5 TRUE 5,717.5 6.6 17.3 16.6 TRUE 42.1 ­ 5, 564.9 188.0 3. 9 3.9 TRUE 6,074.6 102.0 ­ 105.1 28.7 27.1 TRUE 490.4 6.1 11.0 8. 1 TRUE 44.1 30.6 76.5 21.8 1. 6 1.6 TRUE 257.1 0.4 1. 2 1.1 FALSE 2.7 ­ 336.0 13.3 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 430.6 189.9 ­ 115.9 57.4 26.1 TRUE 519.8 17.4 28.6 23.0 TRUE 127.8 203.0 ­ 17.7 11.1 3. 0 TRUE 253.2 30.0 2. 4 2.4 FALSE 1,467.6 3.5 ­ 0.7 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 9.8 6.9 ­ 4.9 2. 4 2.1 FALSE 22.1 1.0 1. 8 1.3 FALSE 7.2 1.1 3. 0 2.7 FALSE 6.6 ­ 594.7 24.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 802.6 1.0 1. 6 1.3 TRUE 7.5 1.6 4. 5 4.2 TRUE 10.4 ­ 1, 113.8 44.9 2. 7 2.7 TRUE 1,448.3 0.9 2. 1 2.1 FALSE 5.8 ­ 220.5 8. 9 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 286.7 89.1 13.0 8. 9 3.8 0. 9 FALSE 165.5 3.0 6. 4 4.0 FALSE 20.6 5.1 7. 7 2.9 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 34.7 ­ 146.9 5. 9 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 189.6 0.6 1. 8 1.6 FALSE 4.0 ­ 175.2 7. 0 0.4 0. 4 FALSE 226.2 1.0 3. 1 1.3 FALSE 5.9 0.6 1. 9 1.5 FALSE 3.5 ­ 405.7 16.3 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 527.5 174.0 ­ 135.6 49.3 32.9 TRUE 623.1 11.0 23.6 14.6 TRUE 75.4 41.0 ­ 4.1 2. 0 0.5 TRUE 75.8 39.6 ­ 24.2 14.2 5. 5 TRUE 106.2 68.8 ­ 14.4 9. 6 5.6 TRUE 191.6 507.1 1, 062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 2,007.3 24.5 42.0 32.5 TRUE 178.3 60.7 103.0 51.5 20.4 10.3 TRUE 234.6 40.8 ­ 29.8 19.5 7. 1 TRUE 128.2 1.4 2. 5 1.9 TRUE 10.4 12.1 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 589.5 160.0 21.0 21.0 TRUE 7,819.0 7.4 ­ 5.3 3. 4 2.3 TRUE 22.7 43.6 ­ 7.6 6. 3 5.8 TRUE 100.9 0.1 0. 2 0.1 TRUE 0.7 9.6 24.3 24.3 TRUE 62.5 ­ 3, 687.2 159.3 11.2 11.2 TRUE 5,138.3 53.0 20.0 47.4 16.2 15.0 TRUE 218.3 4.6 9. 9 6.1 TRUE 31.5 89.1 10.1 10.1 TRUE 4,354.4 63.1 6. 5 6.5 FALSE 3,086.0 83.2 6. 6 6.6 TRUE 4,071.4 161.1 ­ 115.1 73.9 49.9 TRUE 497.4 10.3 31.1 13.7 TRUE 61.6 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 2,666.6 0.5 ­ 0.3 0. 0 0.0 TRUE 3.2 32.3 ­ 5.6 5. 2 3.3 TRUE 74.4 74.8 ­ 32.8 21.4 11.6 TRUE 143.0 54.7 ­ 9.6 8. 8 7.3 TRUE 125.9 70.9 ­ 43.3 20.4 9. 8 TRUE 195.0 4.1 6. 4 5.5 TRUE 30.6 42.2 ­ 8.8 5. 7 5.6 TRUE 117.5 11.8 ­ 8.4 4. 3 3.7 TRUE 37.6 0.3 0. 7 0.4 TRUE 2.1 2.6 ­ 1.8 1. 6 0.8 TRUE 7.6 60.3 ­ 36.8 17.9 8. 3 TRUE 165.3 4.1 7. 6 5.4 TRUE 29.4 286.3 ­ 174.8 46.0 39.4 TRUE 824.3 46.9 98.3 39.8 6. 7 6.6 TRUE 190.7 17.0 26.9 22.6 TRUE 126.5 3.2 10.0 8. 1 TRUE 18.8 ­ 653.3 33.3 3. 2 3.2 TRUE 1,074.2 507.1 1, 062.4 430.5 124.2 71.4 TRUE 2,007.3 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 151.7 38.5 ­ 23.5 8. 5 5.3 TRUE 108.5 4.9 8. 4 6.5 TRUE 35.7 1.5 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 74.8 11.1 ­ 6.4 0. 5 0.5 TRUE 75.4 20.5 ­ 4.3 1. 8 1.7 TRUE 58.2 16.8 ­ 10.3 6. 0 2.3 TRUE 45.1 1.4 2. 7 1.9 TRUE 10.0 7,334.3 1, 256.9 601.5 102.0 51.7 TRUE 12,316.2 120.0 20.0 11.4 4. 8 1.1 FALSE 215.9 91.0 110.0 56.6 14.7 9. 9 TRUE 266.7 44.1 ­ 26.9 12.2 6. 1 TRUE 122.0 1.8 3. 0 2.3 TRUE 12.8 219.7 570.0 240.9 107.0 46.1 TRUE 1,081.9 16.7 31.5 22.2 TRUE 119.0 1.9 ­ 0.2 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 3.4 16.9 ­ 5.6 2. 7 1.6 FALSE 25.7 3.1 ­ 0.7 0. 4 0.3 FALSE 10.0 27.9 ­ 16.7 5. 6 3.7 FALSE 77.6 49.0 ­ 39.0 14.3 9. 5 TRUE 179.2 3.1 5. 5 4.1 TRUE 22.0 18.0 22.7 6. 8 2.7 2. 2 FALSE 90.2 0.7 1. 5 0.9 FALSE 4.8 43.2 46.2 30.9 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 139.9 2.0 4. 4 2.7 TRUE 13.9 158.4 270.0 125.0 54.2 22.8 TRUE 565.4 2.4 4. 1 3.2 TRUE 17.3 1.9 0. 3 0.3 TRUE 92.5 142.2 198.5 98.4 42.2 17.7 TRUE 446.4 1.4 2. 4 1.8 TRUE 9.8 32.2 0. 5 0.5 FALSE 1,578.8 53.6 ­ 34.1 17.6 7. 8 TRUE 152.1 2.3 4. 1 3.1 TRUE 16.6 4.8 5. 0 1.0 0. 4 0.3 FALSE 13.5 15.7 4. 5 11.2 6. 7 4.4 FALSE 49.1 14.5 5. 0 2.5 1. 7 1.5 FALSE 34.0 0.5 1. 3 1.2 FALSE 2.9 ­ 118.8 4. 8 0.3 0. 3 FALSE 153.4 5.8 16.8 14.5 TRUE 35.1 ­ 6, 392.7 257.6 15.3 15.3 TRUE 8,312.2 39.4 145.0 55.6 25.5 10.4 TRUE 248.3 1.6 2. 9 2.1 TRUE 11.7 46.7 88.4 36.5 6. 4 5.9 FALSE 174.8 0.2 0. 3 0.2 FALSE 1.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 TRUE 191.1 4.0 6. 5 5.2 TRUE 29.1 1,444.1 310.2 130.9 67.6 11.3 TRUE 2,520.5 1.2 2. 1 1.6 FALSE 8.7 108.0 241.0 60.8 3. 4 3.4 FALSE 723.0 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 89.5 42.5 ­ 7.4 6. 2 5.7 TRUE 98.4 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 8 2.9 TRUE 61.1 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 89.5 65.0 ­ 11.3 9. 4 8.7 TRUE 150.5 29.1 ­ 20.7 17.5 9. 0 TRUE 85.5 41.7 ­ 7.3 6. 9 5.6 TRUE 95.6 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 89.5 98.8 ­ 17.2 14.3 13.2 TRUE 228.7 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 8 2.9 TRUE 61.1 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.5 9. 0 TRUE 89.5 70.0 ­ 12.2 10.2 9. 3 TRUE 162.1 1.8 5. 6 4.5 FALSE 10.5 ­ 702.6 28.3 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 913.8 8.9 ­ 1.9 1. 6 1.2 FALSE 24.5 5.8 ­ 4.2 2. 9 1.8 FALSE 17.8 11.7 ­ 2.0 1. 8 1.6 FALSE 26.9 0.3 0. 6 0.4 FALSE 2.1 1.3 ­ 0.3 0. 2 0.2 FALSE 3.6 7.7 ­ 5.5 3. 9 2.4 FALSE 23.6 3.1 13.2 7. 9 TRUE 14.9 ­ 789.0 32.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 1,057.1 122.6 ­ 74.9 56.2 16.9 TRUE 316.6 0.5 0. 8 0.6 TRUE 3.2 ­ 1, 330.0 42.8 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 1,381.5 13.5 ­ 2.4 1. 8 1.4 FALSE 31.8 13.5 ­ 6.0 3. 2 1.2 FALSE 26.8 0.8 1. 3 1.0 FALSE 5.5 17.4 ­ 10.6 4. 9 2.4 FALSE 47.8 0.9 1. 5 1.2 FALSE 6.6 22.4 ­ 4.7 3. 9 3.0 TRUE 61.8 120.3 ­ 25.2 21.8 9. 8 TRUE 329.9 29.3 ­ 21.0 13.7 9. 1 TRUE 90.4 10.8 ­ 6.6 4. 3 1.5 TRUE 28.4 4.5 7. 8 6.0 TRUE 33.1 54.6 6. 5 6.5 TRUE 2,667.4 45.3 ­ 27.6 12.9 6. 2 TRUE 124.7 0.2 0. 4 0.3 TRUE 1.7 0.9 ­ 6.9 5. 7 2.1 FALSE 28.1 0.1 ­ 0.8 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 9.4 0.7 2. 3 1.9 FALSE 4.4 ­ 74.0 4. 4 0.6 0. 6 FALSE 143.0 197.0 20.5 13.5 5. 6 1.2 FALSE 297.6 15.1 ­ 9.2 4. 3 2.1 FALSE 41.6 0.5 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 3.8 5.6 4. 0 1.2 0. 5 0.3 TRUE 16.0 26.7 36.0 22.6 7. 7 5.2 TRUE 104.3 2.0 3. 8 2.7 TRUE 14.2 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 2,666.6 52.8 ­ 32.3 25.8 7. 3 TRUE 134.7 0.1 0. 2 0.1 TRUE 0.7 34.7 ­ 21.2 10.1 4. 8 TRUE 95.5 2.1 3. 9 2.7 TRUE 14.5 4.6 ­ 2.6 0. 2 0.2 TRUE 31.0 ­ 918.0 35.0 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 1,128.5 16.1 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 786.7 10.0 1. 4 1.4 FALSE 488.7 166.3 ­ 101.5 36.7 22.9 TRUE 468.7 6.6 10.0 8. 8 TRUE 49.8 0.7 1. 3 0.9 FALSE 5.0 1.0 2. 9 2.6 FALSE 6.5 ­ 436.6 17.2 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 553.6 17.2 2. 6 2.6 FALSE 840.2 13.0 ­ 2.7 2. 4 1.1 FALSE 35.7 1.1 2. 4 1.5 FALSE 7.5 90.0 6, 104.0 212.8 7. 3 7.3 TRUE 6,903.6 1.2 3. 8 3.1 FALSE 7.2 ­ 655.8 26.2 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 846.7 9,086.6 230.3 623.3 198.3 61.7 TRUE 13,784.1 1.2 3. 4 3.1 FALSE 7.5 ­ 539.5 21.3 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 686.3 22.2 ­ 4.7 4. 6 2.9 TRUE 60.3 48.1 ­ 34.4 27.6 14.9 TRUE 143.1 97.9 ­ 17.1 15.7 13.0 TRUE 224.9 28.2 ­ 4.9 4. 5 2.8 TRUE 64.8 1.7 3. 0 2.3 TRUE 12.4 32.9 ­ 4.7 12.5 12.5 TRUE 61.4 56.7 ­ 6.1 12.5 9. 0 TRUE 83.8 17.9 ­ 2.5 1. 7 1.3 TRUE 34.4 342.1 ­ 121.9 57.1 37.5 TRUE 558.1 1.8 3. 8 2.4 TRUE 12.2 27.0 11.4 6. 7 3.5 3. 5 TRUE 89.0 742.1 311.5 301.3 31.0 14.1 TRUE 2,502.6 1.2 ­ 0.2 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 3.3 8.4 ­ 5.1 2. 0 1.2 FALSE 23.5 0.3 0. 6 0.4 FALSE 2.4 15.3 ­ 3.5 2. 3 1.4 FALSE 46.7 0.4 0. 7 0.5 FALSE 2.9 16.4 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 799.4 180.0 46.0 18.0 6. 2 1.6 FALSE 335.8 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 2,666.6 27.0 5. 7 5.7 FALSE 1,318.8 5.8 16.3 3. 3 0.2 0. 2 FALSE 39.0 1.2 4. 1 3.1 FALSE 6.8 ­ 304.9 13.7 1. 1 1.1 FALSE 443.4 15.5 ­ 3.5 2. 9 2.3 FALSE 45.6 16.3 ­ 3.7 3. 4 3.1 FALSE 47.5 12.3 38.4 16.3 TRUE 72.3 ­ 258.3 33.6 6. 9 6.9 TRUE 1,079.4 47.7 2. 9 2.9 TRUE 2,333.8 89.9 ­ 18.8 12.8 7. 3 TRUE 250.0 54.7 114.5 46.4 12.5 7. 7 TRUE 217.3 0.3 0. 6 0.4 TRUE 2.1 507.1 1, 062.4 430.5 77.1 71.4 TRUE 2,054.4 21.3 40.2 28.3 TRUE 151.7 4.8 12.4 12.0 TRUE 30.3 ­ 657.4 24.7 1. 0 1.0 TRUE 796.1 12.0 ­ 2.5 1. 6 1.0 FALSE 33.5 3.2 ­ 2.0 0. 9 0.4 FALSE 8.9 0.3 0. 6 0.4 FALSE 2.4 5,246.3 2, 803.3 2, 195.9 247.8 112.7 TRUE 18,250.7 1,693.1 458.6 295.2 140.0 140.0 TRUE 4,023.4 1,285.8 143.0 88.2 26.3 7. 4 TRUE 1,952.3 46.4 19.8 9. 7 8.1 4. 9 FALSE 127.4 4.5 2. 8 0.9 0. 4 0.3 FALSE 12.8 0.1 0. 2 0.1 FALSE 0.4 3,089.2 ­ 334.6 520.5 492.7 TRUE 4,721.6 11.0 ­ 3.0 3. 4 1.2 TRUE 37.4 11.0 ­ 7.3 4. 7 1.7 TRUE 31.7 2.4 4. 1 3.2 TRUE 17.5 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 7 2.9 TRUE 61.2 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 50.0 ­ 8.7 7. 5 6.7 TRUE 115.5 54.6 7. 4 7.4 TRUE 2,666.6 72.1 ­ 12.6 10.8 9. 6 TRUE 166.6 2.3 5. 9 5.7 FALSE 14.4 ­ 318.2 14.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 481.6 15.0 1. 2 4.7 2. 1 0.9 FALSE 21.6 0.7 1. 5 1.0 FALSE 5.1 6.1 ­ 4.2 3. 0 1.8 FALSE 17.8 350.4 ­ 199.0 113.8 43.7 TRUE 878.5 37.6 ­ 4.6 3. 1 2.7 FALSE 62.9 30.0 3. 0 3.0 FALSE 1,467.9 103.6 8. 8 8.8 FALSE 5,065.1 192.0 2. 4 12.4 5. 9 1.2 FALSE 280.6 7.1 20.6 17.8 TRUE 43.2 ­ 1, 699.2 68.5 3. 8 3.8 TRUE 2,209.7 47.6 ­ 29.1 15.3 6. 6 TRUE 129.5 1.5 2. 6 2.0 TRUE 11.0 54.6 7. 4 7.4 FALSE 2,666.6 820.8 94.6 50.3 15.6 3. 8 TRUE 1,178.9 18.3 2. 5 2.5 FALSE 894.0 8.3 0. 7 1.8 7. 2 4.2 FALSE 21.3 31.7 ­ 19.4 6. 5 4.4 TRUE 89.8 3.5 6. 0 4.6 TRUE 25.5 7.3 ­ 1.5 1. 0 0.6 FALSE 20.3 13.7 ­ 8.3 3. 9 1.9 FALSE 37.7 1.8 3. 7 2.4 FALSE 12.8 10.6 ­ 6.0 0. 6 0.6 FALSE 71.4 70.0 215.0 90.9 32.5 18.3 TRUE 415.6 5.0 9. 3 6.6 TRUE 35.7 4.9 14.3 12.4 TRUE 29.9 ­ 1, 355.8 57.2 3. 0 3.0 TRUE 1,844.9 1.1 3. 3 2.6 FALSE 6.2 ­ 427.2 17.2 1. 0 1.0 FALSE 555.5 687.5 ­ 282.4 108.9 52.7 TRUE 1,310.2 14.0 30.1 18.6 TRUE 96.1 1.6 4. 5 4.1 FALSE 10.0 ­ 496.0 19.7 0. 9 0.9 FALSE 636.6 15.5 ­ 3.2 1. 5 1.3 FALSE 43.7 0.4 0. 9 0.5 FALSE 2.7 1,749.4 194.6 120.0 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 2,689.8 0.9 2. 6 2.2 FALSE 5.2 ­ 348.7 14.1 0. 8 0.8 FALSE 453.5 12.9 ­ 7.9 4. 6 1.8 FALSE 34.6 0.8 1. 4 1.1 FALSE 6.0 0.9 ­ 0.5 0. 0 0.0 FALSE 6.3 675.0 4, 890.8 1, 472.5 516.2 225.6 TRUE 6,712.6 76.1 139.4 100.8 TRUE 545.0 415.0 3, 092.2 928.1 327.1 142.2 TRUE 4,228.6 47.0 86.2 62.3 TRUE 336.8 655.0 3, 304.6 1, 027.8 183.7 152.9 TRUE 4,872.9 54.1 52.1 52.1 TRUE 434.8 356.0 3, 564.7 1, 047.0 210.2 162.6 TRUE 4,922.8 55.6 53.5 53.5 TRUE 446.9 3,974.0 9, 844.6 3, 373.4 994.1 450.4 TRUE 15,709.7 159.6 292.6 211.6 TRUE 1,143.8 709.0 4, 078.6 1, 277.8 324.1 199.4 TRUE 5,956.2 47.9 46.1 46.1 TRUE 385.0 584.0 4, 386.6 1, 317.8 463.5 202.6 TRUE 6,004.7 68.5 125.6 90.8 TRUE 491.0 575.0 4, 215.6 1, 276.8 147.3 147.3 TRUE 6,120.4 60.4 110.7 80.0 TRUE 432.7 4,396.8 3, 479.0 2, 282.7 137.2 62.4 TRUE 19,048.1 74.5 ­ 17.5 4. 7 1.7 FALSE 85.0 0.8 1. 4 1.1 FALSE 5.9 1.7 3. 7 3.7 FALSE 11.7 ­ 505.1 20.4 1. 2 1.2 FALSE 656.8 14.0 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 685.5 151.5 ­ 88.6 57.1 19.7 TRUE 384.5 2.4 3. 1 3.1 TRUE 18.2 75.0 ­ 38.2 28.4 8. 0 TRUE 162.4 7.0 11.2 9. 2 TRUE 51.4 0.8 2. 2 2.1 FALSE 5.3 ­ 1, 955.3 70.4 2. 3 2.3 FALSE 2,273.6 48.1 136.7 121.1 TRUE 296.0 ­ 16,246.9 654.6 38.8 38.8 TRUE 21,125.5 39.7 ­ 8.3 3. 9 3.2 TRUE 112.1 31.9 ­ 19.5 6. 6 4.4 TRUE 90.4 4.8 8. 2 6.4 TRUE 35.0 765.6 3, 256.6 1, 285.6 1, 037.9 258.0 TRUE 5,283.8 60.8 104.3 80.6 TRUE 442.5 804.0 3, 276.0 1, 110.6 386.9 179.9 TRUE 5,082.5 59.3 116.8 78.6 TRUE 416.9 476.0 1, 347.0 544.9 151.5 101.5 TRUE 2,536.7 30.0 51.5 39.8 TRUE 218.5 19.0 ­ 4.6 2. 8 2.8 FALSE 60.6 1.1 3. 3 2.9 FALSE 7.1 ­ 797.6 32.1 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 1,037.2 0.0 0. 0 0.0 FALSE 0.0 ­ 0. 5 0.0 0. 0 0.0 FALSE 0.7 5.0 15.5 12.5 TRUE 29.2 ­ 1, 042.4 42.8 2. 2 2.2 TRUE 1,382.8 28.0 ­ 16.0 4. 6 3.5 FALSE 75.4 1.5 2. 7 2.0 FALSE 10.8 60.0 ­ 36.7 12.4 8. 3 TRUE 170.1 25.5 53.0 33.8 TRUE 176.4 65.0 5. 0 7.1 3. 1 0.8 FALSE 126.8 42.3 ­ 25.5 48.4 22.0 TRUE 161.8 4.0 ­ 1.1 0. 7 0.5 TRUE 14.3 9.0 ­ 20.0 11.7 5. 7 TRUE 86.2 3.0 6. 4 4.0 TRUE 20.6 4.6 ­ 1.3 0. 9 0.5 TRUE 16.4 41.4 ­ 27.9 13.5 6. 5 TRUE 125.4 3.7 8. 0 4.9 TRUE 25.6 2.0 0. 4 0.4 TRUE 97.5 11.5 ­ 6.6 0. 6 0.6 TRUE 77.9 43.1 ­ 7.5 6. 2 4.3 FALSE 99.7 90.1 ­ 6.2 2. 9 0.6 FALSE 135.7 23.5 ­ 13.1 4. 0 2.9 FALSE 61.4 1.7 1. 8 1.8 FALSE 13.8 ­ 543.2 21.9 1. 3 1.3 FALSE 706.3 9.2 5. 4 1.9 0. 6 0.5 FALSE 26.2 2.8 ­ 1.7 0. 7 0.4 FALSE 7.9 0.7 1. 4 0.9 FALSE 4.5 1.0 2. 7 2.4 FALSE 6.0 ­ 324.3 12.6 0. 7 0.7 FALSE 407.9 1.6 0. 1 0.4 0. 3 0.2 FALSE 4.8 4.8 0. 2 2.7 1. 4 1.1 FALSE 12.2 0.1 0. 1 0.1 FALSE 0.5 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 7 2.9 TRUE 61.2 29.1 ­ 20.7 9. 3 9.0 TRUE 93.7 44.2 ­ 7.7 6. 6 5.9 TRUE 102.1 22.2 ­ 4.7 3. 7 2.9 TRUE 61.2 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 75.9 ­ 13.2 11.4 10.1 TRUE 175.2 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 2.0 3. 8 2.7 TRUE 14.5 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 TRUE 89.7 2.0 3. 8 2.7 TRUE 14.5 7.2 ­ 5.1 2. 5 2.2 FALSE 23.0 0.2 0. 3 0.2 FALSE 1.0 28.6 ­ 17.5 5. 0 3.9 FALSE 82.1 1.0 1. 9 1.4 FALSE 7.3 13.9 1. 5 1.5 FALSE 681.6 118,730.5 213,769.0 64,724.1 20,455.7 12,545.6 682,409.7 PES DATABSE VALUES FacID Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT Composite 1 112.5 38.4 58.3 34.1 13.1 9. 0 162.1 2 499.8 140.8 40.8 107.6 59.9 41.8 513.8 3 7, 555.6 1, 002.5 6, 404.8 2, 423.6 52.5 52.5 12,486.7 4 1, 274.0 514.6 1, 078.1 463.5 151.2 107.9 2, 251.9 5 86.0 57.8 18.9 10.8 7. 4 6.3 144.6 6 60.0 39.6 13.5 7. 5 5.1 4. 3 100.4 7 90.0 59.4 20.2 11.3 7. 7 6.4 150.6 8 418.6 ­ 730.3 35.9 11.4 9. 5 1,101.5 9 82.0 30.0 12.0 20.4 8. 1 6.2 95.4 10 151.0 56.3 114.0 51.5 28.0 13.1 241.8 11 222.5 90.0 75.0 62.4 31.7 18.3 293.4 12 242.4 65.7 ­ 37.2 14.7 10.0 256.1 13 223.2 ­ 476.7 21.0 1. 8 1.8 677.1 14 578.3 204.6 ­ 88.9 85.7 34.3 608.3 16 498.4 ­ 1,642.7 66.7 13.1 12.1 2, 061.3 17 3,188.2 1, 162.8 2, 436.0 1, 078.3 27.4 27.4 5, 681.3 18 3,185.1 702.2 2, 378.7 997.0 377.0 247.5 4, 892.1 19 208.4 52.3 180.5 71.4 25.2 15.9 344.6 20 858.5 ­ ­ 17.2 2. 7 2.7 838.6 21 223.7 69.5 ­ 46.4 28.3 14.8 218.5 22 7,119.0 ­ ­ 142.4 7. 4 7.4 6, 969.2 23 258.0 308.5 ­ 35.0 62.1 49.5 469.4 24 362.5 ­ ­ 7. 3 4.0 4. 0 351.2 25 533.1 ­ 817.5 41.5 7. 8 7.3 1, 301.2 26 299.7 ­ 804.4 34.8 9. 4 7.9 1, 060.0 27 344.0 44.0 121.0 82.2 39.4 28.2 387.4 28 225.3 ­ 972.0 37.4 7. 5 6.8 1, 152.4 29 1,000.0 510.9 1, 070.4 433.7 6. 3 6.3 2, 141.4 31 66.6 32.3 67.6 27.7 8. 7 5.0 130.1 32 45.1 21.5 45.1 18.6 3. 8 3.4 89.3 33 2.5 1. 5 ­ 0. 3 0.2 0. 2 3.5 34 65.5 16.7 ­ 12.6 12.2 4. 8 57.5 35 190.3 81.5 ­ 24.4 14.4 13.3 233.0 36 267.0 170.9 75.0 49.3 19.1 16.5 444.5 37 8,787.0 ­ ­ 175.7 20.2 20.2 8, 591.0 38 1,117.0 612.5 1, 365.0 519.9 135.1 80.4 2, 439.5 39 11,313.0 3, 490.2 4, 000.0 3, 079.7 1, 524.0 885.1 14,199.5 40 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.4 99.7 2, 159.0 41 128.5 32.5 62.5 37.7 16.5 9. 2 169.4 42 44.0 12.8 ­ 8.8 6. 6 3.1 41.4 43 168.9 59.2 ­ 25.9 19.4 10.1 182.8 44 142.1 51.3 ­ 25.4 22.3 11.9 145.6 45 321.7 108.1 174.1 84.9 24.4 14.8 494.5 46 65.3 40.8 42.8 24.6 5. 6 4.9 118.7 47 142.5 ­ 394.1 16.9 3. 4 3.0 516.4 48 590.6 244.8 ­ 133.9 99.1 37.2 602.4 49 495.9 ­ 14.7 17.1 9. 3 9.1 484.2 50 3,406.8 ­ ­ 68.1 10.2 10.2 3, 328.4 51 100.0 37.7 ­ 23.0 16.3 5. 2 98.4 52 55.4 20.9 ­ 12.8 9. 0 2.9 54.5 53 43.5 24.0 ­ 4.5 1. 1 1.1 61.9 54 1,328.5 278.5 986.9 411.3 189.2 118.8 1, 993.3 55 186.7 69.9 ­ 42.8 26.8 9. 8 187.0 56 97.0 31.3 ­ 20.1 23.3 8. 9 84.9 57 1,775.1 2, 955.0 531.0 243.6 25.7 20.7 4, 991.7 58 291.5 210.8 ­ 36.4 24.1 23.4 441.8 59 225.5 83.0 ­ 34.1 27.6 20.3 246.8 60 59.9 29.5 ­ 8.6 4. 6 4.5 76.1 61 178.3 68.8 ­ 17.6 21.1 9. 8 208.5 63 239.7 ­ 940.0 36.7 4. 3 4.0 1, 138.7 64 61.2 20.6 ­ 13.0 4. 4 3.9 64.4 65 27.6 10.9 ­ 6.3 4. 3 2.7 27.9 66 1,607.1 393.0 1, 558.0 569.6 236.1 142.8 2, 752.4 67 263.3 40.5 ­ 50.2 3. 5 3.5 250.2 68 90.0 16.0 56.0 25.5 16.1 8. 1 120.4 69 8,017.2 ­ ­ 160.3 17.6 17.6 7, 839.2 70 4,345.2 ­ ­ 86.9 9. 6 9.6 4, 248.7 71 7,201.2 ­ ­ 144.0 15.8 15.8 7, 041.3 72 571.2 ­ ­ 11.4 1. 3 1.3 558.5 73 476.0 ­ 1,806.0 69.3 6. 3 6.2 2, 206.4 75 147.9 16.3 ­ 24.7 18.8 11.2 120.7 76 756.8 132.6 76.5 133.0 41.2 36.8 791.7 77 552.7 ­ 1,610.7 68.8 17.6 17.0 2, 077.0 78 117.2 ­ 266.3 12.2 3. 5 3.4 367.6 79 152.6 ­ 420.4 18.1 4. 9 4.1 550.0 80 267.9 ­ 753.7 31.8 6. 1 6.0 983.7 81 592.2 981.0 190.0 79.9 27.8 6. 6 1,655.5 82 914.1 195.5 362.5 88.8 16.9 16.9 1, 366.3 83 658.7 164.8 1, 012.2 100.9 17.1 16.1 1, 717.7 84 1,400.3 189.5 434.0 104.1 22.9 21.6 1, 896.8 85 490.5 94.8 359.4 151.0 56.7 42.8 737.0 86 171.1 ­ 628.0 25.0 4. 8 4.7 769.4 87 110.5 19.4 60.0 14.0 11.5 6. 3 164.4 88 704.4 ­ 1,890.8 81.8 20.3 18.6 2, 493.1 89 127.6 51.6 ­ 12.6 7. 9 6.4 158.8 90 55.3 12.5 ­ 9.3 8. 9 4.7 49.6 91 941.8 ­ ­ 18.8 2. 9 2.9 920.1 92 434.3 121.2 80.8 100.9 54.5 36.5 480.9 93 661.0 233.0 325.0 204.9 71.0 47.6 943.1 94 354.0 850.0 165.0 58.5 21.7 4. 1 1,288.8 95 3,973.9 ­ ­ 79.5 9. 7 9.7 3, 884.8 96 263.2 96.7 ­ 37.3 19.6 17.1 303.1 97 210.4 68.3 ­ 44.6 22.4 13.3 211.6 98 169.7 ­ 494.8 19.9 1. 4 1.4 643.2 99 15.0 9. 2 ­ 1. 6 1.5 1. 2 21.1 100 301.8 83.0 ­ 54.5 10.9 10.9 319.5 101 262.1 71.0 ­ 50.7 33.7 19.6 248.7 102 2,450.0 1, 348.7 776.0 317.2 78.0 78.0 4, 179.5 103 11,261.8 ­ ­ 225.2 25.7 25.7 11,010.9 105 132.4 51.6 108.1 46.9 21.4 11.7 223.7 106 205.0 62.5 ­ 39.9 26.6 16.4 201.0 107 6,250.0 3, 498.0 2, 565.2 1, 293.8 31.9 31.9 10,987.5 108 833.0 1, 000.0 31.0 89.1 81.5 9. 7 1,693.4 109 484.1 642.2 44.5 55.1 8. 7 5.7 1, 106.9 110 97.4 ­ 257.1 11.3 3. 4 2.9 339.8 112 690.5 197.3 271.3 171.4 101.6 53.9 886.2 113 297.6 ­ 825.6 35.4 8. 7 8.0 1, 079.0 115 15.0 4. 4 3.0 3. 8 3.5 1. 1 15.2 116 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 191.1 117 318.5 88.0 ­ 62.8 37.4 30.1 306.3 118 165.2 42.4 ­ 14.8 14.0 8. 6 178.9 119 308.0 90.1 ­ 51.8 44.5 28.8 301.8 120 262.1 937.3 81.9 46.3 8. 3 3.1 1, 226.8 121 987.2 53.5 3, 724.7 146.3 10.3 9. 5 4,608.8 122 74.5 10.8 ­ 6.7 1. 6 1.3 77.0 123 81.6 23.1 ­ 16.1 8. 3 5.9 80.3 124 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 2, 666.6 125 4,109.9 ­ ­ 82.2 9. 3 9.3 4, 018.4 126 11,220.0 ­ ­ 224.4 45.1 45.1 10,950.5 127 549.4 ­ 1,602.0 64.5 3. 8 3.8 2, 083.1 128 42.4 1. 9 ­ 6. 4 4.6 3. 6 33.2 129 159.8 77.3 ­ 15.8 15.4 13.0 205.9 130 1,413.2 586.1 1, 083.6 478.9 184.2 112.1 2, 419.8 131 348.8 98.2 49.1 83.3 42.2 25.1 370.5 132 456.0 62.0 467.0 160.3 74.4 38.5 750.3 133 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.0 99.7 2, 159.4 134 42.0 0. 8 ­ 6. 8 5.7 2. 7 30.2 135 939.6 689.9 ­ 83.7 111.5 111.5 1, 434.3 136 285.5 145.1 57.3 29.5 22.5 3. 0 435.9 137 1,235.2 1, 095.5 507.0 296.1 3. 7 3.7 2, 537.8 138 49.0 19.0 ­ 4.6 2. 8 2.8 60.6 139 56.0 13.7 ­ 10.9 5. 7 3.9 53.1 140 387.8 208.9 ­ 47.5 36.0 31.8 513.2 141 361.3 157.4 0. 2 52.4 33.6 28.9 432.8 142 180.4 94.4 ­ 20.9 17.8 14.6 236.1 143 71.7 23.3 ­ 15.1 10.4 4. 6 69.4 145 138.1 ­ 95.2 7. 0 1.1 1. 1 225.2 146 191.3 53.7 ­ 37.7 20.3 13.9 187.1 147 116.2 17.2 ­ 21.1 20.2 7. 7 92.1 148 484.8 292.9 ­ 121.9 35.7 32.9 620.1 149 947.3 443.6 4. 3 68.9 20.8 17.3 1, 305.5 150 130.0 60.0 ­ 29.6 18.0 9. 2 142.4 151 517.9 1, 538.6 70.2 77.8 25.3 6. 0 2,023.6 152 77.5 24.2 ­ 15.0 8. 3 4.1 78.3 153 88.5 15.0 ­ 16.5 14.3 5. 7 72.7 154 128.0 45.3 ­ 28.4 14.6 7. 3 130.2 155 96.0 34.5 ­ 14.3 9. 4 5.6 106.8 156 50.0 14.0 ­ 9.9 6. 8 3.6 47.4 157 151.5 51.5 69.7 43.7 15.9 12.7 213.1 158 97.0 33.0 ­ 20.4 12.6 6. 7 97.1 159 881.9 33.0 774.2 275.7 161.1 73.1 1, 252.2 160 493.5 921.3 100.0 66.3 26.4 8. 1 1,422.1 162 326.4 45.9 ­ 57.8 36.1 22.7 278.3 163 33.0 14.0 ­ 4.5 3. 3 2.4 39.2 164 77.4 40.6 ­ 7.8 6. 5 5.4 103.6 165 2,343.0 666.2 313.1 511.0 356.8 182.3 2, 454.5 166 1,074.4 394.3 417.3 305.6 128.4 76.9 1, 452.1 167 184.3 74.4 ­ 39.7 23.5 13.7 195.5 168 408.5 ­ 1,113.8 47.5 8. 7 8.2 1, 466.1 169 181.9 ­ 577.0 23.4 3. 4 3.4 732.0 170 492.7 258.2 151.0 60.6 44.6 32.5 796.7 171 1,428.0 ­ ­ 28.6 4. 0 4.0 1, 395.4 172 821.7 658.1 171.8 269.4 97.4 63.3 1, 284.8 173 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 6. 3 6.3 2, 667.7 174 18,160.1 ­ ­ 363.2 41.8 41.8 17,755.1 175 301.4 ­ ­ 6. 0 0.8 0. 8 294.6 176 240.8 ­ 646.3 28.0 7. 0 6.4 852.1 177 658.3 ­ 1,767.0 76.4 19.1 17.4 2, 329.8 178 942.6 ­ 2,530.2 109.4 27.3 24.9 3, 336.1 179 204.8 ­ 551.3 23.8 5. 2 5.1 727.1 180 169.1 54.9 ­ 36.6 11.7 9. 3 175.7 181 26.8 10.4 ­ 5.9 2. 7 1.8 28.5 182 194.5 70.9 ­ 43.9 21.7 10.6 199.8 183 191.3 70.9 ­ 43.6 21.1 10.2 197.4 184 647.0 1, 278.2 129.4 87.7 7. 6 7.6 1, 959.4 185 399.0 788.3 79.8 54.1 4. 6 4.6 1, 208.4 186 1,262.8 527.4 1, 104.9 470.8 178.7 104.9 2, 245.7 187 25.8 5. 5 ­ 4. 7 2.7 1. 9 23.8 188 410.4 101.0 249.9 123.2 40.1 34.0 598.0 189 1,104.0 ­ 453.1 166.8 65.3 29.7 1, 325.1 190 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 2, 666.6 191 3,468.9 1, 492.3 166.0 156.9 45.0 16.0 4, 925.2 192 362.5 106.2 ­ 73.0 45.3 25.4 350.5 193 5,069.4 ­ ­ 101.4 16.0 16.0 4, 952.0 194 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 2, 666.6 195 46.5 15.1 ­ 9.2 6. 8 3.0 45.6 196 150.7 66.1 ­ 29.5 21.4 14.4 165.8 197 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 191.1 198 206.0 60.4 ­ 41.5 21.5 14.4 203.5 199 386.0 90.0 200.0 108.4 70.2 32.6 497.4 200 257.6 ­ 387.8 19.4 1. 8 1.8 624.2 201 122.7 53.3 36.0 34.4 19.3 12.2 158.2 202 57.7 31.4 ­ 12.1 5. 7 4.5 71.3 203 62.5 22.5 1. 0 7.5 5. 0 4.3 73.5 204 435.5 152.0 ­ 81.9 62.1 37.7 443.4 205 416.9 175.8 ­ 72.4 63.0 36.9 457.3 206 878.1 50.6 49.7 24.9 3. 9 2.2 949.5 207 44.2 4. 5 1.2 7. 8 5.3 4. 5 36.8 208 393.0 503.5 12.4 54.5 77.8 77.8 776.5 209 135.2 ­ 381.7 16.5 4. 9 4.4 495.5 210 494.0 243.8 494.0 207.0 38.4 35.6 986.5 212 867.0 190.8 59.2 177.3 112.6 71.7 827.1 213 199.9 64.1 0. 1 42.5 23.1 11.9 198.5 214 86.0 46.0 ­ 9.0 6. 9 3.8 116.1 215 18.6 9. 8 8.5 5. 8 2.0 1. 7 29.1 216 259.6 316.2 ­ 28.0 21.0 6. 4 526.8 217 139.0 33.0 116.7 46.6 19.4 11.8 222.6 218 130.0 60.0 ­ 12.7 10.3 5. 0 167.0 219 600.0 ­ ­ 12.0 2. 0 2.0 586.0 220 453.3 64.1 84.7 20.7 3. 3 1.5 578.2 221 16.5 10.2 0. 2 1.8 1. 3 1.3 23.7 222 31.3 14.8 0. 0 3.1 2. 2 1.9 40.8 223 278.5 188.9 ­ 16.2 3. 4 2.2 447.8 224 76.0 1. 0 245.0 10.0 2. 0 1.7 310.0 225 489.1 230.6 ­ 51.4 66.5 59.0 601.7 226 2,265.9 ­ 4,414.4 578.8 18.3 18.3 6, 083.1 227 72.2 32.5 ­ 7.0 6. 2 4.8 91.5 228 417.5 ­ ­ 8. 4 1.1 1. 1 408.0 229 1,234.2 517.3 1, 083.6 461.3 168.5 102.3 2, 205.3 230 86.5 31.5 64.0 30.6 9. 3 6.2 142.1 231 448.4 166.5 ­ 70.4 34.4 25.0 510.1 232 3,510.0 1, 279.5 817.8 595.8 29.9 13.6 4, 981.5 233 596.9 238.4 ­ 139.0 90.5 31.7 605.8 234 242.0 92.0 148.0 78.1 33.2 24.6 370.7 235 16,830.0 9, 160.6 12,436.2 4, 011.0 23.7 10.8 34,392.1 236 2,140.0 ­ ­ 42.8 4. 9 4.9 2, 092.3 237 275.6 ­ 927.1 38.4 10.3 10.0 1, 154.0 238 47.9 16.4 ­ 10.4 8. 8 2.9 45.0 239 560.0 100.0 520.0 198.9 61.2 40.9 919.9 240 318.2 49.0 ­ 54.7 35.7 24.9 276.8 241 489.7 95.1 ­ 67.7 27.4 21.7 489.6 242 91.6 ­ 213.0 10.0 3. 4 2.7 291.3 243 27.1 12.9 11.3 6. 2 3.7 1. 4 41.4 244 86.4 40.9 ­ 14.8 5. 0 4.8 107.5 245 29.3 9. 8 ­ 6. 3 3.4 1. 8 29.5 246 664.0 178.5 445.7 208.9 62.8 55.0 1, 016.6 247 816.0 102.0 510.0 227.5 111.6 71.1 1, 088.9 248 571.8 ­ 1,519.9 65.9 15.8 14.3 2, 010.0 249 1,753.4 3, 481.9 847.6 277.7 87.7 20.5 5, 717.5 250 767.6 ­ 5,564.9 194.6 21.2 20.6 6, 116.7 251 113.0 ­ 336.0 13.8 2. 0 1.9 433.2 252 677.1 189.9 ­ 133.3 86.1 49.2 647.6 253 79.0 203.0 ­ 17.7 11.1 3. 0 253.2 254 1,500.0 ­ ­ 30.0 2. 4 2.4 1, 467.6 255 30.0 10.4 ­ 5.7 2. 9 2.6 31.9 256 254.9 ­ 594.7 26.9 6. 2 5.4 816.4 257 84.4 ­ 220.5 9. 8 2.7 2. 7 292.5 258 76.1 89.1 13.0 8. 9 3.8 0. 9 165.5 259 104.0 5. 1 154.6 11.8 7. 0 4.5 244.9 260 64.8 ­ 175.2 7. 6 2.2 2. 0 230.2 261 155.2 ­ 405.7 17.9 6. 0 3.8 536.9 262 785.0 215.0 ­ 150.7 74.9 48.0 774.3 263 105.0 39.6 ­ 24.2 14.2 5. 5 106.2 264 1,384.1 576.0 1, 062.4 469.4 175.9 109.5 2, 377.2 265 142.8 60.7 103.0 51.5 20.4 10.3 234.6 266 151.0 40.8 ­ 31.2 22.0 9. 0 138.6 267 603.0 ­ ­ 12.1 1. 4 1.4 589.5 268 8,000.0 ­ ­ 160.0 21.0 21.0 7, 819.0 269 96.2 51.0 ­ 13.0 9. 9 8.2 124.3 270 1,717.9 ­ 3,687.2 168.9 35.4 35.4 5, 200.8 271 255.0 53.0 20.0 52.0 26.1 21.1 249.9 272 3,155.6 ­ ­ 63.1 6. 5 6.5 3, 086.0 273 4,161.2 ­ ­ 83.2 6. 6 6.6 4, 071.4 274 4,453.6 ­ ­ 89.1 10.1 10.1 4, 354.4 275 3,359.8 161.6 ­ 180.2 112.3 70.9 3, 228.9 276 264.9 161.8 ­ 48.0 35.4 22.2 343.4 277 228.9 70.9 ­ 47.4 26.8 15.2 225.6 278 131.6 54.0 ­ 17.6 10.7 9. 6 157.3 279 209.2 62.9 ­ 42.7 27.0 14.5 202.3 280 1,021.0 333.3 98.3 231.7 79.5 68.6 1, 141.4 281 489.5 ­ 653.3 36.5 13.2 11.3 1, 093.0 282 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.4 99.7 2, 159.0 283 298.6 49.6 ­ 36.3 17.6 12.5 294.3 284 102.5 37.4 ­ 16.0 10.5 5. 9 113.4 285 4,428.6 7, 334.3 1, 256.9 601.5 102.0 51.7 12,316.2 286 92.0 120.0 20.0 11.4 4. 8 1.1 215.9 287 137.0 91.0 110.0 56.6 14.7 9. 9 266.7 288 134.5 44.1 ­ 28.7 15.2 8. 4 134.8 289 807.3 219.7 570.0 257.6 138.5 68.2 1, 200.9 290 19.0 18.8 ­ 5.9 2. 8 1.7 29.1 291 80.0 31.0 ­ 17.5 6. 0 4.0 87.6 292 1,135.0 ­ 2,915.8 131.0 48.7 40.8 3, 871.2 293 214.2 49.0 ­ 42.1 19.8 13.6 201.3 294 66.0 18.0 22.7 7. 5 4.2 3. 2 95.0 295 115.0 43.2 46.2 32.9 17.7 11.7 153.9 296 434.7 158.4 270.0 129.3 58.6 26.2 675.2 297 259.9 142.2 198.5 99.7 44.6 19.5 456.3 298 1,611.5 ­ ­ 32.2 0. 5 0.5 1, 578.8 299 173.3 53.6 ­ 36.4 21.8 10.9 168.7 300­­­­­­ 301 70.7 35.0 14.5 14.8 8. 8 6.3 96.6 302 44.3 ­ 118.8 5. 2 1.6 1. 4 156.3 303 2,250.1 ­ 6,392.7 263.3 32.2 29.9 8, 347.3 304 161.2 39.4 145.0 57.2 28.4 12.6 260.0 305 84.2 46.7 88.4 36.7 6. 7 6.2 175.9 306 223.7 69.5 ­ 46.4 26.5 14.8 220.3 307 964.6 1, 444.1 310.2 130.9 67.6 11.3 2, 520.5 308 450.3 108.0 241.0 62.0 5. 5 5.0 731.7 309 164.2 71.6 ­ 28.2 19.7 14.7 187.9 310 162.8 70.7 ­ 28.0 24.4 14.5 181.2 311 256.1 127.9 ­ 38.0 27.9 22.2 318.1 313 248.3 116.3 ­ 36.7 26.8 20.6 301.1 314 256.5 121.3 ­ 37.6 27.5 21.3 312.7 315 258.8 ­ 702.6 30.1 7. 0 6.0 924.3 316 60.2 26.4 ­ 8.4 7. 0 4.9 71.3 317 28.0 9. 0 ­ 5. 8 4.1 2. 6 27.1 318 334.2 ­ 789.0 35.9 15.4 10.0 1, 072.0 319 329.5 122.6 ­ 75.3 57.0 17.5 319.8 320 95.0 ­ 1,330.0 42.8 0. 8 0.8 1, 381.5 321 52.5 27.0 ­ 9.1 6. 3 3.6 64.1 322 55.0 17.4 ­ 11.5 6. 5 3.6 54.4 323 3,202.5 182.8 ­ 116.5 58.0 35.9 3, 210.8 325 122.3 45.3 ­ 27.9 13.3 6. 5 126.4 326 50.0 1. 0 ­ 7. 7 5.8 2. 2 37.4 327 81.4 ­ 74.0 5. 2 2.9 2. 4 147.4 328 45.0 15.1 ­ 9.7 5. 0 2.7 45.3 329 99.2 197.0 20.5 13.5 5. 6 1.2 297.6 330 141.8 39.3 ­ 25.9 14.2 7. 7 141.0 331 2,828.5 32.3 40.0 80.4 19.4 15.5 2, 801.0 332 141.0 52.8 ­ 32.4 26.0 7. 4 135.5 333 247.2 ­ 918.0 35.0 1. 8 1.8 1, 128.5 334 805.0 ­ ­ 16.1 2. 2 2.2 786.7 335 500.0 ­ ­ 10.0 1. 4 1.4 488.7 337 507.0 166.3 ­ 108.1 46.6 31.7 518.5 338 152.6 ­ 436.6 18.9 5. 1 4.5 565.1 339 860.0 ­ ­ 17.2 2. 6 2.6 840.2 340 38.8 13.0 ­ 3.8 4. 7 2.5 43.2 341 929.8 90.0 6, 104.0 212.8 7. 3 7.3 6, 903.6 342 230.8 ­ 655.8 27.5 5. 4 4.6 853.9 343 5,288.9 9, 086.6 230.3 623.3 198.3 61.7 13,784.1 344 181.2 ­ 539.5 22.5 4. 4 4.0 693.8 345 518.6 286.1 ­ 73.6 80.4 57.5 650.7 346 433.5 360.0 ­ 126.2 62.6 41.2 604.7 347 1,842.1 769.1 322.9 308.0 34.5 17.6 2, 591.6 348 27.9 9. 5 ­ 5. 7 2.7 1. 7 29.1 349 858.7 15.3 ­ 20.3 4. 8 3.7 848.9 350 134.0 180.0 46.0 18.0 6. 2 1.6 335.8 351 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 2, 666.6 352 1,372.0 5. 8 16.3 30.3 6. 0 6.0 1, 357.8 353 165.5 ­ 304.9 15.0 5. 2 4.1 450.2 354 74.8 31.8 ­ 7.1 6. 3 5.4 93.2 355 984.6 ­ 258.3 45.9 45.3 23.2 1, 151.8 356 2,384.4 ­ ­ 47.7 2. 9 2.9 2, 333.8 357 301.6 144.5 114.5 65.5 25.8 15.4 469.3 358 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 117.3 99.7 2, 206.1 359 211.9 ­ 657.4 29.4 13.4 12.9 826.4 360 37.5 15.2 ­ 4.8 3. 1 1.9 44.8 361 12,644.9 5, 246.3 2, 803.3 2, 195.9 247.8 112.7 18,250.7 363 2,944.9 2, 978.9 601.6 383.4 166.3 147.5 5, 975.8 364 86.6 50.9 22.5 10.7 8. 7 5.2 140.6 365 2,487.5 3, 089.2 ­ 334.6 520.5 492.7 4, 721.6 366 89.5 22.0 ­ 12.7 12.2 6. 1 86.7 367 2,952.3 101.3 ­ 88.7 31.9 26.0 2, 933.0 368 117.8 72.1 ­ 12.6 10.8 9. 6 166.6 369 202.1 ­ 318.2 17.2 7. 1 6.9 496.0 370 19.5 15.0 1. 2 5.4 3. 6 1.8 26.6 371 18.9 6. 1 ­ 4. 2 3.0 1. 8 17.8 372 841.0 350.4 ­ 199.0 113.8 43.7 878.5 373 32.9 37.6 ­ 4.6 3. 1 2.7 62.9 374 1,500.9 ­ ­ 30.0 3. 0 3.0 1, 467.9 375 5,177.5 ­ ­ 103.6 8. 8 8.8 5, 065.1 376 104.5 192.0 2. 4 12.4 5. 9 1.2 280.6 377 653.6 ­ 1,699.2 75.5 24.4 21.7 2, 252.9 378 141.4 47.6 ­ 30.6 17.9 8. 6 140.6 379 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 2, 666.6 380 329.4 820.8 94.6 50.3 15.6 3. 8 1,178.9 381 936.2 8. 3 0.7 20.1 9. 7 6.8 915.3 382 119.0 31.7 ­ 22.9 12.5 9. 0 115.3 383 137.7 31.5 ­ 17.7 9. 2 5.5 142.3 384 304.0 70.0 215.0 95.9 41.8 24.9 451.3 385 598.5 ­ 1,355.8 62.1 17.3 15.4 1, 874.8 386 157.0 ­ 427.2 18.3 4. 3 3.7 561.6 387 1,154.3 687.5 ­ 296.4 139.0 71.3 1, 406.3 388 177.3 ­ 496.0 21.3 5. 4 5.0 646.6 389 37.0 15.5 ­ 3.6 2. 4 1.8 46.4 390 868.0 1, 749.4 194.6 120.0 2. 2 2.2 2, 689.8 391 128.2 ­ 348.7 14.9 3. 4 3.0 458.7 392 48.4 13.9 ­ 9.2 6. 1 2.9 46.9 393 3,896.0 675.0 4, 890.8 1, 548.5 655.6 326.5 7, 257.6 394 2,446.6 415.0 3, 092.2 975.1 413.2 204.6 4, 565.5 395 2,665.8 655.0 3, 304.6 1, 081.9 235.7 205.0 5, 307.8 396 2,815.3 356.0 3, 564.7 1, 102.6 263.7 216.1 5, 369.7 397 7,854.6 3, 974.0 9, 844.6 3, 533.0 1, 286.7 662.0 16,853.5 398 3,249.5 709.0 4, 078.6 1, 325.7 370.2 245.5 6, 341.2 399 3,500.5 584.0 4, 386.6 1, 386.3 589.1 293.5 6, 495.7 400 3,357.6 575.0 4, 215.6 1, 337.2 257.9 227.3 6, 553.1 401 13,592.2 4, 396.8 3, 479.0 2, 282.7 137.2 62.4 19,048.1 402 40.8 74.5 ­ 18.3 6. 1 2.8 90.9 404 190.3 ­ 505.1 22.1 4. 9 4.9 668.5 405 700.7 ­ ­ 14.0 1. 3 1.3 685.5 406 402.5 151.5 ­ 91.0 60.3 22.8 402.7 407 223.6 75.0 ­ 45.1 39.6 17.2 213.8 409 399.3 ­ 1,955.3 71.2 4. 5 4.4 2, 278.9 410 6,052.7 ­ 16,246.9 702.6 175.4 159.9 21,421.5 411 217.1 71.6 ­ 32.6 18.7 14.0 237.5 412 4,192.5 765.6 3, 256.6 1, 346.3 1, 142.1 338.5 5, 726.2 413 3,093.0 804.0 3, 276.0 1, 169.9 503.8 258.5 5, 499.4 414 1,710.0 476.0 1, 347.0 574.9 203.0 141.2 2, 755.2 415 285.0 ­ 797.6 33.3 5. 0 4.7 1, 044.3 416 0.2 ­ 0.5 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 0.7 417 435.1 ­ 1,042.4 47.8 17.7 14.7 1, 412.0 418 83.0 28.0 ­ 17.5 7. 3 5.5 86.2 419 414.1 60.0 ­ 62.2 65.4 42.1 346.5 420 67.0 65.0 5. 0 7.1 3. 1 0.8 126.8 421 193.4 42.3 ­ 25.5 48.4 22.0 161.8 422 151.0 13.0 ­ 24.0 18.9 10.1 121.1 423 350.1 57.5 ­ 41.5 23.4 13.0 342.8 424 70.4 43.1 ­ 7.5 6. 2 4.3 99.7 425 54.7 90.1 ­ 6.2 2. 9 0.6 135.7 426 72.4 23.5 ­ 14.9 5. 8 4.7 75.2 427 186.3 ­ 543.2 21.9 1. 3 1.3 706.3 428 28.1 12.0 5. 4 4.3 2. 6 1.8 38.7 429 106.6 ­ 324.3 13.6 3. 4 3.1 413.9 430 15.8 6. 4 0.2 3. 2 1.7 1. 4 17.5 431 214.3 95.5 ­ 33.1 19.6 17.8 257.0 432 266.0 127.2 ­ 38.6 28.4 22.0 326.2 433 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 89.7 434 115.0 29.1 ­ 22.8 17.2 11.7 104.2 435 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 89.7 436 115.0 29.1 ­ 22.8 17.2 11.7 104.2 437 25.0 7. 2 ­ 5. 3 2.8 2. 4 24.1 438 86.1 28.6 ­ 18.5 6. 9 5.3 89.3 439 697.0 ­ ­ 13.9 1. 5 1.5 681.6 500 139.9 46.2 ­ 30.0 9. 3 8.7 146.9 501 1,298.0 1, 662.9 41.0 180.1 253.5 253.5 2, 568.3 502 1,805.7 947.4 561.4 233.0 135.5 101.6 2, 946.1 503 135.0 46.3 62.5 40.3 10.1 10.1 193.4 435,090.0 118,730.5 213,769.0 64,724.1 20,455.7 12,545.6 682,409.7 QUALITY CHECK WITH BASELINE VALUES­­ 97 Baselinev2.xls FacID Resin Reinforce. Filler Scrap Pre­ MACT Post­ MACT 1 112.5 38.4 58.3 34.1 13.1 9. 0 2 499.8 140.8 40.8 107.6 59.9 41.8 3 7, 555.6 1, 002.5 6, 404.8 2, 423.6 52.5 52.5 4 1, 274.0 514.6 1, 078.1 463.5 151.2 107.9 5 86.0 57.8 18.9 10.8 7. 4 6.3 6 60.0 39.6 13.5 7. 5 5.1 4. 3 7 90.0 59.4 20.2 11.3 7. 7 6.4 8 418.6 ­ 730.3 35.9 11.4 9. 5 9 82.0 30.0 12.0 20.4 8. 1 6.2 10 151.0 56.3 114.0 51.5 28.0 13.1 11 222.5 90.0 75.0 62.4 31.7 18.3 12 242.4 65.7 ­ 37.2 14.7 10.0 13 223.2 ­ 476.7 21.0 1. 8 1.8 14 578.3 204.6 ­ 88.9 85.7 34.3 16 498.4 ­ 1,642.7 66.7 13.1 12.1 17 3,188.2 1, 162.8 2, 436.0 1, 078.3 27.4 27.4 18 3,185.1 702.2 2, 378.7 997.0 377.0 247.5 19 208.4 52.3 180.5 71.4 25.2 15.9 20 858.5 ­ ­ 17.2 2. 7 2.7 21 223.7 69.5 ­ 46.4 28.3 14.8 22 7,119.0 ­ ­ 142.4 7. 4 7.4 23 258.0 308.5 ­ 35.0 62.1 49.5 24 362.5 ­ ­ 7. 3 4.0 4. 0 25 533.1 ­ 817.5 41.5 7. 8 7.3 26 299.7 ­ 804.4 34.8 9. 4 7.9 27 344.0 44.0 121.0 82.2 39.4 28.2 28 225.3 ­ 972.0 37.4 7. 5 6.8 29 1,000.0 510.9 1, 070.4 433.7 6. 3 6.3 31 66.6 32.3 67.6 27.7 8. 7 5.0 32 45.1 21.5 45.1 18.6 3. 8 3.4 33 2.5 1. 5 ­ 0. 3 0.2 0. 2 34 65.5 16.7 ­ 12.6 12.2 4. 8 35 190.3 81.5 ­ 24.4 14.4 13.3 36 267.0 170.9 75.0 49.3 19.1 16.5 37 8,787.0 ­ ­ 175.7 20.2 20.2 38 1,117.0 612.5 1, 365.0 519.9 135.1 80.4 39 11,313.0 3, 490.2 4, 000.0 3, 079.7 1, 524.0 885.1 40 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.4 99.7 41 128.5 32.5 62.5 37.7 16.5 9. 2 42 44.0 12.8 ­ 8.8 6. 6 3.1 43 168.9 59.2 ­ 25.9 19.4 10.1 44 142.1 51.3 ­ 25.4 22.3 11.9 45 321.7 108.1 174.1 84.9 24.4 14.8 46 65.3 40.8 42.8 24.6 5. 6 4.9 47 142.5 ­ 394.1 16.9 3. 4 3.0 48 590.6 244.8 ­ 133.9 99.1 37.2 49 495.9 ­ 14.7 17.1 9. 3 9.1 50 3,406.8 ­ ­ 68.1 10.2 10.2 51 100.0 37.7 ­ 23.0 16.3 5. 2 52 55.4 20.9 ­ 12.8 9. 0 2.9 53 43.5 24.0 ­ 4.5 1. 1 1.1 54 1,328.5 278.5 986.9 411.3 189.2 118.8 55 186.7 69.9 ­ 42.8 26.8 9. 8 56 97.0 31.3 ­ 20.1 23.3 8. 9 57 1,775.1 2, 955.0 531.0 243.6 25.7 20.7 58 291.5 210.8 ­ 36.4 24.1 23.4 59 225.5 83.0 ­ 34.1 27.6 20.3 60 59.9 29.5 ­ 8.6 4. 6 4.5 61 178.3 68.8 ­ 17.6 21.1 9. 8 63 239.7 ­ 940.0 36.7 4. 3 4.0 64 61.2 20.6 ­ 13.0 4. 4 3.9 65 27.6 10.9 ­ 6.3 4. 3 2.7 66 1,607.1 393.0 1, 558.0 569.6 236.1 142.8 67 263.3 40.5 ­ 50.2 3. 5 3.5 68 90.0 16.0 56.0 25.5 16.1 8. 1 69 8,017.2 ­ ­ 160.3 17.6 17.6 70 4,345.2 ­ ­ 86.9 9. 6 9.6 71 7,201.2 ­ ­ 144.0 15.8 15.8 72 571.2 ­ ­ 11.4 1. 3 1.3 73 476.0 ­ 1,806.0 69.3 6. 3 6.2 75 147.9 16.3 ­ 24.7 18.8 11.2 76 756.8 132.6 76.5 133.0 41.2 36.8 77 552.7 ­ 1,610.7 68.8 17.6 17.0 78 117.2 ­ 266.3 12.2 3. 5 3.4 79 152.6 ­ 420.4 18.1 4. 9 4.1 80 267.9 ­ 753.7 31.8 6. 1 6.0 81 592.2 981.0 190.0 79.9 27.8 6. 6 82 914.1 195.5 362.5 88.8 16.9 16.9 83 658.7 164.8 1, 012.2 100.9 17.1 16.1 84 1,400.3 189.5 434.0 104.1 22.9 21.6 85 490.5 94.8 359.4 151.0 56.7 42.8 86 171.1 ­ 628.0 25.0 4. 8 4.7 87 110.5 19.4 60.0 14.0 11.5 6. 3 88 704.4 ­ 1,890.8 81.8 20.3 18.6 89 127.6 51.6 ­ 12.6 7. 9 6.4 90 55.3 12.5 ­ 9.3 8. 9 4.7 91 941.8 ­ ­ 18.8 2. 9 2.9 92 434.3 121.2 80.8 100.9 54.5 36.5 93 661.0 233.0 325.0 204.9 71.0 47.6 94 354.0 850.0 165.0 58.5 21.7 4. 1 95 3,973.9 ­ ­ 79.5 9. 7 9.7 96 263.2 96.7 ­ 37.3 19.6 17.1 97 210.4 68.3 ­ 44.6 22.4 13.3 98 169.7 ­ 494.8 19.9 1. 4 1.4 99 15.0 9. 2 ­ 1. 6 1.5 1. 2 100 301.8 83.0 ­ 54.5 10.9 10.9 101 262.1 71.0 ­ 50.7 33.7 19.6 102 2,450.0 1, 348.7 776.0 317.2 78.0 78.0 103 11,261.8 ­ ­ 225.2 25.7 25.7 105 132.4 51.6 108.1 46.9 21.4 11.7 106 205.0 62.5 ­ 39.9 26.6 16.4 107 6,250.0 3, 498.0 2, 565.2 1, 293.8 31.9 31.9 108 833.0 1, 000.0 31.0 89.1 81.5 9. 7 109 484.1 642.2 44.5 55.1 8. 7 5.7 110 97.4 ­ 257.1 11.3 3. 4 2.9 112 690.5 197.3 271.3 171.4 101.6 53.9 113 297.6 ­ 825.6 35.4 8. 7 8.0 115 15.0 4. 4 3.0 3. 8 3.5 1. 1 116 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 117 318.5 88.0 ­ 62.8 37.4 30.1 118 165.2 42.4 ­ 14.8 14.0 8. 6 119 308.0 90.1 ­ 51.8 44.5 28.8 120 262.1 937.3 81.9 46.3 8. 3 3.1 121 987.2 53.5 3, 724.7 146.3 10.3 9. 5 122 74.5 10.8 ­ 6.7 1. 6 1.3 123 81.6 23.1 ­ 16.1 8. 3 5.9 124 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 125 4,109.9 ­ ­ 82.2 9. 3 9.3 126 11,220.0 ­ ­ 224.4 45.1 45.1 127 549.4 ­ 1,602.0 64.5 3. 8 3.8 128 42.4 1. 9 ­ 6. 4 4.6 3. 6 129 159.8 77.3 ­ 15.8 15.4 13.0 130 1,413.2 586.1 1, 083.6 478.9 184.2 112.1 131 348.8 98.2 49.1 83.3 42.2 25.1 132 456.0 62.0 467.0 160.3 74.4 38.5 133 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.0 99.7 134 42.0 0. 8 ­ 6. 8 5.7 2. 7 135 939.6 689.9 ­ 83.7 111.5 111.5 136 285.5 145.1 57.3 29.5 22.5 3. 0 137 1,235.2 1, 095.5 507.0 296.1 3. 7 3.7 138 49.0 19.0 ­ 4.6 2. 8 2.8 139 56.0 13.7 ­ 10.9 5. 7 3.9 140 387.8 208.9 ­ 47.5 36.0 31.8 141 361.3 157.4 0. 2 52.4 33.6 28.9 142 180.4 94.4 ­ 20.9 17.8 14.6 143 71.7 23.3 ­ 15.1 10.4 4. 6 145 138.1 ­ 95.2 7. 0 1.1 1. 1 146 191.3 53.7 ­ 37.7 20.3 13.9 147 116.2 17.2 ­ 21.1 20.2 7. 7 148 484.8 292.9 ­ 121.9 35.7 32.9 149 947.3 443.6 4. 3 68.9 20.8 17.3 150 130.0 60.0 ­ 29.6 18.0 9. 2 151 517.9 1, 538.6 70.2 77.8 25.3 6. 0 152 77.5 24.2 ­ 15.0 8. 3 4.1 153 88.5 15.0 ­ 16.5 14.3 5. 7 154 128.0 45.3 ­ 28.4 14.6 7. 3 155 96.0 34.5 ­ 14.3 9. 4 5.6 156 50.0 14.0 ­ 9.9 6. 8 3.6 157 151.5 51.5 69.7 43.7 15.9 12.7 158 97.0 33.0 ­ 20.4 12.6 6. 7 159 881.9 33.0 774.2 275.7 161.1 73.1 160 493.5 921.3 100.0 66.3 26.4 8. 1 162 326.4 45.9 ­ 57.8 36.1 22.7 163 33.0 14.0 ­ 4.5 3. 3 2.4 164 77.4 40.6 ­ 7.8 6. 5 5.4 165 2,343.0 666.2 313.1 511.0 356.8 182.3 166 1,074.4 394.3 417.3 305.6 128.4 76.9 167 184.3 74.4 ­ 39.7 23.5 13.7 168 408.5 ­ 1,113.8 47.5 8. 7 8.2 169 181.9 ­ 577.0 23.4 3. 4 3.4 170 492.7 258.2 151.0 60.6 44.6 32.5 171 1,428.0 ­ ­ 28.6 4. 0 4.0 172 821.7 658.1 171.8 269.4 97.4 63.3 173 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 6. 3 6.3 174 18,160.1 ­ ­ 363.2 41.8 41.8 175 301.4 ­ ­ 6. 0 0.8 0. 8 176 240.8 ­ 646.3 28.0 7. 0 6.4 177 658.3 ­ 1,767.0 76.4 19.1 17.4 178 942.6 ­ 2,530.2 109.4 27.3 24.9 179 204.8 ­ 551.3 23.8 5. 2 5.1 180 169.1 54.9 ­ 36.6 11.7 9. 3 181 26.8 10.4 ­ 5.9 2. 7 1.8 182 194.5 70.9 ­ 43.9 21.7 10.6 183 191.3 70.9 ­ 43.6 21.1 10.2 184 647.0 1, 278.2 129.4 87.7 7. 6 7.6 185 399.0 788.3 79.8 54.1 4. 6 4.6 186 1,262.8 527.4 1, 104.9 470.8 178.7 104.9 187 25.8 5. 5 ­ 4. 7 2.7 1. 9 188 410.4 101.0 249.9 123.2 40.1 34.0 189 1,104.0 ­ 453.1 166.8 65.3 29.7 190 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 191 3,468.9 1, 492.3 166.0 156.9 45.0 16.0 192 362.5 106.2 ­ 73.0 45.3 25.4 193 5,069.4 ­ ­ 101.4 16.0 16.0 194 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 195 46.5 15.1 ­ 9.2 6. 8 3.0 196 150.7 66.1 ­ 29.5 21.4 14.4 197 184.1 69.5 ­ 42.4 20.0 9. 6 198 206.0 60.4 ­ 41.5 21.5 14.4 199 386.0 90.0 200.0 108.4 70.2 32.6 200 257.6 ­ 387.8 19.4 1. 8 1.8 201 122.7 53.3 36.0 34.4 19.3 12.2 202 57.7 31.4 ­ 12.1 5. 7 4.5 203 62.5 22.5 1. 0 7.5 5. 0 4.3 204 435.5 152.0 ­ 81.9 62.1 37.7 205 416.9 175.8 ­ 72.4 63.0 36.9 206 878.1 50.6 49.7 24.9 3. 9 2.2 207 44.2 4. 5 1.2 7. 8 5.3 4. 5 208 393.0 503.5 12.4 54.5 77.8 77.8 209 135.2 ­ 381.7 16.5 4. 9 4.4 210 494.0 243.8 494.0 207.0 38.4 35.6 212 867.0 190.8 59.2 177.3 112.6 71.7 213 199.9 64.1 0. 1 42.5 23.1 11.9 214 86.0 46.0 ­ 9.0 6. 9 3.8 215 18.6 9. 8 8.5 5. 8 2.0 1. 7 216 259.6 316.2 ­ 28.0 21.0 6. 4 217 139.0 33.0 116.7 46.6 19.4 11.8 218 130.0 60.0 ­ 12.7 10.3 5. 0 219 600.0 ­ ­ 12.0 2. 0 2.0 220 453.3 64.1 84.7 20.7 3. 3 1.5 221 16.5 10.2 0. 2 1.8 1. 3 1.3 222 31.3 14.8 0. 0 3.1 2. 2 1.9 223 278.5 188.9 ­ 16.2 3. 4 2.2 224 76.0 1. 0 245.0 10.0 2. 0 1.7 225 489.1 230.6 ­ 51.4 66.5 59.0 226 2,265.9 ­ 4,414.4 578.8 18.3 18.3 227 72.2 32.5 ­ 7.0 6. 2 4.8 228 417.5 ­ ­ 8. 4 1.1 1. 1 229 1,234.2 517.3 1, 083.6 461.3 168.5 102.3 230 86.5 31.5 64.0 30.6 9. 3 6.2 231 448.4 166.5 ­ 70.4 34.4 25.0 232 3,510.0 1, 279.5 817.8 595.8 29.9 13.6 233 596.9 238.4 ­ 139.0 90.5 31.7 234 242.0 92.0 148.0 78.1 33.2 24.6 235 16,830.0 9, 160.6 12,436.2 4, 011.0 23.7 10.8 236 2,140.0 ­ ­ 42.8 4. 9 4.9 237 275.6 ­ 927.1 38.4 10.3 10.0 238 47.9 16.4 ­ 10.4 8. 8 2.9 239 560.0 100.0 520.0 198.9 61.2 40.9 240 318.2 49.0 ­ 54.7 35.7 24.9 241 489.7 95.1 ­ 67.7 27.4 21.7 242 91.6 ­ 213.0 10.0 3. 4 2.7 243 27.1 12.9 11.3 6. 2 3.7 1. 4 244 86.4 40.9 ­ 14.8 5. 0 4.8 245 29.3 9. 8 ­ 6. 3 3.4 1. 8 246 664.0 178.5 445.7 208.9 62.8 55.0 247 816.0 102.0 510.0 227.5 111.6 71.1 248 571.8 ­ 1,519.9 65.9 15.8 14.3 249 1,753.4 3, 481.9 847.6 277.7 87.7 20.5 250 767.6 ­ 5,564.9 194.6 21.2 20.6 251 113.0 ­ 336.0 13.8 2. 0 1.9 252 677.1 189.9 ­ 133.3 86.1 49.2 253 79.0 203.0 ­ 17.7 11.1 3. 0 254 1,500.0 ­ ­ 30.0 2. 4 2.4 255 30.0 10.4 ­ 5.7 2. 9 2.6 256 254.9 ­ 594.7 26.9 6. 2 5.4 257 84.4 ­ 220.5 9. 8 2.7 2. 7 258 76.1 89.1 13.0 8. 9 3.8 0. 9 259 104.0 5. 1 154.6 11.8 7. 0 4.5 260 64.8 ­ 175.2 7. 6 2.2 2. 0 261 155.2 ­ 405.7 17.9 6. 0 3.8 262 785.0 215.0 ­ 150.7 74.9 48.0 263 105.0 39.6 ­ 24.2 14.2 5. 5 264 1,384.1 576.0 1, 062.4 469.4 175.9 109.5 265 142.8 60.7 103.0 51.5 20.4 10.3 266 151.0 40.8 ­ 31.2 22.0 9. 0 267 603.0 ­ ­ 12.1 1. 4 1.4 268 8,000.0 ­ ­ 160.0 21.0 21.0 269 96.2 51.0 ­ 13.0 9. 9 8.2 270 1,717.9 ­ 3,687.2 168.9 35.4 35.4 271 255.0 53.0 20.0 52.0 26.1 21.1 272 3,155.6 ­ ­ 63.1 6. 5 6.5 273 4,161.2 ­ ­ 83.2 6. 6 6.6 274 4,453.6 ­ ­ 89.1 10.1 10.1 275 3,359.8 161.6 ­ 180.2 112.3 70.9 276 264.9 161.8 ­ 48.0 35.4 22.2 277 228.9 70.9 ­ 47.4 26.8 15.2 278 131.6 54.0 ­ 17.6 10.7 9. 6 279 209.2 62.9 ­ 42.7 27.0 14.5 280 1,021.0 333.3 98.3 231.7 79.5 68.6 281 489.5 ­ 653.3 36.5 13.2 11.3 282 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 164.4 99.7 283 298.6 49.6 ­ 36.3 17.6 12.5 284 102.5 37.4 ­ 16.0 10.5 5. 9 285 4,428.6 7, 334.3 1, 256.9 601.5 102.0 51.7 286 92.0 120.0 20.0 11.4 4. 8 1.1 287 137.0 91.0 110.0 56.6 14.7 9. 9 288 134.5 44.1 ­ 28.7 15.2 8. 4 289 807.3 219.7 570.0 257.6 138.5 68.2 290 19.0 18.8 ­ 5.9 2. 8 1.7 291 80.0 31.0 ­ 17.5 6. 0 4.0 292 1,135.0 ­ 2,915.8 131.0 48.7 40.8 293 214.2 49.0 ­ 42.1 19.8 13.6 294 66.0 18.0 22.7 7. 5 4.2 3. 2 295 115.0 43.2 46.2 32.9 17.7 11.7 296 434.7 158.4 270.0 129.3 58.6 26.2 297 259.9 142.2 198.5 99.7 44.6 19.5 298 1,611.5 ­ ­ 32.2 0. 5 0.5 299 173.3 53.6 ­ 36.4 21.8 10.9 300 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 301 70.7 35.0 14.5 14.8 8. 8 6.3 302 44.3 ­ 118.8 5. 2 1.6 1. 4 303 2,250.1 ­ 6,392.7 263.3 32.2 29.9 304 161.2 39.4 145.0 57.2 28.4 12.6 305 84.2 46.7 88.4 36.7 6. 7 6.2 306 223.7 69.5 ­ 46.4 26.5 14.8 307 964.6 1, 444.1 310.2 130.9 67.6 11.3 308 450.3 108.0 241.0 62.0 5. 5 5.0 309 164.2 71.6 ­ 28.2 19.7 14.7 310 162.8 70.7 ­ 28.0 24.4 14.5 311 256.1 127.9 ­ 38.0 27.9 22.2 313 248.3 116.3 ­ 36.7 26.8 20.6 314 256.5 121.3 ­ 37.6 27.5 21.3 315 258.8 ­ 702.6 30.1 7. 0 6.0 316 60.2 26.4 ­ 8.4 7. 0 4.9 317 28.0 9. 0 ­ 5. 8 4.1 2. 6 318 334.2 ­ 789.0 35.9 15.4 10.0 319 329.5 122.6 ­ 75.3 57.0 17.5 320 95.0 ­ 1,330.0 42.8 0. 8 0.8 321 52.5 27.0 ­ 9.1 6. 3 3.6 322 55.0 17.4 ­ 11.5 6. 5 3.6 323 3,202.5 182.8 ­ 116.5 58.0 35.9 325 122.3 45.3 ­ 27.9 13.3 6. 5 326 50.0 1. 0 ­ 7. 7 5.8 2. 2 327 81.4 ­ 74.0 5. 2 2.9 2. 4 328 45.0 15.1 ­ 9.7 5. 0 2.7 329 99.2 197.0 20.5 13.5 5. 6 1.2 330 141.8 39.3 ­ 25.9 14.2 7. 7 331 2,828.5 32.3 40.0 80.4 19.4 15.5 332 141.0 52.8 ­ 32.4 26.0 7. 4 333 247.2 ­ 918.0 35.0 1. 8 1.8 334 805.0 ­ ­ 16.1 2. 2 2.2 335 500.0 ­ ­ 10.0 1. 4 1.4 337 507.0 166.3 ­ 108.1 46.6 31.7 338 152.6 ­ 436.6 18.9 5. 1 4.5 339 860.0 ­ ­ 17.2 2. 6 2.6 340 38.8 13.0 ­ 3.8 4. 7 2.5 341 929.8 90.0 6, 104.0 212.8 7. 3 7.3 342 230.8 ­ 655.8 27.5 5. 4 4.6 343 5,288.9 9, 086.6 230.3 623.3 198.3 61.7 344 181.2 ­ 539.5 22.5 4. 4 4.0 345 518.6 286.1 ­ 73.6 80.4 57.5 346 433.5 360.0 ­ 126.2 62.6 41.2 347 1,842.1 769.1 322.9 308.0 34.5 17.6 348 27.9 9. 5 ­ 5. 7 2.7 1. 7 349 858.7 15.3 ­ 20.3 4. 8 3.7 350 134.0 180.0 46.0 18.0 6. 2 1.6 351 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 352 1,372.0 5. 8 16.3 30.3 6. 0 6.0 353 165.5 ­ 304.9 15.0 5. 2 4.1 354 74.8 31.8 ­ 7.1 6. 3 5.4 355 984.6 ­ 258.3 45.9 45.3 23.2 356 2,384.4 ­ ­ 47.7 2. 9 2.9 357 301.6 144.5 114.5 65.5 25.8 15.4 358 1,205.7 507.1 1, 062.4 451.8 117.3 99.7 359 211.9 ­ 657.4 29.4 13.4 12.9 360 37.5 15.2 ­ 4.8 3. 1 1.9 361 12,644.9 5, 246.3 2, 803.3 2, 195.9 247.8 112.7 363 2,944.9 2, 978.9 601.6 383.4 166.3 147.5 364 86.6 50.9 22.5 10.7 8. 7 5.2 365 2,487.5 3, 089.2 ­ 334.6 520.5 492.7 366 89.5 22.0 ­ 12.7 12.2 6. 1 367 2,952.3 101.3 ­ 88.7 31.9 26.0 368 117.8 72.1 ­ 12.6 10.8 9. 6 369 202.1 ­ 318.2 17.2 7. 1 6.9 370 19.5 15.0 1. 2 5.4 3. 6 1.8 371 18.9 6. 1 ­ 4. 2 3.0 1. 8 372 841.0 350.4 ­ 199.0 113.8 43.7 373 32.9 37.6 ­ 4.6 3. 1 2.7 374 1,500.9 ­ ­ 30.0 3. 0 3.0 375 5,177.5 ­ ­ 103.6 8. 8 8.8 376 104.5 192.0 2. 4 12.4 5. 9 1.2 377 653.6 ­ 1,699.2 75.5 24.4 21.7 378 141.4 47.6 ­ 30.6 17.9 8. 6 379 2,728.5 ­ ­ 54.6 7. 4 7.4 380 329.4 820.8 94.6 50.3 15.6 3. 8 381 936.2 8. 3 0.7 20.1 9. 7 6.8 382 119.0 31.7 ­ 22.9 12.5 9. 0 383 137.7 31.5 ­ 17.7 9. 2 5.5 384 304.0 70.0 215.0 95.9 41.8 24.9 385 598.5 ­ 1,355.8 62.1 17.3 15.4 386 157.0 ­ 427.2 18.3 4. 3 3.7 387 1,154.3 687.5 ­ 296.4 139.0 71.3 388 177.3 ­ 496.0 21.3 5. 4 5.0 389 37.0 15.5 ­ 3.6 2. 4 1.8 390 868.0 1, 749.4 194.6 120.0 2. 2 2.2 391 128.2 ­ 348.7 14.9 3. 4 3.0 392 48.4 13.9 ­ 9.2 6. 1 2.9 393 3,896.0 675.0 4, 890.8 1, 548.5 655.6 326.5 394 2,446.6 415.0 3, 092.2 975.1 413.2 204.6 395 2,665.8 655.0 3, 304.6 1, 081.9 235.7 205.0 396 2,815.3 356.0 3, 564.7 1, 102.6 263.7 216.1 397 7,854.6 3, 974.0 9, 844.6 3, 533.0 1, 286.7 662.0 398 3,249.5 709.0 4, 078.6 1, 325.7 370.2 245.5 399 3,500.5 584.0 4, 386.6 1, 386.3 589.1 293.5 400 3,357.6 575.0 4, 215.6 1, 337.2 257.9 227.3 401 13,592.2 4, 396.8 3, 479.0 2, 282.7 137.2 62.4 402 40.8 74.5 ­ 18.3 6. 1 2.8 404 190.3 ­ 505.1 22.1 4. 9 4.9 405 700.7 ­ ­ 14.0 1. 3 1.3 406 402.5 151.5 ­ 91.0 60.3 22.8 407 223.6 75.0 ­ 45.1 39.6 17.2 409 399.3 ­ 1,955.3 71.2 4. 5 4.4 410 6,052.7 ­ 16,246.9 702.6 175.4 159.9 411 217.1 71.6 ­ 32.6 18.7 14.0 412 4,192.5 765.6 3, 256.6 1, 346.3 1, 142.1 338.5 413 3,093.0 804.0 3, 276.0 1, 169.9 503.8 258.5 414 1,710.0 476.0 1, 347.0 574.9 203.0 141.2 415 285.0 ­ 797.6 33.3 5. 0 4.7 416 0.2 ­ 0.5 0. 0 0.0 0. 0 417 435.1 ­ 1,042.4 47.8 17.7 14.7 418 83.0 28.0 ­ 17.5 7. 3 5.5 419 414.1 60.0 ­ 62.2 65.4 42.1 420 67.0 65.0 5. 0 7.1 3. 1 0.8 421 193.4 42.3 ­ 25.5 48.4 22.0 422 151.0 13.0 ­ 24.0 18.9 10.1 423 350.1 57.5 ­ 41.5 23.4 13.0 424 70.4 43.1 ­ 7.5 6. 2 4.3 425 54.7 90.1 ­ 6.2 2. 9 0.6 426 72.4 23.5 ­ 14.9 5. 8 4.7 427 186.3 ­ 543.2 21.9 1. 3 1.3 428 28.1 12.0 5. 4 4.3 2. 6 1.8 429 106.6 ­ 324.3 13.6 3. 4 3.1 430 15.8 6. 4 0.2 3. 2 1.7 1. 4 431 214.3 95.5 ­ 33.1 19.6 17.8 432 266.0 127.2 ­ 38.6 28.4 22.0 433 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 434 115.0 29.1 ­ 22.8 17.2 11.7 435 94.7 29.1 ­ 20.7 13.3 9. 0 436 115.0 29.1 ­ 22.8 17.2 11.7 437 25.0 7. 2 ­ 5. 3 2.8 2. 4 438 86.1 28.6 ­ 18.5 6. 9 5.3 439 697.0 ­ ­ 13.9 1. 5 1.5 500 139.9 46.2 ­ 30.0 9. 3 8.7 501 1,298.0 1, 662.9 41.0 180.1 253.5 253.5 502 1,805.7 947.4 561.4 233.0 135.5 101.6 503 135.0 46.3 62.5 40.3 10.1 10.1 435,090.0 118,730.5 213,769.0 64,724.1 20,455.7 12,545.6 Composite Check Check Check Check Check Check Check 162.1 ­­­­­­ 513.8 ­­­­­­ 12,486.7 ­­­­­­ 2,251.9 ­­­­­­ 144.6 ­­­­­­ 100.4 ­­­­­­ 150.6 ­­­­­­ 1,101.5 ­­­­­­ 95. 4­­­­­­ 241.8 ­­­­­­ 293.4 ­­­­­­ 256.1 ­­­­­­ 677.1 ­­­­­­ 608.3 ­­­­­­ 2,061.3 ­­­­­­ 5,681.3 ­­­­­­ 4,892.1 ­­­­­­ 344.6 ­­­­­­ 838.6 ­­­­­­ 218.5 ­­­­­­ 6,969.2 ­­­­­­ 469.4 ­­­­­­ 351.2 ­­­­­­ 1,301.2 ­­­­­­ 1,060.0 ­­­­­­ 387.4 ­­­­­­ 1,152.4 ­­­­­­ 2,141.4 ­­­­­­ 130.1 ­­­­­­ 89. 3­­­­­­ 3. 5­­­­­­ 57. 5­­­­­­ 233.0 ­­­­­­ 444.5 ­­­­­­ 8,591.0 ­­­­­­ 2,439.5 ­­­­­­ 14,199.5 ­­­­­­ 2,159.0 ­­­­­­ 169.4 ­­­­­­ 41. 4­­­­­­ 182.8 ­­­­­­ 145.6 ­­­­­­ 494.5 ­­­­­­ 118.7 ­­­­­­ 516.4 ­­­­­­ 602.4 ­­­­­­ 484.2 ­­­­­­ 3,328.4 ­­­­­­ 98. 4­­­­­­­ 54. 5­­­­­­ 61. 9­­­­­­ 1,993.3 ­­­­­­ 187.0 ­­­­­­ 84. 9­­­­­­ 4,991.7 ­­­­­­ 441.8 ­­­­­­ 246.8 ­­­­­­ 76. 1­­­­­­ 208.5 ­­­­­­ 1,138.7 ­­­­­­ 64. 4­­­­­­ 27. 9­­­­­­ 2,752.4 ­­­­­­ 250.2 ­­­­­­ 120.4 ­­­­­­ 7,839.2 ­­­­­­ 4,248.7 ­­­­­­ 7,041.3 ­­­­­­ 558.5 ­­­­­­ 2,206.4 ­­­­­­ 120.7 ­­­­­­ 791.7 ­­­­­­ 2,077.0 ­­­­­­ 367.6 ­­­­­­ 550.0 ­­­­­­ 983.7 ­­­­­­ 1,655.5 ­­­­­­ 1,366.3 ­­­­­­ 1,717.7 ­­­­­­ 1,896.8 ­­­­­­ 737.0 ­­­­­­ 769.4 ­­­­­­ 164.4 ­­­­­­ 2,493.1 ­­­­­­ 158.8 ­­­­­­ 49. 6­­­­­­ 920.1 ­­­­­­ 480.9 ­­­­­­ 943.1 ­­­­­­ 1,288.8 ­­­­­­ 3,884.8 ­­­­­­ 303.1 ­­­­­­ 211.6 ­­­­­­ 643.2 ­­­­­­ 21. 1­­­­­­ 319.5 ­­­­­­ 248.7 ­­­­­­ 4,179.5 ­­­­­­ 11,010.9 ­­­­­­ 223.7 ­­­­­­­ 201.0 ­­­­­­ 10,987.5 ­­­­­­ 1,693.4 ­­­­­­ 1,106.9 ­­­­­­ 339.8 ­­­­­­ 886.2 ­­­­­­ 1,079.0 ­­­­­­ 15. 2­­­­­­ 191.1 ­­­­­­ 306.3 ­­­­­­ 178.9 ­­­­­­ 301.8 ­­­­­­ 1,226.8 ­­­­­­ 4,608.8 ­­­­­­ 77. 0­­­­­­ 80. 3­­­­­­ 2,666.6 ­­­­­­ 4,018.4 ­­­­­­ 10,950.5 ­­­­­­ 2,083.1 ­­­­­­ 33. 2­­­­­­ 205.9 ­­­­­­ 2,419.8 ­­­­­­ 370.5 ­­­­­­ 750.3 ­­­­­­ 2,159.4 ­­­­­­ 30. 2­­­­­­ 1,434.3 ­­­­­­ 435.9 ­­­­­­ 2,537.8 ­­­­­­ 60. 6­­­­­­ 53. 1­­­­­­ 513.2 ­­­­­­ 432.8 ­­­­­­ 236.1 ­­­­­­ 69. 4­­­­­­ 225.2 ­­­­­­ 187.1 ­­­­­­ 92. 1­­­­­­ 620.1 ­­­­­­ 1,305.5 ­­­­­­ 142.4 ­­­­­­ 2,023.6 ­­­­­­ 78. 3­­­­­­ 72. 7­­­­­­ 130.2 ­­­­­­ 106.8 ­­­­­­ 47. 4­­­­­­ 213.1 ­­­­­­ 97. 1­­­­­­ 1,252.2 ­­­­­­­ 1,422.1 ­­­­­­ 278.3 ­­­­­­ 39. 2­­­­­­ 103.6 ­­­­­­ 2,454.5 ­­­­­­ 1,452.1 ­­­­­­ 195.5 ­­­­­­ 1,466.1 ­­­­­­ 732.0 ­­­­­­ 796.7 ­­­­­­ 1,395.4 ­­­­­­ 1,284.8 ­­­­­­ 2,667.7 ­­­­­­ 17,755.1 ­­­­­­ 294.6 ­­­­­­ 852.1 ­­­­­­ 2,329.8 ­­­­­­ 3,336.1 ­­­­­­ 727.1 ­­­­­­ 175.7 ­­­­­­ 28. 5­­­­­­ 199.8 ­­­­­­ 197.4 ­­­­­­ 1,959.4 ­­­­­­ 1,208.4 ­­­­­­ 2,245.7 ­­­­­­ 23. 8­­­­­­ 598.0 ­­­­­­ 1,325.1 ­­­­­­ 2,666.6 ­­­­­­ 4,925.2 ­­­­­­ 350.5 ­­­­­­ 4,952.0 ­­­­­­ 2,666.6 ­­­­­­ 45. 6­­­­­­ 165.8 ­­­­­­ 191.1 ­­­­­­ 203.5 ­­­­­­ 497.4 ­­­­­­ 624.2 ­­­­­­ 158.2 ­­­­­­ 71. 3­­­­­­ 73. 5­­­­­­ 443.4 ­­­­­­ 457.3 ­­­­­­ 949.5 ­­­­­­ 36. 8­­­­­­ 776.5 ­­­­­­ 495.5 ­­­­­­ 986.5 ­­­­­­ 827.1 ­­­­­­­ 198.5 ­­­­­­ 116.1 ­­­­­­ 29. 1­­­­­­ 526.8 ­­­­­­ 222.6 ­­­­­­ 167.0 ­­­­­­ 586.0 ­­­­­­ 578.2 ­­­­­­ 23. 7­­­­­­ 40. 8­­­­­­ 447.8 ­­­­­­ 310.0 ­­­­­­ 601.7 ­­­­­­ 6,083.1 ­­­­­­ 91. 5­­­­­­ 408.0 ­­­­­­ 2,205.3 ­­­­­­ 142.1 ­­­­­­ 510.1 ­­­­­­ 4,981.5 ­­­­­­ 605.8 ­­­­­­ 370.7 ­­­­­­ 34,392.1 ­­­­­­ 2,092.3 ­­­­­­ 1,154.0 ­­­­­­ 45. 0­­­­­­ 919.9 ­­­­­­ 276.8 ­­­­­­ 489.6 ­­­­­­ 291.3 ­­­­­­ 41. 4­­­­­­ 107.5 ­­­­­­ 29. 5­­­­­­ 1,016.6 ­­­­­­ 1,088.9 ­­­­­­ 2,010.0 ­­­­­­ 5,717.5 ­­­­­­ 6,116.7 ­­­­­­ 433.2 ­­­­­­ 647.6 ­­­­­­ 253.2 ­­­­­­ 1,467.6 ­­­­­­ 31. 9­­­­­­ 816.4 ­­­­­­ 292.5 ­­­­­­ 165.5 ­­­­­­ 244.9 ­­­­­­ 230.2 ­­­­­­ 536.9 ­­­­­­ 774.3 ­­­­­­ 106.2 ­­­­­­­ 2,377.2 ­­­­­­ 234.6 ­­­­­­ 138.6 ­­­­­­ 589.5 ­­­­­­ 7,819.0 ­­­­­­ 124.3 ­­­­­­ 5,200.8 ­­­­­­ 249.9 ­­­­­­ 3,086.0 ­­­­­­ 4,071.4 ­­­­­­ 4,354.4 ­­­­­­ 3,228.9 ­­­­­­ 343.4 ­­­­­­ 225.6 ­­­­­­ 157.3 ­­­­­­ 202.3 ­­­­­­ 1,141.4 ­­­­­­ 1,093.0 ­­­­­­ 2,159.0 ­­­­­­ 294.3 ­­­­­­ 113.4 ­­­­­­ 12,316.2 ­­­­­­ 215.9 ­­­­­­ 266.7 ­­­­­­ 134.8 ­­­­­­ 1,200.9 ­­­­­­ 29. 1­­­­­­ 87. 6­­­­­­ 3,871.2 ­­­­­­ 201.3 ­­­­­­ 95. 0­­­­­­ 153.9 ­­­­­­ 675.2 ­­­­­­ 456.3 ­­­­­­ 1,578.8 ­­­­­­ 168.7 ­­­­­­ ­­­­­­­ 96. 6­­­­­­ 156.3 ­­­­­­ 8,347.3 ­­­­­­ 260.0 ­­­­­­ 175.9 ­­­­­­ 220.3 ­­­­­­ 2,520.5 ­­­­­­ 731.7 ­­­­­­ 187.9 ­­­­­­ 181.2 ­­­­­­ 318.1 ­­­­­­ 301.1 ­­­­­­ 312.7 ­­­­­­ 924.3 ­­­­­­­ 71. 3­­­­­­ 27. 1­­­­­­ 1,072.0 ­­­­­­ 319.8 ­­­­­­ 1,381.5 ­­­­­­ 64. 1­­­­­­ 54. 4­­­­­­ 3,210.8 ­­­­­­ 126.4 ­­­­­­ 37. 4­­­­­­ 147.4 ­­­­­­ 45. 3­­­­­­ 297.6 ­­­­­­ 141.0 ­­­­­­ 2,801.0 ­­­­­­ 135.5 ­­­­­­ 1,128.5 ­­­­­­ 786.7 ­­­­­­ 488.7 ­­­­­­ 518.5 ­­­­­­ 565.1 ­­­­­­ 840.2 ­­­­­­ 43. 2­­­­­­ 6,903.6 ­­­­­­ 853.9 ­­­­­­ 13,784.1 ­­­­­­ 693.8 ­­­­­­ 650.7 ­­­­­­ 604.7 ­­­­­­ 2,591.6 ­­­­­­ 29. 1­­­­­­ 848.9 ­­­­­­ 335.8 ­­­­­­ 2,666.6 ­­­­­­ 1,357.8 ­­­­­­ 450.2 ­­­­­­ 93. 2­­­­­­ 1,151.8 ­­­­­­ 2,333.8 ­­­­­­ 469.3 ­­­­­­ 2,206.1 ­­­­­­ 826.4 ­­­­­­ 44. 8­­­­­­ 18,250.7 ­­­­­­ 5,975.8 ­­­­­­ 140.6 ­­­­­­ 4,721.6 ­­­­­­ 86. 7­­­­­­ 2,933.0 ­­­­­­ 166.6 ­­­­­­ 496.0 ­­­­­­­ 26. 6­­­­­­ 17. 8­­­­­­ 878.5 ­­­­­­ 62. 9­­­­­­ 1,467.9 ­­­­­­ 5,065.1 ­­­­­­ 280.6 ­­­­­­ 2,252.9 ­­­­­­ 140.6 ­­­­­­ 2,666.6 ­­­­­­ 1,178.9 ­­­­­­ 915.3 ­­­­­­ 115.3 ­­­­­­ 142.3 ­­­­­­ 451.3 ­­­­­­ 1,874.8 ­­­­­­ 561.6 ­­­­­­ 1,406.3 ­­­­­­ 646.6 ­­­­­­ 46. 4­­­­­­ 2,689.8 ­­­­­­ 458.7 ­­­­­­ 46. 9­­­­­­ 7,257.6 ­­­­­­ 4,565.5 ­­­­­­ 5,307.8 ­­­­­­ 5,369.7 ­­­­­­ 16,853.5 ­­­­­­ 6,341.2 ­­­­­­ 6,495.7 ­­­­­­ 6,553.1 ­­­­­­ 19,048.1 ­­­­­­ 90. 9­­­­­­ 668.5 ­­­­­­ 685.5 ­­­­­­ 402.7 ­­­­­­ 213.8 ­­­­­­ 2,278.9 ­­­­­­ 21,421.5 ­­­­­­ 237.5 ­­­­­­ 5,726.2 ­­­­­­ 5,499.4 ­­­­­­ 2,755.2 ­­­­­­ 1,044.3 ­­­­­­ 0. 7­­­­­­ 1,412.0 ­­­­­­ 86. 2­­­­­­ 346.5 ­­­­­­ 126.8 ­­­­­­ 161.8 ­­­­­­ 121.1 ­­­­­­­ 342.8 ­­­­­­ 99. 7­­­­­­ 135.7 ­­­­­­ 75. 2­­­­­­ 706.3 ­­­­­­ 38. 7­­­­­­ 413.9 ­­­­­­ 17. 5­­­­­­ 257.0 ­­­­­­ 326.2 ­­­­­­ 89. 7­­­­­­ 104.2 ­­­­­­ 89. 7­­­­­­ 104.2 ­­­­­­ 24. 1­­­­­­ 89. 3­­­­­­ 681.6 ­­­­­­ 146.9 ­­­­­­ 2,568.3 ­­­­­­ 2,946.1 ­­­­­­ 193.4 ­­­­­­ 682,409.7 ­­­­­­­

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.248953

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0052-0433

Supporting & Related Material

Comment Info: ================= General Comment:Notes from telephone conversation regarding feed rate during emissions testing.

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.529289

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0076-0029

Supporting & Related Material

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.540574

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0017-0010

Supporting & Related Material

&­ 3600­ B+ IV­ c­ 0s UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY $,@ J %&.. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460 mi2~ % c d +? 4c PRO# FEB 2 I 2000 Matthew 0. Tanzer GE Lighting General Electric Company 1975 Noble Road ­ Nela Park Cleveland, OH 44 1 12 Dear Mr. Tanzer: OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION This is in response to your comment dated March 29, 1999, regarding the Environmental Protection Agency's ( EPA's) proposed rule entitled " Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Incorporation of Montreal Adjustment for a 1999 Interim Reduction in Class I, Group VI Controlled Substances." 64 FR 9290 ( February 25, 1999). In your letter you state, " These comments address GE's current and planned use of a very small amount of methyl bromide in the manufacture of halogen lamps; a use that generates no emissions of methyl bromide because during the manufacturing process the methyl bromide is completely transformed and no longer exists." As such, G. E.' s use of methyl bromide in the manufacture of halogen lamps is exempt from the reduction steps and phaseout controls on the production and consumption of methyl bromide as published under 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart A. IJndcr 40 CFR Part 82.3, thc definition of tlic tcnn " transform" is listcd as " to LISC and cntircly consunie ( except for trace quantities) a controllcd substance in the innufacture of other chemicals for commercial purposes." As you explain in your letter, the methyl bromide introduced into each lamp dissociates into hydrobromide, hydrogen and carbon. EPA believes this demonstrates that the methyl bromide is transformed during G. E.' s manufacturing process and the end product is sold for commercial purposes. Under 40 CFR Part 82.4( c), there is an exemption for the production and import of methyl bromide ( Class I, Group VI controlled substances) if the controlled substance is transformed. If you have any hrther questions about this matter, please do not hesitate to contact me by phone ( 202)­ 564­ 9 185, fax ( 202)­ 565­ 2093, or e­ mail: land. t. omi2epa. aov. Tom Land Stratospheric Protection Division Intenlet Address ( URL) http:// www. epa. gov RecycledlRecyciable Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks mi Recycled Paper ( Mlniinum 20% Postconsumer)

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.558623

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2004-0021-0011

Supporting & Related Material

Between EPA and APAA 2000 omplex 501 3rd Street / ; Director Office of Atmospheric Programs ( OAP) ratospheric Protection Division ( SPD) hief, Program Implementation Branch ( PIB) TOPIC Update on proposed rule Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Substitute Refrigerants ( 63 FR 32044) June 1 I, 1998 AL ss MC ss JB PS AL JB­ APAA requested meeting in order to receive an update on the substitutes rule and to meet new personnel anticipate rule becoming effective Fall 2000 will a sales restriction on HFC­ 134a be included in the rulemaking? At this date there is more work to be done. The Agency has not decided on a sales restriction. SPD will provide APAA with a request for documents supporting their position against a sales restriction. , Budget restrictions and personnel changes have slowed the rule making process. OAP is not as contractor­ dependent as other offices of EPA. Retrofit rates have greatly decreased since 1998. How will a decrease in retroffiting affect the rulemaking? AL & MC The RIA is based upon cross contamination due to DlYers attempts at If retrofits are decreasing then the need for a sales restriction JB The first vehicles with OEM MVACs should be nearing the end of their life spans, shouldn't this have an impact on EPAs decision to restrict sales of a substitute refrig e rant? o not believe that those rea the ends of their lifespans. L No response. SS Yes they will. MC APAA has surveys stating that DlYers are environmentally consc DH Does APAA have empirical including the current beha ' ir position on a sales restriction, ulation? SS How will a DlYer perfo recovery refrigerant without I . recyclingkecovery eq uipm AL There is no evidence ians use the required recycling equip men t . DH EPA­ Office of Mobile states otherwise. There have not been industrial and commercial I many enforcement actions a Also violation tips ten sectors, not MVAC shops icians with recycling equipment. MC Are these inspections blind PS Yes they are blind inspections MC This regulation has no teeth. The Agency should not go after individual users for venting . AL We prefer mandatory labeling, education at the point of sale, and unique fittings. DH How is education at the pont of sale more effective, than a structured course followed by testing and eventual certification? EPA has no data to support that technician certification equates to compliance. It is an argument that APAA has presented earlier. AL

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.688207

regulations

EPA-HQ-OPA-2000-0003-0001

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request; National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Subpart J

20451 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 74 / Monday, April 17, 2000 / Notices each person whose name appears on the official service list for the project. Further, if an intervenor files comments or documents with the Commission relating to the merits of an issue that may affect the responsibilities of a particular resource agency, they must also serve a copy of the document on that resource agency. k. Status of environmental analysis: This application has been accepted for filing and is now ready for environmental analysis. l. Description of the Project: The proposed project would consist of the following facilities: ( 1) The existing 20­ foot­ high, 482­ foot­ long Muskingum Lock and Dam No. 6 ( including the navigational lock water retaining structure); ( 2) an existing 476­ acre reservoir with a normal pool elevation of 640.1 feet msl; ( 3) an existing 20 foot by 24 foot forebay with a 19­ foot­ wide vertical trashrack; 94) an existing powerhouse in the basement of the mill containing two proposed generating units with a total installed capacity of 235 kW; and ( 50 other appurtenances. The lock and dam is owned by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. m. Locations of the application: A copy of the application is available for inspection and reproduction at the Commission's Public Reference Room, located at 888 First Street, NE, Room 2A, Washington, DC 20246, or by calling ( 202) 208 1371. The application may be viewed on the web at http:// www. ferc. fed. us/ online/ rims. htm ( call ( 202) 208 2222 for assistance). A copy is also available for inspection and reproduction at the address in item h above. Development Application Public notice of the filing of the initial development application, which has already been given, established the due date for filing competing applications or notices of intent. Under the Commission's regulations, any competing development application must be filed in response to and in compliance with public notice of the initial development application. No competing applications or notices of intent may be filed in response to this notice. Filing and Service of Responsive Documents The application is ready for environmental analysis at this time, and the Commission is requesting comments, reply comments, recommendations, terms and conditions, and prescriptions. The Commission directs, pursuant to section 4.34( b) of the Regulations ( see Order No. 533 issued May 8, 1991, 56 FR 23108, May 20, 1991) that all comments, recommendations, terms and conditions and prescriptions concerning the application be filed with the Commission within 60 days from the issuance date of this notice. All reply comments must be filed with the Commission within 105 days from the date of this notice. Anyone may obtain an extension of time for these deadlines from the Commission only upon a showing of good cause or extraordinary circumstances in accordance with 18 CFR 385.2008. All filings must ( 1) bear in all capital letters the title `` COMMENTS'', `` REPLY COMMENTS'', `` RECOMMENDATIONS,'' or `` PRESCRIPTIONS;'' ( 2) set forth in the heading the name of the applicant and the project number of the application to which the filing responds; ( 3) furnish the name, address, and telephone number of the person submitting the filing; and ( 4) otherwise comply with the requirements of 18 CFR 385.2001 through 385.2005. All comments, recommendations, terms and conditions or prescriptions must set forth their evidentiary basis and otherwise comply with the requirements of 18 CFR 4.34( b). Agencies may obtain copies of the application directly from the applicant. Any of these documents must be filed by providing the original and the number of copies required by the Commission's regulations to: The Ssecretary, Federal Energy Regulatory, Commission, 888 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20426. An additional copy must be sent to Director, Division of Project Review, Office of Hydropower Licensing, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, at the above address. Each filing must be accompanied by proof of service on all persons listed on the service list prepared by the Commission in this proceeding, in accordance with 18 CFR 4.34( b), and 385.2010. Linwood A. Watson, Jr., Acting Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 9479 Filed 4 14 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6579 1] Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request; National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Subpart J AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that EPA is planning to submit the following continuing Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan Subpart J, EPA ICR 1664.04, OMB Control Number 2050 0141, expiration date 8/ 31/ 00. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection as described below. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before May 17, 2000. ADDRESSES: Interested persons may obtain a copy of the ICR without charge by contacting U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5203G, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460. Materials relevant to this ICR may be inspected from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, by visiting the Public Docket, located at 1235 Jefferson­ Davis Highway ( ground floor), Arlington, Virginia 22202. The docket number for this notice is SPSUBJ. The telephone number for the Public Docket is ( 703) 603 9232. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: William `` Nick'' Nichols, ( 703) 603 9918, Facsimile Number ( 703) 603 9116, e­ mail: nichols. nick@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Affected entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are those which manufacturer, sell, distribute and/ or use oil spill dispersants, other chemicals, and other spill mitigating devices and substances that may be used in carrying out the NCP, as listed in 40 CFR 300.900 on land or waters of the United States. Title: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Subpart J ( NCP) ( OMB Control No. 2050 0141; EPA ICR No. 1664.04), expiring 8/ 31/ 00. Abstract: Subpart J of the NCP allows and regulates the use of chemical and biological oil spill cleanup and control agents. The information collected is supplied by the manufacturer of such products. This information and data are then analyzed by EPA to determine the appropriateness, and under which category, the product may be listed on the NCP Product Schedule. This product data is critical for EPA to obtain in order to assure that effectiveness and toxicity data for these products is available to the oil spill community in order to use them legally and effectively. Responses to the collection VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 19: 52 Apr 14, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17APN1. SGM pfrm11 PsN: 17APN1 20452 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 74 / Monday, April 17, 2000 / Notices of information are mandatory if EPA determines that the products specifications require its listing under subpart J ( 40 CFR 300.5a Definitions). However, manufacturers volunteer to have their product analyzed. The authority to review and use a product is 40 CFR 300.910. Confidentiality of data, ingredients, and other proprietary information for the products is maintained by EPA. Manufacturers may use any certified lab in the U. S. to test their products effectiveness and toxicity. The cost of such test range from $ 1,000 to $ 5,000 per test. The process to have a product listed takes at least 30 days, but no longer than 60 days, depending on the accuracy and completeness of the product information package provided to EPA by the manufacturer. Due to the technical and graphical data required to be listed, electronic submissions are not accepted. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The EPA would like to solicit comments to: ( i) Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; ( ii) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ( iii) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ( iv) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. Burden Statement: Estimated projected cost and hour burden for listing a product are between 14 and 40 hours at a cost ranging from under $ 4,000 to $ 10,000 depending on the what the lab charges the manufacture to test the product. EPA estimates that an average of 14 product applications are submitted each year at a cost of $ 83,000 ($ 6,000 average). Additional data requirements include changes to: manufacturer's address, name of product, distributers, product specifications, and any other changes to the product. Changes to the product's composition may require further testing and data submission to EPA. Otherwise the cost to supply this information to EPA is a one­ time cost. EPA does not charge any fees to maintain records for a product nor are there any cost to update the product's file other than those mentioned above. There are no required capital, start up cost or fees required by EPA to have a product listed. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Dated: April 5, 2000. Stephen D. Luftig, Director, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. [ FR Doc. 00 9391 Filed 4 14 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6579 7] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request NSPS, Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: NSPS Subpart FFF, New Source Performance Standards for Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing, OMB Control Number 2060 0073 which expires on June 30, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before May 17, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by E Mail at Farmer. Sandy@ epamail. epa. gov or download off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1157.06. For technical questions about the ICR contact Ginger Gotliffe at ( 202) 564 7072. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: NSPS Subpart FFF, New Source Performance Standards for Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing ( OMB Control No. 2060 0073 ; EPA ICR No. 1157.06) expiring 06/ 30/ 00. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: The New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS) for Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing were promulgated on June 29, 1984 ( 49 FR 26892). The effective date was January 18, 1983. These standards of performance for this category of new stationary sources of hazardous air pollutants are required by Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. Facilities may meet the standards by using materials with a low concentration of Volatile Organic compounds ( VOCs), or by installing emission control devices. The information that is required to be submitted to the Agency or kept at the facility is needed to insure compliance with the regulation. These include initial one time notifications, performance tests plans and reports and records of maintenance and shutdown, startup, and malfunctions. For facilities that install CMS there are performance tests, and maintenance reports. Excess emissions reports are submitted semiannually. Responses to the collection of information are mandatory ( NSPS 60 Subpart FFF). An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on 10/ 29/ 99 ( 64 FR 58396 ); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 19: 52 Apr 14, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17APN1. SGM pfrm11 PsN: 17APN1

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EPA-HQ-OPPT-2002-0033-0032

Supporting & Related Material

CLEAN AIR AMD CLEAN The Report of the Blue Ribboh Oxygenates in Panel on Gasoline in Panel to review the us( The Panel was appointee rntaf Protection Agency'! was originally establishec I the requirements of thg APP. 8 9 (a. led technical, analytical pport for this report. eptem ber 1999 ... ...* >. A ...... U. ....................... _ .... a. ........ , . I 1 I CHAPTER 1 . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................... '. CHAPTER 2 . ISSUE SUMMARIES .................................................... Water contamination ................................................... A . TABLE OF CONTENTS .......... 1 15 17 Page IV . Behavior ....................................................... V . AppendixA ........................................................... B . AirQualityBenefits .................................................... I . Introduction ................................................... I1 . Federal RFG Program: Requirements and Benefits ...................... I11 . The Impact on RFG if Oxygenates are Removed ........................ IV . Other Air Quality Considerations for Oxygenates ........... : V . Appendix B ............................................... '. C . Prevention. Treatment. and Remediation ................................... I . Introduction ..................................................... I1 . Sources and Trends of Water Quality Impacts .......................... I11 . Release Prevention and Detection .................................. IV . Underground Storage Tanks ........................... .I . V . Protection of Drinking Water Sources and Water Quality Managerient VI . Treatment of Impacted Drinking Water ................... ' VI1 . Remediation .................................................... Fuel Supply and Cost .................................................... I . Introduction ..................................................... I1 . Industry Overview ................................... ; Impact of Fuel Requirement Changes on Supply ............ ' Cost Impacts of Changing Fuel Reformulations ........................ AppendixD .............................................. * ~ 1 ­ * Comparing the Fuel Additives ................................. ;. I . Introduction ..................................................... MTBE ......................................................... I1 . 111 . Ethanol ........................................... .I ' IV . Other Ethers .................................................... V . Other Alternatives ................................... , AppendixE ........................................................... Drinking Water Standards ............................. .,. Wintertime Oxfiel Program ........................... '. D . I I11 . IV . E . .­ 21 .......... 22 25 27 27 27 31 ........... 35 .......... 38 .......... 42 45 45 45 50 .......... 52 ..... 53 ........... 55 57 67 67 ........... 68 ........... 72 75 * . . * * * 79 .......... 81 81 81 84 86 ........... 86 88 ........... CHAPTER 4 . DISSENTING OPINIONS ................................................ ~ LIST OF PANEL MEMBERS AND PARTICIPANTS ........................... ' REFERENCES .......................................................... ' 99 .......... 107 .......... 113 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .! . ... Page ..­......... 121 CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY , I The Federal Reformulated Gasoline Program (RFG) established in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and implemented in 1995, has provided substantial reductions in the emissions of a number of air pollutants from motor vehicles, most notably volatile organic compounds (precursors of ozone), carbon monoxide, and mobile­ source air toxics (benzene, 1 ,3­ butadieneY and others), in most cases resulting in emissions reductions that exceed those required by law. To address its unique air pollution challenges, California has adopted similar, but more stringent requirements for California RFG. In addition, areas in both California and elsewhere in the nation that have not attained the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for carbon monoxide are required in the Act to implement the Wintertime Oxyfuel program. The Clean Air Act requires that RFG contain 2 percent oxygen by weight. Over 85 percent of RFG contains the oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and approximately 8 percent cdntains ethanol ­­ a domestic fuel­ blending stock made from grain and potentially from recycled biomass waste. The Act requires Wintertime Oxyfuel to contain 2.7 percent oxygen by weight. There is disagreement about the precise role of oxygenates in attaining the RFG air quality benefits, although there is evidence from the existing program that increased use of oxygenates results in reduced carbon monoxide emissions, and it appears that additives contribute to reductions in aromatics in fuels and related air benefits. It is possible to formulate gasoline without oxygenates that can attain similar air toxics reductions, but it is less certain that given current Federal RIG requirements ail fuel blends created without oxygenates could maintain the benefits provided today by oxygenated R$ G. At the same time, the use of MTBE in the program has resulted in growing detections of AdTBE in drinking water, with between 5 percent and 10 percent of community drinking water supplies in high oxygenate use areas' showing at least detectable amounts of MTBE. The great majority of these detections to date have been well below IeveIs of public health concern, with approximately one percent rising to levels above 20 parts per billion (ppb). Detections at lower levels have, however, raised consumer taste and odor concerns that have caused water suppliers to stop using some water supplies and to incur costs of treatment and remediation. Private wells have also been contaminated, and these wells are less protected than public drinking water supplies and not monitored for chemical contamination. There is also evidence of contamination of surface waters, particularly during summer boating seasons. The major source of groundwater contamination appears to be releases from underground gasoline storage systems. These systems have been upgraded over the last decade, likely resulting in reduced risk of leaks. However, approximately 20 percent of the storage systems have not yet been upgraded, and there continue to be reports of releases from some upgraded systems, due to inadequate design, installation, maintenance, and/ or operation. In addition, many fuel storage systems (e. g. farms, small above­ ground tanks) are not currently regulated by the US. Environmental Protection Agency. Beyond groundwater contamination from underground storage tank (UST) sources, the other major sources of water contamination appear to be small and large gasoline spills to ground and surface waters, and recreational water craft ­­ particularly those with older motors ­­ releasing unburned fuel to surface waters. ' Areas using RFG (2% by weight oxygen) and/ or Oxyfuel( 2.7% by weight Oxygen) I 1 The Blue Ribbon Panel In response to the growing concerns from State and local officials and the public, U. S. EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner appointed a Blue Ribbon Panel in November 1998, to investigate the air quality benefits and water quality concerns associated with oxygenates in gasoline, and to provide independent advice and recommendations on ways to maintain air quality while protecting water quality. The Panel members consisted of leading experts from the public health and scientific communities, automotive bels industry, water utilities, and local and State governments. The Panel was charged to: (1) examine the role of oxygenates in meeting the nation's goal of clean air; (2) evaluate each product's efficiency in providing clean air benefits and the existence of alternatives; (3) assess the behavior of oxygenates in the environment; (4) review any known health effects; and (5) compare the cost of production and use and each product's avaiIability ­­ both at present and in the future. Further, the Panel studied the causes of ground water and drinking water contamination from motor vehicle fuels, and explored prevention and cleanup technologies for water and soil. The Panel was established under EPA's Federal Advisory Committee Act's Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, a policy committee established to advise the U. S. EPA on issues related to implementing the CAAA of 1990. It met six times from January ­ June, 1999, heard presentations in Washington, the Northeast, and California about the benefits and concerns related to RFG and the oxygenates; gathered the best available information on the program and its effects; identified key data gaps; and evaluated a series of alternative recommendations based on their effects on: ­ air quality ­ water quality ­ stability of fuel supply and cost This report consists of five issue summaries: water contamination; air quality benefits; prevention; treatment and remediation; fuel supply and cost; and comparing the fuel additives. In addition, this report contains the findings and recommendations of the Panel, dissenting opinions, list of Panel members, references, and glossary of terms. The Findings and Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Panel Based on its review of the issues, the Panel made the following overall findings: , * The distribution, use, and combustion of gasoline poses risks to our environment and RFG provides considerable air quality improvements and benefits for millions of US public health. 8 citizens. I ­ 8 The use of MTBE has raised the issue of the effects of both MTBE alone and MTBE in gasoline. This Panel was not constituted to perform an independent comprehensive health assessment and has chosen to rely on recent reports by a number of state, national, and international health agencies. What seems clear, however, is that MTBE, due to its persistence and mobility in water, is more likely to contaminate ground and surface water than the other components of gasoline. 2 e MTBE has been found in a number of water supplies nationwide, primarily causing consumer odor and taste concerns that have led water suppliers to reduce use of those supplies. Incidents of MTBE in drinking water supplies at levels well above EPA and state guidelines and standards have occurred, but are rare. The Panel believes that the occurrence of MTBE in drinking water supplies can and should be substantially reduced. e MTBE is currently an integral component of the U. S. gasoline supply both in terms of . volume and octane. As such, changes in its use, with the attendant capital construction and infrastructure modifications, must be implemented with sufficient time, certainty, and flexibility to maintain the stability of both the complex U. S. fuel supply system and gasoline prices. The following recommendations are intended to be implemented as a SingZepackage of actions designed to simultaneously maintain air quality benefits while enhancing water quality protection and assuring a stable fuel supply at reasonable cost. The majority of these recommendations could be implemented by federal and state environmental agencies without further legislative action, and we would urge their rapid implementation. We would, as weI1, urge all parties to work with Congress to implement those of our recommendations that require legislative action. Recommendations to Enhance Water Protection Based on its review of the existing federal, state and local programs to protect, treat, and remediate water supplies, the Blue Ribbon Panel makes the following recommendations to enhance, accelerate, and expand existing programs to improve protection of drinking water supplies from contamination. Prevention 1. EPA, working with the states, should take the following actions to enhance significantly the Federal and State Underground Storage Tank programs: a. Accelerate enforcement of the replacement of existing tank systems to conform with the federally­ required December 22, 1998 deadline for upgrade, including, at a minimum, moving to have all states prohibit fuel deliveries to non­ upgraded tanks, and adding enforcement and compliance resources to ensure prompt enforcement action, especially in areas using RFG and Wintertime Oxyfuel. b. Evaluate the field performance of current system design requirements and technology and, based on that evaluation, improve system requirements to minimize leaks/ releases, particularly in vulnerable areas (see recommendations on Wellhead Protection Program in 2. below). Strengthen release detection requirements to enhance early detection, particularly in vulnerable areas, and to ensure rapid repair and remediation. ­ C. d. Require monitoring and reporting of MTBE and other ethers in groundwater at all UST release sites. 3 2. e. Encourage states to require that the proximity to drinking water supplies, and the potential to impact those supplies, be considered in land­ use planning and permitting decisions for siting of new UST facilities and petroleum pipelines. f. Implement and/ or expand programs to train and license UST system installers and maintenance personnel. g. Work with Congress to examine and, if needed, expand the universe of regulated tanks to include underground and aboveground fuel storage systems that are not currently regulated yet pose substantial risk to drinking water supplies. EPA should work with its state and local water supply partners to enhance implementation of the Federal and State Safe Drinking Water Act programs to: a. Accelerate, particularly in those areas where RFG or Oxygenated Fuel is used, the assessments of drinking water source protection areas required in Section 1453 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended in 1996. b. Coordinate the Source Water Assessment program in each state with federal and state Underground Storage Tank Programs using geographic information and other advanced data systems to determine the location of drinking water sources and to identie UST sites within source protection zones. C. Accelerate currently­ planned implementation of testing for and reporting of MTBE in public drinking water supplies to occur before 2001. d. Increase ongoing federal, state, and local efforts in Welihead Protection Areas including: I ­ enhanced permitting, design, and system installation requirements for USTs and pipelines in these areas; strengthened efforts to ensure that non­ operating USTs ate properly closed; enhanced UST release prevention and detection; and improved inventory management of fuels. ­ 3. EPA should work with states and localities to enhance their efforts to protect lakes and reservoirs that serve as drinking water supplies by restricting use of recreational water craft, particularly those with older motors. 4. EPA should work with other federal agencies, the states, and private sector partners to implement expanded programs to protect private well users, including, but not limited to: a. A nationwide assessment of the incidence of contamination of private wells by components of gasoline as well as by other common contaminants in shallow groundwater; 4 b. Broad­ based outreach and public education programs for owners and users of private wells on preventing, detecting, and treating contamination; and C. Programs to encourage and facilitate regular water quality testing of private wells. 5. Implement, through public­ private partnerships, expanded Public Education programs at the federal, state, and local levels on the proper handling and disposal of gasoline. 6 . Develop and implement an integrated field research program into the groundwater behavior of gasoline and oxygenates, including: a. Identifying and initiating research at a population of UST release sites and nearby drinking water supplies including sites with MTBE, sites with ethanol, and sites using no oxygenate; and b. Conducting broader, comparative studies of levels of MTBE, ethanol, benzene, and other gasoline compounds in drinking water supplies in areas using primarily MTBE, areas using primarily ethanol, and areas using no or lower levels of oxygenate. Treatment and Remediation 7. EPA should work with Congress to expand resources available for the up­ front funding of the treatment of drinking water supplies contaminated with MTBE and other gasoline components to ensure that affected supplies can be rapidly treated and returned to service, or that an alternative water supply can be provided. This could take a number of forms, including but not limited to: a. . Enhancing the existing Federal Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund by fully appropriating the annual available amount in the Fund, ensuring that treatment of contaminated drinking water supplies can be funded, and streamlining the procedures for obtaining finding; b. Establishing another form of fbnding mechanism which ties the funding more directly to the source of contamination; and C. Encouraging states to consider targeting State Revolving Funds (SRF) to help accelerate treatment and remediation in high priority areas. 8. Given the different behavior of MT3E in groundwater when compared to other components of gasoline, states in RFG and Oxyfuel areas should reexamine and enhance based on their proximity to drinking water supplies. ­ state and federal "triage" procedures for prioritizing remediation efforts at UST sites 9. Accelerate laboratory and field research, and pilot projects, for the development and implementation of cost­ effective water supply treatment and remediation technology, and harmonize these efforts with other publidprivate efforts underway. Recommendations for Blendinv Fuel for Clean Air and Water Based on its review of the current water protection programs, and the likely progress that can be made in tightening and strengthening those programs by implementing Recommendations 1 ­ 9 above, the Panel agreed broadly, although not unanimously, that even enhanced protection programs wit1 not give adequate assurance that water supplies will be protected, and that changes need to be made to the RFG program to reduce the amount of MTBE being used, while ensuring that the air quality benefits of RFG, and fuel supply and price stabifity, are maintained. Given the complexity of the national fuel system, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the fuel blending options the Panel considered (see Appendix A), and the need to maintain the air quality benefits of the current program, the Pane1 recommends an integratedpackage of actions by both Congress and EPA that should be implemented as quickly aspossihle. The key elements of that package, described in more detail below, are: Action agreed to broadly by the Panel to reduce the use of MTBE substantially (with some members supporting its complete phase­ out), and action by Congress to clarify federal and state authority to regulate andor eliminate the use of gasoline additives that threaten drinking water supplies; 0 Action by Congress to remove the current 2 percent oxygen requirement to ensure that adequate fuel supplies can be bIended in a cost­ effective manner while quickly reducing usage of MTI3E; and 0 Action by EPA to ensure that there is no loss of current air quality benefits. The Oxvgen Reauirement 10. The current Clean Air Act requirement to require 2 percent oxygen, by weight, in RFG must be removed in order to provide flexibiJity to blend adequate fuel supplies in a cost­ effective manner while quickly reducing usage of MTBE and maintaining air quality benefits. The Panel recognizes that Congress, when adopting the oxygen requirement, sought to advance several national policy goals (energy security and diversity, agricultural policy, etc) that are beyond the scope of our expertise and deliberations. The Panel further recognizes that if Congress acts on the recommendation to remove the requirement, Congress will likely seek other legislative mechanisms to fulfill these other national policy interests. Maintaining Air Benefits ­ 1 1. Present toxic emission performance of RFG can be attributed, to some degree, to a combination of three primary factors: (1) mass emission performance requirements; (2) the use of oxygenates; and (3) a necessary compliance margin with a per gallon standard. In Cal RFG, caps on specific components of fuel is an additional factor to which toxics emission reductions can be attributed. 6 Outside of California, lifting the oxygen requirement as recommended above may lead to fuel reformulations that achieve the minimum performance standards required under the 1990 Act, rather than the larger air quality benefits currently observed. In addition, changes in the RFG program could have adverse consequences for conventional gasoline as well. Within California, lifting the oxygen requirement will result in greater flexibility to maintain and enhance emission reductions, particularly as CaIifornia pursues new formulation requirements for gasoline. In order to ensure that there is no loss of current air quality benefits, EPA should seek appropriate mechanisms for both the RFG Phase I1 and Conventional Gasotine programs to define and maintain in RFG 11 the real world performance observed in RFG Phase I while preventing deterioration of the current air quality performance of conventional gasoline? There are severa1 possible mechanisms to accomplish this. One obvious way is to enhance the mass­ based performance requirements currently used in the program. At the same time, the Panel recognizes that the different exhaust components pose differential risks to public health due in large degree to their variable potency. The Panel urges EPA to explore and implement mechanisms to achieve equivalent or improved public health results that focus on reducing those compounds that pose the greatest risk. Reducing the Use of MTBE 12. The Panel agreed broadly that, in order to minimize current and future threats to drinking water, the use of MTBE should be reduced substantially. Several members believed that the use of M m E should be phased out completely. The Panel recommends that Congress act quickly to clarify federal and state authority to regulate andor eliminate the use of gasoline additives that pose a threat to drinking water supplies? The Panel is aware of the current proposal for further changes to the sulfur levels of gasoline and recognizes that implementation of any change resulting fiom the Panel's recommendations wiI1, of necessity, need to be coordinated with implementation of these other changes. However, a majority of the Panel considered the maintenance of current RFG air quality benefits as separate fiom any additional benefits that might accrue from the sulfur changes currently under consideration. ' Under $2 1 1 of the 1990 Clean Air Act, Congress provided EPA with authority to regulate fuel formulation to improve air quality. In addition to EPA's national authority, in $2 1 l( c)( 4) Congress sought to balance the desire for maximum uniformity in our nation's fuel supply with the obligation to empower states to adopt measures necessary to meet national air quality standards. Under $21 l( c)( 4), states may adopt regulations on the components of fuel, but must demonstrate that 1) their proposed regulations are needed to address a violation of the NAAQS and 2) it is not possible to achieve the desired Outcome without such changes. The Panel recommends that Federal law be amended to clarify EPA and state authority to regulate and/ or eliminate gasoline additives that threaten water supplies. It is expected that this would be done initially on a national level to maintain uniformity in the fuel supply. For further action by the states, the granting of such authority should be based upon a similar two Part test: ­ I ) states must demonstrate that their water resources are at risk from MTBE use, above and beyond the risk posed by other gasoline components at levels of MTBE use. present at the time of the request. (continued ...) i 7 initial efforts to reduce should begin immediately, with substantial reductions to begin as soon as Recommendation IO above ­ the removal of the 2 percent oxygen requirement ­ is implemented4. Accomplishing any such major change in the gasoline supply without disruptions to fuel supply and price will require adequate lead time ­ up to 4 years if the use of MTBE is eliminated, sooner in the case of a substantial reduction (e. g. returning to historical levels of MTBE use). 'The Panel recommends, as well, that any reduction should be designed so as to not result in an increase in MlBE use in Conventional Gasoline areas. 13. The other ethers (e. g. ETBE, TAME, and DIPE) have been less widely used and less widely studied than MTBE. To the extent that they have been studied, they appear to have similar, but not identical, chemical and hydrogeologic characteristics. The Panel recommends accelerated study of the health effects and groundwater characteristics of these compounds before they are allowed to be placed in widespread use. In addition, EPA and others should accelerate ongoing research efforts into the inhalation and ingestion health effects, air emission transformation byproducts, and environmental behavior of oxygenates and other components likely to increase in the absence of MTBE. This should include research on ethanol, alkylates, and aromatics, as well as of gasoline compositions containing those components. 14. To ensure that any reduction is adequate to protect water supplies, the Panel recommends that EPA, in conjunction with USGS, the Departments of Agriculture and Energy, industry, and water suppliers, should move quickly to: a. Conduct short­ term modeling analyses and other research based on existing data to estimate current and likely future threats of contamination; b. Establish routine systems to collect and publish, at least annually, all available monitoring data on: ' (... continued) 2) states have taken necessary measures to restrictleliminate the presence of gasoline in the water resource. To maximize the uniformity with which any changes are implemented and minimize impacts on cost and he1 supply, the Panel recommends that EPA establish criteria for state waiver requests including but not limited to: a. b. C. d. Water quality metrics necessary to demonstrate the risk to water resources and air quality metrics Compliance with federal requirements to prevent leaking and spilling of gasoline. Programs for remediation and response. A consistent schedule for state demonstrations, EPA review, and any resulting regulation of the volume of gasoline components in order to minimize disruption to the fuel supply system. ­ to ensure no loss of benefits from the federal RFG program. Although a rapid, substantial reduction will require removal of the oxygen requirement, EPA should, in order to enable initial reductions to occur as soon as possible, review administrative flexibility under existing law to allow refiners who desire to make reductions to begin doing so. 8 ;in as nt ­ out the % suit e i use of MTBE, other ethers, and Ethanol; levels of MTBE, Ethanol, and petroleum hydrocarbons found in ground, surface and drinking water; trends in detections and levels of MTBE, Ethanol, and petroleum hydrocarbons in ground and drinking water; ­ C. Identi& and begin to collect additional data necessary to adequately assess the current and potential future state of contamination. The Wintertime Oxvfuel Program The Wintertime Oxyfuel Program continues to provide a means for some areas of the country to come into, or maintain, compliance with the Carbon Monoxide standard. Only a few metropolitan areas continue to use MTBE in this program. In most areas today, ethanot can and is meeting these wintertime needs for oxygen without raising volatility concerns given the season. 15. The Panel recommends that the Wintertime Oxyfuel program be continued (a) for as long as it provides a useful compliance and/ or maintenance toot for the affected states and metropolitan areas, and (b) assuming that the clarification of state and federal authority described above is enacted to enable states, where necessary, to regulate and/ or eliminate the use of gasoline additives that threaten drinking water supplies. Recommendations for Evaluating and Learning From ExDerience The introduction of reformulated gasoline has had substantial air quality benefits, but has at the same time raised significant issues about the questions that should be asked before widespread introduction of a new, broadly­ used product. The unanticipated effects of RFG on groundwater highlight the importance of exploring the potential for adverse effects in all media (air, soil, and water), and on human and ecosystem health, before widespread introduction of any new, broad! y­ used, product. 16. In order to prevent future such incidents, and to evaluate of the effectiveness and the impacts of the RFG program, EPA should: a. Conduct a full, multi­ media assessment (of effects on air, soil, and water) of any major new additive to gasoline prior to its introduction; b. Establish routine and statistically valid methods for assessing the actual composition of RFG and its air quafity benefits, including the development, to the maximum extent possible, of field monitoring and cmissions characterization techniques to assess "real world" effects of different blends on emissions; C. Establish a routine process, perhaps as a part of the Annual Air Quality trends reporting process, for reporting on the air quaIity results from the RFG program; and d. Build on existing public health surveillance systems to measure the broader impact (both beneficial and adverse) of changes in gasoline formulations on public health and the environment. 9 ... 10 B , Summary of Dissenting Opinion By Todd C. Sneller, Member EPA Blue Ribbon Panel The complete text of ME Sneller 's dissenting opinion on the Panel's recommendation to eliminate the federal oxygen standard for reformulated gasoline is included in Chapter 4 of this report. In its report regarding the use of oxygenates in gasoline, a majority of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline recommends that action be taken to eliminate the current oxygen standard for reformulated gasoline. Based on legislative history, public policy objectives, and . information presented to the Panel, Z do not concur with this specific recommendation. The basis for my position follows: The Panel's report concludes that aromatics can be used as a safe and effective replacement for oxygenates without resulting in deterioration in VOC and toxic emissions. In fact, a review of the legislative history behind the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 clearly shows that Congress found the increased use of aromatics to be harmful to human health and intended that their use in gasoline be reduced as much as technically feasible. The Panel's report concludes that oxygenates fail to provide overwhelming air quality benefits associated with their required use in gasoline. The Panel recommendations, in my opinion, do no accurately reflect the benefits provided by the use of oxygenates in reformulated gasoline. Congress correctly saw a minimum oxygenate requirement as a cost effective means to both reduce levels of harmful aromatics and help rid the air we breathe of harmful pollutants. The Panel's recommendation to urge removal of the oxygen standard does not fully take into account other public policy objectives specifically identified during Congressional debate on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. While projected benefits related to public health were a focal point during the debate in 1990, energy security, national security, the environment and economic impact of the Amendments were clearly part of the rationale for adopting such amendments. It is my belief that the rationale behind adoption of the Amendments in 1990 is equally valid, if not more so, today. Congress thoughtfully considered and debated the benefits of reducing aromatics and requiring the use of oxygenates in reformulated gasoline before adopting the oxygenate provisions in 1990. Based on the weight of evidence presented to the Panel, I remain convinced that maintenance of the oxygenate standard is necessary to ensure cleaner air and a healthier environment. I am also convinced that water quality must be better protected through significant improvements to gasoline storage tanks and containment facilities. Therefore, because it is directly counter to the weight of the vast majority of scientific and technical evidence and the clear intent of Congress, I respectfully disagree with the Panel recommendation that the oxygenate provisions of the federal reformulated gasoline program be removed from current law. 11 I2 LYONDELL CHEMICAL COMPANY SUMMARY OF DISSENTING REPORT The complete text of Lyondell s dissenting report is in Chapter 4 of this report. While the Panel is to be commended on a number of good recommendations to improve the current underground storage tank regulations and reduce the improper use of gasoline, the Panel's recommendations to limit the use of MTBE are not justified. Firstly, the Panel was charged to review public health effects posed by the use of oxygenates, particularly with respect to water contamination. The Panel did not identify any increased public health risk associated with MTBE use in gasoline. Secondly, no quantifiable evidence was provided to show the environmental risk to drinking water from leaking underground storage tanks (LUST) wilI not be reduced to manageable levels once the 1998 LUST regulations are fully implemented and enforced. The water contamination data relied upon by the panel is largely misleading because it predates the implementation of the LUST regulations. Thirdly, the recommendations fall short in preserving the air quality benefits achieved with oxygenate use in the existing RFG program. The air quality benefits achieved by the RFG program will be degraded because they fall outside the control of EPA's Complex Model used for RFG regulations and because the alternatives do not match all of MTBE's emission and gasoline quality improvements. Lastly, the recommendations will impose an unnecessary additional cost of 1 to 3 billion dollars per year (3 ­ 7 c/ gal. RFG) on consumers and society without quantifiable offsetting social benefits or avoided costs with respect to water quality in the future. Unfortunately, there appears to be an emotional rush to judgement to limit the use of MTBE. For the forgoing reasons, Lyondell dissents from the Panel report regarding the following recommendations: The recommendation to reduce the use of MTBE substantially is unwarranted given that no increased public health risk associated with its use has been identified by the Panel. The recommendation to maintain air quality benefits of RFG is narrowly limited to the use of EPA's RFG Complex Model which does not reff ect many of the vehicle emission benefits realized with oxygenates as identified in the supporting panel issue papers. Therefore, degradation of air quality will occur and the ability to meet the Nation's Clean Air Goals will suffer under these recommendations. ­ ., i i .. .. ' ! I . .. f 14 : .. . 1 . ." ..­ ­­.. ­. .. . ­. . . 7 CHAPTER 2. ISSUE SUMMARIES In the course of its deliberations, the Blue Ribbon Panel heard from a number of experts in the field, and reviewed a large number of analyses and reports compiled by a range of organizations and individuals on the topics of air quality, water contamination, prevention and remediation, fuel supply and price, and health effects (see References below). In order to guide its development and evaluation of the range of options, and the selection of its recommended option, the Panel worked with its own staff, staff of a number of federal agencies, and consultants assigned to it from ICF Consulting to compile the following Issue Summaries. These Issue Summaries are not intended to be complete reproductions of the many analyses and reports the Panel reviewed, nor did the Panel necessarily have the charter or the expertise to conduct an entire de novo review of all of the evidence on any one topic (e. g. health effects). Rather, these summaries are designed to summarize all of the available information in a relatively neutral manner, capturing those areas where the scientific and technical community have come to some conclusions about these topics, and noting those areas where either there is not agreement, or where additional information is needed. For example, the Panel provides in Issue A. Water Contamination, the first systematic summary of water contamination data from the states of Maine and California and from the U. S. Geological Survey. This data, which emerged beginning late last year, was augmented substantially by analyses completed by USGS, and a summary of the relevant data was presented to the Panel in April. The Panel did not, however, conduct a detailed review of the analytic techniques, assumptions, and methods of each study, but rather accepted them as valid efforts to attempt to characterize an emerging situation, and refers the readers to the original studies for further detail. 15 i ... I6 .. .. A. Water Contamination I. Introduction There have been increasing detections of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in ground waters and in reservoirs. Overall, approximately 90 percent of tested waters have no detects, with remaining waters generally exhibiting relatively low level contamination. As sources of water contamination are identified, the behavior of oxygenates in ground water needs to be analyzed in order to understand the extent of contamination. The following is a summary of what is known today concerning water contamination. 11. Contamination A. Concentration Levels in Public and Private Wells The use of MTBE in the RFG program has resulted in growing detections of MTBE in drinking water, with between 5 percent and 10 percent of community drinking water supplies in high oxygenate use areas5 showing at least detectable amounts of MTBE. The great majority of these detections to date have been well below levels of public health concern, with between 0.3 percent to 1.5 percent rising to levels above 20 parts per billion (ppb). Detections at lower levels have, however, raised consumer taste and odor concerns that have caused water suppliers to stop using some water supplies and to incur costs of treatment and remediation. Private wells have also been contaminated and these wells are less protected than public drinking water supplies and not monitored for chemical contamination. There is also evidence of contamination of surface waters, particularly during summer boating seasons. A variety of studies, summarized in Table 1, have sought to determine the extent of MTBE contamination of drinking water sources. In addition, the USGS 12 Northeastern State Study has compiled data for MTBE levels in community drinking water. Although there are no nation­ wide drinking water data sets from which to fully characterize MTBE detections in the United States, a recent United States Geological Surve); (USGS) report examines this issue with respect to ambient ground water. This report assessed studies conducted between 1985 and I 995 by USGS­ NAWQA (National Water Quality Assessment Program), local, State, and Federal agencies by examining sampling data from 2,948 urban & rural, drinking water, and non­ drinking water wells. Projections from these data sets suggest that up to 7 percent of the nation's ground water resources could potentially contain a volatile organic compound (VOC) such as MTBE at concentrations of at least 0.2 ppb. At this time it is difficult to project future trends of contamination due to the lack of time­ series data. ..+ .. .? t: ' ,. &;: ' : 17 ' I Table 1. Summary of Studies Examining MTBE Contamination of Drinking W ater Sources ~. j California I Maine Maine ' USGS/ EPA12 1 Public Water , Public Water 1 Privatewater I ' usGsmAwQA i Northeastern State I Sources' (wells) ! Sources' (wells) j Sources' (wells) ' ; Stud,+ ' Studies' (wells) i Concentration i (PPW I N­ 5,195 N­ 793 1 ~~9 4 6 (9 5 %~1 ) 1 m L 4 .2 p P b 1 N­ 1,190 N=­ 2,743 mJA* I PPb : mL+* I PPb ; (censor level) MDL­ I ppb' Non­ Detects ­99% ­84.1% ­84.3% ­94.7% ­92.8% MDL ­ 5 ppb NIA' ­14.6% ­12.8% ­ 4.5% ­5.0% 5­ 20 ppb ­0.3% ­0.9. h ­1.5% 4.4% ­1.3% > 20 ppb ­0.3% ­0.4% ­1.5% 4 .4 % ­0.9% 'California Department of Health Services, April 22, 1999 ( u; ww. dlis. ca. e; ov/~ s/ ddwcm/ chcmical~~ TBE/ int~ summaw. htni). Because the same source may be counted more than once (e. g., as both "raw" and "treated", as with a reservoir), data from a single source have been consolidated for pulposes of counting "sources." zAlthough there have been detects below 5 ppb, such detections are not required to be reported. 'AX. Smith, Analysis of MTBE data in public and private water sources sampled as part of the Maine MTBE Drinking Water Study ­ 'Data are available for other sources (e.& springs and surface water). 'P. J. Squillace, D. A. Bender, J. S. Zogorski, Analysis of USGS data on MTBE in wells sampled as part of the National Water Quality %. J. Grady, Analysis of the Preliminary Findings of the 12­ State MTBENOC Drinking Water Study, 1993­ 1998: Communication to US. 'Some samples with higher reporting levels have not been screened out. Note: Some systems have multiple sources and the total number of sources is unknown. Systems with multiple detections are counted in the "MDt" = Minimum Detection Level. Preliminary Report, October 13, 1998: Written Communication to U. S. EPA, May 20, 1999. Assessment Program, 1993­ 1998: Written Communication to U. S. EPA. May 20, 1999. EPA, May 20,1999. highest reported concentration range. MTBE was the second most commonly detected VOC in water fiom urban wells6. Due to the inadequacy of long­ term monitoring data, the extent and trends of ground and surface water contamination in the nation are still not well known. As such, research is underway to obtain more contamination Occurrence data for ground and surface waters. An American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) study of the national occurrence of MTBE in sources of drinking water (i. e., rivers, reservoirs, ground water, etc.) began in May 1999 and win continue for two years. This type of data will document near­ term impacts and provide important input for analysis to predict future Contamination trends. B. RFGIOXY Areas Versus Non­ RFG/ OXY Areas Data from the joint USGS and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 12 Northeastern State study7 and the USGSNAWQA study (Table 1) were analyzed to evaluate the frequency of MTBE detections in drinking water in RFG/ OXY versus non­ RFG/ OXY areas. Results from the WSGSEPA Northeastern State study indicate that MTBE is detected ten times more often in drinking water from ' Paul Squillace, et al., "Occurrence of the Gasoline Additive MTBE in Shallow Ground Water in Urban and Agricultural Areas; Fact Sheet FS­ 114­ 95; U. S. Geological Survey: Rapid City, DS, 1995; Paul Squillace, et. al., Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993­ 1994. Environ. Sci. Tech. 30 (5) 1721­ 1730, 1996. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and United States Geological Survey, Preliminary Finding of the IZ­ Stare h4TBEWOC Drinking Water Retrospective, 1999. 18 community water sys jn non­ RFG/ OXY are UG/ OXY areas (Tab ppb) are 19 times mol detections are clearly ethylbenzene, and xyl G ) or oxygenated fuels (OXY) than tes a similar detection frequency in that higher levels of MTBE (> 20 n non­ R. FG/ OXY areas. 9 MTBE 2X (benzene, toluene, Table 2. on­ RFG/ OXY Areas" Non­ RFG/ OXY Areas in the United States (2,263) 2% 1 2% After normalizing for factors that affect detection frequency (i. e., gasoline stations, commercial and industrial land use, etc.), MTBE is four to six times more likely to be detected in RFG/ OXY areas than non­ RFG/ OXY areas. In RFG/ OXY areas, of the 50 million people dependent on ground water, 20 million use an aquifer containing at least one VOC, indicating potential vulnerability to MTBE." C. Co­ Occurrence of MTBE and Other Gasoline Components For co­ occurring components in gasoline, preliminary data from both the USGSEPA 12 Northeastern State study and the USGSNAWQA study shows that MTBE is generally detected in groundwater samples that contain another VOC, but is not associated with BTEX detections. In USGSEPA drinking water samples containing MTBE, BTEX co­ occurrence were only 0.3 percent, even though approximately 44 percent of the samples contained one or more other VOCs. 12 Similar results are exhibited for USGSNAWQA ground water samples containing MTBE, with only 13 percent of the samples with MTBE also detecting BTEX. I3 ' Stephen Grady and Michael Osinski, "Preliminary Findings of the 12­ State MTBENOC Drinking Water Retrospective," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. Paul Squillace, "MTBE in the Nation's Ground Water, National Water­ Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Results," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Pane1 meeting. lo Paul Squillace, "MTBE in the Nation's Ground Water, National Water­ Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Results," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. " Paul Squillace, "Volatile Organic Compound in Untreated Ambient Groundwater of the United States, 1985 ­ 1995," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. '* Stephen Grady *and Michael Osinski, "Preliminary Findings of the 12­ State MTBENOC Drinking Water Retrospective" presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. '' Paul Squillace, "Volatile Organic Compound in Untreated Ambient Groundwater of the United States, 1985 ­ 1995," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. 19 111. Sources The most frequent sources of higher levels of ground water contamination (greater than 20 ppb) I4 appear to be releases from gasoline storage and distribution systems, although there have been reports (e. g., Maine) that would suggest other sources of contamination, such as small spills and improper disposal. In reservoirs and lakes, MTBE detections, which vary seasonally, appear to be from recreational watercraft, particularly those with older motors. More general contamination of ground and surface waters at lower levels (usually less than 5 ppb) are primarily from storm water runoff and to a lesser degree, air deposition, as well as from leaking tanks and accidental spills. Specific examples of recent findings regarding the sources of ground water contamination include the following: a. Santa Monica. California's Ground water contamination from LUSTS has resulted in the contamination and closure of 9 high volume production drinking water wells (daily water demand at approximately 6.5 million gallons per day) at levels up to 6 10 ppb in the production wells, up to 17,000 ppb in regional monitoring wells, and up to 230,000 ppb in LUST source­ site monitoring wells. b. Maine16 An automobile gasoline leak contaminated a supply well 100 feet away to a level of 900 ppb. c. University of California. Davis Donner Lake Study" The use of motorized watercraft yielded concentration levels from 0.1 ppb to 12 ppb. l 4 Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. Komex H20 Science, Draft Investigation Report of MTBE Contamination: City of Santa Monica, Charnock Well Field Los Angeles, California, March 2 1, 1997; Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., Summary oflMTBE Groundwater Monitoring Results, Fourth Quarter 1998, Charnock Well Field Regional Assessment, Los Angeles, California, April 1, 1999. l6 B. Hunter et al., "Impact of Small Gasoline Spills on Groundwater," preliminary report abstract presented at the Maine Water Conference Meeting, April 1999. I' J. E. Reuter et al., "Concentrations, Sources and Fate of the Gasoline Oxygenate Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether (MTBE) in a Multiple­ Use Lake," Environmental Science and Technology 32, 3666­ 3672, 1998. 20 d. MetroDolitan Water District of Southern Caiifornia Monitoring Program" A monthly monitoring program (January 1997 to present) at six surface water reservoirs resulted in concentrations as high as 29 ppb during summer boating months. e. OSTP Re~ 01­ t'~ Storm water runoff exhibited concentrations of 0.2 ­ 8.7 ppb in 7 percent of samples tested in 16 cities from 1991 to 1995. Based on modeled air concentrations, concentrations in rainwater are predicted to range from less than 1 ppb to 3 ppb. N. Behavior A. MTBE In ground water, MTBE is more soluble, does not adsorb as readily to soil particles, biodegrades less rapidly, and thus moves more quickly than other components of gasoline (Le., BTEX). Zo In surface water, volatilization of MTBE at the air­ water interface is a significant contributor to decreased concentrations of MTBE." Much of MTBE's behavior is dependent upon the nature of the release, whether the release source is point or non­ point, its geologic settings, and environmental and microbial factors. In studies to date, in situ biodegradation of MTBE­ has been minimal or limited at best, which is significantly less (by at least one order of magnitude) when compared to benzene. B. Ethanol Ethanol is extremely soluble in water and, based on theory, should travel at about the same rate as MTBE. Ethanol is not expected, however, to persist in ground water, due to ethanol's ability to biodegrade easily. In fact, laboratory research findings suggest that ethanol may inhibit the I s Metropolitan Water District, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Monitoring Program ut the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, monitoring program update, April 1999. l 9 Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997, pp. 2­ 33 ­ 2­ 35. 2o A. M. Happel et al., An Evaluation ofMTBE impacts to Culyornia Groundwater Resources, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, UCRL­ AR­ 130897, June 1998; A. M. Happel, B. Dooher, and E. H. Beckenbach, "Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Impacts to California Groundwater," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting; Salanitro, J. P., "Understanding the Limitations of Microbial Metabolism of Ethers Used as Fuel Octane Enhancers," Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6: 337­ 340, 1995. *' Paul Squillace et al., "Review of the Environmental Behavior and Fate of Methyl Tertiary­ Butyl Ether," Environ. Tox. Chem, 1997; UC Davis Report, Transport and Fate Modeling of MTBE in Lakes and Reservoirs," Stephen A. McCord and Geoffiey S., Schladow. 21 biodegradation of BTEX because the microbes preferentially metabolize ethanol before BTEX. 22 Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of ethanol biodegradation under field conditions have not been done to date. In one hypothetical analysis presented to the Panel, the addition of ethanol to gasoline was estimated to extend BTEX plumes by 25 percent to 40 percent. 23 Additionally, a study in Brazil indicated that, high ethanol concentrations in ground water (greater than 2 percent) enhanced the solubilization and migration of BTEX. 24 No national monitoring of ethanol in ground water, surface water or drinking water has been completed at this time. 25 V. Drinking Water Standards A. Drinking Water Advisory In certain situations, either the public's concern about potential contamination, or water supply officials' concerns about the taste and odor effects of MTBE contamination, or both, has affected the ability of local authorities to rely on their water supplies for drinking water. For example, South Lake Tahoe, California water oficials recently closed 13 wells due to the proximity of MTBE plumes to its drinking water wells. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Water has established a drinking water advisory26 level of 20 to 40 ppb as a guidance for State and local authorities, based on taste and odor concerns. This guidance suggests control levels for taste and odor acceptability and also provides a large margin of safety against any potential adverse health effects. The advisory levels enable water suppliers to easily assess if their drinking water is likely to be acceptable to consumers. The advisory also recognizes that some members of the population may detect it below this range. However, as indicated in table 3, states have established different guidelines and standards based on differing interpretations of the data concerning the taste and odor thresholds and health effect studies for MTBE. In addition, EPA has proposed a revised Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, which would require large water systems (serving more than 10,000 persons) and a representative sample of small­ and medium­ sized water systems (serving fewer than 10,000 persons) to monitor and report MTBE levels. This program is scheduled to take effect in January 2001. Under this regulation, the majority of 22 H. X., Corseuil et al., "The Influence of the Gasoline Oxygenate Ethanol on Aerobic and Anaerobic BTX Biodegradation," Wat. Res., 1998, 32,2065­ 2072.; C. S. Hunt et al., "Effect of Ethanol on Aerobic BTX Degradation Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On­ Site Bioremediation Symposium," Battelle Press, April­ May 1997, pp. 49­ 54. 23 Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," November, 1998. Presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel. [Based on Malcome Pirnie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] 24 H. X. Corseuil and P. J. J. Alvarez, "Natural Bioremediation Perspective for BTX­ Contaminated Groundwater in Brazil," Wat. Sei. Tech., 1996,35,9­ 16. 2s EPA analytical methods are limited for ethanol analysis providing only ppm range detection limits. 26 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Eflects Analysis on Methyl Tertiary­ Butyl Ether (MTBE)), December 1997. 22 F ` i *. public groundwater supply wells will still not be monitored for MTBE.* ' The availability of Consumer Confidence Reports will notify the public of what contaminants are found in drinking water. Increasing numbers of consumers may find the water unacceptable if they are aware of MTBE's presence. private wells are not subject to monitoring under the Safe Drinking Water Act, but are left to the discretion of the State. Therefore, private well owners rarely have routine monitoring for either bacterial or chemical contamination. Private wells are typically more vulnerable than public wells due to differences in wellhead construction. Specifically, these wells typically draw from shallow groundwater, which is more vulnerable to impacts from surface contamination. €3. State Guidelines and Action Levels As Table 3 indicates, a number of States have established drinking water guidelines and action levels. Currently, four States have primary drinking water standards, three States have enforceable guidelines, and 12 States either have an MTBE guideline or action level in place. Figure Al, located in Appendix A, contains a map illustrating these various State standards. Table 3. State Drinking Water Standards, Guidelines, and Action Levels 1 Maine (35 ppb) New Jersey (70 ppb) 1 : New York (50 ppb) ~ South Carolina (20­ 40 ppb) States with Primary Drinking Water Standards (health­ based) State with a Secondary Standard (aesthetic) California (5 ppb); enforceable States with Enforceable Guideiines Michigan (240 ppb); health­ based West Virginia (20­ 40 ppb); EPA Advisory Arizona (35 ppb); health­ based California (13 ppb); health­ based Connecticut (70 ppb); health­ based Illinois (70 ppb); health­ based Kansas (20­ 40 ppb); EPA Advisory Maryland (10 ppb); aesthetically­ based Massachusetts (70 ppb); health­ based ' New Hampshire (1 5 ppb); aesthetically based Pennsylvania (20­ 40 ppb); EPA Advisory Rhode Island (20­ 40 ppb); EPA Advisory Vermont (40 ppb); EPA Advisory Wisconsin (60 ppb); health­ based States with a Guideline or Action Level in Place Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water suppliers are required to monitor for volatile organic compounds and MTBE can be analyzed by the 21 Same analytical methods and therefore could be included along with scheduled volatile organic compound sampling. 23 ­ . ,. . . National Primary Drinking Water Standards, as defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), must be health­ based. Although standards can be developed at the Federal level based on taste and odor, such standards are secondary and non­ enforceable. Currently, the Drinking Water Advisory serves only as a national guidance level for aesthetic effects that EPA recommends for drinking water. Due to uncertainties in the health effects database, gaps in characterizing national occurrence, and significant variability among health study methodologies, EPA does not have sufficient information to establish an enforceable health­ based standard at this time. . . I ,. . . . ,. . . .. ­ ­ _.. . .. ­ .­. ... ­. B. Air Quality Benefits I. Introduction The Federal and California reformulated gasoline (RFG) programs have significantly improved air quality by reducing emissions of toxics and lowering the ozone forming potential through reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO,). In general, these programs have resulted in greater emission reductions than statutorily required. 11. Federal RFG Program: Requirements and Benefits A. Summary of RFG Requirements and Benefits Ozone and air toxic levels in this nation have decreased substantially in recent years as a result of the Clean Air Act's implementation. There are over 30 areas, however, that are still in nonattainment with the current ozone standard. The results of emissions tests, tunnel studies, and remote sensing of tail pipe exhaust indicate that RFG usage can cause a decrease in both the exhaust and evaporative emissions from motor Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State of California, when compared to all available control options, RFG is a cost­ effective approach to reducing ozone precursors such as VOCs and NO,? 9 Although there is no National Ambient Air Quality Standard for toxics, a number of provisions of the Clean Air Act require reductions in toxics emissions, and Federal RFG has contributed to these reductions.. Based on separate cost effectiveness analyses conducted by both the U. S. The RFG program, mandated under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, requires changes in motor fuel formulation which result in decreased vehicle emissions for areas in the U. S. with significant low­ level ozone pollution, otherwise known as smog. These areas represent about 30 percent of U. S. gasoline consumption. The program requires reductions relative to a 1990 fuel baseline in levels of NO,, toxics, and VOC emissions and also requires a minimum level of oxygen and limits the maximum benzene level. The emissions performance of fuels relative to 1990 is evaluated using a linear regression model, referred to as the "complex model," which was developed using thousands of emissions tests relating fuel properties to emissions performance. To certify a fuel as RFG, a fuel manufacturer measures the eight relevant physical and chemical properties of the fuel, enters those results into the complex model, and the model determines the percent reduction in NO,, VOC, and toxics, relative to 1990, for that fuel. Phase I of the program began in 1995. Phase 11, scheduled to begin on January 1 , 2000, will implement more stringent NO,, VOC and toxics reduction standards. The best available data indicate that the RFG program has substantially reduced emissions of ozone precursors and toxics (See Table 1). Analysis of fuel data reported by refiners for 1995 through 1998 indicates that emission reduction benefits exceeded the standards for VOCs, NO,, and toxic^.^ ' Toxics National Research Council (NRC), Ozone­ Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline, May 1999. 29 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis, 59 FR 7716, Docket No. A­ 92­ 12, 1993. 30 Refinery Reporting Data and RFG Survey Association Data. Data on gasoline properties contained in this Issue Summary are derived from two primary sources. The RFG reporting data represent data submitted by the (continued.. .) 27 reductions in particular were substantially greater than the standard (an over 33 percent reduction versus a 17 percent requirement). (Refer to Figures B 1 through B3 in this Issue Summary's Appendi~).~ ' In addition, ambient monitoring data also suggest that the RFG program is working. The EPA's 1995 Air Quality Trends report, which coincides with the first year of the RFG program, shows a median reduction of 38 percent in ambient benzene and significant decreases in other vehicle­ related VOC concentrations in RFG No other control action could have accounted for such a substantial decrease in benzene levels. In 1998, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) conducted an assessment of the toxicity of conventional gasoline (CG) versus RFG sold in the Northeast. This focused on six toxic air pollutants [benzene, 1,3­ butadiene, acetaldehyde, polycyclic organic matter (POM), formaldehyde, and MTBE]. A modified version of the complex model, incorporating MTBE emission rates, was used to compare differences in predicted emissions between composited average RFG and conventional fuel types sold in the Northeast. While emissions estimated by the complex model may not accurately represent actual emissions from the motor vehicle fleet, it does provide a means of establishing relative effects of fuel composition on emissions. Relative cancer potencies were assigned to the six compounds to compare carcinogenicity among fuel types. This study concluded that Phase I RFG (in 1996) "served to reduce cancer risk associated with gasoline vapors and automobile exhaust . . . by 12 percent. . . ." and that Phase I1 RFG would "reduce the public cancer risk . . . by 20 percent. . . ." This report also noted that "since the cancer potency of MTBE is significantly less than that of benzene, 1,3­ butadiene and POM, its presence in RFG at 10 percent by volume tends to dilute other carcinogens. . . ." The National Research Council (NRC) report also stated that the most significant advantage of oxygenates in fuel appears to be displacement of some air toxics (e. g., benzene from RFG). For additional information on typical fuels and standards, refer to Table B 1 in Appendix B. 30 (.;. continued) universe of RFG producers or importers. The RFG survey data are derived from a carefully planned statistical sampling of retail stations in various RFG cities. The survey plan is designed to estimate average gasoline properties for a given area over a specific time period with a high degree of statistical confidence. The calculation of VOC, NOx, and toxics reductions is based upon measured properties from these two data sources and is calculated by the "complex model," a regression model based upon thousands of vehicle emissions tests. As with any model, some uncertainty exists regarding the calculated emissions reductions and their applicability for any given fleet in any given year. 31 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency bar charts reflect survey data collected from 19,000 samples during 1998. Data from RFG Survey Association. 32 US. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995. 33 NESCAUM, Relative Cancer Risk of Reformulated Gasoline and Conventional Gasoline Sold in the Northeast, August 1998. 28 Table BI. Typical Fuels and Standards ­ I Federal RFG Phase I Federal RFG Phase I I Conventional Fuel Parameter Gasoline Actual' Comp'ex Averaging California RFG ' Averaging Reid Vapor Pressure (psi) 8.7R. 8 7.9R. O (8.0/ 7.1) 2 (Summer) Avg. Std. Actual Sulfur (ppm) 339 190 (285) (1 50) 20 30 Oxygen (wt%) c0.5 2.26 2.1 min 2.1 min 2.07 (2.0) Aromatics (vol%) 32 26 (32) (25) 23 22 Olefins (~ 01%) 13 10 (1 0) (11) 4 4 E200 (%) 41 49 (45) (49) 51 (49) E300 (%) 83 83 (83) (87) 89 (91) .95 max 0.55 0.8 Benzene (vel%,) 1.5 0.68 0.95 max Phase II complex model performance (A reduction from I990 baseline) of these fuels: VOC performance 26.1 22.1 29.8 29.9 29.6 NOx Performance 5.3 1.4 6.8 14.6 14.7 Toxics performance 30.1 19.7 28.4 37.0 34 A 1 Standard Standard "Actual" Phase I summer (VOC­ controlled) RFG properties and performance estimated from 1998 RFG Compliance Surveys. *Properties listed under the Federal RFG "standards" columns in parentheses are not standards perse. but indicate the average properties a summer fuel must have to meet the emissions performance standards. The '/" indicates 'NorthlSouth" specific values. South (VOC Control Region 1) values were used in performance comparisons. As shown in Table 1, Phase I1 RFG, which takes effect on January 1,2000, requires additional emission reductions, beyond those required in Phase I. With the exception of air toxics and benzene, Phase I1 also requires reductions that are greater than the actual reductions achieved in Phase I. However, for both air toxics and benzene, the Phase I1 requirements, unless changed, would allow the formulation of RFG that does not maintain the current benefits (e. g. a 22 percent reduction in toxics versus a 33 percent actual Phase I reduction). Table 1. Emission Reductions Required by the RFG Program vocs NOx Toxics Benzene Oxygen Northern States: 17% RFG Phase I (1995­ 1999) Southern States: 37% 1.5% 17% 1% 2.0 wt% Northern States: 21.2% (4.9% Average; 3,8% ­ 7,4% (33.2% Average; 0.68 'Yo 2.0 WtYO 23.7% ­36.9% Av2, 20.3 ­ 25.0% Range I 1998 Southern States: 39.4% Actual RFG' Phase Range) Range) Av, 38.4 ­ 40.3% Range RFG Phase I1 (2000) 27% 6.8% 22% 1 YO 2.0 wt% 29.6% 14.7 34.4 0.8 0 ­ 2.0 wt% CaRFG Standards (approx.) '1998 RFG Compliance Survey Data (summer surveys), completed by the RFG Survey Association. 'Av" = the average of the individual area results weighted by estimated gasoline volume in each area. 29 I. B. CaRFG Program Also, as shown in Table 1, the California RFG program has in place more stringent standards for its Phase I1 than Federal RFG, in particular for NO,, air toxics, and benzene. The second phase in the California RFG program (CaRFGII) is intended to ensure that benefits continue as the vehicle technology advances and fleets turn over. CaRFGII helps automakers meet the increasingly stringent emission standards for new vehicles. California's program requires automakers to certify their vehicles on CaRFGII, thus ensuring that new vehicles will be designed to meet emission standards on a fuel similar to what the vehicles will be operated with during daily use. The CaRFG program is designed to ensure that different formulations of gasoline will meet the required emissions performance levels. This is accomplished through the predictive model, which allows one to compare the emissions performance of alternative fuel parameters against a standard set of parameters contained in the CaRFG regulation. If the alternative formulation provides emission benefits equal to or better than the standard formulation, emission benefits are preserved and the refiner (or fuel importer) is allowed to market the fuel. To ensure the predictive model reflects the most recent data on the relationship between fuel properties and emissions, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is in the process of updating the model to reflect newer technology vehicles. This will provide extra assurance that the model will continue to be applicable as the vehicle fleet changes. In California, the predictive model has been used to produce and market fuels with no oxygenates while preserving the program's full air quality benefits. C. EPA 1998 Area by Area Analysis The EPA's Area by Area analysis of 1998 RFG Survey Data indicates that the complex model emissions performance of RFG in Chicago and Milwaukee, while easily exceeding all Phase I performance (ie., emission reduction) requirements, generally ranks low compared to other RFG areas. In order to investigate factors influencing the performance of Chicago and Milwaukee RFG relative to RFG in other areas, it is necessary to consider the composition of the fuels. Table B2 and an accompanying discussion, located in the Appendix, discuss estimates of average values of the fuel properties that are complex model inputs. The Chicago and Milwaukee properties are averages of the individual summer survey property averages. The National Average properties were esfimated by calculating an average for each of the RFG areas surveyed during 1998, and then weighting these values by estimates of fuel volume for each area. The National Average Reid vapor pressure (RVP) value was for VOC Control Region 2 (North), which includes Chicago and Milwaukee. Other values include both regions. (California oxygen­ only surveys were not included in the oxygenate computations.) The higher sulfur levels in Chicago and Milwaukee RFG areas affected its relative complex model performance for all three pollutants (VOC, NO,, toxics). This analysis indicates that sulfur was the primary factor influencing relative VOC and NO, performance, and that sulfur may have some influence on toxics performance. The margin of air toxics overcompliance was not as great in Chicago and Milwaukee as in other areas primarily due to higher benzene content, but other factors such as increased acetaldehyde emissions and sulfur levels also contributed. Oxygenates had little impact on VOC or NO, performance. 30 Table B2. Chicago and Milwaukee Data Chicago Milwaukee National Average MTBE (wt% oxygen) 1.62 0.08 0.06 ETBE (wt% oxygen) 0 0 0 Ethanol (wt% oxygen) 0.5 1 3.38 3.39 TAME (wt% oxygen) 0.12 0 0 RVP (psi) region 2 7.9 7.9 7.9 SULFUR (ppm) 190 255 26 1 E200 (%) 49.4 50.7 50.9 E300 (%) 82.7 81.8 82.2 AROMATICS (~ 01%) 26.0 25.1 24.9 OLEFINS (~ 01%) . 10.3 6.7 7.0 BENZENE (~ 01%) 0.68 0.90 0.99 111. The Impact on RFG if Oxygenates are Removed A. Introduction . MTBE provides about 76 percent of the oxygenate used in all RFG, and ethanol provides about 19 percent. The remaining 5 percent is made up of other ethers, tertiary­ amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 34 MTBE and ethanol have been the primary oxygenates in RFG because of their availability, blendability, and ability to deliver air quality benefits while meeting American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. (Refer to Table D1 in Issue Summary D, Fuel Supply and Cost, for usage data and references.) As shown in Table I above, Phase I RFG currently overcomplies with VOC, NOx, toxics, and benzene requirements. The key question is whether this current overcompliance with the Phase I RFG standards will be maintained in Phase I1 RFG if oxygenates are not required. Because the Phase I1 performance standards for VOCs and NO, are above the current actual performance of Phase I RFG, all fuels will be required to maintain or exceed the current VOC and NOx benefits, whether or not they contain oxygenates. However, since the Phase I1 performance standard for air toxics (22 percent reduction) is below the current Phase I actual reductions (average 33 percent reduction), there is no guarantee that the current (Phase I) level of air toxics benefits will be maintained in all cases The impact of removing oxygenates such as MTBE is not likely to be identical for CaRFG and Federal RFG. Federal RFG is subject to fewer caps on specific properties (e. g. aromatics) than CaRFG and therefore is more likely to show emissions impacts from the removal of oxygenates. Specific fuel parameters (e. g. the CaRFG cap on aromatics) may provide extra assurance that certain pollution reductions occur. Alternatively, performance standards (such as the current mass­ based requirements for toxics and VOCs) assure that pollution reductions will occur, but allow the refiner more flexibility in determining how to achieve those reductions. 34 Estimate from 1997 FWG Survey Data. ' 31 B. Air Toxics Current RFG over complies with both the Phase I and planned Phase I1 toxics standards. With the data available the panel could not determine with precision all of the factors which produce this overcompliance. However, as is explained below, when blending gasoline, it is reasonable to conclude that the use of octane­ rich oxygenates is one of the factors that affects a refiner's decision to use high­ octane aromatics, a major contributor to the formation of toxic emissions. 35 Decisions about refinery blending are complex and vary greatly over the range of U. S. refineries. Despite the variability in fuels likely to result from this complex system, however, certain trends can be identified that may help explain the larger­ than­ expected air toxics benefits. 8 First, it would be expected that each refiner would incorporate a measurable degree of overcompliance in order to ensure that their fuel never falls below the standard. 8 Second, no matter how refiners blend fuel to meet the air quality standards, fuels will also be blended to maintain at least the minimum octane required for current automobiles. Thus, one would expect that with increased use of oxygenates (a high octane component) in RFG, one would see, on average, reduced need for, and use of, other high­ octane components such as aromatics. Conversely, one would expect that with reduced use of oxygenates, this octane need would be met, in part, with increased use of aromatics and, in the longer term once capacity is expanded, alkylates. 36 35 Air toxics emissions reductions result primarily from reductions in RFG of aromatics and benzene (itself an aromatic) when compared to pre­ RFG gasoline. 36 The production of octane quality is the primary performance property considered by refiners in the production of gasoline. All refininghlending decisions are based, in part, on the need for a certain minimum level of octane quality in order that vehicles using the fuel operate properly. There are a limited number of octane rich components that refiners can choose to produce needed octane. Aromatics, alkylates, and oxygenates are three of the most available sources of octane quality for U. S. refiners. The most important (and for most refiners, the most economical) gasoline upgrading process in U. S. refineries is catalytic reforming which produces aromatics and increases the octane quality of the gasoline. (See, for example, Anderson, Robert O., Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry, University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 221 .) Reforming changes the shape of straight­ chain carbon molecules to high­ octane ring­ shaped molecules. These ring­ shaped molecules are referred to as aromatics and include benzene and benzene­ like molecules. Since oxygenates are also primarily used for octane enhancement when producing gasoline, for a refiner using these two octane sources, there exists a gasoline balance situation between the use of aromatics and the use of oxygenates. Although the increased use of alkylates would also be expected as oxygenates are reduced, U. S. reforming capacity to produce aromatics is far greater than is the capacity to produce alkylates. Under the federal RFG program, the oxygenate requirement results in a high level of octane quality and, for the reasons mentioned above, would be expected to push the use of aromatics and benzene from reforming in a downward direction. (Addition of oxygenate volumes would result in more than a 10 percent decrease .in aromatics and benzene from dilution alone, even if the octane quality properties are ignored.) Refiners would not be expected to utilize refinery capacity to produce aromatics that are not needed for octane. Since aromatics (including benzene) are the strongest contributors to the formation of toxics in the complex model, it is reasonable to conclude that the use of oxygenates and the resulting downward movement in aromatics and benzene is likely responsible for a substantial amount of the overcompliance in toxic emission reductions. 32 e Third, although it is difficult to determine the precise role that oxygenates play in overcompliance, and some fuels would likely be blended by some refiners with lower oxygen yet high air toxics benefits, on average one would expect the presence of higher levels of oxygenate in the fuel to lead to reduced levels of aromatics, and thus greater air toxics benefits. Although reasonable to assume that oxygenates thus contribute to toxics overcompliance, it is difficult to quantify this effect. The ideal data set would be able to compare fuels blended to meet current RFG requirements with a full range of oxygen levels (i. e. O%, .5%, 1 .O%, 2%, etc.), and such a data set does not exist. There is limited data from the State of Maine which recently implemented its own fuel program, albeit with less stringent requirements than RFG, to substantially reduce the use of MTBE: fuel properties reported by Maine's gasoline suppliers and distributors show a decrease in MTBE use by 50% and a corresponding increase in aromatics of 20% over the levels of aromatics present in RFG sold in . Maine in 1 99737. There is also data from Northern California (where 2.0% oxygen is not required) that CaRFG sold in the San Francisco area contained over 8% by volume MTBE in 1997 in part to meet the more stringent CARB requirements for CaRFG, although such data must be interpreted carefully since both the RFG requirements and the market situation in California are unique3'. The only other available data set is data on actual RFG fuel properties collected as part of the implementation of the program. At the Panel's request, EPA analyzed available data on actual RFG properties in the marketplace and the relationship in that data between MTBE use, air toxics and aromatics content. The EPA's regulations allow producers of RFG to meet the oxygen content requirement on an averaged basis and to employ oxygen credits to meet the averaged standard of 2.1 percent by weight. Consequently, the oxygen content in any given sample of RFG may vary to a limited degree from the statutory 2.0 percent by weight per gallon requirement. In 1998 RFG fuel quality surveys, the oxygen content of samples that did not contain ethanol but were oxygenated wholly or in part with MTBE, varied between about 1.5 and 3.0 percent by weight. Even though the availability of this data provides an opportunity to explore how aromatics content changes as oxygen levels vary, most of the data points clustered around the 2.1 percent average standard and the data set contains no data for oxygen levels below the regulatory minimum of 1.5 percent. Therefo. re, although the analyses performed for the Panel showed a weak positive correlation between oxygen levels and both toxics performance and aromatics content, and more recent analyses by the Colorado School of Mines of the same data found some stronger ~orrelations, 3~ the Panel concluded that this data is extremely limited and can not be used for the purpose of coming to any specific quantitative statistical conclusions. In the absence of certainty on the effects of removing oxygenates, the primary concern is that if the oxygen mandate is removed and a significant amount of RFG does not contain oxygenates, use of aromatics might rise at least in some portion of the RFG fuel blends. Such a rise would likely decrease the overcompliance now seen for toxics in Federal RFG. In California, where CaRFG both requires much lower sulfur levels and places a limit on the level of aromatics allowed in the fuel, such overcompliance is more likely to continue. In the absence of certainty around this issue, the only way to ensure that there is no loss of current air quality benefits is for EPA to seek mechanisms for both the RFG Phase I1 and Conventional Gasoline programs to define and maintain in RFG I1 the real world 37 NESCAUM, RFGMTBE Findings and Recommendations, Boston, MA, August, 1999. 38 University of California, Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE, Volume I. Summary and Recommendations, P. 16, November 1998. 39 NESCAUM, RFGMTBE Findings and Recommendations, Boston, MA, August, 1999. 33 40 EPA estimate based on complex and MOBILE model calculations. 41 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Ken Nelson and Ron Ragazzi), The Zmpact of a IO percent Ethanol Blended Fuel on the Exhaust Emissions of Tier 0 & Tier I Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles at 35 F, March 26, 1999. 42 This study involved testing light duty vehicles (LDVs) and trucks (LDTs) at 35 "F. Twelve Tier 0 and 12 Tier 1 vehicles (8 LDVs, 4 LDTs), six high emitters, and one low emission vehicle (LEV), were tested under three driving cycles [Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Unified, and REPOS]. The FTP is based on typical urban driving patterns. The Unified Cycle has higher speeds and accelerations than the FTP, and the REP05 is a very aggressive driving cycle. In this program, the FTP was conducted from a cold start while the other cycles were conducted from a hot running start. The vehicles were tested with a non­ oxygenated fuel and a 10 percent ethanol oxygenated fuel. The program measured emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), COY NOx, carbon dioxide (CO,) and fine particulate (PM 10 and smaller). The study reported that FTP particulate emissions were reduced with the oxygenated fuel. For the FTP, a mean absolute reduction of 3.3 1 milligrams per mile (mg/ mi) or 36.0 percent was achieved for the main group of 24 Tier 0 plus Tier 1 vehicles. The reduction for the Tier 0 vehicles was 5.24 mg/ mile, or 39.7 percent, and the reduction for the Tier 1 vehicles was 1.38 mg/ mi, or 26.6 percent. These absolute reductions were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. The numbers indicate that older vehicles receive greater PM benefits from the use of oxygenated fuels than newer technology vehicles. No statistically significant differences were detected for other driving cycles. There were no statistically significant changes in particulate emissions for the high (continued.. .) 34 performance observed in RFG Phase I while preventing deterioration of the current air quality performance of conventional gasoline. There are several possible mechanisms to accomplish this. One obvious way is to enhance the mass­ based performance requirements currently used in the program. At the same time, the panel recognizes that the different exhaust components pose differential risks to public health due in large degree to their variable potency. EPA should explore and implement mechanisms to achieve equivalent or improved public health results that focus on reducing those compounds that pose the greatest risk. C. Carbon Monoxide Benefits Although there is no carbon monoxide (CO) standard for RFG, oxygenates affect CO emissions so that current RFG actually produces significant CO benefits. Estimates show that about one­ fourth of the CO benefits associated with oxygenated RFG will disappear if oxygenates are on used. 40 Thus, if RFG contains no oxygenates, the CO reductions associated with RFG will be reduced by approximately 25 percent. This will be less critical in future years due to stricter tailpipe CO emission standards. As the vehicle fleet turn< over, the oxygenate impact on CO emissions diminishes (see Table 3). It is important to note that there are now relatively few CO nonattainment areas (see discussion of Wintertime Oxyfuel Program in Section V. below). D. Particulate Matter Benefits There are limited data available on the effect of oxygenates on emissions of particulate matter (PM). The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment conducted a study to evaluate the effects of oxygenated fuels on motor vehicle emissions at low ambient temperatures! ' The study, which analyzed winter oxygenated fuels rather than RFG, concluded that there were statistically significant PM emissions reductions associated with the use of an ethanol oxygenated fueL4* Additional research is c necessary including use of ethanol­ oxygenated RFG and non­ oxygenated RFG fuels in a variety of climates, to better understand how different formulations of gasoline affect PM. IV. Other Air Quality Considerations for Oxygenates A. Ozone Reactivity of Alternatives (CO Reduction) One key question that has been raised about the air quality effects of RFG has been whether the ozone reactivity of fuels with different oxygenates could be a better measure of ozone forming potential than the correct mass­ based measurement of VOCs. A recently released report from the National Research Council (NRC), Ozone­ Forming Potential of , Reformulated Gasoline, concluded that there is no compelling scientific basis at this time to recommend that ozone forming potential or reactivity replace mass of emissions in the RFG program. A change from the mass of emissions approach to a reactivity approach would not impact the choice of one fuel over another from the standpoint of air quality benefits. The NRC report found that fuel oxygen content appears to have only a small effect on the ozone forming emissions of RFG with reductions in CO emissions and in exhaust emissions of VOCs but with some evidence of increases in NO, emissions. The NRC did not examine the contribution of oxygenates to the emissions of air toxics. The NRC report found that the contribution of CO to ozone formation should be recognized in assessments of the effects of RFG. The NRC committee found that CO emissions account for 15 percent to 25 percent of the reactivity of exhaust emissions from light duty vehicles and should be included in reactivity assessments because despite its low reactivity adjustment factor, the large mass of CO emissions contributes to ozone formation. B. Ethanol Blend Commingling with MTBE and Hydrocarbon Blends An RVP43 increase of approximately one pound per square inch (psi) is caused by the addition of ethanol to a hydrocarbon base fuel. M As a result, all ethanol blended RFG is now blended with base gasoline that has had certain high RVP components, such as pentanes and butanes, reduced in order to ensure that ethanol blended RFG meets RVP requirement^.^^ 42 (... continued) emitters. Because only one LEV was tested, statistical significance cannot be determined. 43 Reid vapor pressure is a measure of the gas pressure a liquidgas system will apply to a closed system when heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. As such, RVP is a measure of a liquid's volatility (i e ., its tendency to evaporate). 44 The size of increase in RVP is clearly affected by other factors, including the hydrocarbon makeup and original volatility characteristics of the blend into which the ethanol is added. 45 EPA has promulgated a program controlling the RVP of conventional gasoline on a nationwide basis. (See 40 CFR 80.27.) This program allows for a 1.0 psi exemption for 10 percent ethanol blends. Thus, if this program requires that RVP not'exceed 9.0 psi for a given area, 10 percent ethanol blends are allowed at RVPs of up to 10 psi. This exemption for ethanol blends does not apply to the RFG program. 35 Traditional thinking would conclude that when an ethanol blend is commingled with a non­ ethanol blend in a consumers tank, one would see a resulting RVP greater than would be expected from a simple volume­ weighted linear combination of the two blends' RVPs, at least if a sufficient amount of the ethanol blend were to be present. Thus, in a 50­ 50 commingled blend, where 10 percent ethanol gasoline with an RVP of 8.0 psi is added to an all­ hydrocarbon gasoline with the same 8.0 psi RVP, the resulting blend has an RVP of about 8.5 psi and not 8.0 psi as would be expected when non­ ethanol blends are commingled. Commingling these two blends is equivalent to first combining the hydrocarbon portion of both blends and then adding the ethanol from the first blend to the combined hydrocarbon components. The hydrocarbon gasoline by definition has an RVP of 8.0 psi. The hydrocarbon portion of the ethanol gasoline had to have an RVP of 7.0 psi (since the subsequent addition of the ethanol produced an ethanol gasoline with an RVP of 8.0 psi). The hydrocarbon components combine linearly producing a new hydrocarbon component having an RVP of about 7.5 psi (half way between 7.0 and 8.0 psi). 46 Then, adding in the ethanol component, which would now be about 5 percent of the final blend, increases the RVP of the final blend to about 8.5 psi. It is important to note that although the new 50­ 50 commingled blend wouid have an ethanol level of around 5 percent, not 10 percent as in the original ethanol blend, the full 1 .O psi RVP increase due to ethanol addition would still occur even at this lower ethanol Although this scenario does accurately describe the basic principles involved in volatility changes when these types of gasolines are blended, the reality is somewhat more complicated. The presence of less polar oxygenates like MTBE can decrease the volatility bump to some degree when more polar oxygenates like ethanol (e. g., as an ethanol blend) are added. This mechanism is called cos~ lvency.~~ One recent study on the impact of ethanol blend commingling concluded in part that an RVP bump of slightly greater than one psi occurs when ethanol is added at a two volume percent level in an all­ hydrocarbon blend, but that a bump of 0.7 psi occurs when ethanol is added to an MTBE blend at the same original RVP In addition to the expected RVP increase, many other factors are extremely important in determining the effect of commingling. These include ethanol blend market share, statiodbrand loyalty, and the distribution of fuel tank levels before and after a refueling event. Caffrey and Machiele attempted to take these variables into account in modeling the effect of ethanol blend commingling in a mixed fuel marketplace. Their conclusions include the following: (1) Brand loyalty and ethanol market share are much more important variables than the distribution of fuel tank levels before and after a refueling event. 46 The final RVP resulting from the combination of these two hydrocarbon components would actually be slightly higher than 7.5 psi since the volume of the hydrocarbon portion of the ethanol gasoline is less than the volume of the hydrocarbon gasoline by an amount equal to the volume of the ethanol component. 47 These are approximations in order to demonstrate basic blending patterns. The volatility of blends resulting from commingling are not necessarily exact linear interpolations of the volatilities of the commingled blends. 48 Peter Caffiey and Paul Machiele, "In­ Use Volatility Impact of Commingling Ethanol and Non­ Ethanol Fuels," SAE Technical Paper #94065, February 29, 1994. See also, "The Octamix Waiver," 53 FR 3636, February 8, 1988. 49 Peter Caffrey and Paul Machiele, "In­ Use Volatility Impact of Commingling Ethanol and Non­ Ethanol Fuels," SAE Technical Paper #94065, February 29, 1994. 36 (2) Commingling effects can cause a significant increase in fuel RVP. (3) Commingling effects are clearly more dramatic in a market in which a significant portion of the gasoline is all­ hydrocarbon (i. e. , non­ oxygenated). Depending on the combination of variables chosen (Le., especially ethanol market share), the RVP increase over the entire gasoline pool can range from around 0.1 to 0.3 psi in a reformulated gasoline market (ie., ethanol blends commingled only with MTBE blends). Analogous increases for a non­ reformulated market (i. e., ethanol blends commingled only with all­ hydrocarbon blends) range from under 0.1 psi to over 0.4 psi. (4) The effects of the increase in RVP commingling approaches a maximum when the ethanol market share becomes 30 to 50 percent, and declines thereafter as ethanol takes a larger market share. C. Fuel Quality in Conventional Gasoline Conventional gasoline is controlled under EPA's Anti­ Dumping Program. When the reformulated gasoline (RFG) regulations were introduced, an anti­ dumping program was also introduced. Refiners (and importers) were required to provide information on CG to show that its properties become no worse than they were in 1990. This program was meant to prevent refiners from simply removing "bad" blendstocks from RFG and dumping these into CG. In order to show that properties of CG would not deteriorate, refiners established individual 1990 baselines for CG, which were independently audited and submitted to the EPA. Refiners who could not establish a baseline because of insufficient available information were required to adopt the Clean Air Act baseline included in the statute. (Most parties believe that the Clean Air Act baseline is actually more stringent than a typical individual refinery baseline.) However, there is no assurance that CG air toxics benefits gained since 1990 will be protected. The EPA's 1997 refinery survey data indicates that 1997 CG sold in the Northeast was 12.8 percent less toxic than 1990 levels. The data also indicate an additional 3.5 percent VOC reduction in the Northeast over the 1990 levels. 50 Under the complex model, refiners must not exceed their 1990 baselines for exhaust toxics and NO,. Although EPA does collect information on the quality of CG, the first data on complex model CG (from 1998) were not required to be submitted to EPA until May 3 1, 1999. The analysis of that data will take at least several months. Thus, at this time the EPA does not have current data on whether complex model CG toxics is in overcompliance. The Agency has indicated, however, that this analysis would be a critical element of guaranteeing that future increase in emissions potential will not occur in CG. Once the analysis is completed, EPA should review any regulatory or administrative authorities available to prevent deterioration of the current air quality performance of conventional gasoline. If MTBE use was phased out, the antidumping program would prevent any increase in CG from 1990 NO, and toxics levels only. However, should MTBE be eliminated and ethanol use increase in CG, Department of Energy (DOE) modeling shows a 6 to 7 percent VOC increase in conventional gasoline due to the one pound waiver for ethanol use outside RFG areas. Regarding MTBE use in CG, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) data show that very little MTBE is actually used in conventional NESCAUM, Relative Cancer Risk of Reformulated Gasoline and Conventional Gasoline Sold in the Northeast, August 1998. 37 ga~ oline;~ ' estimates range, however, from 4,000 to 25,000 barrels per day. It should be noted that the anti­ dumping program would not prevent increases in MTBE use in CG. EPA is also pursuing other initiatives that are related to the quality of CG. EPA has proposed a gasoline sulfur program and, if any form of sulfur control program were adopted nationally, NO, levels in CG would clearly be better than current level^. '^ The Agency is also in the process of evaluating mobile source air toxics and is expected to issue a proposal in early 2000, at which time the Agency will further address the issue of toxic emissions. V. Wintertime Oxyfuel Program A. Introduction In addition to the RFG program, the CAAA of 1990 required the establishment of a Wintertime Oxyfuel program. Under this program gasoline must contain 2.7 percent oxygen by weight during the wintertime in areas that are not in attainment for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for CO. In 1992, when the oxygenated fuels program began, there were 36 areas implementing the program. The 1998­ 99 oxygenated fuels season had 17 areas implementing the program. Nineteen areas were able to redesignate to CO attainment due to the implementation of the oxygenated fuels program along with other control measures. Of the remaining 17 areas, eight have data to redesignate and are either working on or have submitted redesignation requests to EPA, or they have chosen to continue to implement the program as a CO control measure even though they have attained the standard. Six areas are classified as "serious" CO nonattainment areas, and the remaining three areas are classified as "moderate" CO nonattainment areas; all of these areas continue to implement the program in an effort to attain the CO standard. Most of the winter oxygenated fuel areas use ethanol. The only two areas using MTBE for the winter oxygenate program are Los Angeles and the New York City metropolitan area. It is a possibility that New York City, which includes metropolitan Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, will leave the program before the next winter season because they will demonstrate attainment with the CO standard. Los Angeles will need to phase­ out MTBE use under the Governor's recent directive. Therefore, MTBE use for winter oxygenated areas is not likely to be common in the future. '' U. S. Energy Information Administration (Aileen Bohn and Tancred Lidderdale), Demand and Price Outlook for Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline, 2000, April 1999. Data indicate that 5 thousand barrels per day oxygenate demand for conventional gasoline. '* The Panel is aware of the current proposal for further changes to the sulfur levels of gasoline and recognizes that implementation of any change resulting from the Panel's recommendations will, of necessity, need to be coordinated with implementation of these other changes. However, a majority of the Panel considered the maintenance of current RFG air quality benefits as separate from any additional benefits that might accrue from the sulf'ur changes currently under consideration. 38 B. Air Quality Benefits The most comprehensive study regarding oxygenated fuels was completed in June 1997 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). 53 The report concluded that "analyses of ambient CO measurements in some cities with winter oxygenated fuels programs find a reduction in ambient CO concentrations of about 10 per~ ent." '~ The report also suggested "the need for a thorough, statistically defensible analysis of ambient CO data." In response to that suggestion, EPA initiated a study55 that analyzed ambient CO data from about 300 monitoring sites. The study indicated a downward shift in ambient CO ranging from 6 percent to 13 percent for the six month winter season in areas implementing an oxyfuel program in 1992. This EPA study was further refined by Systems Applications International (SAI). 56 The SA1 study analyzed summer (June and July) and winter (December and January) bimonthly means or maximum daily 8­ hour CO concentrations from 1986 to 1995. The report concluded that there was a substantial (14 percent reduction) and statistically significant association (k 4 percent with 95 percent confidence) between the use of oxyfuels and monitored CO concentrations. ' On this point, the OSTP report concluded: Older technology vehicles (carbureted and oxidation catalysts) benefit more from the use of oxygenated fuel. The amount of pollutant emissions is smaller in newer technology vehicles (fuel injected and adaptive learning, closed loop three­ way catalyst systems). Additionally, the percentage reductions in CO and hydrocarbon emissions from the use of fuel oxygenates are found to be smaller in the newer technology vehicles compared to older technology and higher emitting vehicle^. '^ Analysis by the EPA (MOBIL6 Model) also indicates that even with fleet turnover, a significant contribution to CO reduction from the winter oxygenated program is expected until at least 2005 (Table 3). '' Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. 54 Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997, p. iv. 55 US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, (R. Cook), Impact of the Oxyfuel Program on Ambient CO Levels, 1996. Systems Application International, Regression Modeling of Oxyfuel Efects On Ambient CO Concentrations, January 1997. 39 '' Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997, p. iv. Table 3. Percent Reduction in CO Emissions Resulting from 3.5 Percent Oxygen, As Predicted by the MOBILE Model5* Year MOBILE6 1997 10% to 20% 2000 5% to 15% 2005 0% to 10% 2010 0% to 2% Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Most winter oxygenated areas use ethanol, which is typically blended at 3.5 percent by weight. Therefore the chart reflects actual benefits rather than the benefits that may result from the regulatory requirement of 2.7 percent oxygen by weight. If a lower oxygen level is used, one would expect there to be a linear downward trend in benefits. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Area by Area analysis of 1998 RFG Survey Data indicates that the complex model emissions performance of RFG in Chicago and Milwaukee, while easily exceeding all Phase I performance (i e ., emission reduction) requirements, generally ranks low compared to other RFG areas. In order to investigate factors influencing the performance of Chicago and Milwaukee RFG relative to RFG in other areas, it is necessary to consider the composition of the fuels. The Chicago and Milwaukee property values were similar, and there were notable differences from the National Average properties. The sulfur and benzene levels for Chicago and Milwaukee were substantially higher. These two areas had the highest and second highest levels of all areas for these parameters. Oxygenate type and oxygen content differed from the National Average. Ethanol was the primary oxygenate used in these areas. Therefore, the total oxygen content and the ethanol contribution to, total oxygen were highest for these areas. Olefin content was lower than the National Average RFG, and the olefin content for these two areas was the lowest of all areas surveyed. The higher sulfur levels in the Chicago and Milwaukee RFG affected its relative complex model performance for all three pollutants. This analysis indicates that sulfur was the primary factor influencing relative VOC and NOx performance, and that it may have some influence on toxics performance. Although 1998 RFG Survey Data indicates that the complex model emissions performance of RFG in Chicago and Milwaukee, easily exceeded all Phase I performance (ie., emission reduction) requirements. The margin of air toxics overcompliance was not as great there as in other areas primarily due to higher benzene content, but other factors such as increased acetaldehyde emissions and sulfur levels also contributed. Oxygenates had little impact on VOC or NO, performance. '* MOBILE6 effects are draft only. Only after MOBILE6 is finalized will actual and more accurate estimates be available. These projected MOBILE6 Oxy­ on­ CO effects are based on MOBIL Report #M6. FUL. 002, which is posted on the MOBILE6 web site (htt~:// www. e~ a. gov/ OMS/ M6. htm.) 40 It is important to realize that this analysis was intended to identify factors which caused Chicago and Milwaukee to rank lower than most other RFG areas in complex model emissions performance. The approach was to vary one property at a time and look at its effect on emissions performance. In reality, fuel properties are not independent, and this "one at a time" analysis was not intended to answer more complex questions such as "What would happen to fuel properties and emissions performance if Chicago and Milwaukee RFG suppliers switched from ethanol to MTBE?" 41 Y U 1111 0 P W (n .­ s i s t 1 C. Prevention, Treatment, and Remediation I. In trod uction This Issue Summary reviews the technical and regulatory approaches to reducing the sources of oxygenate impacts on water resources; release prevention and detection; storage tank­ related issues; Federal and State approaches to protecting drinking water sources; the treatment of impacted drinking water; the remediation of oxygenate­ impacted ground water; and funding sources. Because of recent detections of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in drinking water supplies, MTBE is emphasized throughout this section. The body of information available to evaluate impacts of other gasoline oxygenates on water resources is significantly more limited. The water resources described in this section are generally divided into two categories: surface water (streams, lakes, reservoirs, and stormwater); and ground water (water table and confined aquifers). Drinking water refers to those water resources currently used for public and private water supply systems. Although a variety of sources of MTBE impacts to water quality have been identified, this section focuses primarily on releases from underground storage tank (UST) systems, as this population comprises the vast majority of the known potential point sources and has been studied in much greater detail than other potential sources of MTBE impact. II. Sources and Trends of Water Quality Impacts As described in Issue Summary A (Water Contamination), surface water and ground water resources are impacted by both gasoline oxygenates and a variety of other natural and anthropomorphic sources of contaminants. There are a number of primary sources that appear to be responsible for most identified MTBE impacts: 8 Underground storage tanks, other gasoline storage and distribution facilities, such as bulk storage terminals, small householdlfarm gasoline tanks, and aboveground storage tanks; 8 Interstate and intrastate petroleum pipelines; Small releases (e. g., gasoline tank ruptures during car accidents or consumer 8 disposal of gasoline in backyards) appear to have been the source of private well contamination in Maine. 59 These types of releases are also expected to be a source of contamination to private wells in other States; 8 Engine exhaust and related releases (e. g., spillage) into lakes and reservoirs from two­ stroke watercraft and older four­ stroke watercraft; 8 Stormwater runoff. ­ 59 State of Maine Bureau of Health, Department of Human Services, Bureau of Waste Management & Remediation, Department of Environmental Protection, Maine Geological Survey, and Department of Conservation, Maine h4TBE Drinking Water study, The Presence of MTBE and other Gasoline Compounds in Maine's Drinking Water­ Preliminary Report, 1998. 45 A. Assessing Impacts and Trends There are no comprehensive quality assessments of our nation's water' resources that can provide clear indications of the trend of MTBE impacts on water supplies. Further, it is unknown how frequently gasoline compounds are released from the current population of UST systems or the quantity of gasoline that is released. As such, it is unknown whether releases of gasoline and related impacts to water resources are continuing to grow, whether increasing awareness of this issue has stabilized or reduced the frequency of such releases, or whether they are on the decline. Not all States require monitoring for MTBE at LUFT sites and in drinking water quality sampling, further preventing a full characterization of MTBE's current or potential future impacts. New Federal and State UST regulations promulgated in the 1980's have spurred comprehensive assessments and corrective action programs at facilities with USTs. As of December 1998, many currently regulated UST facilities can be expected to have had some type of site assessment conducted as part of compliance activities and property transfer information requirements in order ro determine whether there have been any releases. The number of identified UST releases has grown steadily during the last decade, averaging about 20,000 new known releases annually.@ Most releases have been discovered with tank removal during the tank upgrading process, rather than being detected as part of a continuous monitoring program. Thus, it is not possible to know when the release actually occurred (e. g., many releases reported in 1998 occurred in previous years, bLt were only discovered in 1998). The rate at which new release sites are discovered is expected to decrease in coming years, as most UST facilities being evaluated for contamination were in the process of meeting the December 1998 upgrading deadline. Because of timitations inherent in current leak detection technologies, it is expected that releases reported in future years from the current population of upgraded facilities will not provide a more accurate characterization of the occurrence of new releases. Limited information is available regarding releases from other gasoline storage/ distribution facilities, and very little data exist to characterize the extent to which other types of gasoline releases occur. B. Underground and Aboveground Storage Tanks Underground storage tanks represent the largest population of potential point sources of gasoline releases to ground water. 61 Gasoline storage and distribution facilities are of particular importance as potential sources of ground water contamination from MTBE and other oxygenates, because these facilities can release relatively large volumes of gasoline (e. g., hundreds of gallons to thousands of gallons), which can result in localized subsurface impacts with aqueous concentrations in excess of 100,000 parts per billion (ppb) adjacent to the release source, as well as extensive dissolved plumes at lower concentrations. In California, MTBE (associated with gasoline releases throughout the State) is a frequent and widespread contaminant in shallow groundwater. Detections of MTBE are reported at 75 percent of sites where fuel hydrocarbons have impacted ground water. The minimum number of MTBE point sources from leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites in California is estimated at greater than 10,000. Maximum concentrations at these sites ranged from several ppb to concentrations greater th& 100,000 ppb, indicating a wide range in the magnitude of MTBE impacts at these sites (Table 1). eo U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, `` Corrective Action Measures Archive," httr, :// www. eaa. rrov/ swerust 1 /catfcamarchv. htm. 61 US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, National Water Quality Inventory: 1996 Repor? to Congress, 1 996. 46 Table I. Comparison of Maximum MTBE Ground Water Concentrations Collected by the California Regional Boards, January 1999 MTBE Concentration Sites Exhibiting Concentration (Parts Per Billion) Level (Percent) <5 5­ 50 50­ 200 23% 12% 11% 200­ 1,000 17% 1,000­ 5.000 5,000­ 20,000 20,000­ 100,000 14% 13% 7% Note: Data represent collections from 4,300 sites. Source: Happel, Dooher, and Beckenbach, "Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether impacts to California Groundwater,` presentation at the March I999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. There are currently an estimated 825,000 regulated USTs at approximately 400,000 facilitie~.~~ Of the nation's approximately 182,000 retail gasoline outlets, the "major" oil companies own about 20 percent, or about 36,000 fa~ ilities. 6~ On average, each of the nation's retail outlets have about 3 storage tanks, thus containing a total of approximately 550,000 USTs, 66 percent of the national total. The remainder of the regulated UST population consists of state or federally owned facilities and nonretail fueling facilities (e.&, on­ site fueling for taxis, rental cars, delivery trucks, etc.). Over the past 10 years, approximately 1.3 million Federally regulated USTs have been closed, i. e., removed or properly emptied, cleaned, and buried in place. 64 There are approximately 3 million underground fie1 storage tanks exempt from Federal regulations (e. g., certain farm and residential gasoline tanks and home heating oil tanks (ASTs) at refineries and distribution terminals, however, are regulated under both State and Federal laws, including the Spill Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990. There are currently over 10,000 facilities with this type of bulk storage of gasoline. As compared with USTs, there is no comparable Federal regulatory program for ASTs, and thus current Large aboveground storage U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, based upon FY 1999 Semi­ Annual Activity Report ­ First Hav( unpub1ished). `' National Petroleum News, Market Facts 1998 (Arlington Heights, IL: Adams Business Media, 1998), p. 124. There is no database that identifies the specific locations of these federally regulated facilities or their proximity to drinking water supply sources. See U. S. Environmental hotection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, "Corrective Action Measures Archive," httD:// www. eDa. gov/ swerust l/ cat/ camarchv. htm. " U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Underground Heating Oil And Motor Fuel Tanh Exempt From Regulation Under Subtitle I Of The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (May 1990). 47 m , release statistics for ASTs are not available. A 1994 American Petroleum Institute (API) survey estimated that ground water contamination had been identified at approximately 68 percent of marketing terminals with ASTs, 85 percent of refinery tank fields with ASTs, and 10 percent of transportation facilities with ASTs. Of these facilities, over 95 percent were engaged in corrective action under the guidance of a State or Federal authority. 66 C. Pipelines Excluding intrastate pipelines and small gathering lines associated with crude oil production fields, there are approximately 160,000 miles of liquids pipelines in the United States6' These pipelines transport approximately 12.5 billion barrels of crude oil and refined products annually. Over a recent six­ year period (1993 to 1998), an average of 197 spills occurred annually, with an average volume from ali spills totaling 140,000 barrels per year. Of the volume spilled during this period, crude oil accounted for 44 percent, whereas refined petroleum products (e. g., gasoline, home heating oil, jet fuel) accounted for 3 1 percent. Although the specific volume of gasoline spilled cannot be readily identified, gasoIine represents the largest volume of refined products transported. Additionally, there are little or no data on the extent of MTBE releases from pipelines. In California, pipeline release data are currently being compiled by the Oflice of the State Fire Marshal, which regulates approximately 8,500 miles of pipelines. Since 1981, there have been approximately 300 pipeline releases within the State Fire Marshal's Jurisdiction. The pipeline industry is working with pipeline regulators and environmental trustee agencies to develop a definition of areas that may be unusually sensitive to environmental damage from pipeline leaks to be used in conducting future risk assessments along pipeline rights­ of­ way. Included under the draft definition are areas with drinking water resources, which are based on EPA's standards €or defining both surface and subsurface drinking water supplies. Once work is completed both on drinking water and biological resources that may be unusually sensitive to environmental damage, OPS will make information available for pipeline operators to use in conducting risk assessments along pipeline rights­ of­ way. The Office of Pipeline Safety may also require increased pipeline integrity standards to prevent releases in unusually sensitive areas. 68 In California, the locations of fuel pipelines and drinking water wells are being integrated into a geographic information system (GIs), which is discussed in greater detail in Section V of this Issue Summary. The State Fire Marshal Ofice is required at least once every two years to determine the identity of each pipeline or pipeline segment that transports petroleum products within 1,000 feet of a public drinking water well. Furthermore, these pipelines' operators must be notified to prepare a pipeline wellhead protection plan for the State Fire Marshal's approval. 66 American Petroleum Institute, A Survey of API Members ' Aboveground Storage Tank Facilities, July 1994. `' The U. S. Department of Transportation (Don's Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) oversees the safety and environmental regulation of interstate petroleum pipelines. Petroleum pipelines are also subject to economic regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Development of the definition and its subsequent application are subject to notice and comment requirements under Federal rulemaking procedures. 48 D. Small Releases Small releases from automobile accidents, consumer disposal of "old" gasoline, or other backyard spills during fueling operations have been identified by officials in Maine as sources of contamination of private drinking water wells. For example, in a 1998 study of over 900 private household drinking water wells in Maine, approximately 16 percent had detectable MTBE concentrations, and about 1 percent contained concentrations exceeding the State of Maine's 35 ppb drinking water In one incident in Maine, about 7 to 12 gallons of gasoline spilled during a car accident contaminating 24 nearby private wells installed in a bedrock aquifer. Eleven of the wells had MTBE concentrations in excess of 35 ppb. Following the excavation of the contaminated soil, well monitoring at this site has indicated that MTBE levels are decreasing rapidly in all wells. Similarly, home heating oil storage tanks have also been identified as potential sources of MTBE contamination, as MTBE might be present from mixing the heating oil with small volumes of gasoline in the bulk fuel distribution or tank truck delivery systems. 70 E. Watercraft Gasoline­ powered watercraft have contributed to the contamination of lakes and reservoirs with MTBE. These impacts are primarily attributed to exhaust discharges from two­ stroke engines, which are the most commonly used engine type in such watercraft. The two­ stroke engines discharge in their exhaust up to 30 percent of each gallon of gasoline as unburned hydrocarbons. In two recent studies examining MTBE contamination at lakes at which reformulated gasoline (WG) with MTBE was used, concentrations of MTBE in substantial portions of the lakes' volume ranged from 10 ppb to 30 ppb after peak periods of recreational watercraft usage. 71 After the boating season ended, these concentrations decreased fairly rapidly (half­ life of approximately 14 days) to low background levels (approximately 1 ppb to 2 ppb or less). Volatilization is considered the dominant mechanism for this removal proce~ s. '~ F. Stormwater Runoff Stormwater runoff is considered a nonpoint source of MTBE contamination. Runoff becomes contaminated with MTBE from both the dissolution of residual MTBE from parking lots (e. g., service 69 State of Maine Bureau of Health, Department of Human Services, Bureau of Waste Management & Remediation, Department of Environmental Protection, Maine Geological Survey, and Department of Conservation, Maine MTBE Drinking Water Stu&, The Presence of MTBE and Other Gasoline Compounds in Maine's Drinking Water­­ Preliminary Report, 1998. 'O G. A. Robbins et al., "Evidence for MTBE in Heating Oil," Ground Water and Remediation, Spring 1999, pp. 65­ 68. ... 71 M. S. Dale et al., "MTBE ­­ Occurrence and Fate in Source­ Water Supplies," in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of papers, 2 13th, San Francisco, CA: American Chemical Society, v. 37, no. 1, 1997, pp. 376­ 377; J. E. Reuter et al., "Concentrations, Sources, and Fate of the Gasoline Oxygenate Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether (MTBE) in a Multiple­ Use Lake," Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, v. 32, mo. 23, pp. 3666­ 3672. 72 J. E. Reuter et al., L` Concentrations, Sources, and Fate of the Gasoline Oxygenate Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether (MTBE) in a Multiple­ Use Lake," Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, V. 32, mo. 23, pp. 3666­ 3672. 49 stations and retail businesses) and roadways and from "atmospheric MTBE contamination from atmospheric washout is thought to be small compared to that from paved surfaces. 74 The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has characterized MTBE concentrations in runoff in many areas and has typicaIly found such contamination to be lower than 2 ppb. Stormwater is discharged both to surface water and to ground water, and thus serves as a source of very low­ level MTBE contamination of these potential drinking water sources. III. Refease Prevention and Detection A. Prevention Since the passage of Federal UST legislation in 1984, improved release prevention practices (e. g., corrosion protection, and compatibility between the tank's construction materials and its contents) has been required for all new USTs. Following a I O­ year phase­ in period from the promulgation of EPA regulations in 1988, as of December 1998, all regulated USTs are required to be protected from corrosion, small spills, and overfills, and must also have release detection equipment and procedures in place. Many States have additional and more stringent standards. These regulations are intended to prevent releases, and should a release occur, to detect it promptly in order to minimize ground water impacts. Presently, it is not possible to demonstrate the effectiveness of individual States' UST upgrade programs or the Federal upgrade program in preventing releases of gasoline from dispensinghtorage facilities. Even after tank systems (tanks and piping) are in full compliance with the 1998 regulations, however, some releases are expected to occur as a result of improper installation or upgrading, improper operation and maintenance, and accidents. Many of these releases may not be detected as intended due to the inherent limitations of release detection technologies. Anecdotal reports from California, Maine, and Delaware indicate that upgraded USTs continue to have releases. Efforts are underway by the EPA and in California to evaluate new and upgraded UST systems to determine which factors may contribute to such releases. In CaIiforniq, for example, the Santa Clara Valley Water District has completed a study evaluating release prevention and detection performance at approximately 30 upgraded facilities. 75 The California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) is planning to begin a similar study in 1999. Further studies will likely be required in order to investigate a representative sampling of the UST population. '3 G. C. Delzer et al., Occurrence of the Gasoline Oxygenate MTBE and BTEXCompounds in Urban Stormwater in the UnitedStates, 1991­ 95, US. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report WRIR 96­ 4 145,1996. ­ 74 A. L. Baehr, P. E. Stackelberg, and R. J. Baker, `` Evaluation of the Atmosphere as a Source of Volatile Organic Compounds in Shallow Ground Water," Water Resources Research, Jan. 1999, v. 35, no. I , pp. 127­ 136; T. J. Lopes and D. A. Bender, "Nonpoint Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Areas ­­ Relative Importance of Urban Land Surfaces and Air," Environmental Pollution, 1 998, v. 10 1 , pp. 22 1­ 230. 75 Santa Clara Valley Water District Groundwater Vulnerability Pilot Study, "Investigation of MTBE Occurrence Associated with Operating UST Systems," July 22, 1999. http:// www .scvwd. dst. ca. us/ wtrcpal/ factmtbe. htm. 50 Based on reports received to date from the States, EPA estimates that approximately 80 percent of the regulated universe of UST systems currently meet the December 1998 requirement^.^^ By the end of 2000, EPA expects at least 90 percent of the regulated tanks will be in compliance, leaving approximately 80,000 tanks that have not been upgraded. States' UST programs are primarily responsible for implementing and enforcing UST regulations. In augmenting and assisting States' activities? EPA provides outreach, helps States train UST inspectors, and fosters the exchange of information among States regarding effective means of securing compliance. Upon a State's request, or acting independently when necessary, EPA will also take direct action to enforce the regulations. Approximately 20 States now prohibit deliveries to UST systems that are not fully compliant with the December 1998 regulations, and several major gasoline suppliers have stopped fuel delivery to non­ compliant tanks. These actions, along with the traditional enforcement actions taken by EPA and States, have contributed to higher compliance rates. 77 The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the States also require that USTs that do not meet the technical standards are properly closed with thorough site assessments for potential releases. Through December 29, 1999, non­ compliant USTs can be temporarily closed, but must be permanently closed, and any releases identified and remediated, thereafter if not brought into compliance. Currently? there is an apparent trend toward using small ASTs (ie., fewer than 20,000 gallons) to replace regulated USTS.~~ These ASTs are generally not subject to the same release prevention and detection requirements as USTs. Releases from ASTs may also result in MTBE contamination, and so it may be necessary to evaluate the performance of such systems. 13. Detection Existing regulations require the use of release detection techniques that meet specific performance criteria. Internal (e. g., automatic tank gauges) or external (e. g., ground water monitoring) approaches may be used in meeting these criteria. Although these regulations do not allow any detected releases to go unreported, the regulations do permit several options of varying degrees of sensitivity in the detection of a release, which can result in smaller releases going undetected for an extended period of time. 79 The regulations, promulgated in 1988, were considered adequate and "best available technology" for typical gasoline (and other fuels) formulations at the time because hydrocarbon plumes are generally self­ '` U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Underground Storage Tanks, estimate based upon data submitted by States on February 28, 1999 and April 30, 1999 (unpublished). '' Ellen Frye, "When Push Comes to Shove," LUSTLine, September 1998. jug^ Sexton, Kansas State Department of Health & Environment, paper presented at the 10' Annual USTLUST National Conference (Long Beach, CA, March 30, 1999); Wayne Geyer, LLAbove the Ground but not the Law: ASTs on the Rise, Regulators in Hot Pursuit," Petroleum Equipment and Technology, July 1999. 79 For example, under one option, a 0.2 gallon per hour release could go undetected in up to 5 percent of all cases (i. e., it is detected in 95 of 100 instances) and unreported by compliant systems (in a worst case scenario). The same technology should not have greater than a 5 percent occurrence of false alarms. Other types of leak detection may have lower or higher thresholds and still meet the EPA guidelines. A 0.2 gallonhour release would result in a release of 1,752 gallons if undetected for one year, and could go undetected for several years. 5 1 limiting (primm* ly due to intrinsic bioremediation) and thus small releases or slow chronic releases that remain undetec& d have typically not resulted in drinking water impacts. The regulations did not address the use ofoxygaates although they were used as octane enhancers at this time, albeit at generally lower levels than in RFG oxYfuel.* D Changing existing UST release detection regulations to address the use of oxygenates in gasoline will require EPA to analyze the risks, costs, and benefits of any regulatory changes. In the past, changing such a regulatim has taken three to five years. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has initiated a field verification study of UST release detection performance and expects initial results in early 2000.81 n! Underground Storage Tanks A. Materials Compatibility The use ofoxygenates in gasoline in the conventional gasoline supply was well established in the mid­ 1980's when EpA began formulating the current Federal UST regulations (1998), which formally identified and addressed compatibility issues. The regulations noted that standard specifications for steel and fiberglass tank system materials had been established to provide for compatibility with gasoIine/ oxygenate mixtures containing UP to 15 percent by volume MTBE, 10 percent by volume ethanol, and 5 percent by volume methanol. Industry standards for materials compatibility have been in place since 1986. A recent evaluation concluded that there are no known studies indicating that any significant deterioration will wcut in metal or fiberglass UST systems as a result of concentrations of MTBE or other oxygenates in gasoline.** The same study indicated, however, that given the Iack of existing "real world" characterizations of the long­ term performance of typical UST system materials, further independent quantitative evaluation may be warranted, particularly with regard to potential metallic corrosion, fiberglass permeability, and the elastomer integrity of gaskets and seals. Because tank and piping materials may be in contact both with gasoline vapors and water containing high concentrations of dissolved gasoline components, compatibility with the vapor or aqueous phase of oxygenated gasolines may also merit study, especially if there is potential for the substantial enrichment of oxygenates in either phase. B. Training, Education, and Certification It has long been recognized that UST releases can be caused by the failure to adequately perform certain standard installation and daily operational and maintenance practices. Despite existing regulations that address many of these practices, owners, contractors, and employees may not routinely exercise The use of oxygenates in gasoline was well established by the mid­ 1980's. Thomas M. Young and the US. Environmental Protection Agency, Field Evaluation of Leak Detection Performance, National Leak Detection Performance Study, 1 999. *2 Kevin Couch and Thomas M. Young, "Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) as Point Sources of M ~E to Groundwater and Related MTBE­ UST Compatibility Issues," in University of California and UC Toxic Substances Research & Teaching Program, Health and Environmental Assessment of MT.. E, Vofgme W, 1998. 52 appropriate care in performing these activities. The most frequently identified problem areas include installation, fuel delivery and procedures, and routine maintenance of dispensers and release detection equ i~ ment. 8~ Federal UST law contains neither any requirement nor any authority for the certification of owners, operators, inspectors, or contractors. In practice, most Federal, State, and local inspectors are well trained, and many UST owners require training for their employees. There' is often considerable turnover of facility employees in State and local programs, however, and constant training is required. A few States have third party inspection programs requiring that facility owners hire a certified inspector to document a facility's state of compliance, although there is anecdotal evidence that these programs are not followed. States have taken the impetus in certification and simiIar programs. For example, half of the States `have programs for licensing or certifying contractors who install, repair, and remove USTs. A smaller percentage of States (perhaps 25 percent) require certification or licensing of tank testers ­­ primarily for those who perform release detection tests. Finally, even a smaller percentage of States, probably around 20 percent, have registration or certification programs for remediation contractors. As these estimates indicate, further progress could be made in establishing such programs in additional States. V. Protection of Drinking Water Sources and Water Quality Management A. Federal Efforts Section 1453 of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, requires all States to complete assessments of their public drinking water supplies. By 2003, each State and participating Tribe must delineate the boundaries of areas in the State (or on Tribal lands) that supply water for each public drinking water system; identify significant potential sources of contamination; and determine each system's susceptibility to sources of contamination. The assessments will synthesize existing information about the sources of drinking water supplies in order to provide a national baseline of the potential contaminant threats and to guide future watershed restoration and protection. The assessment of drinking water sources is only one part of protecting underground drinking water sources. 84 The Wellhead Protection Program, which was established under the 1986 SDWA amendments, goes beyond assessment to add additional requirements for prevention within wellhead protection areas, and to establish contingency plans in the case of a release. Wellhead protection programs are currently in place in 49 States and territories. Over 125,000 public drinking water systems have community­ level wellhead protection measures in place or under development. ... 83 California State Water Resources Control Board, "Are Leak Detection Methods Effective In Finding Leaks In Underground Storage Tank Systems? (Leaking Site Survey Report)" January 1998. Http:// www. s wrcb. ca. gov/­ cwphome/ ust/ leak­ reportdIndex. htm. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, State Source Water Assessment and Protection 84 programs Guidance, EPA 8 16­ F­ 97­ 004, August 1997, www. epa. gov/ OGWDW/ swD/ fs­ swDg. html. 53 To further identify those areas that may be impacted by MTBE and other contaminants associated with gasoline, EPA is reviewing all State assessment program submittals to ensure that each program inventories gasoline service stations, marinas, USTs, and gasoline pipelines in drinking water source protection areas. This will provide an opportunity to coIlect locational data for water sources and contaminant sites as part of the State Source Water Assessment Programs. Here, the challenge will be threefold: (I ) to collect information useful to multiple stakehoIders; (2) to maintain, update, and improve the data over time; and (3) most importantly, to make this information easily accessible among agencies The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is also revising its current Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. The revised rule, scheduled to take effect in January 2001, will require large water systems (serving more than 10,000 persons) and a representative samphg of small and medium­ sized water systems (serving fewer than 10,000 persons) to monitor and report MTBE detections, a procedure that should not add substantially to monitoring costs due to the inclusion of MTBE analysis within analytical tests used for monitoring of other VOCs. Although this will substantially increase the monitoring for MTBE, under this regulation, h e majority of public groundwater supply wells will still not be monitored for MTBE. For example, if this regulation were to be enacted today, in California, MTBE monitoring and reporting would be required for all 3,094 active wells (within water systems serving more than 10,000 persons) and a representative sample of the other 7,160 active wells (within water systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons), resulting in fewer than half of the total number of active wells being monitored. B. State Efforts Under California legislation enacted in 1997, the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) is required to impIement a statewide GIS to manage the risk of MTBE contamination to public ground water supplies. In the short­ term (by JuIy 1999), this project seeks (1) to identify all underground storage tanks and ai1 known releases of motor vehicle fuel from underground storage tanks that are within 1,000 feet of a drinking water well; and (2) to identifj. public wells within 1,000 feet of a petroleum product pipeline.** This GIS displays and reports detailed information for both tank release sites and drinking water sources. Most importantly, the system streamlines the integration of data from multiple agencies, i e ., the system integrates data for both contaminant sites and drinking water sources. This GIS will be used by a variety of State agencies to better protect public drinking water wells and aquifers reasonably expected to be used as drinking water from both motor vehicle fuel sources, including underground storage tanks (operating sites and closed sites with existing contamination), and petroleum pipelines. Public access via the Internet will serve to overcome current limitations on obtaining and sharing data among multiple regulatory agencies, water purveyors, the petroleum industry, and other stakeholders. Furthermore, the system gives all stakeholders access to on­ line data analysis tools that can be used to estimate vulnerabiIity. ­ *' The GeoTracker report was a pilot study that addressed the Santa Clara Valley and Santa Monica water districts ­ not the entire state. However, the GeoTracker approach is expected to be used to get information for the rest of the state compiled. For more information about this GIS, refer to htt~:// aeotracker. llnl.~ ov/. 54 Other States are also developing and implementing GIS capabilities, although not as comprehensively as California's program. VI. Treatment of Impacted Drinking WateP6 When drinking water supplies become contaminated with MTBE, water suppliers must take steps to treat the water so as to restore it to potable condition. The MTBE Research Partnership, which includes the Association of California Water Agencies, the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA), and the Oxygenated Fuels Association (OFA), recently published Treatment Technologies For Removal of MTBE From Drinking Wafer, a report reviewing and analyzing the costs of three water treatment technologies: air stripping; activated carbon; and advanced oxidation. Treatment of extracted air and water ef€ luents is typically accomplished using air striminq, a process in which contaminated water flows down a column filled with packing material while upward­ flowing air volatilizes the contaminant from the water. Although highly effective for benzene, it is less effective and somewhat more costly for MTBE (e. g., 95 percent and higher removal efficiency for benzene vs. 90 percent and higher for MTBE). Commonly, air stripped effluent is "polished" to lower contaminant levels by subsequent treatment with activated carbon. Activated carbon, or carbon adsomtion, is also widely employed to remove low levels of organic compounds from water by pumping it through a bed of activated carbon. Additionally, many individual homeowners use small carbon canisters to remove a variety of contaminants, including MTBE, from impacted private wells. Again, this process is highly effective for benzene, but much less so for MTBE, which requires greater volumes of carbon per unit mass of MTBE removed, and thus is significantly more expensive and less effective than benzene removal. Advanced oxidation technologies use appropriate combinations of ultraviolet light, chemical oxidants, and catalysts to transform contaminants. Oxidation technologies have been demonstrated to oxidize a wide range of organic chemicals, including MTBE. These same technologies, especially air stripping and granular activated carbon (GAC), have been employed successfully for use at individual homes with impacted drinking water wells.* ' The costs associated with these types of treatment for drinking water are summarized in Figure 1. ­ 86 This discussion refers specifically to the treatment of ground waters or surface waters intended for distribution to consumers or to private well owners; remediution of ground water associated with contaminant sites is addressed in the following section. '' J. P. Malley, Jr., P. A. Eliason, and J. L. Wagler, "Point­ of­ Entry Treatment of Petroleum Contaminated Water Supplies," Water Environment Research, 1993, v. 65, no. 2, pp. 119­ 128. 55 Figure 1 Annual MTBE Treatment Costs for a Family o m $400 k $350 L $300 ..­ 3 $250 E s Q) P 2 $200 0 * $100 L $150 lw tn 0 Source: MTBE Research Partnership (Western States Petroleum Association, Association of California Water Agencies, and Oxygenated Fuels Association), Treatment Technologies for Removal of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) porn Drinking Water ­­ Air Stripping, Advanced Oxidation Process (A OP), and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Executive Summay, Sacramento, CAY December 1998. Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) is another oxygenate that has been found at oxygenated gasoline release sites. Because TBA is a byproduct of some MTBE production processes, TBA is found in some fuel­ grade MTBE.** TBA is also a metabolite of the biodegradation of MTBE.* 9 Because TBA is infinitely soIuble in water, use of air stripping and activated carbon treatment methods are even more limited than for treatment of MTBE. TBA's treatment by advanced oxidation may generate compounds potentially of health and environmental concern. The presence of TBA will further limit the usefulness of the above described technologies and increase treatment costs. * National Toxicology Program, Summary of Datu For Chemical Selection: Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether, http: Nntp­ db. niehs. nih. govMTP_ ReportsMTP_ CheS­ 1 634­ 04­ 4. txt 89 J. P. Salanitro et al., "Perspectives on MTBE Biodegradation and the Potential for in situ Aquifer Bioremediation," proceedings of the National Ground Water Association's Southwest Focused Ground Water Conference: Discussing the Issue ofMBE and Perchlorate in Ground Water (Anaheim, CA, June 3­ 4, 1998), pp. 40­ 54. 56 VII. Remediation A. MTBE 1. Risk Based Corrective Action The following discussion focuses on the remediation of UST releases, as they are the predominant source of higher levels of MTBE contpmination and potential drinking water supply impacts. Releases from other point sources of gasoline (e. g., ASTs and pipelines), however, would be managed in a similar fashion. Regulatory policies have evolved during the last decade toward the increasing use of risk­ based corrective action (RBCA) programs. These programs serve as a means through which the management of petroleum releases is prioritized so that time and resources can be directed to those sites most likely to impact public or environmental health and safety. These changes in policies and practices are the result of conclusive demonstrations of existing and innovative technologies' limits in achieving complete remediation of impacted ground water systems. g0 The complex properties and interactions of gasoline and hydrogeologic systems have been found to be substantial barriers to the effective removal of motor &el hydrocarbon masses released to ground water. The ascendancy of RBCA programs paralleled and was assisted by an increased understanding of the role of natural attenuation and intrinsic bioremediation in limiting the migration of dissolved hydrocarbon plumes. As a result, corrective action for many sites now focuses first on removing any readily mobile hydrocarbon mass at the source, and then on managing the dissolved plume using intrinsic bioremediation. Because MTBE is generally recalcitrant, the presence of MTBE is expected to limit the utilization of intrinsic bioremediation as a remediation option. Although other natural attenuation processes may be used as deemed appropriate. The American Society for Testing and Material's (ASTM) E 1739­ 95 Standard Guide for Risk Based Corrective Action, developed during the early 1990's, forms the basis for most State risk­ based programs. This RBCA guidance focuses on setting remedial goals based on health risks. MTBE also presents aesthetic (i. e., taste and odor) problems at relatively low levels, which is currently not addressed by ASTM RBCA. Alternative RBCA guidance would need to be developed to adequateIy address aesthetic concerns. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is included in this guide as a compound of concern when evaluating impacts from gasoline releases. The use of a risk­ based framework places the emphasis on decisions that balance cost, resource value, and risk to human health and the environment. Risk­ based approaches seek to implement management strategies that shift the focus of cleanup away from broadly defined cleanup goals, which have been demonstrated to be technologically infeasible, and instead focus on a more site­ specific elimination or reduction of risk, It should be noted, however, that RBCA focuses on health risks, and because MTl3E has also been shown to present aesthetic (i. e., taste and odor) problems at relativelylow levels, alternative RBCA guidance may need to be developed to adequately address those types of environmental concerns. SQ US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Pump­ and­ Treat Ground­ water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners, EPAl625/ R­ 95/ 005, 1996. 57 During the last several years, it has become an accepted practice at UST release sites to carefully evaluate the potential for intrinsic remediation (Le., bioremediation of the contaminant primarily by the microbial population naturally present in the subsurface), and then tu determine whether there is a need for active remediation. The presence of MTBE can complicate the utilization of intrinsic remediation, as although the BTEXgl plume may be shown to be contained satisfactorily, adequately demonstrating stability and/ or containment of an MTBE plume may be much more difficult. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is generally recaicitrant, and therefore intrinsic remediation wiIl typically not be a feasible option. Source control (i. e., removal of contaminant mass near the source of the release) is frequently employed to reduce long­ term impacts to ground water and drinking water in situations where intrinsic remediation is not viable. After a release, non­ aqueous phase liquid O\ IAPL) is likely to be present in the vadose zone, capillary fringe, and ground water. The NAPL (e. g., gasoline) will act as a long­ term source of dissolved contaminants. Where practical, delineation and removal of NAPL are critical for complete restoration of an impacted aquiferY2 In areas with shallow ground water, excavation of the NAPL­ contaminated source area (down to and below the water table) can be an effective remediation approach. This technique is less effective at sites with extensive areal contamination, subsurface structures, or deeper water tables. The excavation and disposal of large volumes of contaminated soil or aquifer sediments have also been discouraged at many sites, in part because of limited solid waste treatment and disposal facilities. 2. Conventional and Innovative Technologies Although the conventional and innovative technologies used for ground water remediation of nonoxygenated gasoline releases are also applicable for MTBE remediation, their relative effectiveness and costs may vary depending on site­ specific condition^.^^ A remediation system typically employs air­ or water­ based approaches for removing contaminants from the subsurface, and one or more treatment technologies for removing the contaminant from those aqueous or vapor phase effluents. Alternatively, in­ situ techniques can be used to treat or destroy contaminants without bringing them above the surface. The applications of these technologies for MTBE and benzene are briefly compared below. PumD and treat is a mature, well­ understood technology that pumps ground water to the surface for subsequent treatment and dischirge. Because of the relatively low solubility of benzene, this technique is more effective as a benzene plume migration control technology than for mass removal. MTBE's high solubility and low soil sorption should enable MTBE to be more readily extracted from an aquifer than benzene. As with a11 pump and treat, the effluent 91 The compounds benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene are commonly known as "BTEX." "4J. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Research and Development and Office of Solid Waste & Emergency Response, Ligh Nonaqueous Phase Liquidr, EPA Ground Water Issue Paper # EPAI540fS­ 95l500, 1995. 93 Daniel N. Creek and J. Davidson, "The Performance and Cost of MTBE Remediation," National Ground Water Association, 1998 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, pp. 560­ 569; Tom Peagrin, "Empirical Study of MTBE Benzene and Xylene Groundwater Remediation Rates," NationaI Ground Water Association, 1998 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, pp. 55 1­ 559. 58 will have to be treated with technologies such as air stripping, advanced oxidation, GAC, or bioreactor. Soil vauor extraction (WE) pulls air through the soil to volatilize contaminants. Because MTBE does not adsorb strongly to soils and has a higher vapor pressure than benzene, MTBE will readily volatilize from gasoline in soils. When MTBE is dissolved in soil moisture, however, SVE will not remove MTBE, which is highly soluble. Air suarninq injects air below the water table to volatilize contaminants from ground water. Compared with BTEX, a much larger flow of air is required to volatilize a similar mass of MTBE. This addition of aidoxygen also enhances biodegradation of contaminants that are aerobically degraded by native microorganisms. Although air sparging will readily enhance the biodegradation of benzene, studies to date have shown MTBE to be relatively recalcitrant to biodegradation by native populations of microbes in the subsurface. Therefore, although air sparging is known to be an effective technology for remediating benzene (increases volatilization and biodegradation), it is expected to be less effective and more costly for M" l3E remediation (ie., dissolved phase does not volatilize and may be relatively recalcitrant to native biodegradation). Air sparging is fiequently teamed with SVE to capture the volatilized compounds. Dual bhase extraction involves vapor extraction and ground water extraction in the same well. This technique is likely to be most effective in situations in which the water table can be lowered, aIlowing for a larger area of influence for the vapor extraction system. As discussed above, when MTBE is dissolved in soif moisture, vapor extraction will not effectively remove MTBE, which is highly sohble. Therefore, this technique is most effective for volatilizing MTBE from gasoline. Bioremediation of MTBE contamination is an increasingly active area of research. The biodegradability of MTBE is considered to be much slower relative to the abundant natural bioremediation of other gasoIine constituents in the subsurface (e. g., benzene), and MTBE generally has been recalcitrant or limited relative to benzene biodegradation in field samples, aIthough there is some field evidence to the contrary." Recent lab and field studies have 94 R. C. Borden et al., "Intrinsic Biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX in a Gasoline­ Contaminated Aquifer," Water Resources Research, 1997, v. 33, no. 5, pp. 1105­ 11 15; A.. M. Happel, B. Dooher, and E. H. Beckenbach, "Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Impacts to California Groundwater," presentation at MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (March 1999); A. M. Happel et al., Lawrence Livertnore National Laboratory. An Evafuation of MTBE Impacts to Calfornia Groundwater Resources, UCRL­ AR­ 130897, p. 68 (June 1998); J. E. Landmeyer et al., "Fate of MTBE Relative to Benzene in a Gasoline­ Contaminated Aquifer (1 993­ 98); Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Fall 1998, pp. 93­ 102; Mario Schirmer and J. F. Barker, "A Study of Long­ Term MTBE Attenuation in the Borden Aquifer, Ontario, Canada," Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Spring 1998, pp. 1 13­ 122; Reid, J. B., et al., "A Comparative Assessment of the Long­ Term Behavior of MTBE and Benzene Plumes in Florida," pp. 97­ 1 02 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Other Organic Compoundr (continued.. .) 59 indicated that biodegradation processes can be accelerated by augmenting the subsurface environment or microbial population (e. g. , by the addition of oxygen, microbes, nutrients, or hydrocarbons that stimulate MTBE cometabolism). 0 In­ situ oxidation relies on the capacity of certain chemical mixtures (e. g., hydrogen peroxide combined with iron) to rapidly oxidize organic molecules such as MTBE in water. Because MTBE oxidizes rapidly, it will be removed during the course of routine water treatment by this technique. Although current use of this technology is limited, when subsurface conditions and contaminant distribution are favorable, it has been demonstrated to effectively remove both MTBE and conventional gasoline components. 3. Treatment of Remediation Efluent Treatment of the air and water effluents extracted from the above processes is typically accomplished using the same processes described previously for drinking water treatment (air stripping, activated carbon, and oxidation). Again, these processes are highly effective for benzene, but less so for MTBE. The costs associated with the treatment of effluents with MTBE are thus likely to be somewhat higher than for BTEX." Catalytic or thermal oxidation technologies are also commonly used for air phase effluents, and MTBE again poses a more difficult and costly problem than benzene. Fluidized bioreactors are less commonly employed, as they require somewhat more complex operation and maintenance. They typically use activated carbon to support microbia1 growth so that contaminants are adsorbed onto the carbon and destroyed by resident microbes as the contaminants pass through the unit. This technology is somewhat more elaborate than air stripping and carbon adsorption, but may grow in acceptabiIity if reliable MTBE treatment can be documented. In general, MTBE­ BTEX effluents will be more costly to treat and discharge than BTEX alone. Synthetic Resin Adsorbents, which exhibit a much higher adsorbent capacity for MTBE relative to activated carbon, are currently available. With additional research, they may become a viable cost effective treatment. 4. Incremental Costs for MTBE Remediation A certain level of remediation activity/ corrective action is required for almost every release of gasoline, with or without oxygenates. Evaluation of the incremental remediation costs of MTBE contamination is a difficult task because of the numerous site­ specific variables to address. Four key variables include (1) the cleanup target established for the site; (2) allowable MTBE discharge levels in the water and vapor 94 (... continued) (1999); Hurt, K. L., et. ai., "Anaerobic Biodegradation of MTBE in a Contaminated Aquifer..," pp. 103­ 108, Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Other Organic Compounds (1 999); Bradley, P. M., et. al., Aerobic Mineralization of MTBE and tert­ Butyl Alcohol by Stream­ bed Sediment Microorganisms: E m l . Sci. Tech., v. 33 no. 1 I , pp. 1877­ 1 897 (1999). 95 Depending on the precise circumstances, these costs can range from moderately higher than BTEX­ related costs to significantly higher. 60 '.. , , . effluents generated during the remediation process;" (3) the size of the dissolved plume; and (4) the potential for using natural attenuation as the treatment technology. Clearly, it will be more expensive to reach an MTBE ground water cleanup goal of 15 ppb than a goal of 40 ppb or higher. SimiIarly, the related effluent treatment costs will be much higher if permitted water discharge levels are 35 ppb as opposed to 500 ppb, and daily volatile organic compounds (VOC) discharges to the atmosphere are limited to 2 pounds compared with 50 pounds. As there are no national standards for MTBE, it is not possible to estimate these incremental costs. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has surveyed UST program managers to obtain some initial estimate of increases in remediation cost? ' Although the survey data have a high degree of uncertainty and should be viewed as preliminary, the EPA survey estimated that perhaps 75 percent of MTBE­ impacted UST sites would have remediation costs iess than 150 percent of the cost of typical BTEX sites, and that many MTBE sites might have no additional cost. The Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program managers estimated that the remaining 25 percent of sites would cost greater than 150 percent of representative BTEX sites, with perhaps 5 percent costing in excess of 200 percent more than typical BTEX sites. The UC study, Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE, evaluated costs of remediation of MTBE sites in California based on industry, regulatory data and studies of MTBE impacts to groundwater in California. OveraII, this study concluded that on average MTBE contaminated sites may be I40 percent of the cost of remediating conventional gasoline sites. 98 Remediating MTBE plumes can be roughly comparable to the cost of conventional BTEX treatment for equivalent plume sizes, assuming the permitted MTBE effluent treatment and discharge levels allow standard air stripping and carbon adsorption approaches to be used. However, because an MTBE plume is more likely to become larger than typical benzene plumes when release detection is delayed, if dissolved MTBE source zone concentrations are much higher than BTEX (as they might be from a release of an RFG), or if stringent MTBE effluent discharge levels are applied, remediation costs are expected to increase proportionately. Absent active remediation or sufficient intrinsic bioremediation to prevent further migration, MTBE plumes are expected to extend further, perhaps by a large extent, than the companion benzene plumes. This potentia1 difference between benzene and MTBE plume lengths may influence remediation costs in another way. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is a widely accepted, cost effective approach to managing benzene plumes. w If MTBE plumes are expected to migrate further because of higher source 96 These levels are addressed in the permits issued by the appropriate regulatory authorities for these discharges. 97 Robert Hitzig, Paul Kostecki, and Denise Leonard, "Study Reports LUST Programs are Feeling Effects of MTBE ReTeases," Soil & Groundwater Cleanup, August­ September 1998, pp. 15­ 19. 98 The UC Study, Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE, evaluated costs of remediation of MTBE sites in California based on industry, regulatory data and studies of MTBE impacts to groundwater in California. Overall, this study concluded that on average MTBE contaminated sites may be I .4 times more costly to remediate than conventional gasoline sites. 99 US. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Memorandum from Timothy Fields, Jr., Acting Assistant (continued ...) 61 area dissolved concentrations and exhibit limited biodegradation as compared to benzene, then fewer sites may be able to use MNA as an acceptable remediation option (i e ., active remediation wouJd be required, thus increasing cleanup costs). Only a limited number of field studies have been conducted to evaluate MTBE natural attenuation; IDO thus, it is difficult to assess fully the potential future costs. A recent study estimated that while over 80 percent of non­ MTBE conventional gasoline sites might utilize MNA, few MTBE sites would be able to, resulting in substantially higher cleanup costs for MTBE sites." ' B. Ethanol The above discussions are focused on remediation issues identified for MTBE. It is difficult to make a comparative assessment of MTBE versus ethanol gasoline releases, as there is relatively little field data characterizing the behavior of ethanol gasoline releases. '02 Monitoring for ethanol is not required at UST sites, even in Midwestern States that use large volumes of ethanol. Additionally, standard EPA methods used to analyze fuel hydrocarbon compounds are not technically appropriate for detection and quantification of ethanol below the 1 part per million (ppm) to 10 ppm range. Ethanol is known to be much more biodegradable than benzene. Although ethanol is likely to biodegrade rapidly in ground water, because ethanol is infinitely soluble in water, much more ethanol will be dissolved into water than MTBE. It is not known how long it may take to biodegrade large `mounts of dissolved ethanol. Laboratory research suggests that microorganisms prefer to biodegrade ethanol over other fuel components, so that ethano1 biodegradation consumes all available oxygen and depletes other electron acceptors needed for biodegradation, thus delaying the onset, and potentially slowing the rate, of BTEX biodegradation. Although the magnitude of this effect is presently unknown, it is expected to result in somewhat longer BTEX plumes at gasoline release Because ethanol is most commonly blended at distribution terminals, releases of neat (pure) ethanol may occur at those facilities, requiring remediation. The extent of any current possible problem and cost associated with such clean up is unknown. * (... continued) Administrator, Ofice of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, "Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites," June 9, 1997. R. C. Borden et ai., "Intrinsic Biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX in a Gasoline­ Contaminated Aquifer," Water Resources Research, 2997, v. 33, no. 5, pp. 1105­ 1 115; J. E. Landmeyer et al., "Fate of MTBE Relative to Benzene in a Gasoline­ Contaminated Aquifer (1 993­ 981," Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Fall 1998, pp. 93­ 1 02; Mario Schirmer and J. F. Barker, "A Study of Long­ Term MTBE Attenuation in the Borden Aquifer, Ontario, Canada," Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Spring 1998, pp, 1 13­ 122. lo' Arhwo Keller, Ph. D., et. al., Executive Summary, Recommendations, Summary, "Health and Environmental Assessment ofMTBE," 1999. `02 Malcome Pirnie, Inc., Evaluation of the Fate and Transport ofEthanol in rhe Environment, (Oakland, CA: Malcome Pirnie, Inc.), 1998; H. X., Corseuil et al., "The Influence of the Gasoline Oxygenate Ethanol on Aerobic and Anaer6bic BTX Biodegradation," "at. Res., 1998,32,2065­ 2072.; C. S. Hunt et ai., "Effect of Ethanol on Aerobic BTX Degradation Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and @­ Site Bioremediation Symposium," Battelle Press, April­ May 1997, pp. 49­ 54. IO3 Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the May 1999 NTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. fBased on Malcome Pirnie, Inc. Evahtion of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] 62 C. Funding I . State and Federal Sources'" I .. The primary sources of funding for UST remediation are State UST cleanup funds. '05 State cleanup funds raise and expend about $1 billion annually, by far the largest source of funding available to pay for remediation of MTBE­ contaminated soil and ground water. The second largest source of funding is private insurance. Most owners and operators have the required financial assurance coverage provided by State funds. Owners and operators in States without State funds, or in those States in which State funds are transitioning and not providing coverage for new releases, must meet their UST financial responsibility requirements by other mechanisms, most commonly UST insurance provided by private insurers. According to the insurance industry, roughly 10 percent to 15 percent of USTs are currently covered by private insurance. This percentage is likely to increase as more States transition out of their UST cleanup funds. The Federal LUST Trust Fund is supported through a 0.1 cent per gallon Federal tax on motor fuels that expires after March 30,2005. At the end of fiscal year (FY) 1998, the Trust Fund had a balance of approximately $1.2 billion. In FY 1998, the Fund received approximately $203 million in new monies ­ $136 million from the Federal tax and $67 million in interest on the Fund's baIance. In FY 1999, new receipts are expected to increase to $278 million ($ 212 million from the tax and $66 million in interest), raising the Fund's balance to approximately $1.4 billion (after FY 1999 appropriations). IM Monies in this fund are subject to appropriation, and Congress has been appropriating approximately $70 million annually in recent years. '" Approximately 85 percent of the appropriated funds are given to the States to administer and enforce their LUST programs and to pay for remediation of eligible releases. The States use approximately two­ thirds of the funds to support staff who oversee and enforce cleanups by responsible parties. Approximately one­ third of the funds are used to pay for deanups in which the IO4 See EPA OUST'S Publication on Sources of Financial Assistance for Underground Storage Tank Work. The document entitled "Financing Underground Storage Tank Work: Federal and State Assistance Programs" lists Federal and State programs that provide money to assist in upgrading or replacing underground storage tanks, conducting investigations, and performing remediation. This document provides information on financial assistance available to municipalities, State or local governments, non­ profits, private UST owners or operators, and for tanks on Native American or tribal lands. The assistance is available in the form of direct loans, loan guarantees, grants, or interest subsidies. The publication also describes some of the available State financial assistance programs. Eighteen States have active financial assistance programs for UST upgrades and replacement; some of these programs also offer assistance cleaning up UST releases. Also, see the ASTSWMO Report, "State Leaking Underground Storage Tank Financial Assurance Funds Annual Survey Summary," June 1998. Http:// www. astswmo. org/ Publicationslpdfl98vtsum. pdf. `OS U.?. Environmentd Protection Agency, State Assurance Funds: S& ate Fun& in Transition Models for Underground Storage Tank Assurance Funds, 1997, EPA 5 10­ B­ 97­ 002, www. epa. gov/ swerust I /states/ fundinfo. htm. IO6 Executive Office of the President of the United States, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal year 2000 ­ Appendix, 1999, p. 937. lo' Fiscal year 1998 (actual) and 1999 (estimated) appropriations from the LUST Trust Fund were $65 million and $73 million, respectively. (See Executive Office of the President of the United States, Budget of the United states Government, Fiscal Year 2000 ­Appendix, 1999, p. 937.) 63 owner and operator are unknown, unwilling, or financially unable to undertake and to complete cleanup of a contaminated site. 1o8 The law establishing the LUST Trust Fund places clear responsibility for remediation on owners and operators and places significant eligibility requirements on the use of LUST Funds for actual cleanup of Contaminated sites. 2. Recovery of Funds from Potentially Responsible Parties Water suppliers can face substantial expenditures for either replacement water supplies or treatment of contaminated waters. For example, the City of Santa Monica lost 50 percent of its existing water supply in 1996 as the result of MTBE impacts. The annual costs of the required volume of replacement water (more than 6 million gallons per day) are estimated at approximately $4 million. Although these costs are the full responsibility of the party shown to be liable for the contamination, establishing such liability may take months or years. It has been suggested that a funding mechanism should exist for covering these unexpected costs. 3. State Water Supply Revolving Funds Other potential funding sources for addressing MTBE contamination are the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) programs. These programs were established to provide States with a continuing source of funding to address (I ) wastewater treatment, nonpoint source, and estuary activities (CWSRF); and (2) drinking water treatment, source water protection, and water system management activities (DWSRF). Funding decisions for projects and activities are made by each State, pursuant to eligibility guidelines provided by EPA. The CWSW can be used for site mitigation efforts to address MTBE releases to the extent that such activities are included in an EPA­ approved State nonpoint source management program. To date, three States (Delaware, Nebraska, and Wyoming) have provided a total of approximately $48 million in CWSRF Ioans to about 1,200 sites for removing underground tanks and purchasing release detection systems. In these three States, the CWSRF program works in partnership with the State's Leaking Underground Storage Loan Program to provide technical assistance and finding support to potential loan recipients. Funds available to address problems related to MTBE may increase as States expand use of their CWSRF programs to address nonpoint source problems. Although the DWSRF cannot be used to fund remediation efforts, States can loan DWSRF monies to public water systems for the installation of treatment equipment to address contaminated source water entering the treatment plant. In addition to providing loan assistance to public water systems for eligible projects, the DWSRF also allows each State to reserve up to 3 1 percent of its grant to fund programs and activities that enhance source water protection and water systems management. Several of the activities eligible under the reserves could address protection and management issues associated with MTBE. I I lo* If the owner or operator is financially able, but otherwise unwilling to cleanup the site, the implementing agency is responsible for recovering the costs of remediating the site. 64 .. .._­_,.. ­. .. 4. Alternative Water Supply Funding Mechanism The above discussion has reviewed a variety of existing potential sources of funds available to replace or treat public and private water systems. Should these sources not meet existing needs adequately, an alternative funding approach may be required. To simultaneously provide a source of funding for emergency alternative supplies and treatment of impacted wblic water systems, and to act as a gradual disincentive for use of MTBE, a tadsurcharge could be le ied on MTBE production for use in gasoline. These levied monies could then be made readily accessibl by public and private water suppliers to reimburse incurred expenses associated with addressing A B E contamination incidents. The economic viability and amount of this surcharge would need to be dl ermined, but would likely range from 5 percent to 50 percent of the price of each gallon of MTBE ;old. For example, a 10 percent surcharge with an MTBE price of $0.70 per gallon and RFG with 11 )ercent by volume MTBE would add about 1 cent to the per gallon­ price of RFG and would accumulate ibout $300 million annually with current MTBE usage. This surtax could also be structured to incr ise over time to further discourage MTBE use. . D. Fuel Supply and Cost I. In trod u ctian The current U. S. fuel supply system is a finely balanced network that depends on crude oil supply, refinery production, unimpeded pipeline and marine movements, and strategically sited commercial stocks to protect against market volatility. Recent accident­ and weather­ related refinery and pipeline outages (e. g. , incidents in California and Washington State) demonstrate the system's delicate nature. As such, changes in fuel regulatory requirements, with their attendant capital investment needs and, infrastructure changes, must be implemented without introducing unnecessary volatility. Disruptions to the nation's fuel supply system result in price volatility and increased costs to consumers. Therefore, any proposed changes to U. S. fuel requirements should consider the following: e The time required to implement capital investments in both refineries and infrastructure, which entails raising capital, obtaining permits, and constructing units and infrastructure. IO9 The need for reguIatory certainty to provide industry with sufficient lead time to make all necessary changes. Regulatory uncertainty increases investment risks and forces industry to postpone investments to the last minute. The need for regulatory flexibility in achieving targeted goals. The petroleum industry is diverse, and what is optimal for one sector may not be optimal for another. The need for fingibility in the system. At present, the US. fuel supply system works well, as most requirements tend to be national (e. g., low sulfur on­ road diesel) or regional (e. g.* reformulated gasoline or California reformulated gasoline). Once small areas begin requiring unique fuels, however, the system operates at sub­ optimal efficiency, costs to consumers increase, and fuel supplies are more vulnerable to volatility. This combination of sufficient time, regulatory certainty and flexibility, and fungibility will: faditate a smooth transition, thus avoiding excessive cost increases driven by unnecessary stress to the system. An important consideration in this discussion is the regulatory status of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). If the use of MTBE (and other ethers) is reduced substantially or phased out, but the oxygenate requirement is maintained, ethanol (and possibly other alcohols) will remain as the only alternatives. At present, kowever, ethanol is produced primarily in the Midwest and is not manufactured in suficient volume to meet national demand. Although new ethanol production capacity can be brought on­ line in '09 Moreover, if all refineries and terminals require capital upgrades, the construction industry may become Strained. 67 ! , two years, the permitting and construction of necessary infrastructure will be a critical determinant of ethanol's availability and cost. 11. Industry Overview A. Consumption 1. Consumption of Gasoline and Oxygenates Current consumption of gasoline in the United States is approximately 8.3 million barrels per day (b/ d), or approximately 126.5 billion gallons annuaIly."* Based on Federal fuel supply data, total U. S. oxygenate demand was approximately 370,000 b/ d in 1997 (refer to Table D1 in this section's Appendix)." ' Excluding the volume of oxygenate used only for octane purposes, the average 1997 demand for oxygenates in reformulated gasoline (RFG) and oxygenated gasoline in environmental control areas was approximately 265,000 Wd, 4 1,000 b/ d, and 17,000 bid per day for MTBE, ethanol, and other ethers, respectively. Thus, although making up less than 5 percent of total national gasoline consumption, MTBE and other ethers met approximately 87 percent of the oxygenate volume requirement in 1997. 2. Meeting Caiijornia 's Ethanol Demand A recent study funded by the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), The Use of Ethanol in Calqornia Clean Burning Gasoiine, estimates that if MTBE was banned, California would demand 4 1,000 b/ d of ethanol in order to meet the oxygenate volume in the mandated areas plus 30 percent penetration into the non­ mandated areas. A study by the California Energy Commission (CEC), however estimates 75,000 b/ d in demand for similar requirements."* According to the RFA report, California's demand could be met from currently underutilized production, which equates to 29,000 b/ d with 100 percent utilization, and new plant start­ ups. The balance would be made up by ethanol redirected from the octane enhancement markets and increased import^."^ US. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 1998, Volume I , Table S4, p. 17, June 1999. ­ ' I ' U S . Energy Information Administration (T. Litterdale and A. Bohn), Demandand Price Outlook for Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline, 2000, April 1999, pp. 7­ 8. 'I2 California Energy Commission, Supply and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1998. 'I3 Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Sup&, Demand, and Logistics: Cali$ ornia and Other RFG Markets, May 1999. 68 B. Ethanol Production Current U. S. ethanol production capacity is estimated at 120,000 b/ dlL4, which is equivalent in oxygen content to approximately 230,000 b/ d of MTBE. In order for ethanol alone to fulfill the nationwide oxygen requirement in all RFG and oxygenated fuels areas, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that approximately 187,000 bid of ethanol would be needed, assuming that no ethanol is used for economic octane blending. Il5 Thus, in a scenario of complete MTBE removal, an estimated additional 67,000 b/ d of ethanol would be needed to filfill the required oxygenate volume nationwide. Ethanol supply could be fulfilled by a combination of imports and additional production capacity created by removing bottlenecks at existing plants and by building new facilities. The ethanol industry estimates that the current expansion of existing ethanol­ from­ corn production facilities may increase producti0. n capacity by as much as 40,000 b/ d. Additionally, new ethanol production facilities currently being planned could provide another 25,000 b/ d (new ethanol plants may take two or more years to build). 116 The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that 5 percent of the total corn utilized in 1997­ 98 was for fuel ethanol prod~ ction.`~ ' Ethanol production from biomass processing is currently about 60 million gallons per year (equivalent to approximately 4,000 b/ d). Estimates from the USDA indicate that assuming favorable economics, the resource base for ethanol from biomass could reach approximately 10 billion gallons annually (approximately 650,000 b/ d) after 2025."* Recently, on August 12, 1999, President Clinton issued an executive order to initiate a government effort to develop a biomass research program. The goal of the program is to triple the use of bioenergy and bioproducts by 2010, which includes the production of clean fuels such as ethanol and other products. Based on total gasoline regulated properties, ethanol used at 5.7 percent by volume to meet the 2.0 percent by weight (wt.%) oxygen requirement in RFG will not be able to replace all of the 11 percent by volume of MTBE in RFG. In California, some refiners have stated that they must remove some volume of butanedpentanes from California Phase 2 RFG in order to accommodate the increase in gasoline's Reid vapor pressure (RVP) with the addition of ethanol, and thus must significantly expand their crude `I4 Roger Conway, "Ethanol and Its Implications for Fuel Supply," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting; Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Supply, Demand, and Logistics: California and Other RFG Markets, May 1999. I" This` figure is the result of the following calculations: (1) Calculate the total ether supply for RFG and oxygenated fuels in 1997: 265,000 b/ d + 17,000 b/ d = 282,000 b/ d; (2) Multiply 282,000 b/ d by 0.52 to adjust for the oxygen equivalency of ethanol = 146,640 b/ d; and (3) Add 4 1,000 b/ d to include the current volume of ethanol utilized for RFG and oxygenated fuels, thus reaching a total of 187,640 b/ d (refer to Table D1 in the Appendix). Jcck Huggins, Submitted written comments on behalf of the Renewable Fuels Association at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. Roger Conway, "Ethanol and Its Implications for Fuel Supply," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting; Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Supply, Demand, and Logistics: Calijornia and Other RFG Markets, May 1999. `I 8 Stephen Gatto, presentation on BC International Corporation at the April 1999 Blue Ribbon Panel meeting; Roger Conway, "Ethanol and Its Implications for Fuel Supply," presentation at the April 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. 69 oil­ based RFG production capacity by the full 11 percent by volume lost by removing MTBE. '19 Although this Panel did not investigate the effect that the loss of MTBE would have on refineries outside of California, there are some similarities and a number of differences in refinery processes that, on balance, result in similar volume shortfalls in blending component capacities during the summer seasons. A similar analysis by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) also concluded that additional supply would be necessary under an ether ban in the Northeast, requiring increased domestic supply or foreign imports. '" C. Ethanol InfrastructureiTransprtation Because ethanol is soluble in water, which is commonly found in pipelines and storage tanks associated with the gasoline distribution system, and will separate from gasoline, ethanol is usually blended at the distribution Therefore, because most of the nation's ethanol is produced in the Midwest, the ethanol would have to be transported to terminals for blending through a dedicated (ethanol­ only) pipeline, by rail, by marine shipping, or by some combination of these methods. Transportation fiom the Midwest to the Northeast and the West is challenging and will likely be costly and transportation­ facility intensive. A studylZ2 estimates that approximately 1,982 rail cars (30,000­ gallon~ '~~ each) would be necessary to supply the California market with ethanol for RFG purposes, assuming only rail transport. Given the range in ethanol demand projected by the CEC study (35,000 b/ d to 92,000 b/ d), this rail car estimate could actually be more than double. The existing fleet of 30,000­ gallon rail cars is between 8,000 and 10,000, nearly all of which are currently unavailable for ethanol transport due to prior leasing commitments, With existing manufacturing capability, it is estimated that approximately 1,000 additional (30,000­ gallon) rail cars could be built per year. '24 In California, marine transport has been found to cost approximately the same as rail transport, although in certain instances marine shipping can be slightly cheaper. Surveys of terminal operators in California have indicated that a large portion of product (most likely at least 50 percent) would be shipped as waterborne cargo. Some California operators have stated that the large size of marine cargoes makes it `I9 A1 Jessel, Chevron Products Company, "Fuels Regulations and Emissions Technology," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. See also, Duane Bordvick, Tosco Corporation, "Perspectives on Gasoline Blending for Clean Air," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. U. S. Department of Energy, Estimating the Refining Impacts of Revised Oxygenate Requirements for Gasoline: Summary Findings, May 1999. 121 AI Jessel, Chevron Products Company, "Fuels Regulations and Emissions Technology," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. ­ Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Supply, Demand. and Logistics: Carifornia and Other RFG Markets, May 1999. 123 42 gallons = 1 barrel 124 Based on API confidential communications with rail car lessors, 1999. 70 preferable to spotting, inspecting, and unloading numerous rail cars. Moreover, in the Northeast, nearly every terminal location is accessible by water, whereas only a few can be accessed by rail. As such, some estimate that 60 percent of the Northeast's total demand would be met through ship and ocean­ going barge tran~ port. '~~ These will also be cited to develop the necessary blending and distribution infrastructure to deliver ethanol­ based RFG to retail outlets. Ethanol requires blending much further down the distribution channel (at the truck­ loading point) than does MT3E (at the refinery terminal). The infrastructure to support such blending on a wide scale does not currently exist. '26 D. Producing Non­ Oxygenate Alternatives In the event of an MTBE phase down with oxygenate flexibility, refiners have a number of blending options to meet RFG performance standards, including increased use of alkylates, aromatics, and perhaps other fuel blending streams derived from petr01eurn. l~~ Each refinery has a uniquely optimal mode of operation, facility selection, and size, all of which are currently balanced for MTBE use. Without MTBE, refiners would have to determine their most economic mode of operation and also determine which new facilities and technologies would provide the economic return on investment that shareholders require for continued investment. The strategy of total alkylate replacement is expensive (possibly exceeding $1 billion), may not fully meet octane needs, and demands other operational trade­ offs in the refinery and/ or additional supply of isobutane and olefin feedstocks. Although aromatics can also be produced in greater volume and will provide higher octane, higher aromatics use will also increase toxics emissions so that aromatics cannot likely fulfill all non­ oxygenate needs. Nevertheless, oxygenate flexibility is an important component of the solution to removing MTBE from the system in a timely manner since it increases refiner flexibility in meeting RFG performance standards. The Panel could not conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the technologies, facilities, and strategies necessary to achieve a new, economically optimal fueIs refining industry without MTBE, and with or without the current oxygenate requirements, but rather chose to rely on analyses by others to estimate likely effects on supply and cost, as discussed in Section 111 below. ­ lZs Letter to Daniel Greenbaum from Robert E. Reynolds, President, Downstream Alternatives, Inc., June 24, 1999. See also, Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Supply, Demand. and Logistics: Calforniu and Other RFG Murk&, May 1999. IZ6 Oil and Gas Journal, California refners anticipate broad efects ofpossible state MTBE ban, January 18, 1999. `27 Dexter Miller, "Alkyates, Key Components in Clean­ Burning Gasoline," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel Meeting. 71 111. Impact of Fuel Requirement Changes on Supply A. Overview The impact of a change in fuel requirements (e. g., reduction in the use of oxygenates or of a particular oxygenate) on he1 availability and cost will depend primarily on the following factors: The time available for a transition and the availability of adequate and sustained supplies of any new component, and the time required for permitting and achieving compliance with applicable regulations; Regulatory certainty and flexibility regarding fuel specifications; The degree to which fuel changes are national, regional, or state­ by­ state in scope, i. e., fungibility; Additional capita1 costs (e. g., new refinery facilities) and/ or operating costs (e. g., transportation and distribution costs); and 0 The cost of replacing octane while continuing compliance with environmental standards. B. Time Government agencies and fuel refinerdmarketers have stated that without adequate lead time, rapid reductions in the volume of MTF3E allowed in the gasoline supply stream will have an immediate and negative effect on regional markets as well as the nation's ability to meet gasoline demand.* 28 In general, refineries must undergo a stepwise process to implement major changes in fuel processing, such as desulfurization or oxygenate reduction. A summary of Sunoco's recent analysis of the process time required to comply with hture sulfur limits is show in TabIe 1 as a general guide to such capital pr0je~ ts. I~~ (Actual time requirements will vary from refinery to refinery.) U. S. Department of Energy, Estimating the Refining Impacts of Revised Wgenate Requirements for Gasoline: Summary Findings, March 1999; California Energy Commission, Suppb and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1998; Robert Cunningham, "Costs of Potentia! Ban of MTBE in Gasolines," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. Iz9 Sunoco, Time Required to Complete Desulfitrization, personal communication. 73 Table 1. Sample Process Timetable for Complying with Future Sulfur Limits in the Refining Industry 1. Identify purpose, scope, and permits required 1 Produce cost estimates I , 7months I Management approval I ! I II. Process/ Proiect ScoDe Definition . Develop scope, equipment requirements, project milestones, and construction strategies ` i 8 months Management approval Produce more accurate budget estimates __ 111. Preliminanr Enaineerinq Select engineering contractor Submit permit applications Conduct design review I 12 months i i Issue master schedule Submit costs for approval I I I I ! i I IV. Detailed Proiect Execution Procure materials Receive all permits Award contracts Construction 1 21 months ! Testing Training Start­ up I 1 rota1 1 48months Source: Sunoco Should ethers, particularly MTBE, be phased out in California, the CEC estimates that in three years California refineries would require as much as 75,000 b/ d of ethanol and up to 142,000 b/ d of additional gasoline imports to meet demand." ' The U. S. Department of Energy estimates that if regulation changes are finalized, four years would be neede_ d to allow for new construction of refineries and for ethanol production, transportation, loading and unloading capacities to increase. Under this assumption, a scenario of an ether phase­ out should not California Energy Commission, Supply and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1998. This study did not analyze the likely fuel supply impacts to areas outside of California if MTBE use were to be phased out in California 73 cause supply problems in Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) I, the East Coast. '31 This analysis did not consider effects on regional supplies in the event of a national MTBE ban or other changes in fuel properties (Le., sulfur reductions). Relative to California refiners, the transition to a non­ ether RFG would be more difficult and require more time for non­ California refiners. Implementation of the proposed sulfur rules (TIER 2) will have less impact on California refiners, as all California RFG (CaRFG) is already at a sulfur level of 30 parts per million (ppm) or lower. Other refiners will need additional time to build adequate desulfurization units, as well as other facilities needed to generate the octane lost through desulfurization. The State of California believes that with a repeal of the Federal oxygen mandate, MTBE shouId be phased out in three and one­ half years. 132 C. Certainty Refinerdmarketers have stated that regulatory certainty is necessary to insure low­ risk capital investment in alternatives to our current fuel supply system. For example, whether the current oxygenate mandate will remain or be removed will be a critical factor in future refinery, product transportation, and marketing teiminal construction decision making. Refinerdmarketers believe that the removal of the oxygenate mandate would provide maximum flexibility for the individual decisions necessary for each refiner to meet all Federal and State RFG performance standards. D. Fungibility Refinerdmarketers have indicated that to meet consumer fuel demand and to minimize supply shortages, the scope of any future fuel changes should be national or regional. Permitting state­ specific fuel changes (e. g. , low RVP, low sulfur) may lead to greater uncertainty in fuel supply and may cause periodic shortages unless there is a mechanism to ensure consistency across state boundaries. Although ethanol blended gasoline can be blended to maintain low vapor pressure, reformulated gasoline made with ethanol will likely increase evaporative emissions when commingled with other fuels in markets where ethanol occupies 30 percent to 50 percent of the market. 133 (Refer to Issue Summary B, "Air Quality Benefits"). In order to minimize commingling, refiners in these markets will need to develop and use infrastructure (storage, trucks, etc.) dedicated to fuels containing ethanol. In areas of the country (e. g., the Midwest) where ethanoI has been the predominant fuel additive, this wilI not be a problem. However, areas of the country that have not traditionally used ethanol fuels, but would likely do so for a part of their supply in the future, will need to make infrastructure investments to avoid losses in air quality as a result of commingling. Even then, some commingling of fuels will likely occur when l 3 LU. S. Department of Energy, Estimating fhe Refining Impacts of Revised mgenate Requirements for Gasoline: Summary Findings, March 1999; Downstream Alternatives, Ethanol Supply, Demand, and Logistics: Calfornia and Other RFG Markets, May 1999. `'' California Energy Commission, Supply and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1998. 133 Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, heragency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. 74 consumers mix ethanol blended gasoline with non­ ethanol blended gasoline in their vehicles' tanks (see discussion in Air Quality Section B.). JY. Cost Impacts of Changing Fuel Reformulations A. Cost Impacts The cost of gasoline is influenced by a wide range of factors, including crude oil prices, refining costs, the grade and type of the gasoline, taxes, available supplies (inventory), seasonal and regional market demand, weather, transportation costs, and specific areas' relative costs of living. Each additional cent per gallon increase in average gasoline price is equivalent to annual costs of between $1 billion to $1.3 billion, borne ultimately by consumers. Both ethanol and oil receive some subsidy from the government. All fuel ethanol receives a $0.54 per gallon subsidy, while approximately 6­ 7 percent of gasoline receives a cost benefit from the crude oil depletion allowance. In both cases these government subsidies are supported by Congress because it is seen to expand domestic industry; increase commerce and employment; improve the nation's balance of trade (i. e., reduce imports and increase exports); and generate additional personal and corporate incomes and the taxes accruing from these incomes. Analysis has suggested that the real cost to the government is a net benefit. For example, replacing the 282,000 b/ d of ethers used in RFG in 1997 would require approximately 146,000 b/ d of ethanol on an oxygen equivalent basis. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the incremental annual cost to the Federal government (i. e., to taxpayers) for new fuel ethanol production of 146,000 b/ d (approximately 2.2 billion gallons per year) would be approximately $1.2 bi1li0n. l~~ The State of Nebraska Ethanol Board estimates that the ethanol subsidy resulted in $3.5 billion in net savings for the Federal government in 1997.13' Table 2 shows recent information from the U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) regarding the price differences among CaRFG, Federal RFG, conventional gasoline, and the national average price for gasoline. These prices reflect the various factors that influence the cost of gasoline. For example, after reaching their lowest point in 25 years (adjusted for inflation) at the end of 1998, world crude oil prices began recovering during the spring of 1999. In addition, April represents the beginning of the summer driving season, which leads to higher gasoline demand; California is regionally influenced by the summer driving demand before much of the rest of the nation. Finally, California prices have been influenced in 1999 by fires and shutdowns at several major refineries. Thus, due to regional and seasonal demand variation, the volatility of world crude oil prices and unforeseen supply shortages, consumers may see swings in gasoline prices of as much as $. 50 per gallon. This figure is the result of the following calculations: (1) Calculate the total ether supply for RFG and oxygenated fuels in 1997: 265,000 b/ d + 17,000 b/ d = 282,000 b/ d; (2) Multiply 282,000 b/ d by 0.52 to adjust for the oxygen equivalency of ethanol = 146,640 b/ d, or 2.2 billion gallons annually; (3) Multiply by the $0.54 per gallon subsidy = $1.2 billion per year (refer to Table D1 in the Appendix for total ether volumes). 13' State of Nebraska Ethanol Board, "Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production in the United States," April, 1998. Table 2. Gasoline Prices, February 1999 and April 1999 (per gallon, including State and Federal taxes) February 1999 April 1999 California RFG $1.101 $1.568 Federal RFG $0.987 $1.229 Conventional $0.901 $1 .OB8 Average $0.927 $1.131 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration Nevertheless, the real cost of gasoline, although quite variable, increases with higher refining costs, which are associated with environmental quality restrictions and local or regional differences in gasoline specifications. Fuel refinedmarketers have commented that with (1) adequate lead time to make refinery investments and modifications; (2) regulatory certainty regarding specific fuel requirements; and (3) fuel fungibility on a regional or national scope, increases in fuel prices due to regulatory changes may not cause substantia1 and unnecessary volatility in prices beyond the normal seasonal fluctuations. Economic impacts will not be shared equally among petroleum refinedmarketers. Refineries each process different types of crude, supply different mixes of products (e. g., some refineries do not manufacture any RFG), and use widely varying technologies. For example, the State of California currently requires low levels of sulfur in CaRFG. As such, the economic impact of lowering sulfur levels would not be as great for some California refineries that manufacture mostly CaRFG as it might be for some other refiners, and in other markets where refineries would require capital investments for desulfurization facilities. Similarly, areas of the country that rely heavily on oxygenates such as MTBE will experience a more pronounced economic effect in the event of a oxygenate replacement or removal (e. g., Texas, California, and Northeast RFG markets use MTBE, whereas the Chicago and Milwaukee RFG markets use ethanol). B. Modeling Modeling fuel price increases is a relatively effective technique with which to examine the direction of the impacts of regional fuel formulation choices on gasoline costs. Such predictions are instructive in assessing the relative impacts of different options assuming constant assumptions. Models should not be used, however, to predict exact outcomes. With the exception of precipitous transition times and a major increase in ethanol use, which would require significant new infrastructure, all other modeled scenarios add cost to gasoline of a magnitude similar to the typical variability of gasoline prices. The results of three such models are summarized below (also refer to Table D2 in the Appendix): I 0 The California Energy Commission estimated that the intennediate­ term (three years) change in the price of California RFG could range from a decrease of 0.2 cents per gallon to an increase of 8.8 cents per gallon depending on the type of oxygenate used (if oxygenates are used at all), the lead time to implement the changes, and flexibility 76 regarding the type and amount of oxygenate This study did not analyze the likely economic impacts to areas outside of California if MTBE use were to be phased out in California or nationally (i e ., increased market volatility from dependence on imported blendstocks to replace MTBE, with or without ethanol use). A ChevrordTosco analysis estimates that if refiners were given flexibility in oxygenate use, a California ban on MTBE would increase the cost of CaRFG 2.7 cents per gallon within a three year­ period. Without oxygenate flexibility, the price would increase 6.1 cents per gall~ n. '~ ' An analysis by Pace Consultants found that it would cost an additional 0.7 to 24 cents per gaIion to make reformulated gasoline blendstock that is suitable for use with etfianol (rather than MTBE) in the summer during the RFG Phase I1 program. For refiners already using ethanol in RFG (less than 10 percent of the RFG market), the Pace study indicated that the additional cost of using ethanol in Phase I1 RFG would be less than one cent per gallon. In general, the cost of RVP reduction differs among refiners and depends on refinery process configuration, product and raw material slates, and ability to dispose of streams displaced in RVP reduction. 138 A recent DOE analysis shows that under the scenario of an ether ban, assuming at least four years for refinery investment, and with a continuation of the oxygenate requirement for RFG, the increased cost for RFG per gallon in PADD I ranges from 2.4 cents to 3.9 cents, with the cost most sensitive to the price of ethan01. I~~ This analysis, however, was not national in scope. C. Conclusions Assuming that changes in oxygenate requirements occur, the limited modeling analyses to date have shown that for California and PADD I: 0 Once regulations are finalized, a range of three to six years is necessary to develop the infrastructure necessary to substantially alter the regional, possibly national, fuel formulation and supply infrastructure without serious market volatility. 0 The estimated costs of implementing these changes will range from a slight savings under a scenario of oxygenate­ use flexibility and continued MTBE use, to a cost of about '36California Energy Commission, Supply and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1998. 13' MathPro, Potential Economic Benefits of the Feinstein­ Bilbray Bill, March 18, 1999. 13* PACE Consultants, Inc., Analysis and Refinery Implications of Ethanol­ Based RFG Blends Under the Complex Model Phase II, November 1998. 139 U. S. Department of Energy, Estimating the Relining Impacts of Revised Oxygenate Requirements for Gasoline: Follow­ up Findings, Nay 1999. 77 3 .! ­4 8.8 cents per gallon under a scenario of no oxygenate use (no mandate). (See TabIe D2 in the Appendix). Because no studies have been national in scope, the predictions of cost impacts are uncertain. In addition, most studies were conducted on the assumption of meeting only the current regulatory minimum emission reductions. 0 The likely oxygenate replacement for MTBE is ethanol. Current and near future ethanol production (Le., on­ line in less than two years), however, is not adequate to meet the volume of oxygenate required nationally. Transporting ethanol from the Midwest, where it is primarily produced, to Northeast and California markets will require significant efforts to upgrade and build new pipeline (or use segregated shipments through existing pipelines), rail, marine, and truck transportation infrastructure. 78 ­­­­ Appendix D Region Table D1, Oxygenate Demand in Reformulated and Oxygenated Gasoline Control Areas, 1997 (thousands of barrels per day) I Estimated Oxygenate Volume I in Control Area Gasoline Estimated 1997 1 ControlAmas 1 MTBE 1 ETBEorTAME I Ethanol Reformulated Gasoline PADD 1 (East Coast) PADD 2 (Midwest) PAD0 3 (Gulf Coast) PADD 4 (Rocky Mountain) PAD0 5 (West Coast) 1,054 128.2 270 4.0 282 27.4 0 0.0 934 100.9 9.1 1 .o' 0.0 21.8 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 2.0 Subtotal 2,674 259.5 f5.7 24.7 Oxygenated Gasoline PAD0 1 (East Coast) PADD 2 (Midwest) PADD 3 (Gulf Coast) PADD 4 (Rocky Mountain) 0 c. 0 79 0.0 16 0.0 36 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 1.4 1.1 2.7 PADD 5 (West Coast) 73 0.1 0.0 4.7 Subtotal 204 0.5 f ­I 15.5 Oxygenated­ Reformulated Gasoline PADD 1 (East Coast) 137 4.8 0.0 0.4 PADD 5 (West Coast) 10 0.1 0.0 0.7 Subtotal 147 4.9 0 .o I .I Average 1997 Oxygenate Demand for RFG and Oxygenated Gasoline Blending 265 17 41 Imputed Oxygenate Demand for Conventional Gasoline (e. g., octane and gasohol) 4. ­ 41 Total 1997 Oxygenate Supply 269 17 82 'Other sources have estimated this number to be as high as 25,000 b/ d (Sunoco) and 28,000 b/ d (DeWitt) for ethers in the conventional pool, with a slightly lower volume in the RFG pool. Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, (T. Litterdale and A. Bohn), Demand end Price Outlook for Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline, 2000. April 1999, pp. 7­ 8. Note: "­ ' signifies "Not Applicable." ... !, , 79 g; L I . i Table D2. Summary of Modeling Results (cents per gallon) __ Results (cents per gallon) Report Scenario I Intermediate Term Long Term I No oxygenates allowed ­ CEC Analysis: no oxygen requirement California Only 9 Ethanol only ­ oxygen requirement maintained (3years) 1 (6 Years) 4.3 to 8.8 6.1 to 6.7 (less than 2 years, no investment) 0.9 to 3.7 1.9 to 2.5 (at least 4 years, investment allowed) No ethers ­ no oxygen requirement ChevronKweo Analysls: California Only Ethanol only ­ oxygen requirement maintained 2.7 6.1 1.2 1.9 MTBE allowed ­ no oxygenate requirement DOE Analysis: No ethers ­ no oxygen PADD I Only requirement Ethanol only ­ oxygen requirement maintained ­0.3 Not Investigated Not Investigated 1.9 6.0 2.4 to 3.9 Source: U. S. Environmental Proteaion Agency 80 E. Comparing the Fuel Additives I. Introduction In comparing various alternatives to the current use of automotive fuel additives (primarily oxygenates), the relative impact of these alternative compounds on the environment as a whole must be considered. More specifically, one must assess how changes to fuels or fuel additives impact: ' Air quality and fie1 blending characteristics; Fuel or fuel additive behavior and fate under and rarious water and soil conditions; Potential health effects resulting from exposure to the additives or their combustion products. Health effects research is currently underway by industry2 and EPA3 to understand more fully the comparative risks associated with exposure to fuels both with and without oxygenates, including methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethanol, ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary­ amyl methyl ether (TAME), and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA).` Although the majority of this research is focused on inhalation­ related health effects, the results should help in our understanding of the human health risks associated with exposure to fiels Erom any route of exposure. Currently, there is not enough information to fully characterize potential health risks of all the oxygenates or their alternatives. Ir. MTBE A. Air Quality and Fuel Blending serves as a cost­ effective oxygenate for blending in reformulated gasoline (FWG), enabling fuels to meet both California and Federal RFG air quality requirements while preserving octane enhancement, low VOC emissions, and driveability. Analyses have shown that even without an oxygen ' Refer to Issue Summaries A and B, "Water Contamination" and "Air Quality Benefits" respectively, for detailed discussions of these topics. T3. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register Vol. 63, No. 236, December 9,1998, p. 67877. Final Notification of Health Effects Testing Requirements for Baseline Gasoline and Oxygenated Nonbaseline Gasoline and Approval of an Alternative Emissions Generator. Jim Prah of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently conducting studies on pharmacokinetics of MTBE. Refer to Table El in this section's Appendix for detailed data on the chemical properties of these and related compounds. 81 ! ! mandate, MTBE use is economically suited to meet air quality and gasoline performance goals. 5 However, it should be noted that emissions of formaldehyde (a probable carcinogen), resulting from the incomplete combustion of fuels, increase by about I3 (+ 6) percent with the use of 2.0 percent by weight (wt%) MTBE oxygenated gasoline! B. Behavior in Water MTBE, an ether, is more soluble in water than other gasoline components and appears recalcitrant to biodegradation relative to other components of concern in gasoline, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively referred to as "BTEX"). ' In general, compared to the slow migration of BTEX compounds in subsurface soil and ground water, MTBE moves at nearly the same velocity as the ground water itself. This is due to MTBE's high water solubility and low soil sorption. Given sufficient time and distance, MTBE would be expected to be at the leading edge of a gasoline contamination plume or could become completely separated from the rest of the plume if the original source of oxygenate were eliminated. 8 Tert­ butyl alcohol (TBA) is the primary metabolite of MTBE resulting from biodegradation, but is also a common byproduct in the production of MTBE and often present with MTBE in the fuel supply. ' Thus, detection of TBA in ground water is not necessarily evidence of MTBE biodegradation. By itself, TBA, like ethanol, is infinitely (miscible) soluble in water and is reported to be recalcitrant to bi~ degradation.~ C. Health Effects In terms of neurotoxicity and reproductive effects, inhalation toxicity testing to date generally has not shown MTBE to be any more toxic than other components of gasoline. At high doses, MTBE has caused tumors in two species of rat and one species of mouse at a variety of sites; it is uncertain, however, whether these effects can be extrapolated to humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer U. S. Department of Energy, Estimating the Reflning Impacts of Revised Oxygenate Requirements for Gasoline: Summary Findings, March 1999; California Energy Commission, Supply and Cost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1999; Robert Cunningham, "Costs of Potential Ban of MTBE in Gasolines," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. ' T. W. Kirchstetter, et. al., "Impact of Oxygenated Gasoline Use on California Light­ Duty Vehicle Emissions, '' Environ. Sci. And Tech., 1996. ' U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Deveioprnent, Oxygenates in Water: Critical information and Research Nee&, December 1998. 8­ A. M. Happel et al., An Evaluation of MTBE Impacts to Caifornia Groundwater Resources, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory Report, UCRL­ AR­ 130897, June 1998. ORce of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council. Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997; Steffan, R. J,. et. al., Biodegradation of the Gasoline Oxygenates Methyl tert­ Butyl Ether (MTBE)), Ethyl tert­ Bupl Ether (ETBE), and tert­ Amyl Methyl Ether (T. AME) by Propane Oxidizing Bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63( 1 l): 42 16­ 4222). 82 .,._ I.. .,._._... ­I_...­­­­­ .. .. ­­­ (IARC) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) have indicated that at this time there are not adequate data to consider MTBE a probable or known human carcinogen, '0 There are limited data on human populations that may be sensitive to MTBE. Although there is some evidence that fuels containing MTBE could irritate the eyes, as well as cause headaches and rashes, effects attributed to MTBE alone have yet to be proven. Limited epidemiological data suggest greater attention should be given to the potential for increased symptom reporting among highly exposed workers." There have been no human or animal health effects studies performed for MTBE in drinking water. However, human and animal studies are currently underway at the U. S. Environmental Protection . Agency (EPA), Health Effects Institute (HEI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CIIT) to address some of these research needs. I2 Animal ingestion studies using "bolus" (all at once) dosing of MTBE in olive oil have shown carcinogenic effects at high levels of exposure (250,000 micrograms per kilogram animal body weight and higher). I3 l4 Drinking water containing MTBE at or below the taste and odor levels identified in the EPA's Drinking Water Advisory (20 to 40 micrograms per liter) is not expected to cause adverse health concerns for the majority of the pop~ lation. '~ The turpentine­ like taste and odor ofMTBE, however, can make such drinking water unacceptable to consumers. TBA is a major metabolite of MTBE, regardless of the route of exposure. Animal testing of TBA in drinking water produced carcinogenic effects at high levels of exposure (1,250,000 micrograms per liter and higher). '$ Additionally, formaldehyde, also a metabolite of MTBE, is a respiratory imtant at high Io Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency 'I Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. I* Correspondence with the Health Effects Institute, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, and EPA verify currently on­ going studies on animal and human health effects from MTBE exposure. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Water, Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Effects Analysis on Methyl Tertiav­ Butyl Ether (MTBE), December 1997. I4 It should be noted that the National Research Council has cautioned against the use of this study until a thorough review has been accomplished, including an objective third­ party review of the pathology. (Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels, National Research Council, Washington, D. C. 1996, page 115.) Is U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Water, Drinking Water Ahisow: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Egects Analysis on Methi Tertiaiy­ Butyl Ether (MTBE), December 1997. I6 US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptabiliry Advice and Health Effects Analysis on Methyl Tertiary­ Butyl Ether (MBE), December 1997. 83 levels of human exposure and is currently considered by EPA to be a probable human carcinogen by the inhalation route, with less certainty via ingestion." El. Ethanol A. Air Quality and Fuel Blending Ethanol is commonly used as an octane enhancer in conventional gasoline, as well as serving as an oxygenate for blending in Federal RFG and oxygenated gasoline in a number of locations (primarily in the Midwest). 18 Because of its unique physical and chemical properties, ethanol raises the volatility of gasoline with which it is blended, thus additional refinery processing of blendstocks is performed prior to ethanol biending in order to meet the air quality performance standards in reformulated fuels. '9 Ethanol is soluble in the water commonly found in pipelines and storage tanks associated with the gasoline distribution system, and once mixed with water will separate from the gasoline. Due to this potential phase separation, which can occur when ethanol and gasoline blends are transported through pipelines, ethanol is usuaily blended at the terminal, rather than the refinery. A National Research Council study20 did not support using ozone forming potential or reactivity (as opposed to mass emission reductions) to assess the relative effectiveness of MTBE or ethanol in the RFG program. However, the report did find that the contribution of the reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) and its effect on ozone formation should be recognized in assessments of the effects of ethanol in RFG. (Refer to Issue Summary B, "Air QuaIity Benefits.") In markets where ethanol blended fuels make up 30 percent to 50 percent of the market, the possibility of commingling of ethanol fuels with non­ ethanol fuels in the fuel supply system will require separation of ethanol fuel infrastructure, and commingling in the gas tank can result in an increase in both vapor pressure and evaporative (Refer to Issue Summary B, "Air Quality Benefits.") Vehicle exhaust emissions data have shown that acetaldehyde (principle metabolite of ethanol) emissions can increase by as much as 100 percent with the use of 2.0 wt% ethanol oxygenated gasoline, part of which undergoes photochemical reactions in the atmosphere to make peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). 22 Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. '* Refer to Issue Summary D, "Fuel Supply and Cost," for a more detailed discussion of this topic. l9 California Energy Commission, Supply andcost Alternatives to MTBE in Gasoline, October 1999. Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessmenf of Oxygenated Fuels, June 1997. Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council, Interagency Assessment ofoxygenated Fuels, June 1997. z2 J. Froines et, al., Health andEnvironmentaI Assessment of m B E , Vol. I/, November, 1998; A. P. Altshuller, "PANS in the Atmosphere," J. Air Waste Manag. ASSOC., 1993,43( 9), 1221­ 1230; L. Milgrom, "Clean Car Fuels (continued ...) 84 B. Behavior in Water "Neat" (pure) ethanol is infin., ely soluble in water. Laboratory data and hypothetical modeling indicate that based on physical, chemical, and biological properties, ethanol will likely preferentially biodegrade in ground water compared with other gasoline components with the potential to extend BTEX plumes further than they would be without ethanol pre~ ent. '~ Although ethanol has been shown to retard BTEX biodegradation under certain faboratory conditions, evidence of ethanol's effect on the migration of BTEX plumes under various conditions, Le., hydrogeology; field concentrations; nature of release scenario (for example, large sudden release versus slow continuous release) has not been collected and compiled. 24 A more comprehensive review is still needed to investigate and determine the nature and extent of field experiences regarding ethanol's effect (including behavior and fate properties) on BTEX pfume migration, aquifer remediation, and drinking water treatment. C. Health Effects The health effects of ingested ethanol have been extensively investigated. Given that ethanol is formed naturally in the body at low levels, inhalation exposure to ethanol at the low levels that humans are likely to be exposed are generally not expected to result in adverse health effects.= Health effects questions have been raised, however, about potentiaIly sensitive subpopulations. In addition, increased use of ethanol may result in increases of certain atmospheric transformation products, such as PAN and acetaldehyde, although the extent of such increase is unknown. 26 PAN, which has been shown to be mutagenic in cellular research, is a known toxin to plant life and a respiratory irritant to humans.* ' Combustion byproducts of ethanol may also cause adverse health effects. Acetaldehyde is a respiratory irritant at high levels of human exposure and is currently classified by EPA as a probabIe human carcinogen. 22 (... continued) Run Into Trouble," New Scientist, 1989, 122 (1656), 30. 23 Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. [Based on Malcome Pirnie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] *% Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. [Based on Malcome Pirnie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] 25 Health Effects Institute, The Potential Health Effects of Uxygenutes Added to Gasoline, April 1996. 26 Health Effects Institute, The Potential Health Eflects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline, April 1996. 27 L. Milgrom, "Clean Car Fuels Run Into Trouble," New Scientist, 1989, 122 (1656), 30. 85 N. Other Ethers28 A. Air QuaIity and Fuel Blending Other ethers have been shown to provide the same emissions benefits as MTBE or ethanol, Alternative ethers (except tertiary­ amyl methyl ether ­ TAME) have found only limited use, however, because they are economically less competitive to manufacture. B. Behavior in Water Other ethers are likely to be similar, although not identical to, MTBE, i. e. highly soluble in ground witer, poorly sorbed to soil, and degraded more slowly than BTEX chemicals. Behavior in ground water is a function of solubility, soil sorption, and the ability to biodegrade. All oxygenates are significantly more soluble than benzene and evidence to date demonstrates that in situ biodegradation of these compounds is limited as compared to benzene. Differences may exist between solubility and degradability of ethers. Accelerated studies are necessary in order to make this determination. C. Health Effects Although toxicity testing of these substances is underway, there is less current knowledge regarding the inhalation or ingestion health effects associated with these compounds than for ethanol and MTBE. V. Other Alternatives A. Air Quality and Fuel Blending In addition to ethanol, the most likely alternatives to replace the current volume of MTBE and other ethers in RFG are increased use of refinery streams such as alkylates, reformates, aromatics, and other streams resulting from the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. Alkylates are a mix of high octane, low vapor pressure branched chain paraffinic hydrocarbons that can be made from crude oil through well established refinery processes, using the output from an FCC unit. Because of these desirable properties, alkylates are highly favored as streams for blending into ga~ oline. '~ In general, an increase in the amount of alkylates used in fuels will have no adverse effect on overall vehicle perf~ rmance.~ ' Aromatics are hydrocarbons characterized by unsaturated ring structures 28 Ethers are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Often used as gasoline blendstocks and as oxygenates, ethers include: MTBE; ETBE; TAME; and diisopropyl ether (DIPE). ... 29 Dexter Miller, "Alkylates, Key Components in Clean­ Burning Gasoline," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. 30 Duane Bordvick, Tosco Corporation, "Perspectives on Gasoline Blending for Clean Air," presentation at the (continued.. .) March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting; AI Jessel, Chevron Products Company, "Removing MTBE From 86 of carbon atoms (Le. benzene, toluene, and xylene), and increased use of aromatics would be likely to increase toxic emissions when used in high quantities. Refiners in California have produced non­ oxygenated fuels using lower sulfur, alkylates and aromatics, that meet or exceed all California RFG air quality requirement^.^ ' B. Behavior in Water Alkylates are nonpolar and have a much lower (over 100 times less) solubility in water than aromatics such as BTEX compounds. Based on alkylates' physical, chemical, and biological properties, dissolution from the gasoline source area, biodegradation, and movement in ground water, are all expected to be significantly slower than BTEX compounds. Water­ related environmental fate research should include studies in the following areas: 0 Water solubility, dissolution behavior, and sorption tendency to soil and aquifer material; Effects of biodegradation on the gasoline contaminated plume's overall movement; Transformation studies to determine if the compound breaks down in soil or surface/ ground water; and 0 Whether intermediates andor final products pose either a greater or lesser risk. C. Health Effects Alkylates have long been a common ingredient in fuels, and thus a modest increase in alkylate content would not be expected to cause additional human health risks above those, already associated with human exposure to fuels. However, the human and aquatic toxicity risk data associated with exposure to alkylates are limited. Aromatics have also long been used in fuel, and contain compounds (e. g. benzene and toluene) which are known to have a range of potential health effects; any substantial increase in their use should be carefulIy evaluated. At a minimum, testing for non oxygenated fuel alternatives should include sufficient data to develop an adequate risk assessment. These tests should seek inhalation and ingestion data through animal toxicity and human microenvironmental exposure studies using both the additives themselves, and the gasoline mixtures of which they are a part. (... continued) 30 Gasoline," presentation at the March 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. 1 I 3 1 MathPro, Potential Economic Benefits of the Feinstein­ Bilbray Bill, March 18, 1999. I 87 i I, Appendix E Table El. Chemical Properties of Selected Compounds' Alkylates Benzenez MTBE' Ethanol' ETBE' TAME' TBA' (isooctane) Molecular Weight (glmol) 78.11 88.2 46.1 102.2 102.2 74.1 114.2 Boiling Point (O C) 80.1 55.2 78.5 72.2 86.3 82.4 99.2 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg at 20 OC) 73 240 44 130 75 41 72 Density (glL) 0.88 0.74 0.79 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.69 Octane Number 94 110 115 112 105 100 100 Neat Solubility (gl1OOg H, O) 0.178 4.8 miscible 1.2 1.2 miscible << 0.01 Solubility into H20 from Gasoline (g/ lOOg H20) Taste Threshold in Water (ug/ L) <. 01 0.55 5.7b 0.33 0.24 2.5' ­ 500 20to40 ­ 47 128 ­ ­ 21 ­ Odor Threshold (ppm) 0.5 0.053 49 0.013 0.027 a Adapted from USGS. For a detailed discussion of the solubility in water from gasoline mixture containing 2% oxygen, see p. 2­ 50 ­ 2­ 53 of the National Science and Technology Council. Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels (June 1997). The water solubiliiies of the alcohols are estimates based on partitioning properties. Sources: Environment ­ A Review of the Literature (Port Arthur, Texas, 1995). Otganic Chemicak: Vol. Ill, Volatile Otganic Compounds (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, Inc, 1993) p . 916. Organic Chemicals: Vol. Ill, Volatile Orgenic Compounds (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, Inc, 1993) p. 962. ' D. L. Conrad, Texaco Research and Development Department, The lmpacfs of Gasoline Oxygenate Releases to the Donald Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Illustrated Handbook of Physical­ Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Donald Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Illustrated Handbook of Physical­ Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Key: ­ " signifies 'Not Applicable." g/ mol= Grams Per Mole x° C = Degrees Celsius mm Hg = Millimeters of Mercury g/ L = Grams Per Liter g l l 00s H20 ­ Grams Per 100 Grams of Water uglL = Micrograms Per Liter ppm = Parts Per Million ­ 88 CHAPTER 3. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE BLUE RIBBON PANEL Findings Based on its review of the issues, the Panel made the following overall findings: The distribution, use, and combustion of gasoline poses risks to our environment and public health. RFG provides considerable air quality improvements and benefits for millions of US citizens. The use of MTBE has raised the issue of the effects of both MTBE alone and MTBE in gasoline. This Panel was not constituted to perform an independent comprehensive health assessment and has chosen to rely on recent reports by a number of state, national, and international health agencies. What seems clear, however, is that MTBE, due to its persistence and mobility in water, is more likely to contaminate ground and sul­ face water than the other components of gasoline. MTBE has been found in a number of water supplies nationwide, primarily causing consumer odor and taste concerns that have led water suppliers to reduce use of those supplies. Incidents of MTBE in drinking water supplies at levels well above EPA and state guidelines and standards have occurred, but are rare. The Panel believes that the occurrence of MTBE in drinking water supplies can and should be substantially reduced. MTBE is currently an integral component of the US. gasoline supply both in terms of volume and octane. As such, changes in its use, with the attendant capital construction and infrastructure modifications, must be implemented with sufficient time, certainty, and flexibility to maintain the stability of both the complex U. S. fuel supply system and gasoline prices. The following recommendations are intended to be implemented as a single package of actions designed to simultaneously maintain air quality benefits while enhancing water quality protection and assuring a stable fuel supply at reasonable cost. The majority of these recommendations could be implemented by federal and state environmental agencies without further legislative action, and we would urge their rapid implementation. We would, as well, urge all parties to work with Congress to implement those of our recommendations that require legislative action. Recommendations to Enhance Water Protection Based on its review of the existing federal, state and local programs to protect, treat, and remediate water supplies, the Blue Ribbon Panel makes the following recommendations to enhance, accelerate, and expand existing programs to improve protection of drinking water supplies from contamination. 89 Prevention .. 1. EPA, working with the states, should take the following actions to enhance significantly the Federal and State Underground Storage Tank programs: a. Accelerate enforcement of the replacement of existing tank systems to conform with the federally­ required December 22, 1998 deadline for upgrade, including, at a minimum, moving to have all states prohibit fuel deliveries to non­ upgraded tanks, and adding enforcement and compliance resources to ensure prompt enforcement action, especially in areas using RFG and Wintertime Oxyfuel. b. Evaluate the field performance of current system design requirements and technology and, based on that evaluation, improve system requirements to minimize leaksh­ eleases, particularly in vulnerable areas (see recommendations on Wellhead Protection Program in 2. below). C. Strengthen release detection requirements to enhance early detection, particularly in vulnerable areas, and to ensure rapid repair and remediation. d. Require monitoring and reporting of MTBE and other ethers in groundwater at all UST reIease sites. e. Encourage states to require that the proximity to drinking water supplies, and the potential to impact those supplies, be considered in land­ use planning and permitting decisions for siting of new UST facilities and petroleum pipelines. f. Implement and/ or expand programs to train and license UST system installers and maintenance personnel. g. Work with Congress to examine and, if needed, expand the universe of regulated tanks to include underground and aboveground fuel storage systems that are not currently regulated yet pose substantial risk to drinking water supplies. 2. EPA should work with its state and local water supply partners to enhance implementation of the Federal and State Safe Drinking Water Act programs to: a. Accelerate, particularly in those areas where RFG or Oxygenated Fuel is used, the assessments of drinking water source protection areas required in Section 1453 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended in 1996. b. Coordinate the Source Water Assessment program in each state with federal and state Underground Storage Tank Programs using geographic information and other advanced data systems to determine the location of drinking water sources and to identify UST sites within source protection zones. 90 C. AcceIerate currently­ planned implementation of testing for and reporting of MTBE in public drinking water supplies to occur before 2001. d. Increase ongoing federal, state, and local efforts in Wellhead Protection Areas including: ­ enhanced permitting, design, and system installation requirements for USTs and pipelines in these areas; strengthened efforts to ensure that non­ operating USTs are properly closed; enhanced UST release prevention and detection; and improved inventory management of fuels. ­ ­ ­ 3. EPA should work with states and localities to enhance their efforts to protect lakes and reservoirs that serve as drinking water supplies by restricting use of recreational water craft, particularly those with older motors. 4. EPA should work with other federal agencies, the states, and private sector partners to implement expanded programs to protect private well users, including, but not limited to: a. A nationwide assessment of the incidence of contamination of private wells by components of gasoline as well as by other common contaminants in shallow groundwater; b. Broad­ based outreach and public education programs for owners and users of private wells on preventing, detecting, and treating contamination; and C. Programs to encourage and facilitate regular water quality testing of private weils. . 5. Implement, through public­ private partnerships, expanded Public Education programs at the federal, state, and local levels on the proper handling and disposal of gasoline. 6. Develop and impIement an integrated field research program into the groundwater behavior of gasoline and oxygenates, including: ­ a. Identifying and initiating research at a population of UST release sites and nearby drinking water supplies including sites with MTBE, sites with ethanol, and sites using no oxygenate; and b. Conducting broader, comparative studies of levels of MTBE, ethanol, benzene, and other gasoline compounds in drinking water supplies in areas using 91 primarily MTBE, areas using primarily ethanol, and areas using no or lower levels of oxygenate. Treatment and Remedialion 7. EPA should work with Congress to expand resources available for the up­ front funding of the treatment of drinking water supplies contaminated with MTBE and other gasoline components to ensure that affected supplies can be rapidly treated and returned to service, or that an alternative water supply can be provided. This could take a number of forms, including but not limited to: a. Enhancing the existing Federal Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund by fully appropriating the annual available amount in the Fund, ensuring that treatment of contaminated drinking water supplies can be funded, and streamlining the procedures for obtaining funding; b. Establishing another form of funding mechanism which ties the funding more directly to the source of contamination; and C. Encouraging states to consider targeting State Revolving Funds (SRF) to help accelerate treatment and remediation in high priority areas. 8. Given the different behavior of MTBE in groundwater when compared to other components of gasoline, states in RFG and Oxyfuel areas should reexamine and enhance state and federal "triage" procedures for prioritizing remediation efforts at UST sites based on their proximity to drinking water supplies. 9. Accelerate laboratory and field research, and pilot projects, for the development and implementation of cost­ effective water supply treatment and remediation technology, and harmonize these efforts with other public/ private efforts underway. Recommendations for Blendiw Fuel for Clean Air and Water Based on its review of the current water protection programs, and the likely progress that can be made in tightening and strengthening those programs by implementing Recommendations 1 ­ 9 above, the Panel agreed broadly, although not unanimously, that even enhanced protection programs will not give adequate assurance that water supplies will be protected, and that changes need to be made to the RFG program to reduce the amount of MTBE being used, while ensuring that the air quality benefits of RFG, and fuel supply and price stability, are maintained. ­ Given the complexity of the national fuel system, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the fuel blending options the Panel considered (see Appendix A), and the need to maintain the air quality benefits of the current program, the Panel recommends an integrutedpackuge of actions by both Congress and EPA that should be implemented as quickly aspossible. The key elements of that package, described in more detail beIow, are: 92 Action agreed to broadly by the Panel to reduce the use of MTBE substantially (with some members supporting its complete phase­ out), and action by Congress to clarify federal and state authority to regulate and/ or eliminate the use of gasoline additives that threaten drinking water supplies; Action by Congress to remove the current 2 percent oxygen requirement to ensure that adequate fuel supplies can be blended in a cost­ effective manner while quickly reducing usage of MTBE; and Action by EPA to ensure that there is no loss of current air quality benefits. The Oxwen Reauirement 10. The current Clean Air Act requirement to require 2 percent oxygen, by weight, in RFG must be removed in order to provide flexibility to blend adequate fuel supplies in a cost­ effective manner while quickly reducing usage of MTBE and maintaining air quality benefits. The Panel recognizes that Congress, when adopting the oxygen requirement, sought to advance several national policy goals (energy security and diversity, agricultural policy, etc) that are beyond the scope of our expertise and deliberations. The Panel further recognizes that if Congress acts on the recommendation to remove the requirement, Congress will likely seek other legislative mechanisms to fulfill these other national policy interests. Maintaining Air Benefits 1 1. Present toxic emission performance of RFG can be attributed, to some degree, to a combination of three primary factors: (1) mass emission performance requirements; (2) the use of oxygenates; and (3) a necessary compliance margin with a per gallon standard. In Ca1 RFG, caps on specific components of fuel is an additional factor to which toxics emission reductions can be attributed. Outside of California, lifting the oxygen requirement as recommended above may lead to fuel reformulations that achieve the minimum performance staiidards required under the 1990 Act, rather than the Iarger air quality benefits currently observed. In addition, changes in the RFG program could have adverse consequences for conventiona1 gasoline as well. ­ Within California, lifting the oxygen requirement will result in greater flexibility to maintain and enhance emission reductions, particularly as California pursues new formulation requirements for gasoline. 93 In order to ensure that there is no loss of current air quality benefits, EPA should seek appropriate mechanisms for both the RFG Phase I1 and Conventional Gasoline programs to define and maintain in RFG I1 the real world performance observed in RFG Phase I while preventing deterioration of the current air quality performance of conventional gasoline?* There are several possible mechanisms to accomplish this. One obvious way is to enhance the mass­ based performance requirements currently used in the program. At the same time, the Panel recognizes that the different exhaust components pose differential risks to public health due in large degree to their variable potency. The Panel urges EPA to explore and implement mechanisms to achieve equivalent or improved public health results that focus on reducing those compounds that pose the greatest risk. Reducing the Use of MTBE 12, The Panel agreed broadly that, in order to minimize current and future threats to drinking water, the use of MTl3E should be reduced substantially. Several members believed that the use of MTBE should be phased out completely. The Panel recommends that Congress act quickly to clarify federal and state authority to regulate and/ or eliminate the use of gasoline additives that pose a threat to drinking water ~upplies. 3~ 32 The Panel is aware of the current proposal for further changes to the sulfur levels of gasoline and recognizes that implementation of any change resulting from the Panel's recommendations will, of necessity, need to be coordinated with implementation of these other changes. However, a majority of the Panel considered the maintenance of current RFG air quality benefits as separate from any additional benefits that might accrue from the sulfur changes currently under consideration. 33 Under $2 1 I of the 1990 Clean Air Act, Congress provided EPA with authority to regulate fuel formulation to improve air quality. In addition to EPA's national authority, in $2 1 I( c)( 4) Congress sought to balance the desire for maximum uniformity in our nation's fuel supply with the obligation to empower states to adopt measures necessary to meet national air quality standards. Under 821 l( c)( 4), states may adopt regulations on the components of fuel, but must demonstrate that 1) their proposed regulations are needed to address a violation of the NAAQS and 2) it i s not possible to achieve the desired outcome without such changes. The Panel recommends that Federal law be amended to clarify EPA and state authority to regulate and/ or eliminate gasoline additives that threaten water supplies. It is expected that this would be done initially on a national level to maintain uniformity in the fuel supply. For further action by the states, the granting of such authority should be based upon a similar two part test: 1) 'states must demonstrate that their water resources are at risk from MTBE use, above and beyond the risk posed by other gasoline components at levels of MTBE use present at the time of the request. 2) states have taken necessary measures to restrictleliminate the presence of gasoline in the water resource. To maximize the uniformity with which any changes are implemented and minimize impacts on cost and he1 suppiy, the Panel recommends that EPA establish criteria for state waiver requests including but not limited to: a. b. Water quality metrics necessary to demonstrate the risk to water resources and air quality metrics to ensure no loss of benefits from the federal RFG program. Compliance with federal requirements to prevent leaking and spiHing of gasoline. (continued. ..) 94 Initial efforts to reduce should begin immediately, with substantial reductions to begin as soon as Recommendation 10 above ­ the removal of the 2 percent oxygen requirement ­ is im~ lemented~~. Accomplishing any such major change in the gasoline supply without disruptions to fuel supply and price will require adequate lead time ­ up to 4 years if the use of MTBE is diminated, sooner in the case of a substantial reduction (e. g. returning to historical levels of MTBE use). The Panel recommends, as well, that any reduction should be designed so as to not result in an increase in MTBE use in Conventional Gasoline areas. 13. The other ethers (e. g. ETBE, TAME, and DIPE) have been less widely used and less widely studied than MTBE. To the extent that they have been studied, they appear to have similar, but not identical, chemical and hydrogeologic characteristics. The Panel recommends accelerated study of the health effects and groundwater characteristics of these compounds before they are allowed to be placed in widespread use. In addition, EPA and others should accelerate ongoing research efforts into the inhalation and ingestion health effects, air emission transformation byproducts, and environmental behavior of & oxygenates and other components likely to increase in the absence of MTBE. This should include research on ethanol, alkylates, and aromatics, as well as of gasoline compositions containing those components. 14. To ensure that any reduction is adequate to protect water supplies, the Panel recommends that EPA, in conjunction with USGS, the Departments of Agriculture and Energy, industry, and water suppliers, should move quickly to: a. Conduct short­ term modeling analyses and other research based on existing data to estimate current and likeiy future threats of contamination; b. Establish routine systems to collect and publish, at least annually, all available monitoring data on: ­ ­ use of MTBE, other ethers, and Ethanol; levels of MTBE, Ethanol, and petroleum hydrocarbons found in ground, surface and drinking water; trends in detections and levels of MTBE, Ethanol, and petroleum hydrocarbons in ground and drinking water; ­ 33 (... continued) C. d. Programs for remediation and response. A consistent schedule for state demonstrations, EPA review, and any resulting regulation of the volume of gasoline components in order to minimize disruption to the fuel supply system. 34 Although a rapid, substantial reduction wilI require removal of the oxygen requirement, EPA should, in order to enable initial reductions to occur as soon as possible, review administrative flexibility under existing law to allow refiners who desire to make reductions to begin doing so. 95 C. Identify and begin to collect additional data necessary to adequately assess the current and potential future state of contamination. The Wintertime Oxvfuel Program The Wintertime Oxyfuel Program continues to provide a means for some areas of the country to come into, or maintain, compliance with the Carbon Monoxide standard. Only a few metropolitan areas continue to use MTBE in this program. In most areas today, ethanol can and is meeting these wintertime needs for oxygen without raising volatility concerns given the season. 15. The Panel recommends that the Wintertime Oxyfuel program be continued (a) for as long as it provides a useful compliance and/ or maintenance tool for the affected states and metropolitan areas, and (b) assuming that the CIarification of state and federal authority described above is enacted to enable states, where necessary, to regulate and/ or eliminate the use of gasoline additives that threaten drinking water supplies. Recommendations for Evaiuatiw and LearninP From Emerience The introduction of reformulated gasoline has had substantial air quality benefits, but has at the same time raised significant issues about the questions that should be asked before widespread introduction of a new, broadly­ used product. The unanticipated effects of RFG on groundwater highlight the importance of exploring the potential for adverse effects in all media (air, soil, and water), and on human and ecosystem health, before widespread introduction of any new, broadly­ used, product. 16. In order to prevent future such incidents, and to evaluate of the effectiveness and the impacts of the RFG program, EPA should: a. Conduct a full, multi­ media assessment (of effects on air, soil, and water) of any major new additive to gasoline prior to its introduction; b. Establish routine and statistically valid methods for assessing the actual composition of RFG and its air quality benefits, including the development, to the maximum extent possible, of field monitoring and emissions characterization techniques to assess "real world" effects of different blends on emissions; C. Establish a routine process, perhaps as a part of the Annual Air Quality trends reporting process, for reporting on the air quality results from the FWG program; and e Build on existing public health surveillance systems to measure the broader impact (both beneficial and adverse) of changes in gasoline formulations on public health and the environment. 96 Appendix A In reviewing the RFG program, the Pane1 identified three main options (MTBE and other ethers, ethanol, and a combination of alkylates and aromatics) for blending to meet air quality requirements. They identified strength and weaknesses of each option: MTBE/ other ethers A cost­ effective fuel blending component that provides high octane, carbon monoxide and exhaust VOCs emissions benefits, and appears to contribute to reduction of the use of aromatics with related toxics and other air quality benefits; has high solubility and low biodegradability in groundwater, leading to increased detections in drinking water, particularly in high MTBE use areas. Other ethers, such as ETBE, appear to have similar, but not identical, behavior in water, suggesting that more needs to be learned before widespread use. Ethanol An effective fuel­ bfending component, made from domestic grain and potentially fiom recycled biomass, that provides high octane, carbon monoxide emission benefits, and appears to contribute to reduction of the use of aromatics with related toxics and other air quality benefits; can be blended to maintain low fuel volatility; could raise possibility of increased ozone precursor emissions as a result of commingling in gas tanks if ethanol is not present in a majority of fiiels; is produced currently primarily in Midwest, requiring enhancement of infrastructure to meet broader demand; because of high biodegradability, may retard biodegradation and increase movement of benzene and other hydrocarbons around leaking tanks. Blends of Alkylates and Aromatics Effective fuel blending components made from crude oil; alkylates provide lower octane than oxygenates; increased use of aromatics will likely result in higher air toxics emissions than current RFG; would require enhancement of infrastructure to meet increased demand; have groundwater characteristics similar, but not identical, to other components of gasoline (i. e. low solubility and intermediate biodegradability). i. 97 98 CHAPTER 4. DISSENTING OPINIONS State of Nebraska, Nebraska Ethanol Board Oxygen Standard Should Be Maintained Insufficient Evidence to Support Recommendation to Remove Oxygen Standard Blue Ribbon Panel Dissenting Opinion Submitted for the Record By Todd C. Sneller, Panel Member In its report regarding the use of oxygenates in gasoline, a majority of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline (BRP) has based its recommendation to support removal of the oxygen standard on several concfusions which I believe to be inaccurate: I). That aromatics can be used as a safe and effective replacement for oxygenates without resulting in deterioration in VOC and air toxic emissions. In fact, a review of the legislative history behind the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 clearly shows that Congress found the increased use of aromatics to be harmfbl to human health and intended that their use in gasoline be reduced as much as technically feasible. 2). That oxygenates fail to provide overwhelming air quality benefits associated with their required use in gasoline. The BRP recommendations do not accurately reflect the benefits provided by the use of oxygenates in reformulated gasoline. Congress correctly saw a minimum oxygenate requirement as a cost effective means to both reduce levels of harmful aromatics and help rid the air we breathe of harmful pollutants. 3). That the BRP recommendation to urge removal of the oxygen' standard does not fullv take into account other public policy objectives specifically identified during Congressional debate on the 1990 CAAA. While projected benefits related to public health were a focal point during the debate in 1990, energy security, national security, the environment and economic impacts of the Amendments were clearly part of the rationale for adopting such amendments. It is my beIief that the rationale behind adoption of the Amendments in 1990 is equally valid, if not more so, today. As Congress debated the Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) provisions of the Clean Air'Act Amendments of 1990, it became clear that aromatics (e. g. benzene, xylene, and toluene) added to gasoline were extremely toxic, and lead to the further deterioration of U. S. air quality, To specifically reduce aromatic levels in W . ­ and help remove harmful air toxics from the air ­ an overwhelming bi­ partisan majority of Congress specifically required the addition of cleaner burning oxygenates to gasoIine. As stated in, the record, a primary purpose behind the addition of oxygenates to gasoline was the reduction in carbon monoxide emissions in winter, ozone formation in summer, and air toxic emissions year­ round. Recognizing the harmful effects increased aromatic use has on pubIic health, Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle (D­ SD), a primary sponsor of the RFG provision, said on March 29, 1990; 99 "The primary aromatics used in gasoline are benzene, toluene and xylene, all of which are EPA­ listed hazardous chemicals. The amount of benzene emitted from the tailpipe is directly related to the amount of benzene found in gasoline. However, a gasoline can have no benzene and still produce benzene exhaust because of the chemical transformation that toluene and xylene undergo during the combustion process.". . . "The most signifcant single step that can be taken to improve urban air quality is to limit aromatic content in gasoline." (Emphasis added) Echoing that Congressional sentiment, Senator Tom Harkin (D­ IA) said; "The aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline include benzene, toluene, and xylene. Benzene is a known carcinogen, one of the worst air toxics. Eighty­ five percent of all benzene in the air we breathe comes from motor vehicle exhaust. Xylene, another aromatic, is highly photoreactive ­ meaning that it forms ozone very rapidly in sunlight. Xylene from automobile exhaust in the morning rush hour forms ozone in sunlight to choke our lungs by the afternoon trip home. Toluene, another aromatic, usually forms benzene during the combustion process, and thus becomes carcinogenic along with benzene in the gasoline. Today, about 33 percent of gasoline is composed of aromatics by volume. .. Worse yet, the aromatics tend to reduce the effectiveness of catalytic converters.. .. By reducing the amount of aromatics by volume, you substantially reduce the amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide emitted into the atmosphere.. .Fortunately, there are other choices than aromatics to maintain octane level in gasoline, Guess what they are? The oxygenatedfuel additives." ". . .Fuels high in aromatics cause deposits in the combustion chamber interfering with combustion and increasing emissions. Aromatics have higher carbon content than the rest of gasoline, so gasoline high in aromatics contributes more to global warming. Aromatics were only about 20 percent of fuel in 1970, but percentages have increased substantially because the aromatics have been used to replace the octane that was lost as a result of the lead phase­ down." (emphasis added) The refining industry has informed the BRP that it will, in fact, increase use of aromatics in gasoline if the oxygenate provisions of the RFG program are removed. The BRP recommendations further state that, in most instances, oxygenates can be "effectively" replaced by aromatics. This position is directly counter. to the vast weight of evidence on the harmful effects of aromatics and the positive air quality effects of oxygenates. Further, it is in direct conflict with the clear intent of Congress to improve U. S. air quality by restricting use of aromatics. The BFW has not heard evidence supporting the "safe and effective" use of increased levels of aromatics in gasoline. In fact, according to evidence presented to the BRP on March 1­ 2, 1999, by William 3. Piel, Technical Director of the CIean Fuels Development Coalition (CFDC), increased use of aromatics will lead diriictly to increases in air toxic emissions, exhaust VOC emissions, combustion chamber deposits, carbon monoxide emissions, and worsen fuel factors contributing to vehicle performance (Le. the driveability index). Use of aromatics will also increase VOC emissions at both stationary and mobile sources. 100 In fact, the BRP majority's apparent willingness to accept higher aromatic levels runs directly counter to Congressional intent. In his October 27, 1990 statement in support of the CAAA Conference report, Senate Environment and Public Works Committee member David Durenberger stated that the performance standard for post­ 2000 RFG should logically lead to a 25 percent or lower cap on aromatics. According to Durenberger; "The so­ called formula gasoline which contains a cap on benzene at one percent and a cap on aromatics at 25 percent should achieve substantial reductions in the aggregate amounts of the five [toxic] pollutants.. .Afier the year 2000, the situation is different because the Administrator is to choose the performance standard for toxics which reflects the maximum reduction in toxic emissions that is feasible taking cost into account. The formula gasoline may well achieve a reduction in toxics which exceeds 20 percent, and ifso, whatever it does achieve would be afloor for theperformance standards af? er the year 2000 (emphasis added). In this Senator's view, controls on benzene and aromatics more stringent than those in the formula gasoline are certainly feasible.. .The performance standards and the formula stated explicitly in the legislation are only minimum requirements." As a Nebraska state official and Panel member, I find it troubling that the majority of the BRP members have chosen to ignore such evidence ­­ as well as the clear intent of Congress ­­ in its recommendation to remove the oxygenate standard from RFG. It also concerns me that the BRP recommendation regarding the oxygenate standard will likely lead directly to the increased use of aromatics ­ compounds universally condemned for their harmful effects on air quality. Finally, the legislative history clearly shows that Congress specifically required the use of oxygenates in gasoline for other important public policy goals: national energy security through the reduction in oil imports; and, stimulating domestically produced renewabIe fuels made from agricultural products. As Sen. Harkin stated; "[ Use of oxygenates] will reduce our health care costs. We can have reduced farm support costs. And reduced oil imports. By lowering reformer severity and aromatics content as a means of achieving octane, and replacing it with high octane oxygenates, you conserve large quantities of oil in two ways ­ first, savings in gasoline because of the lower severity of the refining operation of the base gasoline; and second, straight physicaI displacement of gasoline by oxygenates. This amendment will save millions of barrels of oil every year." And in a May 2, 1990 "Dear Colleague" letter, Representatives Bill Richardson (now Energy Secretary) and Ed Madigan urged their colleagues to support the House version of the Daschle­ Dole RFG provision. They wrote; "Cleaner gasoline also slashes foreign imports. Today's gasoline relies on imported aromatic compounds. When we replace these compounds with domestically produced alcohols and ethers made fiom corn, wheat, barley and other crops, we shift trade from 101 .i I , I OPEC to our farmers. According to the GAO, this new market could save taxpayers over $1.2 billion that is now spent annually on farm price supports." These and other references make it clear that Congress thoughtfully considered and debated the benefits of reducing aromatics and requiring the use of oxygenates in RFG. Based on the weight of evidence presented to the BRP, I remain convinced that maintenance of the oxygenate standard is necessary to ensure cleaner air and a healthier environment. I am also convinced that water quality must be better protected through significant improvements to gasoline storage tanks and containment facilities. Therefore, because it is directly counter to the weight of the vast majority of scientific and technical evidence and the clear intent of Congress, 'I must respectfully disagree with the BRP recommendation that the oxygenate provisions of the RFG Program be removed. I also request that the final report from the BRP include a recommendation to place a cap on the use of aromatics in gasoline at 25 percent by volume, in keeping with the Panel's commitment to preserve air quality improvements. j. Todd Sneller serves as Administrator of the Nebraska Ethanol Board, a state agency. He is the past chairman of the Clean Fuels Development Coalition, and current& serves as the Nebraska representative of the 22 state Governors ' Ethanol Coalition. ME Sneller was appointed to the EPA Blue Ribbon Panel in December 1998. 102 Lvondell Chemical Companv` s Dissentinv ReDort Summarv While the Panel is to be commended on a number of good recommendations to improve the current underground storage tank regulations and reduce the improper use of gasoline, the Panel's recornmendations to limit the use of MTBE are not justified. Unfortunately, there appears to be an emotional rush to judgement regarding the use of MTBE. The recommendation to reduce the use of MTBE substantially is unwarranted for the following four reasons: Firstly, the Panel was charged to review public health effects posed by the use of oxygenates, particularly with respect to water contamination. The Panel did not identi@ any increased public health risk associated with MTBE use in gasoline. Secondly, no quantifiable evidence was provided to show the environmental risk to drinking water from leaking underground storage tanks (LUST) will not be reduced to manageable levels once the 1998 LUST regulations are fully implemented and enforced, The water contamination data relied upon by the Panel i s largely misleading because it predates the implementation of the LUST regulations. Thirdly, the recommendations will not preserve the air quality benefits achieved with oxygenate use in the existing RFG program. The air quality benefits achieved by the RFG program will be degraded because they fall outside the control of EPA's Complex Model used for RFG regulations and because the alternatives do not match all of MTBE` s emission and gasoline quality improvements. Lastly, the Panel's recommendation options depend upon the use of alternatives that have not been adequately studied for air quality and health risk impacts. These alternatives will also impose an unnecessary additional cost of I to 3 billion dollars per year (3 ­ 7 c/ gal. RFG) on consumers and society without quantifiable offsetting social benefits or avoided costs with respect to water quality in the future. Discussion of Issues No increase in public health risk associated with the use of MTBE has been identified. Based on the Panel's review of the available health studies, the Panel did not identify any increased health risk associated with MTBE` s normal use in gasoline and the Panel's review is best summarized by the foliowing paragraph from the Issue Summary E, "Comparing the Fuel Additives." "In terms of neurotoxicity and reproductive effects, inhalation toxicity testing to date generaIly has not shown MTBE to be any more toxic than other components of gasoline. At very high doses, MTBE has caused tumors in two species of rat and one species of mouse at a variety of sites; it is uncertain, however, whether these effects can be extrapolated to humans. The International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) have indicated that at this time there are not adequate data to consider MTBE a probable or known human carcinogen." ­ 103 No quantifiable evidence has been provided to show that full compliance with the 1998 LUST reguiations will not achieve its purpose of substantially reducing the release of gasoline, and thereby MTBE, from UST systems today and in the future. The Panel states that enhanced UST programs will not give adequate assurance that water supplies will be protected, However, this statement is made without any quantifiable analysis or support. The facts are that most MTBE detects are very low level concentrations and have occurred prior to UST systems being upgraded to meet the 1998 deadlines. The MTBE detection data presented to the Panel by the USGS was collected between 1988 and 1998 when most UST systems were still out of compliance. In addition, data summarized by the Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials (ASTSWMO) shows that less than 50 percent of all UST's were in compliance prior to 1998 and that as recent as 1996 only 30 percent were in ~ornpliance.~~ Therefore, the detection data reflects a time period before most of the underground tanks were upgraded. In addition, the risk of drinking water contamination by MTBE and other gasoline constituents has been greatly reduced with the onset of LUST regulation compliance. The UC Davis studyJ6 which was presented to the PANEL estimates that tank failure rates (leak occurrences) decrease by over 95 percent (from 2.6 percent failures per year for non­ upgraded tanks to 0.07 percent per year for upgraded tanks) once UST systems are upgraded to meet the current LUST regulations. Also, with the required installation of early leak detection monitoring, the time between when a leak occurs and when it is detected will now be significantly reduced. As a result, the amount of gasoline released from a new leaking site before it has been remediated is substantially minimized. Both of these effects combined should lead to substantial reductions (orders of magnitude) in the amount of gasoline and MTBE that escapes undetected from the UST population which therefore makes it a much more manageable situation for protecting drinking water supplies. The recommendations fail to recognize the full emission benefits from using MTBE and oxygenates in RFG, and that the alternatives do not equal the emission reductions and combustion enhancing bIending properties of MTBE in gasoline. Therefore, a reduction in MTBE use will result in a net loss in air quality. Although the Panel was charged with "examining the role of oxygenates in meeting the nation's goal of clean air" and "evaluating each product's efficiency in providing clean air benefits and the existence of alternatives," the Panel did not identify and quantify all the emission benefits realized when oxygenates are used to make cleaner burning and low polluting gasolines. Neither was the Panel able to identify combinations of alternatives that could match both the emission reductions and the combustion enhancing blending properties of MTBE in gasoline. The Panel did not recognize the fact that the simple use of oxygenates along with a vapor pressure reduction were the only requirements used to achieve the ozone precursor reduction goals in the first three years of a very successful .WG pr~ gram.~ ' Since all other alternatives have one or more inferior properties as compared to MTBE in gasoline, it would be 3s Sausville, Paul, Dale Marx and Steve Crimaudo: A Preliminarv State Survev with Estimates based on a SuGev of 17 State databases of earlv 1999. ASTSWMO UST Task Force, 1 Ith Annual EPA USTLUST National Conference, March 15­ 1 7, 1999. Daytona Beach, Florida. 36 Keller, Arturo, et. al. Health & Environmental Assessment of MTJ3E. ReDOrt to the Governor and hislamre of the State of California as SDonsored bv SB 521. November 1998. 37 "Overview of Fuel Oxygenate Development", WilIiam J. Pie1 For Lyondell Chemical Co., Presentation to the EPA's Blue Ribbon Panel, January 22, Arlington, VA. I04 difficult if not nearly impossible to achieve the same real air quality eficiency provided by MTBE. And since sulfur reductions are also expected to occur under other fuel regulations, it would be a double­ accounting of emissions benefits if sulfur reductions in RFG are to be used to compensate or make­ up for any increase of emissions resulting from reduced oxygenate use in RFG. Beyond reducing VOC's, NO, and toxics, improving gasoline properties through the use of oxygenates reduce many other vehicles pollutants such as CO (carbon monoxide), PM (particulate matter) and C02 (carbon dioxide) as well as the ozone reactivity of VOC's. Also, gasoline property changes associated with oxygenate use in RFG provide additional emission reductions of VOC, NO,, toxics and CO (an ozone precursor) over the life of the vehicle by lowering combustion chamber deposits and therefore the vehicle's emissions deterioration rates over time. Since none of these additional emission reductions are reflected or controlled in EPA's Complex Emissions Model used for RFG, reducing MTBE in RFG wi11 result in a loss of these extra emission benefits?* Unfortunately, the Panel recommendations limit themselves to only meeting the regulatory requirements established in EPA's existing RFG rules and did not focus on capturing all the real world emission benefits associated with MTBE's use in RFG. Though the Panel recommends reducing the use of oxygenates in RFG, they failed to explain how equivalent air quality is to be maintained when the only identifiable fuel alternatives cannot match all of MTBE's emission reductions and combustion enhancing blending properties in gasoline. Therefore, replacing MTBE with the alternatives under the current recommendations will contribute to a net loss in air quality with regards to Peak Ozone levels, PM, toxics and C02 (greenhouse gas) in addition to higher costs. Alternatives have not been adequately studied for their health risk impacts, availability or their cost effectiveness in FWG From a scientific, policy, and political perspective, no one should rush to judgement on MTBE without a thorough evaluation of the alternatives. The Panel cannot afford to be wrong about MTBE's benefits or deficiencies. As a matter of sound public policy, any alternative needs to be held up to the same rigorous examination as MTBE, while adhering to the following criteria. To assure the public that any alternative will produce the same real air quality benefits as MTBE. That any alternative will be abundantly and economically available. That any alternative will not be a probable or known human carcinogen nor increase the risks to human health. These criteria are consistent .with the Panel's recommendation to investigate more fully any major new additives to gasoline prior to its introduction and therefore should equally apply to the alternatives already identified by the Panel, namely Ethanol, Alkylates, and Aromatics. The expanded use of these alternatives should not occur without a more rigorous analysis of the impacts on health, air quality, and water quality as well as their availability and costs. 38 "Staff Report: Proposed Amendments to the California Regulation Requiring Deposit Control Additives in the Motor Vehicle Gasoline" Calif. Environ. Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Aug 7, 1998; "Benefits of the Federal RFG Program And Clean Burning Fuels with Oxygenates", William J: Pie1 of Lyondell Chemical CO., hesentation to EPA Blue Ribbon Panel, March 1, 1999, Boston. 105 I LIST OF PANEL MIEMBERS AND PARTICIPANTS Members of the Blue Ribbon Panel Dan Greenbaum, Health Effects Institute, Chair President Health Effects Institute 955 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 876­ 6700 F~ x: (617) 876­ 6709 dgreenbaum 8 healtheffects . org Mark Beuhler, Metropolitan Water District, So. California Director of Water Quality Metropolitan Water District of Southern California P. O. Box 54153 Los Angeles, CA 90071 (213) 217­ 6647 Fax: (213) 217­ 6951 mbeuhler @mwd. dst. ca. us Robert Campbeil, Sunoco, Inc. Chairman and CEO Sunoco, Inc. 1801 Market Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 103­ Fax: (215) 977­ 3559 ann­ 1­ williams @ sunoil. co (215) 977­ 3871 Patricia Ellis, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Hydrologist Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Air and Waste Management Division 391 Lukens Drive New Castle, DE 19720 (302) 395­ 2500 Fax: (302) 395­ 2601 pellis @ dnrec. state. de. us ­ Linda Greer, Natural Resources Defense Council Senior Scientist Natural Resources Defense Council 1350 New York Ave., N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 Fax: (202) 289­ 1 060 Igreer@ nrdc. org (202) 289­ 6868 Jason Grumet, NESCAUM Executive Director NESCAUM 129 Portland Street Boston, MA 02 1 14 (6 1 7) 367­ 8540, ext. 2 16 jgrumet@ nescaum .org Fax: (61 7) 742­ 9 162 Anne Happel, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Environmental Scientist Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L­ 542 7000 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550 (925) 422­ 1425 Fax (925) 422­ 9203 happel 1 @lInl. gov Carol Henry, American Petroleum Institute Director, Health and Environmental Sciences American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005­ 4070 (202) 682­ 8308 Fax: (202) 682­ 8270 henrycj@ api. org Michael Kenny, California Air Resources Board Executive Officer California Air Resources Board P. O. Box 28 15 Sacramento, CA 958 I2 Fax: (9 16) 322­ 6003 mkenny@ arb. ca. gov (9 I 62445­ 4383 108 Robert Sawyer, University of California, Berkeley Professor, Graduate School Mechanical Engineering Department University of California at Berkeley 72 Hesse Hall Berkeley, CA 94720­ 1740 (510) 642­ 5573 Fax: (5 IO) 642­ 1850 rsawyer@ newton. berkeley. edu Todd Sneller, Nebraska Ethanol Board Executive Director Nebraska Ethanol Board 301 Centennial Mall South Fourth Floor Lincoln, NE 69509 (402) 47 1­ 294 1 Fax: (402) 47 1­ 2470 sneller@ nrcdec. nrc. state. ne. us Debbie Starnes, Lyondell Chemical Senior Vice President, Intermediate Chemical Lyondell Chemical Company 122 1 McKinney Street, Suite 1600 Houston, TX 770 10 (713) 652­ 7370 Fax: (713) 652­ 4538 debbie. starnes@ lyondellchem. com Ron White, American Lung Association Director, National Programs American Lung Association 1726 M St., NW Suite 902 Washington, DC 20036 Fax: (202) 452­ 1 805 rwhite@ lungusa. org (202) 785­ 3355 1 09 Federal Rewesen ta tives mon­ Votin& Robert Perciasepe, Air and Radiation, US EnvironmentaI Protection Agency Assistant Administrator Ofice of Air and Radiation US Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 260­ 7400 Fax: (202) 260­ 5 155 perciasepe, robert@ epa. gov Roger Conway, US Department of Agriculture Director, Ofice of Energy Policy and New Uses U. S. Department of Agriculture 1800 M Street NW, Room 4 129 N Washington, DC 20036 (202) 694­ 5020 Fax: (202) 694­ 5665 rkconway@ econ. ag. gov Cynthia Dougherty, Drinking Water, US EnvironmentaI Protection Agency Director, Ofice of Ground Water and Drinking Water US Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 260­ 5543 Fax (202) 260­ 4383 dougherty. cynthia@ epa. gov WiIIiam Farland, Risk Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency Director, National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Fax (202) 565­ 0090 farland. wiiliarn@ epa. gov (202) 564­ 33 19 Barry McNutt, US Department of Energy Senior Policy Analyst Department of Energy 1000 Independence ­ Avenue Room H021 Washington, DC 20585 (202) 586­ 4448 Fax: (202) 586­ 4447 barry. rncnutt@ hq. doe. gov Margo Oge, Mobile Sources, US Environmental Protection Agency Director, Office of Mobile Sources Office of Air and Radiation US Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 260­ 7645 Fax (202) 260­ 3730 oge. margo@ epa. gov Sammy Ng, Underground Tanks, US Environmental Protection Agency Acting Director, Office of Underground Storage Tanks US Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street SW Washington, DC 20460 (703) 603­ 9900 Fax (703) 603­ 0175 ng. sammy@ epa. gov Mary White, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Epidemiologist Chief Health Investigations Branch Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1600 Clifton Road Mail Stop E­ 3 1 Atlanta, GA 30333 Fax (404) 639­ 62 19 mxw5 Wcdc. gov (404) 639­ 6229 John Zogor~ ki, US Geological Survey Project Chief, National Water Quality Assessment Program US GeologicaI Survey 1608 Mountain View Road Rapid City, SD 57702 (605) 355­ 4560 X214 Fax: (605) 355­ 4523 jszogors@ usgs. gov 111 REFERENCES American Petroleum Institute. 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Fogg, Graham E. et a]., "Impacts of MTBE on California Groundwater," in University of California and UC Toxic Substances Research & Teaching Program, Health and Environmental Assessment of MT3E, Volume IY (1 998) Froines, John R. et a!. "An Evaluation of the Scientific Peer­ Reviewed Research and Literature on the Human Health Effects of MTBE, its Metabolites, Combustion Products and Substitute Compounds," in University of California and UC Toxic Substances Research & Teaching Program, Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE, Volume I . (1998). Frye, Ellen. "when Push comes to Shove," LUSTLine, September 1998. Gatto, Stephen. Presentation on BC International at the MTBE Slue Ribbon Panel meeting (April 1999). Geomatrix Consultants, Inc. Summary of MTBE Groundwater Monitoring Results, Fourth Quarter 1998, Charnock WelI Field Regional Assessment, Los Angeles, California (April 1 , 1999). Grady, Stephen and Michael Osinski. "Preliminary Findings of the 12­ State MTBENOC Drinking Water Retrospective," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting'( Apri1 1999). Happel, A. M., B. Dooher, and E. H. Beckenbach. "Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Impacts to California Groundwater," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (March 1999). Happel,­ A. M., et al., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. An Evaluation of MTBE Impacts tu California Groundwater Resources, UCRL­ AR­ 130897 (June 1998). Health Effects Institute. The Potential Health Efects of Oxygenates Added IO Gasoline (April 1996). 114 Hitzig, Robert, Paul Kostecki, and Denise Leonard. "Study Reports LUST Programs are Feeling Effects of MTBE Releases," Soil & Groundwater Cleanup (August­ September 1998), pp. 15­ 19. Huggins, Jack. Written comments submitted on behalf of the Renewable Fuels Association at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (April 1999). Hunt, C. S. et al. "Effect of Ethanol on Aerobic BTX Degradation," paper from the Fourth International In Situ and On­ Site Bioremediation Symposium (April­ May 1997), Battelle Press, pp. 49­ 54. Hunter, B. et al. "Impact of Small Gasoline Spills on Groundwater," preliminary report abstract presented at the Maine Water Conference Meeting (April 1999). Hurt, K. L., e t al., Anaerobic Biodegradation of MTBE in a Contaminated Aquifer..," pp. 103­ 108 in Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Other Organic Compounds, (1 999). Jessel, Al, Chevron Products Company. "Fuels Regulations and Emissions Technology," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (March 1999). Jessel, Al, Chevron Products Company. "Removing MTBE From Gasoline," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (March 1999). Kavanaugh, M. C. and A. Stocking. "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (May 24, 1999). Keller, Arturo, et. al., Executive Summary, Recommendations, Summary, "Health and Environmental Assessment of iWTBE,, ' 1999. Kirchstetter, T. W. et al. "Impact of Oxygenated Gasoline Use on California Light­ Duty Vehicle Emissions," Environmental Science & Technology ( 1996). Komex H20 Science. Drafr Investigaiion Report of MTBE Contamination:. City of Santa Monica, Charnock Well Field, Los Angeles, California (March 2 1, 1997). Landmeyer, J. E. et al. "Fate of MTBE Relative to Benzene in a Gasoline­ Contaminated Aquifer (1993­ 98)," Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation (Fall 1998), pp. 93­ 102. Lopes, T. J. and D. A. Bender. "Nonpoint Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Areas ­­ Relative Importance of Urban Land Surfaces and Air," Environmental Pollution (1998), v. 101, pp. 221­ 230. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which is posted on the web site Chttu:// geotracker, iInl. Pov/) Donald., W. Y Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Illwtrated Handbook of Physical­ Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals: Vol. 114 Volatile Organic Compounds @oca Ratm, FL: Lewis Publishers, Inc, 1993) p. 91 6,962. Malcome Pimie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oaktand, CA, 1998). 115 Malley, Jr., J. P., P. A. Eliason, and J. L. Wagler. "Point­ of­ Entry Treatment of Petroleum Contaminated Water Supplies," Water Environment Research (1 993), v. 65( 2), pp. 1 19­ 128. MathPro. Potential Economic Benefits of the Feinstein­ BiIbray Bill (March 18, 1999). Metropolitan Water District. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Monitoring Program at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern Califrnia, monitoring program update (April 1999). Milgrom, L. "Clean Car Fuels Run Into Trouble," New Scientist (1989), v. 122, p. 30. Miller, Dexter. "Alkylates, Key Components in Clean­ Burning Gasoline," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (May 1999). MOBILE6 effects are draft only. Only after MOBILE6 is finalized will actual and more accurate estimates be available. These projected MOBILE6 Oxy­ on­ CO effects are based on MOBIL Report #M6. FUL. 002, which is posted on the MOBILE6 web site (http:// www. epa.~ ov/ OMS/ M6. htm .) MTBE Research Partnership. Treatment Technologies for Removal of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (mBE) @om Drinking Water ­­ Air Stripping, Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Executive Summary (Sacramento, CA, 1998). National Petroleum News. Market Facts 1998 (Arlington Heights, IL: Adams Business Media, I998), p. 124. National Research Council (NRC). Ozone­ Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (May 1999). National Research Council, "Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels," Washington D. C., 1996, p. 115. National Toxicology Program. Summary of Data for Chemical Selection: Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether (http:// ntpdb. niehs. nih. govMTP_ ReportsMTP_ Chem_" TP_ MSDS/ HS_ 1634­ O4­ 4. txt.) Nebraska Ethanol Board. Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production in the United States (April 1998). NESCAUM. Relative Cancer Risk of Reformulated Gasoline and Conventional Gasoline Sold in the Northeast (August 1998). NESCAUM. RFG/ MTBE Findings and Recommendations, Boston, MA, August, 1999. Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Science and Technology Council. Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels (June 1997). PACE ConsuItants, Inc. Analysis and Refinery Implications of Ethanol­ Based RFG Blends Under the Complex Model Phase II( Novem ber 1998). 'f '& Peagrin, Tom. "Empirical Study of MTBE Benzene and Xylene Groundwater Remediation Rates," National Ground Water Association, 1998 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water, pp. 551­ 559. Reid, J. B., et. al., "A Comparative Assessment of the Long­ Term Behavior of MTBE and Benzene Plumes in Florida," pp. 97­ I02 in Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Other Organic Compounds, (1 999). Reuter, J. E. et ai. "Concentrations, Sources, and Fate of the Gasoline Oxygenate Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether (MTBE) in a Multiple­ Use Lake," Environmental Science & Technology ( 1998), v. ' 32( 23), pp. 3666­ 3672. Reynolds, Robert E., President. Downstream Alternatives, Inc. Letter sent to Dan Greenbaum, Panel Co­ Chair (June 24, 1999). Robbins, G. A. et al. "Evidence for MTBE in Heating Oilyyy Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation (Spring 1999), pp. 65­ 68. Salanitro, J. P. et al. "Perspectives on MTBE Biodegradation and the Potential for In Situ Aquifer Bioremediation," proceedings of the National Ground Water Association's Southwest Focused Ground Water Conference: Discussing the Issue of MTBE and Perchlorate in Ground Water (Anaheim, CAY June 1998), pp. 40­ 54. Salanitro, J. P., "Understanding the Limitations of Microbial Metabolism of Ethers Used as Fuel Octane Enhancers," Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6: 337­ 340, 1995. Santa Clara Valley Water District Groundwater Vulnerability Pilot Study, "Investigation of MTBE Occurrence Associated with Operating UST Systems," July 22, 1999. (http:// www. scvwd. dst. ca. us/ wtrqual/ factmtbe. htm.) Schirmer, Mario and J. F. Barker." A Study of Long­ Term MTBE Attenuation in the Borden Aquifer, Ontario, Canada," Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation (Spring 1998), pp. 1 13­ 122. Sexton, Juan, Kansas State Department of Health & Environment. Paper presented at the 1 Oh Annual USTLUST National Conference (Long Beach, CA, March 30, 1999). Squillace, P. J. "Volatile Organic Compound in Untreated Ambient Groundwater of the United States, 1985 ­ 1995," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting (April 1999). Squillace, P. J. et al., "Review of the Environmental Behavior and Fate of Methyl Tert­ Butyl Ether," Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (1 997), p. 16. Squillace, P. J., Pope, D. A., Price, C. V. Occurrence of the Gasoline Additive MTBE in ShalIow Ground Water in Urban and Agricultural Areas, U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS­ 1 14­ 95 (1995). Squillace, P. J. "MTBE in the Nation's Ground Water, National Water­ Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Results," presentation at the MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel Meeting (April 1999). ­ State of Maine Bureau of Health, Department of Human Services, Bureau of Waste Management & Remediation, Department of Environmental Protection, Maine Geological Survey, and Department of Conservation. Maine MTBE Drinking Water St&, The Presence of MTBE and other Gasoline Compounds in Maine's Drinking Water­ Preliminary Report ( 1 998). 117 Sunoco, i7me Required to Complete Desulfirization, personal communication. Systems Application International. Regression Modeling of Oxyfiel Eflects On Ambient CO Concentrations (January 1997). UC Davis Report, "Transport and Fate Modeling of MTI3E in Lakes and Reservoirs," Stephen A. McCord and Geoffrey S., Schladow Vol. IV, Ground and Surface Water, (November, 1998). UC Davis Report, "Health & Environmental Assessment of MTBE," Vol. I, Summary and Recommendations, (November, 1998) US. Department of Energy. Estimating the Refining Impacts of Revised Oxygenate Requirements for Gasoline: Summary Findings (May 1999). U. S. Energy Information Administration. Demand and Price Outlook for Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline, 2000 (April 1999). U. S. Energy Information Administration. Petroleuni Supply Annual 1998, Volume I (June 1999). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Air Quality Planning and Standards, `Wational Air Quality Trends Report," 1997. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks. "Corrective Action Measures Archive." (h tt~:// www. eva . Pov/ swerust I /cat/ cam archv. h tm .> U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The bar charts reflect survey data collected from 19,000 samples during 1998. Data from RFG Survey Association. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Octamix Waiver, 53 FR 3636 (February 8, 1988). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks. Publication on Sources of Financial Assistance for Underground Storage Tank Work (May 1990). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Underground Heating Oil And Motor Fuel Tanks Exempt From Regulation Under Subtitle I Of The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (May 1990). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory Impact Analysis, 59 FR 7716, Docket No. A­ 92­ 12 ,( 1993). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development and Ofice of Solid Waste & Emergency Response. Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids, EPA Ground Water Issue Paper # EPA/ 540/ S­ 95/ 500 (1995). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. (Cook, R.) Impact of the Oxyfiel Program on Ambient CO Levels (1996). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Water. National Water Quality Inventory: 1996 Report to Congress (1 996). 118 US. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Research and Development. Pump­ and­ Treat Ground­ Water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners, EPA/ 625/ R­ 95/ 005 (1 996). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OWce of Water. Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Effects Analysis on Methyl Tertiary­ Butyl Ether (.B E ) (December 1997). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. State Assurance Funds: State Funds in Transition Models for Underground Storage Tank Assurance Funds, (1997) EPA 5 10­ B­ 97­ 002. (www. epa. gov/ swerust 1 /states/ fimdinfo. htm .) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. State Source Water Assessment and Protection Programs Guidance, (1997) EPA 8 16­ F­ 97­ 004. (httD:// www. ewa. gov/ OGWDW/ swp/ fs­ swug. htm1) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites," Draft Memorandum (June 9, 1997) from Timothy Fields, Jr., Acting Assistant Administrator, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide (External Review Drap); Estimation of Carbon Monoxide Exposures and Associated Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Denver Residents UsingpMEWCO. Federal Register, v. 64( 5 l), March 17, 1998, p. 13 198. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Notftcation of Health Efects Testing Requirements for Baseline Gasoline and Oxygenated Nonbaseline Gasoline and Approval of an Alternative Emissions Generator, v. 63( 236), December 9, 1998, p. 67877. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OEce of Research and Development. Oxygenates in Water: Critical Information and Research Need (December 1998). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and United States Geological Survey. Preliminary Findings of the 22­ State MTBE/ VOC Drinking Water Retrospective ( 1999). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, based upon F Y 1999 Semi­ Annual Activity Report ­ First Half( unpub1ished). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Underground Storage Tanks, estimate based upon data submitted by States on February 28, 1999 and April 30, 1999 (unpublished). Young, Thomas M. and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Field Evaluation of Leak Detection Performance, National Leak Detection Performance Study (1999). 119 *... ­. .. . P ~ ACRONYMS AQMD AS AST ASTM AWWARF BTEX BtU CAA CAAA CaIEPA CARB CaRFG CEC CG CIIT co COZ CWSRF DIPE DOE DOT DWSRF EIA EPA EPACT ETBE El0 FCC HC HE1 IARC ILEV LEV­ LLNL LUST MNA MTBE NAAQS NAPL CAFE GLOSSARY OF TERMS Air Quality Management District Air Sparging Aboveground Storage Tank American Society for Testing & Lter,, American Water Works Association Research Foundation Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene British Thermal Unit Clean Air Act Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Corporate Average Fuel Economy California Environmental Protection Agency California Air Resources Board California Reformulated Gasoline California Energy Commission Conventional Gasoline Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Clean Water State Revolving Fund Di­ isoprop yl Ether U. S. Department of Energy U. S. Department of Transportation Drinking Water State Revolving Fund U. S. Energy Information Administration U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Policy Act of 1992 Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether 10% EthanoI/ 90% Gasoline by volume Fluid Catalytic Cracked Hydrocarbons Health Effects Institute International Agency for Research on Cancer Inherently Low Emission Vehicle Low Emission Vehicle Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Leaking Underground Storage Tank Monitored Natural Attenuation Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether National Ambient Air Quality Standards Non­ Aqueous Phase Liquid 121 NAWQA NESCAUM NMOG NO, NRC OMS OSTP OUST OXY PADD PAN PM POM PPb P P psi RBCA RFG RVP SDWA SIP SPCC SULEV SVE TAME TBA TLEV ULEV USDA US. EPA USGS T50 T90 UST voc ZEV National Water Quality Assessment P r o p Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management Non­ Methane Organic Gases Oxides of Nitrogen National Research Council U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources White House Office of Science and Technolo U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks Winter OxyfueI Program Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Particulate Matter PolycycIic Organic Matter Parts Per Billion Parts Per Million Pounds Per Square Inch (pressure) Risk­ Based Corrective Action Reformulated Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure Safe Drinking Water Act State Implementation Plan Spill Control and Counter Control Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle Soil Vapor Extraction Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether Tertiary Butyl Alcohol Transitional Low Emission Vehicle Ultra Low Emission Vehicle U. S. Department of Agriculture U. S. Environmental Protection Agency United States Geological Survey 50% Distillation Temperature 90% Distillation Temperature Underground Storage Tank Volatile Organic Compound Zero Emission Vehicle TERMS Additives: Chemicals added to fuel to improve and maintain fuel quality. Detergents and corrosion inhibitors are examples of gasoline additives. Air Toxics: Toxic air pollutants defined under Title II of the CAA, including benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1.3 butadiene, and polycyclic organic matter (POM). Benzene is a constituent of motor vehicle exhaust, evaporative, and refueling emissions. The other compounds are exhaust pollutants. Alcohols: Organic compounds that are distinguished from hydrocarbons by the inclusion of a hydroxl group. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol. Aldehydes: A class of organic compounds derived by removing the hydrogen atoms from an alcohol. Aldehydes can be produced from the oxidation of an alcohol. Alkanes: See Paraffins. Alkylate: The product of an alkyIation reaction. It usually refers to the high octane product from alkylation units. This alkylate is used in blending high octane gasoline. Aromatics: Hydrocarbons based on the ringed six­ carbon benzene series or related organic groups. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are the principal aromatics, commonly referred t the BTEX group. They represent one of the heaviest fractions in gasoline. as Attenuation: The reduction or lessening in amount (e. g., a reduction in the amount of contaminants in a plume as it migrates away from the source). Attenuation occurs as a result of in­ situ processes (including biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, volatilization), and chemical or biological stabiIization, transformation, or destruction of contaminants. Benzene: Benzene is a six­ carbon aromatic that is common gasoline component. Benzene has been identified as toxic and is a known carcinogen. Biodegradation: A process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment. Biomass: Renewable organic matter, such as agricultural crops, crop­ waste residues, wood, animal and municipal wastes, aquatic plants, or fungal growth, used for the production of energy. ­ British Thermal Unit (Btu): A standard unit for measuring heat energy. One Btu represents the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit (at sea level). Butane: An easily liquefied gas recovered from natural gas. Used as a low­ volatility component of motor gasoline, processed further for a high­ octane gasoline component, used in LPG for domestic and industrial applications, and used as a raw material for petrochemical synthesis. 123 Butyl Alcohol: Alcohol derived from butane that is used in organic synthesis and as a solvent. CAA: The original Clean Air Act was signed in 1963, setting emissions standards for stationary sources. The CAA was amended several times, most recently in 1990. The Amendments of 1970 introduced motor vehicle emission standards. Criteria pollutants included lead, ozone, CO, SOz, NOx, and PM, as we11 as air toxics. In 1990, reformulated gasoline (RFG) and oxygenated gasoline (OXY) provisions were added. The RFG provision requires use of RFG all year in certain areas. The OXY provision requires the use of oxygenated gasoline during certain months, when CO and ozone pollution are most serious. The regulations also require certain fleet operators to use clean­ fuel vehicles in 22 cities. California Low Emissions Vehicle Program: State requirement for automakers to produce vehicles with fewer emissions than current EPA standards. The five categories of the Program, from least to most stringent are as follows: TLEV; LEV; ULEV; SULEV; and ZEV. Carcinogens: Chemicals and other substances known to cause cancer. Distillation Curve: The percentages of gasoline that evaporate at various temperatures. The distillation curve is an important indicator for fuel standards such as Volatility (vaporization). Ethanol: Can be produced chemicaIIy from ethylene or biologically from the fermentation of various sugars or from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops or wood. Ethanol is used in the United States as a gasoline octane enhancer and oxygenate. It increases octane 2.5 to 3.0 numbers at 10 percent concentration. Ethanol also can be used in higher concentrations in alternative­ fuel vehicles optimized for its use. Ethers: A family of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ether molecules consist of two alkyl groups linked to one oxygen atom. Light ethers such as ETBE, MTBE, TAME, and DIPE have desirable properties as gasoline blendstocks and are used as oxygenates in gasoline. Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE): An aliphatic ether similar to MTBE. This fuel oxygenate is manufactured by reacting isobutylene with ethanol. Having high octane and low volatility characteristics, ETBE can be added to gasoline up to a level of approximately 17 percent by volume. EIO: EthanoVgasoline mixture containing I O percent denatured ethanol and 90 percent gasoline, by volume. Evaporative Emissions: Hydrocarbon vapors that escape from a fuel storage tank, a vehicle fuel tank, or vehicle fuel system. Exhaust Emissions: Materials that enter the atmosphere through the exhaust, or tailpipe, of a vehicle. Exhaust emissions include carbon dioxide (and water vapor), carbon monoxide, unburned fuel, products of incomplete combustion, fuel contaminants, and the combustion products of lubricating oiIs. 124 Feedstock: Any material converted to another form of fuel or energy product. Fungible: A term used within the oil refining industry to denote products that are suitable for transmission by pipeline. Ground Water: The water contained in the pore spaces of saturated geologic media. Ground water can be confined by overlying less permeable strata (confined aquifer) or open to the atmosphere (water table or unconfined aquifers). In­ situ: In its original place; unmoved; unexcavated; remaining in the subsurface. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether manufactured by reacting methanol and isobutylene, The resulting ether has high octane and low volatility. MTBE is a fuel oxygenate and is permitted in unleaded gasoline up to a level of 15 percent by volume. National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Ambient standards for criteria air pollutants specifically regulated under the CAA. These pollutants include ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead. Neat Fuel: Fuel that is free from admixture or dilution with other fuels. Neat Alcohol Fuel: Straight or 100 percent alcohol (not blended with gasoline), usually in the form of either ethanol or methanol. Nonattainment Area: A region, determined by population density in accordance with the U. S. Census Bureau, which exceeds minimum acceptable NAAQS for one or more "criteria pollutants." Such areas are required to seek modifications to their State Implementation Plans (SIPS), setting forth a reasonable timetable using EPA­ approved means to achieve attainment of NAAQS for these criteria pollutants by a certain date. Under the CAA, if a nonattainment area fails to attain NAAQS, EPA may superimpose a FIP with stricter requirements or impose fines, construction bans, cutoffs in Federal grant revenues, etc., until the area achieves the applicable NAAQS. Octane Enhancer: Any substance such as MTBE, ETBE, toluene, xylene and alkylates that is added to gasoline to increase octane and reduce engine knock. Oxyfuei Program: Nonattainment areas for carbon monoxide are required to use oxygenated fuel during the winter season. ­ Oxygenate: A term used in the petroleum industry to denote fueI additives containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in their molecular structure. Includes ethers such as MTBE and ETBE and alcohols such as ethanol and methanol. Oxygenated Gasoline: Gasoline containing an oxygenate such as MTBE or ethanol. The increased oxygen content may promote more complete combustion, thereby reducing tailpipe emissions of co. 125 Paraffins: Also referred to as Alkanes, a group of chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and alkanes (not including cycloalkanes). Particulate Matter (I` M): A generic term for a broad class of chemically and physically diverse substances that exist as discrete particles (liquid droplets or solids) over a wide range of sizes; a NAAQS pohtant. Recalcitrant: Unreactive, nondegradable; refractory. SlowIy degraded compounds. Reformulated Gasoline (RFG): Gasolines that have had their compositions and/ or characteristics altered to reduce vehicular emissions of pollutants, particularly pursuant to EPA regulations under the CAA. Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP): A standard measurement of a liquid's vapor pressure in psi at 100 degrees Fahrenheit. It is an indication of the propensity of the liquid to evaporate. State IrnpIementation Plan (SIP): Plan that a state must submit to EPA under the CAA to demonstrate compliance to NAAQS. Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME): An ether based on reaction of C, olefins and methanol. Toluene: Basic aromatic compound derived from petroleum and used to increase octane. A hydrocarbon commonly purchased for use in increasing octane. Toxic Emission: Any pollutant emitted from a source that can negatively affect human health or the environment. Toxics: Pollutants defined by the CAAA, including benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1'3 butadiene, and polycyclic organic material. Benzene is emitted both in exhaust and evaporative emissions; the other compounds are exhaust emissions. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Reactive gases released during combustion or evaporation of fuel and regulated by EPA. VOCs react with NOx in the presence of sunlight and form ozone. Volatilization: The process of transfer of a chemical from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase. Solubility, molecular weight, vapor pressure, mixing of the liquid, and the nature of the gas­ liquid interface affect the rate of volatilization. Vapor Pressure or Volatility: The tendency of a liquid to pass into the vapor state at a given temperature. With automotive hels, volatility is determined by measuring RVP. Wellhead: The area immediately surrounding the top of a well, or the top of the well casing. Wellhead Protection Area: The recharge area surrounding a drinking water well or wellfield, which is protected to prevent contamination of a well. 126

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B. Behavior in Water "Neat" (pure) ethanol is infinitely soluble in water. Laboratory data and hypothetical modeling indicate that based on physical, chemical, and biological properties, ethanol will likely preferentially biodegrade in ground water compared with other gasoline components with the potential to extend BTEX plumes further than they would be without ethanol pre~ ent. 2~ Although ethanol has been shown to retard BTEX biodegradation under certain laboratory conditions, evidence of ethanol's effect on the migration of BTEX plumes under various conditions, i. e., hydrogeology; field concentrations; nature of release scenario (for example, large sudden release versus slow continuous release) has not been collected and compiled. 24 A more comprehensive review is still needed to investigate and determine the nature and extent of field experiences regarding ethanol's effect (including behavior and fate properties) on BTEX plume migration, aquifer remediation, and drinking water treatment. C. Health Effects The health effects of ingested ethanol have been extensively investigated. Given that ethanol is formed naturally in the body at low levels, inhalation exposure to ethanol at the low levels that humans are likely to be exposed are generally not expected to result in adverse health effects. 25 Health effects questions have been raised, however, about potentially sensitive subpopulations. In addition, increased use of ethanol may result in increases of certain atmospheric transformation products, such as PAN and acetaldehyde, although the extent of such increase is unknownz6 PAN, which has been shown to be mutagenic in cellular research, is a known toxin to plant life and a respiratory irritant to human^.^ ' Combustion byproducts of ethanol may also cause adverse health effects. Acetaldehyde is a respiratory irritant at high levels of human exposure and is currently classified by EPA as a probable human carcinogen. 22 (... continued) Run Into Trouble," New Scientist, 1989, 122 (1656), 30. cn c `3 Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. [Based on Malcome Pirnie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] 24 Michael Kavanaugh and Andrew Stocking, "Fate and Transport of Ethanol in the Environment," presentation at the May 1999 MTBE Blue Ribbon Panel meeting. [Based on Malcorne Pirnie, Inc. Evaluation of the Fate and Transport ofEthanoI in the Environment (Oakland, CA, 1998.)] " Health Effects Institute, The Potentia! Health Effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline, April 1996. " Health Effects Institute, The Potential Health Effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline, April 1996. '' L. Milgrom, "Clean Car Fuels Run Into Trouble," New Scientist, 1989, 122 (1656), 30. 85

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1 Date: 3 August 2004 To: James Covington, EPA From: Amy Stillings and Maureen F. Kaplan, ERG Subject: OCPSF: Number of Small Businesses in Chlor­ Alkali and Vinyl Chloride Industries On 29 July 2004, ERG­ Lexington received a spreadsheet that contained a listing of the chlor­ alkali and vinyl chloride industry facilities that ERG­ Chantilly identified in the detailed review of the OCPSF. The spreadsheet included the SIC code for nearly all facilities. ERG­ Lexington cross­ walked the SIC codes to the corresponding NAICS codes now used by the Small Business Administration in setting size standards. The attached table includes the NAICS code for a facility and the SBA size standard for that code ( all of which are based on the number of employees). ERG­ Lexington identified the corporate parent to which the size standard would apply and located that information for all companies on the list. The information is presented in Table 1. The sources for the information for each company are listed in Table 2. The set of OCPSF facilities of interest for the 304( m) review contains six facilities that belong to four small businesses: # Ashta Chemicals Inc. # Kuehne Chemical Company, Inc. # Pioneer Companies # Veisicol Chemical Corporation. All other facilities belong to large businesses. 2 Table 1 OCPSF Small Businesses Company Facility Location Corporate Parent for Employee Number SIC NAICS SBA Employee Size Definition for Large Employees ( 2003) Small Business Ashta Ashtabula, OH 2812 325181 1,000 100 X Atofina Petrochemicals La Porte, TX Atofina 2821 325211 750 61,212 Bayer Baytown, TX 2819 325188 1,000 118,280 Celanese Acetate Narrows, VA Celanese AG 2821 325211 750 9,500 Certainteed Corp. Westlake, LA 2821 325211 750 7,000 Colorite Specialty Resins Burlington, NJ Tekni­ Plex 2821 325211 750 3,400 Cytec Industries Wallingford, CT 2821 325211 750 4,500 Dover Chemical Dover, OH ICC Industries 2869 325199 1,000 3,150 Dow Freeport, TX 2869 325199 1,000 46,372 Plaquemine, LA Texas City, TX DuPont Niagara Falls, NY 2869 325199 1,000 81,000 Deepwater, NJ Formosa Plastics Baton Rouge, LA 2821 325211 750 4,471 Delaware City, DE Illiopolis, IL Point Comfort, TX GE Plastics Burkville, AL General Electric Co. 2821 325211 750 305,000 Mount Vernon, IN Geismar Vinyls Geismar, LA Westlake Chemical Co. 2821 325211 750 1,944 Georgia Gulf Aberdeen, MS 2821 325211 750 1,198 Oklahoma City, OK Plaquemine, LA 2869 325199 1,000 Westlake, LA 2870 Georgia Pacific Green Bay, WI 2621 322121 750 61,000 Muskogee, OK Rincon, GA Keysor Century Geismar, LA 2821 325211 750 closed Kuehne Chemical Kearny, NJ 2812 325181 1,000 200 X Occidental Chemical Company Convent, LA Occidental 2869 325199 1,000 7,133 Delaware City, DE Petroleum 2812 325181 1,000 Ingleside, TX Hahnville, LA Mobile, AL Niagara Falls, NY Pottstown, PA 2821 325211 750 Olin Augusta, GA 2812 325181 1,000 5,700 Charleston, TN McIntosh, AL Niagara Falls, NY 2819 325188 1,000 Company Facility Location Corporate Parent for Employee Number SIC NAICS SBA Employee Size Definition for Large Employees ( 2003) Small Business 3 OxyVinyls Deer Park, TX Occidental Petroleum 2821 325211 750 7,133 LaPorte, TX Louisville, KY 3087 325991 500 Pasadena, TX Pedricktown, NJ Oxychem Muscle Shoals, AL Occidental Petroleum 2812 325181 1,000 7,133 Castle Hayne, NC 2819 325188 1,000 Pioneer Henderson, NV Pioneer Companies 2812 325181 1,000 648 X St. Gabriel, LA Tacoma, WA Polyone Corp. Burlington, NJ 3087 325991 500 6,500 Henry, IL 2821 325211 750 PPG Industries, Inc. Lake Charles, LA 2869 325199 1,000 32,900 Natrium, WV 2812 325181 1,000 Sasol North America, Inc. Westlake, LA Sasol Limited 2869 325199 1,000 31,150 Baltimore, MD no longer uses chlorine on­ site Shintech Inc. Addis, LA Shin­ Etsu Chemical ( Japan) 2821 325211 750 16,573 Freeport, TX Vulcan Chemicals Geismar, LA 2812 325181 1,000 1,192 Port Edwards, WI Wichita, KS Velsicol Chemical Corp Memphis, TN 2869 325199 1,000 400 X Vygen Ashtabula, OH 2821 325211 750 closed Westlake Monomers Calvert City, KY Westlake Chemical Co. 2869 325199 1,000 1,944 Pensacola, FL 2821 325211 750 4 Table 2 Sources for Determination Company Corporate Parent for Employee Number Employees ( 2003) Source Ashta 100 http:// www. thomasregister. com/ CompanyProfile. aspx? az= 73860488& pn=& search_ t ype= company& search_ string= Ashta+ Chemicals& narrow_ states=& narrow_ text=& rc = 1& seq= 0& offset= 0& sid= 0408031044432600014111LW3& uuid= TRGuest Atofina Petrochemicals Atofina 61,212 http:// www. hoovers. com/ atofina/­­ ID__ 90709­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Bayer 118,280 http:// www. hoovers. com/ bayer/­­ ID__ 41808­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Celanese Acetate Celanese AG 9,500 http:// www. hoovers. com/ celanese/­­ ID__ 59292­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Certainteed Corp. 7,000 http:// www. hoovers. com/ certainteed/­­ ID__ 43943­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Colorite Specialty Resins Tekni­ Plex 3,400 http:// www. tekni­ plex. com/ companies/ colorresins. html http:// www. tekni­ plex. com/ news/ elm. html Cytec Industries 4,500 http:// www. hoovers. com/ cytec/­­ ID__ 41906­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Dover Chemical ICC Industries 3,150 http:// ca. hotjobs. yahoo. com/ jobseeker/ company/ company_ profile. html? gid= 15240& RPPG= 100 Dow 46,372 http:// www. hoovers. com/ dow­ chemical/­­ ID__ 10471­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml DuPont 81,000 http:// www. hoovers. com/ dupont/­­ ID__ 10487­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Formosa Plastics 4,471 http:// www. hoovers. com/ fpc/­­ ID__ 40934­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml GE Plastics General Electric Co. 305,000 http:// www. hoovers. com/ ge/­­ ID__ 10634­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Geismar Vinyls Westlake Chemical Co. 1,944 http:// www. hoovers. com/ westlake­ chemical/­­ ID__ 106287­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Georgia Gulf 1,198 http:// www. hoovers. com/ georgia­ gulf/­­ ID__ 10647­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Georgia Pacific 61,000 http:// www. hoovers. com/ georgia­ pacific­ corporation/­­ ID__ 10648­­/ free­ co­ factshee t. xhtml Keysor Century closedERG Chantilly Kuehne Chemical 200Lexis­ Nexis. Corporate Affiliations. Volume 5. Private Companies A­ K. 2004. Occidental Chemical Company Occidental Petroleum 7,713 http:// www. hoovers. com/ occidental­ petroleum/­­ ID__ 11110­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtm l OxyVinyls Occidental Petroleum Oxychem Occidental Petroleum Olin 5,700 http:// www. hoovers. com/ olin/­­ ID__ 11116­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Pioneer Pioneer Companies 648 http:// www. hoovers. com/ pioneer­ companies/­­ ID__ 51864­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Polyone Corp. 6,500 http:// www. hoovers. com/ polyone/­­ ID__ 102179­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml PPG Industries, Inc. 32,900 http:// www. hoovers. com/ ppg/­­ ID__ 11139­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Sasol North America, Inc. Sasol Limited 31,150 http:// www. hoovers. com/ sasol/­­ ID__ 47910­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Company Corporate Parent for Employee Number Employees ( 2003) Source 5 Shintech Inc. Shin­ Etsu Chemical ( Japan) 16,573 http:// www. hoovers. com/ shin­ etsu­ chemical/­­ ID__ 56866­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Vulcan Chemicals 1,192 http:// www. hoovers. com/ vulcan­ chemicals/­­ ID__ 106517­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Velsicol Chemical Corp 400 http:// www. hoovers. com/ velsicol­ chemical/­­ ID__ 44602­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml Vygen closedERG Chantilly Westlake Monomers Westlake Chemical Co. 1,944 http:// www. hoovers. com/ westlake­ chemical/­­ ID__ 106287­­/ free­ co­ factsheet. xhtml

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.827114

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0001-0001

Notice

America Recycles Day, 2000: Proclamation 7377 of November 15, 2000

[ Federal Register: November 17, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 223)] [ Presidential Documents] [ Page 69651­ 69654] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr17no00­ 112] [[ Page 69651]] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Part V The President ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Proclamation 7377­­ America Recycles Day, 2000 Presidential Documents ___________________________________________________________________ Title 3­­ The President [[ Page 69653]] Proclamation 7377 of November 15, 2000 America Recycles Day, 2000 By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As we look forward to Thanksgiving, our annual celebration of America's great bounty, it is appropriate to observe America Recycles Day and focus on how to preserve that bounty for the benefit of future generations. Recycling waste and purchasing products made from recycled materials are among the easiest and most effective measures every American can take to conserve our resources and create a cleaner environment. Currently, our country recovers more than 28 percent of the billions of pounds of waste generated by Americans annually­­ an effort that translates into enough savings to supply the energy needs of 9 million U. S. households. But the recycling process succeeds only when recovered materials are returned to retailers as new products that are purchased by consumers; otherwise, the recycled products themselves must be disposed of as waste. Buying recycled products conserves resources, reduces water and air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and saves energy. While beneficial for the environment, the recycling process is good for our economy as well. By promoting the development of markets for recycled products, we are also creating new jobs, many of which are in America's inner cities, where job creation is particularly critical. It is estimated that while incinerating 10,000 tons of waste creates 1 job, and landfilling the same amount creates 6 jobs, recycling the same 10,000 tons creates 36 jobs. Nationwide, recycling and remanufacturing provide 1 million jobs and $ 100 billion in revenue. To ensure the Federal Government's leadership in the recycling effort, I signed an Executive Order in 1998 directing all Federal agencies to expand and strengthen their commitment to recycling and buying recycled­ content and environmentally preferable products. The Federal Government now purchases more than $ 350 million in recycled­ content products annually­­ an increase of $ 112 million a year, or 30 percent, from just a decade ago. America Recycles Day helps us to build on this progress by uniting environmental and community organizations, business and industry, and agencies at all levels of government as partners in the vital effort to keep recycling working. By encouraging every business and consumer in America to start or enhance recycling efforts and to buy recycled­ content products, we can sustain our economy, improve our environment, and preserve our precious natural resources for the sake of generations to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, WILLIAM J. CLINTON, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 15, 2000, as America Recycles Day. I urge all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities and to take personal responsibility for the environment not only by recycling, but also by choosing to purchase and use products made from recycled materials. [[ Page 69654]] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty­ fifth. ( Presidential Sig.) [ FR Doc. 00­ 29727 Filed 11­ 16­ 00; 11: 02 am] Billing code 3195­ 01­ P

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.863490

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0002-0001

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; EPA Information Collection Request: The 2001 Hazardous Waste Report (Biennial Report)

59414 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 194 / Thursday, October 5, 2000 / Notices Comment date: October 17, 2000, in accordance with Standard Paragraph E at the end of this notice. 11. American Electric Power Service Corporation [ Docket No. ER00 3757 000] Take notice that on September 26, 2000, the American Electric Power Service Corporation ( AEPSC) tendered for filing executed Interconnection and Operation Agreement between Ohio Power Company and Duke Energy Washington, LLC. The agreement is pursuant to the AEP Companies' Open Access Transmission Service Tariff ( OATT) that has been designated as the Operating Companies of the American Electric Power System FERC Electric Tariff Revised Volume No. 6, effective June 15, 2000. AEP requests an effective date of August 7, 2000. A copy of the filing was served upon the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio. Comment date: October 17, 2000, in accordance with Standard Paragraph E at the end of this notice. 12. Southern Company Energy Marketing L. P., Southern Energy Chalk Point, LLC, Southern Energy Mid­ Atlantic, LLC, Southern Energy Peaker, LLC, Southern Energy Potomac River, LLC [ Docket No. ER00 3760 000] Take notice that on September 25, 2000, Southern Company Energy Marketing L. P., Southern Energy Chalk Point, LLC, Southern Energy Mid­ Atlantic, LLC, Southern Energy Peaker, LLC, and Southern Energy Potomac River, LLC ( collectively, the Southern Parties) jointly filed under Section 205 of the Federal Power Act an application requesting approval of their respective proposed Market Rate Tariffs, waiver of certain regulations, and blanket approvals. The proposed Market Rate Tariffs would authorize each of the Southern Parties to engage in wholesale sales of capacity and energy and ancillary services to eligible customers at market rates. Comment date: October 17, 2000, in accordance with Standard Paragraph E at the end of this notice. Standard Paragraphs E. Any person desiring to be heard or to protest such filing should file a motion to intervene or protest with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20426, in accordance with Rules 211 and 214 of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure ( 18 CFR 385.211 and 385.214). All such motions or protests should be filed on or before the comment date. Protests will be considered by the Commission in determining the appropriate action to be taken, but will not serve to make protestants parties to the proceeding. Any person wishing to become a party must file a motion to intervene. Copies of these filings are on file with the Commission and are available for public inspection. This filing may also be viewed on the Internet at http:// www. ferc. fed. us/ online/ rims. htm ( call 202 208 2222 for assistance). David P. Boergers, Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 25613 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 6] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; EPA Information Collection Request; The 2001 Hazardous Waste Report ( Biennial Report) AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: The 2001 Hazardous Waste Report ( Biennial Report), EPA ICR Number 0976.10; OMB Control Number 2050 0024. This ICR replaces The 1999 Hazardous Waste Report ( Biennial Report), EPA ICR Number 0976.09, which expires on November 30, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. EPA is also submitting to OMB for review modifications to the Notification of Regulated Waste Activity ICR, 262.12, OMB Control Number 2050 0028, expiration date 12/ 31/ 02; and the RCRA Part A Permit Application ICR, 262.09, OMB Control Number 2050 0034, expiration date 10/ 31/ 02. The actual changes to these two ICRs will be implemented later. These modifications show how the Agency plans to harmonize the site profile information currently collected on these forms and the Biennial Report Information and Certification form. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 6, 2000. ADDRESSES: Send comments, referencing EPA ICR No. 0976.10 to the following addresses: Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Collection Strategies Division ( Mail Code 2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460; and to Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget ( OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20503. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by e­ mail at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 0976.10. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: The 2001 Hazardous Waste Report ( Biennial Report), EPA ICR Number 0976.10; OMB Control Number 2050 0024. This is a request for an extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: Large quantity generators of hazardous waste and owners/ operators of hazardous waste facilities must complete, under the authority of RCRA sections 3002 and 3004, a report every other year on the amount of waste they generate and how it was managed. EPA uses the information to understand waste management practices, to expand its database of information for rulemakings, and to monitor compliance with regulatory requirements. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register Notice required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published June 23, 2000 ( 65 FR 39142). We are implementing all of the recommendations described in the June 23, 2000 notice. Nine comments were received on the June Notice, including a comment from the Tribal Association on Solid Waste and Emergency Response ( TASWER). TASWER asked that a data element be added to the Biennial Report that would identify RCRA facilities on or adjacent to Indian Country and Alaska Native Villages. We have begun discussions with TASWER to see how their information needs might be met by the Biennial Report or other means. However, this process VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 34 Oct 04, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05OCN1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 05OCN1 59415 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 194 / Thursday, October 5, 2000 / Notices cannot be completed in time to make changes to the 2001 Biennial Report. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 19.49 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: Large Quantity Generators and Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities. Estimated Number of Respondents: 10,157. Frequency of Response: Biennially. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 195,214 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, O& M Cost Burden: $ 26,000. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the following addresses listed above. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 0976.10 and OMB Control No. 2050 0024 in any correspondence. Dated: September 28, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 25605 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 7] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types, OMB Control Number 2050 0050, expiration date December 31, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 6, 2000. ADDRESSES: Send comments, referencing EPA ICR No. 1572.05 and OMB Control No. 2050 0050, to the following addresses: Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Collection Strategies Division ( Mail Code 2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460; and to Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget ( OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20503. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download a copy of the ICR off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1572.05. For technical questions about the ICR contact David Eberly on 703 308 8645. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types ( OMB Control No. 2050 0050; EPA ICR No. 1572.05) expiring December 31, 2000. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: This ICR provides a discussion of all of the information collection requirements associated with specific unit standards applicable to owners and operators of facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes as defined by 40 CFR part 261. It includes a detailed description of the data items and respondent activities associated with each requirement and with each hazardous waste management unit at a facility. The specific units and processes included in this ICR are: Tank Systems, Surface Impoundments, Waste Piles, Land Treatment, Landfills, Incinerators, Thermal Treatment, Chemical/ Physical, and Biological Treatment, Miscellaneous ( subpart X), Drip Pads, Process Vents, Equipment Leaks, Containment Buildings, Recovery/ Recycling. With each information collection covered in this ICR, EPA is aiding the goal of complying with its statutory mandate under RCRA to develop standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, to protect human health and the environment. Without the information collection, the agency cannot assure that the facilities are designed and operated properly. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on May 5, 2000 ( 65 FR 26196); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average the following burden hours per response: Subpart I: Containers ..................... 73 Subpart J: Tank Systems ............... 77 80 Subpart K: Surface Impoundments .......................................... 74 80 Subpart L: Waste Piles .................. 19 Subpart M: Land Treatment .......... 0 Subpart N: Landfills ...................... 39 43 Subpart O: Incinerators ................. 3 5 Subpart P: Thermal Treatment Units ........................................... 2 Subpart Q: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment Units 6 Subpart W: Drip Pads .................... 0 Subpart X: Miscellaneous Units ... 0 Subpart AA: Process Vents ........... 422 660 Subpart BB: Equipment Leaks ...... 47 48 Subpart DD: Containment Buildings ............................................. 28 32 Part 266: Specific Hazardous Waste Recovery/ Recycling Facilities ......................................... 4 Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 34 Oct 04, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05OCN1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 05OCN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.867861

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0003-0001

Notice

Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III; Notice of Availability of Final Document

Federal Register: January 19, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 12)] [ Notices] [ Page 3082­ 3094] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr19ja00­ 151] [[ Page 3082]] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ SWH­ FRL­ 6524­ 3] Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Notice of Availability of Final Document. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency is providing notice of the availability of the final Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III ( RMAN III) and supporting materials. The final RMAN III contains EPA's recommendations for purchasing 18 items designated in the final Comprehensive Procurement Guideline III, which is published elsewhere in today's Federal Register. This action will help use government purchasing power to stimulate the use of recovered materials in the manufacture of new products and expand markets for those recovered materials. EPA designates items that are or can be made with recovered materials and provides recommendations for the procurement of these items under section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 ( RCRA). The 18 items EPA is making recommendations for include: Carpet cushion; flowable fill; railroad grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; food waste compost; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; solid plastic binders; plastic clipboards; plastic file folders; plastic clip portfolios; plastic presentation folders; sorbents ( i. e., absorbents and adsorbents); awards and plaques; industrial drums; mats; signage; and manual­ grade strapping. The final RMAN III contains recommended recovered materials content levels for these items and provides other purchasing recommendations. RMAN III also contains revised recovered materials content recommendations for steel shower and restroom dividers/ partitions, steel recycling containers and waste receptacles, and the steel components of traffic barricades and delineators. These items were previously designated in CPG I and II with recommendations provided in RMAN I and II. The revised recommended recovered materials content levels for these previously designated items are based on comments submitted on the draft RMAN III for all items containing recovered steel. EFFECTIVE DATES: The recommendations for purchasing the 18 newlydesignated items are effective January 19, 2001. The recommendations for previously designated items ( i. e., steel shower and restroom dividers/ partitions, steel recycling containers and waste receptacles, and steel components of traffic barricades and delineators) are effective January 19, 2000. ADDRESSES: The public docket for this notice is Docket F­ 1999­ CP3FFFFFF Documents related to today's notice are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), which is located at U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Ground Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, except for Federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling ( 703) 603­ 9230. Copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. For information on accessing the documents electronically, see Section V of the Supplementary Information section below. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information contact the RCRA Hotline at ( 800) 424­ 9346 or TDD ( 800) 553­ 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, call ( 703) 412­ 9810 or TDD ( 703) 412­ 3323. For technical information on individual item recommendations, contact Terry Grist at ( 703) 308­ 7257. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Preamble Outline I. What is the statutory authority for this action? II. Why is EPA taking this action? III. What are the definitions of terms used in this action? V. What did commenters say about the recommendations in the draft RMAN III? A. Comments on Proposed Items Containing Recovered Steel B. Comments on Specifications for Flowable Fill V. Supporting Information and Accessing Internet I. What Is the Statutory Authority for This Action? The Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III ( RMAN III) is published under the authority of sections 2002( a) and 6002 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 ( RCRA), as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6912( a) and 6962; and Executive Order ( E. O.) 13101 ( 63 FR 49643, September 14, 1998). II. Why Is EPA Taking This Action? Section 6002 of RCRA establishes a Federal buy­ recycled program. RCRA section 6002( e) requires EPA to ( 1) designate items that are or can be produced with recovered materials and ( 2) prepare guidelines to assist procuring agencies in complying with affirmative procurement requirements set forth in paragraphs ( c), ( d), and ( I) of section 6002. Once EPA designates an item, section 6002 requires that each procuring agency that procures the designated item using appropriated Federal funds, must procure that item containing the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable. For the purposes of RCRA section 6002, procuring agencies include the following: ( 1) Any Federal agency; ( 2) any State or local agencies using appropriated Federal funds for a procurement; and ( 3) any contractors with these agencies ( with respect to work performed under the contract). The requirements of section 6002 apply to procuring agencies only when procuring a designated item where the price of the item exceeds $ 10,000 or when the quantity of the item, or functionally equivalent items, purchased in the previous year exceeded $ 10,000. Executive Order 13101 ( 63 FR 49643, September 14, 1998) requires EPA to designate items in a Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) and publish guidance that contains EPA's recommended recovered materials content levels for the designated items in Recovered Materials Advisory Notices ( RMAN). The Executive Order ( E. O.) also requires EPA to update the CPG every two years and the RMAN periodically to reflect changes in market conditions. EPA codifies the CPG designations in the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR), but, because the recommendations are guidance, the RMAN is not codified in the CFR. This process allows EPA to revise its recommendations in a timely manner and in response to changes in a product's availability or recovered materials content. EPA promulgated the CPG I and issued notice of RMAN I on May 1, 1995 ( 60 FR 21370 and 21386, respectively). CPG I designated 19 items and consolidated five previous item designations made in earlier EPA procurement guidelines, and RMAN I recommended purchasing practices for these 24 items. On November 13, 1997, EPA published CPG II ( 62 FR 60962), which designated an additional 12 items and concurrently published an RMAN II ( 62 FR 60975). The final RMAN II also [[ Page 3083]] provided clarification of EPA's 1995 recommendations for purchasing floor tiles containing recovered materials. Paper Products RMANs were issued on May 29, 1996 ( 61 FR 26985) and June 8, 1998 ( 63 FR 31214). On August 26, 1998, EPA proposed CPG III ( 63 FR 4558), which proposed to designate an additional 19 items. EPA concurrently published a draft RMAN III ( 63 FR 45580). The 19 items EPA proposed for designation were: nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials; carpet cushion; flowable fill; railroad grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; food waste compost; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; solid plastic binders; plastic clipboards; plastic file folders; plastic clip portfolios; plastic presentation folders; sorbents ( i. e., absorbents and adsorbents); awards and plaques; industrial drums; mats; signage; and manual­ grade strapping. Today, EPA is publishing recommendations for 18 of the 19 items. EPA is not designating nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials at this time and, therefore, is not publishing final recommendations for purchasing this item. The reasons for this decision are discussed in the final CPG III, published in the rules section of today's Federal Register. EPA wants to stress that the recommendations in its RMAN are just that­­ recommendations and guidance to procuring agencies to help them meet their obligations under section 6002. The designation of an item as one that is or can be manufactured with recovered materials and the inclusions of recommended content levels for an item in an RMAN do not require the procurement of an item when it is not suitable for an agency's intended purpose. Section 6002 is explicit about this when it authorizes a procuring agency not to procure a designated item which fails to meet the performance standards set forth in the applicable specification or fails to meet the reasonable performance standards of the procuring agencies.''( Section 6002( 1)( B), 42 U. S. C. 6962( c)( B)). Thus, for example, in the final CPG III published elsewhere in today's Federal Register, EPA is designating playground equipment as an item that is or can be produced with recovered materials. The Agency's research shows that this item is available in either steel, aluminum, or plastic containing recovered materials. However, the mere fact that this item is available containing recovered materials does not require the procurement of steel, aluminum, or plastic playground equipment in every circumstance. The choice of appropriate materials may depend on state or local codes. The effect of EPA's designation ( and section 6002) is simply to require the purchase of items with recovered materials where consistent with the purpose of how the item is to be used. Procuring agencies remain free to procure playground equipment made of materials other than steel, aluminum, or plastic ( e. g., wood) where the design specifications call for other materials. III. What Are the Definitions of Terms Used in This Action? Today's final RMAN III recommends postconsumer or recovered materials content levels which EPA believes the designated items are generally available. The RMAN III recommends two different measures of recovered materials: ( 1) A component of postconsumer recovered materials and ( 2) a component of total recovered materials for the following items: carpet cushion; railroad­ grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; plastic binders, clipboards, file folders, clip portfolios, and presentation folders; sorbents; industrial drums; awards and plaques; mats; signage; and manual­ grade strapping. For these items, EPA found that manufacturers were using both types of materials to manufacture these products. If the Agency recommended only postconsumer content levels it would fail to meet the RCRA mandate to maximize the use of recovered materials, because it would fail to acknowledge the contribution that manufacturers using other manufacturers' byproducts as feedstock have made to solid waste management. EPA defined the terms recovered materials'' and postconsumer materials'' in the CPG and in 40 CFR 247.3. We repeat the definitions for these terms in this notice for the convenience of the reader. Postconsumer materials means a material or finished product that has served its intended end use and has been diverted or recovered from waste destined for disposal, having completed its life as a consumer item. Postconsumer material is part of the broader category of recovered materials. Recovered materials means waste materials and byproducts which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste, but the term does not include those materials and byproducts generated from, and commonly used within, an original manufacturing process. IV. What Did Commenters Say About the Recommendations in the Draft RMAN III? This section discusses the major public comments on the draft RMAN III. The Agency received a number of significant comments related to flowable fill and the recommended recovered materials content levels for proposed designated items containing recovered steel. These comments are discussed below. A summary of all of the comments and the Agency's response is provided in the document entitled Background Document for the Final Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) III and Recovered Materials Advisory Notice ( RMAN) III,'' September 1999, hereafter referred to as the Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III.'' A copy of this document has been placed in the docket for the final RMAN III. See ADDRESSES above for information about reviewing documents in the public docket. This document is also available electronically on the Internet. See Section V of this notice for information on accessing this document electronically. A. Comments on Proposed Designated Items Containing Recovered Steel Comment: The Steel Recycling Institute ( SRI) submitted comments noting that all items proposed for designation ( with the exception of industrial drums) could be manufactured with steel made by both Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) and Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF) processes. SRI noted that items made by the BOF process typically contain 25 to 30 percent recovered materials including more than 15 percent postconsumer steel. When these items are made out of steel manufactured by the EAF process they may contain up to 100 percent recovered materials, including 67 percent postconsumer steel. SRI suggested EPA recommend recycled content levels of 16 percent postconsumer and 25 percent total recovered content for all items made from BOF steel and 67 percent postconsumer and 100 percent total recovered content when items are made from EAF steel. SRI pointed out that currently, industrial drums are only being made from BOF steel and, therefore, contain a total of 25 percent total recovered steel, including 16 postconsumer steel. SRI requested that, for all items proposed in CPG III containing steel, the final RMAN III should reflect these recovered materials content levels. [[ Page 3084]] Response: EPA included the recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this final RMAN notice to reflect SRI's comments regarding BOF and EAF manufactured steel for the items designated in the CPG, with one exception. Rather than recommend a single total recovered materials content level of 25 percent for items made from BOF steel, the Agency is recommending a range of 25­ 30 percent. The use of a recovered materials content range in this instance reflects both the information provided by SRI and the requirements of E. O. 13101 for making recommendations. EPA is also revising the content level recommendations for the steel component of traffic barricades and delineators, steel recycling containers and waste receptacles, and for steel shower and restroom dividers/ partitions to reflect this new information. These items were designated in CPG I and CPG II. No other revisions to the recommendations for items previously designated in CPG I and CPG II are being made at this time. B. Comments on Specifications for Flowable Fill Comment: The FIRST Project ( Foundry Industry Recycling Starts Today), an industry consortium, suggested that there is an inconsistency with two of the specifications listed in the RMAN for flowable fill. ASTM's C33­ 93 Concrete Aggregate specification limits the use of some spent sands that have fines content greater than 3 to 5 percent, while ACI 229R­ 94 indicates that foundry sands with up to 20 percent fines were successfully utilized in flowable fill mix designs. The commenter believes that recommending ASTM C33­ 93 effectively limits the use of this material without taking into account whether the performance specification is clearly met. The commenter suggests that the mix design specification should be based on performance, not simply on the aggregate. Response: EPA has learned that ASTM C33­ 93 was developed to optimize the strength and compactability of concrete and was not meant to be used with controlled low­ strength material or flowable fill. The Agency, therefore, recognizes that ASTM C33­ 93 may not be an appropriate specification for sands used in flowable fill. Procuring agencies may wish to use this specification's physical tests as a measure to assure the quality and uniformity of the sands used in flowable fill; however, the agency now believes this specification should not be referred to for gradation requirements. Based on this information, the final RMAN III for flowable fill has been revised to delete any reference to the use of ASTM C33­ 93 for gradation purposes. The RMAN recommends that procuring agencies refer to ASTM C33­ 93, Standard Specification for Concrete,'' to assure the quality and uniformity of the ferrous foundry sands in flowable fill * * *.'' V. Supporting Information and Accessing Internet The index of supporting materials for today's final RMAN III is available in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC) and on the Internet. The address and telephone number of the RIC are provided in the ADDRESSES section above. The index and the following supporting materials are available on the Internet: Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III,'' U. S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, September 1999. Copies of the following supporting materials are available for viewing at the RIC only: Telephone Notes, Flowable Fill Specifications, Between Lynne Gilbert, Eastern Research Group and Paul Tikalsky, Penn State University, May 12, 1999.'' To access information on the Internet go to www. epa. gov/ cpg>. Dated: January 10, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III The following represents EPA's recommendations to procuring agencies for purchasing the items designated today in the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline III in compliance with section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) and section 502( b) of E. O. 13101. These recommendations are intended to be used in conjunction with the RMANs issued on May 1, 1995 ( 60 FR 21386) and November 13, 1997 ( 62 FR 60975) and the Paper Products RMANs issued on May 29, 1996 ( 61 FR 26985) and June 8, 1998 ( 63 FR 31214). Refer to May 1, 1995 and November 13, 1997 RMANs for definitions, general recommendations for affirmative procurement programs, and recommendations for previously designated items. In the case of traffic barricades, delineators, recycling containers and waste receptacles, and shower and restroom dividers/ partitions, the recommendations published today revise the previous recommendations issued in RMAN I and RMAN II. Contents I. General Recommendations II. Specific Recommendations for Procurement of Designated Items Part C. Construction Products Section C­ 6 ( Revised). Shower and Restroom Dividers/ Partitions Containing Recovered Plastic or Steel Section C­ 8. Carpet Cushion Made from Bonded Polyurethane, Jute, Synthetic Fibers, or Rubber Containing Recovered Materials. Section C­ 9. Flowable Fill Containing Coal Fly Ash and/ or Ferrous Foundry Sands. Section C­ 10. Railroad Grade Crossing Surfaces Containing Coal Fly Ash, Recovered Rubber, or Recovered Steel Part D. Transportation Products Section D­ 1 ( Revised). Temporary Traffic Control Devices Section D­ 3 ( Revised). Channelizers, Delineators, and Flexible Delineators Containing Recovered Plastic, Rubber, or Steel Part E. Park and Recreation Products Section E­ 3. Park Benches and Picnic Tables Containing Recovered Steel, Aluminum, Plastic, or Concrete. Section E­ 4. Playground Equipment Containing Recovered Plastic, Steel, or Aluminum. Part F. Landscaping Products Section F­ 2. Compost Made From Yard Trimmings, Leaves, Grass Clippings, and/ or Food Waste. Section F­ 5. Plastic Lumber Landscaping Timbers and Posts Containing Recovered Materials. Part G. Non­ Paper Office Products Section G­ 1 ( Revised). Office Recycling Containers and Office Waste Receptacles Containing Recovered Paper, Plastic, or Steel Section G­ 8. Solid Plastic Binders, Plastic Clipboards, Plastic File Folders, Plastic Clip Portfolios, and Plastic Presentation Folders Containing Recovered Plastic Part H. Miscellaneous Products Section H­ 2. Sorbents Containing Recovered Materials for Use in Oil and Solvent Clean­ Ups and as Animal Bedding. Section H­ 3. Industrial Drums Containing Recovered Steel, Plastic, or Paper. Section H­ 4. Awards and Plaques Containing Recovered Glass, Wood, Paper, or Plastic. Section H­ 5. Mats Containing Recovered Rubber and/ or Plastic. Section H­ 6. Manual­ grade Strapping Containing Recovered Steel or Plastic. Section H­ 7. Non­ Road Signs Containing Recovered Plastic or Aluminum and Road Signs Containing Recovered Aluminum. I. General Recommendations General recommendations for definitions, specifications, and affirmative procurement programs can be found in the May 1, 1995 RMAN ( 60 FR 21386). [[ Page 3085]] II. Specific Recommendations for Procurement of Designated Items Recommendations for purchasing previously­ designated items can be found in the May 1, 1995 and November 13, 1997 RMANs and the May 29, 1996 and June 8, 1998 Paper Products RMANs. Revised recovered materials content level recommendations for the steel components of traffic barricades and delineators, steel shower and restroom dividers/ partitions, and steel office recycling containers and waste receptacles are included in today's notice. Part C­­ Construction Products Note: Refer to Section E­ 2­­ Plastic Fencing Containing Recovered Plastic for Specified Uses and to Part F­­ Landscaping Products for additional items that can be used in construction applications. Section C­ 6 ( Revised). Shower and Restroom Dividers/ Partitions Containing Recovered Plastic or Steel Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table C­ 6, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing shower and restroom dividers/ partitions. Table C­ 6 ( Revised).­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Shower and Restroom Dividers/ Partitions Containing Recovered Plastic or Steel ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Postconsumer recovered Material materials materials (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Steel.......................................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 Plastic........................................ 20­ 100 20­ 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: EPA's recommendation does not preclude agencies from purchasing shower and restroom dividers/ partitions manufactured from another material, such as wood. It simply recommends that procuring agencies, when purchasing shower and restroom dividers/ partitions made from plastic or steel, purchase these items made from recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the following specifications when procuring shower and restroom dividers/ partitions: ( 1) The American Institute of Architects ( AIA) has issued guidance for specifying construction materials, including plastic and steel dividers/ partitions. The AIA guidance is known throughout the construction industry as the Masterspec'' and is available through the U. S. General Services Administration ( GSA). ( 2) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Guide Specification CEGS­ 10160, Toilet Partitions. Section C­ 8. Carpet Cushion Made from Bonded Polyurethane, Jute, Synthetic Fibers, or Rubber Containing Recovered Materials Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table C­ 8, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing bonded polyurethane, jute, synthetic fiber, or rubber carpet cushion containing recovered materials. Table C­ 8.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Bonded Polyurethane, Jute, Synthetic Fiber, and Rubber Carpet Cushion ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Postconsumer recovered Product Material content (%) materials content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Bonded polyurethane......... Old carpet 15­ 50 15­ 50 cushion. Jute........................ Burlap......... 40 40 Synthetic fibers............ Carpet ­­ 100 fabrication scrap. Rubber...................... Tire rubber.... 60­ 90 60­ 90 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing another type of carpet cushion. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing bonded polyurethane, jute, synthetic fiber, or rubber carpet cushions, purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. Refer to Section C­ 4 in RMAN I for EPA's recommendations for purchasing polyester carpet containing recovered materials. Specifications: EPA is not aware of carpet cushion specifications unique to carpet cushions containing recovered materials. Therefore, EPA recommends that procuring agencies use any appropriate standards set by the Carpet and Rug Institute and the Carpet Cushion Council when purchasing bonded polyurethane, jute, synthetic fiber, or rubber carpet cushion containing recovered materials. Section C­ 9. Flowable Fill Containing Coal Fly Ash and/ or Ferrous Foundry Sands Preference Program: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use flowable fill containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands for backfill and other fill applications. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies include provisions in all construction contracts involving backfill or other fill applications to allow for the use of flowable fill containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands, where appropriate. The specific percentage of coal fly ash or ferrous foundry sands used in flowable fill depends on the specifics of the job, including the type of coal fly ash used ( Class C or Class F); the strength, set time, and flowability needed; and bleeding and shrinkage. Therefore, EPA is not recommending specific coal fly ash or ferrous foundry sands content levels for procuring agencies to use in establishing minimum content standards for flowable fill. EPA recommends that procuring agencies refer to the mix proportions in Tables C­ 9a and C­ 9b for typical proportions for high and low coal fly ash content mixes. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies refer to American Concrete Institute ( ACI) report ACI 229R­ 94 for guidance on the percentages of coal fly ash that can be used in flowable fill mixtures. [[ Page 3086]] Table C­ 9a.­­ Typical Proportions for High Fly Ash Content Flowable Fills ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Component Range kg/ m3( lb/ yd3) Mix design kg/ m3 ( lb/ yd3) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Fly ash ( 95%)........................... 949 to 1542 ( 1600 to 2600)...... 1234 ( 2080) Cement ( 5%)............................. 47 to 74 ( 80 to 125)............ 62 ( 104) Added water............................. 222 to 371 ( 375 to 625)......... 247 ( 416)* ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total:............................ 1543 ( 2600) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ * Equal to 189 liters ( 50 gallons). Source: Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers,'' FHWA­ SA­ 94­ 081, U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, August 1995. Table C­ 9b.­­ Typical Proportions for Low Fly Ash Content Flowable Fills ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Component Range kg/ m\ 3\ ( lb/ yd\ 3\) Mix design kg/ m\ 3\ ( lb/ yd\ 3\) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Fly ash ( 6% to 14%)..................... 119 to 297 ( 200 to 500)......... 178 ( 300) Cement.................................. 30 to 119 ( 50 to 200)........... 59 ( 100) Sand.................................... 1483 to 1780 ( 2500 to 3000)..... 1542 ( 2600) Added water............................. 198 to 494 ( 333 to 833)......... 297 ( 500)* ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total:............................ 2076 ( 3500) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ High calcium fly ash is used in lower amounts than low calcium fly ash. * Equal to 227 liters ( 60 gallons). Source: Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers,'' FHWA­ SA­ 94­ 081, U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, August 1995. Specifications: The following recommendations address mix designs, test methods, and performance standards. Mix designs. EPA recommends that procuring agencies use ACI report ACI229R­ 94, Controlled Low Strength Materials ( CLSM)'' and Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers,'' ( FHWA­ SA­ 94­ 081, U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, August 1995) in developing mix designs. Among other things, ACI229R­ 94 addresses materials, including coal fly ash and foundry sands, mix design, and mixing, transporting, and placing. It also provides examples of mixture designs containing coal fly used by the states of Iowa, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Oklahoma, Michigan, Ohio, and South Carolina. Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers'' addresses materials, strength, flowability, time of set, bleeding and shrinkage. A mix design for the use of foundry sand and coal fly ash in flowable fill was developed for Ford Motor Company. Procuring agencies can obtain a copy of this design by contacting the RCRA Hotline at 1­ 800­ 424­ 9346. Table C­ 9c provides the recommended trial mixture from this specification. Table C­ 9c.­­ Materials Quantities for Flowable Fill Mixture Containing Foundry Sands and Coal Fly Ash ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Quantity per cubic Component yard ( lbs.) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Cement..................................................... 50 Coal fly ash............................................... 250 Foundry sand............................................... 2,850 Water...................................................... 500 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Materials specifications and test methods. EPA recommends that procuring agencies use ACI229R­ 94 and the ASTM standards listed in Table C­ 9d when purchasing flowable fill or contracting for construction that involves backfilling or other fill applications. EPA recommends that procuring agencies refer to ASTM C 33­ 93, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates,'' to assure the quality and uniformity of the ferrous foundry sands used as aggregates in flowable fills. Table C­ 9d.­­ Recommended Test Methods for Flowable Fills ( Controlled Low Strength Materials) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification Number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ D4832­ 95e1................... Standard Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material ( CLSM) Test Cylinders. D5239­ 92..................... Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization. D5971­ 96..................... Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Controlled Low Strength Material. D6103­ 07..................... Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of Controlled Low Strength Material. D6023­ 96..................... Standard Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, Cement Content and Air Content ( Gravimetric) of Controlled Low Strength Material ( CLSM). D5971­ 96..................... Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Controlled Low Strength Material. d6024­ 96..................... Standard Test Method for Ball Drop on Controlled Low Strength Material ( CLSM) to Determine Suitability for Load Application. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ [[ Page 3087]] State specifications. The following states have specifications for flowable fill containing coal fly ash: California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The state of Ohio has a specification entitled Flowable Fill Made with Spent Foundry Sand,'' and the states of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Indiana are developing specifications for using foundry sands in flowable fill. If needed, procuring agencies can obtain state specifications from the respective state transportation departments and adapt them for use in their programs. ACI229R­ 94 includes mix designs from several of these states. Contract specifications. EPA recommends that procuring agencies which prepare or review contract'' specifications for individual construction projects revise those specifications to allow the use of flowable fills containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands. Performance standards. EPA recommends that procuring agencies review and, if necessary, revise performance standards relating to fill materials to insure that they do not arbitrarily restrict or preclude the use of flowable fills containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands, either intentionally or inadvertently, unless the restriction is justified on a job­ by­ job basis: ( 1) To meet reasonable performance requirements for fill materials or ( 2) because the use of coal fly ash or ferrous foundry sands would be inappropriate for technical reasons. EPA recommends that this justification be documented based on specific performance information. Legitimate documentation of technical infeasibility can be for certain classes of applications, rather than on a job­ by­ job basis. Agencies should reference such documentation in individual contract specifications to avoid extensive repetition of previously documented points. However, procuring agencies should be prepared to submit such documentation to scrutiny by interested parties and should have a review process available in the event of disagreements. Promotion program: EPA recommends that, as part of the promotion programs required by section 6002( I) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, procuring agencies conduct demonstration programs for using flowable fills containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies educate construction contractors about the design, use, and performance of flowable fills containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands. Section C­ 10. Railroad Grade Crossing Surfaces Containing Coal Fly Ash, Recovered Rubber, or Recovered Steel Preference Program: EPA recommends that based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table C­ 10a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing concrete, rubber, and steel railroad grade crossing surfaces containing recovered materials. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies include provisions in all concrete railroad grade crossing construction contracts to allow for the use, as optional or alternate materials, of concrete containing coal fly ash, where appropriate. Table C­ 10a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Concrete, Rubber, and Steel Railroad Grade Crossing Surfaces ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Postconsumer recovered Surface material Recovered material content (%) materials content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ConcreteCoal.................................. fly ash......................... .............. 15­ 20 Rubber........................................ Tire rubber..................... .............. 85­ 95 Steel......................................... Steel........................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing another type of railroad grade crossing surface, such as wood or asphalt. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing concrete, rubber, or steel grade crossing surfaces, purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. The recommended recovered materials content levels for rubber railroad grade crossing surfaces are based on the weight of the raw materials, exclusive of any additives such as binders or other additives. Coal fly ash can be used as an ingredient of concrete slabs, pavements, or controlled density fill product, depending on the type of concrete crossing system installed. Higher percentages of coal fly ash can be used in the concrete mixture; the higher percentages help to produce a more workable and durable product but can prolong the curing process. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM standards listed in Table C­ 10b when purchasing rubber railroad grade crossing surfaces. EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM and AASHTO standards listed in Table C­ 10c when purchasing concrete railroad grade crossing surfaces. Table C­ 10b.­­ Recommended Specifications for Rubber Railroad Grade Crossings ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ D 2000­ 96.................... Rubber Products in Automotive Applications. D 2240­ 97.................... Rubber Property­­ Durometer Hardness. D 412­ 97..................... Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers­­ Tension. D 297­ 93..................... Rubber Products­­ Chemical Analysis. E 303­ 93..................... Measuring Surface Frictional Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester. D 1171­ 94.................... Rubber Deterioration­­ Surface Ozone Cracking Outdoors or Chamber ( Triangular Specimens). D 573­ 88..................... Deterioration in an Air Oven. [[ Page 3088]] D 395­ 89..................... Rubber Property­­ Compression Set. D 257­ 93..................... DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. D 2137­ 94.................... Rubber Property­­ Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Table C­ 10c.­­ Recommended Specifications for Cement and Concrete Containing Recovered Materials ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Specification number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM C 595.............................. Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements ASTM C 150.............................. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. AASHTO M 240............................ Blended Hydraulic Cements. ASTM C 618.............................. Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. ASTM C 311.............................. Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Part D. Transportation Products Section D­ 1 ( Revised). Temporary Traffic Control Devices Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table D­ 1, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing traffic cones and traffic barricades. Table D­ 1 ( Revised).­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Traffic Cones and Traffic Barricades ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Postconsumer Product Material materials Total recovered (%) materials (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Traffic Cones........................... PVC, LDPE, Crumb Rubber........ ­­ 50­ 100 Traffic Barricades...................... HDPE, LDPE, PET................ 80­ 100 100 Steel.......................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 Fiberglass..................... ­­ 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: The recommended recovered materials content levels are based on the dry weight of the raw materials, exclusive of any additives such as adhesives, binders, or coloring agents. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. Section D­ 3 ( Revised). Channelizers, Delineators, and Flexible Delineators Containing Recovered Plastic, Rubber, or Steel Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table D­ 3 ( Revised), procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing channelizers, delineators, and flexible delineators. Table D­ 3 ( Revised).­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Channelizers, Delineators, and Flexible Delineators Containing Recovered Plastic, Rubber, or Steel ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Postconsumer content Product Material (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Channelizers.................. Plastic.......... 25­ 95 Rubber ( base 100 only). Delineators................... Plastic.......... 25­ 90 Rubber ( base 100 only). Steel ( base only) 16% postconsumer and 25­ 30% total recovered materials or 67% postconsumer and 100% total recovered materials. Flexible delineators.......... Plastic.......... 25­ 85 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: EPA's recommendation does not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing channelizers, delineators, or flexible delineators manufactured from another material. It simply requires that a procuring agency, when purchasing these items made from rubber, plastic, or steel, purchase them made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. [[ Page 3089]] The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the following specifications when procuring channelizers, delineators, and flexible delineators: ( 1) The Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices contains specifications for the size, shape, mounting, and placement of temporary traffic control devices. ( 2) The States of Florida and North Carolina have specifications that require the use of recovered materials in their flexible delineators. The California Department of Transportation ( CALTRANS) has specifications for Drivable Flexible Plastic Guide Marker and Clearance Marker Posts.'' A copy of these specifications are available from the RCRA Hotline at 1­ 800­ 424­ 9346. Part E. Park and Recreation Products Section E­ 3. Picnic Tables and Park Benches Containing Recovered Steel, Aluminum, or Plastic Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table E­ 3a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing aluminum, steel, or plastic park benches and picnic tables containing recovered materials. Table E­ 3a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Park Benches and Picnic Tables Containing Recovered Aluminum, Steel, Concrete or Plastic ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Plastics....................................... 90­ 100 100 Plastic composites............................. 50­ 100 00 Aluminum....................................... 25 25 Concrete....................................... ............ 15­ 40 Steel.......................................... 67 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: Plastics'' includes both single and mixed plastic resins. Picnic tables and park benches made with recovered plastics may also contain other recovered materials such as sawdust, wood, or fiberglass. The percentage of these materials contained in the product would also count toward the recovered materials content level of the item. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing park benches or picnic tables made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing park benches or picnic tables made from plastic, aluminum, concrete, or steel purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. Specifications: EPA did not identify any specifications for park benches or picnic tables made from steel, concrete, or aluminum. EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications for park benches or picnic tables that would preclude or discourage the use of products containing recovered materials. EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM specifications referenced in Table E­ 3b for park benches and picnic tables made from plastic lumber. Table E­ 3b.­­ Recommended Specifications for Plastic Lumber Used In Park Benches and Picnic Tables ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ D 6108­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber. D 6109­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber. D 6111­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement. D 6112­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep Rupture of Plastic Lumber and Shapes. D 6117­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Section E­ 4. Playground Equipment Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table E­ 4a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing playground equipment made from plastic lumber, steel, or aluminum containing recovered materials. Table E­ 4a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Playground Equipment Containing Recovered Plastic, Steel, or Aluminum ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Plastics....................................... 90­ 100 100 Plastic Composites............................. 50­ 75 95­ 100 Steel.......................................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 Aluminum....................................... 25 25 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: Plastics'' includes both single and mixed plastic resins. Playground equipment made with recovered plastics may also contain other recovered materials such as wood or fiberglass. The percentage of these materials contained in the product would also count toward the recovered materials content level of the item. [[ Page 3090]] The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing playground equipment made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing playground equipment made from plastic, aluminum, or steel purchase these items made with recovered materials when the item meets applicable specifications and performance requirements. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the specifications in Table E­ 4b when procuring playground equipment. Playground equipment may also be subject to state and local codes and standards as well as Federal child safety laws. EPA also recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM specifications referenced in Table E­ 4c for playground equipment made from plastic lumber. Table E­ 4b.­­ Recommended Safety Specifications for Playground Equipment ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Specification Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC) Handbook for Public Publication No. 325. Playground Safety. ASTM F­ 1487­ 95............................ Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Table E­ 4c.­­ Recommended Specifications for Plastic Lumber Used In Playground Equipment ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM Specification Number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ D 6108­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber. D 6109­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber. D 6111­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement. D 6112­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep Rupture of Plastic Lumber and Shapes. D 6117­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Part F. Landscaping Products Section F­ 2 ( Revised). Compost Made From Yard Trimmings and/ or Food Waste Note: Following are EPA's revised recommendations for purchasing compost. The revisions add recommendations for purchasing compost made from food waste to EPA's 1995 recommendations for purchasing yard trimmings compost. Procuring agencies should substitute these recommendations for the recommendations found in Section F­ 2 of the 1995 RMAN I. Preference Program: EPA recommends that procuring agencies purchase or use compost made from yard trimmings, leaves, grass clippings and/ or food wastes in such applications as landscaping, seeding of grass or other plants on roadsides and embankments, as nutritious mulch under trees and shrubs, and in erosion control and soil reclamation. EPA further recommends that those procuring agencies that have an adequate volume of yard trimmings, leaves, grass clippings, and/ or food wastes, as well as sufficient space for composting, should implement a composting system to produce compost from these materials to meet their landscaping and other needs. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications relating to landscaping, soil amendments, erosion control, or soil reclamation that would preclude or discourage the use of compost. For instance, if specifications address the use of straw or hay in roadside revegetation projects, procuring agencies should assess whether compost could substitute for straw or hay or be used in combination with them. The U. S. Department of Transportation's Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects 1996,'' specifies compost as one of the materials suitable for use in roadside revegetation projects associated with road construction. These standards do not preclude the use of compost made from yard trimmings, leaves, grass, clippings, and/ or food waste. The State of Maine has developed quality standards for compost products that are used by its agencies and/ or purchased with state funds. The quality standards have been set for six types of compost products, ranging from topsoil ( three classes), to wetland substrate, to mulch ( two classes). For each of these types of compost product, standards for maturity, odor, texture, nutrients, pH, salt content, organic content, pathogen reduction, heavy metals, foreign matter, moisture content, and density have been established. EPA recommends that procuring agencies obtain and adapt this or another suitable specification for their use in purchasing compost products. The Composting Council is helping to define and develop industry wide standards for composts made from various combinations of materials, including yard trimmings, leaves, grass clippings, and food wastes. The Composting Council publishes these standards in an operating guide for composting facilities entitled, Test Methods for Examination of Composting and Compost.'' The guide also provides standards for the suitability of different types of composts made for different applications, depending on the compost mix. Section F­ 5. Plastic Lumber Landscaping Timbers and Posts Containing Recovered Materials Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table F­ 5a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts containing recovered materials. Table F­ 5a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Plastic Lumber Landscaping Timbers and Posts ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Post recovered Material consumer materials content content (%) (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ HDPE.............................................. 25­ 100 75­ 100 Mixed Plastics/ Sawdust............................ 50 100 HDPE/ Fiberglass................................... 75 95 Other mixed resins................................ 50­ 100 95­ 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing wooden landscaping timbers and posts. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing plastic landscaping timbers and posts purchase these items made with recovered materials when the items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. [[ Page 3091]] Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM specifications referenced in Table F­ 5b for plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts. Table F­ 5b.­­ Recommended Specifications for Plastic Lumber Landscaping Timbers and Posts ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ D 6108­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber. D 6109­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber. D 6111­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement. D 6112­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep Rupture of Plastic Lumber and Shapes. D 6117­ 97............................... Standard Test Method for Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Part G. Non­ Paper Office Products Section G­ 1 ( Revised). Office Recycling Containers and Office Waste Receptacles Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table G­ 1 ( Revised), procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing office recycling containers and office waste receptacles. Table G­ 1 ( Revised)­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Office Recycling Containers and Office Waste Receptacles ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Recovered materials ( materials Product and percent) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Office Recycling Containers and Office Plastic: 20­ 100 Postconsumer Waste Receptacles. Recovered Materials. Paper: Refer to the Paper Products Recommendations in Part A of RMAN. Steel: 16% postconsumer and 25%­ 30% total recovered materials. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: EPA's recommendations for office recycling containers and office waste receptacles containing recovered plastic, paper, or steel do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing containers or receptacles manufactured from another material, such as wood. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing office recycling containers or office waste receptacles manufactured from plastic, paper, or steel, purchase these items made with recovered materials when the items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items are made from steel manufactured in a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Section G­ 8. Solid Plastic Binders, Plastic Clipboards, Plastic File Folders, Plastic Clip Portfolios, and Plastic Presentation Folders Containing Recovered Plastic Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table G­ 8, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing solid plastic binders, plastic clipboards, plastic file folders, plastic clip portfolios, and plastic presentation folders containing recovered materials. Table G­ 8.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Solid Plastic Binders, Clipboards, File Folders, Clip Portfolios, and Presentation Folders ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Postconsumer recovered Product Material content (%) materials content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Solid plastic binders................... HDPE.................................. 90 90 PE.................................... 30­ 50 30­ 50 PET................................... 100 100 Misc. Plastics........................ 80 80 Plastic clipboards...................... HDPE.................................. 90 90 PS.................................... 50 50 Misc. Plastics........................ 15 15­ 80 Plastic file folders.................... HDPE.................................. 90 90 Plastic clip portfolios................. HDPE.................................. 90 90 Plastic presentation folders............ HDPE.................................. 90 90 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing binders, clipboards, file folders, clip portfolios, or presentation folders made from another material, such as paper. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing these items made from solid plastic, purchase them made with recovered plastics when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. For EPA's recommendations for purchasing pressboard binders and paper file folders containing recovered materials, see table A­ 1c in the Paper Products RMAN ( 61 FR 26986, May 29, 1996). See Table G­ 3 in RMAN I for EPA's recommendations for purchasing plastic­ covered binders containing recovered materials. Specifications: EPA did not identify any specifications for solid plastic binders, clipboards, file folders, clip portfolios, and presentation folders. EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications for these items that would preclude or discourage the use of products containing recovered materials. [[ Page 3092]] Part H. Miscellaneous Products Section H­ 2. Sorbents Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 2a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing sorbent materials for use in oil and solvent clean­ ups and for use as animal bedding. Table H­ 2a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Sorbents Used in Oil and Solvents Clean­ ups and for Use as Animal Bedding ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Paper.......................................... 90­ 100 100 Textiles....................................... 95­ 100 95­ 100 Plastics....................................... ............ 25­ 100 Wood........................................... ............ 100 Other Organics/ Multi­ Materials................. ............ 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: Wood'' includes materials such as sawdust and lumber mill trimmings. Examples of other organics'' include, but are not limited to, peanut hulls and corn stover. An example of multi­ material'' sorbents would include, but not be limited to, a polymer and cellulose fiber combination. EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing sorbents made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing sorbents made from paper, wood, textiles, plastics, or other organic materials, purchase them made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. Specifications: EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications for sorbents that would preclude or discourage the use of products containing recovered materials. EPA recommends that procuring agencies use the ASTM specifications in Table H­ 2b when procuring sorbents for use on oil and solvent cleanups Table H­ 2b.­­ ASTM Specifications for Absorbents and Adsorbents ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ F 716­ 81................................ Standard Method of Testing Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents. F 716­ 82................................ Standard Method of Testing Sorbent Performance of Absorbents. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Section H­ 3. Industrial Drums Containing Recovered Steel, Plastic, and Paper Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 3, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing steel, plastic, or fiber industrial drums containing recovered materials. EPA further recommends that procuring agencies reuse drums, purchase or use reconditioned drums, or procure drum reconditioning services, whenever feasible. Table H­ 3.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Steel, Plastic, and Fiber Industrial Drums ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total Postconsumer recovered Product Material content (%) materials content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Steel drums............................. Steel................................. 16 25­ 30 Plastic drums........................... HDPE.................................. 30­ 100 30­ 100 Fiber drums............................. Paper................................. 100 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendation does not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing another type of industrial drum. It simply requires that procuring agencies, when purchasing steel, plastic, or fiber industrial drums, purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items are made from steel manufactured in a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Specifications: EPA is not aware of specifications unique to industrial drums containing recovered materials. EPA notes that industrial drums containing recovered materials can meet applicable U. S. Department of Transportation specifications for packaging hazardous materials. Additionally, the National Motor Freight Traffic Association specifications for containers used to transport goods via truck do not prohibit the use of industrial drums containing recovered materials. Section H­ 4. Awards and Plaques Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 4, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing awards and plaques containing recovered materials. Table H­ 4.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Awards and Plaques Containing Recovered Materials ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Glass.......................................... 75­ 100 100 Wood........................................... ............ 100 Paper.......................................... 40­ 100 40­ 100 Plastic and Plastic/ Wood Composite............. 50­ 100 95­ 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing awards or plaques made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing awards or plaques made from paper, wood, glass, or plastics/ plastic composites, purchase them made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. Specifications: EPA is not aware of specifications or standards for awards or [[ Page 3093]] plaques containing recovered materials. EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications for awards and plaques that would preclude or discourage the use of products containing recovered materials. Section H­ 5. Mats Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 5, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing mats containing recovered materials. Table H­ 5.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Mats ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Rubber......................................... 75­ 100 85­ 100 Plastic........................................ 10­ 100 100 Rubber/ Plastic Composite....................... 100 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Note: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing mats made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing mats made from rubber and/ or plastic, purchase them made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. When purchasing mats with steel or aluminum linkages, the Agency recommends that these linkages also contain recovered materials. Specifications: EPA is not aware of specifications or standards for mats containing recovered materials. EPA recommends that procuring agencies ensure that there is no language in their specifications for mats that would preclude or discourage the use of products containing recovered materials. EPA is aware of one ASTM specification for wrestling mats, but does not believe that this type of mat is purchased in appreciable quantities by procuring agencies. Section H­ 6. Manual­ Grade Strapping Containing Recovered Steel and Plastic Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 6a, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing manual­ grade strapping containing recovered materials. Table H­ 6a.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Manual­ Grade Polyester, Polypropylene, and Steel Strapping ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Product Material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Polyester strapping........................ PET..................................... 50­ 85 50­ 85 Polypropylene strapping.................... PP...................................... ............ 10­ 40 Steel strapping............................ Steel................................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing another type of strapping, such as nylon. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing polyester, polypropylene, or steel manual­ grade strapping, purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. Specifications: EPA is not aware of specifications unique to strapping containing recovered materials. EPA notes that strapping containing recovered materials can meet the ASTM strapping specifications and selection guide listed in Table H­ 6b. Table H­ 6b.­­ Recommended ASTM Specifications and Guide for Strapping ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM specification/ guide number Title ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ASTM 3953............................... Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals. ASTM D 3950............................. Standard Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic ( and Joining Methods). ASTM D 4675............................. Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Section H­ 7. Signage Preference Program: EPA recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 7, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing plastic signs for non­ road applications ( e. g., building signs, trail signs) and aluminum signs for roadway or non­ road applications containing recovered materials. EPA also recommends that, based on the recovered materials content levels shown in Table H­ 7, procuring agencies establish minimum content standards for use in purchasing sign supports and posts containing recovered plastic or steel. Table H­ 7.­­ Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels for Signs Containing Recovered Plastic or Aluminum and Sign Posts/ Supports Containing Recovered Plastic or Steel ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Total recovered Item/ material Postconsumer materials content (%) content (%) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Plastic signs.................................. 80­­ 100 80­ 100 Aluminum signs................................. 25 25 Plastic sign posts/ supports.................... 80­ 100 80­ 100 Steel sign posts/ supports...................... 16 25­ 30 67 100 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Notes: Plastic signs and sign posts are recommended for nonroad applications only such as, but not limited to, railway signs in parks and directional/ informational signs in buildings. [[ Page 3094]] The recommended recovered materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF) or an Electric Arc Furnace ( EAF). Steel from the BOF process contains 25%­ 30% total recovered materials, of which 16% is postconsumer steel. Steel from the EAF process contains a total of 100% recovered steel, of which 67% is postconsumer. EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing signs or sign posts made from other materials. They simply require that procuring agencies, when purchasing signs made from plastic or aluminum or sign posts made from plastic or steel, purchase them made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements. Specifications: EPA is not aware of specifications for non­ road signs containing recovered materials. Standard specifications for road sign size, lettering, color, strength, and performance requirements can be found in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices,'' which is published by the Federal Highway Administration. Applicable portions of this manual have been placed in the RCRA public docket for the proposed CPG/ RMAN III notices. [ FR Doc. 00­ 1068 Filed 1­ 18­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ U

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.877013

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0007-0001

Proposed Rule

Alternative Liner Performance, Leachate Recirculation, and Bioreactor Landfills: Request for Information and Data [F-2000-ALPA-FFFFF]

18014 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 67 / Thursday, April 6, 2000 / Proposed Rules ( c) Before further flight and thereafter at intervals not to exceed 50 hours time­ inservice perform the following: ( 1) Clean each tail rotor drive shaft bearing support. Using a 6­ power or higher magnifying glass and a bright light, visually inspect the attach lugs of the bearing supports B and C ( shown in Figure 1) for cracks, particularly in the area extending from the bend radius to the attaching screws and rivets connecting the bearing supports to the tail boom. Before further flight, replace each cracked bearing support with an airworthy bearing support. ( 2) Inspect each bearing attach hardware lock plate for bent­ open tabs and slippage marks for attach hardware looseness or rotation. Before further flight, replace any loose bearing attach hardware ( including lock plates found bent or open due to bolt rotation) with airworthy hardware. ( d) An alternative method of compliance or adjustment of the compliance time that provides an acceptable level of safety may be used if approved by the Manager, Regulations Group, Rotorcraft Directorate, FAA. Operators shall submit their requests through an FAA Principal Maintenance Inspector, who may concur or comment and then send it to the Manager, Regulations Group. Note 3: Information concerning the existence of approved alternative methods of compliance with this AD, if any, may be obtained from the Regulations Group. ( e) Special flight permits may be issued in accordance with sections 21.197 and 21.199 of the Federal Aviation Regulations ( 14 CFR 21.197 and 21.199) to operate the helicopter to a location where the requirements of this AD can be accomplished. Note 4: The subject of this AD is addressed in Luftfahrt­ Bundesamt ( Federal Republic of Germany) AD's 1998 033/ 7 and 1998 389, both dated September 14, 1998. Issued in Fort Worth, Texas, on March 29, 2000. Henry A. Armstrong, Manager, Rotorcraft Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service. [ FR Doc. 00 8520 Filed 4 5 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 4910 13 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 52 [ TX 107 2 7424b; FRL 6567 6] Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Control of Air Pollution From Volatile Organic Compounds, Vent Gas Control and Offset Lithographic Printing Rules AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The EPA is taking action on revisions to the Texas State Implementation Plan ( SIP). This document covers three separate actions: Approving the Revisions to the 30 TAC, Chapter 115, Control of Air Pollution from Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOC), Subchapter B, Division 2, Vent Gas Control ( bakery oven emissions) rule as meeting our Reasonably Available Control Technology ( RACT) requirements for controlling the VOC emission from such major sources in the Dallas/ For Worth ( D/ FW) ozone nonattainment area; converting EPA's limited approval of certain sections in 30 TAC, Chapter 115, Control of Air Pollution from VOC, Subchapter B, Division 2, Vent Gas Control ( bakery oven emissions) rule to a full approval as meeting the RACT requirements for controlling the VOC emission from such major sources in the D/ FW ozone nonattainment area. By this approval action, we are saying that Texas will be implementing the RACT for VOC emissions resulting from operation of the bakeries in the D/ FW area; and approving that the revisions to the 30 TAC, Chapter 115, Control of Air Pollution from Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOC), Subchapter E, Division 4, Offset Lithography Printing as meeting our RACT requirements for controlling the VOC emission from such major sources in the D/ FW ozone nonattainment area. By this approval action, we are saying that Texas will be implementing the RACT for VOC emissions resulting from operation of the offset lithography printing sources in the D/ FW area. The EPA is approving these revisions to regulate emissions of VOCs as meeting RACT in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act. In the `` Rules and Regulations'' section of this Federal Register, EPA is approving the State's SIP revision as a direct final rule without prior proposal because the EPA views this as a noncontroversial revision and anticipates no adverse comment. The EPA has explained its reasons for this approval in the preamble to the direct final rule. If EPA receives no relevant adverse comments, the EPA will not take further action on this proposed rule. If EPA receives relevant adverse comment, EPA will withdraw the direct final rule and it will not take effect. The EPA will address all public comments in a subsequent final rule based on this proposed rule. The EPA will not institute a second comment period on this action. Any parties interested in commenting must do so at this time. DATES: Written comments must be received by May 8, 2000. ADDRESSES: Written comments should be addressed to Mr. Thomas H. Diggs, Chief, Air Planning Section ( 6PD L), at the EPA Region 6 Office listed below. Copies of documents relevant to this action are available for public inspection during normal business hours at the following locations. Anyone wanting to examine these documents should make an appointment with the appropriate office at least two working days in advance. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Air Planning Section ( 6PD L), 1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75202 2733. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Office of Air Quality, 12124 Park 35 Circle, Austin, Texas 78753. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Alan Shar, P. E., Air Planning Section ( 6PD L), EPA Region 6, 1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75202 2733, telephone ( 214) 665 6691. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document concerns Control of Air Pollution from Vent Gas Control ( bakery oven emissions) and offset lithographic printing rules in the D/ FW ozone nonattainment area. For further information, please see the information provided in the direct final action that is located in the `` Rules and Regulations'' section of this Federal Register publication. Authority: 42 U. S. C. 7401 et seq. Dated: March 21, 2000. Lynda F. Carroll, Acting Regional Administrator, Region 6. [ FR Doc. 00 7733 Filed 4 5 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 258 [ FRL 6571 3; F 2000 ALPA FFFFF] Alternative Liner Performance, Leachate Recirculation, and Bioreactor Landfills: Request for Information and Data AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Request for information and data. SUMMARY: EPA is requesting comments and information on two issues related to the Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. First, we need data and information on the performance of alternative liner designs compared to the performance of composite liners VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 09: 44 Apr 05, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 06APP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 06APP1 18015 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 67 / Thursday, April 6, 2000 / Proposed Rules when leachate is recirculated. Provisions in the municipal solid waste landfill ( MSWLF) criteria prohibit leachate recirculation at an MSWLF unless the unit has a composite liner as described in these regulations. Recently, various stakeholder groups ( e. g., States, local governments, solid waste associations, and industry) have suggested that there are alternative liner designs that would work as well as, if not better than, the specific liner designs currently required by the criteria. Second, EPA is also requesting data and information on the design and performance of bioreactor landfills. In recent years, bioreactor landfills have gained recognition as a possible innovation in solid waste management. The bioreactor landfill is generally defined as a landfill operated to transform and more quickly stabilize the readily and moderately decomposable organic constituents of the waste stream by purposeful control to enhance microbiological processes. Bioreactor landfills often employ liquid addition including leachate recirculation, alternative cover designs, and state­ ofthe art landfill gas collection systems. DATES: EPA must receive your responses on leachate recirculation and alternative liner performance by August 7, 2000. EPA must receive your responses on bioreactors by October 6, 2000. ADDRESSES: See section I of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information: Contact the RCRA Hotline at 800 424 9346 or TDD 800 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 703 412 9810 or TDD 703 412 3323. For information on specific aspects of this document: Contact Dwight Hlustick, Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division of the Office of Solid Waste ( mail code 5306W), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters ( EPA, HQ) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460; 703/ 308 8647 [ HLUSTICK. DWIGHT@ EPAMAIL. EPA. GOV]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Submitting Responses to This Document How May I Respond to This Document? What Information Should I Include in My Response? What Will EPA Do With the Information You Submit? II. What Will Be the Official Record for This Document? How May I See Responses to This Document? Where May I Find Information on This Action on the Internet? III. What Is the Authority for This Request? IV. Description of EPA's Current Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Regulations V. Description of Current Regulations for Landfill Liners Performance Standard Design Standard VI. What Are Existing Requirements for Leachate Recirculation? Description of Technical Guidance for Landfill Design Description of Concerns With Respect to Leachate Recirculation VII. What Information Would EPA Like to Have About Alternative Liner Performance and Leachate Recirculation? VIII. Concerns With Respect to Bioreactors Information Needs With Respect to Bioreactors IX. Conclusion I. Submitting Responses on This Document How May I Respond to This Document? You may submit your information in hard copy ( paper) or using electronic mail. All comments must reference docket number F 2000­ ALPA­ FFFFF. You should not submit electronically any confidential business information. · Mail: Please submit an original and two copies to: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters ( EPA, HQ) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington DC 20460. · Hand Deliveries: Please submit an original and two copies of information to: RCRA Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia. · Electronic Submittals: Please submit electronic information through the Internet to: rcra­ docket@ epa. gov. Your responses in electronic format must also be indentified by docket number F 2000 ALPA FFFFF. You must provide your electronic submittals as ASCII files and avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption. You should not submit electronically any confidential business information ( CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305W), U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania NW, Washington, DC 20460. What Information Should I Include in My Response? Your comments will be most effective if you follow the suggestions below: · Explain your views as clearly as possible. · Provide solid technical data to support your views. · If you estimate potential costs, explain how you arrived at the estimate. · Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns. · Offer specific alternatives. · Refer your comments to specific sections of this notice or MSWLF criteria. · Be sure to submit your information by the deadline in this notice. · Be sure to include the name, date, and docket number with your submittals. What Will EPA Do With the Information You Submit? We will review all responses to this action as well as additional information in our own data base in considering whether to propose to revise the Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ( 40 CFR part 258). EPA will not respond directly on an individual basis to those providing information to the Agency as a result of this action, but will address issues raised by the respondents in future Federal Register notices. In addition, all responses to this information request notice will be incorporated into the docket for any rulemaking proposals on the subject criteria. II. What Will Be the Official Record for This Document? The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all electronic submittals into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all responses submitted directly in writing. The official record is the paper record maintained at the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia. How May I See Responses to This Document? All responses to this document are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, we recommend that the public make an appointment by calling 703 603 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. Where May I Find Information on This Action on the Internet? Information on this action, consisting of this notice and a fact sheet, may be found at the following Internet site: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ non­ hw/ muncpl/ landfill/ leachate. htm. VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 15: 13 Apr 05, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 06APP1. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 06APP1 18016 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 67 / Thursday, April 6, 2000 / Proposed Rules III. What Is the Authority for This Request? Any revisions to Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ( 40 CFR part 258) will be made under Sections 1008, 2002 ( general rule making authority), 4004, and 4010 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended. Revisions may also be made under Section 405 of the Clean Water Act which addresses the disposal of sewage sludge. IV. Description of EPA's Current Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Regulations As specified in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the federal role is to establish overall regulatory direction through the provision of minimum nationwide standards for MSWLFs. On October 9, 1991, EPA issued revised Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ( 40 CFR part 258; 56 FR 50978). These criteria establish minimum national performance standards necessary to ensure that `` no reasonable probability of adverse effects on health or the environment'' will result from solid waste disposal facilities. MSWLFs typically receive household waste, nonhazardous commercial, institutional and industrial waste, household hazardous waste and conditionally exempt small quantity generator ( CESQG) hazardous waste. The criteria are implemented in one of two ways. The first, and preferred alternative, is that each State would implement the criteria after receiving approval by EPA of its municipal solid waste landfill permit program or other system of prior approval. The criteria contain provisions that allow States to develop and rely on alternative approaches that deal with site­ specific conditions. Therefore, the actual planning and direct implementation of solid waste programs is principally a function of State governments and those owners and operators, including local governments, of MSWLFs, not the federal government. The second alternative is that the program would be self­ implementing by landfill owners and operators in those States that have not received EPA approval of their MSWLF permitting programs. In this case, the regulations provide less flexibility than for approved States. As of March 1, 2000, 49 states and territories had received approval of their programs and are implementing these regulations. V. Description of Current Regulations for Landfill Liners The criteria set forth two methods for complying with liner requirements for municipal solid waste landfills. The first is a performance standard and the second is a specific design standard. Performance Standard The performance standard is set forth in § 258.40( a)( 1). Under this standard, a landfill owner or operator may rely on the design of their choice, provided the design ensures that the concentration values for the constituents listed in the following table will not be exceeded in the uppermost aquifer at the relevant point of compliance as determined by the Director of an approved State. TABLE 1. CONCENTRATION VALUES NOT TO BE EXCEEDED AT THE POINT OF COMPLIANCE Chemical MCL ( mg/ l) Arsenic ............................................ 0.05 Barium ............................................ 1.0 Benzene .......................................... 0.005 Cadmium ........................................ 0.01 Carbon tetrachloride ....................... 0.005 Chromium ( hexavalent) .................. 0.05 2,4­ Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid .... 0.1 1,4­ Dichlorobenzene ....................... 0.075 1,2­ Dichloroethane ......................... 0.005 1,2­ Dichloroethylene ....................... 0.007 Endrin ............................................. 0.0002 Fluoride ........................................... 4 Lindane ........................................... 0.004 Lead ................................................ 0.05 Mercury ........................................... 0.002 Methoxychlor .................................. 0.1 Nitrate ............................................. 10 Selenium ......................................... 0.01 Silver ............................................... 0.05 Toxaphene ...................................... 0.005 1,1,1­ Trichoromethane ................... 0.2 Trichloroethylene ............................ 0.005 2,4,5­ Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid 0.01 Vinyl Chloride ................................. 0.002 The point of compliance can be no more than 150 meters from the waste management unit boundary and must be on land owned by the owner of the MSWLF ( see 40 CFR 258.40( d)). The criteria require that in determining whether the performance standard is met, the Director of the approved State program shall consider the following factors in his/ her determination: 1. The hydrogeologic characteristics of the facility and the surrounding land; 2. The volume and the physical and chemical characteristics of the leachate; 3. The quantity, quality, and direction of flow of ground water; 4. The proximity of and withdrawal rate of the groundwater users; 5. The availability of alternative drinking water supplies; 6. The existing quality of the ground water, including other sources of contamination and their cumulative impacts on the ground water, and whether the ground water is currently used or reasonably expected to be used for drinking water; 7. Public health, safety, and welfare effects; and 8. Practical capability of the owner or operator. Design Standard The second method for compliance with the criteria is to install a liner system that meets the specific design criteria described in 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 2) and set forth in 40 CFR 258.40( b). Section 258.40( a)( 2) states that the liner system must contain a composite liner and Section 258.40( b) defines a composite liner as a system comprised of two components: 1. An upper component consisting of a minimum of 30 mil flexible membrane liner ( 60 mil if high density polyethylene ( HDPE) is used); and 2. a lower component consisting of compacted soil at least two feet deep with a hydraulic conductivity of no more than 1x 10 ¥ 7 cm/ sec. We based this decision on a desire to ensure that leachate reaching the liner would be efficiently collected ( 56 FR 51056). The design standards require that the leachate collection system be capable of maintaining a hydraulic head within the landfill of 30 cm or less. VI. What Are the Existing Requirements for Leachate Recirculation? The liquid restrictions in Subpart C of Part 258 only allow leachate recirculation in MSWLFs that are constructed with a composite liner and leachate recirculation system as described in 40 CFR 258.28( a)( 2). The recirculation of leachate is not allowed in landfills which have an alternative liner design even if the design meets the performance standard in 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 1). At the time these regulations were promulgated, we believed MSWLFs needed a composite liner and leachate control system as described at 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 2) to ensure that ground water would be protected. Description of Technical Guidance for Landfill Design EPA published a technical manual entitled `` Solid Waste Disposal Criteria'' ( EPA530 R 93 017, NTIS PB94 100 450, Internet site: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ non­ hw/ muncpl/ landfill/ techman/) in 1993. Chapter 4 of this manual entitled `` Design Criteria'' sets forth additional guidance in the VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 15: 16 Apr 05, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 06APP1. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 06APP1 18017 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 67 / Thursday, April 6, 2000 / Proposed Rules following areas: ( 1) Design concepts, ( 2) design calculations, ( 3) physical properties, and ( 4) construction methods. This chapter of the guidance document also addresses the following: Designs Based on the Performance Standard · Leachate characterization and leakage assessment; · Leachate migration in the subsurface; · Leachate migration models; · Relevant point of compliance assessment. Description of Concerns With Respect to Leachate Recirculation Many MSWLF stakeholders ( e. g., States, local governments, solid waste associations, and industry) believe that under certain conditions, leachate recirculation should be allowed when alternative liners are used. In fact, some believe that alternative liner technologies can be superior to the composite liner design specified in the criteria. We are trying to determine if it is possible to design and operate MSWLFs safely when alternative liner designs are used and leachate is recirculated. As required by the regulations, such an alternative liner design must assure that the performance standard specified at 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 1) and the requirement to maintain a hydraulic head within the landfill of 30 cm. or less are met. VII. What Information Would EPA Like to Have About Alternative Liner Performance and Leachate Recirculation? We are interested in determining whether and which types of alternative liners are capable of meeting the design performance standard described above including maintaining a hydraulic head at acceptable levels. More specifically we are seeking data and information on the following issues and questions: · Should EPA revise the MSWLF regulations to allow leachate recirculation when alternative liners are used, and under what conditions should leachate recirculation be allowed? · Should only specified alternative liner designs be allowed if leachate is recirculated? · When alternative liners are used, what would be the impact of leachate recirculation on leachate quality and quantity and attainment of the concentration values specified in Table 1 in ground water at the point of compliance? · Does EPA need to specify other requirements in the MSWLF Criteria to ensure that landfills that recirculate leachate when using alternative liners protect ground water and maintain the hydraulic head with the landfill at 30 cm. or less? · To what degree does leachate recirculation accelerate the stability of the leachate and the remaining decomposable solids in a landfill? How can EPA make a determination when a landfill is sufficiently stabilized? · Should EPA revise the technical manual? If so, how? We are particularly interested in information on how to advise owners and operators to characterize leachate and leachate leakage rates properly when conducting leakage migration modeling to demonstrate that a landfill which recirculates leachate meets the performance standard specified in 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 1). For example, should we be suggesting different methodologies to quantify input parameters? Are there non­ steady state situations that we should be addressing in the guidance? What are the effects of leachate recirculation on heavy metals in the leachate, and subsequently in the ground water? Should the groundwater models identified in this guidance be updated? If so, what models are appropriate? VIII. Concerns With Respect to Bioreactors Recent communications from MSWLF stakeholders indicate that there is a growing interest in bioreactor landfills. Bioreactor landfills represent a potential new approach to solid waste management. A bioreactor landfill can be generally defined as a sanitary landfill operated to transform and stabilize the readily and moderately decomposable organic constituents of the waste stream by purposeful control to enhance microbiological processes. While categorizations of bioreactor landfills vary, operational parameters often employ leachate recirculation, alternative cover designs, liquids addition to optimize moisture content in the waste, and state­ of­ the­ art landfill gas collection systems. Bioreactor landfills have been operated under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Thus, the term bioreactor landfill is a management concept for MSWLFs encompassing a variety of MSWLF practices. Information Needs With Respect to Bioreactors At this time, EPA lacks adequate data and information on the design, operation, and performance of bioreactor landfills to evaluate this technology. We are unsure about the appropriateness of revising the MSWLF Criteria, as some stakeholders have suggested to the Agency, to allow for design and operation of bioreactor landfills ( e. g., allowing the addition of additional liquids to municipal landfills to optimize waste degradation). Therefore, we are today seeking data and other information on the design, operation, and performance of bioreactor landfills. We are specifically requesting comment and data in the following areas. · The nature and scope of current bioreactor landfill projects both within the U. S. and abroad. · The impact ( advantages and disadvantages) of leachate recirculation and liquids addition ( with or without the addition of air) on leachate quality, waste settlement, waste slope and stability, and landfill gas yield. · Modifications that have been made to daily cover to optimize biodegradation. · Changes to final cover that have been made to optimize biodegradation or to incorporate materials which convert landfill gas to carbon dioxide and water. See, for example `` Approaching Sustainable Landfilling,'' Alexander Zach, et al.; and `` Biological Pretreatment of MSW as a Measure to Save Landfill Volume and Deter Birds,'' Florian Koelsch and Richard T. Reynolds, Proceedings of Fifteenth International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, December 12 15, 1999, Philadelphia, PA. Proceedings published by Widener University School of Engineering and the University of Pennsylvania. · Additional monitoring requirements necessary to ensure that a bioreactor ( with or without air addition) is functioning properly over the life of the landfill. · Approaches that have been taken to close bioreactor landfills and to care for the landfill during the post­ closure care period to ensure protection of human health and the environment. · The potential public health, environmental, and economic impacts of adding liquid wastes, such as sewage sludge, grey water or animal feedlot liquid wastes to the MSWLF. · For bioreactors which have been operating in the aerobic mode, what methods have been used to provide for aeration and how to control temperature in the waste mass. · The appropriateness of liner designs different from the specific design described in 40 CFR 258.40( a)( 2) when liquids are added to a MSWLF to enhance biodegradation. · Project economics for the design, construction, and operation of VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 15: 13 Apr 05, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 06APP1. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 06APP1 18018 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 67 / Thursday, April 6, 2000 / Proposed Rules bioreactor landfills ( with or without air addition). · The Clean Air Act Section 111( d) and greenhouse gas emissions impact of operating a municipal solid waste landfill as a bioreactor landfill, i. e., will the addition of air or liquids affect the ability of a landfill to comply with air regulations? · The comparative cost effectiveness and environmental benefits of the bioreactor landfill relative to managing segregated organic wastes through composting and placing noncompostable waste in a standard municipal landfill ( i. e., one not operated as a bioreactor). · Are there management and safety issues associated with landfill gas generation and control at bioreactor landfills that need to be addressed in regulations or guidance? · Are there relevant patent issues associated with anaerobic, aerobic, or other bioreactor landfills of which EPA should be aware? IX. Conclusion After reviewing the literature on leachate recirculation, alternative liner designs, and bioreactor landfills and information and data received during this comment period, the Agency will make a determination concerning what future actions, if any, we will take on the issues discussed in this document. Dated: March 22, 2000. Elizabeth Cotsworth, Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00 8400 Filed 4 5 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 761 [ OPPTS 66009G; FRL 6553 6] RIN 2070 AD27 Use Authorization for, and Distribution in Commerce of, Non­ liquid Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Notice of Availability; Partial Reopening of Comment Period; Extension of Comment Period AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule; extension of comment period. SUMMARY: EPA is extending the comment period for the proposed rule which published in the Federal Register of December 10, 1999. That action solicited additional information on the use and concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs) found in certain non­ liquid PCB ( NLPCB) applications. It also announced the availability, for comment, of data that were submitted to EPA after the comment period closed for the December 6, 1994 proposal. In addition to authorizing certain NLPCB uses, the proposed provision ( § 761.30( q)) would have required compliance with several conditions ( e. g., notification, marking, air monitoring and standard wipe tests, remediation, repair and/ or removal, reporting and recordkeeping requirements). EPA is extending the 120 day data submission period, as well as the 90 day comment period on existing and new data submissions. In response to a request for more time to develop the requested data, EPA is extending the comment periods to obtain data that may support an authorization which would require few, if any, conditions but is protective of health and the environment. DATES: Data submissions, identified by docket control number OPPTS 66009G, must be received on or before October 10, 2000. Comments on any of the data submissions and/ or relevant docket materials, identified by docket control number OPPTS 66009G, must be received on or before January 10, 2001. ADDRESSES: Submit data and comments by mail, electronically, or in person. Please follow the detailed instructions for each method as provided in Unit III. of the `` SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.'' To ensure proper receipt by EPA, it is imperative that you identify docket control number OPPTS 66009G in the subject line on the first page of your response. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information contact: Barbara Cunningham, Director, Office of Program Management and Evaluation, ( 7401), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone numbers: ( 202) 554 1404; e­ mail address: TSCAHotline epa. gov. For technical information contact: Peggy Reynolds, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, National Program Chemicals Division, ( 7404), Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: ( 202) 260 3965; e­ mail address: reynolds. peggy@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Does this Action Apply to Me? You may be affected by this supplemental action if you own, use, process, or distribute PCBs in commerce. Affected categories and entities include: Categories NAICS Codes Examples of Potentially Affected Entities Industry 31­ 33, 211, 5133 Electroindustry manufacturers, oil and gas extraction, endusers of electricity, telecommunications and general contractors Utilities and rural electric cooperatives 2211 Electric power and light companies Individuals, Federal, State Municipal Governments hospitals and colleges 921, 622, 6113 Individuals and agencies which own, use, process and distribute PCBs in commerce This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. Other types of entities not listed in the table in this unit could also be affected. The North American Industrial Classification System ( NAICS) codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining whether or not this action applies to certain entities. To determine whether you or your business is affected VerDate 20< MAR> 2000 09: 44 Apr 05, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 06APP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 06APP1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.898603

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0010-0001

Rule

Comprehensive Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials

Wednesday, January 19, 2000 Part V Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 247 Comprehensive Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials; Recovered Materials Advisory Notice III; Final Rule VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3070 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 247 [ SWH FRL 6524 2] RIN 2050 AE23 Comprehensive Guideline for Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency today is amending the May 1, 1995 Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG). EPA is designating 18 new items that are or can be made with recovered materials. These items are carpet cushion; flowable fill; railroad grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; food waste compost; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; solid plastic binders; plastic clipboards; plastic file folders; plastic clip portfolios; plastic presentation folders; sorbents ( i. e., absorbents and adsorbents); industrial drums; awards and plaques; mats; signage; and manualgrade strapping. The CPG implements section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) and section 502 of Executive Order 13101, which require EPA to designate items that are or can be made with recovered materials and to recommend practices that procuring agencies can use to procure designated items. Once EPA designates an item, any procuring agency that uses appropriated Federal funds to procure that item must purchase the item containing the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable. Today's action will use government purchasing power to stimulate the use of these materials in the manufacture of new products, thereby, fostering markets for materials recovered from solid waste. RCRA section 6002 provides certain limited exceptions to the general requirement to buy EPA­ designated items. Under certain circumstances based on competition, price, availability, and performance, RCRA section 6002 does not require that procuring agencies purchase an item designated by EPA. In the May 1, 1995 CPG, EPA codified the RCRA section 6002 procurement requirements for the convenience of procuring agencies so they could find all of the RCRA section 6002 procurement provisions, as well as EPA's item designations, in one location. You can find these requirements at 40 CFR Part 247. EFFECTIVE DATE: This final rule is effective on January 19, 2001. ADDRESSES: The public docket for this document is Docket F 1999 CP3F FFFFF. Documents related to today's notice are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), which is located at U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Ground Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, except for Federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling ( 703) 603 9230. Copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. See Section IX of the `` Supplementary Information'' section below for information on accessing the documents electronically. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information contact the RCRA Hotline at ( 800) 424 9346 or TDD ( 800) 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, call ( 703) 412 9810 or TDD ( 703) 412 3323. For technical information on individual item designations, contact Terry Grist at ( 703) 308 7257. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Preamble Outline I. What is the statutory authority for this amendment? II. Who is affected by this amendment? III. Why is EPA taking this action? IV. What criteria did EPA use to select items for designation? V. What are the definitions of terms used in today's action? VI. What did commenters say about the proposed CPG III and draft RMAN III? A. General Comments 1. Recordkeeping and Reporting 2. Designation of Materials B. Comments on Proposed Item Designations 1. Nylon Carpet with Backing Containing Recovered Materials 2. Flowable Fill 3. Railroad Grade Crossing Surfaces 4. Sorbents C. Comments on Other Items Considered for Designation VII. Where can agencies get information on the availability of EPA­ designated items? VIII. Administrative Assessments A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review 1. Summary of Costs 2. Product Cost 3. Summary of Benefits B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 and Consultation with State, Local, and Tribal Governments D. Executive Order 13132: Federalism E. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments F. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Risks and Safety Risks G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 H. Submission to Congress and the General Accounting Office IX. Supporting Information and Accessing Internet I. What Is the Statutory Authority for This Amendment? EPA (`` the Agency'') is promulgating this amendment to the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline under the authority of sections 2002( a) and 6002 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 ( RCRA), as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6912( a) and 6962. The Agency is also promulgating this amendment under section 502 of Executive Order ( E. O.) 13101, `` Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition,'' ( 63 FR 49643, September 14, 1998). II. Who Is Affected by This Amendment? This action may potentially affect procuring agencies that purchase the following items: carpet cushion; flowable fill; railroad grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; food waste compost; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; solid plastic binders; plastic clipboards; plastic file folders; plastic clip portfolios; plastic presentation folders; sorbents ( i. e., absorbents and adsorbents); awards and plaques; industrial drums; mats; signage; and manual­ grade strapping. Under RCRA section 6002, procuring agencies include the following: ( 1) Any Federal agency; ( 2) any State or local agency using appropriated Federal funds for a procurement; or ( 3) any contractors of these agencies who are procuring these items for work they perform under the contract. See RCRA section 1004( 17). The requirements of section 6002 apply to these procuring agencies only when the agencies procure designated items whose price exceeds $ 10,000 or when the quantity of the item purchased in the previous year exceeded $ 10,000. A list of entities that this rule may cover is provided in Table 1. VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3071 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations TABLE 1. ENTITIES POTENTIALLY SUBJECT TO SECTION 6002 REQUIREMENTS TRIGGERED BY CPG AMENDMENTS Category Examples of regulated entities Federal Government ........................................... Federal departments or agencies that procure $ 10,000 or more of a designated item in a given year. State Government ............................................... A State agency that uses appropriated Federal funds to procure $ 10,000 or more of a designated item in a given year. Local Government .............................................. A local agency that uses appropriated Federal funds to procure $ 10,000 or more of a designated item in a given year. Contractor ........................................................... A contractor working on a project funded by appropriated Federal funds that purchases $ 10,000 or more of a designated item in a given year. This table is not intended to be exhaustive. To determine whether this action applies to your procurement practices, you should carefully examine the applicability criteria in 40 CFR § 247.12. If you have questions about whether this action applies to a particular entity, contact Terry Grist at ( 703) 308 7257. RCRA section 6002 applies to procuring agencies that use at least a portion of Federal funds to procure over $ 10,000 worth of a designated product in a given year. EPA estimates that this rule would apply to 35 Federal agencies, all 56 states and territories and 1,900 local governments. EPA calculated the number of local governments that would be impacted by this rule based on information on the amount of Federal funds that are dispersed to specific counties. In addition, EPA assumed that 1,000 contractors may be affected. A description of this information is provided in the Economic Impact Analysis for today's rule. III. Why Is EPA Taking This Action? Section 6002( e) of RCRA requires EPA to designate items that are or can be made with recovered materials and to recommend practices to help procuring agencies meet their obligations for procuring items designated under RCRA section 6002. RCRA requires that when a procuring agency purchase an EPAdesignated item, the agency must purchase that item made of the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable. E. O. 13101 establishes the procedures EPA must follow when implementing RCRA section 6002( e). Section 502 of the Executive Order directs EPA to issue a Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) that designates items that are or can be made with recovered materials. At the same time EPA promulgates the CPG, the Agency must publish its recommended procurement practices for entities that purchase designated items in a related Recovered Materials Advisory Notice ( RMAN). These practices must also provide recommendations for the content of recovered materials in the designated items. The Executive Order also directs EPA to update the CPG every two years and to issue RMANs periodically to reflect changing market conditions. The original CPG ( CPG I) was published on May 1, 1995 ( 60 FR 21370). It established eight product categories, designated 19 new items, and consolidated five earlier item designations. At the same time, EPA published the first RMAN ( RMAN I) ( 60 FR 21386). On November 13, 1997, EPA published CPG II ( 62 FR 60962), which designated an additional 12 items. At the same time, EPA published a RMAN II ( 62 FR 60975). Paper Products RMANs were issued on May 29, 1996 ( 61 FR 26985) and June 8, 1998 ( 63 FR 31214). On August 26, 1998, EPA proposed to designate 19 additional items ( CPG III) and published draft recommendations that provided recommendations for entities to use when purchasing items that contain recovered materials ( RMAN III). See 63 FR 45558 45578 and 63 FR 45580 45589, respectively. Today, EPA is designating 18 of the items proposed in CPG III. In CPG III, EPA proposed designating nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials, but the Agency is not designating this item, at this time for the reasons explained below. The 18 newly designated items are listed below by product category. Construction Products Carpet cushion Flowable fill Railroad grade crossing surfaces Park and Recreation Products Park benches and picnic tables Playground equipment Landscaping Products Food waste compost Plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts Non­ Paper Office Products Solid plastic binders Plastic clipboards Plastic file folders Plastic clip portfolios Plastic presentation folders Miscellaneous Sorbents Industrial drums Awards and plaques Mats Signage, including sign supports and posts Manual­ grade strapping IV. What Criteria Did EPA Use To Select Items for Designation? RCRA section 6002( e) requires EPA to consider the following when determining which items it will designate: ( 1) Availability of the item; ( 2) Potential impact of the procurement of the item by procuring agencies on the solid waste stream; ( 3) Economic and technological feasibility of producing the item; and ( 4) Other uses for the recovered materials used to produce the item. The Agency also considers other factors in its selection criteria. EPA consulted with Federal procurement and requirements officials to identify other criteria to consider when selecting items for designation. Based on these discussions, the Agency concluded that the limitations set forth in RCRA section 6002( c) should also be factored into its selection decisions. This provision requires that each procuring agency that procures an item that EPA has designated procure the item that contains the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable, while maintaining a satisfactory level of competition. A procuring agency, however, may decide not to procure an EPA­ designated item containing recovered materials if the procuring agency determines: ( 1) The item is not available within a reasonable period of time; ( 2) the item fails to meet the performance standards that the procuring agency has set forth in the product specifications; or ( 3) the item is available only at an unreasonable price. EPA recognized that these criteria could provide procuring agencies with a rationale for not purchasing EPAdesignated items that contain recovered materials. For this reason, EPA considers the limitations cited in RCRA section 6002( c) when it selects items to VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3072 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations designate in the CPG. Therefore, in CPG I, the Agency outlined the following criteria that it uses when it selects items for designation: · Use of materials found in solid waste, · Economic and technological feasibility and performance, · Impact of government procurement, · Availability and competition, and · Other uses for recovered materials. EPA discussed these criteria in the CPG I background documents and repeated that discussion, for reader convenience, in Section II of the document entitled, `` Proposed Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) III and Draft Recovered Materials Advisory Notice ( RMAN) III Supporting Analyses.'' The RCRA public docket for the proposed CPG III rule, docket F 1998 CP3P FFFFF contains this document. In CPG I, EPA stated that it had adopted two approaches for designating items that are made with recovered materials. For some items, such as floor tiles, the Agency designated broad categories and provided information in the RMAN about the appropriate applications or uses for the items. For other items, such as plastic trash bags, EPA designated specific items, and, in some instances, specified the types of recovered materials or applications to which the designation applies. The Agency explained the approaches that it took to designate items in the preamble to CPG I ( 60 FR 21373, May 1, 1995), and repeats them here for the convenience of the reader: EPA sometimes had information on the availability of a particular item made with a specific recovered material ( e. g., plastic), but no information on the availability of the item made from a different recovered material or any indication that it is possible to make the item with a different recovered material. In these instances, EPA concluded that it was appropriate to include the specific material in the item designation in order to provide vital information to procuring agencies as they seek to fulfill their obligations to purchase designated items composed of the highest percentage of recovered materials practicable. This information enables the agencies to focus their efforts on products that are currently available for purchase, reducing their administrative burden. EPA also included information in the proposed CPG, as well as in the draft RMAN that accompanied the proposed CPG, that advised procuring agencies that EPA is not recommending the purchase of an item made from one particular material over a similar item made from another material. For example, EPA included the following statement in the preamble discussion for plastic desktop accessories ( 59 FR 18879, April 20, 1994): `` This designation does not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing desktop accessories manufactured from another material, such as wood. It simply requires that a procuring agency, when purchasing plastic desktop accessories, purchase these accessories made with recovered materials * * *'' The Agency understands that some procuring agencies may believe that designating a broad category of items in the CPG requires that they ( 1) procure all items included in such category with recovered materials content and ( 2) establish an affirmative procurement program for the entire category of items, even when specific items within the category do not meet the procuring agency's performance standards. RCRA clearly does not require such actions, as implemented through the CPG and the RMAN. RCRA section 6002 does not require a procuring agency to purchase items that contain recovered materials if the items are not available or if they do not meet a procuring agency's specifications or reasonable performance standards for the contemplated use. Further, section 6002 does not require a procuring agency to purchase such items if the item that contains recovered material is only available at an unreasonable price, or if purchasing such item does not maintain a reasonable level of competition. However, EPA stresses that, the procuring agency should seek to purchase the product made with highest percentage of recovered materials practicable if that product meets the procuring agency's performance requirements and all other factors are equal. The items designated today have all been evaluated against EPA's criteria. The Agency discusses these evaluations in the `` Background Document for the Final Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) III and Final Recovered Materials Advisory Notice ( RMAN) III'' ( hereafter referred to as the `` Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III),'' which the Agency has placed in the docket for the final CPG III and RMAN III. You can also access the document electronically. ( See Section IX below for Internet access directions.) V. What Are the Definitions of Terms Used in Today's Action? Today, in 40 CFR 247.3, EPA is defining the following new item­ specific terms: carpet cushion; flowable fill; railroad grade crossing surfaces; park benches and picnic tables; playground equipment; food waste compost; plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts; solid plastic binders; plastic clipboards; plastic file folders; plastic clip portfolios; plastic presentation folders; sorbents; industrial drums; awards and plaques; mats; signage; and manualgrade strapping. These definitions are based on industry definitions, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM) or other industry standards, or describe the scope of items that the Agency is designating. For several items that the Agency is designating today, EPA recommends in the final RMAN III that procuring agencies use two different measures of the content of recovered materials: ( 1) A component of postconsumer recovered materials and ( 2) a component of total recovered materials. In these instances, EPA found that manufacturers were using both types of materials to manufacture the products. If the Agency recommended only postconsumer content levels, it would fail to meet the RCRA mandate to maximize the use of recovered materials, because the Agency would fail to acknowledge the contribution that manufacturers using other manufacturers' byproducts as feedstock have made to solid waste management. Because the recommendations for the items that the Agency is designating today use the terms `` postconsumer materials'' and `` recovered materials,'' we repeat the definitions for these terms in this notice. The Agency provided these definitions in CPG I, and they are also provided at 40 CFR 247.3. Postconsumer materials means a material or finished product that has served its intended end use and has been diverted or recovered from waste destined for disposal, having completed its life as a consumer item. Postconsumer material is part of the broader category of recovered materials. Recovered materials means waste materials and byproducts which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste, but the term does not include those materials and byproducts generated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufacturing process. VI. What Did Commenters Say About the Proposed CPG III and Draft RMAN III? Forty commenters responded to the proposed CPG III and the draft RMAN III. These commenters represented various interests, including but not limited to Federal agencies, State agencies, local governments, product manufacturers, trade associations and product users. In this section, EPA discusses the major comments that commenters provided on the proposed CPG III. The most significant comments received on the draft RMAN III are discussed in the preamble to the notice of availability of the final RMAN III, which is published in the notices section of today's Federal Register. You can find a summary of all VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3073 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations comments and EPA's responses in the `` Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III.'' A. General Comments 1. Recordkeeping and Reporting Comment: The U. S. Department of Energy ( DOE) stated that it supports efforts to conserve resources by procuring products containing recovered materials. DOE stated that it has aggressively instituted an affirmative procurement program ( APP) throughout the Department. DOE expressed its concern, however, that as the number of designated items increases, administrative costs of the program will become increasingly burdensome. DOE believes that as the reporting and data collection requirements continue to grow with additional designations, it is likely that the good will and positive environmental message of E. O. 13101 will be misplaced. DOE suggested that EPA seek to revise the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR) to channel federal purchasing toward products with recycled content. This way, federal agencies could report progress in implementing the FAR language, as opposed to attempting to capture every purchase made by the federal government. Response: EPA has stated on many occasions that implementation of RCRA section 6002 must be consistent with other federal procurement law. For example, in Appendix II to the `` Background Document for Proposed Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG) III and Draft Recovered Materials Advisory Notice ( RMAN) III,'' April 1998, EPA stated the following: The purchase of recycled products under RCRA section 6002 must be consistent with other Federal procurement law, which requires that contracts be awarded to the lowest priced, responsive, responsible bidder * * *. On August 22, 1997, the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council ( CAAC) and the Defense Acquisition Regulations Council ( DARC) issued a final rule amending the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR) parts 1, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 36, 42, and 52 to reflect the government's preference for the acquisition of environmentally­ sound and energyefficient products and services and to establish an affirmative procurement program favoring items containing the maximum practicable content of recovered materials. ( See 62 FR 44809, August 22, 1997.) On September 23, 1999, the CAAC and DARC proposed amendments to the FAR to clarify language relating to implementation of Executive Order 13101. The proposed rule ( 64 FR 51656, September 23, 1999) also reorganizes various sections of the FAR to make environmental procurement policies easier to find and implement. Procuring agencies should consult the FAR for guidance on acquisitions issues. In addition, the Office of the Federal Environmental Executive has established a Reporting Workgroup and associated subcommittees to examine issues on recordkeeping and reporting. Topics of discussion have included the potential for using automated systems and electronic commerce, vendor reporting, as well as other alternatives. It is the intent of these efforts that, through the use of interagency workgroups, reporting and recordkeeping requirements can be effectively and efficiently implemented. Presumably, if these workgroups determine that additional FAR changes are warranted, these changes could be proposed through the process and procedures already established for amending the FAR. 2. Designation of Materials Comment: The Steel Recycling Institute ( SRI) and the Steel Manufacturers Association submitted separate comments in support of EPA's proposed designation of items containing recovered steel ( i. e., railroad grade crossing surfaces, park benches and picnic tables, playground equipment, industrial drums, signage, and strapping). SRI also urged EPA to recognize ( i. e., designate) steel in general for its high recyclability and guaranteed recycled content. The American Iron and Steel Institute and the American Zinc Association also submitted comments endorsing the comments provided by SRI. SRI provided updated information for use in the `` Summary of Benefits'' section of this notice, stating that its latest study shows that for every ton of steel recycled, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of limestone are saved, versus 1,000 pounds of coal and 40 pounds of limestone stated in EPA's notice ( 63 FR 45575). SRI also submitted comments on the recycled content of steel products. A summary of these comments and the Agency's response is discussed in RMAN III which is published in the notices section of today's Federal Register. Response: EPA agrees that steel, like many metals, is both recyclable and can contain recovered materials. EPA also agrees that steel, like many metals, is a waste management success story in terms of its recyclability, high recycling rate, and recovered materials content. EPA also applauds the steel industry's source reduction efforts to produce stronger, lighter weight steel, in response to customer demand. RCRA, however, specifically requires EPA to designate items that are or can be made with recovered materials, not the component materials used in those items. Accordingly, EPA designates items that are manufactured with steel, not the material itself. EPA has used the new data provided by SRI for coal and limestone savings resulting from the use of recovered steel in manufacturing. This information has been incorporated in all applicable documents supporting the final CPG/ RMAN III. B. Comments on Proposed Item Designations A vast majority of commenters supported the item designations proposed in CPG III with minor comments. This section discusses the major comments submitted on specific items proposed for designation in the proposed CPG III. EPA has included a summary of all comments on the proposed CPG III and our responses in the `` Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III.'' EPA received significant comments on four items: carpet backing, flowable fill, railroad grade crossings, and sorbents. These comments are discussed below. Based on the item­ specific comments received, we are promulgating all of the items proposed with the exception of nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials. 1. Nylon Carpet With Backing Containing Recovered Materials Comments: EPA received six comments in opposition to the proposed designation of nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials. These commenters all stated that there is only one manufacturer currently making nylon carpet backing with recovered materials content. They indicated that the manufacturer uses a patented process and, therefore, a designation is premature and does not meet the statutory requirements for adequate competition when designating items. Response: EPA proposed to designate nylon carpet with backing containing recovered materials based on the fact that at the time of the proposal, one manufacturer was producing carpet tiles with backing containing recovered materials commercially and, as the Agency stated in the background document, two other manufacturers were piloting production runs with recovered materials content and were expected to enter the marketplace. As a result of this comment, EPA conducted VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 19: 13 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm10 PsN: 19JAR4 3074 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations additional research and found that, since the proposal, significant developments have occurred in the carpet industry with respect to the use of recovered materials in nylon carpet backing and the fiber facing. As an example, one company is currently making `` renewed'' carpet tiles. The company takes old carpet and makes renewed carpet tiles through a series of process steps which include supercleaning, retexturing of fibers, and adding colors and patterns. In addition, many companies have begun or are expected to begin manufacturing nylon carpet tiles with recovered materials in the fiber facing. Since significant developments have occurred with respect to the use of recovered materials in the nylon carpet industry, the Agency believes additional research should be conducted before a final designation for nylon carpet or nylon carpet backing is issued to ensure these developments are given proper consideration. Therefore, the Agency is not designating this item at this time, but will consider designating nylon carpet products when proposing the next procurement guideline ( CPG IV). Although the Agency is not designating this item at this time, procuring agencies may choose to procure any item containing recovered materials, regardless of whether the item is specifically designated by EPA. Procurement of items containing recovered materials, whether or not they are designated by EPA, is consistent with RCRA section 6002 and E. O. 13101. 2. Flowable Fill EPA received 18 sets of comments on its proposal to designate flowable fill containing coal fly ash and ferrous foundry sands. While all commenters supported the proposed designation for flowable fill containing coal fly ash, some commenters raised issues on the proposed designation of flowable fill containing ferrous foundry sands. The following discussions summarize these concerns and other issues raised by the commenters and also provides the Agency's response. Comment: The FIRST Project ( Foundry Industry Recycling Starts Today), which is an industry consortium, supported EPA's designation of flowable fill containing foundry sand, with a few comments. The FIRST Project took issue with EPA's statement that nonferrous foundry sands are typically hazardous waste due to their lead and cadmium content ( 63 FR 45563). The FIRST Project maintains that spent sand from the vast majority of nonferrous foundries is not hazardous, nor does it contain lead and cadmium. The FIRST Project provided analytical data from nonferrous foundry sand samples to support their position. According to the FIRST Project, due to changes in alloy chemistries of many nonferrous foundry operations over the past decade, spent sands meet EPA and state definitions of nonhazardous waste. The FIRST Project requested that EPA correct the statement about nonferrous sands being hazardous waste. They also suggested that EPA list the American Foundrymen's Society as another resource for obtaining information on the use of spent foundry sand in flowable fill. Response: EPA based its statement regarding the hazardousness of nonferrous foundry sands on industry data provided to the Agency in 1995 as part of the Phase IV Land Disposal Restrictions ( LDR) rulemaking ( 60 FR 43654, August 22, 1995). These data indicated that the sands from 98% of bronze and brass ( B& B) foundries and 40% of bronze and brass and aluminum ( B& B& A) foundries were characteristically hazardous for metals. The commenter's analytical data do not support their claim that a majority of nonferrous foundry sands are nonhazardous because in numerous cases, improper test methods were used. First, for 8 of 12 aluminum green sand waste samples, the digestion of the sample uses SW 846 Method 3010A or Method 3020A ( both normally used for water) instead of Methods 3050 and 3051 ( both used for solids). ( The other 4 aluminum green sand samples did use Method 3051.) These digestion methods are weaker and would extract less of whatever metals are present in the waste matrix. In addition, virtually all of the commenter's leachate extraction data on spent sand waste samples were done using either the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure ( SPLP) SW 846 Method 1312 ( which relies on nitric/ sulphuric acid as the extractant or deionized water) rather than the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure ( TCLP) SW 846 Method 1311 which the Agency uses to determine toxicity for purposes of assessing hazardousness under 40 CFR 261.24. Therefore, the commenter's leachate extraction data are not appropriate for determining whether the samples tested are characteristically hazardous. The Agency agrees with the commenter, however, that the statement in the proposed CPG III was too general and may have implied a conclusive determination about the regulatory nature of nonferrous foundry sands. This clearly was not the intent of the statement. Therefore, the Agency has removed any characterization of nonferrous foundry sands as hazardous in the final CPG III and all supporting documents. The Agency agrees with the commenter that the American Foundrymen's Society should be identified as a resource for obtaining information regarding the use of spent foundry sand in flowable fill and EPA will ensure this reference is made in all documents supporting the final CPG III/ RMAN III where appropriate. Comment: The FIRST Project commented that applications for the use of flowable fill should be broadened to include structural fill for foundation subbases, subfootings, floor lab bases, and pipe beddings. Response: EPA's designation in the CPG and recommendations in the RMAN do not preclude procuring agencies from using flowable fill in the applications suggested by the commenter. If flowable fill meets the requisite specifications and performance standards for a particular application, then flowable fill can be considered for use by a procuring agency. The specifications and test methods identified in the RMAN are provided to help procuring agencies in their procurement efforts. If a procuring Agency wants to include other applications for flowable fill in their affirmative procurement program ( APP), it can exercise its discretion in doing so without being restricted to the applications recommended by EPA in the RMAN. EPA is required to revise the RMAN recommendations periodically and will consider the applications suggested by the commenter in future revisions. However, any recommendations made by EPA, will be subject to notice and public comment. EPA requests that commenters provide any pertinent information on the suggested applications, including references to any industry specifications and test methods appropriate for the various applications. We will consider all information received on this matter when we update the RMAN recommendations. Comment: The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA) submitted comments stating its concern that, based on one of its user guidelines, there might be a problem with foundry sand stockpile water being contaminated with phenols and, that if this is the case, there would be a discrepancy between this and the CPG statement that ferrous foundry sands are not known to be a hazardous waste. They provided no information or analytical data to substantiate their statement. FHWA requested that this issue be addressed VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 19: 13 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm10 PsN: 19JAR4 3075 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations since they could not support this designation if it placed an undue burden on state departments of transportation to monitor each site or if it requires mitigation by contractors. Response: EPA is aware that phenols may be present in some ferrous foundry sands. According to a 1989 study sponsored by the American Foundrymen's Society and conducted by the University of Wisconsin, phenols were present in some ferrous foundry sands well below regulatory levels, so the Agency does not believe there is reason for concern. In addition, the designation of flowable fill containing ferrous foundry sands in the CPG does not exempt these sands from regulatory control if phenols, or any other regulated contaminants, are present at levels of regulatory concern. EPA's designation does not change the regulatory management obligations for the recovered material nor does it in any way suggest that the materials are relieved from waste management regulations. The determination as to whether the sands contain contaminants at regulatory levels should be made in accordance with all applicable federal and state regulations and, thus, no additional burden would be placed on any entity to monitor stockpiles as a result of a final designation for this item in the CPG. All actions relating to determining the regulatory status of these sands would be performed by generators or those manufacturing flowable fill, not by those using a commercial product. Comment: The Illinois Department of Transportation ( IDOT) submitted comments in opposition to the use of ferrous foundry sands in flowable fill since, according to IDOT, these sands are normally contaminated with oil. They did not provide any information or data to substantiate this claim. IDOT believes the use of coal fly ash in flowable fill is logical because it has an acceptable track record. IDOT stated that little research has been done on ferrous foundry sand and that its use has been minimal. EPA contacted the commenter to ascertain the basis for their comment and was told that since the comment was submitted, IDOT has learned that `` oil contamination is not always present.'' Response: As stated previously, EPA's designation does not change the regulatory management obligations for treatment or management of the recovered material nor does it exempt the materials from existing waste management regulations. The determination as to whether the ferrous foundry sands contain contaminants at regulatory levels should be made in accordance with applicable federal and state regulations before the material is used to make a commercial product. Comment: American Electric Power ( AEP) submitted comments supporting the proposed designation of flowable fill containing ferrous foundry sand and also stated that EPA should note in the CPG and RMAN, that a variety of flowable fills have been successfully developed without the use of cement as an ingredient. AEP referred to flowable fills that use materials such as Class C fly ashes that have a high calcium content, making them appropriate for use in lieu of cement. AEP also stated that these flowable fill mixes, which sometimes utilize other recycled materials such as Class F fly ash and bottom ash as filler, have been approved for use in several states. AEP provided copies of some state specifications. Response: Information presented in the CPG and RMAN pertains to those items that have been or are being designated by EPA. The designation of items under RCRA section 6002 and E. O. 13101 requires notice and comment before final designations are promulgated. Because EPA did not propose to designate flowable fill containing other materials such as Class C fly ashes, has not reviewed sufficient information on these materials, and did not solicit public comments, no reference or recommendations for these items are appropriate at this time. However, procuring agencies may choose to procure any item containing recovered materials, regardless of whether the item is specifically designated by EPA. Procurement of items containing recovered materials, whether or not they are designated by EPA, is consistent with RCRA section 6002 and E. O. 13101. EPA will consider designating additional flowable fills containing other recovered materials in future amendments to the CPG. 3. Railroad Grade Crossing Surfaces Comment: The Illinois Department of Transportation ( IDOT) submitted comments opposing the designation and recovered materials content recommendations for railroad grade crossing surfaces because crossing designs are usually job­ specific, and IDOT believes this designation would inhibit innovation. In addition, IDOT believes it would be very costly to verify the total recovered materials content. Response: EPA disagrees that designating railroad grade crossing surfaces and providing recommendations on recovered materials content ranges would inhibit innovation. As stated in Table C 11A of RMAN III, `` EPA's recommendations do not preclude a procuring agency from purchasing another type of railroad grade crossing surface * * *. They simply require procuring agencies, when purchasing concrete, rubber, or steel grade crossing surfaces, purchase these items made with recovered materials when these items meet applicable specifications and performance requirements.'' Therefore, job­ specific requirements and specifications should be factored into the procuring agency's decision whether to use products containing recovered materials. If railroad grade crossings made with recovered materials do not meet legitimate job­ specific requirements, the procuring agency is not required to use the designated items with recovered materials. EPA disagrees with the commenter's claim that it might be costly to verify recovered materials content in designated items. RCRA section 6002( i) requires that an agency's affirmative procurement program ( APP) `` contain a program for requiring vendors to estimate, certify, and reasonably verify the recovered materials content of their products.'' This provision is not meant to burden either of the contracting parties. At the federal level, there are standard provisions for all contracts in the Federal Acquisition Regulations ( FAR) that can be used to certify that the products contracted for are delivered. Standard clauses presumably exist for contracts issued by state agencies as well. These standard provisions can be used to certify recovered materials content levels with no extraneous costs to either party. 4. Sorbents Comment: Synthetic Industries ( SI) produces sorbents made of polypropylene ( PP) that are used to clean up solvent and oil spills. SI is opposed to the designation of sorbents containing postconsumer recovered PP because, according to SI, such products are technologically infeasible. In addition, SI believes PP sorbents should not be designated for performancerelated reasons, citing doubts about the ability of manufacturers to produce a highly sensitive PP product from postconsumer material. SI also stated that it is not feasible to make sorbents with postconsumer PP since it is difficult to obtain a consistent, noncontaminated source of postconsumer PP material. SI stated that if the sorbent's chemical content is not known, it could react with a spilled chemical, create a further hazard, or not work properly. VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3076 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations Response: EPA did not propose to designate sorbents with postconsumer PP, only those with total recovered plastics. EPA's research identified three companies currently making these products. The Agency agrees with the commenter that not all sorbent materials are right for all clean­ ups. The Agency stated this position in both its background document and the proposed CPG III FR notice ( 63 FR 45569, August 26, 1998). The Agency wrote, `` The type of sorbents used for spill applications generally depends on the type of substance being sorbed, where the spill occurs, and worker health and safety issues.'' The Agency provided a lengthy discussion of the importance of choosing sorbents for particular applications both in the FR notice and background document. The Agency notes that these factors should be considered regardless of whether the sorbent is made from recovered or virgin materials. In the RMAN, published in the notices section of today's Federal Register, EPA recommends that procuring agencies use industry standard specifications for solvent performance when determining the sorbents to be used in particular applications. Comment: The Brookhaven National Laboratory commented on the performance of recovered­ content sorbents. The commenter believes that EPA should tell potential users of sorbents that sorbent capacity is an important factor in sorbent selection for oil and solvent spills, and that lower sorbent capacities compromise performance and will result in greater waste volumes and higher disposal costs. Response: EPA believes that both virgin and recovered material content sorbents can provide similar performance in oil and solvent spill situations as long as the appropriate type of sorbent is chosen ( based on a variety of factors including sorbent capacity) for the type of substance being sorbed and for the location of the spill. Whenever an inappropriate sorbent is used, either virgin or recovered content, the possibility exists for dangerous reactions, environmental damage, or increased sorbent use and recovery or disposal. EPA notes that used sorbent material does not necessarily end in disposal. Under certain conditions, some sorbent materials can be reused or recycled. Synthetic sorbents, for example, release sorbed substances under pressure, and inorganic sorbents can be recovered and used again through a laundering process. Several federal agencies are successfully using recovered content sorbents to deal with oil and solvent spills. The National Park Service, for example, uses a product made from recovered polypropylene, for heavy or viscose oils. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers at Dworshak Dam in Idaho, uses a product made from 100 percent recovered wood waste, for emergency spill responses. C. Comments on Other Items Considered for Designation In the proposed CPG III notice, the Agency stated that we had considered two items ( recycled ink and shotgun shells) and determined that it was inappropriate to designate these items ( 63 FR 45574). We requested additional information demonstrating whether these items should be reconsidered for possible future designation. No comments were submitted on these items or on our decision not to designate these items. EPA has received letters from a recycled ink manufacturer, separate from the Federal Register notice request for comments, stating that ink be reconsidered for designation. However, no additional information has been submitted by this company despite repeated requests by the Agency. For the above reasons, EPA is no longer conducting research relative to these items or considering them for designation in a future CPG. However, we will review any information submitted in support of designating these items in the future to determine whether these items should be reconsidered. VII. Where Can Agencies Get Information on the Availability of EPADesignated Items? EPA has developed lists of manufacturers and vendors of the items designated in today's rule. In addition, EPA has updated the lists of manufacturers and vendors of the 36 items previously designated in the CPG. These lists have been placed in the RCRA docket for this action and will be updated periodically as new sources are identified and product information changes. These lists will also be available through EPA's web site on the Internet. ( See section IX below for Internet access information.) Procuring agencies should contact the manufacturers/ vendors directly to discuss their specific needs and to obtain detailed information on the availability and price of recycled products meeting their needs. Other information is available from the GSA, the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA), State and local recycling offices, private corporations, and trade associations. Refer to Section XIV of the document, `` Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III'' for more information on these other sources of information. State and local recycling programs are also a potential source of information on local distributors and the availability of designated items. In addition, state and local government purchasing officials that are contracting for recycled content products may have relative price information. A current list of state purchasing/ procurement officials has been placed in the docket for the final CPG III. The public docket also includes a list of states with recycled content products purchasing programs, current as of October 1998. Information is also available from trade associations whose members manufacture or distribute products containing recovered materials. These trade associations are included in the updated lists of product manufacturers and vendors described above. Additionally, Environmental Newsletters, Inc., publisher of Waste Reduction Tips, prepared a directory of recycled product directories. EPA has placed the `` 1996 Directory of Recycled Product Directories,'' from Environmental Newsletters' Recycled Products Business Letter, in the public docket for the final CPG III. Environmental Newsletters, Inc. can be reached at 703 758 8436 for further information. VIII. Administrative Assessments A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review Executive Order 12866 requires agencies to determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant.'' The Order defines a `` significant'' regulatory action as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect, in a material way, the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) create serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients; or ( 4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. EPA estimates that the costs associated with today's rule is well below the $ 100 million threshold. EPA VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 19: 13 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm10 PsN: 19JAR4 3077 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations has prepared an Economic Impact Analysis ( EIA) to evaluate the potential impact of today's action. The results of the EIA are discussed below. More information on the estimated economic impact of today's rule is included in the `` Economic Impact Analysis for the Final Comprehensive Procurement Guideline III.'' A copy of this document is in the public docket. 1. Summary of Costs EPA estimated that the annualized costs of the proposed rule to designate 19 items would fall in the range of $ 6.5 to $ 13 million. Even though today's final rule designates 18 items, rather than 19 items, the costs associated with this rule are estimated to be slightly higher than the estimates in the proposal. This is due to the fact that the Agency revised the economic impact analysis to reflect 1999 labor rates which are higher than those in 1998 when the rule was proposed. As shown in Table 2 below, EPA estimates that the annualized costs of today's rule will range from $ 7.6 to $ 14.8 million, with costs being spread across all procuring agencies ( i. e., Federal agencies, State and local agencies that use appropriated Federal funds to procure designated items, and government contractors). These costs are annualized over a 10­ year period at a three percent discount rate. Because there is considerable uncertainty regarding several of the parameters that influence the costs, EPA conducted sensitivity analyses to identify the range of potential costs of today's rule. Thus, high­ end and low­ end estimates are presented along with the best estimate. The primary parameter affecting the range of cost estimates is the number of products each procuring agency is assumed to procure each year. Details of the costs associated with today's final rule are provided in the Economic Impact Analysis for this rule. TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF ANNUALIZED COSTS OF CPG III AMENDMENTS TO ALL PROCURING AGENCIES Procuring agency Total annualized costs ($ 1000) Best Estimate Total annualized costs ($ 1000) Federal agencies ................................................................................................................................... $ 9,254 $ 4,627 $ 9,254 States ..................................................................................................................................................... 1,680 840 $ 1,680 Local Governments ................................................................................................................................ 3,787 2,066 2,927 Contractors ............................................................................................................................................ 123 61 92 Total ....................................................................................................................................................... 14,844 7,594 13,953 As a result of today's rule, procuring agencies will be required to take certain actions pursuant to RCRA section 6002, including rule review and implementation; estimation, certification, and verification of designated item procurement; and for Federal agencies, reporting and recordkeeping. The costs shown in Table 2 represent the estimated annualized costs associated with these activities. Table 2 also includes estimates for Federal agencies that will incur costs for specification revisions and affirmative procurement program modification. More details of the costs associated with today's rule are included in the Economic Impact Analysis. There may be both positive and negative impacts to individual businesses, including small businesses. EPA anticipates that today's final rule will provide additional opportunities for recycling businesses to begin supplying recovered materials to manufacturers and products made from recovered materials to procuring agencies. In addition, other businesses, including small businesses, that do not directly contract with procuring agencies may be affected positively by the increased demand for recovered materials. These include businesses involved in materials recovery programs and materials recycling. Municipalities that run recycling programs are also expected to benefit from increased demand for certain materials collected in recycling programs. EPA is unable to determine the number of businesses, including small businesses, that may be adversely impacted by today's final rule. If a business currently supplies products to a procuring agency and those products are made only out of virgin materials, the amendments to the CPG may reduce that company's ability to compete for future contracts. However, the amendments to the CPG will not affect existing purchase orders, nor will it preclude businesses from adapting their product lines to meet new specifications or solicitation requirements for products containing recovered materials. Thus, many businesses, including small businesses, that market to procuring agencies have the option to adapt their product lines to meet specifications. 2. Product Cost Another potential cost of today's action is the possible price differential between an item made with recovered materials and an equivalent item manufactured using virgin materials. The relative prices of recycled content products compared to prices of comparable virgin products vary. In many cases, recycled content products are less expensive than similar virgin products. In other cases, virgin products have lower prices than recycled content products. Many factors can affect the price of various products. For example, temporary fluctuations in the overall economy can create oversupplies of virgin products, leading to a decrease in prices for these items. Under RCRA section 6002( c), procuring agencies are not required to purchase a product containing recovered materials if it is only available at an unreasonable price. However, the decision to pay more or less for such a product is left up to the procuring agency. 3. Summary of Benefits EPA anticipates that today's final rule will result in increased opportunities for recycling and waste prevention. Waste prevention can reduce the nation's reliance on natural resources by reducing the amount of materials used in making products. Using less raw materials results in a commensurate reduction in energy use and a reduction in the generation and release of air and water pollutants associated with manufacturing. Additionally, waste prevention leads to a reduction in the environmental impacts of mining, harvesting, and other extraction processes. Recycling can effect the more efficient use of natural resources. For many products, the use of recovered materials in manufacturing can result in significantly lower energy and material input costs than when virgin raw materials are used; reduce the generation and release of air and water pollutants often associated with manufacturing; and reduce the environmental impacts of mining, VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3078 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations harvesting, and other extraction of natural resources. For example, according to information published by the Steel Recycling Institute, recycling one ton of steel saves nearly 11 million Btus of energy; 2,500 lbs. of ore; 1,400 lbs. of coal; and 120 lbs. of limestone. Recycling can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with manufacturing new products. When compared to landfilling, recycling one ton of high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, or polyethylene terephthalate plastic can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 0.64 metric tons of carbon equivalent ( MTCE). In addition to conserving nonrenewable resources and reducing the environmental impacts associated with resource extraction and processing, recycling can also divert large amounts of materials from landfills, conserving increasingly valuable space for the management of materials that truly require disposal. By purchasing products made from recovered materials, government agencies can increase opportunities for all of these benefits. On a national and regional level, today's final rule can result in expanding and strengthening markets for materials diverted or recovered through public and private collection programs. Also, since many State and local governments, as well as private companies, reference EPA guidelines when purchasing designated items, this rule can result in increased purchase of recycled products, locally, regionally, and nationally and provide opportunities for businesses involved in recycling activities. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act The Regulatory Flexibility Act ( RFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act, provides that, whenever an agency promulgates a final rule under 5 U. S. C. 553, after being required by that section or any other law to public a general notice of proposed rulemaking, the agency must prepare a final regulatory flexibility analysis ( FRFA). The agency must prepare an FRFA for a final rule unless the head of the agency certifies that it will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. EPA is today certifying, pursuant to section 605( b) of the RFA, that the final rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Therefore, the Agency did not prepare an FRFA. The final rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities for the following reasons. The RFA defines `` small entity'' to mean a small business, small organization or small governmental jurisdiction. EPA's action today in designating 18 new items that are or may be produced with recovered materials content may establish requirements applicable, in some cases, to small governmental jurisdictions and small businesses. In the case of small entities which are small governmental jurisdictions, EPA has concluded that the rule will not have a significant economic impact. EPA concluded that no small government with a population of less than 50,000 is likely to incur costs associated with the designation of the 18 items because it is improbable that such jurisdictions will purchase more than $ 10,000 of any designated item. Consequently, section 6002 would not apply to their purchases of designated items. Moreover, there is no evidence that complying with the requirements of section 6002 would impose significant additional costs on the small governmental entity to comply in the event that a small governmental jurisdiction purchased more than $ 10,000 worth of a designated item. This is the case because in many instances items with recovered materials content may be less expensive than items produced from virgin material. Similarly, EPA has concluded that the economic impact on small entities that are small businesses would not be significant. The CPG applies to small businesses that are `` procuring agencies.'' The potential economic impact of the CPG on small businesses that are `` procuring agencies'' is minimal. RCRA section 6002 applies to a contractor with a Federal agency ( or a state or local agency that is a procuring agency under Section 6002) when the contractor is purchasing a designated item, is using Federal money to do so, and exceeds the $ 10,000 threshold. There is an exception for purchases that are `` incidental to'' the purposes of the contract, i. e., not the direct result of the funds disbursement. For example, a courier service contractor is not required to purchase re­ refined oil and retread tires for its fleets because purchases of these items are incidental to the purpose of the contract. Therefore, as a practical matter, there would be very limited circumstances when a contractor's status as a `` procuring agency'' for section 6002 purposes would impose additional costs on the contractor. Thus, for example, if the State or Federal agency is contracting with a supplier to obtain a designated item, then the cost of the designated item ( and any associated costs of meeting section 6002 requirements) to the supplier presumably will be fully recovered in the contract price. Any costs to small businesses that are `` procuring agencies'' ( and subject to section 6002) are likely to be insubstantial. Even if a small business is required to purchase other items with recovered materials content, such items may be less expensive than items with virgin content. For these reasons, EPA certifies that today's designations will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Because today's action does not impose significant new burdens on small entities, this rule does not require a final regulatory flexibility analysis. The basis for EPA's conclusions that today's rule will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities is described in greater detail in the `` Economic Impact Analysis'' for the rule which is located in the RCRA public docket. While not a factor relevant to determining whether the rule will have a significant impact for RFA purposes, EPA believes that the effect of today's rule would be to provide positive opportunities to businesses engaged in recycling and the manufacture of recycled products. Purchase and use of recycled products by procuring agencies increase demand for these products and result in private sector development of new technologies, creating business and employment opportunities that enhance local, regional, and national economies. Technological innovation associated with the use of recovered materials can translate into economic growth and increased industry competitiveness worldwide, thereby, creating opportunities for small entities. C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 and Consultation With State, Local, and Tribal Governments Under section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( the Act), Public Law 104 4, which was signed into law on March 22, 1995, EPA generally must prepare a written statement for rules with Federal mandates that may result in estimated costs to State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. When such a statement is required for EPA rules, under section 205 of the Act EPA must identify and consider alternatives, including the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative that achieves VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3079 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations the objectives of the rule. EPA must select that alternative, unless the Administrator explains in the final rule why it was not selected or it is inconsistent with law. Before EPA establishes regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must develop under section 203 of the Act a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, giving them meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising them on compliance with the regulatory requirements. EPA has determined that today's final rule does not include a Federal mandate that may result in estimated annualized costs of $ 100 million or more to either State or local governments in the aggregate, or to the private sector. To the extent enforceable duties arise as a result of this rule on State and local governments, they are exempt from inclusion as Federal inter­ governmental mandates if such duties are conditions of Federal assistance. Even if they are not conditions of Federal assistance, such enforceable duties do not result in a significant regulatory action being imposed upon State and local governments since the estimated aggregate cost of compliance for them are not expected to exceed, at the maximum, $ 4.6 million annually. The cost of enforceable duties which may arise as a result of today's rule on the private sector are estimated not to exceed $ 92,000 annually. Thus, today's rule is not subject to the written statement requirement in sections 202 and 205 of the Act. The newly designated items included in the CPG may give rise to additional obligations under section 6002( i) ( requiring procuring agencies to adopt affirmative procurement program and to amend their specifications) for state and local governments. As noted above, the expense associated with any additional costs is not expected to exceed, at the maximum, $ 4.6 million annually. In compliance with E. O. 12875, which requires the involvement of State and local governments in the development of certain Federal regulatory actions, EPA conducts a wide outreach effort and actively seeks the input of representatives of state and local governments in the process of developing its guidelines. When EPA proposes to designate items in the CPG, information about the proposal is distributed to governmental organizations so that they can inform their members about the proposals and solicit their comments. These organizations include the U. S. Conference of Mayors, the National Association of Counties, the National Association of Towns and Townships, the National Association of State Purchasing Officials, and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. EPA also provides information to potentially affected entities through relevant recycling, solid waste, environmental, and industry publications. In addition, EPA's regional offices sponsor and participate in regional and state meetings at which information about proposed and final designations of items in the CPG is presented. Finally, EPA has sponsored buy­ recycled education and outreach activities by organizations such as the U. S. Conference of Mayors, the Northeast Recycling Council, the Environmental Defense Fund, Keep America Beautiful, and the California Local Government Commission, whose target audience includes small governmental entities. The requirements do not significantly affect small governments because they are subject to the same requirements as other entities whose duties result from today's rule. As discussed above, the expense associated with any additional costs to State and local governments, is not expected to exceed, at the maximum, $ 4.6 million annually. The requirements do not uniquely affect small governments because they have the same ability to purchase these designated items as other entities whose duties result from today's rule. Additionally, use of designated items affects small governments in the same manner as other such entities. Thus, any applicable requirements of section 203 have been satisfied. D. Executive Order 13132: Federalism Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' ( 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. This final rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. The rule will not impose substantial costs on States and localities. As a result of today's action, procuring agencies will be required to perform certain activities pursuant to RCRA section 6002, including rule review and implementation; estimation, certification, and verification of designated item procurement; and for Federal agencies, reporting and record keeping. As noted above, EPA estimates that the total annualized costs of today's rule will range from $ 7.6 to $ 14.8 million. EPA's estimate reflects the costs of the rule for all procuring agencies ( i. e., Federal agencies, State and local agencies that use appropriated Federal funds to procure designated items, and government contractors), not just States and localities. Thus, the costs to States and localities alone will be even lower and not substantial. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. E. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian Tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3080 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities.'' Today's Rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. The rule does not impose any mandate on tribal governments or impose any duties on these entities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. F. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Risks and Safety Risks Executive Order 13045, entitled `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), applies to any rule that EPA determines is ( 1) `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children; and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. EPA interprets the E. O. 13045 as encompassing only those regulatory actions that are risk based or health based, such that the analysis required under section 5 501 of the E. O. has the potential to influence the regulation. This rule is not subject to E. O. 13045 because it does not involve decisions regarding environmental health or safety risks. G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law 104 113, Section 12( d)( 15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standard bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This rule does not establish technical standards. Therefore, the Agency has not conducted a search to identify potentially applicable test methods from voluntary consensus standard bodies. As part of this rulemaking effort, EPA has developed guidance for procuring agencies to use in complying with section 6002' s obligation to purchase items with recovered materials content to the maximum extent practicable. These recommendations include minimum recovered materials content standards and, as previously noted, are published today in the companion RMAN for the designated items. In developing these recommendations, EPA did consider current voluntary consensus standards on recovered materials content. H. Submission to Congress and the General Accounting Office The Congressional Review Act, 5 U. S. C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U. S. Senate, the U. S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A Major rule cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register. This action is not a `` major rule'' as defined by 5 U. S. C. 804( 2). This rule will be effective January 19, 2000. IX. Supporting Information and Accessing Internet The index of supporting materials for today's final CPG III is available in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC) and on the Internet. The address and telephone number of the RIC are provided in ADDRESSES above. The index and the following supporting materials are available in the RIC and on the Internet: `` Background Document for the Final CPG III/ RMAN III,'' U. S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, September 1999. Copies of the following supporting materials are available for viewing at the RIC only: `` Economic Impact Analysis for the Final Comprehensive Procurement Guideline III,'' U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 14, 1999. `` Telephone Notes, Nylon Carpet With Backing Containing Recovered Materials, Between Lynne Gilbert, Eastern Research Group and Dave Whitley, Interface Carpet, January, 22, 1999.'' `` E­ mail message, Nylon Carpet With Backing Containing Recovered Materials, Between Lynne Gilbert, Eastern Research Group and Dobbin Callahan, Collins & Aikman, January 26, 1999.'' `` Telephone Notes and Facsimile Message, Nylon Carpet With Backing Containing Recovered Materials, Between Birgette Junior, Eastern Research Group and Pamela Marple, Brand, Lowell, and Ryan, June 24, 1999.'' `` National Association of State Purchasing Officials, 1998/ 1999 Membership Roster.'' `` List of States with Recycled Content Product Purchasing Programs.'' To access information on the Internet go to www. epa. gov/ cpg. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 247 Environmental protection, Government procurement, Recycling. Dated: January 10, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, part 247, is amended as set forth below. PART 247 COMPREHENSIVE PROCUREMENT GUIDELINE FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECOVERED MATERIALS 1. The authority citation for part 247 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6912( a) and 6962; E. O. 13101, 63 FR 49643, 3 CFR, 1998 Comp., p. 210. 2. In § 247.3, the following definitions are added alphabetically: § 247.3 Definitions. * * * * * Awards and plaques refers to freestanding statues and boardlike products generally used as wall­ hangings. * * * * * Carpet cushion, also known as carpet underlay, is padding placed beneath carpet to reduce carpet wear caused by foot traffic or furniture indentation, VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4 3081 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 12 / Wednesday, January 19, 2000 / Rules and Regulations enhance comfort, and prolong appearance. * * * * * Compost made from yard trimmings, leaves, grass clippings, and/ or food wastes is a thermophilic converted product with high humus content. Compost can be used as a soil amendment and can also be used to prevent or remediate pollutants in soil, air, and storm water run­ off. * * * * * Flowable fill is a low strength material that is mixed to a wet, flowable slurry and used as an economical fill or backfill material in place of concrete, compacted soils, or sand. * * * * * Industrial drums are cylindrical containers used for shipping and storing liquid or solid materials. * * * * * Manual­ grade strapping refers to straps of material used with transport packaging to hold products in place on pallets or in other methods of commercial, bulk shipment. Strapping can also prevent tampering and pilferage during shipping. Mats are temporary or semipermanent protective floor coverings used for numerous applications, including home and office carpet protection, car and truck floor board protection, traction on slippery surfaces, cushion from floor hardness, and reduction of injury risk during athletic events. * * * * * Park benches and picnic tables are recreational furniture found in parks, outdoor recreational facilities, and the grounds of office buildings and other facilities. * * * * * Plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts are used to enhance the appearance of and control erosion in parks, highways, housing developments, urban plazas, zoos, and the exteriors of office buildings, military facilities, schools, and other public use areas. Playground equipment includes many components, like slides, merry­ gorounds hand rails, etc., and is found in parks, schools, child care facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resort and recreational developments, and other public use areas. * * * * * Railroad grade crossing surfaces are materials placed between railroad tracks, and between the track and the road at highway and street railroad crossings, to enhance automobile and pedestrian safety. * * * * * Signage ( including sign posts and supports) is used for identification and directional purposes for public roads and highways, and inside and outside office buildings, museums, parks, and other public places. * * * * * Sorbents ( i. e., absorbents and adsorbents) are materials used to retain liquids and gases in a diverse number of environmental, industrial, agricultural, medical, and scientific applications. Absorbents incorporate a substance while adsorbents gather substances on their surfaces. * * * * * 3. In § 247.12, add paragraphs ( h), ( i), and ( j) to read as follows: § 247.12 Construction products. * * * * * ( h) Carpet cushion made from bonded polyurethane, jute, synthetic fibers, or rubber containing recovered materials. ( i) Flowable fill containing coal fly ash and/ or ferrous foundry sands. ( j) Railroad grade crossing surfaces containing coal fly ash, recovered rubber, or recovered steel. 4. In § 247.14, add paragraphs ( c) and ( d) to read as follows: § 247.14 Park and recreation products. * * * * * ( c) Park benches and picnic tables containing recovered steel, aluminum, plastic, or concrete. ( d) Playground equipment containing recovered plastic, steel, or aluminum. 5. In § 247.15, revise paragraph ( b) and add paragraph ( e) to read as follows: § 247.15 Landscaping products. * * * * * ( b) Compost made from yard trimmings, leaves, grass clippings, and/ or food waste for use in landscaping, seeding of grass or other plants on roadsides and embankments, as a nutritious mulch under trees and shrubs, and in erosion control and soil reclamation. * * * * * ( e) Plastic lumber landscaping timbers and posts containing recovered materials. 6. In § 247.16, revise paragraph ( d) and add paragraphs ( h) through ( k) to read as follows: § 247.16 Non­ paper office products. * * * * * ( d) Plastic­ covered binders containing recovered plastic; chipboard and pressboard binders containing recovered paper; and solid plastic binders containing recovered plastic. * * * * * ( h) Plastic clipboards containing recovered plastic. ( i) Plastic file folders containing recovered plastic. ( j) Plastic clip portfolios containing recovered plastic. ( k) Plastic presentation folders containing recovered plastic. 7. In § 247.17, add paragraphs ( b) through ( g) to read as follows: § 247.17 Miscellaneous products. * * * * * ( b) Sorbents containing recovered materials for use in oil and solvent clean­ ups and as animal bedding. ( c) Industrial drums containing recovered steel, plastic, or paper. ( d) Awards and plaques containing recovered glass, wood, paper, or plastic. ( e) Mats containing recovered rubber and/ or plastic. ( f)( 1) Non­ road signs containing recovered plastic or aluminum and road signs containing recovered aluminum. ( 2) Sign supports and posts containing recovered plastic or steel. ( g) Manual­ grade strapping containing recovered steel or plastic. [ FR Doc. 00 1066 Filed 1 18 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U VerDate 04< JAN> 2000 16: 46 Jan 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 19JAR4. XXX pfrm01 PsN: 19JAR4

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.927091

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0011-0001

Notice

Hazardous Waste Combustion National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) Toolkit; Notice of Availability

[ Federal Register: September 20, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 183)] [ Rules and Regulations] [ Page 56798­ 56799] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr20se00­ 16] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 60, 63, 260, 261, 264, 265, 266, 270, and 271 [ FRL­ 6870­ 8] Hazardous Waste Combustion National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAP) Toolkit; Notice of Availability AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Availability of new implementation toolkit related to final regulations. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) is providing notice of the August 10, 2000 release of the Hazardous Waste Combustion NESHAP Toolkit on the Internet. The Toolkit provides implementation guidance and other materials related to the final regulation NESHAP: Final Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors ( 64 FR 52828, September 30, 1999). The purpose of the Toolkit is to assist all interested stakeholders, including the general public, regulators and industry, in understanding the implementation aspects of the new standards and our new approach to permitting the facilities or sources subject to them. The Toolkit's primary focus is on general and process­ oriented information and includes: descriptions of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) and Clean Air Act ( CAA) permitting requirements and policies, a time line of important compliance dates, a list of affected facilities or sources, links to related websites, a list of RCRA and CAA regulatory contacts, and commonly used acronyms. The Toolkit does not provide guidance on any technical requirements associated with the rule ( e. g., test methods, monitoring techniques, etc.). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, you can contact the RCRA Hotline at 1­ 800­ 424­ 9346 or TDD 1­ 800­ 553­ 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area, call 703­ 412­ 9810 or TDD 703­ 412­ 3323. The RCRA Hotline is open Monday through Friday from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Eastern Standard Time. To access the Toolkit, please see our Internet page: http:// www. epa. gov/ [[ Page 56799]] epaoswer/ hazwaste/ combust/ toolkit/ toolkit. htm. For specific information related to the Toolkit, you can contact Ms. Rosemary Workman at 703­ 308­ 8725 or workman. rosemary@ epa. gov. For specific questions related to the final rulemaking for the new standards, you can contact Mr. David Hockey at 703­ 308­ 8846 or hockey. david@ epa. gov. For questions related to the implementation of the new standards for a specific facility or source, please contact either your regional or state RCRA or CAA regulatory officials. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On September 30, 1999, we finalized the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAP) for three categories of hazardous waste combustors ( HWCs): incinerators, cement kilns and light­ weight aggregate kilns ( 64 FR 52828, September 30, 1999). We promulgated these standards under the joint authority of the CAA and RCRA. Before the final rule went into effect, we regulated air emissions from the three types of HWCs primarily under the authority of section 3004( a) of RCRA. With the release of the final rule, however, we now regulate air emissions from these sources primarily under the CAA. Even though both statutes give us the authority to regulate air emissions, we determined that having standards and permitting requirements in both sets of implementing regulations would be duplicative. For this reason, we used the final rule as a vehicle for changing our approach to permitting air emissions from HWCs. Thus, with one exception, we are now requiring that such emissions be permitted only under title V of the CAA. The exception concerns section 3005( c)( 3) of RCRA, which requires that each RCRA permit contain the terms and conditions necessary to protect human health and the environment. Under this provision of RCRA, if a regulatory authority determines that more stringent conditions are necessary to protect human health and environment for a particular facility, then that regulatory authority may impose those conditions in the facility's RCRA permit. As an Internet­ based guidance, the Toolkit is available only through the world wide web. It can be accessed at http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ combust/ toolkit/ toolkit. htm. To access other available electronic documents related to the new standards, specifically, or hazardous waste combustion, generally, please see our Internet page: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ combust. htm. Dated: September 6, 2000. Elizabeth A. Cotsworth, Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00­ 23942 Filed 9­ 19­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ P

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:30.954289

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0013-0001

Proposed Rule

Land Disposal Restrictions: Notice of Intent to Grant A Site-Specific Treatment Variance to Dupont Environmental Treatment - Chambers Works Wastewater Treatment Plant, Deepwater, New Jersey

75651 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules TABLE 1.Ð WASTE EXCLUDED FROM NON­ SPECIFIC SOURCESÐ Continued Facility Address Waste description ******* TABLE 2.Ð WASTE EXCLUDED FROM SPECIFIC SOURCES Facility Address Waste description ******* Eastman Chemical Company ................ Longview, Texas ..... Wastewater treatment sludge, (at a maximum generation of 82,100 cubic yards per calendar year) (EPA Hazardous Waste Nos. K009, K010) generated at Eastman. Eastman must implement the testing program described in Table 1 of this Appendix. Waste Excluded From Non­ Specific Sources for the petition to be valid. ******* TABLE 3.Ð WASTE EXCLUDED FROM COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, OFF SPECIFICATION SPECIES, CONTAINER RESIDUES, AND SOIL RESIDUES THEREOF Facility Address Waste description Eastman Chemical Company ................ Longview, Texas .... Wastewater treatment sludge, (at a maximum generation of 82,100 cubic yards per calendar year) generated by Eastman (EPA Hazardous Waste Nos. U001, U002, U028, U031, U069, U088, U112, U115, U117, U122, U140, U147, U154, U159, U161, U220, U226, U239, U359). Eastman must implement the testing program described in Table 1 of this Appendix. Waste Excluded From Non­ Specific Sources for the petition to be valid. ******* [FR Doc. 00± 30632 Filed 12± 1± 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560± 50± P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 268 [FRL± 6910± 9] Land Disposal Restrictions: Notice of Intent to Grant a Site­ Specific Treatment Variance to Dupont Environmental TreatmentÐ Chambers Works Wastewater Treatment Plant, Deepwater, New Jersey AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) is proposing to grant a site­ specific treatment variance from the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) standards for wastewater treatment sludge generated at the Dupont Environmental Treatment (DET)Ð Chambers Works Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Deepwater, New Jersey. This sludge is derived from the treatment of multiple listed, including K088, and characteristic hazardous waste. DET requests this treatment variance because they contend that the chemical properties of the sludge differ significantly from the waste used to establish the LDR treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters. Accordingly, we propose to grant an alternate treatment standard of 5.0 mg/ L Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for the arsenic in the wastewater treatment sludge generated at this facility. If promulgated, DET may then dispose of their wastewater treatment sludge in their on­ site RCRA Subtitle C landfill provided the sludge complies with the specified alternate treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters and meets all other applicable LDR treatment standards. DATES: Comments must be received by December 26, 2000. Comments received after the close of the comment period will be stamped `` late'' and may or may not be considered by the Agency. ADDRESSES: Commenters should submit an original and two copies of their comments referencing Docket Number F± 2000± DPVP± FFFFF to: (1) If using regular U. S. Postal Service mail: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste (5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters (EPA± HQ), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20460± 0002, or (2) if using special delivery, such as overnight express service: RCRA Docket Information Center (RIC), Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. You may view public comments and supporting materials in the RCRA Information Center (RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 am to 4 pm Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, we recommend that you make an appointment by calling 703± 603± 9230. You may copy up to 100 pages from any regulatory document at no charge. Additional copies cost $0.15 per page. (The index is available electronically. See the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for information on accessing them). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, call the RCRA Hotline at 1± 800± 424± 9346 or TDD 1± 800± 553± 7672 (hearing impaired). The RCRA Hotline is open Monday­ Friday, 9 am to 6 pm, Eastern Standard Time. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this proposal, contact Elaine VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 22 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 04DEP1 75652 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules 1 For purposes of this document, the term sludge, waste water treatment plant sludge, dewatered sludge, biosludge, and dewatered biosludge are used interchangeably and refer to the treated waste that has been dewatered and subject to analytical testing. Eby at 703± 308± 8449, eby. elaine@ epa. gov, or write her at the Office of Solid Waste, 5302W, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460± 0002. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electronic Comment Submission You may submit comments electronically by sending electronic mail through the Internet to: rcradocket epa. gov. You should identify comments in electronic format with the docket number F± 2000± DPVP± FFFFF. You must submit all electronic comments as an ASCII (text) file, avoiding the use of special characters or any type of encryption. If possible, EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW) would also like to receive an additional copy of the comments on disk in WordPerfect 6.1 file format. You should not submit electronically any confidential business information (CBI). You must submit an original and two copies of CBI under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste (5305W), U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20460± 0002. Availability of Rule on Internet Please follow these instructions to access the rule: From the World Wide Web (WWW), type http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ index. html. The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The official record is the paper record maintained at the RIC listed in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this document. EPA's responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be published in the Federal Register or in a response to comments document placed in the official record for this action. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. How Can I Influence EPA's Thinking on This Rule? We invite you to provide different views on options we propose, new approaches we haven't considered, new data, how this rule may effect you, or other relevant information. Your comments will be most effective if you follow the suggestions below: · Explain your views as clearly as possible and why you feel that way. · Provide solid technical data to support your views. · Tell us which parts you support, as well as those you disagree with. · Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns. · Offer specific alternatives. · Make sure to submit your comments by the deadline in this notice. · Be sure to include the name, date, and docket number with your comments. The Agency will consider the public comments during development of the final rule related to this action. The Agency urges commenters submitting data in support of their views to include data evidence that appropriate quality assurance/ quality control (QA/ QC) procedures were followed in generating the data. Data the Agency cannot verify through QA/ QC documentation may be given less consideration or disregarded in developing regulatory options for the final rule. For guidance see Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document for Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Procedures and Methodology; USEPA, October 23, 1991. Table of Contents I. Why and How Are Treatment Variances Granted? II. Why is Dupont Environmental Treatment Seeking a Treatment Variance? III. EPA's Analysis of DET's Petition IV. EPA's Proposal to Grant a Site Specific Treatment Variance to DET V. Administrative Requirements A. Regulatory Impact Analysis Pursuant to Executive Order 12866 B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq. C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act D. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks E. Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898 F. Paperwork Reduction Act G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 H. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments I. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) I. Why and How Are Treatment Variances Granted? Under section 3004( m) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, EPA is required to set `` levels or methods of treatment, if any, which substantially diminish the toxicity of the waste or substantially reduce the likelihood of migration of hazardous constituents from the waste so that short­ term and long­ term threats to human health and the environment are minimized. '' We have interpreted this language to authorize treatment standards based on the performance of best demonstrated available technology (BDAT). This interpretation was sustained by the court in Hazardous Waste Treatment Council vs. EPA, 886 F. 2d 355 (D. C. Cir. 1989). We recognize that there may be wastes that cannot be treated to levels specified in the regulation (see 40 CFR 268.40) (51 FR 40576, November 7, 1986). For such wastes, a treatment variance exists (40 CFR 268.44) that, if granted, becomes the treatment standard for the waste at issue. Treatment variances may be generic or site­ specific. A generic variance can result in the establishment of a new treatability group and a corresponding treatment standard that applies to all wastes that meet the criteria of the new waste treatability group (55 FR 22526, June 1, 1990). A site­ specific variance applies only to a specific waste from a specific facility. Under 40 CFR 268.44( h), a generator or treatment facility may apply to the Administrator, or EPA's delegated representative, for a site­ specific variance in cases where a waste that is generated under conditions specific to only one site and cannot or should not be treated to the specified level( s). The applicant for a site­ specific variance must demonstrate that because the physical or chemical properties of the waste differ significantly from the waste analyzed in development of the treatment standard, the waste cannot be treated by BDAT to the specified levels or by the specified method( s). Although there are other grounds for obtaining treatment variances, we will not discuss those in this notice because this is the only provision relevant to the present petition. Dupont Environmental TreatmentÐ Chambers Works submitted their request for a treatment variance in February 2000. All information and data used in the development of this proposal can be found in the RCRA docket supporting this rule. 1 VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 22 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 04DEP1 75653 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules 2 In addition to the F039 and K088 waste designations, this wastewater contains eighteen additional RCRA hazardous waste codes. 3 On September 21, 1998, EPA promulgated interim replacement standards for K088 waste. (See 63 FR 51254, September 24, 1998). As part of that rulemaking, the treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters was set at 26.1 mg/ kg. That standard has been in effect since September 21, 1998 and applies to all K088 treatment sludge generated at DET WWTP since the effective date. 4 Compliance data are generated by a contract laboratory based on TCLP analysis for metals on a secondary sludge sample from the treatment operation. The analysis is done quarterly for monitoring LDR compliance in accordance with DET's waste analysis plan. The compliance analysis for the TCLP extraction follows EPA protocol as specified in SW± 846, Method 1311. Metals analysis is run by inductively coupled plasma via SW± 846 Method 6010B, except for mercury which is done by SW± 846 Method 7470A. Appropriate quality assurance/ quality control is conducted by the contract laboratory in accordance with SW± 846 requirements. DET's compliance data submitted to the Agency for the last quarter of 1998 show total arsenic concentrations in the WWTP sludge of 16 mg/ kg. Quarterely compliance testing for 1999 show total asenic concentrations of 13.0, 12.3, 10.0 and <9.9 mg/ kg. All TCLP data for arsenic in the WWTP sludge show concentrations of arsenic less than 0.10 mg/ L. 5 It should be noted that the WWTP sludge at issue here is generated by the biological treatment of a relatively small quantity of wastewater carrying the K088 waste designation. This K088 wastewater accounts for less than 0.002% of the total annual throughput at DET WWTP. II. Why is Dupont Environmental Treatment Seeking a Treatment Variance? Dupont Environmental TreatmentÐ Chambers Works (herein referred to as `` DET'') operates a wastewater treatment plant (herein referred to as `` WWTP'') in Deepwater, New Jersey. The wastewater treatment performed at this facility can be described as an enhanced biological degradation system consisting of neutralization, equalization, primary clarification, secondary aeration and clarification, tertiary aeration and clarification, and sludge dewatering. Various pretreatment operations also are conducted on­ site. DET WWTP operates as both a commercial treatment facility, for industrial and RCRA hazardous waste, and as an internal treatment operation, for Dupont's numerous manufacturing operations. DET WWTP processes approximately 16 million gallons of wastewater per day or 5.84 billion gallons per year, making it the largest wastewater treatment facility in the United States. In December 1997, DET entered into a contractual agreement with Safety Kleen, Incorporated to treat wastewater from Safety Kleen's Waynoka, Oklahoma facility. The wastewater consists of approximately 87% multisource leachate from an on­ site Subtitle C landfill in Oklahoma (F039 waste) and 13% commercial wastewater pretreated by Safety Kleen. A portion of this commercial wastewater was shipped to Safety Kleen as K088 waste, i. e., potliner waste from primary aluminum reduction, originating as landfill leachate from a Reynolds Metals Company facility in Gum Springs, Arkansas. During the last three months of 1998, Safety Kleen shipped 192,000 gallons of this wastewater, i. e., the multi­ source leachate and the commercial wastewater, to DET for treatment. In 1999, Safety Kleen transported approximately 1.3 million gallons of additional wastewater to DET. 2 In February 2000, DET concluded, albeit belatedly, that there was a possibility that the continued treatment of Safety Kleen's wastewater, containing the K088 waste designation, at their WWTP could result in noncompliance for DET's WWTP sludge with the K088 nonwastewater treatment standard for total arsenic. 3 While compliance monitoring samples, taken since October 1998, show that the dewatered sludge meets both the Universal Treatment Standard (UTS) for arsenic of 5.0 mg/ L TCLP and the K088 arsenic treatment standard of 26.1 mg/ kg, screening samples taken in 1999 suggest that the total arsenic concentration in the dewatered sludge could exceed the 26.1 mg/ kg treatment standard in future compliance monitoring tests. 4 However, these data do not meet EPA quality assurance and quality control requirements. Therefore, it is impossible for us to rely on these data in our deliberations. On February 28, 2000, DET submitted a petition to EPA requesting a treatment variance from the K088 treatment standard for arsenic nonwastewaters generated at their facility. DET acknowledges that the WWTP sludge has not yet exceeded the treatment standard, based on compliance testing samples taken since late 1998. However, DET is concerned that, in the future, the sludge may exceed the treatment standard. DET states that, even if the arsenic standard is exceeded, the total arsenic concentration can not be reduced to meet the existing treatment standard. DET believes that requesting a treatment variance prior to an actual violation of the treatment standard is an appropriate and necessary action. As part of their petition, in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR 268.44, DET contends that their waste, i. e., the dewatered WWTP sludge carrying the K088 waste designation, differs significantly from the waste used to establish the treatment standard for total arsenic in K088 waste. DET states that the dewatered sludge is at least a second derivative treatment residue that bears no resemblance, in physical form or composition, to generated potliners or typically thought of generated residues from potliner treatment. DET maintains that for their waste, the TCLP is an appropriate analytical test for measuring arsenic mobility because of the neutral pH characteristic of the sludge. Additionally, DET states that no further treatment can be applied to the sludge because arsenic is an element, and as such cannot be destroyed to meet the existing treatment standardÐ a totals analysis test. Based on these findings, DET requests that EPA grant a variance from the 26.1 mg/ kg treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters for their wastewater treatment sludge. DET requests an alternative standard of 5.0 mg/ L TCLP for arsenic in K088 waste. This level is the same as the old treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters, i. e., the standard that existed prior to the September 21, 1998 rulemaking and the current UTS for arsenic nonwastewaters. DET contends that the old standard is more appropriate for their waste because: (1) the TCLP measures mobility of arsenic; (2) the sludge's neutral pH is well­ suited for evaluating whether arsenic could migrate and cause harm to human health and the environment; and (3) the arsenic in the WWTP sludge cannot be destroyed. III. EPA's Analysis of DET's Petition As just discussed, the waste at issue here is a dewatered WWTP sludge resulting from the treatment of wastewater carrying the K088 waste designation. 5 We agree with DET's main pointÐ that this waste is significantly different from the waste on which the 26.1 mg/ kg standard for total arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters is based. In addition, we agree that there is no available treatment to reduce the amount of total arsenic contained in the waste. The 26.1 mg/ kg standard for arsenic in K088 waste, promulgated in 1998, was developed based on performance data from a high temperature thermal treatment process for spent aluminum potliners from primary aluminum reduction used at a Reynolds Metals facility in Gum Springs, Arkansas. Specifically, the treatment standard was derived from an assay of the total acid soluble arsenic in K088 waste after spent potliner had been crushed, mixed with lime and sand, and sent through a VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 22 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 04DEP1 75654 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules 6 Compliance monitoring samples taken quarterly in 1999 show that the pH landfill leachate values at DET's onsite hazardous waste landfill, where the WWTP sludge was disposed were as follows: 7.46, 8.35, 6.59, and 8.34. high­ temperature rotary kiln resulting in a fused waste residue. As previously discussed, prior to 1998, the treatment standard for arsenic was 5.0 mg/ L TCLP, based on the Reynolds treatment process that, at that time, treated much of the K088 generated in the United States (63 FR 51257, September 24, 1998). However, to address subsequent concerns regarding the elevated concentrations of arsenic in Reynold's landfill leachate, Reynolds changed the type of sand used in their thermal process to a sand with lower concentrations of arsenic. These 1998 revisions, to the K088 arsenic standards, were intended to cap arsenic concentrations in the treated potliner and to lock­ in the Reynolds treatment process change, i. e., the change in sand type. Therefore, the reason for our shift to a 26.1 mg/ kg total arsenic standard has no basis in appropriate treatment levels for WWTP sludge carrying the K088 waste code solely due to the derived­ from regulations. In addition, Reynolds thermal treatment of K088 waste generates an extremely alkaline residue for which the TCLP was found to be a poor predictor of arsenic mobility. See Columbia Falls v. EPA, 139F. 3d 914 (D. C. Cir 1998); see also 63 FR 28571, May 26, 1998 (EPA's interpretation of the court's opinion). This decision also provided additional impetus for our 1998 change to a total arsenic standard. As previously noted, the WWTP sludge from DET, conversely, is not alkaline. It is at a pH between 6.5 and 7.5 to ensure no adverse effect on the treatment microbes, and the expected sludge disposal conditions at DET are also in a neutral pH range. 6 Based on this information, we conclude that an alternative treatment standard of 5.0 mg/ L TCLP for arsenic in K088 dewatered sludge generated at DET's WWTP is warranted for several reasons. First, the sludge generated at DET's WWTP is not the same type of waste that was used to develop the 26.1 mg/ kg treatment standard for arsenic in K088 nonwastewaters, nor does it present the same situation regarding the use of a total arsenic standard to lockin treatment process parameters. Second, the sludge will be disposed of in a Subtitle C hazardous waste landfill with pH conditions in the range of 6.5 to 8.5 and not under the alkaline conditions, i. e., pH conditions of 12 and above, that resulted in mobilization of arsenic at Reynold's K088 landfill. Thus, the conditions that prompted the change in the K088 treatment standard are absent for this site. Third, the TCLP remains an adequate measure of treatment efficiency for DET's WWTP sludge due to the non­ alkaline sludge matrix and the expected disposal conditions. Therefore, we believe that a TCLP standard of 5.0 mg/ L is a reasonable measure of demonstrating that threats posed by the waste's disposal have been minimized. Fourth, the alternative standard of 5.0 mg/ L TCLP is currently the standard applicable to arsenic in all other hazardous wastes, except K088 nonwastewaters. Fifth, data submitted to the Agency shows that DET's dewatered WWTP sludge consistently maintains both a neutral pH and TCLP levels of arsenic far less than 5.0 mg/ L. Finally, arsenic concentrations in the WWTP sludge cannot be treated to a lower treatment standard based on a totals analysis, i. e., arsenic must be immobilized, as an element cannot be destroyed. IV. EPA's Proposal to Grant a SiteSpecific Treatment Variance to DET Based on these conclusions, we propose to grant DET's petition for a site­ specific treatment variance for their WWTP sludge. After consideration of public comment and a determination to grant this variance, we will amend 40 CFR part 268 to state that wastewater treatment sludge generated by Dupont Environmental TreatmentÐ Chambers Works Wastewater Treatment Plant in Deepwater, New Jersey is subject to an arsenic treatment standard of 5.0 mg/ L TCLP for all RCRA wastes. We also will stipulate that the waste must be land disposed in their on­ site Subtitle C landfill assuming the waste meets all applicable federal, state and local requirements. V. Administrative Requirements A. Regulatory Impact Analysis Pursuant to Executive Order 12866 Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or (4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. Because this proposed rule does not create any new regulatory requirements, it is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866 and is therefore not subject to OMB review. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq. The RFA generally requires an agency to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of today's rule on small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not­ for­ profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. After considering the economic impacts of today's proposed rule on small entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule will not impose any requirements on small entities. This treatment variance does not create any new regulatory requirements. Rather, it establishes an alternative treatment standard for a regulated constituent. This action, therefore, does not require a regulatory flexibility analysis. C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public Law 104± 4, establishes requirements for Federal Agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 22 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 04DEP1 75655 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules and tribal governments and the private sector. Under Section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective, or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing education, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. EPA has determined that this proposed rule does not include a Federal mandate that may result in estimated costs of $100 million or more in the aggregate to either State, local, or tribal governments or the private sector in one year. The proposed rule would not impose any federal intergovernmental mandate because it imposes no enforceable duty upon State, tribal or local governments. States, tribes, and local governments would have no compliance costs under this rule. EPA has also determined that this proposal contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. In addition, as discussed above, the private sector is not expected to incur costs exceeding $100 million. EPA has fulfilled the requirement for analysis under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. D. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health and Safety Risks Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), applies to any rule that: (1) is determined to be `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, and (2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. Today's proposed rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it does not meet either of these criteria. The subject wastes will comply with all other treatment standards and be disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle C landfill. Therefore, we have identified no risks that may disproportionately affect children. E. Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898 EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all residents of the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income bears disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental impacts as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and that all people live in clean and sustainable communities. In response to Executive Order 12898 and to concerns voiced by many groups outside the Agency, EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response formed an Environmental Justice Task Force to analyze the array of environmental justice issues specific to waste programs and to develop an overall strategy to identify and address these issues (OSWER Directive No. 9200.3± 17). Today's proposed rule applies to wastes that will be treated and disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste landfill, ensuring a high degree of protection to human health and the environment. Therefore, the Agency does not believe that today's action will result in any disproportionately negative impacts on minority or low income communities relative to affluent or non­ minority communities. F. Paperwork Reduction Act This proposed rule would only change the treatment standards applicable to a subcategory of K088 wastes and does not change in any way the paperwork requirements already applicable to these wastes, it does not affect requirements under the Paperwork Reduction Act. G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 As noted in the proposed rule, section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law 104± 113, section 12( d) (15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This action does not involve technical standards based on new methodologies. Therefore, EPA did not consider the use of any voluntary consensus standards. H. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA must provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input to the development of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 22 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 04DEP1 75656 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 233 / Monday, December 4, 2000 / Proposed Rules regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities. '' Today's proposal does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. Today's proposal does not create a mandate on State, local or tribal governments, The proposal would not impose any enforceable duties on these entities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this proposed rule. I. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implication. '' `` Policies that have federalism implication'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulation that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of governments. '' Under Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local government, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that had federalism implications and that preempts State law unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing proposed regulation. If EPA complies by consulting Executive Order 13132, it requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a federalism summary impact statement (FSIS). The FSIS must include a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with State and local officials, a summary of the nature of their concerns and the Agency's position supporting the need to issue the regulation, and a statement of the extent to which the concerns of state and local officials have been met. Also when EPA transmits a draft final rule with federalism implication to OMB for review pursuant to Executive Order 12866, EPA must include a certification from the Agency's Federalism Official stating that EPA has met the requirements of Executive Order 13132 in a meaningful and timely manner. This proposed rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. Thus the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this proposed rule. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 268 Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Dated: November 6, 2000. Timothy Fields, Jr., Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste and Emergency Response. For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows: 1. The authority citation for part 268 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, and 6924. 2. In § 268.44, the table in paragraph (o) is amended by adding in alphabetical order a new entry for `` Dupont Environmental TreatmentÐ Chambers Works Wastewater, Deepwater, NJ'' to read as follows: PART 268Ð LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS. * * * * * § 268.44 Variance from a treatment standard. * * * * * (o) * * * TABLEÐ WASTES EXCLUDED FROM THE TREATMENT STANDARDS UNDER § 268.40 Facility name 1 and address Waste code See also Regulated hazardous constituent Wastewaters Nonwastewaters Concentration (mg/ l) Notes Concentration (mg/ kg) Notes ******* Dupont Environmental Treatment Chambers Works Wastewater Treatment Plant, Deepwater, NJ. K088 Standards under § 268.40 .... Arsenic .......... 1.4 NA 5.0 mg/ L TCLP NA ******* 1 A facility may certify compliance with these treatment standards according to provisions in 40 CFR 268.7. ***** Note: NA means Not Applicable. * * * * * [FR Doc. 00± 30637 Filed 12± 1± 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560± 50± P VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 39 Dec 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 04DEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 04DEP1

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0013-0011

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.974749

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0014-0007

Supporting & Related Material

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.979079

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0014-0025

Supporting & Related Material

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.989238

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0014-0027

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.992120

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0014-0029

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2024-06-07T20:31:30.995267

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EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0020-0001

Proposed Rule

Project XL Site-Specific Rulemaking for US Filter Recovery Services, Roseville, Minnesota, and Generators and Transporters of USFRS XL Waste

Thursday, August 17, 2000 Part II Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Parts 261 and 266 Project XL Site­ Specific Rulemaking for US Filter Recovery Services, Roseville, MN, and Generators and Transporters of USFRS XL Waste; Proposed Rule VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50284 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 261 and 266 [FRL± 6848± 8] Project XL Site­ Specific Rulemaking for US Filter Recovery Services, Roseville, Minnesota, and Generators and Transporters of USFRS XL Waste AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule and draft final project agreement. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing this rule to implement a project under its Project XL (which stands for eXcellence and Leadership) program that would provide regulatory flexibility under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), as amended, for the US Filter Recovery Services (USFRS) facility located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota, 55113 and approved Minnesota generators and transporters of wastes to encourage the use of waste water treatment ion exchange resins. The principal objective of the USFRS XL Project is to pilot a flexible, performance­ based system for managing waste waters from electroplaters, metal finishers and similar industries who by virtue of their using USFRS water treatment ion exchange resins generate electroplating sludges which are regulated hazardous wastes. To achieve this objective, this proposed rule would replace existing requirements for approved generators and transporters with a comprehensive program designed and implemented by USFRS to properly store and transport the USFRS water treatment ion exchange resin wastes. The overall terms of this XL Project are contained in the draft Final Project Agreement (FPA) of which EPA is also requesting comments. The draft FPA is available for public review and comment at the RCRA Docket in Arlington, Virginia, in the EPA Region V library, at USFRS, and on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. Following a review of the public comments and appropriate changes, the FPA would be signed by delegates from the EPA, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), the Counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington in Minnesota, USFRS and each participating generator and transporter. DATES: Public Comments: Comments on the proposed rule and/ or FPA must be received on or before September 7, 2000. All comments should be submitted in writing to the address listed below. Public Hearing: Commenters may request a public hearing by August 24, 2000 during the public comment period. Commenters requesting a public hearing should specify the basis for their request. If EPA determines that there is sufficient reason to hold a public hearing, it will do so by August 31, 2000, during the last week of the public comment period. Requests for a public hearing should be submitted to the address below. If a public hearing is scheduled, the date, time, and location will be noticed through a Federal Register notice or by contacting Mr. Robert Egan at the Region V office. ADDRESSES: Request to Speak at Hearing: Requests for a hearing should be mailed to the RCRA Information Center Docket Clerk (5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20460. Please send an original and two copies of all comments, and refer to Docket Number F± 2000± FRSP± FFFFF. A copy should also be sent to Mr. Robert Egan, EPA, Region V. Mr. Egan may be contacted at the following address: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Division, (DRP± 8J), 77 West Jackson, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, (312) 886± 6212. Comments: Written comments should be mailed to the RCRA Information Center Docket Clerk (5305W), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20460. Please send an original and two copies of all comments, and refer to Docket Number F± 2000± FRSP± FFFFF. A copy of the comments should also be sent to Mr. Egan at U. S. EPA, Region V, Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Division (DRP± 8J), 77 West Jackson, Chicago, Illinois 60604. Viewing Project Materials: A docket containing the proposed rule, draft FPA, supporting materials, and public comments is available for public inspection and copying at the RCRA Information Center (RIC), located at Crystal Gateway, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, Virginia. The RIC is open from 9: 00 am to 4: 00 pm Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. The public is encouraged to phone in advance to review docket materials. Appointments can be scheduled by phoning the Docket Office at (703) 603± 9230. Refer to RCRA docket number F± 2000± FRSP± FFFFF. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost 15 cents per page. Project materials are also available for review for today's action on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. A duplicate copy of the docket is available for inspection and copying at U. S. EPA, Region V, Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Division, 77 West Jackson, Chicago, Illinois 60604 during normal business hours. Persons wishing to view the duplicate docket at the Chicago location are encouraged to contact Mr. Robert Egan in advance, by telephoning (312) 886± 6212. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Robert Egan, U. S. EPA, Region V, Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Division, 77 West Jackson, Chicago, Illinois 60604. Mr. Egan may be contacted at (312) 886± 6212. Further information on today's action may also be obtained on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electroplaters, metal finishers and other industries use large volumes of water to wash and rinse materials during the manufacturing process. In many manufacturing processes this wash and rinse water is used once then directed to an on­ site waste water treatment plant where it is treated to levels required by the Clean Water Act prior to discharge to a surface water body or a local publicly owned treatment works (POTW). To minimize the use of potable water in the manufacturing process USFRS has developed a water treatment system that uses an ion exchange resin (`` resin''). USFRS estimates that one gallon of its resin can treat anywhere from 500 to 2,000 gallons of process waste waters. The resins are contained in a canister. USFRS pays between $300 and $4,000 per canister (for the larger ones) and they expect to use each canister for approximately 20 years. The process waste waters are directed to the canisters. The resins within the canisters collect the metals and other chemical contaminants that are otherwise contained in the process waste waters. Exiting the canister is cleaned water. USFRS anticipates that the cleaned water could be returned to the process thus avoiding or reducing the use and treatment of potable water in the manufacturing process. However, the collection of the chemical contaminants on the resins results in the resins being characterized as a listed hazardous wasteÐ i. e., F006, waste water treatment sludges from electroplating operations. The resins may also exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste as a result of the operations of a particular VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50285 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 1 A solid waste may be a hazardous waste if it is listed or demonstrates a characteristic as defined by 40 CFR part 261, subparts C and D. Certain solid wastes are considered listed hazardous wastes because they are generated as a result of specific manufacturing processes. Such solid wastes may also be considered characteristic hazardous waste depending on the chemical composition of the wastes. This XL Project is focused on the resin wastes generated from process waste waters associated with the F006 hazardous waste listing. It is possible that for some manufacturers the resin wastes may also be characterized as a characteristic hazardous waste. This is acceptable for participation in the USFRS XL project provided the waste waters were from processes associated with the F006 hazardous waste listing. manufacturer. The characterization of the resin wastes as a listed hazardous waste operates as a disincentive to a potential customer to use the USFRS waste water treatment system since that customer must handle, store and transport the resins according to the hazardous wastes requirements contained in 40 CFR parts 260± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. The purpose of the USFRS XL Project would be to determine whether substitute requirements imposed on USFRS and approved generators and transporters would remove this disincentive, as well as encourage increased use of the USFRS waste water treatment system, a decrease in the energy associated with use of potable water in the manufacturing process, and a decrease in the amount of hazardous chemicals discharged to POTWs. The development and implementation of the USFRS XL Project would be piloted at USFRS and at approved generators and transporters of USFRS resin wastes. The approved generators and transporters would handle, store and transport the resin wastes in accordance with specific standards contained in proposed new part 266, subpart N of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (`` subpart N''). These requirements would operate in lieu of the requirements imposed under parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. As a result, it is anticipated that the generators will reduce their discharge of process waste waters to local POTWs. USFRS will handle the resin wastes as hazardous waste and in accordance with subpart N and its hazardous waste permit. The proposed rule would impose on USFRS additional reporting and handling requirements in exchange for the regulatory flexibility provided to the generators and transporters. All other hazardous wastes generated by these generators and USFRS would continue to be subject to current RCRA regulations. The USFRS XL Project is intended to test the effectiveness of an integrated, flexible, performance­ based approach for managing hazardous waste to determine whether this approach promotes a reduction in the amount of hazardous chemicals which are discharged to the local POTWs and the amount of water used in the manufacturing process. EPA is proposing to implement the USFRS XL Project by providing the generators and transporters with a `` temporary deferral'' from the requirements of 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279 for USFRS XL waste. The deferral is temporary in that it is only applicable for the period of time that the waste is at the generator or during its transport to USFRS. Additionally, the deferral is temporary in that the deferral is applicable only during the time that this XL Project is effectiveÐ 5 years from the effective date of subpart N. The deferral consists of designating the resin wastes by a waste code different from those identified in 40 CFR part 261 while the waste is at the approved generator and during its transport. To accomplish this the proposed rule contains a new definition of `` USFRS XL waste'' and provides it with a unique EPA waste code (XL001). USFRS XL wastes will be limited to used water treatment resin canisters and their contents from USFRS XL waste generators located in the state of Minnesota. The USFRS XL waste will include the resins, the wastes contained on or within the resins and any other wastes contained within the water treatment resin canisters. These wastes include only those wastes generated from processes subject to the RCRA F006 hazardous waste listing. 1 USFRS and its generators or transporters will use the waste code XL001 when the wastes are at the generator or in transport. The deferral would also require the approved generators and transporters and USFRS to comply with new part 266, subpart N in lieu of 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. If the approved generator, transporter or USFRS fails to comply with the new requirements then it will have violated RCRA and may be subject to enforcement action for such violations. Proposed new subpart N includes specific requirements for the management of the USFRS XL wastes in a manner which ensures protection of human health and the environment while providing some flexibility to encourage chemical reuse and waste minimization. They are enforceable in the same way as current RCRA standards are enforceable to ensure that handling of the USFRS XL wastes would be protective of human health and the environment. EPA has agreed to provide USFRS and approved generators and transporters with this regulatory flexibility to determine if the proposed regulatory approach would result in superior environmental performance and significant cost savings to USFRS or its customers. Today's proposed rulemaking, and the state actions described in sections V. A & F of this preamble, will not in any way affect the provisions or applicability of any other existing or future regulations. EPA is soliciting comments on this rulemaking. EPA will publish responses to comments in a subsequent final rule. The USFRS XL Project will enter the implementation phase after EPA promulgates the final federal rule, the state of Minnesota adopts the required state legal mechanisms and the participants sign the FPA. EPA, MPCA, the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington in Minnesota, USFRS and the approved generators and transporters will sign the FPA. At the present time USFRS has only identified itself and Pioneer Transport (a potential participating transporter) for this XL Project. USFRS has not identified any generators as participants in this XL Project. The FPA may be modified at any time during this XL Project to add generators or transporters to this XL Project. A generator or transporter who wants to participate in this XL Project in the future will be subject to specific requirements and an approval process described below prior to being accepted into this XL Project. Only generators and transporters who have met the approval process conditions may participate in this XL Project. Consequently, implementation of this XL Project and the proposed rules will occur for a specific generator or transporter only after the appropriate state and federal legal mechanisms are in place and the generator or transporter has signed the FPA. Outline of Today's Document The information presented in this preamble is organized as follows: IV. Comparison of USFRS XL Project with Current RCRA Regulations A. XL Waste Defined B. Substitute Requirements 1. Waste Identification and Characterization 2. EPA Identification Numbers 3. Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest 4. Pre­ transport and Transportation Requirements VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50286 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 2 These counties are identified signators to the FPA since the State has given them certain responsibilities over hazardous waste generators, transporters and facilities within their jurisdiction. 5. Accumulation and Storage Prior to Shipment 6. Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements 7. Additional Requirements Imposed on USFRS V. How the USFRS XL Project will result in Superior Environmental Performance? A. What Regulatory Changes will be Necessary to Implement this Project? 1. Federal Regulatory Changes 2. State Regulatory Changes B. Why is EPA Supporting this New Approach to USFRS XL Waste Management? C. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in this Project? D. How Will this Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? E. How Will EPA Ensure the Integrity of the USFRS XL Project? F. How Will the Terms of the USFRS XL Project and Proposed Rule be Enforced? G. How Long Will this Project Last and When Will it be Completed? VI. Additional Information A. How to Request a Public Hearing B. How Does this Rule Comply With Executive Order 12866? C. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? D. Is an Information Collection Request Required for this Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? E. Does This Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? F. Applicability of Proposed Subpart N under the Minnesota RCRA Authorized Hazardous Waste Program. 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States 2. Effect on Minnesota Authorization G. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? H. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13132: Federalism? I. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments? J. Does this Rule Comply with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? I. Authority EPA is publishing this proposed regulation under the authority of sections 2002, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3006, 3010, and 7004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1970, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended (42 U. S. C. 6912, 6921, 6922, 6923, 6926, 6930, and 6974). II. Overview of Project XL The draft FPA sets forth the intentions of EPA, MPCA, Pioneer Transport, the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington, 2 Minnesota and USFRS with regard to a project developed under Project XL. Project XL is an EPA initiative to allow regulated entities an opportunity to achieve better environmental results at less cost. EPA announced Project XLÐ `` eXcellence and Leadership''Ð on March 16, 1995. It is a central part of the National Performance Review and the EPA's effort to reinvent environmental protection. See 60 FR 27282 (May 23, 1995). Under Project XL EPA provides a limited number of private and public regulated entities an opportunity to develop their own pilot projects to provide regulatory flexibility that will result in environmental protection that is superior to what would be achieved through compliance with current and reasonably anticipated future regulations. These efforts are crucial to EPA's ability to test new strategies that reduce regulatory burden and promote economic growth while achieving better environmental and public health protection. EPA intends to evaluate the results of this and other Project XL projects to determine which specific elements of the project( s), if any, should be more broadly applied to other regulated entities for the benefit of both the environment and the economy. Under Project XL, participants in four categoriesÐ facilities, industry sectors, governmental agencies and communitiesÐ are offered the flexibility to develop common sense, cost­ effective strategies that will replace or modify specific regulatory requirements, on the condition that they produce and demonstrate superior environmental performance. The XL program is intended to allow EPA to experiment with potentially promising regulatory approaches, both to assess whether they provide benefits at the specific facility affected, and whether they should be considered for wider application. Such pilot projects allow EPA to proceed more quickly than would be possible when undertaking changes on a nationwide basis. Adoption of such alternative approaches or interpretations in the context of a given XL project does not, however, signal EPA's willingness to adopt that interpretation as a general matter, or even in the context of other XL projects. It would be inconsistent with the forward­ looking nature of these pilot projects to adopt such innovative approaches prematurely on a widespread basis without first determining whether or not they are viable in practice and successful in the particular projects that embody them. Furthermore, as EPA indicated in announcing the XL program, EPA expects to adopt only a limited number of carefully selected projects. These pilot projects are not intended to be a means for piecemeal revision of entire programs. Depending on the results in these projects, EPA may or may not be willing to consider adopting the alternative interpretation again, either generally or for other specific facilities. EPA believes that adopting alternative policy approaches and interpretations, on a limited, site­ specific basis and in connection with a carefully selected pilot project, is consistent with the expectations of Congress about EPA's role in implementing the environmental statutes (provided that the Agency acts within the discretion allowed by the statute). Congress' recognition that there is a need for experimentation and research, as well as ongoing reevaluation of environmental programs, is reflected in a variety of statutory provisions, such as section 8001 of RCRA. XL Criteria To participate in Project XL, applicants must develop alternative pollution reduction strategies pursuant to eight criteria: superior environmental performance; cost savings and paperwork reduction; local stakeholder involvement and support; test of an innovative strategy; transferability; feasibility; identification of monitoring, reporting and evaluation methods; and avoidance of shifting risk burden. They must have full support of affected federal, state and tribal agencies to be selected. For more information about the XL criteria, readers should refer to the two descriptive documents published in the Federal Register (60 FR 27282, May 23, 1995 and 62 FR 19872, April 23, 1997), and the December 1, 1995 `` Principles for Development of Project XL Final Project Agreements'' document. For further discussion as to how the USFRS XL Project addresses the XL criteria, readers should refer to the USFRS draft FPA available from the EPA RCRA docket or Region 5 library for this action (see ADDRESSES section of today's preamble). XL Program Phases Development of a Project has four basic phases: the initial pre­ proposal phase where the project sponsor comes up with an innovative concept that it would like EPA to consider as an XL pilot; the second phase where the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50287 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules project sponsor works with EPA and interested stakeholders in developing its XL proposal; the third phase where EPA, local regulatory agencies, and other interested stakeholders review the XL proposal; and the fourth phase where the project sponsor works with EPA, local regulatory agencies, and interested stakeholders in developing the FPA and legal mechanisms. The XL pilot proceeds into the implementation phase and evaluation phase after promulgation of the required federal, state and local legal mechanisms and after the designated participants sign the FPA. Final Project Agreement The FPA is a written agreement between the project sponsor, participants and regulatory agencies. The FPA contains a detailed description of the proposed pilot project. It addresses the eight Project XL criteria, and the expectation of EPA that this XL Project will meet those criteria. The FPA identifies performance goals and indicators (monitoring schedules) which will enable USFRS to clearly illustrate the baseline quantities and compare them to quantities derived after implementation of the pilot. The FPA specifically addresses the manner in which the project is expected to produce superior environmental benefits. The FPA also discusses the administration of the agreement, including dispute resolution and termination. The draft FPA for the USFRS XL Project is available for review in the docket for today's action, and also is available on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. III. Overview of the USFRS XL Project EPA is today requesting comments on the draft FPA and proposed rule. These items are key provisions to implement the USFRS XL Project. Today's proposed rule would facilitate implementation of the draft FPA and the USFRS XL Project. After receiving and reviewing comments on the draft FPA and proposed rule EPA will decide whether to proceed with final approval of the USFRS XL Project. If EPA decides to proceed with such final approval then EPA, MPCA , the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington in Minnesota, Pioneer Transport and USFRS will sign the final FPA. Additionally, EPA will finally promulgate the rules proposed today. The regulatory relief provided in the final EPA rules, however, will not be federally effective in Minnesota until the state has made changes similar changes to its hazardous waste management program and, as necessary, EPA has approved of those changes as part of the authorized hazardous waste program. See section V. A & F below for a more detailed discussion of the manner in which the state may make such changes and the consequences of such actions. A. Scope of the USFRS XL Project The USFRS XL Project is limited in scope to USFRS and approved generators and transporters and to only USFRS XL wastes from the approved generators. EPA and MPCA will have to approve of any generator or transporter who is added to this XL Project. If the generator's principal place of business is located within the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington, Minnesota then the approval of the environmental agencies located within these counties is also required (`` county environmental agencies'' or `` county agencies. '') EPA's approval will focus primarily on the compliance and enforcement history of the generator or transporter. In addition to this enforcement screen, USFRS will conduct a preliminary evaluation of the generator or transporter. USFRS' preliminary evaluation of a proposed generator will ensure that the proposed generator is within the electroplating, metal working and circuit board manufacturing industrial sectors, has a complete USFRS application form and has a storage area which meets the standards specified in subpart N. USFRS will conduct a waste analysis to determine the chemical constituents anticipated in a potential generator's waste stream and to determine such wastes' compatibility with USFRS' resin process and canisters. If a company passes USFRS' preliminary evaluation, USFRS may propose to EPA, MPCA and, as appropriate, the county agencies to add it to the USFRS XL Project. EPA, MPCA, and as appropriate, the county agencies must approve of the company before it can be added to the USFRS XL Project. After such approvals are received, USFRS may notify the company of its acceptance. At that time, the company must sign the FPA and a certification that they understand the training which USFRS provided on the proper handling of the USFRS XL waste. USFRS will assign a unique USFRS Client Number to the company and will also assign a unique USFRS Waste Profile Number to the waste stream( s) that contribute to the company's generation of the resin wastes. USFRS' preliminary evaluation of a proposed transporter will consist of determining whether the transporter has a current satisfactory safety rating from the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), an EPA hazardous waste identification number, and a Minnesota Uniform Hazardous Materials Registration (Minnesota registration). USFRS will report on the results of this preliminary evaluation to EPA, MPCA and, as appropriate, the County Agencies. USFRS may propose a transporter who is not a licensed hazardous waste carrier or does not have an EPA identification number. USFRS may propose to EPA, MPCA and, as appropriate, the county agencies to add to the USFRS XL Project any transporter, even a common carrier, who has a current satisfactory rating from USDOT. EPA, MPCA, and as appropriate, the county agencies must approve of the transporter before it can be added to the USFRS XL Project. After such approvals are received, USFRS may notify the transporter of its acceptance. At that time, the transporter must sign the FPA and certify that it has been trained by USFRS on the proper handling of USFRS XL wastes and understands its responsibilities under new part 266, subpart N. The procedures for obtaining state and local approval of a transporter or generator may be different than the federal procedures outlined above. USFRS must obtain the approval of EPA and MPCA in all instances before it may add a company as a generator or transporter to the USFRS XL Project. For potential generators and transporters whose principal place of business is located in Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington Counties, Minnesota. USFRS will have to obtain the approval of the appropriate county agencies. In all instances USFRS will have to complete the preliminary evaluations identified above prior to proposing to EPA, MPCA or the county agencies the addition of a company to the USFRS XL Project. The federal procedures for approving a company as a participant in the USFRS XL Project as a generator or transporter are detailed in the proposed rule. In summary, if a company passes USFRS' preliminary evaluation, USFRS will notify EPA in writing of its desire to add this company to the USFRS XL Project. EPA will have twenty one days to veto such company's participation in the USFRS XL Project. EPA anticipates that it will exercise this veto authority based in part on the environmental compliance and enforcement history of the company. If USFRS does not receive a written disapproval from EPA within the twenty one days, the company is deemed to have EPA approval. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50288 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 3 The conditions in proposed new subpart N must be incorporated into USFRS' hazardous waste permit by the State of Minnesota. This must be accomplished in time to allow USFRS to have the revised permit before it installs the resin canisters at its first generator approved by the agencies. USFRS must also obtain the approval of the MPCA and county agency, as appropriate. EPA anticipates that USFRS will seek the approval of MPCA and the appropriate county agency at the same time that it seeks EPA approval. MPCA and the appropriate county agency will perform a compliance and enforcement screen. If the potential generator or transporter passes this screen, MPCA will provide written notice to the company and notify it of its duties and responsibilities. After USFRS has received the approval of EPA, MPCA and the appropriate county agency it may proceed with the next step in the federal process for adding a generator or transporter to the USFRS XL Project. That step will consist of USFRS notifying the potential generator or transporter that it has received the required agency approvals. At that time, USFRS will obtain the company's signature to FPA and the appropriate certification. Upon request, USFRS will forward a copy of the signed documents to EPA, MPCA and the appropriate county agency. On the date USFRS receives the signed FPA and certification, the potential generator or transporter is considered part of this USFRS XL Project. This date may be referred to as the generator or transporter `` effective date. '' The generator or transporter must handle its USFRS XL waste generated on or after the effective date in accordance with the requirements of part 266, subpart N. The generator or transporter must handle USFRS XL waste generated prior to the effective date according to the RCRA regulations applicable at that time. Proposed new subpart N does not apply retroactively to these wastes. The transportation of USFRS XL waste is strictly controlled and monitored by USFRS. The generator must contact USFRS whenever it has a shipment for pick­ up. USFRS in turn will contact an approved transporter to arrange for pick­ up of the waste. The approved transporters will be the sole transporters of these wastes. USFRS will provide the generator with the Transportation Tracking Document prior to the date the transporter arrives to pick­ up the wastes. The generator will ensure that the information on the Transportation Tracking Document is correct. The generator will provide the Transportation Tracking Document to the transporter. The transporter will then carry the wastes to USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility for treatment. The USFRS Roseville facility will handle the USFRS XL wastes as a hazardous waste and consistent with its hazardous waste permit. 3 USFRS' treatment of the wastes will consist of treatment to regenerate the resins and make them amenable for reuse in another canister. USFRS will handle any residual wastes from the resin regeneration process according to the RCRA hazardous waste code designation it would have had if it were not subject to the XL001 designation (i. e., F006 and any other appropriate waste codes). USFRS will ensure that this hazardous waste is legitimately recycled through metal recovery. This XL Project is limited to USFRS water treatment resin canisters and their contents after use by a generator. The wastes include the resins, the wastes contained on or within the resins and any other wastes contained within the canisters. The wastes include only those wastes which are generated from processes subject to the RCRA F006 hazardous waste listing. B. What Problems Has USFRS Identified? The present RCRA regulatory structure may act as a disincentive for certain manufacturers to reduce their consumption of potable water. In particular, electroplaters, metal finishers and other similar industries use large volumes of water to wash and rinse materials during the manufacturing process. In most manufacturing processes today, wash and rinse water is used once, then discarded. This `` singleuse waste water is usually directed to an on­ site waste water treatment plant where it is treated to levels required by the Clean Water Act prior to discharge to a POTW or surface waters. This single­ use of water is very wasteful. A great amount of effort and cost is expended to produce potable water for this single use. Additional costs are incurred in treating these waste waters prior to discharge. To minimize single water use and to encourage recycling of rinse waters, USFRS has developed a water treatment system that uses a resin. The resin is contained within a cylindrical canister which can be integrated into a company's existing processes. One gallon of resin can treat between 500 to 2,000 gallons of waste waters. The regenerated water can then be directed back to the manufacturing process and reused. This reduces the amount of potable water that is needed in the manufacturing process. The resins contained within the canisters can be regenerated and reused at USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility. This regeneration process produces a regenerated resin and residual wastes containing metals, such as copper, nickel and zinc (`` sludges''). The regenerated resin may be reused again in water treatment systems. The residual wastes from USFRS's regeneration process may be recycled to recover the metals contained within them. As part of this XL Project USFRS has proposed that it will arrange for the recycling of the sludges through metal reclamation. USFRS anticipates that this recycling will be done by another company. USFRS projects that the recycling of sludges will provide another environmental benefit since it will result in less wastes being landfilled. Furthermore, USFRS suggests that the metals that are recovered may reduce the energy and environmental impacts from mining and manufacturing of virgin ores. The proposed new subpart N requires USFRS to recycle the sludges through metal reclamation. It also requires USFRS to have its recycling in place prior to initiation of this XL Project. Since USFRS does not recycle these sludges itself its ability to implement this XL Project is restricted to the availability of legitimate off­ site recyclers who are willing to accept the sludges. USFRS has indicated that there presently are not many companies who are willing or able to do such recycling. It has also indicated that it is committed to finding such a company and will continue to explore such options. This XL Project may provide sufficient environmental benefit without the sludge reclamation requirement. The benefits may derive from the anticipated increase in the use of the USFRS resins and the resultant anticipated reduction in the use of potable water for industrial processes, reduction in discharges to the POTWs and reduction in the use of chemicals for water treatment. Consequently, EPA may modify or delete the sludge reclamation requirements in new subpart N based on the public comments and information submitted during that period. The use of water reuse systems such as USFRS's ion exchange system by electroplaters, metal finishers and similar industries often results in the resins and canisters being considered a listed hazardous waste (F006) once the resins have been spent at the manufacturing plant. However, these resins and the canisters can be VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50289 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 4 Unless otherwise specified, the discussion that follows on the RCRA requirements focuses on the requirements for large quantity generators. The USFRS XL Project and proposed new subpart N, however, applies to all generators, regardless of the quantity of waste that they generate. regenerated at USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility. Since the resins and the canisters may be a RCRA hazardous waste, the manufacturer incurs additional obligations under RCRA that it would not necessarily incur if it had not implemented the water reuse system. The additional regulatory obligations may act as a disincentive to a company's use of a water reuse system and thus increases the use of potable water. C. What Solutions Are Proposed by the USFRS XL Project? To encourage water and waste reduction and recycling, USFRS proposes that the canisters and resins be temporarily deferred from the RCRA regulatory requirements contained in 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. This temporary deferral would be implemented through a proposed regulation which designates these wastes by a waste code different from those identified in 40 CFR part 261 while the waste is at the approved generator and during its transport to USFRS. This deferral is premised on the fulfillment of five general requirements. First, the generator would handle the waste in accordance with specific standards required by the proposed rule. Second, the waste is transported only to USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility and only by approved transporters. Third, the generators and transporters are limited to companies located in Minnesota who pass a preliminary evaluation by USFRS and are approved by EPA, MPCA and the appropriate county agencies. Fourth, USFRS handles the waste according to the waste code designation it would have had but for this proposed rule (i. e., F006 and any other appropriate waste code). Finally, USFRS will recycle, through metals recovery, any metals contained in these wastes. Presented below is a more detailed discussion of these elements of the proposed rule and draft FPA. IV. Comparison of USFRS XL Project With Current RCRA Regulations A. XL Waste Defined A definition of `` USFRS XL waste'' is proposed for 40 CFR 266.301. `` USFRS XL waste'' consists of the USFRS used water treatment resin canisters and their contents from approved USFRS generators within the State of Minnesota. The USFRS XL wastes include the ion exchange resins, the wastes contained on or within the ion exchange resins and any other wastes contained within the water treatment resin canisters. Spills of USFRS XL wastes by the generator or transporter are considered USFRS XL waste provided the generator or transporter handles the spill in accordance with the spill requirements of proposed 40 CFR 266.308( e) and 266.311. The USFRS XL wastes are limited to wastes which result from processes which would be subject to the RCRA F006 hazardous waste designation at the point of generation (i. e. waste water treatment sludges from specified electroplating operations). This definition of USFRS XL wastes includes only those ion exchange resin canisters which result in reuse of substantially all of the treated waste waters in the industrial process. These wastes may also exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste as a result of the operations of a particular company. This definition does not include those ion exchange resins canisters which result in the disposal of the treated waste waters, without any reuse of the treated waste waters in the industrial process. This definition does not include wastes that were generated prior to the date a generator is added to this USFRS XL Project. USFRS XL waste while at an approved generator and during transport shall be identified by the waste code XL001. The XL001 waste designation applies only to USFRS XL wastes generated by approved USFRS XL waste generators. An approved USFRS XL waste generator is a company located in Minnesota who: has properly identified its wastes and processes; has passed a preliminary evaluation by USFRS; has not been excluded by EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies; has received notice of approval from USFRS; and has signed the FPA, and a certification that it has taken and understood the specific training required by subpart N. USFRS will assign to approved generators a USFRS Client Number and USFRS Waste Profile Number for USFRS XL wastes. B. Substitute Requirements The RCRA regulations identify specific requirements for persons who generate, transport, treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste (40 CFR parts 261± 266, 268, 270, 273 and 279). Generators of hazardous waste are subject to different requirements depending upon the quantity and type of hazardous waste that they generate or accumulate in a calendar month (40 CFR 261.5, 262.10( b) and 262.34). The RCRA regulations also have specific provisions for the management of certain recyclable materials (40 CFR 261.6). USFRS and approved generators and transporters of USFRS XL waste must comply with new part 266, subpart N instead of the regulations contained in 40 CFR 261.5, 261.6( a)( 1), parts 262± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. Additionally, the USFRS XL waste generator may exclude the amount of USFRS XL waste it generates when it is determining whether it is subject to 40 CFR 261.5 or part 262. Presented below is a summary of the substitute requirements for USFRS and the approved generators and transporters. 4 1. Waste Identification and Characterization RCRA Requirements. Generators of hazardous waste are required to properly characterize their wastes as hazardous waste, (40 CFR 262.11). For listed hazardous waste the generator must determine if it is listed in subpart D of 40 CFR part 261. For characteristic hazardous waste the generator may accomplish this characterization either by testing the waste or applying specific knowledge of the hazardous characteristics of the waste considering the materials or the processes used. XL Project Requirements. USFRS XL waste would normally be considered a listed hazardous waste (F006) and, depending on the processes, may be considered a characteristic hazardous waste. In order to determine all of the wastes codes appropriate for a particular waste stream it would be necessary for a generator to test the waste or have specific knowledge. In lieu of having this responsibility fall solely on the generator, this XL Project proposes that USFRS and the customer will share certain responsibilities. Pursuant to § 266.306, prior to being accepted into this XL Project, the customer/ potential generator company would properly identify its processes and chemicals contributing to the water proposed for treatment in the USFRS resin canisters. It may only identify those waste streams which meet the F006 listing. The customer will accomplish this by completing and submitting to USFRS a USFRS XL waste application form. After being accepted into this XL Project, the customer shall provide USFRS with prior notification of any changes in its processes. USFRS will perform a chemical profile analysis, of the customer's waste stream( s) and processes contributing to the water treated within the ion exchange resin canisters. USFRS will conduct this analysis in accordance with the test VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50290 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 5 Persons who qualify as conditionally exempt small quantity generators are not required to submit a notification to EPA to obtain an EPA identification number. 6 A distinction is made in the rules between an approved customer and an approved generator. They are essentially the same with the only difference being that a customer is not automatically a generator. A customer becomes a generator when it first generates or causes to be regulated USFRS XL waste. 7 USFRS will also have a list of the approved transporters, see proposed § 266.319( c). 8 A substitute for the manifest is allowed for certain generators of small quantities of hazardous methods identified in its waste analysis plan contained in its RCRA hazardous waste permit. This waste stream analysis will substitute for an analysis of the resins after use in the canisters. The analysis will also ensure that the waste waters are compatible with the ion exchange resin process and that the wastes are compatible with maintaining the integrity of the canisters. USFRS will conduct the waste stream analysis once for each customer prior to accepting a customer into this XL Project. Once a customer is accepted into the XL Project, USFRS will repeat the analysis whenever a customer provides it with notice that it has changed its processes contributing to the USFRS XL waste. The USFRS XL waste designation will only apply to those water treatment resin canisters and their contents for processes identified by the customer, evaluated by USFRS and approved by EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies. 2. EPA Identification Numbers RCRA Requirements. Persons who generate, transport, treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain an EPA identification number, (40 CFR 262.12 and 263.11). 5 Generators and transporters receive an identification number by completing and submitting to EPA a Notification of Hazardous Waste Activity Form (EPA form 8700± 12). The notification form generally requires the generator or transporter to identify its name, address, contact person, regulatory status (e. g., large quantity generator, small quantity generator, transporter, treatment, storage or disposal facility, etc.). For a generator, the type and estimated quantity of hazardous wastes it generates also must be identified. Generally, it identifies the wastes by specific EPA wastes codes (`` D'', `` F'', `` K'', `` P'' or `` U''). It also requires the generator to sign the form and certify that the information it is providing is true, accurate and complete. XL Project Requirements. Some of the USFRS XL waste generators and transporters may have an EPA identification number or submitted an EPA notification form. These are not required for participation in this XL project. Instead, USFRS XL transporters and generators will be given a unique USFRS XL client identification number. Additionally, each generator's USFRS XL waste will be given a unique waste profile number. This XL Project has the biggest potential impact on the number of generators added to the RCRA universe. Some of the potential generators may have an EPA identification number due to other hazardous waste activities that they conduct. USFRS anticipates, however, that a large number of new generators may be added. These generators would not have an EPA identification number except for their participation in this XL Project. USFRS proposes that instead of requiring these generators to submit a notification form and obtain an EPA identification number, EPA would accept the USFRS XL waste application form and its unique customer and process waste stream number. The procedures for adding generators and transporters to this XL Project are contained in new proposed §§ 266.302 and 266.303. USFRS will require all potential generators to complete a USFRS XL waste application form. The USFRS XL waste application form will contain information similar to that required on the Notification Form, except that it will identify the wastes by the `` XL001'' designation in addition to the EPA waste codes. Additionally, USFRS will assign to each approved generator a unique client number instead of an EPA identification number. The customer will use this number whenever it generates and transports off­ site USFRS XL waste. USFRS will also assign to each approved waste stream from the customer a unique number known as a waste profile number. After receiving the approval of EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies, USFRS will provide its customer with an approval letter. Pursuant to new proposed § 266.319( c), USFRS will maintain a list of the approved customers and generators 6 . USFRS will include on that list the customer name, the USFRS client and waste profile numbers, a summary of the results of the USFRS profile analysis and the process waste streams approved for participation in the XL Project. USFRS will have that list available at its Roseville, Minnesota facility and will provide that list to EPA and MPCA on a quarterly basis 7 . If any of the customer information is claimed as confidential business information or trade secrets USFRS will indicate that fact and notify EPA and MPCA. EPA will treat such material in accordance with 40 CFR part 2. EPA believes that USFRS' proposed system for notifying and tracking USFRS XL waste transporters, customers and generators is an acceptable replacement for the EPA notification and identification number requirements otherwise imposed upon hazardous waste generators under 40 CFR part 262. Additionally, EPA believes that this method may allow for better tracking of the progress and benefits associated with this XL Project since generators and their waste streams will be identified by unique codes instead of the generic site­ wide EPA identification number. From an administrative perspective it may be better for all USFRS XL waste not to have a unique EPA identification number since a large percentage of these generators may have the need for such number only because of their participation in this XL Project. Once their participation ends so too would the need for the EPA identification number. This in and of itself is not a justification to replace the notification and EPA identification requirements. However, since USFRS will track the shipments of USFRS XL waste according to the unique USFRS customer and waste stream number and will provide EPA with a list of those customers EPA is receiving the same information without adding companies to the RCRA data base. Additionally, the USFRS tracking may be an improvement on the present hazardous waste tracking system since that system does not track the source of the waste streams. Finally, since this XL Project is limited in time and a participant may revert to a nonregulatory status once it quits this XL Project EPA believes that allowing a substitute to the notification and EPA identification number would be acceptable and may save the Agency resources. 3. Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest RCRA Requirements. The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest (`` manifest'') is used to track hazardous waste from its point of generation to its destination, often referred to as the `` designated facility. '' Generally, hazardous waste generators must use the manifest when hazardous waste is transported offsite, (40 CFR 262.20( a)). 8 Instructions for the manifest VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50291 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules waste, see 40 CFR 262.20( e) and a manifest is not required for conditionally exempt small quantity generators, see 40 CFR 261.5. 9 Proposed § 266.310( a) requires USFRS to provide the Transportation Tracking Document to the generator prior to the arrival of the transporter at the generator. Although a specific number of days in advance is not specified in the rule it is expected that USFRS will provide the Transportation Tracking Document with enough time for the generator to review the document to ensure it is accurate and can make any necessary revisions. USFRS anticipates that it will usually provide the Transportation Tracking Document within 3 days of receiving a request from the generator to pick­ up its USFRS XL waste. require that the generator provide information about the wastes' handlers including the name of the transporter and the designated facility, and a description of the hazardous waste being transported. The generator must sign the manifest certifying that a waste minimization program is in place, and that the waste is properly packaged, marked, labeled and placarded. Each time a waste is transferred (e. g., from one transporter to another, or from a transporter to the designated facility), the manifest must be signed to acknowledge receipt of the waste. A copy of the manifest is retained by each individual in the transportation chain. Once the waste is delivered to the designated facility, the owner or operator of that facility must sign and return a copy of the manifest to the generator. The generator must submit an exception report to the EPA Regional Administrator if he or she still has not received the manifest after specified time periods (45 days for large quantity generators, and 60 days for small quantity generators). The generator, transporter, and the designated facility must each keep copies of the manifest for three years. Generators are also prohibited from offering hazardous waste to transporters or treatment, storage or disposal facilities that do not have an EPA ID number. XL Project Requirements. USFRS will ensure that USFRS XL waste reaches its destination by applying strict transportation routing and tracking requirements to the transportation of USFRS XL waste from generators, its use select approved transporters and the use of a USFRS Transportation Tracking Document. Proposed subpart N accomplishes this by directly imposing these requirements on USFRS and its generators and transporters (proposed § 266.310). The requirements are summarized below. USFRS will control the transportation and routing of the USFRS XL wastes from a generator and its transporters. All USFRS XL waste generators must use a USFRS XL waste approved transporter to transport the USFRS XL waste. The USFRS XL waste must be sent to USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility. The generator must contact USFRS when it wants to transport its USFRS XL waste. USFRS's Roseville facility has a dedicated shipping department. That department will arrange with a USFRS XL waste approved transporter to pickup the generator's USFRS XL waste within 30 days of receipt of the generator's request. USFRS' shipping department will complete the USFRS Transportation Tracking Document and provide it to the generator with a copy to USFRS's lab. USFRS will include on the Transportation Tracking Document information required by these new rules. USFRS will provide the generator with the Transportation Tracking Document prior to the transporter arriving at the generator's site to pick up the waste. 9 USFRS's transporters must transport the USFRS XL waste to USFRS's Roseville, Minnesota facility within 30 days of USFRS's contacting the transporter to collect the USFRS XL waste from the generator. USFRS's lab will track the receipt of the USFRS XL waste identified on the Transportation Tracking Document. The proposed rules require the USFRS XL waste to be transported to the USFRS Roseville, Minnesota facility within 30 days of its pick­ up. USFRS has indicated that this 30 days may be necessary to facilitate scheduling shipments of XL waste in an efficient manner. A USFRS transporter may store or arrange to store a shipment of USFRS XL waste during that 30 day period, provided however, it may only do so for a 10 day or less period without triggering the facility requirements in sections 264, 265, 268 and 270 of RCRA. This 10 day limitation on the storage of USFRS XL waste by the transporter mirrors the limitations on storage by transfer facilities contained in section 263.12. If the shipment is not received by USFRS within 30 days of the USFRS transporter picking it up at the USFRS generator, USFRS will contact the transporter to determine the disposition of the load. If USFRS does not receive the shipment within 5 days of its scheduled arrival date, it will notify EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies. USFRS will send copy of the Transportation Tracking Document to the USFRS generator within 5 days of USFRS' receipt of the XL001 waste from the transporter. USFRS will use its own trucks or those of approved transporters to transport USFRS XL waste to USFRS's Roseville facility. USFRS has a strict program in place for selection of qualified transporters. USFRS contracts only with transporters who have met USFRS quality control requirements. USFRS requires its transporters to have an EPA identification number and a current satisfactory rating from the USDOT. This rating is the highest rating available and includes an assessment of the safety record of the transporter and its drivers and the condition of the trucks. Additionally, USFRS requires its USFRS XL waste transporters to have a Minnesota registration to transport hazardous waste. Proposed § 266.303( c) and (d) incorporates these USFRS requirements as part of the preliminary evaluation that USFRS must conduct prior to proposing a transporter to USEPA. The proposed rules allow USFRS to propose any transporter, including common carriers, as a participant. However, the transporter must be approved by USEPA prior to being accepted , must have a satisfactory USDOT safety rating and must complete training on the proper handling of the USFRS XL waste and compliance with subpart N. USFRS will assign to each transporter a unique USFRS client identification number. This number will be used on the Transportation Tracking Document. In lieu of the manifest, USFRS, its transporters and generators will use a USFRS Transportation Tracking Document when transporting the USFRS XL waste from the generator to USFRS's Roseville facility. USFRS has provided EPA with a draft Transportation Tracking Document for use with this XL Project. The draft Transportation Tracking Document contains information similar to the information contained on the manifest. Instead of an EPA identification number the generator will use its USFRS client and waste profile numbers and the XL001 code to identify the USFRS XL wastes it is shipping. The transporter will also use its unique client identification number. The Transportation Tracking Document does not contain the waste minimization statement normally found on the manifest. The Agency believes that such a statement is not needed since the participants to this XL project have already committed to waste minimization, and therefore will be minimizing the water used and potentially other chemicals. Furthermore, as signatories to the FPA participants are certifying their intent to reduce the amount of waste that would be disposed. Proposed § 266.310 and the definition of the USFRS XL Waste VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50292 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 10 The USDOT regulations have increased the size of the containers from 110 gallons to 119 gallons. EPA's regulations presently retain the 110 gallon size. 11 Similar requirements apply to hazardous waste stored in tanks (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( ii)), stored on drip pads (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( iii)), and/ or placed in containment buildings (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( iv). Transportation Tracking Document contained in proposed § 266.301 requires that USFRS obtain EPA approval of the Transportation Tracking Document prior to using the Transportation Tracking Document and whenever it proposes to revise it. EPA proposes to approve the draft Transportation Tracking Document provided by USFRS. Pursuant to proposed §§ 266.319( d), 320 and 321 USFRS, the transporter and the generator( s) will retain a copy of the Transportation Tracking Document for three years for each shipment of XL wastes that it receives at its Roseville, Minnesota facility. This project shifts the burden of tracking the shipments from the generator to USFRS. Consequently, pursuant to proposed § 266.310( a), USFRS, not the generator, will assume responsibility for any exception reports. With this XL Project the generator must use USFRS or one of its approved transporters to transport the XL wastes. USFRS will track the receipt of the shipments at its Roseville, Minnesota facility. Since USFRS will only use approved transporters and it completes and tracks each generator Transportation Tracking Document, USFRS will know of any shipment that is not received at its Roseville facility. USFRS will use a shorter time periodÐ five daysÐ to gauge whether it is necessary to take further steps to locate a shipment. If USFRS is unable to locate the shipment within five days it will then notify EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies of that fact. This XL Project is more stringent than RCRA since it requires a preliminary evaluation of the transporters, directs the shipments to only one facility; and requires notice of lost shipments at an earlier time. 4. Pre­ Transport and Transportation Requirements RCRA Requirements. RCRA establishes pre­ transportation and transportation requirements for generators and transporters of hazardous waste. The generator must properly package (40 CFR 262.30), label (40 CFR 262.31), mark (40 CFR 262.32) and placard (40 CFR 262.33) hazardous waste. These rules incorporate by reference the requirements for packing, labeling, marking and placarding contained in the US DOT regulations for transportation of hazardous materials found at 49 CFR parts 172, 173, 178, and 179. Generators must also mark containers of 110 gallons 10 or less of hazardous waste as follows (40 CFR 262.32( b)): `` HAZARDOUS WASTEÐ Federal Law Prohibits Improper Disposal. If found, contact the nearest police or public safety authority or the U. S. EPA. Generator's Name and Address llllll Manifest Document Number'' lllllll The transporter of hazardous waste must have an EPA identification number, (40 CFR 263.11); accept hazardous waste only with an accompanying manifest, sign and retain a copy of the manifest, and ensure the manifest accompanies the shipment of hazardous waste, (40 CFR 263.20); and ship the hazardous waste to the designated facility or next designated transporter, (40 CFR 263.21). Additionally, if a spill occurs during the shipment of the hazardous waste, then the transporter must take appropriate immediate action to protect human health and the environment, clean up the release and notify the National Response Center and the Department of Transportation when required, (40 CFR 263.30 and 31). XL Project Requirements. Under this XL Project, USFRS or an approved USFRS transporter will transport the USFRS XL wastes from the generator to the USFRS Roseville, Minnesota facility. USFRS has an EPA identification number and a hazardous waste permit. USFRS approved transporters will have a current satisfactory safety rating from USDOT and a unique USFRS customer identification. All transporters will use the USFRS Transportation Tracking Document. Pursuant to proposed §§ 266.308( c) and 309 the transporters and generators will ensure the USFRS XL wastes have affixed to the ion exchange resin canisters the following warning statement which will be provided by USFRS: XL001 wastesÐ USFRS ion exchange resin canister wastes­ Federal Law Prohibits Improper Disposal. This is USFRS XL waste from (insert XL waste generator's name). Handle as a hazardous waste and ship only to USFRS located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, MN. This waste was placed in this container on (date) and placed in storage at (insert USFRS XL waste generator's name) on (insert date). If found, contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA. The USFRS telephone number is (insert phone number). USFRS Transportation Tracking Document Number llllll ''If spilled immediately contain the spill and prevent it from going into any water body; collect the spilled material and place in a 55 gallon steel drum; contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA. USFRS will supply these labels to the generator at the same time as it provides the generator with the USFRS Transportation Tracking Document. The transporters will ensure that these labels are affixed to the containers during transport and that the XL wastes are within an approved container. 5. Accumulation and Storage Prior to Shipment RCRA Requirements. Generators of hazardous waste are allowed to accumulate hazardous waste on their property from between 90 to 270 days, depending on the quantity of wastes, (40 CFR 262.34). The generators may accumulate the hazardous waste in containers, tanks, drip pads or containment buildings, provided each of these units meets specific requirements for the safe storage of hazardous wastes, (40 CFR 262.34). Generally, these `` safe storage'' standards are grouped into four broad categories of requirements: Use and Management of Containers, Preparedness and Prevention, Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures and Personnel Training. The container management standards require the generator to store the hazardous waste in containers which are in good condition, compatible with their contents and closed during storage (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( i) and 265.171, 172 and 173). The generator must meet special requirements for ignitable, reactive or incompatible wastes (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( i) and 265.176 and 177). The generator is required to inspect the condition of the containers on a weekly basis (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( i) and 265.174). The generator must also control volatile emissions from the containers (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 1)( i) and 265.178). If the generator uses process vents or there is the possibility of air emissions from the containers, then the generator must comply with applicable special requirements contained in part 265, subparts AA, BB and CC 11 . The preparedness and prevention standards require the generator to maintain and operate the storage area so as to minimize the possibility of fire, explosion or any unplanned sudden or non­ sudden release of the hazardous waste (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.31); to have, where necessary, certain equipment such as communication devices to notify facility personnel and local emergency responders of emergencies, fire extinguishers and an adequate supply of water or foam (40 VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50293 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 12 Small quantity generators are required to implement a modified contingency plan, 40 CFR 262.34( d)( 5)( i). 13 Small quantity generators accumulating waste must comply with the emergency procedures found at 40 CFR 262.34( d)( 5)( iv) 14 Small quantity generators must conduct personnel training, 40 CFR 262.34( d)( 5)( iii). CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.32); to routinely test and maintain such equipment (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.33); to have such equipment accessible to facility personnel (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.34); to have adequate aisle space to allow for access in the case of fire or spills (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.35); to make arrangements with local emergency response authorities (e. g., police, fire and hospitals), as necessary, to familiarize them with the hazards posed by the hazardous wastes (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.37); and to have a contingency plan designed to minimize the hazards from the fire, explosion or unplanned sudden or non­ sudden release of hazardous waste (40 CFR 262. 34( a)( 4) and 265.51) 12 . The Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures standards require the contingency plan to include: the actions facility personnel would take; the arrangements made with local emergency responders; the name, address and telephone number of the generator's emergency coordinator; a list of the emergency equipment and an evacuation plan, (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.52). The generator must have an emergency coordinator available or on call at all times, (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.55). In the case of an imminent or actual emergency, the emergency coordinator must undertake certain emergency procedures. Those procedures require the emergency coordinator to activate internal alarms; notify appropriate state or local emergency responders; assess the nature, rate and extent of any release; take actions to ensure the releases do not occur, recur or spread; monitor for leaks; provide for proper treatment or disposal of the released hazardous wastes; segregate incompatible wastes; and notify EPA and the state of the emergency, (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.56) 13 . The Personnel Training standards require the generator to have adequately trained personnel to handle the hazardous wastes, to comply with the requirements of RCRA, and to appropriately respond to emergencies (§§ 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.16 (a) and (b)). The generator must retain records of who has been trained, their job title and job description, and a description of the training they have taken (§§ 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.16( d)). The generator's hazardous waste personnel must annually review their training (§§ 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.16( c)) 14 . XL Project Requirements. The USFRS XL wastes are contained within the resin canisters. These canisters are sealed units. The canisters have an inlet and outlet port. These ports may be sealed once the canisters are disconnected from the generator's processes. The canisters are leak proof, and able to withstand certain temperatures and certain height drops. The wastes contained in the canisters will consist of the spent resins and wastes accumulated on them. The hazardous wastes found on the resins will be metals. USFRS does not anticipate the canisters will have any volatile chemicals in them. The resins and wastes will be neither combustible, reactive nor explosive. They are compatible with the cylindrical canisters. The resins are tiny pellets with the metals adhering to them via chemical attraction. The metals may not be physically capable of separation unless they come into contact with acids or caustic chemicals. Given the nature of the USFRS XL waste, this XL Project's accumulation and storage standards focus on proper training, use and management of the containers and prevention of exposure. It imposes more stringent use and management standards. In exchange for this increased stringency it tailors and reduces the training, preparedness and prevention and contingency plan requirements normally found in RCRA to just the specific needs presented by handling of the USFRS XL waste. The accumulation and storage requirements are contained in proposed § 266.308. The proposed rule requires the generator to store its USFRS XL waste on an impervious surface. Pursuant to § 266.302( c), prior to accepting a customer into this XL Project, USFRS will obtain from its customers the waste application form. This form will provide information on the location and condition of the proposed storage area. This information will be supplied on a site engineering form which USFRS developed and submitted as part of the waste application form. The generator will indicate on the site engineering form the location and construction of the storage area for the canisters. Prior to accepting a generator into this XL Project, USFRS will review the site engineering form and inspect the potential generator's storage area to determine if it is impervious. USFRS will only propose to EPA for this XL Project persons who, among other things, have an impervious storage area. Upon request, USFRS will provide a copy of the customer's site engineering form and the results of USFRS' evaluation of the customer to EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies. The proposed rule limits the generator to less than 90 days for the on­ site storage of its USFRS XL waste. The generator must store the USFRS XL wastes in the water treatment resin canisters and separately from its other wastes or materials, including explosive or ignitable wastes or materials. The generator will ensure that the canisters are closed and disconnected from the process( es). It will place on the canisters a label which indicates its name and location, contents of the canister and the date the canister was placed in storage. The generator will ensure that there is adequate aisle space to determine the condition of the canisters and to respond to any leaks from the canisters during their storage. The generator will inspect the condition of the canisters weekly while they are stored on­ site. The generator will maintain a log of these inspections. The log will indicate the date the canister was placed in storage, the condition of the canister, the date of the inspection, the person conducting the inspection and the condition of the canisters and the storage area at the time of the inspection. Pursuant to proposed § 266.313, the generator will retain the ability to legally treat or dispose of its wastes contributing to its USFRS XL waste stream in the event that it is no longer a participant in this XL Project. In most cases this will mean that the generator would have to make arrangements with its local POTW whereby the POTW would agree to take the generators' wastewater on 60 days notice. The POTW serving the Counties of Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, Washington, Dakota, Carver and Scott, known as the Metropolitan Council of Environmental Services (MCES) has advised EPA that it will be able to accept the wastewater of those generators who participate in this XL Project in its district on 60 days notice. Generators will comply with tailored closure requirements of proposed § 266.312. If and when a generator's participation is terminated in this XL Project, USFRS will pick up all of the generator's canisters. Generally, proposed § 266.315 provides USFRS and the generator sixty days to complete the closure activities required by proposed § 266.312. USFRS will collect the generator's USFRS XL waste within thirty days of notice of the customer's VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50294 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules discontinuance in the program. The generator will remove from the storage area any USFRS XL wastes and clean any related contamination. The generator will retain records of all activities it has undertaken to decontaminate its storage area and equipment. Within the same sixty days, the generator will provide USFRS with access to visit the generator. The purpose of this access is to allow USFRS to determine if all of the USFRS XL waste has been removed. USFRS has developed a systems discontinuation form that it will use to document its visual observations during this visit. Pursuant to proposed § 266.312( b) USFRS will provide a summary of its observations at the generator of the condition of the storage area and the removal of all USFRS XL Waste. USFRS may use its systems discontinuation form. USFRS will provide the summary to the customer to EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies. Pursuant to §§ 266.319( d) and 266.320 USFRS and the USFRS XL waste generator will maintain records of their compliance with the requirements of § 266.312, including a copy of the systems discontinuation form or its EPA approved equivalent summary. Abbreviated closure requirements are specified in proposed § 266.314 for those companies who have not generated USFRS XL wastes at the time their participation is terminated. All that is required of these companies is that notice of their termination is provided and that they implement the alternative treatment or disposal required by § 266.313. This truncated closure is appropriate for these companies (i. e., USFRS XL waste approved customers) because at the time of their termination they will not have generated any USFRS XL waste. Consequently, the requirements related to decontamination and off­ site shipment contained in proposed § 266.312 are not appropriate. Proposed § 266.308( e) specifies the generators responsibilities for spilled or leaked USFRS XL waste on­ site. If there is a leak or spill of USFRS XL waste in the generator's storage area, then the generator will immediately contain and collect the wastes. It is anticipated that the spilled or leaked materials may consist of water and/ or resins. The generator will place spilled or leaked resins in a 55 gallon steel drum which is compatible with the spilled or leaked resins. When allowed by the local POTW, the generator will direct water spilled from the canisters to its drainage system for permitted discharge to the local POTW, and notify the POTW. Otherwise, the generator will place the spilled or leaked water and resin from the canister( s) in a steel 55 gallon drum which is compatible with the spilled or leaked water and resin. The generator will store and label the spilled or leaked USFRS XL wastes in accordance with the requirements for USFRS XL wastes. The generator will notify USFRS and MPCA of the spill or leak and arrange with USFRS for the transport of any such spilled or leaked USFRS XL wastes with the next scheduled shipment of USFRS XL wastes. This XL Project and the proposed rule do not impose on the generator a requirement for an internal communication device. It eliminates the need for fire extinguishers, water or foam. It also eliminates the written contingency plan and an emergency coordinator at the generator. Instead, proposed § 266.308( i) requires the generator to have an external communication device, such as a telephone. It also requires in proposed § 266.308( a) and (b) that the generator store the wastes in a manner which should all but eliminate the potential for a release to the environment or an emergency. In particular, it requires the generator to segregate the USFRS XL wastes from other wastes and to store it on an impervious pad. Proposed § 266.308( d) and (e) require the generator to inspect the storage area on a weekly basis and to immediately respond to spills or leaks of the USFRS XL waste. Prior to generating any USFRS XL waste, pursuant to proposed § 266.308( h) the generator must designate a contact person responsible for handling the USFRS XL wastes and responding to any releases of the wastes. It also requires USFRS to provide that person with adequate training on how to handle the USFRS XL waste and any releases. USFRS is required to provide each company (generators and transporters) with adequate training through the use of a training module (`` USFRS training module''). USFRS may use any recorded communication media that it believes is appropriate for the training module (e. g., printed brochures, videos, etc.) Pursuant to proposed § 266.304 USFRS will submit this module to EPA, MPCA and the appropriate county agency early enough such that it may obtain the necessary approvals prior to accepting the first shipment of USFRS XL waste. Further, pursuant to the proposed rule, the USFRS training module will, at a minimum, identify the hazards presented by the USFRS XL waste, the steps needed to install and replace the ion exchange resin canisters, the requirements imposed by these rules, the procedures to follow in the event of a release of the USFRS XL wastes and the proper procedures to decontaminate equipment, structures and material in the event that the generator no longer participates in the XL Project. Prior to approving a person as a participant into the USFRS XL Project, USFRS will obtain a signed certification from that person. The certification will state that the person has reviewed, viewed or read the training materials and agrees to follow it. As part of this certification the potential generator will identify the individual responsible for its compliance with the conditions of these rules, the individual's job title and a description of his or her duties. Pursuant to proposed § 266.305, USFRS will provide every potential generator with a material safety data sheet (`` USFRS MSDS'') for the resin contained in the canister. USFRS will provide this at the time the company applies to USFRS for participation in this Xl Project. The USFRS MSDS will comply with the requirements for MSDS imposed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ). Pursuant to proposed § 266.308( h) the generator will maintain and exhibit in a prominent location a copy of the USFRS MSDS on its property and will provide a copy of it to local police and fire departments and to the local hospital. USFRS will ensure that the MSDS prominently instructs individuals in the proper handling and emergency response procedures for handling spills or leaks of the USFRS XL wastes at the generator or while in transit to USFRS. The USFRS MSDS will also accompany each shipment of USFRS XL wastes. If an imminent or actual emergency occurs which threatens the release of USFRS XL waste at the generator site, then the generator will notify the EPA, MPCA, USFRS and the appropriate local emergency responders and county agencies. The generator will take actions to ensure the releases do not occur, recur or spread; contact USFRS to arrange for the transport and disposal of the USFRS XL wastes; and make a written recording of the event and its actions in response to such event. 6. Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements RCRA Requirements. Generators of hazardous waste must complete and submit certain reports and documents. Generally, the RCRA regulations require the generator to retain these reports or documents for three years. The generator must retain copies of all manifests for three years, (40 CFR 262.40). Under federal requirements, VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50295 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules only large quantity generators must complete and retain copies of a biennial report of hazardous waste activity, (40 CFR 262.40( b) and 41). In the State of Minnesota, the requirement is for an annual report. The annual report generally requires the generator to identify for that calendar year the amount and type of hazardous waste that it generated and transported off­ site. It requires the generator to identify the transporters and facilities that it used for its hazardous waste transport, treatment and disposal. It also requires the generator to identify the efforts it has taken during the year to reduce the volume and toxicity of wastes produced. The generator must also keep records of all waste analyses or similar determinations of the characteristics of its hazardous wastes, (40 CFR 262.40( c)). Generators who store hazardous waste on­ site in containers, tanks, drip pads, or containment buildings must also have a contingency plan on­ site and provide copies to State and local responders (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.53). They must report to EPA any emergency and retain a copy of such reports (40 CFR 262.34( a)( 4) and 265.56( j)). XL Project Requirements. Proposed §§ 266.319, 320 and 321 present the recordkeeping and reporting requirements for USFRS, the generators and transporters. Under the proposed rules, the generator will not be required to retain copies of the waste analysis or annual reports. Instead the burden will shift to USFRS to retain equivalent information to that contained within these reports. In particular, USFRS will retain for three years a copy of all approval letters to its approved customers and generators of USFRS XL wastes; any correspondence with its approved customers or generators relevant to their participation in this XL Project; a copy of the approved customer's and generator's XL Waste application form, site engineering form, summary of its generator closure review pursuant to § 266.312; waste analysis, and its review analyses of the approved customer's or generator's storage area; and the Transportation Tracking Document for each shipment of USFRS XL waste. Each generator will be required to retain for three years records of any spill or emergency notifications and other duties imposed pursuant to proposed § 266.308( g); the signed FPA, certification; its weekly inspection log required by § 266.308( d); its compliance with the training requirements of § 266.308( h); and its records of compliance with the decontamination requirements of § 266.312. Each transporter will retain for three years a copy of the USFRS XL Waste FPA, its certification; a copy of the signed Transportation Tracking Document for USFRS XL waste it transported; and its record of any notification of spills or leaks of USFRS XL wastes required by § 266.311. In addition to the records listed above, USFRS will develop and submit certain additional reports, lists and documents. Many of these reports and documents are in lieu of requiring the same or similar information from its customer (e. g., annual reports or contingency plan). The reporting requirements are presented in proposed § 266.319 according to their frequency: annual reports (proposed § 266.319( a)), semi­ annual reports (proposed § 266.319( b)) and quarterly reports (proposed § 266.319( c)). A summary of each report is presented below. Quarterly reports are presented in proposed § 266.319( c) and consist of status reports on generator and transporter participation in the XL Project. Separate lists, with similar information, will be reported for each. The generator list is summarized in this paragraph. USFRS will identify on the XL participant list information on its preliminary evaluation of the transporters and generators, the dates of EPA, MPCA and appropriate county approvals, the effective date of a company being added to the USFRS XL Project and any termination date. For the generators, USFRS will also include a summary of USFRS's profile analysis, the generator's process waste streams approved for participation in the XL Project and the condition of the customer's storage area at the time of its application to USFRS. For generators who discontinue participation in this XL Project, USFRS will include on the XL generator list the date of the notice of termination of its participation, the date USFRS removed the last ion exchange canister, and the date of the USFRS review of the generator's decontamination efforts. USFRS will update the XL participant list as persons are added to or eliminated from this XL Project. USFRS will have the XL generator list available for review by EPA or MPCA at its Roseville, Minnesota facility. USFRS will send a copy of the XL generator list to EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agencies on a quarterly basis. The annual report requirements are presented in proposed § 266.319( a) and are intended to provide a substitute for the hazardous waste biennial report. USFRS will provide an annual report on all USFRS XL wastes. USFRS will include in the annual report, at a minimum, each USFRS XL waste generator, the quantity of USFRS XL waste that USFRS received from each generator during the calendar year and a certification by USFRS that those wastes were treated at USFRS in accordance with the requirements imposed by new part 266, subpart N. USFRS will include information on the amount of metals it reclaimed and recycled from the resins. USFRS will develop and track certain information that will be used to determine the environmental benefits derived from the USFRS XL Project. From the generators USFRS will report on an annual basis the following information: the amount of water recycled by the generators, the pretreatment chemicals and energy the generators did not use as a result of participating in this USFRS XL Project, the amount of water discharged to the local POTW before and during this project, the amount of sludge recovered by USFRS before and during this project, the amount of sludge recovered instead of being disposed by a generator (if the generator disposed of the sludge prior to participating in this project), the quantity of material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues) collected from each facility (monthly), the frequency of canister replacement in terms of process volume, the constituents in the material (ion exchange resins, wastewater treatment sludge, residues) collected at each facility (e. g., recoverable metals, contaminants/ non­ recoverable materials), and constituents in the material (ion exchange resins, wastewater treatment sludge, residues) disposed by each facility (e. g., contaminants/ non­ recoverable material). USFRS will report on an annual basis the following information from its facility: quantity of material (ion exchange resins, wastewater treatment sludge, residues) to be processed, quantity of metals recovered, the constituents of the recovered material (ion exchange resins, wastewater treatment sludge, residues), quantity and constituents of the non­ recoverable material (ion exchange resins, wastewater treatment sludge, residues) and how it was disposed. USFRS shall report on an annual basis the following information from the metal reclamation facility it uses to recycle sludges: the quantity of each metal recovered. Pursuant to proposed § 266.319( b), USFRS will collect and report on a semi­ annual basis financial information related to the costs and savings realized VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50296 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules as a result of implementation of this project and sufficient information for EPA to determine the amount of superior environmental benefit resulting from this project. Pursuant to proposed § 266.319( b)( 1), the report will contain information which includes, but is not limited to: 1. The volume of waste collected and recycled, 2. The amount of metals recycled, 3. The volume of recycled material sold to others, 4. Data regarding the management of the ion exchange canisters, 5. The constituents of the sludge and 6. Information regarding how the sludge and residues are managed. Additionally, proposed § 266.319( b)( 2) requires USFRS to report certain financial information related to implementation of this XL Project. It specifies that USFRS will collect baseline and XL costs. The baseline costs shall be calculated using two scenarios: 1. typical charges (prior to the XL Project) for pretreating and disposing effluent wastewater under the applicable Clean Water Act requirements and the costs for manifesting, transporting and disposing of F006 sludges; and 2. typical charges that would be incurred if wastes were recycled in compliance with RCRA and requirements for manifesting and transportation of those hazardous wastes (including tax obligations under both scenarios). The XL costs will include the current costs to the generator for completing bills of lading, the current transportation costs for XL wastes, the generator's cost to install the ion exchange canisters, and the cost to USFRS of metals reclamation off­ site (including costs associated with transportation and disposal). USFRS will compare the baseline costs to the XL costs and provide an analysis of whether the project is resulting in cost savings for the generators and which aspects of the XL Project produce these savings. 7. Additional Requirements Imposed on USFRS RCRA Requirements. Companies which treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste must comply with a permit issued for such activities. The permit will contain the specific requirements which the company must meet. XL Project Requirements. USFRS has a RCRA permit which allows it to receive the USFRS XL wastes. Pursuant to proposed § 266.307 once USFRS receives the USFRS XL waste at its Roseville, Minnesota facility, the waste will lose its USFRS XL waste designation (XL001) and must be handled as a fully regulated hazardous waste (i. e, as F006 and any other applicable hazardous waste code designation). USFRS will determine the appropriate designation of the waste based on its waste profile analysis and knowledge of the waste stream. USFRS will comply with all terms and conditions of its RCRA permit for handling these hazardous wastes. USFRS will also be responsible for the conditions and terms identified in items 1± 6 above as applicable to USFRSÐ e. g., waste profiling, use of the Transportation Tracking Document, generator annual report, training module, MSDS, discontinuation review of the customer, and transportation of waste to the Roseville, Minnesota facility. USFRS will arrange for the recycling through metals recovery of the metals which are contained in the generator's USFRS XL wastes. Pursuant to proposed § 266.307( b) USFRS may not accept any customers into this Project unless and until it has arranged for recycling of the metals contained in the XL001 wastes it receives. This rule further requires USFRS recycle the metals contained in the XL001 waste it receives throughout the duration of the XL Project. To ensure proper coordination of responses to spills, leaks or emergencies of USFRS XL waste at the generator or while in transit, proposed § 266.307( c) requires USFRS to have a spill response coordinator. This person will receive all calls from generators and transporters regarding spills, leaks or emergencies related to the USFRS Xl wastes. This person shall also be responsible for coordinating the proper response to such spills, leaks or emergencies. V. How the USFRS XL Project Will Result in Superior Environmental Performance A. What Regulatory Changes Will be Necessary to Implement this Project? 1. Federal Regulatory Changes The purpose of today's proposed regulatory changes are to provide generators and transporters of USFRS XL waste with alternative requirements for the proper handling and transportation of those wastes. The USFRS XL wastes are F006 hazardous wastes. Additionally, some of this F006 waste may be characterized as characteristically hazardous waste (i. e., `` D'' wastes) depending on the concentration of the constituents in the waste streams at each individual generator. Consequently, the USFRS XL wastes would be subject to the requirements of 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. However, today's proposal would provide the USFRS XL wastes with a separate waste code while they are at approved generators and transporters. It also proposes to substitute tailored management requirements for the approved generators and transporters and USFRS. Consequently, in order to implement this regulatory flexibility EPA is proposing to provide a `` temporary deferral'' from the requirements of 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279 for USFRS XL waste while it is at the generator and during its transport to USFRS. The generators and transporters would have to manage the wastes in accordance with new part 266, subpart N in lieu of 40 CFR parts 261± 265, 268, 270, 273 and 279. If a generator or transporter fails to comply with the new requirements, then it will have violated those requirements and may be subject to enforcement action for such violations. The deferral is temporary in that it is only applicable for the period of time that the waste is at the generator or in transport and not when it reaches USFRS. Additionally, this deferral expires when the XL Project is terminated. This XL Project will last no more than five years from the effective date of the new part 266, subpart N. Today's proposal would also impose on USFRS additional handling, record keeping and reporting requirements for the USFRS XL wastes (XL001) it receives from the generators and transporters. These requirements complement the regulatory flexibility granted to the generators and transporters. These requirements are necessary for the successful completion of this XL Project. The new requirements are contained in new proposed part 266, subpart N. This site­ specific rule would add a new paragraph (v) to 40 CFR 261.6, and new Subpart N to part 266 to clarify that USFRS XL wastes (XL001) generated and transported by approved USFRS XL waste generators and transporters would be exempt from § 261.5, parts 262± 266 (except 266, subpart N), 268, 270, 273 and 279. Instead these persons would be regulated by a new part 266, subpart N. New part 266, subpart N would contain the procedures necessary to implement this regulatory flexibility and would fully describe the requirements imposed on USFRS, and the approved generators and transporters as detailed above in sections IV. A & B. EPA is proposing to add the following definitions to § 266.301 to implement this XL Project: County Environmental Agencies or County Agencies, USFRS, USFRS XL Waste, USFRS XL Waste Application Form, USFRS XL Waste Approved Customer, USFRS XL Waste VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50297 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 15 The counties each will decide whether to exempt the XL 001 waste from normal hazardous waste taxation. Approved Transporter, USFRS XL Waste Transportation Tracking Document,, USFRS XL Waste Final Project Agreement, USFRS XL Waste Generator, USFRS Waste Training Module, USFRS XL Waste Material Safety Data Sheet, USFRS XL Waste Project or USFRS XL Project, and USFRS XL Waste Transporter. 2. State Regulatory Changes The state of Minnesota is authorized under section 3006 of RCRA to implement the federal RCRA program. Thus, Minnesota's regulations operate in lieu of the federal regulations adopted pursuant to RCRA. EPA may directly implement and enforce new federal regulations in an authorized state only if those regulations are adopted pursuant to EPA's statutory authority granted by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, (HSWA) . Minnesota's and EPA's regulations require companies that treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste to have a permit or interim status. If a company has interim status it must comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 265 and Minn. R. 7001.0650 and Minn. R. 7045.0552 to 7045.0648. If a company has a permit then it must comply with the permit. A company with a permit does not have to comply with new regulatory requirements (with certain exceptions) until such time that the permit is modified to incorporate those new requirements. 40 CFR 270.4. Minnesota has a similar provision, Minn. R. 7001.0150, subp. 2. P. Minnesota's hazardous waste management regulations, codified in Minn. R. Chs. 7001 and 7045 contain equivalent or more stringent, requirements as compared to the Federal regulations at 40 CFR parts 260± 266, 268, 270, 273 and 279 for hazardous waste. None of the regulations proposed with today's proposal are promulgated pursuant to EPA's HSWA authority. Consequently, the approved generators, transporters and USFRS are subject to the Minnesota state regulations until such time as these new regulations are adopted by the state of Minnesota or an equivalent state legal mechanism is used. Therefore, conforming state regulatory changes or legal mechanisms must be implemented in addition to the proposed federal changes for companies to enter into this XL Project. Section F below describes the changes that may be necessary and the options available to Minnesota to implement the flexibility provided by the proposed federal rules. B. Why is EPA Supporting this New Approach to USFRS XL Waste Management? EPA is supporting this new approach because it believes that it will provide superior environmental performance by promoting recycling of water and recovery and reuse of metals that would otherwise be land disposed. USFRS and its customers will be complying with requirements that are as protective of public health and the environment as the RCRA requirements that would otherwise be applicable. EPA also believes that implementation of this project will result in a significant cost savings to the participating customers (see section D below). The success of this project will be evaluated on an ongoing basis and will determine whether this new approach to waste management should be extended to other areas of the country. C. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in this Project? Stakeholder involvement is essential for the success of this innovative environmental program. Nine public meetings were held to inform the general public and environmental groups about the project and to invite their comments and participation. Additional public meetings may be held during implementation of the FPA based on public interest or as decided by direct participants. Stakeholder input and community goals have been and will continue to be considered throughout project implementation. USFRS shall report on a quarterly basis efforts to maintain stakeholder involvement and public access to information in accordance with the requirements of the new subpart N. D. How Will this Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? EPA believes that this project has the potential for cost savings by making recycling of water and waste more cost competitive with traditional treatment/ disposal options. Costs savings may include those associated with: purchase of additional potable water for single use; capital and operating costs to treat mildly contaminated waste waters so that they meet pretreatment standards prior to discharge; discharge fees associates with wastewater discharge (including permits, monitoring and sewer access charges); transport and disposal of hazardous waste sludges; and taxes paid to local authorities. 15 A cost comparison will be conducted during project implementation to evaluate the cost savings. EPA believes that the paperwork burden for the generator will be reduced as compared to current RCRA requirements. USFRS will be required to retain and submit certain reports which RCRA would normally require of its customers, and report ongoing environmental performance and success in meeting its targets. For further information about the impacts of this rule on paperwork reduction, please see section VI. D. E. How Will EPA Ensure the Integrity of this XL Project? EPA will ensure the integrity of this project through the regulations that it is proposing today, its prior approval of the generators and transporters, its normal enforcement and oversight authority and coordination and cooperation with the state of Minnesota and appropriate county agencies. The rules proposed today will be the primary vehicle EPA will use to ensure that USFRS and all generators or transporters of USFRS XL waste handle the USFRS XL wastes in a manner which is acceptable to EPA. According to the proposed rules, USFRS XL wastes may only be sent to USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility. That facility has a RCRA permit and must comply with the proposed rules. The proposed rules require USFRS to conduct a preliminary evaluation of any generator or transporter that it proposes to add to this XL Project. The rules specify the conditions and elements for such preliminary evaluations. For generators these requirements include appropriate training in handling the USFRS XL wastes, proper identification of their processes and an appropriately designed storage area. For the transporters these requirements include a satisfactory safety rating from the USDOT and training on the proper handling of the USFRS XL wastes. Once this prescreening is completed, final approval is subject to EPA, MPCA and appropriate county agency oversight. F. How Will the Terms of the USFRS XL Project and Proposed Rule be Enforced? All XL projects must include a legally enforceable mechanism to ensure accountability and superior environmental performance. EPA retains its full range of enforcement options under the proposed rule. Thus, once there is a federally enforceable mechanism in place, if EPA determines that a company is not in compliance with it then EPA and, under certain conditions, private citizens may take enforcement action against that company and may terminate that VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50298 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 16 If a generator or transporter elects to terminate its participation prior to ever generating or transporting USFRS XL waste the rules provide a truncated termination procedure. This procedure does not require removal or decontamination of USFRS XL waste since none have been generated or transported. It also provides for a shorter time for notice to EPA, MPCA and the appropriate county agencies. (See proposed §§ 266.314 and 266.316). person's continued participation in the project (section 3005( d), 3006( d) and 3008( a) of RCRA). In the event EPA terminates a person's continued participation in this XL Project, EPA will use the criteria and procedures identified in the proposed rules, not those contained in Minnesota's rules or statutes. (See proposed § 266.314± 318). The enforcement response on the part of EPA would vary depending upon the actual performance of each generator, transporter and USFRS, the mechanism the State uses to implement this XL Project and the severity of any violation. EPA will enforce the existing Minnesota hazardous waste management regulations which are part of the Minnesota authorized hazardous waste program. The flexibility proposed in the proposed regulations will not be available to USFRS, its generators and transporters until EPA promulgates these regulations and the State of Minnesota adopts equivalent flexibility which is federally applicable and enforceable. The instrument selected for the State's implementation of this XL Project must be one that is clearly federally enforceable. Once all of the required federal and state legal authorities are in place, EPA will retain a role in evaluating this XL Project and each generator and transporter. EPA will evaluate each generator and transporter prior to it being accepted into the program. Additionally, once this XL Project is effective EPA may routinely inspect any of the participants to determine their compliance. If EPA determines that a participant has violated a particular provision of the proposed rules, then that participant may be subject to civil or criminal penalties pursuant to section 3008 of RCRA. Today's proposed rule includes a termination provisions in § 266.314± 318. EPA will use the termination provisions of today's rules independent of any contained within the Minnesota rules. Today's proposed rules recognize that a company may terminate its participation in the USFRS XL Project voluntarily and at any time; even before generating or transporting USFRS XL waste. Additionally, a company may be automatically terminated upon a change in ownership or at the conclusion of this Project. EPA, MPCA or the appropriate county agency may terminate a company's participation as a result of violations of the regulations. In the case of EPA initiated termination the rules provide the company with notice and an opportunity to correct any violations. This opportunity to correct the violation does not compromise EPA's authority to initiate an enforcement action against the company for the non­ compliance. The proposed rule provides the federal procedures and time frame for termination of a company's continued participation in the USFRS XL Project. MPCA or the County Agencies may have their own procedures for terminating the participation of a person from their version of this federal USFRS XL Project. EPA is not bound by and will not follow those State or County procedures to terminate a person's continued participation in this USFRS XL Project. State or local procedures may be different but are expected to be equivalent in terms of the criteria and notice provisions. In the event of a termination, the participant must remove the USFRS XL waste, take appropriate steps to decontaminate and return to compliance with RCRA. 16 The participants are provided with time to take these steps if the termination is the result of a change in ownership or a termination by EPA , MPCA or the appropriate county agency. USFRS XL waste transporters will have 30 days after receipt of EPA's notice of termination or a change in ownership to complete the termination procedures required by the proposed rules and return to compliance with RCRA. USFRS XL waste generators will have 60 days and USFRS will have 120 days. During the 30, 60 and 120 transition periods, the provisions of proposed subpart N would continue to apply in full. At the conclusion of the transition periods, the applicable RCRA regulations would again apply to the participant. The rationale for the transition period is to allow sufficient time for the participant to reinstate the operational and administrative infrastructure necessary for proper RCRA compliance. EPA selected different time frames for the transporters, generators and USFRS based on the complexity of the activities they may have to engage in to return to compliance with RCRA. USFRS XL waste transporters should be able to return to compliance with RCRA earlier since their obligations are expressed in terms of transportation of the USFRS XL waste. Since transportation of those wastes would normally be required within 30 days of receipt of the shipment, the USFRS XL waste transporter should be able to ship any loads in its possession within the 30­ day transition period. USFRS XL waste generators need a longer transition time since they will have to remove the USFRS XL waste onsite decontaminate any storage area and may need to make process changes. USFRS XL waste generators may also have to (1) make new hazardous waste determinations, (2) re­ train facility personnel, (3) obtain the necessary state and local approvals for any changes in its waste water discharge to the POTW, or ensure a suitable alternative which complies with environmental statutes and regulations, (4) establish systems for proper record keeping and reporting, (5) obtain an EPA identification number, and (6) acquire funding and resources which were unnecessary under the XL Project (e. g., additional funding might be needed for the re­ negotiation of contract terms with hazardous waste contractors who might be needed for additional hazardous waste pick­ ups). In the case of USFRS, a longer transition time is provided since its termination will effectively terminate the participation of all of the XL Project generators and transporters. All of the activities identified above for the USFRS XL waste generators and transporters will have to be undertaken as well as USFRS's closure of the project. Thus a longer period of time is necessary. EPA believes that 120 days is a reasonable time period. For the reasons presented in the preceding paragraphs and since the proposed rule would be fully applicable during any transition period, EPA is confident that the 30/ 60/ 120­ day time frames are protective of human health and the environment. G. How Long Will this Project Last and When Will it be Completed? As with all XL projects testing alternative environmental protection strategies, the term of this XL Project is one of limited duration. Today's proposed rule would set the term of the XL Project at five years after the effective date of this rule. Because Project XL is a voluntary and experimental program, today's proposed rule contains provisions that allow the project to conclude prior to the end of the five years in the event that it is desirable or necessary to do so. For example, an early conclusion would be warranted if the project's environmental benefits do not meet the Project XL requirement for the achievement of superior environmental results. In addition, new laws or regulations may become applicable to the wastes during the project term which might render the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50299 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules project impractical, or might contain regulatory requirements that supersede the superior environmental benefits that are being achieved under this XL Project. Similarly, the participants may also ask to discontinue participation in this XL Project prior to the five years if the experimental project does not provide sufficient benefits for them to justify continued participation. If an early conclusion to the project is determined to be appropriate, today's rule provides a mechanism for EPA to legally conclude the project prior to the five years. A notice of termination will trigger a transition period described above in section F of this preamble. While EPA, the state and county environmental agencies and the participants have broad discretion and latitude to initiate an early conclusion of the project, all are expected to exercise their good faith and judgment in determining whether exercising this option is appropriate. EPA reserves the discretion to terminate a project and the FPA in the event a participant fails to comply with or meet its obligations in the proposed rule, or its supplementary commitments contained in the FPA. The FPA and the proposed rule also provide for the participant's return to compliance with existing RCRA regulatory requirements following termination. VI. Additional Information A. How to Request a Public Hearing A public hearing will be held, if requested, to provide opportunity for interested persons to make oral presentations regarding this regulation in accordance with 40 CFR part 25. Persons wishing to make an oral presentation on the site specific rule to implement the U. S. Filter XL Project should contact Mr. Robert Egan of the Region 5 EPA office, at the address given in the ADDRESSES section of this document. Any member of the public may file a written statement before the hearing, or after the hearing, to be received by EPA no later than August 24, 2000. Written statements should be sent to EPA at the address given in the ADDRESSES section of this document. If a public hearing is held, a verbatim transcript of the hearing, and written statements provided at the hearing will be available for inspection and copying during normal business hours at the EPA addresses for docket inspection given in the ADDRESSES section of this preamble. B. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 12866? Because this rules affects only U. S. Filter, its transporters and its customers, it is not a rule of general applicability. It is therefore, not subject to OMB review and Executive Order 12866. In addition, OMB has agreed that review of site­ specific rules under Project XL is not necessary. Further, under Executive Order 12866, the Agency first must determine whether the regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: (1) have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety in State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan programs of the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or (4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. Because the annualized cost of this proposed rule would be significantly less than $100 million and would not meet any of the other criteria specified in the Executive Order and because this proposed rule affects only USFRS and its transporters and generators, it is not a rule of general applicability or a `` significant regulatory action'' and therefore not subject to OMB review. Further today's proposed rule does not apply to any entity unless they choose on a voluntary basis to participate in this XL Project. Finally, OMB has agreed that review of site specific rules under Project XL is not necessary. Executive Order 12866 also encourages agencies to provide a meaningful public comment period, and suggests that in most cases the comment period should be 60 days. However, in consideration of the very limited scope of today's rulemaking and the considerable public involvement in the development of the draft FPA, the EPA considers 30 days to be sufficient in providing a meaningful public comment period for today's action. C. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et. seq. generally requires an agency to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Under section 605( b) of the RFA, however, if the head of an agency certifies that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, the statute does not require the agency to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis. Pursuant to section 605( b), the Administrator certifies that this proposal, if promulgated, will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities for the reasons explained below. Consequently, EPA has not prepared a regulatory flexibility analysis. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of today's proposed rule on small entities, small entity is defined as : (1) a small business according to RFA default definitions for small business (based on SBA size standards); (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not­ forprofit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. Today's rule amends EPA's RCRA Regulations to modify the handling and reporting requirements for certain hazardous waste generators and transporters, as well as for USFRS. USFRS is not a small entity. The modifications authorized by the rule would reduce costs to the generators to whom it applies and those modifications should have no impact on costs to the transporters. EPA has concluded, therefore, that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. D. Is an Information Collection Request Required for this Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50300 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq. An Information Collection Request (ICR) document has been prepared by EPA (ICR No. 1755.04, OMB Control No. 2010± 0026) and a copy may be obtained from Sandy Farmer by mail at OP Regulatory Information Division; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2137); 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.; Washington, D. C. 20460, by email at farmer. sandy. epa. gov, or by calling (202) 260± 2740. A copy also may be downloaded off the internet at http:/ /www. epa. gov/ icr. EPA is requiring that information be collected regarding which generators and transporters are eligible for regulatory flexibility under the USFRS XL Project. Information is also needed in order to keep generators, transporters, USFRS, and emergency response teams abreast of XL 001 waste, its contents, and when it is shipped and received. Finally information is needed to determine whether the project produces superior economic and environmental benefits. The success of the project will help determine whether it should be extended to other areas of the country. Participation in the project is voluntary; however, if a generator or transporter decides to participate, EPA requires the filing of this information. Quarterly reports will be publicly available. The estimated total cost burden of collecting the information is $224,940/ year and the estimated total length of time to collect it is 3906 hours/ year. The estimated total number of respondents is 90. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal Agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. EPA will amend the various regulations to list the information requirements, if any, contained in the final rule. Comments are requested on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques. Send comments on the ICR to the Director, OP Regulatory Division; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2137); 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.; Washington, D. C. 20460; and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20503, marked `` Attention: Desk Officer for EPA. '' Include the ICR number in any correspondence. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after August 17, 2000, a comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it by September 18, 2000. The final rule will respond to any OMB or public comments on the information collection requirements contained in this proposal. E. Does This Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public Law 104± 4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why the alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. As noted above, this proposed rule is limited to USFRS and certain of its customers and transporters. This proposed rule would create no federal mandate because it is a voluntary program proposed by USFRS. Further, EPA is imposing no enforceable duties that are anticipated to be more expensive or more onerous for the parties that would exist without this proposed rule. The rule does not change the authorization status of the State. Since the proposed rule is a relaxation of the federal regulatory program, it will not take effect until the State adopts the rule. The State is under no federal obligation to adopt less stringent requirements. EPA has also determined that this proposed rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private sector in any one year. Thus, today's proposed rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA. EPA has also determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. Nevertheless, in developing this proposed rule, EPA worked closely with MPCA, Ramsey, Hennepin, Anoka, Dakota, Carver, Scott and Washington Counties and received meaningful and timely input in the development of this proposed rule. F. Applicability of Proposed Subpart N under the Minnesota RCRA Authorized Hazardous Waste Program 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to administer the RCRA hazardous waste program within the State. See 40 CFR part 271 for the standards and requirements for authorization. Following authorization, the State requirements authorized by EPA apply in lieu of equivalent Federal requirements and become Federally enforceable as requirements of RCRA. EPA maintains independent authority to bring enforcement actions for violations of the authorized requirements under RCRA sections 3007, 3008, 3013, and VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50301 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules 7003. Authorized States also have independent authority to bring enforcement actions under State law. Additionally, citizens are provided with the opportunity to commence a civil action under section 7002 of RCRA for violations of the authorized program. After a State receives initial authorization, new Federal requirements promulgated under RCRA authority existing prior to the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) do not apply in that State until the State adopts and receives authorization for equivalent State requirements. Until these actions are completed, the State requirements which EPA previously authorized are the federally enforceable rules that apply pursuant to RCRA. The State must adopt any new more stringent Federal requirements to maintain authorization. In contrast, under RCRA section 3006( g) (42 U. S. C. 6926( g)), new Federal requirements and prohibitions imposed pursuant to HSWA, provisions take effect in authorized States at the same time that they take effect in unauthorized States. Although authorized States are still required to update their hazardous waste programs to remain equivalent to the Federal program, EPA carries out HSWA requirements and prohibitions in authorized States, including the issuance of new permits implementing those requirements, until EPA authorizes the State to do so. 2. Effect on Minnesota Authorization Today's proposed rules, if finalized, would be promulgated pursuant to EPA's non­ HSWA authority, rather than its HSWA authority. Minnesota has received authority to administer most of the RCRA program; thus, authorized provisions of its hazardous waste program are administered and enforced in lieu of the federal program equivalent. Minnesota has received authority to administer hazardous waste standards for generators, transporters and facilities that treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste. As a result of this authorization, the substantive requirements contained in today's proposed rules, if finalized, will not be effective in Minnesota until the State adopts equivalent legal mechanisms or requirements as state law that are authorized by EPA. It is EPA's understanding that subsequent to the promulgation of this rule, Minnesota intends to propose rules or other legal mechanisms containing requirements equivalent to those imposed by new part 266, subpart N. Minnesota may accomplish this through a number of mechanisms. One mechanism is for Minnesota to revise its existing hazardous waste rules to mirror the changes contained in today's proposed rules. If Minnesota revises its rules in this manner then it will have to submit them to EPA for review and approval as part of the authorized state program. Until such time, EPA and citizens may enforce the previously authorized state rules, which do not provide the flexibility afforded by today's proposed rule. Minnesota also may choose to rely on its existing statutory and regulatory authority under RCRA to issue a variance to individual or categories of companies covered by today's proposed rules. To the extent that MPCA relies on existing statutory and regulatory authority which is part of the authorized state hazardous waste program, then further federal review and authorization would not be necessary. Through its existing hazardous waste management statutes and regulationsÐ Minn. Stat. section 116.07, subd. 5 and chapter 7045 of Minnesota Rules (Minn. R. ch. 7045), the MPCA has specific authority to provide regulatory flexibility through the inclusion of variances in state­ issued RCRA permits. Minn. R. 7045.0060 sets out the procedural and substantive requirements for issuance of a variance. It allows a variance from any requirement of the hazardous waste rulesÐ including Minnesota's regulation of the generators, transporters and facilities. However, this authority is limited in a manner such that Minnesota may not grant a variance which would result in noncompliance with the federal hazardous waste regulations. Any appropriate variance validly issued pursuant to the state's authorized RCRA program would be immediately applicable pursuant to RCRA and therefore federally enforceable. In order for such a variance to be immediately federally enforceable, thus replacing the current authorized requirements, it would have to meet the substantive criteria of Minn. R. 7045.0060 (i. e., not result in noncompliance with the EPA regulations); in this case, that would mean that the variance would have to incorporate all of the conditions which are the same as those identified in new part 266, subpart N. Another mechanism that Minnesota has indicated it might use to implement new part 266, subpart N is the Minnesota Environmental Regulatory Innovations Act, also known as the Minnesota XL statute (MS 114C). The Minnesota XL statute is not part of the authorized state hazardous waste management program, and without itself being federally approved cannot legally change or vary any requirement of the state's federally­ approved RCRA program, nor would it have any legal effect on the applicable RCRA requirements and the federal or citizen suit enforcement authorities provided under RCRA. As such, it would not affect the enforceability of the requirements of today's proposed XL rule or the state­ issued variance, as described in the previous paragraph. The Minnesota XL statute allows the MPCA to issue XL permits which may vary the substantive requirements of state rules and local ordinance as a method of implementing XL projects. It also allows the State to substitute the specific public participation requirements of the XL statute for those detailed in MPCA permit rules. The statute identifies procedural elements which include a draft permit, public noticing of the draft permit, a public comment period and an opportunity for a hearing prior to issuance of a final permit. Once a permit is issued it may be revoked, after notice and an opportunity to request a hearing, and for specific reasons, including significant non­ compliance with the permit. Minnesota has indicated that it could, under its XL statute, issue a general permit to the category of generators covered by today's rule and a specific permit to USFRS. As specific generators are approved MPCA believes that it could add them to the general permit. Minnesota believes that the conditions imposed upon the generators and USFRS could be the same as those imposed by new part 266, subpart N. These state law XL permits would not be federally enforceable, and thus would have no legal effect on the federal applicability and enforceability of the current federally authorized rules, today's proposed rule (if finalized) or the variance issued by the state pursuant to its authorized regulations, until the State receives authorization for the changes. After authorization by EPA, these State XL permits would be federally enforceable. Whatever instrument the State selects to implement the federal XL project it must be one that is clearly federally enforceable. G. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? Executive Order 13045, `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: (1) Is determined to be `` economically significant, '' as defined under Executive VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50302 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules Order 12866; and (2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. The EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 as applying only to those regulatory actions that are based on health or safety risks, such that the analysis required under section 5± 501 of the Order has the potential to influence the regulation. This proposed rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866 and because the Agency does not have reason to believe the environmental, health or safety risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to children. The proposed rule has no identifiable direct impact upon the health and/ or safety risks to children and adoption of the proposed regulatory changes would not disproportionately affect children. Finally, all XL projects must demonstrate superior environmental performance. Therefore, EPA anticipates that the proposed rulemaking will benefit all people, including children. The proposed rulemaking is thus in compliance with the intent and requirements of the Executive Order. H. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13132 on Federalism? Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' (64 FR 43255), August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications. '' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. '' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. The requirements outlined in today's proposed rule would apply only to the USFRS facility and generators and transporters of USFRS XL waste and will not take effect unless Minnesota chooses to adopt equivalent legal mechanisms or requirements under state law. Thus, the requirements of Section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. Although Section 6 of Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this rule, EPA did fully coordinate and consult with State and local officials in developing this rule. I. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments? Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities. '' Today's proposed rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. EPA anticipates that the generators who will take advantage of this rulemaking will be in Ramsey and Hennepin Counties. There are no communities of Indian tribal governments located in the vicinity of Ramsey and Hennepin Counties. Further, as stated above, all XL projects must demonstrate superior environmental performance. Therefore, EPA anticipates that the proposed rulemaking will benefit all people, including any Indian Tribal communities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. J. Does this Rule Comply with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? Section 12( d) of NTTAA, Public Law 104± 113, section 12( d) (15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary standards. This proposed rulemaking sets alternative handling and paperwork requirements for certain hazardous wastes; it does not set technical standards. EPA is not considering the use of any voluntary consensus standards. List of Subjects 40 CFR Part 261 Environmental Protection, Hazardous Waste, Recycling, Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements. 40 CFR Part 266 Environmental Protection, Hazardous Waste, Recycling, Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements. Dated: August 4, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, parts 261 and 266 of Chapter I of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations are proposed to be amended as follows: PART 261Ð IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 1. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, 6922, 6924( y) and 6938. Subpart AÐ General 2. Section 261.6 is amended by revising paragraph (a)( 2) introductory VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50303 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules text and by adding paragraph (a)( 2)( v) to read as follows: § 261.6 Requirements for recyclable materials (a) * * * (2) The following recyclable materials are not subject to the requirements of this section but are regulated under subparts C through N of part 266 of this chapter and all applicable provisions in parts 270 and 124 of this chapter: * * * * * (v) U. S. Filter Recovery Services XL waste (subpart N). * * * * * PART 266Ð STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS WASTES AND SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES 1. The authority citation for part 266 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6906, 6912, 6922± 6925, 6934 and 6937. 2. Part 266 is amended by adding a new subpart N to read as follows: Subpart NÐ Standards applicable to U. S. Filter Recovery Services XL waste and U. S. Filter Recovery Services, Inc. § 266.300 Purpose, scope, and applicability. The purpose of this subpart is to implement the U. S. Filter Recovery Services (USFRS) eXcellence in Leadership (XL) Project. Any person who is a USFRS XL waste generator or transporter must handle the USFRS XL waste in accordance with the requirements contained within this subpart. The standards and requirements of this subpart also apply to USFRS and its facility located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota. These requirements are imposed on USFRS in addition to any requirements contained in its RCRA hazardous waste permit or other applicable state or federal law. USFRS XL waste generators and transporters are not required to comply with the requirements of 40 CFR 261.5, parts 262 through 266 (except this subpart N), parts 268, 270, 273 and 279 provided they manage USFRS XL waste in compliance with the requirements of this subpart N. § 266.301 Definitions. County Environmental Agencies or County Agencies means the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington in Minnesota. USFRS means U. S. Filter Recovery Services, Inc. whose principal place of business for the purposes of these rules is 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota. USFRS XL Waste means one or more USFRS used water treatment resin canisters and their contents from a USFRS XL waste generator located within the State of Minnesota. USFRS XL waste includes the ion exchange resins, the wastes contained on or within the ion exchange resins and any other wastes contained within the water treatment resin canisters. USFRS XL waste also includes spills of XL waste which are handled in accordance with the requirements in this subpart. USFRS XL waste is limited to wastes which are derived from processes subject to the EPA F006 waste code designation (i. e. waste water treatment sludges from specified electroplating operations). These wastes may also exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste as a result of the operations of a particular company. This definition includes only those ion exchange resin canisters which result in reuse of substantially all of the treated waste waters in the industrial process. This definition does not include those ion exchange resins canisters which result in the disposal of the treated waste waters, without any reuse of the treated waste waters in the industrial process. This definition does not include wastes that were generated prior to the date a generator is added to this USFRS XL Project. USFRS XL waste shall be identified by the waste code XL001. USFRS XL Waste Application Form means the form approved by EPA and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) as part of the USFRS XL Waste Project or subsequently modified by USFRS and approved by EPA and MPCA and used for characterization of the chemical constituents of a person's USFRS XL waste. The USFRS XL Waste Application Form shall include all attachments by USFRS or the applicant, including but not limited to, the USFRS Site Engineering Form, Systems Engineering Form and any waste analysis. USFRS XL Waste Approved Customer means only those persons located in Minnesota who have properly identified their wastes and processes on the USFRS XL waste application form; have not been excluded by EPA, MPCA or the County Agencies from participation in the USFRS XL waste project; have signed the USFRS XL waste Final Project Agreement (FPA); have certified that they have read and understand the USFRS XL waste training module; and have not generated USFRS XL wastes. USFRS XL waste approved transporter means a transporter located within the State of Minnesota who has a satisfactory safety rating from the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) in the last year; has not been excluded by EPA, MPCA or the County Agencies from participation in the USFRS XL waste project; has signed the USFRS XL waste FPA; and has signed a certification that it has been trained by USFRS on the proper handling of USFRS XL wastes and understands its responsibilities under this subpart. USFRS XL Waste Facility or USFRS Facility means the U. S. Filter Recovery Service, Inc. operations located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota. USFRS XL Waste Final Project Agreement (FPA) means the agreement signed by USFRS, EPA, MPCA, the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington in Minnesota, Pioneer Transport and USFRS XL waste customers, generators and transporters. The FPA may be modified to add or delete participants, subject to the approval of EPA and MPCA. USFRS XL Waste Generator means a USFRS XL waste approved customer who generates or generated USFRS XL waste. USFRS XL Waste Project, USFRS XL Project or XL Project means the program identified in the Final Project Agreement and this part for the generation, transportation and subsequent treatment, storage and disposal of USFRS XL waste. USFRS XL waste training module means the recorded training program approved by EPA and MPCA as part of the USFRS XL Waste Project or subsequently modified by USFRS and approved by EPA and MPCA and developed by USFRS for the purpose of informing USFRS XL waste approved customers, generators and transporters of the special requirements imposed on them by this part and the proper method of handling USFRS XL wastes. USFRS XL Waste Transportation Tracking Document means the Transportation Tracking Document developed by USFRS which was approved by EPA and the MPCA as part of the USFRS XL Waste Project or subsequently modified by USFRS and approved by EPA and MPCA; and used when USFRS XL waste is transported off­ site from a generator. USFRS XL Waste Transporter means USFRS or a USFRS XL waste approved transporter who transports USFRS XL waste. § 266. 302 Procedures for adding persons as generators to EPA's USFRS XL Project. (a) Any person who wishes to participate in the USFRS XL Project as VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50304 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules a generator must obtain the approval of the EPA and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). The approval of the County Agency is also required if that person will generate USFRS XL waste at a location in the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington, Minnesota. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to obtain EPA approval to add a person to the federal USFRS XL Project. USFRS and a proposed generator must also comply with the procedures identified by the MPCA, and appropriate County Agencies. A person may not be added to the federal USFRS XL Project unless it has the approval of EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies. (b) USFRS is the only entity which may propose to add a person as a generator to the USFRS XL Project. USFRS may propose to EPA to add persons to the USFRS XL Project at any time provided, USFRS complies with the requirements of this section. Prior to being considered a USFRS XL waste generator, a person must first be approved as a USFRS XL waste approved customer. Only a USFRS XL waste approved customer may become a USFRS XL waste generator. A person becomes a USFRS XL waste generator after it first generates or causes USFRS XL waste to be regulated. (c) USFRS will conduct a preliminary evaluation of any person it wishes to propose to EPA to add to the USFRS XL Project as a generator. USFRS will complete this preliminary evaluation prior to proposing to EPA to add such a person to the USFRS XL Project. The preliminary evaluation will consist of the following activities: USFRS will require any person who wishes to become a USFRS XL waste generator to complete and sign the USFRS XL Waste Application Form; USFRS will complete the waste characterization required by 40 CFR 266.306( b); USFRS will evaluate the person's storage area for the USFRS XL waste to determine whether it meets the standards of this subpart N; and USFRS will provide the person with a copy of the USFRS XL waste MSDS, FPA and training module. (d) After successfully completing the activities identified in paragraph (c) of this section, USFRS will provide EPA with the name and such other information as the Agency may require to determine if a person may participate in the USFRS XL Project as a generator. USFRS will propose for inclusion into the USFRS XL Project only those person( s) whose wastes are compatible with the ion exchange process and canisters, whose storage area meets the standards in this subpart N, and whose process will be able to reuse substantially all of its waste water. EPA's approval shall be effective within twenty one days of EPA's receipt of USFRS's written notice proposing to add a person to the USFRS XL Project unless EPA, within that time period, provides USFRS with a written notice rejecting such person. (e) After securing the approval of EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies, USFRS shall notify the person it proposed to add to the USFRS XL Project in writing that it is approved for participation in the USFRS XL Project. USFRS will assign to that person a unique client number and waste profile number for each waste stream approved for this XL project. USFRS will obtain from that person a copy of the signed USFRS XL waste FPA and a certification that it has read and agrees to follow the USFRS XL waste training module. USFRS shall also ensure that as part of this certification the approved customer identifies its contact person as required by 40 CFR 266.308( h). Upon request by EPA, USFRS will provide EPA with a copy of the signed documents or other documents it requests. (f) USFRS will accept USFRS XL waste only from those persons who have received the approval of EPA, MPCA and, as appropriate, the County Agencies and who have signed the USFRS XL Project FPA and the certification identified in paragraph (e) of this section. A person's participation in this USFRS XL Project is effective after EPA, MPCA and, as appropriate, the County Agency approve of them and on the date that USFRS receives the signed USFRS XL waste FPA and certification. At that time the person is a USFRS XL waste approved customer. A USFRS XL waste approved customer becomes a USFRS XL waste generator when it first generates or causes USFRS wastes to be regulated. A USFRS XL waste generator must handle all USFRS XL wastes generated after the effective date of it being added to the USFRS XL Project in accordance with the provisions of this subpart N. USFRS XL waste that is generated prior to this date is not subject to this subpart N and it must be handled according to the appropriate hazardous waste characterization for that waste, (e. g., F006 and any other applicable waste code). (g) USFRS will require a USFRS XL waste approved customer and generator to update the USFRS XL waste application form prior to it adding to or modifying the waste streams or processes it identified on its initial USFRS XL waste application form. USFRS will notify EPA, MPCA and as appropriate, the County Agencies whenever a customer or generator notifies USFRS that it has or will add or modify waste streams or processes. EPA will notify USFRS if any further EPA approvals are required. § 266. 303 Procedures for adding persons as transporters to EPA's USFRS XL Project. (a) Any person who wishes to participate in the USFRS XL Project as a transporter must obtain the approval of the EPA and the MPCA. The approval of the County Agencies is also required if that person's principal place of business is located in the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to obtain EPA approval to add a person as a transporter to the federal USFRS XL Project. USFRS and a proposed transporter must also comply with the procedures identified by the MPCA, and as appropriate the County Agencies. A person may not be added to the federal USFRS XL Project unless it has received the approval of EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies. (b) USFRS is the only entity which may propose to EPA to add a person as a transporter to the USFRS XL Project. (c) USFRS and Pioneer Transport are approved USFRS XL waste transporters. USFRS may propose to EPA to add other persons as USFRS XL waste transporters provided USFRS complies with the requirements of this section. USFRS will conduct a preliminary evaluation of any person who it proposes to add as a USFRS XL waste transporter. As part of that preliminary evaluation USFRS will ascertain whether the transporter has a valid EPA identification number, a valid Minnesota hazardous materials registration (`` Minnesota registration'') and a satisfactory safety rating from USDOT within the last year. (d) After successfully completing the activities identified in paragraph (c) of this section, USFRS will provide EPA with the name of the transporter, the unique USFRS client identification number for the transporter, the results of its preliminary evaluation identified in paragraph (c) of this section, and other information as EPA may require to determine if that person may participate in the USFRS XL Project. USFRS will propose for inclusion into the USFRS XL Project only those person( s) who have a satisfactory safety rating from USDOT. EPA's approval shall be effective within twenty one days of its receipt of USFRS's written notice proposing to add a person to the USFRS XL Project unless EPA, within that time VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50305 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules period, provides USFRS with a written notice rejecting such person. (e) After receiving the approval of EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies USFRS shall notify the person in writing that it is approved for participation in the USFRS XL Project. USFRS will obtain from that person a copy of the signed USFRS XL waste FPA and a certification that it has been trained by USFRS on the proper handling of USFRS XL wastes and understands its responsibilities under this subpart N. (f) USFRS will allow only USFRS XL approved transporters to transport USFRS XL wastes. A person's participation in this USFRS XL Project is effective after it receives the approval of EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies, as appropriate, and on the date that USFRS receives the signed USFRS XL waste, FPA and certification. A USFRS XL waste approved transporter becomes a USFRS XL waste transporter when it first transports or accepts for transport USFRS XL waste. (g) USFRS will require a USFRS XL waste approved transporter or USFRS XL waste transporter to notify it of any change in its rating from USDOT, its Minnesota registration or its EPA identification number. USFRS will notify EPA, MPCA and, the appropriate County Agencies in writing of any such changes. EPA will notify USFRS in writing of any additional information or steps that may be required as a result of such changes. § 266.304 USFRS requirements related to the development, use and content of USFRS XL Waste Training Module. (a) USFRS will develop, implement and maintain a USFRS XL Waste Training Module. USFRS will provide this training module to every person who applies for participation in the USFRS XL Project. USFRS may use any recorded communication media that is appropriate for communicating the requirements of this subpart (e. g., printed brochures, videos, etc.). (b) The Training Module will, at a minimum, identify the hazards presented by the USFRS XL waste: for generators, explain how to handle the installation and replacement of the ion exchange resin canisters; and explain the requirements imposed on the generator or transporter pursuant to this part. (c) USFRS shall submit this training module to EPA for approval prior to accepting the first shipment of USFRS XL wastes. § 266.305 USFRS requirements relative to the development, use and content of USFRS XL Waste MSDS. USFRS will develop a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the resins contained in the USFRS XL waste. The MSDS will comply with the requirements for MSDS imposed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). USFRS will provide a copy of this MSDS to every person who applies for participation in the USFRS XL Project. USFRS will ensure that the MSDS prominently instructs individuals in the proper handling and emergency response procedures for spills or leaks of the USFRS XL wastes. § 266.306 Waste characterization. (a) Submission of USFRS XL Waste Application Form by USFRS XL Waste Generator. A person who proposes to participate in the USFRS XL Project as a generator of USFRS XL wastes must properly identify the wastes and processes which contribute to the production of the USFRS XL waste at its company. For the purposes of this subpart N it shall identify only those waste streams which meet the F006 listing and shall identify them on the USFRS XL waste application form. It shall complete and submit to USFRS the USFRS XL Waste Application Form. It shall update and submit to USFRS the XL Waste Application prior to changing any process which contributes to the USFRS XL waste it generates. (b) USFRS Waste Profile Analyses. For any person which USFRS proposes to add to the USFRS XL Project as a generator, USFRS will perform a waste profile analysis of the waste stream( s) and process( es) which will contribute to the USFRS XL waste at that company. USFRS will update such analyses whenever a USFRS XL waste generator notifies USFRS of a change or modification to its waste stream or process contributing to its USFRS XL waste. USFRS will include in the waste profile analysis a complete chemical analysis of the waste stream( s) and a determination of its compatibility with the ion exchange resin process and canisters. USFRS shall complete such analysis in accordance with the testing methods identified in the waste analysis plan contained within its RCRA hazardous waste permit. USFRS shall assign to each generator a unique customer identification number and waste profile number. § 266.307 USFRS XL waste identification, handling, and recycling. (a) USFRS XL waste will be denoted by the hazard waste code XL001 while it is handled by the USFRS XL waste generator or transporter. At the USFRS facility, the USFRS XL waste will be denoted by the waste code( s) it would have had at the generator but for its characterization as USFRS XL waste (i. e., F006 and any other applicable characteristic waste code). USFRS and others who may receive residuals from the USFRS XL waste will handle the USFRS XL waste and residuals according to the wastes code( s) it would have had at the generator (i. e., F006 and the appropriate characteristic hazardous waste code) and not according to the XL001 designation. USFRS shall handle the USFRS XL waste at its facility in accordance with its State issued RCRA hazardous waste permit and any applicable Federal requirements. (b) USFRS may not accept any customers into this Project unless and until it has arranged for recycling of the metals contained in the XL001 wastes it receives. USFRS shall continue to recycle the metals contained in the XL001 waste it receives throughout the duration of the XL Project. (c) USFRS shall identify a spill response coordinator at its facility. This person shall be responsible for coordinating the proper response to any spill, leaks or emergencies of USFRS XL wastes at the generator or during transport. He will also be responsible for receiving the calls from the generators and transporters required by this subpart N for such spills, leaks or emergencies. § 266.308 Accumulation and storage prior to off­ site transport. A USFRS waste generator may store its USFRS XL waste on­ site for less than 90 days, provided it complies with the following: (a) Condition and use of containers. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, the USFRS waste generator will store the USFRS XL waste in the USFRS water treatment resin canisters. At the time it places the canister in storage it will ensure that the water treatment resin canisters are disconnected from any processes and are sealed. It will ensure that the USFRS XL wastes are not mixed with other solid wastes. It will affix to the canisters a warning statement containing the information presented in paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Condition of storage area. It will store the USFRS XL waste on an impervious surface. The USFRS waste generator will store the USFRS XL waste separately from other wastes or materials and will ensure that there is adequate aisle space to determine the condition of the USFRS XL waste and VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50306 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules to notice and respond to any leaks of USFRS XL waste. (c) Pre­ transport requirements. It will place the following warning statement prominently on the USFRS XL waste XL001 wastesÐ USFRS ion exchange resin canister wastesÐ Federal Law Prohibits Improper Disposal. This is USFRS XL waste from (insert XL waste generator's name). Handle as a hazardous waste and ship only to USFRS located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, MN. This waste was placed in this container on (date) and placed in storage at (insert USFRS XL waste generator's name) on (insert date). If found, contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA. The USFRS telephone number is (insert phone number). USFRS Transportation Tracking Document Number ll ''. If spilled immediately contain the spill and prevent it from going into any water body; collect the spilled material and place in a 55 gallon steel drum; contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA. (d) Inspections. The USFRS waste generator will inspect the condition of the USFRS XL waste weekly while it is in storage at its company. It will maintain a log of these inspections. The log will indicate the date the USFRS XL waste was placed in storage, the condition of the water treatment resin canister at that time, the date( s) of the inspection, the person conducting the inspection, and the condition of the water treatment resin canisters and the storage area at the time of the inspection. (e) Response to spills or leaks. The USFRS waste generator will immediately contain and collect any spill or leak of USFRS XL wastes. It will orally notify USFRS, and the duty officer at MPCA (Non­ metro: 1± 800± 422± 0798; Metro: 651± 649± 5451) within 24 hours of discovery of the spill or leak. It will place any spilled or leaked materials in a 55 gallon steel drum compatible with the USFRS XL wastes and comply with the requirements of paragraphs (a) to (c) of this section. It will arrange with USFRS for the disposal of that spilled or leaked material with the next shipment of USFRS XL wastes from its company. If allowed by the local POTW it may discharge any leaked or spilled water to its permitted drainage system. Otherwise, such wasters will be sent to USFRS. (f) Decontamination of storage area. The USFRS waste generator will decontaminate all areas, equipment or soils used for or contaminated with USFRS XL waste no later than the dates provided in section §§ 266.312, 266.314 and 266.315. (g) USFRS XL Waste MSDS. It shall maintain and exhibit in a prominent location the USFRS MSDS. It shall provide a copy of the USFRS XL waste MSDS to all local entities responsible for responding to releases of hazardous materials or wastes, (e. g., local police and fire departments, hospitals, etc.). It shall retain documentation of its efforts to comply with this paragraph (g). (h) Contact person. No later than the date that it signs the FPA it will designate to USFRS a person who is responsible for handling its USFRS XL waste and its compliance with this subpart. That person shall complete training for the proper handling of USFRS XL waste and shall certify that he has read and understands the requirements imposed by this subpart N and the USFRS XL waste training module. That person shall also be responsible for responding to spills or leaks at the generator. (i) Communication devices. It shall have an operating communication device (e. g., telephone, alarm, etc.) which allows the contact person to notify the appropriate state, local and federal officials and local hospitals and company personnel in case of an emergency. § 266.309 USFRS XL waste transporter pre­ transport requirements. A USFRS XL waste transporter will ensure that the USFRS XL waste is withinan approved container which prominently displays the following warning statement: XL001 wastesÐ USFRS ion exchange resin canister wastesÐ Federal Law Prohibits Improper Disposal. This is USFRS XL waste from (insert XL waste generator's name). Handle as a hazardous waste and ship only to USFRS located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, MN. This waste was placed in this container on (date) and placed in storage at (insert USFRS XL waste generator's name) on (insert date). If found, contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, MPCA or EPA. The USFRS telephone number is (insert phone number). USFRS Transportation Tracking Document Number ll ''. If spilled immediately contain the spill and prevent it from going into any water body; collect the spilled material and place in a 55 gallon steel drum; contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA. § 266.310 USFRS XL Waste Transport and Transportation Tracking Document. A USFRS XL Transportation Tracking Document and USFRS XL Waste MSDS will accompany every shipment of USFRS XL waste from a USFRS XL waste generator off­ site. Each canister will have the warning statement required by §§ 266.308( c) and 266.309 affixed to it. USFRS, and the USFRS XL waste generator and transporter shall comply with the following requirements: (a) USFRS. USFRS will require each USFRS XL waste generator to contact USFRS to arrange for the transportation of the USFRS XL waste. USFRS will contact and use only USFRS XL waste transporters to transport the USFRS XL waste. USFRS will arrange for the USFRS XL waste transporter to pick­ up the USFRS XL waste within 30 days of a USFRS' receipt of a request from a USFRS XL waste generator for such services. USFRS will complete and send to the USFRS XL waste generator the USFRS XL waste Transportation Tracking Document and warning statement identified in §§ 266.308( c) and 266.309 prior to the arrival of the transporter at the generator. USFRS will include on the Transportation Tracking Document all information EPA determines is required to comply with this subpart N. USFRS will direct the USFRS XL waste transporter to ship the USFRS XL waste to its facility at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota within 30 days of its pick­ up from a USFRS XL waste generator. If a shipment is not received within 30 days, USFRS will contact the transporter to determine the disposition of the load. If USFRS does not receive the shipment within 5 days of its scheduled arrival date, it will notify EPA, MPCA, the USFRS XL generator and as appropriate the County Agencies. USFRS will send a copy of the Transportation Tracking Document to the USFRS XL waste generator within 5 days of USFRS' receipt of the XL001 waste from the transporter. (b) USFRS XL waste generators. A USFRS XL waste generator must contact USFRS for the off­ site transport, treatment, storage or disposal of USFRS XL wastes. A USFRS waste generator will use only a USFRS XL waste transporter to transport the USFRS XL waste to the USFRS Roseville, Minnesota facility located at 2430 Rose Place. It must verify the accuracy of the USFRS XL Waste Transportation Tracking Document and warning statement, make any corrections to them that are necessary and sign the Transportation Tracking Document. It must affix the warning statement to each canister and provide a copy of the USFRS XL Waste Transportation Tracking Document and USFRS XL waste MSDS to the USFRS XL waste VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50307 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules transporter at the time it provides the transporter with the USFRS XL waste. (c) USFRS XL waste transporter. A USFRS XL waste transporter shall verify the accuracy of the information contained on the USFRS XL Waste Transportation Tracking Document and on the canister warning statement. It shall sign and date the USFRS Transportation Tracking Document for each shipment of USFRS XL waste it transports and carry it with each shipment that it carries. It shall carry the USFRS XL waste MSDS with each shipment. It shall pick­ up each shipment of USFRS XL waste within 30 days of it receiving a request for such services from USFRS. It shall deliver each shipment of USFRS XL waste to the USFRS Roseville, Minnesota facility located at 2430 Rose Place within 30 days of it being picked­ up at a USFRS XL waste generator. A USFRS transporter may store XL waste for no more than 10 days at a transfer facility without being subject to regulation under 40 CFR parts 264, 265, 268, and 270 for the storage of those wastes. § 266.311 Releases of USFRS XL waste during transport. In the event of a release of USFRS XL waste during transportation, a USFRS XL waste transporter must take appropriate immediate action to protect human health and the environment, including preventing the spilled material from entering a water system or a water body. The USFRS XL waste transporter also must comply with the provisions of § 263.31. The USFRS XL waste transporter will contact USFRS and the nearest police, public safety authority, EPA or MPCA, provide any emergency responder with a copy of the USFRS XL waste MSDS, handle the spilled material in accordance with the USFRS XL waste MSDS and the direction of any governmental entity charged with emergency response authority; and transport any spilled USFRS XL waste and contaminated soils or equipment to the USFRS facility located at 2430 Rose Place, Roseville, Minnesota in a metal 55 gallon drum compatible with the wastes. § 266.312 USFRS XL Waste Generator Closure. (a) Generator responsibilities. At the time of termination of a USFRS XL generator's participation in the USFRS XL Project, the USFRS XL waste generator will disconnect its process( es) from the water treatment resin canisters; implement the alternative treatment or disposal required by § 266.313; arrange for the transport to USFRS of all USFRS XL waste that it has in storage; decontaminate any contamination resulting from the storage or handling of USFRS XL waste; and document its efforts to comply with this closure requirement. (b) USFRS responsibilities. Prior to termination of a USFRS XL waste generator's participation in the USFRS XL Waste Project USFRS will remove all of the USFRS XL waste in the generator's storage area. USFRS will inspect the USFRS XL waste generator to determine if all USFRS XL wastes have been removed and to document the condition of the USFRS XL waste storage area. USFRS will provide a written summary to the customer, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies of its evaluation pursuant to this paragraph (b). § 266.313 USFRS XL waste generator requirements to maintain alternate treatment or disposal capacity. During the period that it is participating in the USFRS XL waste Project, a USFRS XL waste generator shall maintain the ability to legally treat or dispose of its process wastes contributing to the USFRS XL waste by methods other than through transportation and treatment to USFRS' Roseville, Minnesota facility. A USFRS XL waste generator may use this alternative treatment or disposal method only after it has discontinued participation in this XL Project. § 266.314 Termination of a USFRS XL waste approved customer's participation in the USFRS XL Project. The provisions in this section apply to a USFRS XL waste approved customer who has not yet generated USFRS XL waste. If a USFRS XL waste approved customer has generated or first caused to be regulated USFRS XL waste, then it is a USFRS XL waste generator and must comply with the termination provisions contained in § 266.315. The following procedures are to be followed to terminate a person's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project. A USFRS waste approved customer's participation in the USFRS XL Project will terminate [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule], but may terminate earlier either voluntarily, upon changes in ownership, or upon notice by USFRS, EPA, MPCA or the appropriate County Agency. (a) Termination by the USFRS XL waste approved customer. A USFRS XL waste approved customer may terminate its participation in the USFRS XL Project at any time prior to its first generating USFRS XL wastes. The USFRS XL waste approved customer will provide 5 days written notice to USFRS, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies its desire to discontinue participation in the USFRS XL Project. No further action is required by such USFRS XL waste approved customer. (b) Change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste approved customer will be automatically terminated upon a change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste approved customer must notify USFRS, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies within 5 days of a change in its ownership. (c) Termination by EPA, MPCA, County Agency or USFRS. If EPA or USFRS propose to terminate a USFRS XL waste approved customer they shall provide it with 5 days written notice. If MPCA or the County Agency propose to terminate such person they shall follow their own procedures and provide EPA and USFRS with the results of such proceedings. If MPCA or the County Agency terminates such person's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project, such person will be automatically terminated without further proceedings under this subpart N. § 266.315 Termination of a USFRS XL waste generator's participation in the USFRS XL Project. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to terminate a waste generator's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project. A USFRS waste generator's participation in the USFRS XL Project will terminate [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule], but may terminate earlier either voluntarily, upon changes in ownership, or upon notice by USFRS, EPA, MPCA or the County Agency. (a) Termination by the USFRS XL waste generator. The USFRS XL waste generator will provide 60 days written notice to USFRS, EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies of its desire to discontinue participation in the USFRS XL Project. Within the 60 days the USFRS XL waste generator shall accomplish the closure required by § 266.312. (b) Termination by EPA, MPCA or the County Agency. EPA, MPCA or the County Agency may terminate a USFRS XL waste generator's participation. If EPA proposes to terminate such person's participation then it will provide the generator with written notice. EPA retains the right to terminate a USFRS XL waste generator's participation in the USFRS XL Project if the USFRS XL waste generator is in non­ compliance with the requirements of this subpart. In the event of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50308 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules termination by EPA, EPA will provide USFRS, the USFRS XL waste generator, MPCA, and as appropriate the County Agencies with 15 days written notice of its intent to terminate a generator's continued participation in the USFRS XL Project. During this period, which commences on receipt of the notice to terminate by the generator, the generator will have the opportunity to come back into compliance or to provide a written explanation as to why it was not in compliance and how it intends to return to compliance. If, upon review of the written explanation EPA re­ issues a written notice terminating the generator from this XL Project the generator shall close in accordance with § 266.312. The USFRS XL waste generator shall complete the closure and comply with § 266.312 within sixty days of EPA's reissuance of the notice of termination. If MPCA or the County Agency propose to terminate such person they shall follow their own procedures and provide EPA and USFRS with the results of such proceedings. If MPCA or the County Agency terminates such person's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project, that person's participation will be automatically terminated without further proceedings under this rule and such person must comply with the closure requirements contained in § 266.312. (c) Termination by USFRS. USFRS may terminate a USFRS XL waste generator's participation in the USFRS XL Project only after providing 60 days written notice to the generator, EPA, MPCA and the county agency. Within this time USFRS will arrange for the transport to its facility of the USFRS XL waste in storage. Additionally, USFRS will inspect the USFRS XL waste generator in accordance with § 266.312( b). (d) Termination as a result of changes in ownership. A USFRS XL waste generator will provide written notice to USFRS, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies of a change in its ownership. It will provide such notice within 10 days of the change in ownership. Within the 60 days of the change in ownership the USFRS XL waste generator shall accomplish the closure required by § 266.312. § 266.316 Termination of a USFRS XL waste approved transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project. The provisions in this subpart apply to a USFRS XL waste approved transporter who has not transported or accepted for transport USFRS XL waste. If a USFRS XL waste approved transporter has transported or accepted for transport USFRS XL waste it is a USFRS XL waste transporter and must comply with the termination provisions contained in § 266.317. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to terminate a person's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project. MPCA or the County Agencies may have their own procedures for terminating the participation of a person from their version of this Federal USFRS XL Project. EPA is not bound by and will not follow those State or County procedures to terminate a person's continued participation in this USFRS XL Project. A USFRS waste approved transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project will terminate [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule], but may terminate earlier either voluntarily, upon changes in ownership, or upon notice by USFRS, EPA, MPCA or the County Agency. (a) Termination by the USFRS XL waste approved transporter. A USFRS XL waste approved transporter may terminate its participation in the USFRS XL Project at any time prior to its first transporting or accepting for transport USFRS XL wastes. The USFRS XL waste approved transporter will provide 5 days written notice to USFRS, EPA, MPCA, and as appropriate the County Agencies of its desire to discontinue participation in the USFRS XL Project. No further action is required by such USFRS XL waste approved transporter. (b) Change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste approved transporter will be automatically terminated upon a change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste approved transporter must notify USFRS, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies within 5 days of a change in its ownership. (c) Termination by EPA, MPCA, the County Agencies or USFRS. EPA, MPCA, the County Agencies and USFRS may also terminate a USFRS XL waste approved transporter's participation in the USFRS XL. If EPA or USFRS propose such termination they will provide the transporter, each other, MPCA and the appropriate County Agencies with 5 days written notice. § 266.317 Termination of a USFRS XL waste transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to terminate a person's participation in the federal USFRS XL Project. MPCA or the County Agencies may have their own procedures for terminating the participation of a person from their version of this Federal USFRS XL Project. EPA is not bound by and will not follow those State or County procedures to terminate a person's continued participation in this USFRS XL Project. A USFRS waste transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project will terminate [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule], but may terminate earlier either voluntarily, upon a change in ownership of the transporter, or upon notice by USFRS, EPA, MPCA or the County Agency. (a) Termination by the USFRS XL waste transporterÐ voluntary and changes in ownership. The USFRS XL waste transporter will provide 10 days written notice to USFRS, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies of its desire to discontinue participation in the USFRS XL Project or of a change in ownership. Within 30 days of that notice the USFRS XL waste transporter will ensure that all of its shipments of USFRS XL waste are delivered to the USFRS facility. (b) Termination by EPA, MPCA or the County Agencies. EPA, MPCA or the County Agencies may terminate a USFRS XL waste transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project. If MPCA or the County Agency propose to terminate such person they shall follow their own procedures and provide EPA and USFRS with the results of such proceedings. If MPCA or the County Agency does terminate such person's participation, such person's participation in the Federal USFRS XL Project will be automatically terminated without further proceedings under this subpart and the transporter shall ensure that all shipments of XL waste are delivered to the USFRS facility within 30 days of notice of termination. If EPA proposes to terminate a transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project EPA will provide such person, MPCA, the County Agency and USFRS with a 30 days written notice prior to terminating such person's participation in the USFRS XL Project. EPA retains the right to terminate a USFRS XL waste transporters participation in the USFRS XL Project if the USFRS XL waste transporter is not in compliance with the requirements of this subpart N. During this period, which commences on receipt of the notice by the transporter, the USFRS XL waste transporter will have the opportunity to come back into compliance or to provide a written explanation as to why it was not in compliance and how it intends to return to compliance. If, upon review of the written explanation EPA re­ issues a written notice terminating the USFRS XL waste transporter from this XL Project the USFRS XL waste transporter shall ensure that all shipments of USFRS XL waste are delivered to the USFRS facility within 30 days of such re­ issued notice. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2 50309 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules (c) Termination by USFRS. USFRS may terminate a USFRS XL waste transporter's participation in the USFRS XL Project only after providing 30 days written notice to the transporter, EPA, MPCA and as appropriate the County Agencies. Within this time USFRS will arrange for the transport to its facility of the USFRS XL waste in the possession of the USFRS XL waste transporter. (d) Change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste transporter will be automatically terminated upon a change in ownership. A USFRS XL waste transporter must notify USFRS, EPA, the County Agencies and MPCA within 5 days of a change in its ownership. § 266.318 Termination of USFRS' participation in this XL Project. The procedures identified in this subpart are to be followed to terminate USFRS' participation in the federal USFRS XL Project. MPCA or the County Agencies may have their own procedures for terminating USFRS' participation from their version of this federal USFRS XL Project. EPA is not bound by and will not follow those State or County procedures to terminate USFRS' continued participation in this USFRS XL Project. USFRS' participation in the USFRS XL Project will terminate [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule], but may terminate earlier either voluntarily, upon a change in ownership of USFRS, or upon notice of EPA, MPCA or as appropriate the County Agency. If there is a change of ownership at USFRS, USFRS shall give EPA, MPCA and the appropriate County Agencies 30 days notice of the change. EPA will notify USFRS if its participation in this USFRS XL Project will terminate. The USFRS XL Waste Project is terminated if USFRS'' participation is terminated. In such an instance USFRS must supply EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies with a proposed schedule for transitioning all USFRS XL Project participants to compliance with the RCRA requirements within 120 days of a notice to terminate pursuant to this section. (a) USFRS' termination of its participation in this XL ProjectÐ voluntary termination. USFRS will provide written notice to all USFRS XL Project participants (e. g., USFRS XL waste approved customers and approved transporters, USFRS XL waste generators and transporters), EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies of its desire to discontinue participation in the USFRS XL Project (`` voluntary termination'') USFRS will provide its notice of voluntary termination 120 days prior to the date it proposes to terminate this XL Project. Within this 120 days USFRS will arrange for the transition of it and the USFRS XL waste Project participants to return to compliance with the RCRA requirements. During this time all USFRS XL Project participants will complete all closure activities required by § 266.312. (b) Termination as a result in a change of ownership of USFRS. USFRS will provide written notice to EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies of any change in ownership of USFRS. USFRS will provide this notice within 30 days of the change in ownership. Within 90 days of USFRS's notice of a change in ownership USFRS will arrange for the transition of all USFRS XL waste Project participants to return to compliance with the RCRA requirements. All USFRS XL waste Project participants will complete all closure activities required by § 266.312. (c) EPA or MPCA termination of the USFRS XL Project. (1) EPA or MPCA may terminate this XL Project after providing written notice to USFRS. EPA retains the right to terminate this XL Project if: (i) USFRS is in non­ compliance with the requirements of this subpart; (ii) This Project does not provide superior environmental benefit; or (iii) There is repeated non­ compliance by USFRS XL waste generators or transporters. (2) In the event of termination by EPA, EPA will provide USFRS, MPCA and the County Agencies with 30 days written notice of its intent to terminate USFRS' participation in this XL Project. During this period, which commences on receipt of the notice by USFRS, USFRS will have the opportunity to come back into compliance, to provide a written explanation as to why it was not in compliance and how it intends to return to compliance or otherwise respond to the reasons for EPA's proposed termination. If, upon review of the written explanation EPA re­ issues a written notice terminating this XL Project then USFRS shall submit to EPA within 30 days of its receipt of the reissued notice its plan for transitioning all USFRS XL waste Project participants to compliance with the RCRA requirements. This transition plan shall contain a proposed schedule which accomplishes compliance with RCRA within 120 days of EPA's re­ issued written notice. § 266.319 USFRS recordkeeping and reporting requirements. (a) Annual reporting. USFRS will provide an annual report, on October 1, on all USFRS XL wastes. It will provide the information separately for each USFRS XL waste generator. The annual report, at a minimum, will include: (1) An identification of each USFRS XL waste generator who sent USFRS XL wastes to USFRS; the quantity of XL waste that USFRS received from each USFRS XL waste generator during the calendar year and a certification by USFRS that those USFRS XL wastes were treated and recycled at USFRS in accordance with this subpart N; (2) The amount of water recycled by the generators, the pretreatment chemicals and energy the generators did not use as a result of participating in this USFRS XL Project, the amount of water discharged to the local POTW before and during this project, the amount of sludge recovered by USFRS before and during this project, the amount of sludge recovered as opposed to disposed of by a generator (if the generator disposed of the sludge prior to participating in this project), the quantity of material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues) collected from each facility (monthly), the frequency of canister replacement in terms of process volume, the constituents in the material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues) collected at each facility (e. g., recoverable metals, contaminants/ non­ recoverable materials), and constituents in the material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues) disposed by each facility (e. g., contaminants/ non­ recoverable material); (3) Quantity of material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues) to be processed from the XL waste at the USFRS Roseville facility, quantity of the metals recovered from the XL waste at the USFRS Roseville facility, the constituents of the recovered material (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues from the XL waste), quantity and constituents of the non­ recoverable material from the XL waste (ion exchange resins, other wastewater treatment sludge, residues), and how it was disposed of; and (4) The quantity of each metal recovered at each metals reclamation facility it uses for this Project. (b) Quarterly reporting. USFRS will submit a quarterly report to EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies on October 1, January 1, April 1 and July 1 which will include: (1) Sufficient information for EPA to determine the amount of superior environmental benefit resulting from this project. That report will, at a minimum, contain information which includes, but is not limited to: the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 17: 50 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm03 PsN: 17AUP2 50310 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 160 / Thursday, August 17, 2000 / Proposed Rules volume of water and waste collected and recycled; the amount of metals recycled; the volume of recycled material sold to others; data regarding the management of the ion exchange canisters; the constituents of the sludge; and information regarding how the sludge and residues are managed; (2) Financial information related to the costs and savings realized as a result of implementation of this project. USFRS will collect baseline and XL costs. (i) The baseline costs shall be calculated using two scenarios: (A) Typical expenses (including any hazardous waste taxes) of the generator (prior to the XL Project) for pretreating and disposing effluent wastewater under the applicable Clean Water Act requirements and the costs for manifesting, transporting and disposing of F006 sludges; and (B) Typical expenses of the generator that would be incurred if waste were recycled in compliance with RCRA and requirements for manifesting and transportation of those hazardous wastes (including tax obligations under both scenarios). (ii) The XL costs will include the costs to the generator for completing the Transportation Tracking Document, the transportation costs for XL wastes, the generator's cost to install the ion exchange canisters, any other costs the generator incurs such as cleaning up any spills, payment of hazardous waste taxes, etc., the cost to USFRS of metals reclamation off­ site (including costs associated with transportation or disposal). USFRS will compare the baseline costs to the XL costs and provide an analysis of whether the project is resulting in cost savings for generators and which aspects of the XL Project produce any savings. USFRS will also submit any of the information required in paragraphs (b)( 2)( i) (A) and (B) of this section upon request by EPA, MPCA or the County Agency; (3) A list of all USFRS XL Waste Approved Customers and Generators. USFRS shall include on that list the customer and generator's name, a summary of the results of the USFRS waste characterization of the customer and generator's waste stream( s) and process( es), the customer's and generator's process waste streams approved for participation in the USFRS XL Waste Project, the unique client number USFRS has assigned to the customer and generator and its waste stream, the date of USFRS notice to EPA and MPCA proposing to add the customer and generator to the USFRS XL Project; the date on which USFRS notified the customer that it is approved for participation in this USFRS XL Project; and the date USFRS received the signed FPA and certification from the customer or generator. The list shall also contain the date of any notice of termination, and if there is a termination, the date on which USFRS recovered all of its USFRS XL wastes from the generator and the date USFRS conducted its visual evaluation of the condition of the USFRS XL waste storage areas and notice of compliance with § 266.312. USFRS will update its waste customer and generator list when new customers and generators have been approved by EPA, MPCA and the County Agencies or when a customer or generator has been terminated from this XL Project; and (4) A list of all USFRS XL Waste Approved Transporters. USFRS shall include on this list the transporter's unique USFRS client number, the transporter's name, and if available, EPA identification number and its Minnesota registration number, the date of USFRS notice to EPA and MPCA proposing to add the transporter to the USFRS XL Project; the date on which USFRS notified the transporter that it is a USFRS XL Waste Approved Transporter; and the date on which it received the signed USFRS XL waste FPA and certification. The list shall also contain the date of any notice of termination, and if there is a termination, the date on which USFRS recovered all of its USFRS XL wastes from the transporter. This USFRS XL waste transporter list may be modified upon approval of EPA and MPCA. (c) Recordkeeping. USFRS will retain for three years a copy of USFRS XL waste application forms, and correspondence with each USFRS XL waste approved customer and generator; records of any spill or leak notifications it receives; records of its compliance with this subpart N; and the USFRS XL waste Transportation Tracking Document for each shipment from a USFRS XL waste generator. § 266.320 USFRS XL waste generator recordkeeping and reporting requirement. A USFRS XL waste generator will retain for three years a copy of the USFRS XL Waste FPA, with all appropriate signatures; its USFRS XL waste certification; its log of weekly inspections required by § 266.308( d); its record of any notification of spills or leaks of its USFRS XL wastes required by § 266.308( e); its compliance with the training and facility contact requirements of § 266.308( h); a copy of the signed Transportation Tracking Document for USFRS XL waste it generated; and documentation of its compliance with § 266.312. § 266.321 USFRS XL waste transporter recordkeeping and reporting requirement. A USFRS XL waste transporter will retain for three years a copy of the USFRS XL Waste FPA, with all appropriate signatures; its USFRS XL waste certification; a copy of the signed Transportation Tracking Document for USFRS XL waste it transported; and its record of any notification of spills or leaks of its USFRS XL wastes required by § 266.311. § 266.322 Effective dates. This subpart N is effective from [Effective date of final rule] until [Date 5 years from effective date of final rule]. [FR Doc. 00± 20424 Filed 8± 16± 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560± 50± P VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 21 Aug 16, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17AUP2. SGM pfrm07 PsN: 17AUP2

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.037082

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0026-0001

Proposed Rule

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Withdrawal of Proposed Rule [F-2000-IBMP-FFFFF]

37739 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules Dated: June 8, 2000. Michael L. Davis, Deputy Assistant Secretary ( Civil Works), Department of the Army. Dated: June 12, 2000. J. Charles Fox, Assistant Administrator for Water, Environmental Protection Agency. [ FR Doc. 00 15268 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 52 [ MD 080 3037; FRL 6716 9] Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Withdrawal of Proposed Rule AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Withdrawal of notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: On January 26, 1999 ( 64 FR 3906), EPA proposed to approve the State of Maryland's regulations for Nitrogen Oxides ( NOX) Budget Program ( commonly referred to as the NOX Budget Rule) as a revision to the State Implementation Plan ( SIP). Prior to our taking any final rulemaking, Maryland informed us that it was revising the rule. On November 18, 1999, Maryland submitted a new SIP revision request to EPA which consists of the revised version of its NOX Budget Rule. Because the State of Maryland has now submitted the revised version of its NOX Budget Rule as a SIP revision, we are withdrawing our January 26, 1999 proposed rule on the old version. EPA will initiate a new and separate rulemaking on the Maryland's November 18, 1999 SIP revision submittal. DATES: This proposed rule is withdrawn as of June 16, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Cristina Fernandez ( 215) 814 2178, or by e­ mail at fernandez. cristina@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52 Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Ozone, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Dated: June 2, 2000. Bradley M. Campbell, Regional Administrator, Region III. [ FR Doc. 00 15156 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 261 [ FRL 6716 4] Project XL Site­ Specific Rulemaking for the IBM Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Essex Junction, VT AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule; request for comment. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) is today proposing this rule to implement a pilot project under the Project XL program that would provide site­ specific regulatory flexibility under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA), as amended, for the International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM) semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, Vermont. The principal objective of this IBM Vermont XL project is to determine whether the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from an innovative copper metallization process ( i. e., an electroplating operation) should be designated a RCRA hazardous waste ( F006), and thus be subject to RCRA regulatory controls. If, as a result of this XL project, the Agency determines that the wastewater treatment sludge ( which does not otherwise exhibit a hazardous characteristic) need not be subject to RCRA hazardous waste regulations to be protective of human health and the environment and removes such sludges from the hazardous waste program, this would not only enhance the costeffectiveness of the innovative process by removing the costs of such regulatory controls, but could also encourage the development and installation of this innovative process ( or similar ones) by other semiconductor manufacturers. To achieve this, today's proposed rule, when finalized, will provide an exemption of the copper metallization process from the narrative listing description of electroplating operations that result in an F006 wastewater treatment sludge. DATES: Public Comments: Comments on the proposed rule must be received on or before July 17, 2000. All comments should be submitted in writing to the address listed below. Public Hearing: Commenters may request a public hearing by June 30, 2000 during the public comment period. Commenters requesting a public hearing should specify the basis for their request. If EPA determines that there is sufficient reason to hold a public hearing, it will do so by July 7, 2000, during the last week of the public comment period. Requests for a public hearing should be submitted to the address below. ADDRESSES: Comments: Written comments should be mailed to the RCRA Information Center Docket Clerk ( 5305W), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, D. C. 20460. Please send an original and two copies of all comments, and refer to Docket Number F 2000 IBMP FFFFF. Request to Speak at Hearing: Requests for a hearing should be mailed to the RCRA Information Center Docket Clerk ( 5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, D. C. 20460. Please send an original and two copies of all comments, and refer to Docket Number F 2000 IBMP FFFFF. A copy should also be sent to Mr. John Moskal at the U. S. EPA New England office. Mr. John Moskal may be contacted at the following address: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, New England ( SPP), One Congress St., Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114, ( 617) 918 1826. Viewing Project Materials: A docket containing the proposed rule, draft Final Project Agreement, supporting materials, and public comments is available for public inspection and copying at the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, Virginia. The RIC is open from 9 am to 4 pm Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. The public is encouraged to phone in advance to review docket materials. Appointments can be scheduled by phoning the Docket Office at ( 703) 603 9230. Refer to RCRA docket number F 2000 IBMP FFFFF. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost 15 cents per page. Project materials are also available for review for today's action on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. A duplicate copy of the docket is available for inspection and copying at U. S. EPA New England, One Congress Street, Suite 1100 ( LIB), Boston MA 02114 2023 during normal business hours. Persons wishing to view the duplicate docket at the Boston location are encouraged to contact Mr. John Moskal or Mr. George Frantz in advance, by telephoning ( 617) 918 1826 or ( 617) 918 1883, respectively. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. John Moskal or Mr. George Frantz, U. S. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37740 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules Environmental Protection Agency, New England ( SPP), Assistance and Pollution Prevention Division, One Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114 2023. Mr. Moskal can be reached at ( 617) 918 1826 ( or moskal. john@ epa. gov) and Mr. Frantz can be reached at ( 617) 918 1883 ( or frantz. george@ epa. gov). Further information on today's action may also be obtained on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This pilot project assesses the appropriateness of designating the sludges resulting from the treatment of the wastewaters generated by the copper metallization process as a listed hazardous waste ( F006), and to characterize those factors that may determine whether similar metallization processes should also be exempted from the process description in the F006 listing. No other hazardous wastes generated and/ or managed at the IBM facility are affected by this proposed rule. Similarly, no wastewater treatment sludges generated through the treatment of wastewaters resulting from similar copper metallization processes at other facilities are affected by this proposed rule. The duration of this XL pilot project is 5 years. The exemption from the specified RCRA requirements for the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from the copper metallization process at this IBM facility does not include a `` sunset provision'' which would automatically terminate the exemption at a certain point in the future ( as is typically done in regulatory changes to facilitate XL pilot projects). Instead, EPA and VTDEC ( and IBM) commit to evaluating the project at the end of its 5­ year term. If the project is determined to be successful, EPA may consider expanding the scope of the exemption to the national level ( by rulemaking). If the project is determined to be unsuccessful, EPA will promulgate a rule ( after notice and comment) to remove the site­ specific exemption and the wastewater treatment sludge will again become subject to the F006 hazardous waste listing. It is the intent of EPA and VTDEC that the conditional exemption remain applicable to the IBM facility until EPA ( and VTDEC) takes regulatory action to change the exemption ( to either remove it, expand it, or perhaps modify it). The five­ year term for this XL pilot project begins upon the effective date of the final rulemaking ( the latter of EPA or VTDEC) promulgated to allow for the XL project to be implemented. Today's proposed rulemaking will not in any way affect the provisions or applicability of any other existing or future regulations. EPA is soliciting comments on this rulemaking ( as well as the draft FPA). EPA will publish responses to comments in a subsequent final rule. The XL project will enter the implementation phase when the final rule is promulgated by EPA and VTDEC, and all signatories to the XL project sign the Final Project Agreement. The terms of the overall XL project are contained in a draft Final Project Agreement ( FPA) on which EPA is also requesting comment. The draft Final Project Agreement ( FPA) ( also available in today's Federal Register) is available for public review and comment at the EPA Docket in Washington DC, in the US EPA New England library, at the IBM Essex Junction facility, and on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. Following a review of the public comments and appropriate changes, the FPA would be signed by representatives from EPA, the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation ( VTDEC) and IBM. Outline of Today's Proposal The information presented in this preamble is organized as follows: I. Authority II. Overview of Project XL III. Overview of the IBM Vermont XL Pilot Project A. To Which Facilities Will the Proposed Rule Apply? B. What Problems Will the IBM Vermont XL Project Attempt to Address? 1. Background on Hazardous Waste Identification 2. Background on the F006 Hazardous Waste Listing 3. Site­ Specific Considerations at the IBM Vermont Facility C. What Solution is Proposed by the IBM Vermont XL Project? D. What Regulatory Changes Will Be Necessary to Implement this Project? 1. Federal Regulatory Changes 2. State Regulatory Changes E. Why is EPA Supporting this Approach to Removing a Waste From a Hazardous Waste Listing? F. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in this Project? G. How Will this Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? H. What Are the Terms of the IBM Vermont XL Project and How Will They Be Enforced? I. How Long Will this Project Last and When Will It Be Complete? IV. Additional Information A. How to Request a Public Hearing B. How Does this Rule Comply With Executive Order 12866? C. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? D. Is an Information Collection Request Required for this Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? E. Does this Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? F. RCRA & Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States 2. Effect on Vermont Authorization G. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? H. Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13132: Federalism? I. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments? J. Does this Rule Comply with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? I. Authority EPA is publishing this proposed regulation under the authority of sections 2002, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3006, 3010, and 7004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1970, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended ( 42 U. S. C. 6912, 6921, 6922, 6923, 6926, 6930, 6937, 6938, and 6974). II. Overview of Project XL The draft Final Project Agreement ( FPA) sets forth the intentions of EPA, VTDEC, and the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility with regard to a project developed under Project XL, an EPA initiative to allow regulated entities to achieve better environmental results with limited regulatory flexibility. The proposed regulation, along with the FPA ( also available in today's Federal Register), would facilitate implementation of the project. Project XL ` ` eXcellence and Leadership'' was announced on March 16, 1995, as a central part of the National Performance Review and the Agency's effort to reinvent environmental protection. See 60 FR 27282 ( May 23, 1995). Project XL provides a limited number of private and public regulated entities an opportunity to develop their own pilot projects to request regulatory flexibility that will result in environmental protection that is superior to what would be achieved through compliance with current and reasonably­ anticipated future regulations. These efforts are crucial to EPA's ability to test new strategies that reduce regulatory burden and promote economic growth while achieving better environmental and public health protection. EPA intends to evaluate the results of this and other Project XL projects to determine which specific elements of the project( s), if any, should be more broadly applied to other VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37741 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules regulated entities for the benefit of both the economy and the environment. Under Project XL, participants in four categories facilities, industry sectors, governmental agencies and communities are offered the flexibility to develop common sense, cost­ effective strategies that will replace or modify specific regulatory requirements, on the condition that they produce and demonstrate superior environmental performance. The XL program is intended to encourage EPA to experiment with potentially promising regulatory approaches, both to assess whether they provide benefits at the specific facility affected, and whether they should be considered for wider application. Such pilot projects allow EPA to proceed more quickly than would be possible when undertaking changes on a nationwide basis. As part of this experimentation, EPA may try out approaches or legal interpretations that depart from, or are even inconsistent with, longstanding Agency practice, so long as those interpretations are within the broad range of discretion enjoyed by the Agency in interpreting the statutes that it implements. EPA may also modify rules, on a site­ specific basis, that represent one of several possible policy approaches within a more general statutory directive, so long as the alternative being used is permissible under the statute. Adoption of such alternative approaches or interpretations in the context of a given XL project does not, however, signal EPA's willingness to adopt that interpretation as a general matter, or even in the context of other XL projects. It would be inconsistent with the forward­ looking nature of these pilot projects to adopt such innovative approaches prematurely on a widespread basis without first determining whether they are viable in practice and successful in the particular projects that embody them. Furthermore, as EPA indicated in announcing the XL program, EPA expects to adopt only a limited number of carefully selected projects. These pilot projects are not intended to be a means for piecemeal revision of entire programs. Depending on the results in these projects, EPA may or may not be willing to consider adopting the alternative interpretation again, either generally or for other specific facilities. EPA believes that adopting alternative policy approaches and interpretations, on a limited, site­ specific basis and in connection with a carefully selected pilot project, is consistent with the expectations of Congress about EPA's role in implementing the environmental statutes ( provided that the Agency acts within the discretion allowed by the statute). Congress' recognition that there is a need for experimentation and research, as well as ongoing reevaluation of environmental programs, is reflected in a variety of statutory provisions, such as section 8001 of RCRA. XL Criteria To participate in Project XL, applicants must develop alternative environmental performance objectives pursuant to eight criteria: Superior environmental performance; cost savings and paperwork reduction; local stakeholder involvement and support; test of an innovative strategy; transferability; feasibility; identification of monitoring, reporting and evaluation methods; and avoidance of shifting risk burden. The XL projects must have the full support of the affected Federal, State, local and tribal agencies to be selected. For more information about the XL criteria, readers should refer to the two descriptive documents published in the Federal Register ( 60 FR 27282, May 23, 1995 and 62 FR 19872, April 23, 1997), and the December 1, 1995 `` Principles for Development of Project XL Final Project Agreements'' document. For further discussion as to how the IBM Vermont XL project addresses the XL criteria, readers should refer to the draft Final Project Agreement available from the EPA RCRA docket, the U. S. EPA New England library, or the Project XL web page ( see ADDRESSES section of today's preamble). XL Program Phases The Project XL program is compartmentalized into four basic developmental phases: The initial preproposal phase where the project sponsor comes up with an innovative concept that they would like EPA to consider as an XL pilot project; the second phase where the project sponsor works with EPA and interested stakeholders in developing an XL proposal; the third phase where EPA, local regulatory agencies, and other interested stakeholders review the XL proposal; and the fourth phase where the project sponsor works with EPA, local regulatory agencies, and interested stakeholders in developing a Final Project Agreement and legal mechanism. After promulgation of the final rule ( or other legal mechanism) for the XL pilot, and after the Final Project Agreement has been signed by all designated parties, the XL pilot project proceeds onto implementation and evaluation. Final Project Agreement The Final Project Agreement ( FPA) is a written voluntary agreement between the project sponsor and regulatory agencies. The draft FPA contains a detailed description of the proposed pilot project. It addresses the eight Project XL criteria, and the expectation of the Agency that the XL project will meet those criteria. The draft FPA identifies performance goals and indicators that the project is yielding the expected environmental benefits, and specifically addresses the manner in which the project is expected to produce superior environmental benefits. The draft FPA also discusses the administration of the FPA, including dispute resolution and termination. The draft FPA for this XL project is available for review in the docket for today's action, and also is available on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. III. Overview of the IBM Vermont XL Pilot Project EPA is today requesting comments on the draft Final Project Agreement ( FPA) and proposed rule to implement key provisions of this Project XL initiative. Today's proposed rule would facilitate implementation of the draft FPA ( the document that embodies EPA's intent to implement this project) that has been developed by EPA, the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation ( VTDEC), the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility, and other stakeholders. After comments on the draft FPA and proposed rule have been considered, EPA, VTDEC, and IBM expect to sign a final FPA. Today's proposed rule, when finalized, would not be effective in Vermont until the State has made conforming changes to its hazardous waste program. A. To Which Facilities Will the Proposed Rule Apply? This proposed rule would apply only to the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility. Further, the regulatory modification being proposed only affects the copper metallization plating process ( and the wastes generated by that process) that is the focus of this XL project; wastes resulting from any other operations at the facility are not affected by this proposed rule ( or the final rule, when finalized). B. What Problems Will the IBM Vermont XL Project Attempt To Address? IBM does not believe the innovative copper metallization process it uses should be included among those electroplating operations that result in a wastewater treatment sludge that is VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37742 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules specifically listed as a hazardous waste ( F006), and that the regulatory controls ( with associated increases in costs) provide no benefit to the environment. 1. Background on Hazardous Waste Identification Under the current RCRA regulatory framework, the generator of a waste is responsible for determining whether the waste is hazardous ( see 40 CFR 262.11). There are two ways that a waste is determined to be hazardous; either the waste exhibits a characteristic of a hazardous waste as defined in 40 CFR 261.21, 261.22, 261.23, and 261.24, or the Agency has identified and specifically listed it as a hazardous waste in 40 CFR 261.31, 261.32, and 261.33. The wastewater treatment sludge that is the focus of this XL project typically does not exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste; however, it does meet the narrative listing description for F006, generally described as wastewater treatment sludge from electroplating operations. In promulgating the hazardous waste listings, EPA presented the basis for the listings in 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII ( e. g., the basis for the F006 listing is the presence of cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide ( complexed) in high enough concentrations to present a risk to human health and the environment if the waste is mismanaged). However, the hazardous waste listings are implemented based on their narrative descriptions, not by a waste­ specific assessment of the hazardous constituents the wastes contain ( such an assessment is how the `` toxicity characteristic'' is implemented pursuant to 40 CFR 261.24). To address those wastes that meet the narrative description of a listed hazardous waste but which the generator believes are nonhazardous, RCRA regulations provide a mechanism for the generator to petition the Agency for a determination that the wastes generated at their facility should not be regulated as hazardous ( i. e., a `` delisting'' pursuant to 40 CFR 260.22). 2. Background on the F006 Hazardous Waste Listing On May 19, 1980, EPA promulgated the F006 hazardous waste listing, thereby designating wastewater treatment sludges from electroplating operations to be a RCRA hazardous waste ( see 45 FR 33084). This wastestream is typically generated through the chemical treatment ( e. g., lime precipitation) of wastewaters generated by plating operations to precipitate out certain toxic metals. These wastewaters are typically made up of spent plating/ coating solutions and rinsewaters ( from the rinsing of parts after being plated). As discussed in more detail in the background document supporting the listing of electroplating wastewater treatment sludge ( F006), Electroplating and Metal Finishing Operations ( pages 105 143) ( available in the docket for this proposal), the Agency noted that while there are many various plating processes covered by the listing, they all generally involve hazardous constituents of concern at concentration levels requiring regulatory oversight to ensure that the management and disposal of such sludges will not result in damages to the environment or otherwise present a risk to human health and the environment. The metal constituents found to be commonly used in electroplating operations include cadmium, lead, chromium ( in hexavalent form), copper, nickel, zinc, gold and silver. Cyanides, strong acids and strong bases are also used extensively in the general types of plating operations intended to be included in the listing description. As stated earlier, the specific constituents of concern cited as the basis for listing such wastewater treatment sludges as hazardous wastes were cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide ( complexed) ( see 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII). While the actual composition of the electroplating­ generated wastewater treatment sludges may vary due to the specific sequence of processing operations ( commonly, more than one processing step is involved in a plating operation), in general, the sludges would be expected to contain significant concentrations of toxic metals, and possibly complexed cyanides in high concentrations if the cyanides are not properly isolated in the wastewater treatment process. Thus, the approach to this hazardous waste listing was one where the constituents typically used in the `` up­ stream'' production process were, in part, the basis of the hazardous waste listing applicable to the residuals from wastewater treatment ( typically alkaline precipitation of the heavy metals). The Agency noted in the May 19, 1980 rulemaking that several plating operations were found to not contain significant concentrations of toxic metals or cyanides, such that the sludges resulting from the treatment of the wastewaters resulting from such operations would not be expected to pose a risk to human health and the environment. These operations were accordingly identified and specifically excluded from the F006 listing description: ( 1) Sulfuric acid anodizing of aluminum, ( 2) tin plating on carbon steel, ( 3) zinc plating ( segregated basis) on carbon steel, ( 4) aluminum or zincaluminum plating on carbon steel, ( 5) cleaning/ stripping associated with tin, zinc and aluminum plating on carbon steel, and ( 6) chemical etching and milling of aluminum. ( see 40 CFR 261.31). Accordingly, the chemical make­ up of the materials used in the plating operation was a major consideration in whether the wastewater treatment sludge would be designated a hazardous waste. Other factors that may impact the concentration levels of hazardous constituents in the wastewater treatment sludge are the type and shape of the article being plated, how much of the plating solution is carried over into the rinsewater, and the actual plating process being used. 3. Site­ Specific Considerations at the IBM Vermont Facility Since the IBM facility has many complicated manufacturing processes, a review of the basic steps in semiconductor manufacturing relevant to the metallization process which is the subject of this XL project may be useful. In general, the surface of a silicon wafer is cleaned and passivated ( i. e., coated to provide an insulating layer) with a very thin silicon oxide layer. An organic photoresist is applied to the wafer and a circuit pattern is exposed onto the resist by shining light onto the wafer through a mask. The exposed photoresist is washed away, while the remainder is hardened to protect the insulating layer. After this is completed, the wafer is treated with inorganic liquids and gases to create the doped circuits which provide the semiconductor function. The hardened resist is then removed with organic solvents. At certain points in the process, metallization techniques are used to electronically connect the stacked layers of the semiconductor device. ( The copper metallization process which is the basis for this XL project serves this purpose.) Wafer cleaning and rinsing steps, using mixtures of inorganic acids, oxidizers, and deionized water, occur after many of the process steps. This process cycle is repeated until a fully functional memory or logic device has been produced. After the circuits are built on the wafer, minute amounts of metal are deposited onto the wafer to produce the connections which marry the semiconductor to a module or circuit board for use in a computer. Finally, the wafer is sliced into individual chips for VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37743 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules 1 Prior to the copper electroplating operation, a thin layer of copper is applied to each wafer by vapor deposition. This very thin layer serves as a `` seed'' site for the deposition of the electroplated copper. A scheduled change ( not related to this XL project) in the process for depositing the seed layer will result in additional copper being inadvertently deposited to the outermost edge of the wafer as a result of a change in the way the wafer is held in the tool. Due to this change in the seed layer process, it will be necessary for future copper plating tools to remove the copper from the outer three millimeters of the wafer edge following the plating step to prepare the wafer for future processing. The copper on the edge is removed using an acid spray, in a process step termed `` edge bead removal.'' This will add 0.77 grams/ day of copper to the wastewater stream, representing 5 10% of the load generated by the plating wastewaters and 0.5 1% of the load generated by the total copper process. 2 There are a few cleaning processes at the facility where dilute NF3 is an ineffective substitute for the PFC. However, for those operations, IBM has substituted a much more dilute PFC than was originally used, still achieving reductions in the global warming gas emissions. 3 VTDEC accepted IBM's position that the F006 listing was inappropriately bringing the copper metallization waste stream into the hazardous waste system since the process did not contain the constituents for which F006 was listed. VTDEC has the discretion to waive the hazardous waste tax `` for Continued testing and placement onto substrates or modules for use in computer systems. The new copper metallization process IBM has introduced, which is the subject of this XL project, serves to provide the interconnection of the device circuits, electronically connecting the stacked layers of the semiconductor device. In designing the process, IBM worked with the manufacturers of the plating solutions and the manufacturer of the plating tool ( which holds the wafer) to minimize waste and increase efficiency. The metallization process uses this specialized tool to bring only one side of the wafer into contact with the copper plating solution and applies an electrical current to plate the copper onto the wafer surface. Once the metallization process is complete, the wafer is rinsed with sulfuric acid over the plating bath to keep as much plating solution as possible in the bath ( thus minimizing the amount of plating solution that is carried over into the rinsewaters). After the sulfuric acid rinse, the wafer is then rinsed with deionized water, and deionized water and sulfuric acid, in a pre­ defined sequence, with the resulting rinsewaters being sent through the facility's wastewater treatment system. For each wafer produced, approximately 3.5 grams of plating solution ( containing approximately 0.065 grams of copper) is carried over to the rinsewaters. The volume of water used in the rinsing ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 gallons per wafer. Present projections show that copper mass and rinsewater volume will increase from approximately 110 grams/ day and 1000 2000 gallons/ day, respectively in the second quarter of 1999 to 180 grams/ day and 2000 3000 gallons/ day when the process is fully deployed in 2002.1 Also, the plating unit includes a 40­ gallon reservoir for the plating solution that constantly filters and regenerates the solution. The goal in designing and operating this reservoir is to achieve an infinite bath life for the solution. However, it is currently necessary to replace a portion of the used plating solution in the reservoir with new solution. Currently, IBM drums the spent plating solution from the reservoir and sends the material for appropriate off­ site management. IBM does not currently, nor plan to in the future, send the spent plating solution from the reservoir through the wastewater treatment system. Thus, the only plating solution that is or will be sent through the facility's wastewater treatment system is the relatively small amount that is carried over to the rinsewaters. According to tests conducted by IBM, the plating solution currently being used by the facility does not contain any of the hazardous metal constituents and cyanides which were the focus of the original hazardous waste listing for wastewater treatment sludges from electroplating operations ( and thus, these constituents would not be expected to be in the wastewater treatment sludge unless they are introduced from some other production process). IBM reports other significant environmental benefits of converting to the copper metallization process that should be considered. The copper metallization process replaces an aluminum chemical vapor deposition process that required the vaporization of aluminum for deposit on the wafer. The use of the vapor deposition process entailed cleaning steps that used perfluorinated compounds ( PFCs), which are global warming gases. By replacing a majority of the aluminum connections with copper, a significant reduction in global warming gases will be realized simply by minimizing the number of cleaning steps that use PFCs. It should also be noted that while such vapor deposition processes ( and subsequent cleaning steps) are still required in other aspects of the semiconductor manufacturing process, IBM has developed an alternative cleaning method that uses dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3) instead of PFCs, wherever appropriate. NF3 has significantly less impact on global warming than PFCs. 2 The Agency recognizes this significant environmental benefit although it is not closely associated with the regulatory flexibility being sought by IBM. IBM also reports that the new copper metallization process is much more energy efficient ( 30 to 40% less energy) than the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process it replaces. Similarly, the semiconductor chip produced by the copper metallization process is approximately 25% more energy­ efficient than the chip it replaces. IBM expects this type of metallization process ( or processes very similar) to become more common in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The aluminum chemical vapor deposition process which the copper metallization process replaces was dry and generated no wastewater or sludge that was subject to RCRA. From the time the copper metallization process was first introduced in 1996 until April of 1998, the copper metallization rinsewaters were collected and drummed for off­ site disposal, keeping these wastewaters separate from the onsite wastewater treatment system. However, beginning in May 1998, the volume of rinsewater generated ( approximately 250 gallons/ day) became large enough to make it necessary to introduce the plating rinsewaters into the wastewater treatment system by commingling them with other wastewater streams generated on­ site. Even though the contribution of wastewaters from the copper metallization process to the total volume of wastewater being treated to generate the sludge is minimal ( the volume of rinsewaters from the plating operation expected to be generated when the plating process is at full production is 1600 gallons/ day, compared with an estimated 5,000,000 gallons/ day volume of other on­ site wastewaters), the sludge generated by the treatment of the commingled wastewaters is regulated as F006 because it meets the narrative listing description ( i. e., wastewater treatment sludges from an electroplating operation). Consequently, IBM's reported annual hazardous waste generation increased from 2.14 million pounds to 5.78 million pounds ( 1999 totals) and their waste management costs increased by $ 3,500 per year. Regarding IBM's waste management costs, the State of Vermont has deferred the hazardous waste tax that would normally apply to the generation of an F006 waste ( approximately $ 225,000/ year). 3 VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37744 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules cause shown.'' 32 VSA 10102( 2). VTDEC took the position that the constituents for which F006 was listed took primacy over the narrative listing description that was intended to further describe wastes within the boundaries of the basis for listing, i. e. the constituents of concern. The constituents described the potential for harm to human health and the environment while the narrative listing description described the processes, known at the time, that were likely to contain the constituents. While the increased waste management costs ( as well as the associated recordkeeping and paperwork burdens) are relatively insignificant to the facility, they nevertheless represent increased costs for no net environmental benefit. C. What Solution Is Proposed by the IBM Vermont XL Project? IBM's position is that they have adopted a more energy­ and resourceefficient metallization process that employs a plating solution that is significantly different from the plating solutions used when the Agency promulgated the F006 listing, and therefore should not be subject to the F006 listing. This process has been specifically designed to minimize the use of the plating solution while maximizing the use of the copper metal in the solution, and minimizing the amount of solution that is carried over into the rinsewater. Because this metallization process does not contribute hazardous constituents to the wastewater treatment sludge, IBM is seeking to have its copper metallization process exempted from the F006 hazardous waste listing. Therefore, rather than pursue a delisting of the wastewater treatment sludge under 40 CFR 260.22, IBM has opted to work with the Agency, VTDEC, and interested stakeholders to develop and implement a pilot project under Project XL that will evaluate whether the copper metallization process should be included in the plating operations that result in F006 listed hazardous wastes. The Agency agrees with IBM that this XL project has a somewhat different aspect to it ( i. e., the focus on the innovative production process that generates the wastewaters that, in turn, are treated to generate the listed sludge), such that the delisting approach is not the most suitable. A delisting approach would look strictly at the waste being delisted ( as well as how it is managed), which in this situation is the result of treating large volumes of wastewaters from a variety of production processes ( including wastewaters contributed by the innovative copper metallization process) and would not adequately reflect the specific environmental impacts associated with the innovative production process. It is the innovative production process that causes the wastewater treatment sludge to be designated a hazardous waste. D. What Regulatory Changes Will Be Necessary To Implement This Project? To implement this XL project, the Agency is proposing in today's notice to provide a site­ specific exemption in 40 CFR 261.4( b) ( i. e., `` Solid wastes which are not hazardous wastes'') for the copper metallization process at the IBM Vermont facility from the F006 hazardous waste listing description. The Agency considered a modification to the F006 listing description in the table in 40 CFR 261.31( a), adding the copper metallization process at the IBM Vermont facility to the list of plating operations that are not intended to be subject to the listing. However, because the exemption will have a number of conditions that the IBM facility must follow to ensure that this XL project is protective of human health and the environment throughout the term of the project and to provide the information and data the Agency will use to consider whether the regulatory exemption should be incorporated into the national program, the Agency prefers placing the exemption language in 40 CFR 261.4( b). Regardless of where EPA chooses to place the exemption language in the regulations ( 261.31( a) or 261.4( b)), the legal effect of the exemption will be the same. EPA expects that should the exemption of the copper metallization process from the F006 listing be incorporated into the national program, EPA would then modify the listing description in 40 CFR 261.31( a). E. Why Is EPA Supporting This Approach To Removing a Waste From a Hazardous Waste Listing? The Agency agrees with IBM that this XL project has merit and has the potential to yield significant environmental benefits should this exemption be adopted on a national basis. Project XL offers the opportunity for the Agency to test its belief that this innovative process should be encouraged as one that is environmentally superior to existing technologies and to consider the appropriate regulatory status of the wastes from this technology before it is adopted by similar manufacturing facilities. Further, this XL project offers EPA the opportunity to test a different approach to re­ evaluating whether a specific wastestream is appropriately subject to regulatory controls as a listed waste. The existing mechanism for removing a waste from a listing on a site­ specific basis is through a `` delisting'' petition under 40 CFR 260.22. However, the delisting approach is not the most suitable for the situation at the IBM Vermont facility because the scope of the listing itself is at issue. If IBM submitted a delisting petition, EPA would evaluate the hazardous nature of the entire wastewater treatment sludge ( which is the wastestream that actually carries the F006 listing) rather than only that portion which is contributed by the copper metallization process. EPA generally prefers a delisting approach in most circumstances ( it is, generally, a better approach for determining the hazardous nature of the actual waste material and whether the waste should be removed from the hazardous waste management program). In this instance, however, because the Agency wants to test whether IBM's copper metallization process should be included within the scope of the F006 listing, the Agency believes an evaluation of the `` production side'' of the sequence of operations that results in the wastewater treatment sludge would be more useful. Specifically, because the wastewater treatment sludge is considered hazardous due to an `` upstream'' production unit meeting the narrative description of an electroplating operation, the Agency believes it is more appropriate to evaluate the upstream production unit to determine whether the hazardous waste listing on the `` downstream'' wastewater treatment sludge is warranted. Therefore, the Agency will focus on the key parameters on the production side ( in this case, the innovative design and operation of the copper metallization process) to make a determination of the regulatory status of the materials generated on the waste management side ( in this case, the wastewater treatment sludge). This XL project therefore represents an opportunity for EPA to explore a different approach to determining whether a waste ( in this case, one resulting from an innovative process) should continue to be subject to a hazardous waste listing. In other words, this approach may be considered another `` tool'' for the Agency to use in `` fine tuning'' the hazardous waste listings so that the narrative description of a listed waste appropriately delineates between those wastes that pose a risk to human health and the environment from those wastes ( which arguably are generated by very similar processes) that do not pose such a risk. If, in fact, the absence of hazardous constituents of concern in the plating solution is determinative of whether the wastewater treatment sludge is VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37745 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules hazardous ( or whether any `` hazard'' in the sludge stems from the plating operation), this may become the key determining factor in similar requests for regulatory exemptions. Alternatively, if the Agency determines that the amount of plating solution that is carried over into the rinsewater ( with focus on the shape of the parts being plated as well as the actual plating process) is the determining factor, this variable may be accounted for in future rulemakings that address the F006 hazardous waste listing. Because this is an innovative and highly efficient plating technology that also does not use the hazardous constituents common in most electroplating operations, EPA agrees with IBM's expectation that more semiconductor manufacturing facilities will seek to adopt this process ( or ones very similar). The Agency agrees that if there is no adverse effect on the wastewater treatment sludge from the use of this metallization process, then regulating the sludge as a hazardous waste based solely on the fact that the metallization process continues to meet the narrative listing description of an electroplating operation may be imposing regulatory controls unnecessarily. Further, the Agency believes that this innovative metallization process is environmentally superior to the old process it replaces, i. e., the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process. Not only is the metallization process 30 to 40% more energy efficient than the old process and the chips produced are approximately 25% more energy efficient, there are also environmental benefits realized by discontinuing the use of the old process. While the metallization process generates a wastewater stream ( and subsequent sludge from the treatment of that wastewater) that was not inherent to the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process, the old vapor deposition process entailed a cleaning step that used perfluorinated compounds ( PFCs), which are global warming gases. The aluminum chemical vapor deposition process basically uses vaporized metal ( in this case, aluminum) that is then deposited on the wafer, all of which occurs in `` chambers.'' The vaporized metal also gets deposited on the insides of these chambers, which must periodically be cleaned of this metal coating. Thus, by replacing the old process with the metallization process, 10,000 metric tons of carbon equivalent ( MTCE) of global warming gases will not be emitted to the air. However, it should be noted that, due to the nature of the materials and components involved in the semiconductor manufacturing process, the vapor deposition process cannot be completely eliminated from the production line, nor can the subsequent cleaning steps. ( However, the number of cleaning steps requiring the use of PFCs has been significantly reduced and will continue to be reduced by the conversion to the innovative copper metallization process. The vapor deposition chambers, therefore, are a major focus in measuring the reduction in global warming gases.) Nevertheless, the Agency believes that the use of the innovative copper metallization process should be encouraged where possible. ( Also, as stated earlier, IBM has developed an alternative cleaning process that uses dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3) as a replacement for the PFCs. The dilute NF3 is reported to have a much lower impact on global warming than the PFCs that would otherwise be used.) From a public policy standpoint, it would not serve to encourage manufacturers to employ less­ hazardous or more environmentally friendly and innovative production processes and ingredients in manufacturing operations if the Agency is unwilling to revisit existing hazardous waste listings to determine if the wastes resulting from such innovative process changes still warrant a hazardous waste listing. This XL project offers the Agency the opportunity to consider proactively the appropriate regulatory status of the wastewater treatment sludges generated from an innovative production process before it is widely used and commonplace and may serve as a precedent for other listed wastestreams. Additionally, the Agency believes that to the extent the implementation of the hazardous waste regulations, including the actual requirements as well as the costs and administrative burdens, are directly related to the hazards being posed by the waste being regulated, this will improve the overall implementation of the program and compliance with the regulations. Just as it is important to ensure that those wastes that can pose significant risk to human health and the environment are properly controlled and managed, it is also important to not needlessly subject wastes that do not pose such risks to the same type of regulatory oversight. F. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in This Project? IBM has established an appropriate stakeholder group to develop the Final Project Agreement for this XL pilot project and to evaluate IBM's plan and progress in implementing the project. IBM has solicited input on this project from a wide range of stakeholders including local and national environmental groups, neighborhood associations, and industry trade associations. Stakeholders have been notified of this project by direct mail, telephone, and notification in the local press. In addition, IBM has conducted a series of meetings with select stakeholders who have agreed to serve as commenters for this project. They have been briefed on the proposal, and are supportive of the project as described. The State of Vermont also supports the project and is a Project Signatory to the Agreement. Stakeholder meetings were held at the IBM facility on February 17 and March 24, 2000. IBM has kept an open dialogue with interested stakeholders since the project's inception and will continue to involve any interested stakeholders in the project's development. In addition, EPA and IBM will make all projectrelated documents and events publically accessible through announcements, EPA's web site and public dockets. G. How Will This Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? As stated earlier, introducing the rinsewaters from the metallization process into the wastewater treatment system has caused the entire volume of wastewater treatment sludge to be defined as a hazardous waste, increasing the facility's waste management costs by approximately $ 3,500/ year. Removing the hazardous waste designation will eliminate this expenditure. Also, as discussed earlier, the State of Vermont has waived the waste tax that would otherwise apply to IBM's generation of F006 waste ( approximately $ 225,000/ year). ( Note that the State of Vermont is not authorized to do hazardous waste delistings which could change the regulatory status of the sludge from a listed hazardous waste to a nonhazardous waste; however, the State has more flexibility in assessing hazardous waste generation taxes. Had the State not granted this tax waiver, the cost savings associated with this specific XL project would be considered significant.) Finally, IBM expects to see cost savings of $ 100,000 to $ 200,000 per year when the conversion to the copper metallization process has been fully implemented. The sources of these cost savings include reduced material costs ( e. g., reduction in the use and resultant purchase of PFCs) and reduced energy expenditures. Because the IBM Vermont facility will continue to be regulated as a Large Quantity Generator due to the volume of hazardous wastes generated at other VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37746 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules parts of the facility, and because there is no State hazardous waste tax being applied, the actual reduction in paperwork and cost savings related to waste management are not significant. The wastewater treatment sludge will no longer be considered a hazardous waste ( unless the sludge otherwise exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste) and so will not have to be counted in the facility's annual report. While this reduction in reported hazardous waste generated will certainly improve the facility's public image, it will save only a little time and money in preparing the annual report for the hazardous wastes generated by other facility operations. There are also cost savings realized by not having to use a hazardous waste transporter or hazardous waste manifest to ship the sludge off­ site for further management. Also, because the sludges are currently shipped to Canada for treatment and disposal, IBM must currently file an annual `` Request for Export of Hazardous Waste'' with Canada, requiring 2 hours of engineering time, as well as several hours of phone calls and follow­ up to ensure the application is expeditiously processed. Such an application and expenditure of resources is not needed if the sludges being shipped to Canada are not hazardous wastes. EPA, as well as VTDEC, will also benefit from some paperwork reduction and cost savings by not having to process and track the manifests and export documents that will otherwise have to be processed without this XL project. In considering the cost savings and paperwork reduction associated with this XL project, it is important to consider the potential impacts if this pilot project proves successful and the regulatory flexibility ( i. e., the exemption of the copper metallization unit from the listing description of F006 wastes) is promulgated on a national basis. The conversion to the copper metallization process represents significant operational cost savings for IBM. As a result, on a national level the overall cost ( and paperwork) reduction that would be realized may be quite significant, assuming this innovative technology ( or a similar one) is adopted by more semiconductor manufacturers. While there is little question that a national exemption patterned after this site­ specific exemption would result in cost and paperwork reductions, because of the variability in how States implement their waste taxes, or other mechanisms for raising revenues based on the hazardous wastes generated in the State, it is difficult to estimate a projected savings on such taxes on a national level. H. What Are the Terms of the IBM Vermont XL Project and How Will They Be Enforced? As stated earlier, to allow for the implementation of the XL pilot project, EPA is today proposing to modify the current regulatory framework in 40 CFR 261.4( b) to provide a site­ specific exemption for IBM's copper metallization process from the narrative description for F006 listed hazardous waste ( see 40 CFR 261.31( a)), thus removing the F006 listing designation from the sludges generated by the treatment of the wastewaters generated by the copper metallization process. VTDEC likewise intends to modify its State hazardous waste program to allow for the same removal of the F006 listing designation from the wastewater treatment sludge. It should be noted that the Agency intends that the exemption, once finalized, will apply to all the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from the treatment of the copper metallization rinsewaters at the site, including those sludges that are in the process of being generated, sludges that result from rinsewaters already in the wastewater treatment system, and sludges that have been removed from the wastewater treatment system and are being stored pending off­ site transportation. Through the development of the draft Final Project Agreement ( FPA), IBM has agreed to comply with several key criteria as conditions for this exemption, which will be included in the regulatory text of the exemption being proposed. These conditions are focused on proving the environmental benefits of removing the F006 listing from the wastewater treatment sludges ( or the inappropriateness of designating these wastewater treatment sludges F006 hazardous waste) and to gather the data and other information that would allow the Agency to make a determination regarding the possible future adoption of this site­ specific exemption as a nationwide generic exemption. IBM has also agreed to commit to a good faith effort to achieve several goals related to superior environmental performance. ( Note that while achieving these goals is not being proposed as a condition of the exemption due to their uncertain nature, an evaluation of the success of this XL pilot project will certainly be influenced by IBM's success in achieving their stated goals, as well as the effort expended to achieve the goals.) As conditions of the site­ specific exemption, IBM must report on the following: ( 1) IBM must analyze the plating bath and rinsewaters generated from the copper metallization process. The analysis must be conducted on samples that are representative of rinsewaters and plating baths associated with all the tools that are converted to the copper metallization process and will measure for the presence of volatiles, semivolatiles and metals ( using the methods specified in 40 CFR part 264, appendix IX) in both the plating bath and rinsewaters. IBM must collect, analyze and submit this data twice a year ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year). ( 2) In addition, IBM must report on the status of the greenhouse gas emission reduction project at the facility. This will include greenhouse gas reductions achieved from the conversion to the copper metallization process and IBM's additional voluntary initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its other chamber cleaning processes. IBM will track usage of C2F6, the primary PFC used in the chamber cleaning operation, and estimate the reduction in PFC emissions based on the reduction in chemical usage. Likewise, IBM will provide similar data for the chemicals that replace the C2F6, specifically, dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3), and dilute C2F6, including the quantity of NF3 used in the cleaning process, and the carbon equivalent potential of the NF3 to calculate the global warming impact of the converted processes. IBM will report on the number of chambers converted during the reporting period and remaining to be converted to achieve the site global warming gas emission reduction goal along with an update of the calculated greenhouse gas emission reductions for the facility, both in terms of total mass emitted and mass emitted normalized to production. Submissions of these data are likewise due twice a year, by January 15 and July 15 in conjunction with the plating bath and rinsewater analyses. In addition, IBM commits to monitor copper concentrations in its wastewater effluent for conformance with their current NPDES ( National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) permit. IBM's stated goal is to maintain copper concentrations in the effluent discharge of less than 40% of the discharge limit. I. How Long Will This Project Last and When Will It Be Completed? This project will be in effect for five years from the date that the final rulemaking becomes effective ( the latter of the EPA final rule or the VTDEC final rule) unless it is terminated earlier or extended by all Project Signatories ( if the FPA is extended, the comments and VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37747 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules input of stakeholders will be sought and a Federal Register notice will be published). Any Project Signatory may terminate its participation in this project at any time in accordance with the procedures set forth in the FPA. The project will be completed at the conclusion of the five­ year anniversary of the final rulemaking or at a time earlier or later determined by the amount of information gathered to date and the interest of the parties involved. Upon completion of the project term, EPA and VTDEC commit to evaluating the project. If the project results indicate that it was a success, EPA will consider transferring the regulatory flexibility ( or some similar flexibility) to the national RCRA program ( through rulemaking procedures). Should the project results indicate that the project was not successful, EPA will promulgate a rule to remove the site­ specific exemption. Absent any regulatory action on the part of the Agency, the implementing rule ( i. e., the site­ specific exemption) will remain in effect as long as IBM continues to meet its conditions ( i. e., EPA and VTDEC intend to allow IBM to continue operating under the sitespecific rule). However, as for any conditional exemption, if at any time, should IBM fail to meet the conditions of the site­ specific exemption, the exemption is not applicable. Also, the Agency may promulgate a rule to withdraw the exemption at any time, subject to the procedures agreed to in the Final Project Agreement ( FPA), including, but not limited to, a substantial failure on the part of any Project Signatory to comply with the terms and conditions of the FPA or if the exemption becomes inconsistent with future statutory or regulatory requirements. IV. Additional Information A. How To Request a Public Hearing A public hearing will be held, if requested, to provide an opportunity for interested persons to make oral presentations regarding this regulation in accordance with 40 CFR part 25. Persons wishing to make an oral presentation on the site­ specific rule to implement the IBM Vermont XL project should contact Mr. John Moskal or Mr. George Frantz of the EPA New England office, at the address given in the ADDRESSES section of this document. Any member of the public may file a written statement before the hearing, or after the hearing, to be received by EPA no later than June 30, 2000. Written statements should be sent to EPA at the addresses given in the ADDRESSES section of this document. If a public hearing is held, a verbatim transcript of the hearing, and written statements provided at the hearing will be available for inspection and copying during normal business hours at the EPA addresses for docket inspection given in the ADDRESSES section of this preamble. B. How Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 12866? Under Executive Order 12866 ( 58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) the Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety in State, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan programs of the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or ( 4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. Because the annualized cost of this final rule will be significantly less than $ 100 million and will not meet any of the other criteria specified in the Executive Order, it has been determined that this rule is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866, and is therefore not subject to OMB review. Executive Order 12866 also encourages agencies to provide a meaningful public comment period, and suggests that in most cases the comment period should be 60 days. However, in consideration of the very limited scope of today's rulemaking and the considerable public involvement in the development of the proposed Final Project Agreement, EPA considers 30 days to be sufficient in providing a meaningful public comment period for today's action. C. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? The Regulatory Flexibility Act ( RFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., generally requires an agency to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small not­ forprofit enterprises, and small governmental jurisdictions. This rule will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities because it only affects the IBM facility in Essex Junction, VT and it is not a small entity. Therefore, EPA certifies that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. D. Is an Information Collection Request Required for This Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? This action applies only to one facility, and therefore requires no information collection activities subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act, and therefore no information collection request ( ICR) will be submitted to OMB for review in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501, et seq. E. Does This Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( UMRA), Public Law 104 4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation of why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37748 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. As noted above, this rule is applicable only to one facility in Vermont. EPA has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. EPA has also determined that this rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $ 100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private sector in any one year. Thus, today's rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA. F. RCRA & Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to administer and enforce the RCRA program for hazardous waste within the State. ( See 40 CFR part 271 for the standards and requirements for authorization.) States with final authorization administer their own hazardous waste programs in lieu of the Federal program. Following authorization, EPA retains enforcement authority under sections 3008, 7003 and 3013 of RCRA. After authorization, Federal rules written under RCRA ( non­ HSWA), no longer apply in the authorized state except for those issued pursuant to the Hazardous and Solid Waste Act Amendments of 1984 ( HSWA). New Federal requirements imposed by those rules do not take effect in an authorized State until the State adopts the requirements as State law. In contrast, under section 3006( g) of RCRA, new requirements and prohibitions imposed by HSWA take effect in authorized States at the same time they take effect in nonauthorized States. EPA is directed to carry out HSWA requirements and prohibitions in authorized States until the State is granted authorization to do so. 2. Effect on Vermont Authorization Today's proposed rule, if finalized, will be promulgated pursuant to non­ HSWA authority, rather than HSWA. Vermont has received authority to administer most of the RCRA program; thus, authorized provisions of the State's hazardous waste program are administered in lieu of the Federal program. Vermont has received authority to administer the regulations that specifically identify hazardous wastes by listing them. As a result, if today's proposed rule to modify the listing for F006 hazardous waste is finalized, it would not be effective in Vermont until the State adopts the modification. It is EPA's understanding that subsequent to the promulgation of this rule, Vermont intends to propose rules or other legal mechanisms to provide the exemption for the copper metallization process from the F006 listing description. EPA may not enforce these requirements until it approves the State requirements as a revision to the authorized State program. G. How Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? The Executive Order 13045, `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: ( 1) Is determined to be `` economically significant,'' as defined under Executive Order 12866; and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not an economically significant rule, as defined by Executive Order 12866, and because it does not involve decisions based on environmental health or safety risks. H. Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 13132: Federalism? Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' ( 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the regulation. EPA may also not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with the State and local officials early in the process of developing the regulation. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States. Or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various level of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. The exemption outlined in today's proposed rule will not take effect unless Vermont chooses to adopt the rule or other legal implementing mechanism. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. Although section 6 of Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this rule, EPA did fully coordinate and consult with the state and local officials in developing this rule. I. How Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments? Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA must provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of Indian tribal governments to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1 37749 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities. Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. There are no communities of Indian tribal governments located in the vicinity of the facility. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. J. Does This Rule Comply With the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law 104 113, section 12( d) ( 15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standard. This proposed rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA is not considering the use of any voluntary consensus standards. EPA welcomes comments on this aspect of the proposed rulemaking and, specifically, invites the public to identify potentially­ applicable voluntary consensus standards and to explain why such standards should be used in this regulation. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 261 Environmental protection, Hazardous materials, Recycling, Waste treatment and disposal. Dated: June 8, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, part 261 of Chapter I of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows: PART 261 IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 1. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, 6922, 6924( y), and 6938. 2. Section 261.4 is amended by adding paragraph ( b)( 16) to read as follows: § 261.4 Exclusions. * * * * * ( b) * * * ( 16) Sludges resulting from the treatment of wastewaters ( not including spent plating solutions) generated by the copper metallization process at the International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM) semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, VT, are exempt from the F006 listing, provided that: ( i) IBM provides the Agency with semi­ annual reports ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year) detailing constituent analyses measuring the concentrations of volatiles, semivolatiles and metals using methods presented in part 264, Appendix IX of this chapter of both the plating solution utilized by, and the rinsewaters generated by, the copper metallization process; ( ii) IBM provides the agency with semi­ annual reports ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year), through the year 2004, or when IBM has achieved its facility wide goal of a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from a 1995 base year ( when normalized to production), whichever is first, that contain the following: ( A) Estimated greenhouse gas emissions, and estimated greenhouse gas emission reductions. Greenhouse gas emissions will be reported in terms of total mass emitted and mass emitted normalized to production; and ( B) The number of chemical vapor deposition chambers used in the semiconductor manufacturing production line that have been converted to either low flow C2F6 or NF3 during the reporting period and the number of such chambers remaining to be converted to achieve the facility goal for global warming gas emission reductions. ( iii) No significant changes are made to the copper metallization process such that any of the constituents listed in 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII as the basis for the F006 listing are introduced into the process. * * * * * [ FR Doc. 00 15154 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 47 CFR Part 52 [ CC Docket No. 99 200; FCC 00 104] Numbering Resource Optimization AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Further notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: This document seeks further comments on the following matters: Thousands­ block number pooling; charging for numbering resources; utilization thresholds for carriers, and consideration of a transition period for wireless service providers implementation of thousand­ block number pooling. The foregoing issues were addressed in a previous proposed rule; however, the comments and information received were insufficient for the agency to proceed on these matters. Therefore, the agency has formulated further questions and is now seeking additional comment. DATES: Comments are due June 30, 2000, and reply comments are due July 7, 2000. ADDRESSES: Federal Communications Commission, Secretary, 445 12th Street, SW, Room TW B204F, Washington, DC 20554. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Aaron Goldberger, ( 202) 418 2320 or email at agoldberg@ fcc. gov or Cheryl Callahan at ( 202) 418 2320 or ccallaha@ fcc. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a summary of the Commission's Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking adopted on March 17, 2000, and released on March 31, 2000. The full text of this Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking is available for inspection and copying during normal business hours in the FCC Reference Center, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554. Comments and reply comments will be available for public inspection during regular business hours in the FCC Reference Center. The complete text may also be obtained through the world wide web, at http:// www. fcc. gov/ Bureaus/ CommonCarrier/ Orders, or may be purchased from the Commission's copy contractor, International Transcription Services, Inc., 1231 20th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Synopsis of the Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 1. In this Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ( FNPRM), we seek further comment on what specific utilization threshold carriers not participating in thousands­ block number pooling carriers should meet in order to request growth numbering resources. Commenters that offered a specific utilization threshold suggested that utilization thresholds should be set as low as 60% and as high as 90%. However, very little information was VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 33 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00038 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16JNP1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.082578

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0026-0006

Notice

Project XL Site-Specific Rulemaking for the IBM Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Essex Junction, VT [F-2000-IBMP-S0005]

37780 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Notices Tennessee Feasibility Study, Flood Control and Drainage Improvements, Marshall, Benton and Tippah Counties, MS and Shelby, Fayette and Harderman, TN, Due: July 31, 2000, Contact: Richard Hite ( 901) 544 0706. EIS No. 000185, DRAFT EIS, AFS, WV, Fernow Experimental Forest, Implementation of New Research Studies, Monongahela National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Tucker County, WV, Due: July 31, 2000, Contact: Mary Beth Adams ( 304) 478 2000. EIS No. 000186, REVISED DRAFT EIS, COE, CA, Delta Wetlands Project, Construction and Operation Revised Information for the Water Storage Project on Four Islands in the Sacramento­ San Joaquin Delta, Approval of Permits, San Joaquin and Contra Costa Counties, CA, Due: July 31, 2000, Contact: Mike Finan ( 916) 557 5324. EIS No. 000187, FINAL SUPPLEMENT, NOA, Atlantic Tunas, Swordfish and Sharks, Highly Migratory Species Fishery Management Plan, Due: July 17, 2000, Contact: Rebecca Lent ( 202) 482 5181. EIS No. 000188, FINAL EIS, NPS, WA, Whitman Mission National Historic Site, General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan, Implementation, Walla Walla County, WA, Due: July 17, 2000, Contact: Francis T. Darby ( 509) 522 6360. Dated: June 13, 2000 Ken Mittelholtz, Environmental Protection Specialist, Office of Federal Activities. [ FR Doc. 00 15303 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6708 9] Regulatory Reinvention ( XL) Pilot Projects AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of availability of the Project XL Proposed Final Project Agreement: International Business Machines Corporation Copper Metallization Project. SUMMARY: EPA is requesting comments on a proposed Project XL Final Project Agreement ( FPA) for the International Business Machines Corporation, ( hereafter `` IBM'') semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, VT. The FPA is a voluntary agreement developed collaboratively by IBM, the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, EPA and interested stakeholders. Project XL, announced in the Federal Register on May 23, 1995 ( 60 FR 27282), gives regulated entities the flexibility to develop alternative strategies that will replace or modify specific regulatory or procedural requirements on the condition that they produce greater environmental benefits. EPA has set a goal of implementing fifty XL projects undertaken in full partnership with the states. In the draft FPA, IBM proposes to determine whether the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from a new, innovative copper metallization process should continue to be designated a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) hazardous waste ( F006). IBM's innovative copper metallization process is used to create electrical interconnections between device levels for new semiconductor technologies and replaces the Aluminum Chemical Vapor Deposition process used in previous generation semiconductor device technologies. Under current RCRA regulations, sludges or solids created from the treatment of wastewaters which include rinsewaters generated from an electroplating process carry the F006 listing ( 40 CFR 261.31). This process results in the generation of copper plating rinsewaters, which when introduced to the other process wastewaters generated at the facility, generates sludge that is regulated under RCRA as F006 hazardous waste. EPA currently considers IBM's process a traditional `` electroplating'' process for purposes of RCRA and therefore subject to its regulations. It appears that this classification artificially inflates IBM's figures for hazardous waste generation, while at the same time not providing any additional environmental protection, and adding paperwork and reporting requirements. In addition, it appears that the source documents for the F006 listing focused on much different industrial processes than IBM's copper metallization process. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the chemicals used in IBM's process do not contain the heavy metals or cyanides listed in appendix VII of 40 CFR part 261 which are the focus of the original F006 listing. IBM has also conducted Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ( TCLP) analysis of the rinsewater sludge that demonstrates that the sludge is not hazardous per the RCRA toxicity characteristic requirements ( see 40 CFR 261.24). IBM has proposed that EPA exempt this copper metallization process for semiconductor manufacture from the F006 definition through a site­ specific rulemaking and that this be done through the Project XL process. EPA is proposing the site­ specific rule for the IBM semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, VT in this issue of the Federal Register. Project XL was chosen as the vehicle for this project because IBM is asking EPA to review its entire copper metallization process and not just analyze the resultant wastewater sludge. This novel approach will possibly provide the Agency with a new methodology for evaluating the applicability of its regulations to specific activities. This paradigm shift will allow the Agency appropriate flexibility to ensure that necessary environmental standards continue to be met while providing a means to adapt their regulatory framework to a changing industrial landscape. DATES: The period for submission of comments ends on July 17, 2000. ADDRESSEES: All comments on the proposed Final Project Agreement should be sent to: John Moskal, EPA New England, 1 Congress Street ( SPP), Boston, MA 02114, or Chad Carbone, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Room 1027WT ( 1802), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460. Comments may also be faxed to Mr. Moskal ( 617) 918 1810, or Mr. Carbone ( 202) 260 1812. Comments may also be received via electronic mail sent to: moskal. john@ epa. gov or carbone. chad@ epa. gov. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: To obtain a copy of the proposed Final Project Agreement, Test Plan or Fact Sheet, contact: John Moskal, EPA New England, 1 Congress Street ( SPP), Boston, MA 02114 or Chad Carbone, Room 1027WT ( 1802) U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460. The FPA and related documents are also available via the Internet at the following location: http:/ / www. epa. gov/ ProjectXL. Questions to EPA regarding the documents can be directed to John Moskal at ( 617) 918 1826 or Chad Carbone at ( 202) 260 4296. For information on all other aspects of the XL Program contact Christopher Knopes at the following address: Office of Policy, Economics and Innovation, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Room 1029WT ( Mail Code 1802), Washington, DC 20460. Additional information on Project XL, including documents referenced in this notice, other EPA policy documents related to Project XL, regional XL contacts, application VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 18 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 16JNN1 37781 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 117 / Friday, June 16, 2000 / Notices information, and descriptions of existing XL projects and proposals, is available via the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/ inter/ page1. htm. Dated: May 23, 2000. Elizabeth A. Shaw, Deputy Associate Administrator,, Office of Policy and Reinvention. [ FR Doc. 00 15155 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6718 3] Notice of Public Meeting of the National Environmental Education Advisory Council Notice is hereby given that the National Environmental Education Advisory Council, established under section 9 of the National Environmental Education Act of 1990 ( the Act), will hold a public meeting on June 29 and 30, 2000. The meeting will take place at the Mansion on O Street, 2020 O Street, NW, Washington, DC from 9 am to 5 pm on Thursday, June 29 and Friday, June 30. The purpose of this meeting is to provide the Council with an opportunity to advise EPA's Office of Communications, Education and Media Relations ( OCEMR) and the Office of Environmental Education ( OEE) on its implementation of the Act. Members of the public are invited to attend and to submit written comments to EPA following the meeting. For additional information regarding the Council's upcoming meeting, please contact Ginger Keho, Office of Environmental Education ( 1704), Office of Communications, Education and Media Relations, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 or call ( 202) 260 4129. Dated: May 15, 2000. Ginger Keho, Designated Federal Official, National Environmental Education Advisory Council. [ FR Doc. 00 15301 Filed 6 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OPP 00665; FRL 6593 3 State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group ( SFIREG); Notice of Public Meeting AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of public meeting. SUMMARY: The State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group ( SFIREG) will hold a 2 day meeting, beginning on June 26, 2000 and ending on June 27, 2000. This notice announces the location and times for the meeting and sets forth the tentative agenda topics. DATES: The meeting will be held on Monday, June 26 from 8: 30 a. m. to 5 p. m. and: Tuesday, June 27, 2000 from 8: 30 a. m. to 12: 00 noon. ADDRESSES: The meeting will be held at Doubletree Hotel, 300 Army Navy Drive, Arlington, Crystal City, VA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Philip H. Gray, SFIREG Executive Secretary, P. O. Box 1249, Hardwick, VT 05843 1249; ( 802) 472 6956; fax: ( 802) 472 6957; e­ mail address: aapco@ plainfield. bypass. com or Georgia A. McDuffie, Field and External Affairs Division ( 7506C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20405: ( 703) 605 0195; fax number: ( 703) 308 1850; e­ mail address: McDuffie. Georgia@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Does this Action Apply to Me? This action is directed to the public in general, but all parties interested in SFIREG's information exchange relationship with EPA regarding important issues related to human health, environmental exposure to pesticides, and insight into the EPA's decision­ making process are invited and encouraged to attend the meetings and participate as appropriate. II. How Can I Get Additional Information, Including Copies of This Document and Other Related Documents? 1. Electronically. You may obtain electronic copies of this document, and certain other related documents that might be available electronically, from the EPA Internet Home Page at http:// www. epa. gov/. To access this document, on the Home Page select `` Laws and Regulations'' and then look up the entry for this document under the `` Federal Register Environmental Documents.'' You can also go directly to the Federal Register listings at http:// www. epa. gov/ fedrgstr/. You may also obtain electronic copies of the minutes, and certain other related documents that might be available electronically from the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials ( AAPCO) Internet Home Page at http: aapco. ceris. purdue. edu/ doc/ index. html. To access this document, on the Home Page select `` SFIREG'' Meetings. 2. By mail. Philip H. Gray, SFIREG Executive Secretary, P. O. Box 1249, Hardwick, VT 05843 1249. III. Purpose of Meeting Tentative Agenda: 1. Reregistration comments on approach to 15 year reregistration cycle. 2. Phosphine labeling initiative. 3. Prescription pesticide use is this a new direction for reregistration decisions? 4. Mandatory versus Advisory label language PR Notice describe responses to comments. 5. Update on Inspector Credentials Initiative. 6. CTAG activities and workshops. 7. Worker Protection Standard: agency activities. 8. Keep out of Reach of Children. 9. Regional reports. 10. Committee reports and introduction of issue papers. 11. LifeLine presentation. 12. SFIREG issue paper status report. 13. Other topics as appropriate. List of Subjects Environmental protection. Dated: June 12, 2000. Jay Ellenberger, Director, Field and External Affairs Division, Office of Pesticide Programs. [ FR Doc. 00 15379 Filed 6 14 00; 1: 17 pm] BILLING CODE 6560 50 F ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6714 9] Proposed Prospective Purchaser Agreement Under CERCLA for the Solar Paints & Varnishes Superfund Site AGENCY: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (`` USEPA''). ACTION: Proposal of CERCLA Prospective Purchaser Agreement for the Solar Paints & Varnishes Superfund Site. SUMMARY: USEPA is proposing to execute a Prospective Purchaser Agreement (`` PPA'') under authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (`` CERCLA''), 42 U. S. C. 9601 et seq., as amended, and under the inherent authority of the Attorney General of the United States to compromise and settle claims of the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 18 Jun 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16JNN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 16JNN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.109313

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0026-0007

Rule

Project XL Site-Specific Rulemaking for the IBM Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Essex Junction, VT [F-2000-IBMP-S0006]

54955 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations the operation of the Eight Mile Road Drawbridge over Honker Cut, mile 0.3, San Joaquin County, California to allow for maintenance, cleaning and painting. The drawspan provides 4 feet vertical clearance above flood stage when in the closed­ to­ navigation position. Navigation on the waterway consists of both commercial and recreational watercraft. Presently, the draw is required to open on signal if at least twelve hours advance notice is provided. The County requested the drawbridge be permitted to remain closed to navigation from September 5 until December 21, 2000. During this time the bridge will be enclosed with scaffolding and containment tarps while cleaning and painting operations are performed. This temporary drawbridge operation amendment has been coordinated with the waterway users. No objections to the proposed rule were raised. Regulatory Evaluation This temporary rule is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under section 3( f) of Executive Order 12866 and does not require an assessment of potential costs and benefits under section 6( a)( 3) of that Order. It has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under that Order. It is not significant under the regulatory policies and procedures of the Department of Transportation ( DOT) ( 44 FR 11040, February 26, 1979). We expect the economic impact of this temporary rule to be so minimal that a full Regulatory Evaluation under paragraph 10( e) of the regulatory policies and procedures of DOT is unnecessary. This is because the average number of requests for opening the drawspan are seven per year and alternate navigational routes are available. Small Entities Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act ( 5 U. S. C. 601 612), the Coast Guard must consider whether this temporary rule will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The term `` small entities'' comprises small businesses and not­ forprofit organizations that are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their fields and government jurisdictions with populations of less than 50,000. Due to the small number of requests to open the bridge per year and the availability of alternative routes, the Coast Guard expects the impact of this action to be minimal. Therefore, the Coast Guard certifies under 5 U. S. C. 605( b), that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Assistance for Small Entities Under section 213( a) of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 ( Pub. L. 104 121), we offer to assist small entities in understanding the rule so they can better evaluate its effects on them and participate in the rulemaking process. Any individual who qualifies or, believes they qualify as a small entity, requiring assistance with the provisions of this rule, may contact David H. Sulouff, Chief, Bridge Section, Eleventh Coast Guard District, Building 50 6, Coast Guard Island, Alameda, CA 94501 5100, telephone 510 437 3516. Collection of Information This rule calls for no new collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 3520). Federalism We have analyzed this rule under the principles and criteria contained in Executive Order 13132, and have determined this rule does not have implications for federalism under that Order. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( 2 U. S. C. 1531 1538) governs the issuance of Federal regulations requiring unfunded mandates. An unfunded mandate is a regulation requiring a State, local, or tribal government or the private sector to incur direct costs without the Federal Government having first provided the funds to pay those unfunded mandate costs. This rule will not impose an unfunded mandate. Taking of Private Property This rule will not effect a taking of private property or otherwise have taking implications under E. O. 12630, Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights. Civil Justice Reform This rule meets applicable standards in sections 3( a) and 3( b)( 2) of E. O. 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to minimize litigation, eliminate ambiguity, and reduce burden. Protection of Children We have analyzed this rule under E. O. 13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks. This rule is not an economically significant rule and does not concern an environmental risk to health or risk to safety that may disproportionately affect children. Environmental The Coast Guard considered the environmental impact of this temporary rule and concluded that under Chapter 2. B. 2 and Figure 2 1, 32( e) of Commandant Instruction M16475.1C, this temporary rule is categorically excluded from further environmental documentation. A `` Categorical Exclusion Determination'' is available in the docket for inspection or copying where indicated under ADDRESSES. List of Subjects in 33 CFR Part 117 Bridges. For the reasons set out in the preamble, the Coast Guard amends Part 117 of Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 117 DRAWBRIDGE OPERATION REGULATIONS 1. The authority citation for Part 117 continues to read as follows: Authority: 33 U. S. C. Sec. 499; 49 CFR 1.46; 33 CFR 1.05 1( g); section 117.225 also issued under the authority of Pub. L. 102 587, 106 Stat. 5039. 2. From 12: 01 a. m. on September 5 until 11: 59 p. m. on December 21, 2000, § 117.161 is suspended and a new § 117. T162 is temporarily added to read as follows: § 117. T162 Honker Cut. The draw of the Eight Mile Road Drawbridge over Honker Cut, mile 0.3, San Joaquin County, between Empire Tract and King Island at Stockton, California need not open for navigation from 12: 01 a. m. on September 5 until 11: 59 p. m. on December 21, 2000. Dated: September 5, 2000. E. R. Riutta, Vice Admiral, U. S. Coast, Guard Commander, Eleventh Coast Guard District. [ FR Doc. 00 23331 Filed 9 11 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 4910 15 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 261 [ FRL 6867 7] RIN 2090 AA11 Project XL Site­ Specific Rulemaking for the IBM Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Essex Junction, VT AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54956 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This rule will allow the implementation of a pilot project under the Project XL program that will provide site­ specific regulatory flexibility under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA), as amended, for the International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM) semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, Vermont. The principal objective of this IBM Vermont XL project is to determine whether the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from an innovative copper metallization process ( i. e., an electroplating operation) should be designated a RCRA hazardous waste ( F006), and thus be subject to RCRA regulatory controls. If, as a result of this XL project, the Agency determines that the wastewater treatment sludge ( which does not otherwise exhibit a hazardous characteristic) need not be subject to RCRA hazardous waste regulations to be protective of human health and the environment and removes such sludges from the hazardous waste program, this would not only enhance the costeffectiveness of the innovative process by removing the costs of such regulatory controls, but could also encourage the development and installation of this innovative process ( or similar ones) by other semiconductor manufacturers. To achieve this, this rule provides an exemption for the copper metallization process from the narrative listing description of electroplating operations that result in an F006 wastewater treatment sludge. DATES: This final rule is effective September 12, 2000. ADDRESSES: A docket containing the rule, Final Project Agreement, supporting materials, and public comments is available for public inspection and copying at the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, Virginia. The RIC is open from 9 am to 4 pm Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. The public is encouraged to phone in advance to review docket materials. Appointments can be scheduled by phoning the Docket Office at ( 703) 603 9230. Refer to RCRA docket number F 2000 IBMP FFFFF. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost 15 cents per page. Project materials are also available for review for today's action on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. A duplicate copy of the docket is available for inspection and copying at U. S. EPA New England, One Congress Street, Suite 1100 ( LIB), Boston MA, 02114 2023 during normal business hours. Persons wishing to view the duplicate docket at the Boston location are encouraged to contact Mr. John Moskal or Mr. George Frantz in advance, by telephoning ( 617) 918 1826 or ( 617) 918 1883, respectively. Information is also available on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov. ProjectXL. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. John Moskal or Mr. George Frantz, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, New England ( SPP), Assistance and Pollution Prevention Division, One Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA, 02114 2023. Mr. Moskal can be reached at ( 617) 918 1826 ( or moskal. john@ epa. gov) and Mr. Frantz can be reached at ( 617) 918 1883 ( or frantz. george@ epa. gov). Further information on today's action may also be obtained on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Outline of Today's Rule The information presented in this preamble is organized as follows: I. Authority II. Overview of Project XL III. Overview of the IBM Vermont XL Pilot Project A. To Which Facilities Will the Rule Apply? B. What Problems will the IBM Vermont XL Project Attempt to Address? 1. Background on Hazardous Waste Identification 2. Background on the F006 Hazardous Waste Listing 3. Site­ Specific Considerations at the IBM Vermont Facility C. What Solutions Are Being Tested by the IBM Vermont XL Project? D. What Regulatory Changes Are Being Promulgated to Implement this Project? 1. Federal Regulatory Changes 2. State Regulatory Changes E. Why is EPA Supporting this Approach to Removing a Waste From a Hazardous Waste Listing? F. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in this Project? G. How Will this Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? H. What Are the Terms of the IBM Vermont XL Project and How Will They Be Enforced? I. How Long Will this Project Last and When Will It Be Complete? IV. Additional Information A. How Does this Rule Comply With Executive Order 12866? B. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? C. Is an Information Collection Request Required for this Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? D. Does this Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? E. RCRA & Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States 2. Effect on Vermont Authorization F. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? G. Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 12875: Enhancing Intergovernmental Partnerships? H. How Does this Rule Comply with Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments? I. Does this Rule Comply with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? I. Authority EPA is publishing this regulation under the authority of sections 2002, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3006, 3010, and 7004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1970, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended ( 42 U. S. C. 6912, 6921, 6922, 6923, 6926, 6930, 6937, 6938, and 6974). II. Overview of Project XL The Final Project Agreement ( FPA) sets forth the intentions of EPA, VTDEC, and the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility with regard to a project developed under Project XL, an EPA initiative to allow regulated entities to achieve better environmental results with limited regulatory flexibility. The regulation, along with the FPA, will facilitate implementation of the project. Project XL ` ` eXcellence and Leadership'' was announced on March 16, 1995, as a central part of the National Performance Review and the Agency's effort to reinvent environmental protection. See 60 FR 27282 ( May 23, 1995). Project XL provides a limited number of private and public regulated entities an opportunity to develop their own pilot projects to request regulatory flexibility that will result in environmental protection that is superior to what would be achieved through compliance with current and reasonably­ anticipated future regulations. These efforts are crucial to EPA's ability to test new strategies that reduce regulatory burden and promote economic growth while achieving better environmental and public health protection. EPA intends to evaluate the results of this and other Project XL projects to determine which specific elements of the project( s), if any, should be more broadly applied to other VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54957 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations regulated entities for the benefit of both the economy and the environment. Under Project XL, participants in four categories facilities, industry sectors, governmental agencies and communities are offered the flexibility to develop common sense, cost­ effective strategies that will replace or modify specific regulatory requirements, on the condition that they produce and demonstrate superior environmental performance. The XL program is intended to encourage EPA to experiment with potentially promising regulatory approaches, both to assess whether they provide benefits at the specific facility affected, and whether they should be considered for wider application. Such pilot projects allow EPA to proceed more quickly than would be possible when undertaking changes on a nationwide basis. As part of this experimentation, EPA may try out approaches or legal interpretations that depart from, or are even inconsistent with, longstanding Agency practice, so long as those interpretations are within the broad range of discretion enjoyed by the Agency in interpreting the statutes that it implements. EPA may also modify rules, on a site­ specific basis, that represent one of several possible policy approaches within a more general statutory directive, so long as the alternative being used is permissible under the statute. Adoption of such alternative approaches or interpretations in the context of a given XL project does not, however, signal EPA's willingness to adopt that interpretation as a general matter, or even in the context of other XL projects. It would be inconsistent with the forward­ looking nature of these pilot projects to adopt such innovative approaches prematurely on a widespread basis without first determining whether they are viable in practice and successful in the particular projects that embody them. Furthermore, as EPA indicated in announcing the XL program, EPA expects to adopt only a limited number of carefully selected projects. These pilot projects are not intended to be a means for piecemeal revision of entire programs. Depending on the results in these projects, EPA may or may not be willing to consider adopting the alternative interpretation again, either generally or for other specific facilities. EPA believes that adopting alternative policy approaches and interpretations, on a limited, site­ specific basis and in connection with a carefully selected pilot project, is consistent with the expectations of Congress about EPA's role in implementing the environmental statutes ( provided that the Agency acts within the discretion allowed by the statute). Congress' recognition that there is a need for experimentation and research, as well as ongoing reevaluation of environmental programs, is reflected in a variety of statutory provisions, such as section 8001 of RCRA. XL Criteria To participate in Project XL, applicants must develop alternative environmental performance objectives pursuant to eight criteria: Superior environmental performance; cost savings and paperwork reduction; local stakeholder involvement and support; test of an innovative strategy; transferability; feasibility; identification of monitoring, reporting and evaluation methods; and avoidance of shifting risk burden. The XL projects must have the full support of the affected Federal, State, local and tribal agencies to be selected. For more information about the XL criteria, readers should refer to the two descriptive documents published in the Federal Register ( 60 FR 27282, May 23, 1995 and 62 FR 19872, April 23, 1997), and the December 1, 1995 `` Principles for Development of Project XL Final Project Agreements'' document. For further discussion as to how the IBM Vermont XL project addresses the XL criteria, readers should refer to the Final Project Agreement available from the EPA RCRA docket, the U. S. EPA New England library, or the Project XL web page ( see ADDRESSES section of today's preamble). XL Program Phases The Project XL program is compartmentalized into four basic developmental phases: The initial preproposal phase where the project sponsor comes up with an innovative concept that they would like EPA to consider as an XL pilot project; the second phase where the project sponsor works with EPA and interested stakeholders in developing an XL proposal; the third phase where EPA, local regulatory agencies, and other interested stakeholders review the XL proposal; and the fourth phase where the project sponsor works with EPA, local regulatory agencies, and interested stakeholders in developing a Final Project Agreement and legal mechanism. After promulgation of the final rule ( or other legal mechanism) for the XL pilot, and after the Final Project Agreement has been signed by all designated parties, the XL pilot project proceeds onto implementation and evaluation. Final Project Agreement The Final Project Agreement ( FPA) is a written voluntary agreement between the project sponsor and regulatory agencies. The FPA contains a detailed description of the pilot project. It addresses the eight Project XL criteria, and the expectation of the Agency that the XL project will meet those criteria. The FPA identifies performance goals and indicators that the project is yielding the expected environmental benefits, and specifically addresses the manner in which the project is expected to produce superior environmental benefits. The FPA also discusses the administration of the FPA, including dispute resolution and termination. The FPA for this XL project is available for review in the docket for today's action, and also is available on the world wide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. III. Overview of the IBM Vermont XL Project Today's rule will facilitate implementation of the FPA ( the document that embodies EPA's intent to implement this project) that has been developed by EPA, the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation ( VTDEC), the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility, and other stakeholders. Today's rule, will not be effective in Vermont until the State has made conforming changes to its hazardous waste program. A. To Which Facilities Will the Rule Apply? This rule will apply only to the IBM Essex Junction, VT facility. Further, the regulatory modification only affects the copper metallization plating process ( and the wastes generated by that process) that is the focus of this XL project; wastes resulting from any other operations at the facility are not affected by this rule. B. What Problems Will the IBM Vermont XL Project Attempt To Address? IBM does not believe the innovative copper metallization process it uses should be included among those electroplating operations that result in a wastewater treatment sludge that is specifically listed as a hazardous waste ( F006), and that the regulatory controls ( with associated increases in costs) provide no benefit to the environment. 1. Background on Hazardous Waste Identification Under the current RCRA regulatory framework, the generator of a waste is responsible for determining whether the waste is hazardous ( see 40 CFR 262.11). There are two ways that a waste is VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54958 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations determined to be hazardous; either the waste exhibits a characteristic of a hazardous waste as defined in 40 CFR 261.21, 261.22, 261.23, and 261.24, or the Agency has identified and specifically listed it as a hazardous waste in 40 CFR 261.31, 261.32, and 261.33. The wastewater treatment sludge that is the focus of this XL project typically does not exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste; however, it does meet the narrative listing description for F006, generally described as wastewater treatment sludge from electroplating operations. In promulgating the hazardous waste listings, EPA presented the basis for the listings in 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII ( e. g., the basis for the F006 listing is the presence of cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide ( complexed) in high enough concentrations to present a risk to human health and the environment if the waste is mismanaged). However, the hazardous waste listings are implemented based on their narrative descriptions, not by a waste­ specific assessment of the hazardous constituents the wastes contain ( such an assessment is how the `` toxicity characteristic'' is implemented pursuant to 40 CFR 261.24). To address those wastes that meet the narrative description of a listed hazardous waste but which the generator believes are nonhazardous, RCRA regulations provide a mechanism for the generator to petition the Agency for a determination that the wastes generated at their facility should not be regulated as hazardous ( i. e., a `` delisting'' pursuant to 40 CFR 260.22). 2. Background on the F006 Hazardous Waste Listing On May 19, 1980, EPA promulgated the F006 hazardous waste listing, thereby designating wastewater treatment sludges from electroplating operations to be a RCRA hazardous waste ( see 45 FR 33084). This wastestream is typically generated through the chemical treatment ( e. g., lime precipitation) of wastewaters generated by plating operations to precipitate out certain toxic metals. These wastewaters are typically made up of spent plating/ coating solutions and rinsewaters ( from the rinsing of parts after being plated). As discussed in more detail in the background document supporting the listing of electroplating wastewater treatment sludge ( F006), Electroplating and Metal Finishing Operations ( pages 105 143) ( available in the docket for this project), the Agency noted that while there are many various plating processes covered by the listing, they all generally involve hazardous constituents of concern at concentration levels requiring regulatory oversight to ensure that the management and disposal of such sludges will not result in damages to the environment or otherwise present a risk to human health and the environment. The metal constituents found to be commonly used in electroplating operations include cadmium, lead, chromium ( in hexavalent form), copper, nickel, zinc, gold and silver. Cyanides, strong acids and strong bases are also used extensively in the general types of plating operations intended to be included in the listing description. As stated earlier, the specific constituents of concern cited as the basis for listing such wastewater treatment sludges as hazardous wastes were cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide ( complexed) ( see 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII). While the actual composition of the electroplating­ generated wastewater treatment sludges may vary due to the specific sequence of processing operations ( commonly, more than one processing step is involved in a plating operation), in general, the sludges would be expected to contain significant concentrations of toxic metals, and possibly complexed cyanides in high concentrations if the cyanides are not properly isolated in the wastewater treatment process. Thus, the approach to this hazardous waste listing was one where the constituents typically used in the `` up­ stream'' production process were, in part, the basis of the hazardous waste listing applicable to the residuals from wastewater treatment ( typically alkaline precipitation of the heavy metals). The Agency noted in the May 19, 1980 rulemaking that several plating operations were found to not contain significant concentrations of toxic metals or cyanides, such that the sludges resulting from the treatment of the wastewaters resulting from such operations would not be expected to pose a risk to human health and the environment. These operations were accordingly identified and specifically excluded from the F006 listing description: ( 1) sulfuric acid anodizing of aluminum, ( 2) tin plating on carbon steel, ( 3) zinc plating ( segregated basis) on carbon steel, ( 4) aluminum or zincaluminum plating on carbon steel, ( 5) cleaning/ stripping associated with tin, zinc and aluminum plating on carbon steel, and ( 6) chemical etching and milling of aluminum. ( see 40 CFR 261.31). Accordingly, the chemical make­ up of the materials used in the plating operation was a major consideration in whether the wastewater treatment sludge would be designated a hazardous waste. Other factors that may impact the concentration levels of hazardous constituents in the wastewater treatment sludge are the type and shape of the article being plated, how much of the plating solution is carried over into the rinsewater, and the actual plating process being used. 3. Site­ Specific Considerations at the IBM Vermont Facility Since the IBM facility has many complicated manufacturing processes, a review of the basic steps in semiconductor manufacturing relevant to the metallization process which is the subject of this XL project may be useful. In general, the surface of a silicon wafer is cleaned and passivated ( i. e., coated to provide an insulating layer) with a very thin silicon oxide layer. An organic photoresist is applied to the wafer and a circuit pattern is exposed onto the resist by shining light onto the wafer through a mask. The exposed photoresist is washed away, while the remainder is hardened to protect the insulating layer. After this is completed, the wafer is treated with inorganic liquids and gases to create the doped circuits which provide the semiconductor function. The hardened resist is then removed with organic solvents. At certain points in the process, metallization techniques are used to electronically connect the stacked layers of the semiconductor device. ( The copper metallization process which is the basis for this XL project serves this purpose.) Wafer cleaning and rinsing steps, using mixtures of inorganic acids, oxidizers, and deionized water, occur after many of the process steps. This process cycle is repeated until a fully functional memory or logic device has been produced. After the circuits are built on the wafer, minute amounts of metal are deposited onto the wafer to produce the connections which marry the semiconductor to a module or circuit board for use in a computer. Finally, the wafer is sliced into individual chips for testing and placement onto substrates or modules for use in computer systems. The new copper metallization process IBM has introduced, which is the subject of this XL project, serves to provide the interconnection of the device circuits, electronically connecting the stacked layers of the semiconductor device. In designing the process, IBM worked with the manufacturers of the plating solutions and the manufacturer of the plating tool ( which holds the wafer) to minimize VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54959 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations 1 Prior to the copper electroplating operation, a thin layer of copper is applied to each wafer by vapor deposition. This very thin layer serves as a `` seed'' site for the deposition of the electroplated copper. A scheduled change ( not related to this XL project) in the process for depositing the seed layer will result in additional copper being inadvertently deposited to the outermost edge of the wafer as a result of a change in the way the wafer is held in the tool. Due to this change in the seed layer process, it will be necessary for future copper plating tools to remove the copper from the outer three millimeters of the wafer edge following the plating step to prepare the wafer for future processing. the copper on the edge is removed using an acid spray, in a process step termed `` edge bead removal.'' This will add 0.77 grams/ day of copper to the wastewater stream, representing 5 10% of the load generated by the plating wastewaters and 0.5 1% of the load generated by the total copper process. 2 There are a few cleaning processes at the facility where dilute NF3 is an ineffective substitute for the PFC. However, for those operations, IBM has substituted a much more dilute PFC than was originally used, still achieving reductions in the global warming gas emissions. 3 VTDEC accepted IBM's position that the F006 listing was inappropriately bringing the copper metallization waste stream into the hazardous waste system since the process did not contain the constituents for which F006 was listed. VTDEC has the discretion to waive the hazardous waste tax `` for cause shown.'' 32 VSA 10102( 2). VTDEC took the position that the constituents for which F006 was listed took primacy over the narrative listing description that was intended to further describe wastes within the boundaries of the basis for listing, i. e. the constituents of concern. The constituents described the potential for harm to human health and the environment while the narrative listing description described the processes, known at the time, that were likely to contain the constituents. waste and increase efficiency. The metallization process uses this specialized tool to bring only one side of the wafer into contact with the copper plating solution and applies an electrical current to plate the copper onto the wafer surface. Once the metallization process is complete, the wafer is rinsed with sulfuric acid over the plating bath to keep as much plating solution as possible in the bath ( thus minimizing the amount of plating solution that is carried over into the rinsewaters). After the sulfuric acid rinse, the wafer is then rinsed with deionized water, and deionized water and sulfuric acid, in a pre­ defined sequence, with the resulting rinsewaters being sent through the facility's wastewater treatment system. For each wafer produced, approximately 3.5 grams of plating solution ( containing approximately 0.065 grams of copper) is carried over to the rinsewaters. The volume of water used in the rinsing ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 gallons per wafer. Present projections show that copper mass and rinsewater volume will increase from approximately 110 grams/ day and 1000 2000 gallons/ day, respectively in the second quarter of 1999 to 180 grams/ day and 2000 3000 gallons/ day when the process is fully deployed in 2002.1 Also, the plating unit includes a 40­ gallon reservoir for the plating solution that constantly filters and regenerates the solution. The goal in designing and operating this reservoir is to achieve an infinite bath life for the solution. However, it is currently necessary to replace a portion of the used plating solution in the reservoir with new solution. Currently, IBM drums the spent plating solution from the reservoir and sends the material for appropriate off­ site management. IBM does not currently, nor plan to in the future, send the spent plating solution from the reservoir through the wastewater treatment system. Thus, the only plating solution that is or will be sent through the facility's wastewater treatment system is the relatively small amount that is carried over to the rinsewaters. According to tests conducted by IBM, the plating solution currently being used by the facility does not contain any of the hazardous metal constituents and cyanides which were the focus of the original hazardous waste listing for wastewater treatment sludges from electroplating operations ( and thus, these constituents would not be expected to be in the wastewater treatment sludge unless they are introduced from some other production process). IBM reported other significant environmental benefits of converting to the copper metallization process that should be considered. The copper metallization process replaced an aluminum chemical vapor deposition process that required the vaporization of aluminum for deposit on the wafer. The use of the vapor deposition process entailed cleaning steps that used perfluorinated compounds ( PFCs), which are global warming gases. By replacing a majority of the aluminum connections with copper, a significant reduction in global warming gases will be realized simply by minimizing the number of cleaning steps that use PFCs. It should also be noted that while such vapor deposition processes ( and subsequent cleaning steps) are still required in other aspects of the semiconductor manufacturing process, IBM has developed an alternative cleaning method that uses dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3) instead of PFCs, wherever appropriate. NF3 has significantly less impact on global warming than PFCs. 2 The Agency recognizes this significant environmental benefit although it is not closely associated with the regulatory flexibility being sought by IBM. IBM also reported that the new copper metallization process is much more energy efficient ( 30 to 40% less energy) than the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process it replaces. Similarly, the semiconductor chip produced by the copper metallization process is approximately 25% more energy­ efficient than the chip it replaces. IBM expects this type of metallization process ( or processes very similar) to become more common in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The aluminum chemical vapor deposition process which the copper metallization process replaces was dry and generated no wastewater or sludge that was subject to RCRA. From the time the copper metallization process was first introduced in 1996 until April of 1998, the copper metallization rinsewaters were collected and drummed for off­ site disposal, keeping these wastewaters separate from the onsite wastewater treatment system. However, beginning in May 1998, the volume of rinsewater generated ( approximately 250 gallons/ day) became large enough to make it necessary to introduce the plating rinsewaters into the wastewater treatment system by commingling them with other wastewater streams generated on­ site. Even though the contribution of wastewaters from the copper metallization process to the total volume of wastewater being treated to generate the sludge is minimal ( the volume of rinsewaters from the plating operation expected to be generated when the plating process is at full production is 1600 gallons/ day, compared with an estimated 5,000,000 gallons/ day volume of other on­ site wastewaters), the sludge generated by the treatment of the commingled wastewaters is regulated as F006 because it meets the narrative listing description ( i. e., wastewater treatment sludges from an electroplating operation). Consequently, IBM's reported annual hazardous waste generation increased from 2.14 million pounds to 5.78 million pounds ( 1999 totals) and their waste management costs increased by $ 3,500 per year. Regarding IBM's waste management costs, the State of Vermont has deferred the hazardous waste tax that would normally apply to the generation of an F006 waste ( approximately $ 225,000/ year). 3 While the increased waste management costs ( as well as the associated recordkeeping and paperwork burdens) are relatively insignificant to the facility, they VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54960 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations nevertheless represent increased costs for no net environmental benefit. C. What Solutions Are Being Tested by the IBM Vermont XL Project? IBM's position is that they have adopted a more energy­ and resourceefficient metallization process that employs a plating solution that is significantly different from the plating solutions used when the Agency promulgated the F006 listing, and therefore should not be subject to the F006 listing. This process has been specifically designed to minimize the use of the plating solution while maximizing the use of the copper metal in the solution, and minimizing the amount of solution that is carried over into the rinsewater. Because this metallization process does not contribute hazardous constituents to the wastewater treatment sludge, IBM sought to have its copper metallization process exempted from the F006 hazardous waste listing. Therefore, rather than pursue a delisting of the wastewater treatment sludge under 40 CFR 260.22, IBM has opted to work with the Agency, VTDEC, and interested stakeholders to develop and implement a pilot project under Project XL that will evaluate whether the copper metallization process should be included in the plating operations that result in F006 listed hazardous wastes. The Agency agrees with IBM that this XL project has a somewhat different aspect to it ( i. e., the focus on the innovative production process that generates the wastewaters that, in turn, are treated to generate the listed sludge), such that the delisting approach is not the most suitable. A delisting approach would look strictly at the waste being delisted ( as well as how it is managed), which in this situation is the result of treating large volumes of wastewaters from a variety of production processes ( including wastewaters contributed by the innovative copper metallization process) and would not adequately reflect the specific environmental impacts associated with the innovative production process. It is the innovative production process that causes the wastewater treatment sludge to be designated a hazardous waste. D. What Regulatory Changes Are Being Promulgated to Implement this Project? To implement this XL project, the Agency is promulgating in today's notice a site­ specific exemption in 40 CFR 261.4( b) ( i. e., `` Solid wastes which are not hazardous wastes'') for the copper metallization process at the IBM Vermont facility from the F006 hazardous waste listing description. The Agency considered a modification to the F006 listing description in the table in 40 CFR 261.31( a), adding the copper metallization process at the IBM Vermont facility to the list of plating operations that are not intended to be subject to the listing. However, because the exemption will have a number of conditions that the IBM facility must follow to ensure that this XL project is protective of human health and the environment throughout the term of the project and to provide the information and data the Agency will use to consider whether the regulatory exemption should be incorporated into the national program, the Agency prefered placing the exemption language in 40 CFR 261.4( b). Regardless of where EPA chose to place the exemption language in the regulations ( § 261.31( a) or § 261.4( b)), the legal effect of the exemption is the same. EPA expects that should the exemption of the copper metallization process from the F006 listing be incorporated into the national program, EPA would then modify the listing description in 40 CFR 261.31( a). E. Why Is EPA Supporting This Approach to Removing a Waste From a Hazardous Waste Listing? The Agency agrees with IBM that this XL project has merit and has the potential to yield significant environmental benefits should this exemption be adopted on a national basis. Project XL offers the opportunity for the Agency to test its belief that this innovative process should be encouraged as one that is environmentally superior to existing technologies and to consider the appropriate regulatory status of the wastes from this technology before it is adopted by similar manufacturing facilities. Further, this XL project offered EPA the opportunity to test a different approach to re­ evaluating whether a specific wastestream is appropriately subject to regulatory controls as a listed waste. The existing mechanism for removing a waste from a listing on a site­ specific basis is through a `` delisting'' petition under 40 CFR 260.22. However, the delisting approach is not the most suitable for the situation at the IBM Vermont facility because the scope of the listing itself is at issue. If IBM submitted a delisting petition, EPA would evaluate the hazardous nature of the entire wastewater treatment sludge ( which is the wastestream that actually carries the F006 listing) rather than only that portion which is contributed by the copper metallization process. EPA generally prefers a delisting approach in most circumstances ( it is, generally, a better approach for determining the hazardous nature of the actual waste material and whether the waste should be removed from the hazardous waste management program). In this instance, however, because the Agency wants to test whether IBM's copper metallization process should be included within the scope of the F006 listing, the Agency believed an evaluation of the `` production side'' of the sequence of operations that resulted in the wastewater treatment sludge is more useful. Specifically, because the wastewater treatment sludge is considered hazardous due to an `` upstream'' production unit meeting the narrative description of an electroplating operation, the Agency believed it was more appropriate to evaluate the upstream production unit to determine whether the hazardous waste listing on the `` downstream'' wastewater treatment sludge is warranted. Therefore, the Agency focused on the key parameters on the production side ( in this case, the innovative design and operation of the copper metallization process) to make a determination of the regulatory status of the materials generated on the waste management side ( in this case, the wastewater treatment sludge). This XL project therefore represents an opportunity for EPA to explore a different approach to determining whether a waste ( in this case, one resulting from an innovative process) should continue to be subject to a hazardous waste listing. In other words, this approach may be considered another `` tool'' for the Agency to use in `` fine tuning'' the hazardous waste listings so that the narrative description of a listed waste appropriately delineates between those wastes that pose a risk to human health and the environment from those wastes ( which arguably are generated by very similar processes) that do not pose such a risk. If, in fact, the absence of hazardous constituents of concern in the plating solution is determinative of whether the wastewater treatment sludge is hazardous ( or whether any `` hazard'' in the sludge stems from the plating operation), this may become the key determining factor in similar requests for regulatory exemptions. Alternatively, if the Agency determines that the amount of plating solution that is carried over into the rinsewater ( with focus on the shape of the parts being plated as well as the actual plating process) is the determining factor, this variable may be accounted for in future VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54961 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations rulemakings that address the F006 hazardous waste listing. Because this is an innovative and highly efficient plating technology that also does not use the hazardous constituents common in most electroplating operations, EPA agrees with IBM's expectation that more semiconductor manufacturing facilities will seek to adopt this process ( or ones very similar). The Agency agrees that if there is no adverse effect on the wastewater treatment sludge from the use of this metallization process, then regulating the sludge as a hazardous waste based solely on the fact that the metallization process continues to meet the narrative listing description of an electroplating operation may be imposing regulatory controls unnecessarily. Further, the Agency believes that this innovative metallization process is environmentally superior to the old process it replaces, i. e., the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process. Not only is the metallization process 30 to 40% more energy efficient than the old process and the chips produced approximately 25% more energy efficient, there are also environmental benefits realized by discontinuing the use of the old process. While the metallization process generates a wastewater stream ( and subsequent sludge from the treatment of that wastewater) that was not inherent to the aluminum chemical vapor deposition process, the old vapor deposition process entailed a cleaning step that used perfluorinated compounds ( PFCs), which are global warming gases. The aluminum chemical vapor deposition process basically uses vaporized metal ( in this case, aluminum) that is then deposited on the wafer, all of which occurs in `` chambers.'' The vaporized metal also gets deposited on the insides of these chambers, which must periodically be cleaned of this metal coating. Thus, by replacing the old process with the metallization process, 10,000 metric tons of carbon equivalent ( MTCE) of global warming gases will not be emitted to the air. However, it should be noted that, due to the nature of the materials and components involved in the semiconductor manufacturing process, the vapor deposition process cannot be completely eliminated from the production line, nor can the subsequent cleaning steps. ( However, the number of cleaning steps requiring the use of PFCs has been significantly reduced and will continue to be reduced by the conversion to the innovative copper metallization process. The vapor deposition chambers, therefore, are a major focus in measuring the reduction in global warming gases.) Nevertheless, the Agency believes that the use of the innovative copper metallization process should be encouraged where possible. ( Also, as stated earlier, IBM has developed an alternative cleaning process that uses dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3) as a replacement for the PFCs. The dilute NF3 is reported to have a much lower impact on global warming than the PFCs that would otherwise be used.) From a public policy standpoint, it would not serve to encourage manufacturers to employ less­ hazardous or more environmentally friendly and innovative production processes and ingredients in manufacturing operations if the Agency is unwilling to revisit existing hazardous waste listings to determine if the wastes resulting from such innovative process changes still warrant a hazardous waste listing. This XL project offers the Agency the opportunity to consider proactively the appropriate regulatory status of the wastewater treatment sludges generated from an innovative production process before it is widely used and commonplace and may serve as a precedent for other listed wastestreams. Additionally, the Agency believes that to the extent the implementation of the hazardous waste regulations, including the actual requirements as well as the costs and administrative burdens, are directly related to the hazards being posed by the waste being regulated, this will improve the overall implementation of the program and compliance with the regulations. Just as it is important to ensure that those wastes that can pose significant risk to human health and the environment are properly controlled and managed, it is also important to not needlessly subject wastes that do not pose such risks to the same type of regulatory oversight. F. How Have Various Stakeholders Been Involved in This Project? IBM has established an appropriate stakeholder group to develop the Final Project Agreement for this XL pilot project and to evaluate IBM's plan and progress in implementing the project. IBM has solicited input on this project from a wide range of stakeholders including local and national environmental groups, neighborhood associations, and industry trade associations. Stakeholders have been notified of this project by direct mail, telephone, and notification in the local press. In addition, IBM has conducted a series of meetings with select stakeholders who had agreed to serve as commenters for this project. They had been briefed on the proposal, and were supportive of the project as described. The State of Vermont also supports the project and is a Project Signatory to the Agreement. Stakeholder meetings were held at the IBM facility on February 17 and March 24, 2000. IBM has kept an open dialogue with interested stakeholders since the project's inception and will continue to involve any interested stakeholders in the project's development. In addition, EPA and IBM will make all projectrelated documents and events publically accessible through announcements, EPA's web site and public dockets. G. How Will This Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? As stated earlier, introducing the rinsewaters from the metallization process into the wastewater treatment system has caused the entire volume of wastewater treatment sludge to be defined as a hazardous waste, increasing the facility's waste management costs by approximately $ 3,500/ year. Removing the hazardous waste designation will eliminate this expenditure. Also, as discussed earlier, the State of Vermont has waived the waste tax that would otherwise apply to IBM's generation of F006 waste ( approximately $ 225,000/ year). ( Note that the State of Vermont is not authorized to do hazardous waste delistings which could change the regulatory status of the sludge from a listed hazardous waste to a nonhazardous waste; however, the State has more flexibility in assessing hazardous waste generation taxes. Had the State not granted this tax waiver, the cost savings associated with this specific XL project would be considered significant.) Finally, IBM expects to see cost savings of $ 100,000 to $ 200,000 per year when the conversion to the copper metallization process has been fully implemented. The sources of these cost savings include reduced material costs ( e. g., reduction in the use and resultant purchase of PFCs) and reduced energy expenditures. Because the IBM Vermont facility will continue to be regulated as a Large Quantity Generator due to the volume of hazardous wastes generated at other parts of the facility, and because there is no State hazardous waste tax being applied, the actual reduction in paperwork and cost savings related to waste management are not significant. The wastewater treatment sludge will no longer be considered a hazardous waste ( unless the sludge otherwise exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste) and so will not have to be counted in the facility's annual report. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54962 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations 4 The Agency notes that in the proposed rule language, the condition for reporting on estimated greenhouse gas emissions and reductions from a 1995 base year would cease after 2004 or once IBM had achieved their facility­ wide goal of 50% reduction, whichever comes first. The draft FPA identified the goal as a 40% reduction. No comments were received noting this discrepancy. The correct goal is 40% and the regulatory language being promulgated today has been amended to reflect the correct 40% goal. While this reduction in reported hazardous waste generated will certainly improve the facility's public image, it will save only a little time and money in preparing the annual report for the hazardous wastes generated by other facility operations. There are also cost savings realized by not having to use a hazardous waste transporter or hazardous waste manifest to ship the sludge off­ site for further management. Also, because the sludges are currently shipped to Canada for treatment and disposal, IBM must currently file an annual `` Request for Export of Hazardous Waste'' with Canada, requiring 2 hours of engineering time, as well as several hours of phone calls and follow­ up to ensure the application is expeditiously processed. Such an application and expenditure of resources is not needed if the sludges being shipped to Canada are not hazardous wastes. EPA, as well as VTDEC, will also benefit from some paperwork reduction and cost savings by not having to process and track the manifests and export documents that will otherwise have to be processed without this XL project. In considering the cost savings and paperwork reduction associated with this XL project, it is important to consider the potential impacts if this pilot project proves successful and the regulatory flexibility ( i. e., the exemption of the copper metallization unit from the listing description of F006 wastes) is promulgated on a national basis. The conversion to the copper metallization process represents significant operational cost savings for IBM. As a result, on a national level the overall cost ( and paperwork) reduction that would be realized may be quite significant, assuming this innovative technology ( or a similar one) is adopted by more semiconductor manufacturers. While there is little question that a national exemption patterned after this site­ specific exemption would result in cost and paperwork reductions, because of the variability in how States implement their waste taxes, or other mechanisms for raising revenues based on the hazardous wastes generated in the State, it is difficult to estimate a projected savings on such taxes on a national level. H. What Are the Terms of the IBM Vermont XL Project and How Will They Be Enforced? As stated earlier, to allow for the implementation of the XL pilot project, EPA is today modifying the current regulatory framework in 40 CFR 261.4( b) to provide a site­ specific exemption for IBM's copper metallization process from the narrative description for F006 listed hazardous waste ( see 40 CFR 261.31( a)), thus removing the F006 listing designation from the sludges generated by the treatment of the wastewaters generated by the copper metallization process. VTDEC likewise intends to modify its State hazardous waste program to allow for the same removal of the F006 listing designation from the wastewater treatment sludge. It should be noted that the Agency intends that the exemption will apply to all the wastewater treatment sludge resulting from the treatment of the copper metallization rinsewaters at the site, including those sludges that are in the process of being generated, sludges that result from rinsewaters already in the wastewater treatment system, and sludges that have been removed from the wastewater treatment system and are being stored pending off­ site transportation. Through the development of the Final Project Agreement ( FPA), IBM has agreed to comply with several key criteria as conditions for this exemption, which are included in the regulatory text of the exemption. These conditions are focused on proving the environmental benefits of removing the F006 listing from the wastewater treatment sludges ( or the inappropriateness of designating these wastewater treatment sludges F006 hazardous waste) and to gather the data and other information that would allow the Agency to make a determination regarding the possible future adoption of this site­ specific exemption as a nationwide generic exemption. IBM has also agreed to commit to a good faith effort to achieve several goals related to superior environmental performance. ( Note that while achieving these goals is not being proposed as a condition of the exemption due to their uncertain nature, an evaluation of the success of this XL pilot project will certainly be influenced by IBM's success in achieving their stated goals, as well as the effort expended to achieve the goals.) As conditions of the site­ specific exemption, IBM must report on the following: ( 1) IBM must analyze the plating bath and rinsewaters generated from the copper metallization process. The analysis must be conducted on samples that are representative of rinsewaters and plating baths associated with all the tools that are converted to the copper metallization process and will measure for the presence of volatiles, semivolatiles and metals ( using the methods specified in 40 CFR part 264, appendix IX) in both the plating bath and rinsewaters. IBM must collect, analyze and submit this data twice a year ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year). ( 2) In addition, IBM must report on the status of the greenhouse gas emission reduction project at the facility. This will include greenhouse gas reductions achieved from the conversion to the copper metallization process and IBM's additional voluntary initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its other chamber cleaning processes. IBM will track usage of C2F6, the primary PFC used in the chamber cleaning operation, and estimate the reduction in PFC emissions based on the reduction in chemical usage. Likewise, IBM will provide similar data for the chemicals that replace the C2F6, specifically, dilute nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3), and dilute C2F6, including the quantity of NF3 used in the cleaning process, and the carbon equivalent potential of the NF3 to calculate the global warming impact of the converted processes. IBM will report on the number of chambers converted during the reporting period and remaining to be converted to achieve the site global warming gas emission reduction goal along with an update of the calculated greenhouse gas emission reductions for the facility, both in terms of total mass emitted and mass emitted normalized to production. 4 Submissions of these data are likewise due twice a year, by January 15 and July 15 in conjunction with the plating bath and rinsewater analyses. In addition, IBM commits to monitor copper concentrations in its wastewater effluent for conformance with their current NPDES ( National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) permit. IBM's stated goal is to maintain copper concentrations in the effluent discharge of less than 40% of the discharge limit. I. How Long Will This Project Last and When Will It Be Completed? This project will be in effect for five years from the date that the final rulemaking becomes effective ( the latter of the EPA final rule or the VTDEC final rule) unless it is terminated earlier or extended by all Project Signatories ( if the FPA is extended, the comments and input of stakeholders will be sought and a Federal Register document will be VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54963 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations published). Any Project Signatory may terminate its participation in this project at any time in accordance with the procedures set forth in the FPA. The project will be completed at the conclusion of the five­ year anniversary of the final rulemaking or at a time earlier or later determined by the amount of information gathered to date and the interest of the parties involved. Upon completion of the project term, EPA and VTDEC commit to evaluating the project. If the project results indicate that it was a success, EPA will consider transferring the regulatory flexibility ( or some similar flexibility) to the national RCRA program ( through rulemaking procedures). Should the project results indicate that the project was not successful, EPA will promulgate a rule to remove the site­ specific exemption. Absent any regulatory action on the part of the Agency, the implementing rule ( i. e., the site­ specific exemption) will remain in effect as long as IBM continues to meet its conditions ( i. e., EPA and VTDEC intend to allow IBM to continue operating under the sitespecific rule). However, as for any conditional exemption, if at any time, should IBM fail to meet the conditions of the site­ specific exemption, the exemption is not applicable. Also, the Agency may promulgate a rule to withdraw the exemption at any time, subject to the procedures agreed to in the Final Project Agreement ( FPA), including, but not limited to, a substantial failure on the part of any Project Signatory to comply with the terms and conditions of the FPA or if the exemption becomes inconsistent with future statutory or regulatory requirements. IV. Additional Information A. How Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 12866? Under Executive Order 12866 ( 58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) the Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety in State, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan programs of the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or ( 4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. Because the annualized cost of this final rule will be significantly less than $ 100 million and will not meet any of the other criteria specified in the Executive Order, it has been determined that this rule is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866, and is therefore not subject to OMB review. B. Is a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required? The Regulatory Flexibility Act ( RFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., generally requires an agency to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small not­ forprofit enterprises, and small governmental jurisdictions. This rule will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities because it only affects the IBM facility in Essex Junction, VT and it is not a small entity. Therefore, EPA certifies that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. C. Is EPA Required To Submit a Rule Report Under the Congressional Review Act? The Congressional Review Act, 5 U. S. C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and the Comptroller General of the United States. Section 804, however, exempts from Section 801 the following types of rules: rules of particular applicability, rules relating to agency management and personnel, and rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice that do not substantially affect the rights or obligations of non­ agency parties. 5 U. S. C. 804 ( 3). EPA is not required to submit a rule report regarding today's action under section 801 because this is a rule of particular applicability. D. Is an Information Collection Request Required for This Project Under the Paperwork Reduction Act? This action applies only to one facility, and therefore requires no information collection activities subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act, and therefore no information collection request ( ICR) will be submitted to OMB for review in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501, et seq. E. Does This Project Trigger the Requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act? Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( UMRA), Public Law 104 4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation of why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. As noted above, this rule is applicable only to one facility in Vermont. EPA has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54964 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations significantly or uniquely affect small governments. EPA has also determined that this rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $ 100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private sector in any one year. Thus, today's rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA. F. RCRA & Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 1. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to administer and enforce the RCRA program for hazardous waste within the State. ( See 40 CFR part 271 for the standards and requirements for authorization.) States with final authorization administer their own hazardous waste programs in lieu of the Federal program. Following authorization, EPA retains enforcement authority under sections 3008, 7003 and 3013 of RCRA. After authorization, Federal rules written under RCRA ( non­ HSWA), no longer apply in the authorized state except for those issued pursuant to the Hazardous and Solid Waste Act Amendments of 1984 ( HSWA). New Federal requirements imposed by those rules do not take effect in an authorized State until the State adopts the requirements as State law. In contrast, under section 3006( g) of RCRA, new requirements and prohibitions imposed by HSWA take effect in authorized States at the same time they take effect in nonauthorized States. EPA is directed to carry out HSWA requirements and prohibitions in authorized States until the State is granted authorization to do so. 2. Effect on Vermont Authorization Today's rule, will be promulgated pursuant to non­ HSWA authority, rather than HSWA. Vermont has received authority to administer most of the RCRA program; thus, authorized provisions of the State's hazardous waste program are administered in lieu of the Federal program. Vermont has received authority to administer the regulations that specifically identify hazardous wastes by listing them. As a result, the rule to modify the listing for F006 hazardous waste would not be effective in Vermont until the State adopts the modification. It is EPA's understanding that subsequent to the promulgation of this rule, Vermont intends to propose rules or other legal mechanisms to provide the exemption for the copper metallization process from the F006 listing description. EPA may not enforce these requirements until it approves the State requirements as a revision to the authorized State program. G. How Does This Rule Comply with Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks? The Executive Order 13045, `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: ( 1) Is determined to be `` economically significant,'' as defined under Executive Order 12866; and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not an economically significant rule, as defined by Executive Order 12866, and because it does not involve decisions based on environmental health or safety risks. H. Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 13132: Federalism? Executive Order 13132, entitled: `` Federalism'' ( 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the regulation. EPA may also not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with the State and local officials early in the process of developing the regulation. This rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States. Or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various level of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. The exemption outlined in today's rule will not take effect unless Vermont chooses to adopt the rule or other legal implementing mechanism. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. Although section 6 of Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this rule, EPA did fully coordinate and consult with the state and local officials in developing this rule. I. How Does This Rule Comply With Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments ? Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA must provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of Indian tribal governments to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities. Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. There are no communities of Indian tribal governments located in the vicinity of the facility. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1 54965 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations J. Does This Rule Comply With the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act ? As noted in the proposed rule, section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law 104 113, section 12( d) ( 15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standard. This rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA did not consider the use of any voluntary consensus standards. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 261 Environmental protection, Hazardous materials, Waste treatment and disposal, Recycling. Dated: September 1, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, part 261 of Chapter I of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is to be amended as follows: PART 261 IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 1. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, 6922, 6924( y), and 6938. 2. Section 261.4 is amended by adding paragraph ( b)( 16) to read as follows: § 261.4 Exclusions. * * * * * ( b) * * * ( 16) Sludges resulting from the treatment of wastewaters ( not including spent plating solutions) generated by the copper metallization process at the International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM) semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, VT, are exempt from the F006 listing, provided that: ( i) IBM provides the Agency with semi­ annual reports ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year) detailing constituent analyses measuring the concentrations of volatiles, semivolatiles and metals using methods presented in part 264, appendix IX of this chapter of both the plating solution utilized by, and the rinsewaters generated by, the copper metallization process; ( ii) IBM provides the agency with semi­ annual reports ( by January 15 and July 15 of each year), through the year 2004, or when IBM has achieved its facility­ wide goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from a 1995 base year ( when normalized to production), whichever is first, that contain the following: ( A) Estimated greenhouse gas emissions, and estimated greenhouse gas emission reductions. Greenhouse gas emissions will be reported in terms of total mass emitted and mass emitted normalized to production; and ( B) The number of chemical vapor deposition chambers used in the semiconductor manufacturing production line that have been converted to either low flow C2F6 or NF3 during the reporting period and the number of such chambers remaining to be converted to achieve the facility goal for global warming gas emission reductions. ( iii) No significant changes are made to the copper metallization process such that any of the constituents listed in 40 CFR part 261, appendix VII as the basis for the F006 listing are introduced into the process. * * * * * [ FR Doc. 00 23239 Filed 9 11 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION 41 CFR Parts 101 6 and 102 5 [ FPMR Amendment A 55] RIN 3090 AH08 Home­ to­ Work Transportation AGENCY: Office of Governmentwide Policy, GSA. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The General Services Administration ( GSA) is revising Federal Property Management Regulations ( FPMR) by moving coverage on the official use of Government passenger carriers between residence and place of employment ( i. e. home­ towork transportation) into the Federal Management Regulation ( FMR). A crossreference is added to the FPMR to direct readers to the coverage in the FMR. The FMR is written in plain language to provide agencies with updated regulatory material that is easy to read and understand. EFFECTIVE DATE: September 12, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: James B. Vogelsinger, Federal Vehicle Policy Division ( MTV), 202 501 1764 or e­ mail at vehicle. policy@ gsa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: A. Background As parts of the FPMR are rewritten, they are being moved into the Federal Management Regulation ( FMR). Subpart 101 6.4 of the Federal Property Management Regulations ( FPMR) has been rewritten as a part of GSA's regulatory initiative to update, streamline, and clarify the FPMR. During this rewriting process, GSA surveyed the Federal Fleet Policy Council ( FEDFLEET) members in November 1999 and considered the comments received. The scope provision of the current regulation in subpart 101 6.400 states that the rule does not apply to use of a Government passenger carrier in conjunction with official travel in performing temporary duty ( TDY) assignments. In redrafting the regulation, GSA revised the structure of the rule. While the scope of this final rule states that the regulation governs the use of Government passenger carriers to transport employees between their homes and place of work, the rule still does not apply to the use of a Government passenger carrier in conjunction with official travel in performing temporary duty ( TDY) assignments, or permanent change of station ( PCS) travel, as is made clear in § 102 5.20 of this final rule. GSA occasionally receives inquiries about the tax implications for employees using Government passenger carriers for transportation between their residence and place of employment. Agencies and employees should examine their tax responsibilities and consult the Internal Revenue Service as needed. Another subject about which GSA receives questions involves Government contractor use of Government passenger carriers. While this regulation, in most provisions, addresses Federal officers or employees exclusively, 41 CFR 102 34.230 states that an agency cannot authorize a Government contractor to use motor vehicles between residence and place of employment unless authorized in accordance with 31 U. S. C. 1344 and this regulation. B. Executive Order 12866 GSA has determined that this final rule is not a significant regulatory action VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 08: 38 Sep 11, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 12SER1. SGM pfrm04 PsN: 12SER1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.140649

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0028-0201

Supporting & Related Material

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.277174

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0034-0001

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions

24692 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 82 / Thursday, April 27, 2000 / Notices 5. CP00 6 000: 2/ 29/ 00, Andreas Mager, Jr. 6. CP00 6 000: 4/ 8/ 00, Ken Huntington 7. CP00 6 000: 4/ 7/ 00, Ken Huntington 8. Project Nos. 2699, 2019, and 11563: 4/ 18/ 00, Frank Winchell 9. Project No. 11243, 016: 4/ 13/ 00, John K. Novak ( FERC) 10. CP99 284 000: 4/ 4/ 00, David C. Dybala 11. CP99 284 000: 4/ 7/ 00, David C. Dybala 12. Project No. 2188 030: 4/ 3/ 00, Candace M. Gorton 13. CP00 14 000: 3/ 31/ 00, Janet Rowe 14. CP00 14 000: 4/ 3/ 00, Janet Rowe 15. CP00 14 000: 4/ 3/ 00, Lauri May 16. CP00 14 000: 4/ 11/ 00, Todd Mattson 17. CP00 6 000: 11/ 8/ 99, Thomas O. Maher, PhD. 18. CP00 6 000: 3/ 15/ 00, Thomas O. Maher, PhD. 19. Project No. 2471 005: 4/ 18/ 00, William Taft, Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources 20. Project No. 2576: 4/ 8/ 00, Peter J. Forte 21. Project No. 2661 012: 4/ 19/ 00, Douglas Hjorth 22. CP00 14 000: 4/ 17/ 00, Brian O'Higgins 23. CP00 14 000: 4/ 18/ 00, Janet Rowe 24. Project No. 2576: 3/ 28/ 00, James Gaffney 25. Project No. 2576: 3/ 27/ 00, Keech T. LeClair 26. Project No. 2576: 3/ 29/ 00, Robert W. Harris 27. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, Barry Burbach 28. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, AM Matula 29. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, Christopher Provost 30. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, kiss@ bestweb. net 31. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, KH@ bestweb. net 32. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, ktl@ bestweb. net 33. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, wwoc@ bestweb. net 34. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, wwoc@ bestweb. net 35. Project No. 2676: 3/ 30/ 00, ajl@ bestweb. net 36. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, Keech T. LeClair 37. Project No. 2576: 3/ 30/ 00, cc@ bestweb. net 38. Project No. 2576: 4/ 1/ 00, Paraic Sweeney 39. Project No. 2576: 3/ 31/ 00, BMcdon 1342@ aol. com 40. Project No. 2576: 4/ 20/ 00, Kim Wantek 41. Project No. 2576: 4/ 17/ 00, DocOnWeelz@ aol. com 42. Project No. 2576: 4/ 5/ 00, Dan Greenbaum 43. Project No. 2676: 4/ 5/ 00, M Convard Prohibited 1. Project No. 11243: 3/ 16/ 00, Kenneth J. Gates David P. Boergers, Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 10471 Filed 4 26 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6585 1] Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this notice announces that EPA is planning to submit the following continuing Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): Land Disposal Restrictions, EPA ICR # 1442, OMB Control Number 2050 0085, expires August 31, 2000. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection as described below. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before June 26, 2000. ADDRESSES: Commenters must send an original and two copies of their comments referencing docket number F 00 LRIP FFFFF to: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305G), U. S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, D. C. 20460. Hand deliveries of comments should be made to the Arlington, VA, address below. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: rcradocket@ epamail. epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number F 2000 LRIP FFFFF. All electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Commenters should not submit electronically any confidential business information ( CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305W), U. S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, D. C. 20460. Public comments and supporting materials are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9: 00 a. m. to 4: 00 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling ( 703) 603 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. This notice and the supporting documents that detail the Land Disposal Restrictions ICR are also available electronically. See the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for information on accessing them. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at 1 800 424 9346 or TDD 1 800 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, D. C., metropolitan area, call ( 703) 412 9810 or TDD ( 703) 412 3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this information collection, contact Peggy Vyas, Office of Solid Waste ( 5302W), U. S. EPA, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D. C. 20460, telephone: ( 703) 308 5477, E­ mail: vyas. peggy@ epamail. epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Affected entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are generators of hazardous waste, as well as owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. Title: Land Disposal Restrictions, EPA ICR # 1442, OMB Control Number 2050 0085, expires on August 31, 2000. Internet Availability: The ICR is available on the Internet. Follow these instructions to access the information electronically: On WWW: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ ldr­ icr. htm The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. EPA responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be in a background document to a notice in the Federal Register. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. ( Note: The official record for this action will be kept in paper form and maintained at the address in the ADDRESSES section above.) Abstract: Section 3004 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA), as amended, requires that EPA develop standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal as may be necessary to protect human health and the environment. Subsections 3004( d), ( e), and ( g) require EPA to promulgate regulations that prohibit the land disposal of hazardous VerDate 26< APR> 2000 17: 37 Apr 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27APN1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 27APN1 24693 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 82 / Thursday, April 27, 2000 / Notices 1 Cooperating Federal agencies are those Federal agencies that have written agreements with the EPA to be co­ sponsors of the National Watershed Forum. waste unless it meets specified treatment standards described in subsection 3004( m). The regulations implementing these requirements are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR) Title 40, part 268. EPA requires that facilities maintain the data outlined in this ICR so that the Agency can ensure that land disposed waste meets the treatment standards. EPA strongly believes that the recordkeeping requirements are necessary for the agency to fulfill its congressional mandate to protect human health and the environment. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The EPA would like to solicit comments to: ( i) Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; ( ii) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ( iii) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ( iv) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. Burden Statement: The following table summarizes the burden associated with this ICR: Citation Annual recordkeeping burden Annual reporting burden § 268.4 ................................. 1 hour and 10 minutes .................................................... 2 hours and 10 minutes. § 268.7( a)( 1) ......................... 6 hours and 10 minutes .................................................. n/ a. § 268.7( a)( 2) ( 4) .................. n/ a ................................................................................... 20 minutes. § 268.7( a)( 5) ......................... 4 hours and 50 minutes .................................................. n/ a. § 268.7( a)( 6) ( 8) .................. 10 minutes ....................................................................... n/ a. § 268.7( a)( 9) ( 10) ................ n/ a ................................................................................... 40 minutes. § 268.7( b)( 3) ( 6) .................. 3 hours ............................................................................ 33 hours and 30 minutes. § 268.7( c)( 1) ......................... 40 minutes ....................................................................... n/ a. § 268.7( d) ............................. 2 hours and 15 minutes .................................................. 10 minutes. § 268.7( e) ............................. 10 minutes ....................................................................... 30 minutes. § 268.9( d) ............................. 5 minutes ......................................................................... n/ a. § 268.42 ............................... 1 hour and 30 minutes .................................................... 11 hours. § 268.44 ............................... 1 hour and 30 minutes .................................................... 10 hours and 40 minutes. § 268.50( a)( 2) ....................... 4 hours and 30 minutes .................................................. n/ a. Total .............................. 26 hours .......................................................................... 59 hours. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Dated: April 19, 2000. James R. Berlow, Acting Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00 10520 Filed 4 26 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6585 8] Notice of Request for Pre­ Proposals To Convene a National Watershed Forum AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given that the EPA is soliciting pre­ proposals from organizations interested in convening a National Watershed Forum and that are eligible to receive Federal assistance awards under the Clean Water Act Section 104( b)( 3). Eligible entities under Clean Water Act Section 104( b)( 3) authority are `` State water pollution control agencies, interstate agencies, other public or non­ profit private agencies, institutions, organizations, and individuals.'' EPA will award up to $ 300,000 to a recipient organization through a cooperative agreement to support the recipient organization's efforts to convene a National Watershed Forum. DATES: Pre­ proposals must be received on or before 5pm Eastern Time on June 1, 2000 to be considered for this Federal assistance award. ADDRESSES: Pre­ proposals must be electronically mailed ( E­ mailed) to forum. watershed@ epa. gov FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chris Lewicki by telephone at 202 260 2757 or by E­ mail at forum. watershed@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What Is the Purpose of This Request for Pre­ Proposals? EPA is seeking to award a cooperative agreement to a non­ profit organization or other eligible entity under the Clean Water Act Section 104( b)( 3) to support the recipient organization's efforts to convene a National Watershed Forum ( Forum), preferably in Spring 2001, but no later than November 17, 2001. EPA and cooperating Federal agencies 1 will jointly co­ sponsor the Forum with the recipient organization and, through participation on a Forum planning committee, will have substantial involvement in helping the recipient organization carry out the project. This is a request for pre­ proposals from eligible entities who wish to convene a National Watershed Forum VerDate 26< APR> 2000 16: 27 Apr 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27APN1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 27APN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.356882

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0034-0005

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions

65856 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 213 / Thursday, November 2, 2000 / Notices delegated enforcement authority by EPA and also request these reports. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on April 18, 2000 ( 65 FR 20813); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 75 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: Owners/ Operators of Commercial Ethylene Oxide Sterilization/ Fumigation Operations. Estimated Number of Respondents: 100. Frequency of Response: Daily, Monthly, and Semi­ annually. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 7,328 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, O& M Cost Burden: $ 228,000. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the addresses listed above. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 1666.05 and OMB Control No. 2060 0283 in any correspondence. Dated: October 20, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 28165 Filed 11 1 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6895 2] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Land Disposal Restrictions, EPA ICR # 1442.17, OMB Control Number 2050 0085, expires December 31, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before December 4, 2001. ADDRESSES: Send comments, referencing EPA ICR No. 1442.17 and OMB Control No. 2050 0085, to the following addresses: Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Collection Strategies Division ( Mail Code 2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460; and to Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget ( OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download a copy of the ICR off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1442.17. For technical questions about the ICR contact Peggy Vyas at 703 308 5477. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Land Disposal Restrictions, EPA ICR # 1442.17, OMB Control Number 2050 0085, expires on December 31, 2000. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: Section 3004 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA), as amended, requires that EPA develop standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal as may be necessary to protect human health and the environment. Subsections 3004( d), ( e), and ( g) require EPA to promulgate regulations that prohibit the land disposal of hazardous waste unless it meets specified treatment standards described in subsection 3004( m). The regulations implementing these requirements are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR) title 40, part 268. EPA requires that facilities maintain the data outlined in this ICR so that the Agency can ensure that land disposed waste meets the treatment standards. EPA strongly believes that the recordkeeping requirements are necessary for the agency to fulfill its congressional mandate to protect human health and the environment. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on April 27, 2000 ( 65 FR 24692). One comment was received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 4.28 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: Business and Government. Estimated Number of Respondents: 167,303. Frequency of Response: On occasion. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 1,182,612 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, Operating/ Maintenance Cost Burden: $ 72,851. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the addresses listed above. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 56 Nov 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 02NON1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 02NON1 65857 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 213 / Thursday, November 2, 2000 / Notices Please refer to EPA ICR No. 1442.17 and OMB Control No. 2050 0085 in any correspondence. Dated: October 24, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 28167 Filed 11 1 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 05 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6895 3] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Request for Information for the Bioremediation Field Initiative Database System AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Request for Information for the Bioremediation Field Initiative Database System, EPA ICR No. 1672.03, OMB Control No. 2080 0048, expires November 30, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before December 4, 2000. ADDRESSES: Send comments, referencing EPA ICR No. 1672.03 and OMB Control No. 2080 0048, to the following addresses: Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Collection Strategies Division ( Mail Code 2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460; and to Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget ( OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20503. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1672.03. For technical questions about the ICR contact Fran Kremer at 513 569 7346 or email at kremer. fran@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Request for Information for the Bioremediation Field Initiative Database System ( OMB Control No. 2080 0048; EPA ICR No. 1672.03) expiring November 30, 2000. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: This is an ICR renewal for gathering information on the design, operation, and performance of biological treatment technologies from remediation experts and managers working at sites where biological treatment technologies are being tested or implemented. The authority for collecting information on innovative treatment technologies is described at section 311 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, section 8003 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, section 7001 of the Oil Pollution Act, and section 10 of the Toxic Substance Control Act. Response to the collection of information is voluntary. The information will help the EPA to deploy innovative technologies more quickly at Superfund and other sites. Selected respondents are asked to complete and return, via mail, a two­ part questionnaire. The first part requests general site information, such as location, contacts, contaminants, and legislative authority under which the site is being remediated. The second part requests site­ specific biotechnology information, such as the stage of the operation, wastes and media being treated, cleanup level goals, and the performance and cost of the treatment. Again, all responses are strictly voluntary. Following the initial questionnaire, respondents receive followup questionnaires on a semiannual basis to update the information already provided. EPA compiles information from completed questionnaires into the Bioremediation Field Initiative computer database. EPA developed a software program called the Bioremediation in the Field Search System ( BFSS) to search, view, and report information in the database. Recently, EPA re­ engineered this software into a Web­ enabled application, making the BFSS data available to the public for online searching. Each site in the database includes contact information for one or more individuals associated with the regulatory authority or application of bioremediation technology at the site. Remediation professionals may contact individuals with common site conditions to share information. Summary statistics may be drawn from the database to elucidate trends in bioremediation. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on March 15, 2000 ( 65 FR 13962); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1.0 hour per response for update respondents and 5.0 hours per response for first­ time respondents. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: State/ local governments, private companies, universities, and research centers. Estimated Number of Respondents: 781. Frequency of Responses: Semiannually and annually. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 1620. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, Operating/ Maintenance Cost Burden: 0. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the following addresses. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 1672.03 and OMB Control No. 2080 0048 in any correspondence. Dated: October 26, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 28168 Filed 11 1 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 56 Nov 01, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 02NON1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 02NON1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.365364

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0038-0001

Rule

Adequacy of State Permit Programs under RCRA Subtitle D; Direct Final Rule

[ Federal Register: January 12, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 8)] [ Rules and Regulations] [ Page 1814­ 1817] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr12ja00­ 21] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 257 and 258 [ FRL­ 6521­ 4] Adequacy of State Permit Programs Under RCRA Subtitle D AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Direct final rule. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: EPA is taking direct final action to streamline the approval process for specific state permit programs for solid waste disposal facilities other than municipal solid waste landfills ( MSWLF) that receive conditionally exempt small quantity generator ( CESQG) hazardous waste. States whose Subtitle D MSWLF permit programs or Subtitle C hazardous waste management programs have been reviewed and approved or authorized by EPA are eligible for this streamlined approval process if their state programs require the disposal of CESQG hazardous waste in suitable facilities. EPA is issuing an adequacy determination to the state programs for Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. Elsewhere in the proposed rule section of today's Federal Register, EPA is proposing the program adequacy of these states and soliciting comment on this decision. If relevant adverse comments are received, EPA will withdraw this direct final rule of program adequacy and address the comments in a subsequent final rule. EPA will not give additional opportunity for comment. If EPA receives relevant adverse comment concerning the adequacy of only certain state programs, the Agency's withdrawal of the direct final rule will only apply to those state programs. Comments on the inclusion or exclusion of one state permit program will not affect the timing of the decision on the other state permit programs. DATES: This direct final rule is effective on April 11, 2000 unless the Agency receives timely relevant adverse comments by February 11, 2000. Should the Agency receive such relevant adverse comments, EPA will publish a timely withdrawal of this direct final rule in the Federal Register informing the public that the rule will not take effect. ADDRESSES: Send or hand deliver an original and one copy of your comments referencing docket number R7/ ARTD/ SWPP­ 00­ 01 to: Region VII Information Resource Center, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 901 N. 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: r7­ library@ epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number listed above. All electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. You can view and copy documents pertaining to this regulatory docket in the Region VII Information Resource Center ( Library), located on the Plaza Level at the address noted above. The Library is open from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, call ( 913) 551­ 7241 or TTY ( 913) 321­ 9516. For information on accessing paper and electronic copies of documents or supporting materials relating to the direct final rule, or for information on specific aspects of this rule, contact Wes Bartley, U. S. EPA Region VII, ARTD/ SWPP, 901 N. 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101, [[ Page 1815]] phone ( 913) 551­ 7632, or by e­ mail at bartley. wes@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Therefore, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The official record is the paper record kept at the address in ADDRESSES at the beginning of this document. Responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be in a document in the Federal Register as outlined in DATES above or in a response to comments document placed in the official record for this rulemaking. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. A. Background Section 4010( c) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) requires EPA to revise the criteria for facilities that accept household hazardous waste and CESQG hazardous waste, or both. On October 9, 1991, EPA issued Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ( 40 CFR part 258). These criteria include location restrictions and standards for design, operation, ground­ water monitoring, corrective action, financial assurance, and closure/ postclosure care for MSWLF. MSWLF typically receive both household hazardous waste and CESQG hazardous waste. On July 1, 1996, EPA issued the revised Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices to address solid waste disposal facilities other than MSWLF that receive CESQG waste ( 40 CFR part 257, subpart B). These criteria include location restrictions, ground­ water monitoring, and corrective action standards. The 40 CFR part 257, subpart B, criteria and the 40 CFR part 258 criteria, referred to collectively as the `` Subtitle D federal revised criteria,'' establish minimum federal standards to ensure that all Subtitle D facilities that may receive CESQG wastes are designed and managed in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment. RCRA section 4005, as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, requires states to develop permitting programs or other systems of prior approvals and conditions to ensure that solid waste disposal units that receive household hazardous waste and CESQG hazardous waste, or both, comply with the federal revised criteria. Section 4005 also requires EPA to determine the adequacy of these state permit programs. To fulfill this need, the Agency issued the State Implementation Rule ( SIR) on October 23, 1998 ( 63 FR 57026) to give a process for approving state municipal solid waste permit programs. The SIR specifies the criteria that state MSWLF permit programs must satisfy to be determined adequate. The SIR also addresses the processes that should be used for approving state programs for non­ MSWLF that receive CESQG hazardous waste. Throughout this direct final rule, the term `` approved state'' refers only to a state that has received approval for its MSWLF permit program under Subtitle D ( 40 CFR part 258) and the term `` authorized state'' refers only to a state that has an authorized hazardous waste permit program under Subtitle C ( 40 CFR part 264). Today's final adequacy determination is intended to give a streamlined approval process to address specific state programs that require the disposal of CESQG hazardous waste in suitable facilities and whose Subtitle D MSWLF permit programs or Subtitle C hazardous waste management programs have been reviewed and approved or authorized by the Agency. Today's direct final rule applies to the state programs for Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. Programs developed by these states for permitting either hazardous waste facilities or MSWLFs have been reviewed and approved or authorized by the Agency. The regulatory programs are more comprehensive and/ or more stringent than the part 257, subpart B, criteria. The Agency has determined that the above states have submitted the documentation that would have been needed for the determination of permit program adequacy under 40 CFR part 257, subpart B. Further, the Agency has determined that the technical review conducted for either `` approval'' of MSWLF permitting programs or `` authorization'' of hazardous waste permitting programs can substitute for the technical review of the standards for 40 CFR part 257, subpart B, and their implementation by the states. The states that are today receiving a final determination of adequacy had previously submitted documentation of state statutory authorities and requirements that regulate solid waste disposal units that may receive CESQG waste. In each case, state statutes, regulations, and/ or internal policies and practices were reviewed and found to serve as the basis for ensuring that the state permit program or other system of prior approvals and conditions had adequate authority to ensure compliance with the hazardous waste or MSWLF regulations, as appropriate. The technical requirements for part 257, subpart B, are location restrictions and requirements for ground­ water monitoring, corrective action, and recordkeeping. These requirements have been met by the state programs listed in today's final determination. The three states considered in today's determination are `` authorized'' states that have authorized hazardous waste permit programs under Subtitle C ( 40 CFR part 264). These states have laws, regulations, or guidance in place providing that CESQG hazardous waste may be lawfully managed in a RCRA Subtitle C facility ( see 61 FR 34264). Also, these states are `` approved'' states for MSWLF permit programs under Subtitle D ( 40 CFR part 258). However, only Kansas and Nebraska have laws, regulations, or guidance in place providing that CESQG hazardous waste may be lawfully managed in a MSWLF meeting or exceeding the requirements of 40 CFR part 258 ( see 61 FR 34264). Management of CESQG hazardous waste is allowed in the three states only at facilities as described above. For all states, the state regulations have been reviewed by EPA, found to be equal to or more stringent than 40 CFR part 257, subpart B, and approved. Most state program regulations contain additional requirements and are more stringent than the federal requirements. The states covered by today's approval have permit programs or other systems of prior approval for all waste disposal units in their jurisdictions that may receive CESQG hazardous waste. These states provide for public participation in permit issuance and enforcement as specified in the SIR rule. Finally, EPA believes that these states have sufficient compliance monitoring and enforcement authorities to take action against any owner or operator that fails to comply with regulations applicable to waste disposal units that may receive CESQG hazardous waste. B. Decision After reviewing the states' previous submissions for approval under Subtitle D ( 40 CFR part 258) and authorization under Subtitle C ( 40 CFR part 264), the Agency concludes that the above states meet all of the statutory and regulatory requirements established by RCRA. Accordingly, the above states are granted a final determination of adequacy for all portions of their permit program for solid waste disposal units [[ Page 1816]] that may receive CESQG hazardous waste. RCRA section 4005( a) provides that citizens may use the citizen suit provisions of RCRA section 7002 to enforce the Federal Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices in 40 CFR part 257, subpart B, independent of any state enforcement program. As explained in the preamble to 40 CFR part 257, subpart B, EPA expects that any owner or operator complying with the provisions of a state program approved by EPA requiring that CESQG hazardous waste be disposed of in either a Subtitle C facility or a Subtitle D MSWLF would be in compliance with the federal criteria. See 61 FR 34264 ( July 1, 1996). Today's action will become effective on April 11, 2000 if no adverse comments are received. Related Acts of Congress and Executive Orders A. Executive Order 12866 Under Executive Order 12866, ( 58 FR 51735 ( October 4, 1993)) the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or ( 4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order.'' It has been determined that this rule is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866 and is therefore not subject to OMB review. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act ( 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act ( SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( i. e., small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The following discussion explains EPA's determination. This rule does not impose any new burdens on small entities. It merely confirms existing needs for the disposal of CESQG waste under state law. This proposal does not impose any new cost burdens. I hereby certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule, therefore, does not need a regulatory flexibility analysis. C. The Paperwork Reduction Act Today's proposal is in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq. We found that no information is being collected from the states for this direct final rule, so we do not need to prepare an Information Collection Request. D. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( UMRA), Public Law 104­ 4, establishes requirements for federal agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on state, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures by state, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development by EPA of regulatory proposals with significant federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. The Agency's analysis of compliance with UMRA found that today's rule imposes no enforceable duty on any state, local, or tribal governments or the private sector; thus today's rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of UMRA. E. Executive Order 13045 `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885 ( April 23, 1997)) applies to any rule that: ( 1) is determined to be `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not an economically significant rule as defined by Executive Order 12866, and because it does not involve decisions based on environmental health or safety risks. F. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 ( NTTAA), Public Law 104­ 113, section 12( d) ( 15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to [[ Page 1817]] provide explanations to Congress, through OMB, when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This proposed rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA is not considering the use of any voluntary consensus standards. G. Executive Order 13132 Executive Order 13132 ( Federalism, 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999) revokes and replaces Executive Order 12612 ( Federalism) and Executive Order 12875 ( Enhancing the Intergovernmental Partnership). Executive Order 13132 requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by state and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by state and local governments, or EPA consults with state and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts state law unless the Agency consults with state and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. This direct final rule will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. H. Executive Order 13084 Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide OMB, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities.'' Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. There is no impact to tribal governments as a result of the state plan approvals. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. I. Executive Order 12898 EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all residents of the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, bears disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and all people live in clean and sustainable communities. The Agency does not believe that today's rule granting state permit program approval will have a disproportionately high and adverse environmental or economic impact on any minority or low­ income group, or on any other type of affected community. J. The Congressional Review Act The Congressional Review Act, 5 U. S. C. 801 et seq., as added by the 1996 SBREFA, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U. S. Senate, the U. S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A major rule cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register. This action is not a `` major rule'' as defined by 5 U. S. C. 804( 2). This rule will be effective April 11, 2000. Authority: This document is issued under the authority of sections 2002 and 4005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6912 and 6945. Dated: December 29, 1999. Dennis Grams, Regional Administrator, Region VII. [ FR Doc. 00­ 614 Filed 1­ 11­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ P

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.376745

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0039-0001

Proposed Rule

Adequacy of State Permit Programs under RCRA Subtitle D; Proposed Rule

[ Federal Register: January 12, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 8)] [ Proposed Rules] [ Page 1842­ 1843] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr12ja00­ 36] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 257 and 258 [ FRL­ 6521­ 3] Adequacy of State Permit Programs Under RCRA Subtitle D AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: EPA is proposing this action to streamline the approval process for specific state permit programs for solid waste disposal facilities other than municipal solid waste landfills ( MSWLF) that receive conditionally exempt small quantity generator ( CESQG) hazardous waste. States whose Subtitle D MSWLF permit programs or Subtitle C hazardous waste management programs have been reviewed and approved or authorized by the Agency are eligible for this streamlined approval process if their state programs require the disposal of CESQG hazardous waste in suitable facilities. EPA is issuing an adequacy determination to the state programs for Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. Elsewhere in the final rule section of today's Federal Register, EPA is issuing a direct final rule that sets forth the Agency's determination of program adequacy. EPA views this as a noncontroversial action that declares that specific state programs for disposal of CESQG waste meet all of the statutory and regulatory needs set up under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA). Thus, we expect no adverse comments. A detailed rationale for this decision is in the preamble to the final rule of program adequacy. If no relevant adverse comments are received in response to this action, no further Agency action is needed. If EPA receives relevant adverse comments, EPA will withdraw the direct final rule and discuss the comments in a later final rule. This is your only chance to comment. If EPA receives relevant adverse comment concerning the adequacy of only certain state programs, the Agency's withdrawal of the direct final rule will only apply to those state programs. Comments on the inclusion or exclusion of one state permit program will not affect the timing of the decision on the other state permit programs. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before February 11, 2000. ADDRESSES: Send or hand deliver an original and one copy of your comments referencing docket number R7/ ARTD/ SWPP­ 00­ 01 to: Region VII Information Resource Center, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 901 N. 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: r7­ library@ epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number listed above. All electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. You can view and copy documents pertaining to this regulatory docket in the Region VII Information Resource Center ( Library), located on the Plaza Level at the address noted above. The Library is open to the public from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, call ( 913) 551­ 7241 or TTY ( 913) 321­ 9516. For information on accessing paper and electronic copies of documents or supporting materials relating to the proposed rule, or for information on specific aspects of this rule, contact Wes Bartley, U. S. EPA Region VII, ARTD/ SWPP, 901 N. 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101, phone ( 913) 551­ 7632, or by e­ mail at bartley. wes@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Therefore, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The official record is the paper record kept at the address in ADDRESSES at the beginning of this document. EPA responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be in a document in the Federal Register or in a response to comments document placed in the official record for this rulemaking. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. Background As set out in detail in the related direct final rule, EPA has decided that specific state permit programs for facilities receiving CESQG waste meet the needs for program approval under RCRA section 4005( c)( 1)( C). Today's document applies to the state programs for Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. Programs developed by these states for permitting either hazardous waste facilities or MSWLF have been reviewed and approved or authorized by the Agency. The regulatory programs are more comprehensive and/ or more stringent than the federal revised criteria for facilities receiving CESQG hazardous waste. The Agency has found that the above states have already submitted the documentation that would have been needed for the determination of permit program adequacy under RCRA section 4005( c)( 1)( C). Further, the Agency has found that the technical review conducted for either approval or authorization can substitute for the technical review of the standards for the federal revised criteria. Additional Information For more information, see the corresponding direct final rule published elsewhere in the rule section of this Federal Register. If you wish to comment, you should review the more detailed discussion in that section of today's Federal Register. Authority: This document is issued under the authority of sections 2002 and 4005 of the [[ Page 1843]] Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6912 and 6945. Dated: December 29, 1999. Dennis Grams, Regional Administrator, Region VII. [ FR Doc. 00­ 615 Filed 1­ 11­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ U

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.384994

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0042-0001

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions No-Migration Variances; Notice

8699 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 35 / Tuesday, February 22, 2000 / Notices 1,817 feet msl; ( 3) a 11­ foot­ diameter, 26,123­ foot­ long concrete tunnel; ( 4) a powerhouse containing two generating units with a total installed capacity of 45 MW; and ( 5) other appurtenances. m. Each application for a new license and any competing license applications must be filed with the Commission at least 24 months prior to the expiration of the existing license. All applications for license for this project must be filed by February 28, 2003. David P. Boergers, Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 4091 Filed 2 18 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [ Project No. 184] El Dorado Irrigation District; Notice of Meeting Cancellation February 15, 2000. The meeting scheduled for February 22, 2000, at 9: 30 a. m. in Placerville, California announced by notice issued February 7, 2000, has been canceled. If the Commission's staff schedule to attend a public District's meeting in the future, appropriate notice will be issued. David P. Boergers, Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 4092 Filed 2 18 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [ Docket No. RP97 431 000] Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America; Notice of Rescheduling of Conference February 15, 2000. Take notice that the conference in the above­ captioned proceeding has been rescheduled for Thursday, March 2, 2000, beginning at 10: 00 am, in a room to be designated at the offices of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street, NE, Washington DC 20426. All interested parties are permitted to attend. David P. Boergers, Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 4088 Filed 2 18 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6540 5] Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that EPA is planning to submit the following continuing Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances, EPA ICR Number 1353, OMB Control Number 2050 0062, current expiration date May 31, 2000. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection as described below. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before April 24, 2000. ADDRESSES: Commenters must send an original and two copies of their comments referencing docket number F 2000­ NVIP­ FFFFF to: ( 1) if using regular US Postal Service mail: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters ( EPA, HQ), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002, or ( 2) if using special delivery, such as overnight express service: RCRA Docket Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: rcra­ docket@ epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number F 2000­ NVIP­ FFFFF and must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Commenters should not submit electronically any confidential business information ( CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305W), U. S. EPA, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002. Public comments and supporting materials are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling 703 603 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. See the `` Supplementary Information'' section for information on accessing them. The ICR is available on the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ icr/ nomigvar. htm The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. EPA responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be in a notice in the Federal Register. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at 800 424 9346 or TDD 800 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 703 412 9810 or TDD 703 412 3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this rulemaking, contact David Eberly, Office of Solid Waste, 5303W, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002, by phone at 703 308­ 8645, or by e­ mail at eberly. david@ epamail. epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Internet Availability Today's notice and the supporting documents that detail the No­ Migration Regulations ICR are available on the Internet. Follow these instructions to access this information electronically: WWWURL: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ icr/ nomigvar. htm FTP: ftp. epa. gov Login: anonymous Password: your Internet e­ mail address Path:/ pub/ epaoswer Note: The official record for this action will be kept in paper form and maintained at the address in the ADDRESSES section above. Affected entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are owners and VerDate 16< FEB> 2000 21: 07 Feb 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 22FEN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 22FEN1 8700 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 35 / Tuesday, February 22, 2000 / Notices operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. Title: Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances, EPA ICR Number 1353, OMB Control Number 2050 0062, current expiration date May 31, 2000. Abstract: To receive a variance from the hazardous waste land disposal prohibitions, owner/ operators of hazardous waste storage or disposal facilities may petition the Environmental Protection Agency to allow land disposal of a specific restricted waste at a specific site. The EPA Regional Offices will review the petitions and determine if they successfully demonstrate `` no migration.'' The applicant must demonstrate that hazardous wastes can be managed safely in a particular land disposal unit, so that `` no migration'' of any hazardous constituents occurs from the unit for as long as the waste remains hazardous. ( See 40 CFR 268.6.) If EPA grants the variance, the waste is no longer prohibited from land disposal in that particular unit. If the owner/ operator fails to make this demonstration, or chooses not to petition for the variance, best demonstrated available technology ( BDAT) requirements of 40 CFR 268.40 et seq must be met before the hazardous wastes are placed in a land disposal unit. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The EPA would like to solicit comments to: ( i) Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; ( ii) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ( iii) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ( iv) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. Burden Statement: The Agency is estimating that no more than one respondent will prepare and submit a No­ Migration variance petition during the three year period of this ICR. EPA estimates that the total annual respondent burden for all information collection activities will be approximately 3,137 hours, at an annual cost of $ 187,136. The annual cost includes annual capital start up and operation and maintenance costs of approximately $ 180. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Dated: February 14, 2000. Elizabeth A. Cotsworth, Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00 4142 Filed 2 18 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6541 3] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements Under EPA's Energy Star Homes Program AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this notice announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements Under EPA's Energy Star Homes Program, EPA ICR No. 1879.01. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before March 23, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR, contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1879.01. For technical questions about the ICR contact Glenn Chinery at ( 202) 564 9784. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements Under EPA's Energy Star Homes Program; EPA ICR No. 1879.01.) This is a new collection. Abstract: This ICR covers recordkeeping and reporting activities for both participation in the Energy Star Homes Program as well as participation in a three­ year impact evaluation of the Energy Star Homes Program. The Energy Star Homes Program Impact Evaluation is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in meeting the program's stated objectives. The evaluation will cover Energy Star Homes built during 1997 98 ( the `` first year''), 1999 ( the `` second year''), and 2000 ( the `` third year''). The evaluation consists of surveying Energy Star homebuyers, non­ Energy Star homebuyers ( hereafter referred to as `` Control'' homebuyers), Energy Star builder partners, energy suppliers, and Home Energy Rating System ( HERS) providers. By collecting information from these different constituents, EPA will be able to determine whether Energy Star homebuyers are satisfied with their purchase; builder partners are meeting their business objectives; and Energy Star homes are delivering the pollution prevention promised. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on 10/ 05/ 98 ( 63 FR 53415), no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for participation on the Energy Star Homes Program is estimated to be 3.7 hours per participant. The burden for the respondents participating in the Impact Evaluation is estimated to average 0.22 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. VerDate 16< FEB> 2000 20: 35 Feb 18, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 22FEN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 22FEN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.389316

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0042-0003

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions No-Migration Variances

44046 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 137 / Monday, July 17, 2000 / Notices approval, Rate Order No. WAPA 60, previously extended under Rate Order No. WAPA 83, will be extended under Rate Order WAPA 90. A notice of an extension of the firm power and firm peaking power service rates was published in the Federal Register on March 29, 2000. Therefore, Western is extending P SMBP ED firm power and firm peaking power service rates under Rate Order No. WAPA 90. Discussion The existing P SMBP ED rate is $ 3.20/ kilowattmonth for capacity and 8.32 mills/ kilowatthour for energy. The existing rates are sufficient to recover project expenses, including interest and capital requirements through September 30, 2003. Increased revenue from good hydrologic conditions and effective cost containment efforts have resulted in lower operation and maintenance expenses over the cost­ evaluation period. For the Pick­ Sloan Missouri Basin Program, the rate setting study projected the deficit associated with the drought starting in 1989 to peak at $ 178 million in fiscal year ( FY) 1994 and to be repaid in FY 2002. The deficit actually peaked at $ 171 million in FY 1993 and was totally repaid, with interest, in FY 1997. The total revenue requirement of $ 135.2 million is sufficient to cover the expenses and capital requirements through September 30, 2003. In accordance with 10 CFR part 903.23( a)( 2), Western did not have a consultation and comment period. The notice of proposed extension of the firm power service and firm peaking power service rates was published in the Federal Register on March 29, 2000. Order In view of the foregoing and pursuant to the authority delegated to me by the Secretary, I hereby extend for a period effective February 1, 2001, and ending September 30, 2003, the existing Rate Schedules P SED F6 for firm power service and P SED FP6 on an interim basis for firm peaking power service for the P SMBP ED. Dated: July 10, 2000. T. J. Glauthier, Deputy Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 18003 Filed 7 14 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6450 01 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6837 2] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances, OMB Control Number 2050 0062, EPA ICR No. 1353.06 expiring on August 31, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before August 16, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR, contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download a copy of the ICR off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1353.06. For technical questions about the ICR contact David A. Eberly on 703 308 8645. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Land Disposal Restrictions No­ Migration Variances, OMB Control Number 2050 0062, EPA ICR No. 1353.06, expiring August 31, 2000. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: To receive a variance from the hazardous waste land disposal prohibitions, owner/ operators of hazardous waste storage or disposal facilities may petition the Environmental Protection Agency to allow land disposal of a specific restricted waste at a specific site. The EPA Regional Offices will review the petitions and determine if they successfully demonstrate `` no migration.'' The applicant must demonstrate that hazardous wastes can be managed safely in a particular land disposal unit, so that `` no migration'' of any hazardous constituents occurs from the unit for as long as the waste remains hazardous. If EPA grants the variance, the waste is no longer prohibited from land disposal in that particular unit. If the owner/ operator fails to make this demonstration, or chooses not to petition for the variance, best demonstrated available technology ( BDAT) requirements of 40 CFR 268.40 must be met before the hazardous wastes are placed in a land disposal unit. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on February 22, 2000 ( 65 FR 8699); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 3,137 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: 1. Estimated Number of Respondents: 1. Frequency of Response: once every three years. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 3,137 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, O& M Cost Burden: $ 72. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the following addresses. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 1353.06 and OMB Control No. 2050 0062 in any correspondence. Ms. Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Collection Strategies Division ( 2822), VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 20: 36 Jul 14, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17JYN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 17JYN1 44047 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 137 / Monday, July 17, 2000 / Notices 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460; and Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20503. Dated: July 1, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 18026 Filed 7 14 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6736 3] Retrofit/ Rebuild Requirements for 1993 and Earlier Model Year Urban Buses; Certification of Equipment AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of EPA certification of equipment provided by Turbodyne Systems, Inc. SUMMARY: Today's Federal Register document announces EPA's decision to certify equipment to the 0.10 g/ bhp­ hr standard for the Urban Bus Retrofit/ Rebuild Program. The equipment is provided by Turbodyne Systems, Inc. ( Turbodyne). Turbodyne submitted to EPA a notification of intent to certify equipment, signed November 14, 1997, pursuant to the program regulations at 40 CFR part 85, subpart O. On April 19, 1999, EPA published a document in the Federal Register that the Turbodyne notification had been received and made the notification available for public review and comment for a period of 45 days ( 64 FR 19151). EPA has completed its review and the Director of the Certification & Compliance Division has determined that it meets all requirements for certification. Accordingly, EPA approves the certification of this equipment effective July 17, 2000. The equipment consists of the base engine components used on the 25% reduction retrofit/ rebuild kit certified by the Detroit Diesel Corporation ( DDC), components from the 25% retrofit catalyst kit certified by Engine Control Systems, Ltd. ( ECS) and a TurboPac supercharger system supplied by Turbodyne that supplies additional air for combustion during engine acceleration. This Turbodyne kit is identical to the kit that was certified by the Detroit Diesel Corporation on May 14, 1998 ( 63 FR 26798) and is applicable to the same models, and model year engines as the DDC kit. The kit is applicable to 6V92TA urban bus engine models made by Detroit Diesel Corporation ( DDC) from model years 1979 to 1989 and equipped with mechanical unit injectors ( MUI), and may be used immediately by transit operators in compliance with program requirements. The kit is available in three horsepower levels ( 253, 277, and 294). EPA has determined that this Turbodyne kit complies with the 0.10 gram per brake horsepower­ hour ( g/ bhphr particulate matter ( PM) standard for the applicable engines. EPA has not determined that Turbodyne's notification complies with the life cycle cost requirements of the program regulations because no life cycle costs were supplied with the application. Today's Federal Register document does not trigger any additional program requirements for transit operators. The 0.10 g/ bhp­ hr PM level has already been triggered for all engines covered by this notification. The notification of intent to certify, as well as other materials specifically relevant to it, are contained in Category XXIII A of Public Docket A 93 42, entitled `` Certification of Urban Bus Retrofit/ Rebuild Equipment.'' This docket is located at the address listed below. Additional details concerning this certification, the Turbodyne kit, and responsibilities of transit operators, are provided below. DATES: Today's Federal Register document dated July 17, 2000, is the certification date for this equipment. The 0.10 g/ bhp­ hr standard was triggered on March 14, 1997 ( 62 FR 12166) for all engines covered by this certification. ADDRESSES: The Turbodyne notification of intent to certify, as well as other material specifically relevant to it, are contained at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Public Air Docket A 93 42 ( Category XXIII A), Room M 1500, 401 `` M'' Street SW, Washington, DC 20460. Docket items may be inspected from 8: 00 a. m. until 5: 30 p. m., Monday through Friday. As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a reasonable fee may be charged by EPA for copying docket materials. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Anthony Erb, Certification & Compliance Division ( 6403J), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20460. Telephone: ( 202) 564 9259. Email Address: ERB. ANTHONY@ EPA. GOV. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Description of the Certified Kit The certified kit described in today's Federal Register document, is provided by Turbodyne. It is certified to the 0.10 g/ bhp­ hr standard. It is not required to comply with the applicable life cycle cost requirements of the program. No cost data were provided in the notification. The certification described in today's document applies to 1979 though 1989 model year DDC 6V92TA engines that are equipped with mechanical unit injectors ( MUI) and certified to federal emissions standards. It does not apply to engines certified to California emissions standards. The impact of this decision on transit operators is discussed in more detail in the `` Transit Operator Requirements'' section below. The kit, described further below, consists of base engine components used on the 25% reduction kit certified by DDC earlier, a catalytic exhaust muffler supplied by Engine Control Systems, Ltd. ( ECS), and a TurboPac supercharger system supplied by Turbodyne Systems, Inc. that supplies additional combustion air during acceleration. The kit is available in three horsepower ( hp) ratings ( 253, 277, and 294 hp). The kit being certified by Turbodyne is identical to the kit certified by DDC earlier ( 63 FR 26798). For retrofit with the Turbodyne kit, an engine is rebuilt in accordance with standard DDC rebuild procedures, using specified engine components. This component set essentially includes the equipment certified by EPA to provide a 25% particulate reduction on October 2, 1995, at 60 FR 51472. These components are provided in two separate sets of parts. The first set of components is comprised of newly manufactured parts, including a gasket kit, air inlet hose, cylinder kits ( piston assemblies and cylinder liners) a bypass valve and a truck type throttle delay. The second set of components includes ReliabiltTM remanufactured parts, including the fuel injectors, camshafts, blower assembly, turbocharger, and head assemblies. Kit usage is based on engine rotation ( righthand ( RH) or lefthand ( LH)), engine orientation, right bank cam gear mounting ( bolt or nut), and engine power output based on injector size. The only difference from the previously certified equipment is the inclusion of a truck­ style throttle delay, adjustment of the throttle delay and injector timing settings to improve driveability. Additionally, the cylinder kit components have been modified to improve durability. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 20: 36 Jul 14, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 17JYN1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 17JYN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.432304

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0047-0001

Proposed Rule

Deferral of Phase IV Standards for PCBs as an Underlying Hazardous Constituent in Soil

7809 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules ( 3) Secondary service connection is established for ischemic heart disease or other cardiovascular disease under § 3.310( b). ( c) For claims for secondary service connection received by VA after June 9, 1998, a disability that is proximately due to or the result of an injury or disease previously service­ connected on the basis that it is attributable to the veteran's use of tobacco products during service will not be service­ connected under § 3.310( a). ( Authority: 38 U. S. C. 501( a), 1103, 1103 note) § 3.310 [ Amended] 3. In § 3.310, paragraph ( a) is amended by removing `` Disability'' and adding, in its place, `` Except as provided in § 3.300( c), disability''. [ FR Doc. 00 3662 Filed 2 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 8320 01 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 268 [ FRL 6538 2] RIN 2050 AE76 Deferral of Phase IV Standards for PCB's as an Underlying Hazardous Constituent in Soil AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to temporarily defer a portion of the rule applying Land Disposal Restrictions ( LDR) under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) to underlying hazardous constituents ( UHC) in soils contaminated with certain characteristic hazardous wastes. EPA promulgated this rule on May 26, 1998. Specifically, EPA is proposing to temporarily defer the requirement that polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs) be considered a UHC when they are present in soils that exhibit the Toxicity Characteristic for metals. EPA is proposing this action because the regulation appears to be discouraging generators from cleaning up contaminated soils, which is contrary to what EPA intended when we promulgated alternative treatment standards for contaminated soils. In addition, EPA needs more time to restudy the issue of appropriate treatment standards for metalcontaminated soils which also contain PCBs as UHC. If this proposal is finalized, the Agency would still require generators to treat these soils to meet LDR standards for all hazardous constituents except PCBs. Generators would also be required to treat PCBs if the total concentration of halogenated organic compounds in the soil equals or exceeds 1000 parts per million. DATES: Submit comments on or before April 3, 2000. ADDRESSES: Address written comments on this proposed rule to the docket clerk at the following address: RCRA Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The Docket Identification Number is F 2000 PCBP FFFFF. The RIC is open from 9: 00 a. m. to 4: 00 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. To review docket materials, the Agency recommends that the public make an appointment by calling ( 703) 603 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. See the Supplementary Information section for information on accessing them. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at ( 800) 424 9346 or TDD ( 800) 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area, call ( 703) 412 9810 or TDD ( 703) 412 3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this rulemaking, contact Ernesto Brown, Office of Solid Waste, Mail Code 5303W, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, D. C. 20460 0002, ( 703) 308 8608, brown. ernie@ epa. gov SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: You can find the index and the following supporting materials on the Internet at: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ index. htm Preamble Outline: I. Authority II. Purpose III. How Can I Influence EPA's Thinking on this Rule? IV. Background A. Land Disposal Restrictions Program B. Soils Subject to LDR Requirements C. Alternative Treatment Standards for Contaminated Soils D. Underlying Hazardous Constituents V. Need to Defer the Phase IV Rule A. Why Has Remediation Stopped? B. Why is EPA Considering Temporary Deferral? C. What is the Effect of the Deferral? VI. State Authorization VII. Regulatory Assessments A. Executive Order 12866 B. Regulatory Flexibility Act C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act D. Paperwork Reduction Act E. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks F. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act G. Executive Order 12898: Environmental Justice H. Executive Order 13132: Federalism I. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments I. Authority EPA is proposing these regulations under the authority of sections 1006( B), 2002, and 3004 of RCRA, as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6012( a), 6921, and 6924. II. Purpose EPA is proposing this action because the existing regulation appears to discourage remediation of certain contaminated soils, contrary to EPA's intent in promulgating alternative treatment standards for contaminated soils. In addition, EPA needs more time to review the issue of appropriate treatment standards for metalcontaminated soils that also contain PCBs as UHC. III. How Can I Influence EPA's Thinking on this Rule? In developing this proposal, we tried to address the concerns of all our stakeholders. Your comments will help us improve this rule. We invite you to provide different views on options we propose, new approaches we haven't considered, new data, how this rule may affect you, or other relevant information. We welcome your views on all aspects of this proposed rule. Your comments will be most effective if you follow the suggestions below: · Explain your views as clearly as possible and why you feel that way. · Provide solid technical and cost data to support your views. · If you estimate potential costs, explain how you arrived at the estimate. · Tell us which parts you support, as well as those you disagree with. · Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns. · Offer specific alternatives. · Refer your comments to specific sections of the proposal, such as the units or page numbers of the preamble, or the regulatory sections. · Make sure to submit your comments by the deadline in this notice. · Be sure to include the name, date, and docket number with your comments. VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 12: 42 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1 7810 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules 1 Technically, the soils which are subject to LDRs, are a) soil which contains a listed hazardous waste, and b) soil which exhibits ( or, in some cases, exhibited) a characteristic of hazardous waste. See discussion at 63 FR 28617 28619. This notice applies to subsets of each of these types of contaminated soils, as explained later in this notice. This notice also uses the term `` contaminated soils'' to refer to soils which may potentially be subject to LDRs. 2 The requirement already applied, however, to soils exhibiting the ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or organic toxicity characteristics. IV. Background A. Land Disposal Restrictions Program The LDR program requires that generators of hazardous wastes pretreat the wastes before they can be disposed of on land. The treatment must substantially reduce the toxicity or mobility of the hazardous waste to minimize short­ and long­ term threats to human health and the environment posed by the waste's disposal. EPA typically accomplishes this objective by requiring that hazardous constituents in the wastes be treated to, or be present at levels no greater than levels that can be achieved using the Best Demonstrated Available Technology for the waste. B. Soils Subject to LDR Requirements The rule subjects soils contaminated with hazardous wastes to LDR requirements when a generator excavates soils from an area of contamination and disposes of it in a land disposal unit. ( See RCRA sections 3004( d)( 3) and ( e)( 3); 63 FR 28602) 1. Before the Agency promulgated LDR Phase IV standards, the Agency subjected contaminated soil to the same land disposal restriction treatment standards that apply to industrial process waste. EPA, however, has promulgated different treatment standards for contaminated soils than for process wastes. The Agency did so because: Soils are physically different from process wastes, so that the same treatment standards may not be technically appropriate. See 63 FR 28603. When generators apply treatment standards for process wastes to contaminated soils, environmentally counterproductive results can ensue, because generators often choose not to undertake remediation such as the exhumation and treatment of contaminated soils, even though the Agency feels is the most permanent approach. See 63 FR 28603 28604. This is because EPA cannot always compel generators of contaminated soil to exhume, treat and redispose the soils. The relevant statutes and rules often allow generators to remediate soils by leaving contaminated soil in place and providing controls on possible human exposure to those soils, ( for example, capping) which can be much less expensive than requiring that generators excavate and treat the soil. See 63 FR 28603 28604; see also Louisiana Environmental Action Network v. EPA, 172 F. 3d 65, 67, 70 ( D. C. Cir. 1999) which upheld EPA's authority to develop more lenient treatment standards for contaminated soils and other remediation wastes in order to encourage remediation involving exhumation and treatment of these wastes, since `` the agency's authority to compel high­ quality disposition of such waste is not as great as it is for as yet undisposed waste.'' C. Alternative Treatment Standards for Contaminated Soils Generators have the option of complying either with the existing treatment standards for industrial process waste or with the new soil treatment standards. The purpose for these new standards is to encourage generators to remediate and treat contaminated soil, and in particular, to avoid discouraging such remediation when soil is contaminated with organic hazardous constituents. See 63 FR 28603. For soils contaminated with organic hazardous constituents, this choice posed special potential to discourage aggressive remediation because the Agency treatment standards for organic hazardous constituents in process wastes are based on performance of combustion technology. Generators often cannot achieve these standards except by combusting the wastes a very expensive remedy for soils, and not always technically appropriate. See 63 FR 28603 28604. In recognition of this limitation, EPA established the special soil treatment standards for organics at levels that generators may achieve by technologies other than combustion; that is, EPA established the standards based on the performance of non­ combustion technologies. See 63 FR 28614 28617. D. Underlying Hazardous Constituents Importantly for the present proposal, the existing standards further require that generators treat all UHC in contaminated soils. See 63 FR 28608 28609; 40 CFR 268.49( d). A `` UHC,'' for this purpose, is any hazardous constituent that might be present in the soil at levels exceeding 10 times the Universal Treatment Standard for that constituent. See 40 CFR 268.49( d). In the Phase IV rule, EPA imposed this requirement for the first time on soils exhibiting the Toxicity Characteristic ( TC) for metals, and on soils containing listed hazardous wastes. 2 PCBs can be an example of UHC in contaminated soils, including metalcontaining soils. Where this occurs, the Phase IV rule establishes an alternative treatment standard of 100 ppm total PCBs in soil ( 10 times the Universal Treatment Standard) or 90 percent reduction of total PCB concentrations in the soil, whichever is higher. See 40 CFR 268.49( c). The other option available to generators is to treat soils to the standards applicable to process wastes, although in that instance as well, soils that exhibit a hazardous characteristic must achieve treatment standards for UHCs before they are disposed on land. 40 CFR 268.40( e). EPA found that generators can achieve these standards without applying combustion technology, see 63 FR 28616 Table 4, although treatment often requires that heat be applied to the waste, as occurs with thermal desorption technology. The statutory provisions potentially address PCBs in soils in other way. The so­ called California list provision, RCRA section 3004( d)( 2)( E), provides that hazardous wastes that contain halogenated organic compounds at concentrations equal to or exceeding 1000 ppm cannot be land disposed. Congress specified this level ( and the other California list levels) as a starting point in the land disposal prohibition process, prohibiting land disposal of wastes that pose the most obvious hazards. See 51 FR 44718 ( Dec. 11, 1986). PCBs are a type of halogenated organic compound. Consequently, in the absence of the Phase IV PCB standards, the 1000 ppm level would be the upper bound of PCBs that can be in contaminated soil without triggering LDR treatment requirements ( i. e., contaminated soils could not be land disposed equal to or greater than 1000 ppm). V. Need to Defer the Phase IV Rule A. Why Has Remediation Stopped? Unfortunately, initial indications are that the requirement that PCBs be treated as a UHC in soils exhibiting the TC for metals is having an effect opposite to what EPA intended. Cleanups of sites with metal characteristic soils where PCBs are now a UHC and where the remedy was to involve soil exhumation, treatment and redisposal have stopped, or been seriously delayed. See Letter from Phillip Comella Esq. to Steven VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 16: 41 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1 7811 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules Silverman, EPA Office of General Counsel, April 21, 1999 detailing experiences of private entities, including waste generators, treaters and disposers; Memorandum to Administrative Record, November 2, 1999 ( detailing experiences of EPA site managers). As set out in more detail in these communications, the reason is that as a practical matter a choice is now being presented between combustion and leaving soils in place. Some of the reasons attributed for this are: · limited effective non­ combustion treatment presently available for PCBs, and what there is involves mobile units which face potential permitting delays at non­ Superfund sites. · lack of State authorization to implement the amended soil standards, thus retaining PCBs as a UHC, without the option of treating to 10 times the Universal Treatment Standards or 90 percent reduction from initial concentration. Commenters further note that at least some of these situations could be eligible for a treatment variance under 40 CFR 268.44. Such situations can occur when the standard is demonstrably not achievable using noncombustion technology, or when treatment to LDR levels would discourage aggressive remediation. See LEAN v. EPA, 172 F. 3d at 70 ( upholding EPA authority to issue treatment variances for remediation wastes where existing treatment standard discourages aggressive remediation). But there are undesirable delays attendant in the variance process, and EPA in any case believes that if a problem with a rule is widespread, it is appropriate to amend the rule rather than issuing variances piecemeal. EPA does not necessarily agree with all of these comments, but does believe that remediations involving soils contaminated with both PCBs and metals are being delayed or stopped. This has taken place after promulgation of the new Phase IV requirements respecting these soils, and it appears that at least some of the reasons for these delays are legitimate. Thus, this aspect of the Phase IV rule appears to be having an environmentally counterproductive effect of delaying cleanups and discouraging aggressive remediation. B. Why is EPA Considering Temporary Deferral? EPA believes it is appropriate to temporarily defer the requirement that PCBs be treated as an underlying hazardous constituent in TC soils under RCRA 1006( b) in order to investigate how best to integrate the RCRA LDR requirements for PCBs with the cleanup programs under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA) and RCRA ( both the specific `` corrective action'' requirements of RCRA 3004 ( u) and ( v) and 3008( h), and the cleanup requirements applying to RCRA regulated units, e. g., during closure). An additional reason EPA is considering a temporary deferral is to investigate further the relationship of the RCRA rules with those for PCB remediation wastes EPA issued under the authority of the Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA) not long after EPA promulgated the Phase IV rule. See 63 FR 35384 ( June 29, 1998). TSCA allows `` bulk PCB remediation wastes'' including soils containing 50 ppm PCBs or greater to be disposed without treatment in a TSCA disposal facility or an RCRA subtitle C landfill. See 40 CFR 761.61( b)( 2)( i). These TSCA standards, which allow disposal without treatment of soils containing any concentrations of PCBs greater or equal to 50 ppm, were not established to represent levels at which threats posed by land disposal of PCB­ containing soils are minimized. Furthermore, those rules require persons disposing of PCBs to comply with all other applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations. These regulations consequently cannot be read as preempting RCRA requirements. Nonetheless, the TSCA rule serves a similar purpose as the RCRA Phase IV rule an attempt to encourage aggressive remediation of contaminated soil ( see 63 FR 35386) and reflects the Agency's judgment that land disposal of these soils is reasonably protective. Certainly as an interim measure EPA believes it appropriate to seek to coordinate better the two sets of rules, and thus to defer the Phase IV rule while we further evaluate the workings and actual effect of the two sets of rules. C. What is the Effect of the Deferral? Should EPA adopt a temporary deferral, the statutory California list provision mentioned above ( RCRA section 3004( d)( 2) ( E)) would create an upper bound on the concentration of PCBs in soil that could be disposed without treatment. As explained earlier, that upper bound would be 1,000 ppm, the statutory limit for halogenated organic compounds. This means that a temporary deferral would only affect a relatively narrow class of wastes: soils exhibiting the TC for metals and containing PCBs in concentration between 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. RCRA allows temporary deferral of the Phase IV requirement. As in the temporary deferral of RCRA requirements to accommodate a potentially overlapping regulatory regime for underground storage tanks at issue in Edison Electric Inst. v. EPA, 2 F. 3d 438 ( D. C. Cir. 1993), EPA here needs to investigate further the relationship of different sets of rules addressing PCB­ contaminated soil disposal. These soils will be managed protectively during a deferral period, either in RCRA subtitle C or TSCAapproved landfills, and there is a reasonable upper bound on the concentration of PCBs that could be disposed of without treatment. See 2F. 3d at 452 53 citing these factors as a reasonable justification for a comparable temporary deferral. Moreover, EPA may permissibly alter land disposal restriction treatment standards for remediation wastes in order to encourage aggressive remediations. See LEAN, 172 F. 3d at 69 70. A final note: The Agency is not contemplating any type of deferral for other organic hazardous constituents in TC metal soils. Nor is EPA accepting comments on the requirement to treat PCBs present as underlying hazardous constituents in soil exhibiting the TC due to organics. This requirement has been in place without significant issue since 1994 and so is unrelated to the Phase IV rule. The scope of today's document thus is exclusive to soils exhibiting the TC for metals containing PCBs as an underlying hazardous constituent. The requirement to treat PCBs as a UHC also can apply to soils containing a listed hazardous waste, where the generator elects to comply with the alternative soil standard of 10 times Universal Treatment Standard or 90 percent reduction of initial concentrations. See 40 CFR 268. 49( d). Although the comments EPA has received to this point have dealt exclusively with situations involving soils exhibiting the TC for metals, EPA also solicits comment on whether PCBs should continue to be considered a potential UHC for listed wastes being treated to comply with the alternative soil standards. It should be noted, however, that a generator would have the option of treating the soil to the standards for process wastes, see 40 CFR 268.49( b), in which case there is no requirement to treat UHCs. Thus, generators would not appear to be facing the same quandary as they do with TC soils with PCBs as a UHC. VI. State Authorization Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 12: 42 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1 7812 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules administer and enforce the RCRA hazardous waste program within the State. Following authorization, we maintain independent enforcement authority under sections 3007, 3008, 3013, and 7003 of RCRA, although authorized States have enforcement responsibility. A State would become authorized for today's proposed PCB treatment standard for contaminated soil by following the approval process described under 40 CFR 271.21. See 40 CFR part 271 for the overall standards and requirements for authorization. Like all land disposal restriction treatment standards, today's changes are proposed under the authority of 3004( g) and ( m) of RCRA. These statutory provisions were enacted as part of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments ( HSWA) of 1984. Under section 3006( g) of RCRA, new requirements promulgated under the authority of statutory provisions added by HSWA go into effect in authorized States at the same time as they do in unauthorized States as long as the new requirements are more stringent than the requirements a State is currently authorized to implement. However, none of the provisions in today's proposed rule are more stringent than the existing Federal requirements. Authorized States are not required to modify their programs when we promulgate changes to Federal requirements that are less stringent than existing Federal requirements. This is because RCRA section 3009 allows the States to impose ( or retain) standards that are more stringent than those in the Federal program. ( See also 40 CFR 271.1( i)). Therefore, States that are authorized for the LDR program would not be required to adopt today's proposed changes, and these changes would not go into effect until the State revised its LDR program accordingly. However, if EPA finalizes the proposed temporary deferral, we would encourage States to allow compliance with today's proposed PCB treatment standard for contaminated soil if they have the ability under State law to waive existing land disposal restriction treatment standards, or if they have adopted them but are not yet authorized. Again, if a State were not currently authorized for the LDR program, we would implement this proposed treatment standard in that State. VII. Regulatory Assessments A. Executive Order 12866 Under Executive Order 12866, ( 58 FR 51735 ( October 4, 1993)) the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or ( 4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. `` It has been determined that this rule is not a `` significant regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866 and is therefore not subject to OMB review.'' Economic Assessment We estimated the costs of today's final rule to determine if it is a significant regulation as defined by the Executive Order. The analysis considered compliance cost savings from the deferral and resulted in cost savings. A detailed discussion of the methodology used for estimating the costs, economic impacts and the benefits attributable to today's final rule, followed by a presentation of the cost, economic impact and benefit results were prepared and documented in the following report: `` Economic Assessment of the Deferral of Phase IV Land Disposal Restriction Treatment Standards for Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCBs) as an Underlying Hazardous Constituent in Contaminated Soils.'' This report can be found in its entirety in the docket for today's proposed rule. A summary of the report is provided below. Methodology To estimate the cost savings associated with today's proposed deferral of UHC requirements for PCBcontaining hazardous soils, the Agency estimated the difference between the costs that would have been incurred in the absence of the deferral and the costs estimated under the post­ regulatory environment with the deferral. The cost savings are reported in a range of savings based upon two baseline scenarios: one baseline scenario compels incineration or other thermal treatment for TC metal PCB­ containing hazardous waste soils followed by immobilization of the residue; a second baseline scenario is based upon a number of compliance alternatives, including ( 1) thermal treatment ( e. g., incineration/ thermal desorption, other); ( 2) nonthermal treatment ( e. g., solvent extraction/ soil washing, chemical dechlorination, ex­ situ bioremediation, immobilization); ( 3) source controls ( e. g., capping); ( 4) no site remediation; and, ( 5) treatability variances. The second baseline scenario models soil washing, chemical dechlorination and immobilization of the soil for half of the affected soils. The other half of the soils are modeled to be treated through thermal treatment. This baseline scenario will result in lower cost savings because the range of remedies is largely less expensive than thermal treatment. Volume Results The procedure for estimating the volumes of PCB­ containing hazardous wastes affected by today's proposed rule is detailed in the background document `` Economic Assessment of the Deferral of Phase IV Land Disposal Restriction Treatment Standards for Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCBs) as an Underlying Hazardous Constituent in Contaminated Soils,'' which was placed in the docket for today's proposed rule. The Agency has assumed that 60 percent of all TC metal soils with organic UHCs ( 104,730 tons) contain PCBs. Estimated Cost Savings The extent of the cost savings from the proposed deferral of LDR treatment standards for TC metal PCB­ containing hazardous waste soils depends on the decision whether to remediate the site, the decision to switch to in­ situ cleanup remedies ( avoiding LDR treatment standards) and the decision to pursue other administrative remedies such as treatability variances. As the result, EPA has estimated the incremental treatment cost savings attributable to the deferral of the Phase IV LDR treatment standards for PCBs as a UHC in hazardous soils to total between $ 35.3 million and $ 86 million annually for the thermal treatment baseline post regulatory scenario and $ 33.2 million and $ 55.3 million annually for the multiple remedy/ response baseline­ post regulatory scenario. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., when an agency publishes a notice of rulemaking, for a rule that will have a VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 12: 42 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1 7813 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules significant effect on a substantial number of small entities, the agency must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that considers the effect of the rule on small entities ( i. e., small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). The overall economic impact of today's proposed rule to defer LDR treatment standards for TC metal PCB­ containing hazardous waste soils results in cost savings ranging from $ 33.2 million to $ 86 million. For the reasons stated above in the estimated cost savings discussion of section X. A. 3, the Agency does not believe that today's proposed rule will have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( UMRA), Public Law 104 4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. EPA has determined that this rule does not include a federal mandate that may result in estimated costs of $ 100 million or more to either state, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate. The rule would not impose any federal intergovernmental mandate because it imposes no enforceable duty upon state, tribal or local governments. States, tribes and local governments would have no compliance costs under this rule. It is expected that states will adopt this rule, and submit it for inclusion in their authorized RCRA programs, but they have no legally enforceable duty to do so. For the same reasons, EPA also has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. In addition, as discussed above, the private sector is not expected to incur costs exceeding $ 100 million. Thus, today's rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of UMRA. D. Paperwork Reduction Act The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq. EPA has prepared and Information Collection Request ( ICR) document: OSWER ICR No. 1442.15 ( LDR PhaseIV), and a copy may be obtained from Sandy Farmer by mail at OPPE Regulatory Information Division; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 2137); 401 M St., SW; Washington, D. C. 20460, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or by calling ( 202) 260 2740. A copy may also be downloaded off the internet at http:/ / www. epa. gov/ icr. EPA believes the changes in this proposed rule to the information collection do not constitute a substantive or material modification. This proposed rule would not change any of the information collection requirements that are currently applicable RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions Phase IV except to possibly reduce those requirements by requiring fewer references to PCBs. There is no net increase in recordkeeping and reporting requirements ( if anything, there may be a slight decrease, as just noted). As a result, the reporting, notification, or recordkeeping ( information) provisions of this rule will not need to be submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) under section 3504( b) of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501 et. seq. E. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks Executive Order 13045: `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: ( 1) is determined to be `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. This proposed rule is not subject to the Executive Order because it is not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and because the Agency does not have reason to believe the environmental health or safety risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to children. The public is invited to submit or identify peer­ reviewed studies and data, of which the agency may not be aware, that assessed results of early life exposure that may result from this activity. F. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law 104 113, section 12( d) ( 15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This proposed rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA is not considering the use of any voluntary consensus standards. G. Executive Order 12898: Environmental Justice Under Executive Order 12898, `` Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low­ Income VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 12: 42 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1 7814 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 32 / Wednesday, February 16, 2000 / Proposed Rules Populations,'' as well as through EPA's April 1995, `` Environmental Justice Strategy, OSWER Environmental Justice Task Force Action Agenda Report,'' and National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, EPA has undertaken to incorporate environmental justice into its policies and programs. EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns, and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all residents of the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, bears disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and all people live in clean and sustainable communities. To address this goal, EPA considered the impacts of this final rule on low­ income populations and minority populations and concluded. Today's proposed rule is intended to encourage aggressive remediation of contaminated soils, and thus, and to benefit all populations. As such, this rule is not expected to cause any disproportionately high and adverse impacts to minority or low­ income communities versus non­ minority or affluent communities. H. Executive Order 13132: Federalism Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' ( 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' are defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. EPA has determined that this proposed rule, if adopted, would not have `` federalism implications'' within the meaning of Executive Order 13132. This is because the proposal would not impose any direct effects on States, would not preempt State law, and would not constrain State administrative discretion. In fact, States need not even adopt this proposal as part of their authorized programs. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. I. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities.'' Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments. Today's proposal does not create a mandate on State, local or tribal governments. The rule does not impose any enforceable duties on these entities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 268 Environmental protection, Hazardous waste. Dated: February 9, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set out in the preamble, chapter I, title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows: PART 268 LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS 1. The authority citation for part 268 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, and 6924. Subpart C [ Amended] 2. Section 268.32 is added to subpart C to read as follows: § 268.32 Waste specific prohibitions California list waste. Effective [ insert effective date of final rule], hazardous wastes containing halogenated organic compounds in total concentrations greater than or equal to 1,000 mg/ kg are prohibited from land disposal. Subpart D [ Amended] 3. Section 268.49 is amended by revising paragraph ( d) to read as follows: § 268.49 Alternative LDR treatment standards for contaminated soil. * * * * * ( d) Constituents subject to treatment. When applying the soil treatment standards in paragraph ( c) of this section, constituents subject to treatment are any constituents listed in 40 CFR 268.48 Table UTS­ Universal Treatment Standards that reasonable expected to be present in any given volume of contaminated soil, except flouride, selenium, sulfides, vanadium, zinc, and PCB's when present in soils exhibiting the characteristic of toxicity solely because of presence of metals, at concentrations greater than ten times the universal treatment standard. * * * * * [ FR Doc. 00 3672 Filed 2 15 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P VerDate 27< JAN> 2000 12: 42 Feb 15, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 16FEP1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 16FEP1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.441279

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0054-0001

Proposed Rule

REQUIREMENTS FOR ZINC FERTILIZERS MADE FROM RECYCLED HAZARDOUS SECONDARY MATERIALS; PROPOSED RULE

Tuesday, November 28, 2000 Part II Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Parts 261, 266, and 268 Requirements for Zinc Fertilizers Made From Recycled Hazardous Secondary Materials; Proposed Rule VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70954 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 261, 266, and 268 [FRL± 6905± 3] RIN 2050± AE69 Requirements for Zinc Fertilizers Made From Recycled Hazardous Secondary Materials AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is today proposing to revise the existing regulations that apply to recycling of hazardous wastes to make zinc fertilizer products. This proposal would establish a more consistent regulatory framework for this practice, and establish conditions for excluding hazardous secondary materials that are used to make zinc fertilizers from the definition of solid waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Today's proposal also solicits comments on regulating mining wastes that are used to make fertilizers. DATES: EPA will accept public comment on this proposed rule until February 26, 2001. ADDRESSES: Commenters must send an original and two copies of their comments referencing docket number F± 2000± RZFP± FFFFF to: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste (5305W), Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters (EPA, HQ), 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460. Hand deliveries of comments should be made to the Arlington, VA, address below. EPA may conduct a public hearing on this proposed rule during the comment period, if there is sufficient interest on the part of commenters. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: rcra­ docket@ epamail. epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number F± 2000± RZFP± FFFFF. All electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Commenters should not submit electronically any confidential business information (CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste (5305W), U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. Public comments and supporting materials are available for viewing in the RCRA Docket Information Center (RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling (703) 603± 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. See the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for information on accessing them. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at (800) 424± 9346 or TDD (800) 553± 7672 (hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, call (703) 412± 9810 or TDD (703) 412± 3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this proposed rulemaking, contact Dave Fagan, U. S. EPA (5301W), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460; (703) 308± 0603, or e­ mail: fagan. david@ epamail. epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The index and the following supporting materials are available from the RCRA Information Center: The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The official record is the paper record maintained at the address in ADDRESSES at the beginning of this document. EPA responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be published in a notice in the Federal Register or in a response to comments document placed in the official record for this proposed rulemaking. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. The contents of today's action are listed in the following outline: I. Statutory Authority II. Background A. What Is the Intent of Today's Regulatory Proposal? B. What Is the Scope of This Proposed Rule? C. How Is Recycling of Hazardous Wastes To Make Fertilizer Currently Regulated? D. What Are EPA's Goals for This Rulemaking? E. How Would Today's Proposal Affect Producers and Consumers of Zinc Fertilizer? III. Settlement Agreement for the Phase IV Administrative Stay IV. Detailed Description of Today's Proposal A. Removal of Exemption for K061­ Derived Fertilizers 1. Background 2. Today's Proposed Action B. Conditional Exclusion for Recycled Zinc­ Bearing Hazardous Secondary Materials 1. Background 2. Proposed Conditional Exclusion a. Applicability of Conditional Exclusion b. Reporting and Recordkeeping c. Conditions to the Exclusion i. Speculative Accumulation ii. Conditions Applicable to Generators of Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials iii. Conditions Applicable to Manufacturers of Zinc Fertilizers or Zinc Fertilizer Ingredients Made From Excluded Secondary Materials d. Alternatives Considered e. Implementation and Enforcement Hazardous C. Conditional Exclusion for Zinc Fertilizers Made From Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials 1. Contaminant Limits a. Product Specifications for Non­ Nutritive Metals in Conditionally Excluded Zinc Fertilizers b. Product Specifications for Dioxins in Conditionally Excluded Zinc Fertilizers 2. Testing and Recordkeeping V. Mining Wastes Used To Make Fertilizer: Request for Comments VI. Relationship With Other Regulatory Programs VII. State Authority A. Statutory Authority B. Effect of Today's Proposed Rule VIII. Administrative Assessments A. Executive Order 12866 B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et. seq. C. Paperwork Reduction Act D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act E. FederalismÐ Applicability of Executive Order 13132 F. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Risks and Safety Risks H. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 I. Executive Order 12898 VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 19: 16 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70955 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 1 The purpose of the RCRA LDR standards is to assure that threats posed by disposal of hazardous wastes are minimized before disposal. RCRA section 3004( m). However, EPA has long acknowledged that these standards are not ideal for hazardous waste derived products used in a manner constituting disposal, but rather are the minimum needed to satisfy section 3004( m). 53 FR 17578, 17605 (May 17, 1988): see also Association of Battery Recyclers v. EPA, 208 F. 3d 1047 (D. C. Cir. 2000) (acknowledging special risks posed by uses constituting disposal justifying stricter LDR Standards). I. Statutory Authority These regulations are proposed under the authority of sections 3001, 3002, 3003, and 3004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1970, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), 42 U. S. C. 6921, 6922, 6923 and 6924. II. Background A. What Is the Intent of Today's Regulatory Proposal? Today's proposed rule is one component of the Environmental Protection Agency's ongoing assessment of contaminants in fertilizers. Prior to this proposed rulemaking the Agency studied available information on contaminants in a wide range of fertilizer products (including waste derived fertilizers), application rates for fertilizers, and how fertilizers are regulated in the United States and in foreign countries. See `` Background Document on Fertilizer Use, Contaminants and Regulation'' (EPA 747± R± 98± 003, January 1999). In addition, EPA developed a risk assessment of contaminants in fertilizers, which was released in August 1999. These documents are both available on EPA's website; their respective website addresses are http:// www. epa. gov/ opptintr/ fertilizer. pdf, and http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ recycle/ fertiliz/ risk/ report. pdf. Based on these and similar studies, such as those recently issued by the State of Washington (`` Screening Survey for Metals and Dioxins in Fertilizer Products and Soils in Washington State, '' April 1999) and the State of California (`` Development of Risk Based Concentrations for Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers, '' California Department of Food and Agriculture, March 1998), EPA has tentatively decided that the relatively small risks associated with contaminants in fertilizers do not warrant a broad new federal regulatory effort in this area (such as under the authority of the Toxic Substances Control Act). However, as part of EPA's overall assessment of the fertilizer contaminant issue, the Agency reexamined the current RCRA regulatory requirements that apply specifically to recycling of hazardous wastes to make fertilizer products. This reexamination was based on the Agency's own experience with implementing the current RCRA regulations, as well as views expressed by regulated industry, public interest groups, state regulatory officials and others (see `` EPA Stakeholder Meetings on Hazardous Waste Derived Fertilizers, November 12± 13, 1998, Meeting Summaries''). From this review EPA has decided to propose certain revisions to the current regulations for hazardous waste derived fertilizers, for the following reasons: · The RCRA standards that now apply to most hazardous waste derived fertilizers, known as the `` land disposal restrictions'' (LDR) standards, were developed based on `` best demonstrated available technology'' for treating hazardous wastes prior to disposal in hazardous waste landfills. The LDR standards were thus not developed specifically for fertilizers. 1 A number of stakeholders have argued persuasively for contaminant standards that are more appropriate and specific to fertilizers. In today's action, EPA is proposing to set new standards for fertilizer contaminants based on the levels that can be readily achieved using demonstrated manufacturing practices. · The current regulations are inconsistent. As discussed above, hazardous waste derived fertilizers must meet the applicable RCRA LDR treatment standards before they may be used as fertilizer products. There is one exception to this requirement, however: Fertilizers made from electric arc furnace dust (also known by its RCRA waste code as K061) are specifically exempted from having to meet the LDR standards. EPA believes that the original basis for exempting K061­ derived fertilizers from these standards is no longer valid (for reasons explained further in section IV. A of this preamble), and that fertilizers made from K061 should be subject to the same standards that apply to other hazardous waste derived fertilizers. · Regulating fertilizer feedstocks as hazardous wastes creates unnecessary disincentives to legitimate and beneficial recycling practices. Currently, hazardous waste feedstocks that are used in fertilizer manufacture are subject to full hazardous waste management requirements, which include generator requirements, manifests (when such wastes are transported), and permits for manufacturers who store such materials prior to incorporation into fertilizer. However, fertilizer manufacturers and their suppliers often have strong incentives to avoid being subject to such RCRA requirements, for reasons explained later in this preamble. The net effect is that many such companies simply avoid the use of zinc­ rich secondary materials to make fertilizer if they carry the label of RCRA `` hazardous waste. '' EPA believes that the regulations that govern this recycling practice should be revised so that appropriate environmental safeguards are maintained, while removing unnecessary regulatory constraints on legitimate and beneficial recycling practices. B. What Is the Scope of This Proposed Rule? Today's proposed regulatory amendments address only one type of fertilizer that is made from recycled hazardous wastes; specifically, zinc micronutrient fertilizer. According to the information that EPA has reviewed, zinc fertilizers account for the great majority of fertilizers that are made from recycled hazardous wastes. Another reason for limiting the scope of this proposal to zinc fertilizers is the Agency's judgment that developing recycling standards for this one type of fertilizer product should be relatively straightforward from a technical standpoint, and it may thus be possible to promulgate final rules for such products in a relatively short time frame. The Agency is aware, however, that some manufacturing of other types of fertilizers from hazardous industrial wastes may be taking place, and that regulatory revisions to address these other recycling practices may also be in order. However, developing appropriate regulations that could apply to virtually any fertilizer made from recycled hazardous wastes would be a more complex, longer­ term effort. The Agency has chosen to avoid regulatory delays for zinc fertilizers by proceeding with today's limited­ scope rulemaking proposal. Comment is invited on this aspect of today's proposal. EPA may address other types of hazardous waste derived fertilizers in a follow­ up rulemaking. Until then, the current RCRA regulatory framework will continue to apply to recycling of hazardous wastes to make fertilizers other than zinc micronutrient fertilizers. These regulations are described in detail in following sections of this preamble. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 19: 16 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70956 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules The Agency is also aware that at least one iron fertilizer product is currently being produced from a mining waste that is exempted from hazardous waste regulation, despite evidence that the product exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic when tested according to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Laboratory, Case Number 980474, July 31, 1998). Today's proposal invites comment on whether this type of waste recycling practice should be regulated under RCRA. C. How Is Recycling of Hazardous Wastes To Make Fertilizers Currently Regulated? EPA's longstanding policy is to encourage legitimate recycling of hazardous wastes, as a means of recovering valuable resources (for example, zinc), and lessening the need for extraction of virgin materials to make products. The Agency continues to believe that recycling of hazardous wastes in fertilizer manufacture can be (and is) a safe and beneficial practice, when proper environmental safeguards are observed. With regard to recycling hazardous wastes to make fertilizer, current RCRA regulations place controls on the management of the hazardous wastes prior to incorporation of the waste into a fertilizer, and define when fertilizers made from recycled hazardous wastes are legitimate products. These regulatory requirements are specified in 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart C. Under RCRA, placement of hazardous wastes on the land is generally regulated as a disposal practice, and thus the regulations that apply to this type of recycling practice are generally referred to as the `` use constituting disposal'' (UCD) regulations. Fertilizers produced from hazardous waste (i. e., incorporating hazardous wastes as one of their ingredients) are one example of a use constituting disposal. Hazardous waste derived asphalt is another example of such a product. See 63 FR at 28609± 610 (May 26, 1998); Association of Battery Recyclers, 208 F. 3d 1047 (DC Cir. 2000), upholding LDR rules applied to hazardous waste derived asphalt. Products made from recycled hazardous wastes whose intended use involves placement on the land may create risks that are potentially higher than for other types of recycled products (actual risk potential depends, of course, on concentrations of toxic constituents in the products and a number of other factors). Regulating these products as hazardous wastes, however, would have the effect of prohibiting their use altogether. See 50 FR at 628 (January 4, 1985). Rather than prohibiting their use, current regulations require that these products meet the same treatment standards they would have to meet if they were disposed in a landfill. In the final rule on the definition of solid waste (50 FR 614, Jan. 4, 1985), EPA asserted jurisdiction over all hazardous secondary materials, and over products that contain these wastes, when they are applied to the land. However, in the preamble to that rule, the Agency noted that we hoped eventually to develop standards or specification levels for toxic constituents in waste­ derived products whose use on the land may cause substantial harm (50 FR 628). Based on the information described elsewhere in this preamble, we have decided to propose specific levels (discussed elsewhere in this preamble) at which waste­ derived zinc fertilizers should be considered products, rather than wastes. Under the current UCD regulations, hazardous wastes that are going to be recycled to make fertilizers must be managed in accordance with all applicable hazardous waste management requirements, until they are incorporated into a fertilizer. Generators of the hazardous wastes must comply with the RCRA generator requirements (see 40 CFR Part 262), offsite shipments of the wastes must be manifested (Subpart B of Part 262), and storage of these materials by fertilizer manufacturers generally requires a RCRA permit. In addition, the fertilizers produced from hazardous wastes must meet the LDR treatment standards prior to being land disposed. The requirements for hazardous waste derived fertilizers to meet LDR treatment standards were first promulgated in the `` First Third'' LDR rule (August 17, 1988, 53 FR 31138). The standards were revised in the `` Third Third'' LDR rule, which established treatment standards for metals in characteristic hazardous wastes (June 1, 1990, 55 FR 22520). In the Third Third rule the treatment standards for hazardous waste derived fertilizers were specified as the toxicity characteristic levels (i. e., the levels that identified when wastes are considered `` hazardous'' according to the TCLP). The Agency changed those standards in the `` Phase IV'' LDR rule (May 26, 1998, 63 FR 28556), which set new (and for most constituents, more stringent) treatment standards for metals in toxicity characteristic wastes. In response to the Phase IV LDR rule, affected fertilizer manufacturers submitted information to the Agency arguing that the Phase IV standards could actually have negative environmental consequences by eliminating relatively `` clean'' zinc fertilizers from the market, and encouraging the use of fertilizers with higher levels of contaminants (e. g., K061 derived fertilizers) that were not subject to the LDR standards. In response, the Agency administratively stayed the effectiveness of the Phase IV rule as it applied to zinc micronutrient fertilizers (63 FR 46332, August 31, 1998). In that notice EPA announced its intent to address more broadly the requirements for recycling of hazardous wastes into fertilizer through a rulemaking process, as manifested by today's proposal. The effect of the Phase IV administrative stay was that the Third Third treatment standards (i. e., the characteristic levels) continue to apply to zinc fertilizers made from recycled hazardous wastes. A petition for review of this part of the final Phase IV rule, which challenged the stay, was subsequently filed in the D. C. Circuit Court of Appeals by several petitioners. Further discussion of this petition and its resolution is presented in section III of this preamble. As mentioned previously, fertilizer products made from one particular type of hazardous waste (K061, or electric arc furnace dust) are exempt from having to meet the LDR treatment standards. However, management of the K061 feedstocks prior to recycling is subject to the same hazardous waste management standards described above for other hazardous wastes used as components of fertilizers. Further discussion of the regulatory exemption for K061 derived fertilizers is contained in section IV. A. of this preamble. D. What Are EPA's Goals for This Rulemaking? EPA hopes to achieve the following through this rulemaking effort: · More regulatory consistency. Today's proposal is intended to create a `` level playing field'' with regard to how the recycling of hazardous waste into zinc fertilizers is regulated. Removing the current exemption for K061 derived fertilizers is one aspect of today's proposal that should result in a more comprehensive and more consistent regulatory framework for hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers. In this same vein, today's proposal requests comments on eliminating the current exemption from the definition of solid waste for mining wastes that exhibit a hazardous characteristic and that are used to make fertilizer products. · Limits on contaminants in recycled zinc fertilizers that are based on VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70957 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules demonstrated manufacturing practices. Today's proposed limits on metals in recycled zinc fertilizers are based on levels that have been demonstrated to be technically and economically achievable by the industry, are protective of human health and the environment, and will result in overall reductions in the volumes of heavy metals that are applied to the nation's farmlands from hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers. · More appropriate controls on management of hazardous secondary materials used in legitimate zinc fertilizer recycling practices. Today's proposal should serve to better define `` legitimate recycling'' for zinc fertilizers, and streamline current regulatory restrictions on management of hazardous secondary materials used as feedstocks in zinc fertilizer manufacturing. E. How Would Today's Proposal Affect Producers and Consumers of Zinc Fertilizer? We believe that today's regulatory proposal should have very few negative impacts on fertilizer manufacturers, the waste generators who supply them, or on farmers who use zinc fertilizers. In fact, many elements of today's proposal are expected to have a positive effect on the zinc fertilizer market. However, the Agency is interested in any further information that commenters may be able to provide on such impacts, either positive or negative. A more detailed discussion of the economic impact analysis prepared in support of this rulemaking is presented in section VIII. A. of this preamble. RCRA regulations affect only a portion of the overall zinc fertilizer industry. It is estimated that roughly one half of the total zinc fertilizer produced in the United States is made from hazardous secondary materials, such as K061, brass fume dust and other zinc oxide materials. (Land Application of Hazardous Waste Derived Micronutruent Fertilizers, Bay Zinc Company and Tetra Technologies, Inc.; November 19, 1999) The balance of zinc fertilizer production is made from secondary materials (or in some cases, `` virgin'' mineral concentrates) that are not hazardous wastes, and thus are not subject to RCRA controls. An example of a non­ hazardous waste that is commonly used to make zinc fertilizer is zinc oxide `` skimmings, '' a by­ product from galvanizing of various steel products. Manufacturers of high­ purity zinc fertilizers (such as zinc sulfate monohydrate, or ZSM) typically can use either hazardous or non­ hazardous secondary materials; the resultant fertilizer products are essentially identical (Ibid.). EPA recognizes that regulating one half of the industry while the other half is essentially unregulated has the potential for creating distortions in the zinc fertilizer market. One of the Agency's concerns in this regard is that imposing stringent regulations on recycling of hazardous material feedstocks can create a strong economic incentive for manufacturers to use feedstock materials that carry no RCRA regulatory `` baggage. '' This can be detrimental environmentally, if unregulated fertilizers with higher concentrations of toxic constituents have a market advantage. This partial regulation could also lead to greater reliance on non­ RCRA regulated feedstock materials from foreign sources. Ultimately, such distortions in the market would likely result in lower volumes of zinc­ bearing wastes being beneficially recycled. EPA believes that the regulatory amendments proposed today could greatly reduce these deleterious effects on the industry and its customers, and may encourage beneficial recycling by zinc fertilizer producers and their suppliers, while ensuring appropriate environmental protections. III. Settlement Agreement for the Phase IV Administrative Stay On December 18, 1998, a petition for review of the Phase IV administrative stay (described in Section II. C above) was filed by the Washington Toxics Coalition, the Sierra Club and the Environmental Technology Council. Since the objectives of the petitioners to ensure protection of human health and the environment are generally consistent with EPA's, and in order to avoid protracted litigation on this matter, a settlement agreement was reached on June 20, 2000, in which the Agency committed to address several issues relating to hazardous waste derived fertilizers in this rulemaking effort. In summary, in the settlement agreement the Agency agreed to: · Sign a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) by November 15, 2000; · Propose in the NPRM: ÐTechnology­ based standards for certain metal contaminants in hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers; ÐElimination of the current exemption from LDR treatment standards for K061 derived zinc fertilizers; ÐStandards for dioxins in hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers; and ÐRecord keeping and reporting requirements. · In the NPRM, solicit comments on a regulatory option that would establish a comprehensive reporting and record keeping system for generators, transporters and manufacturers involved with production of any fertilizer made from hazardous waste, based on the RCRA Biennial Reporting system. · In the NPRM, solicit comment on eliminating the current exemption from Subtitle C regulation for fertilizers made from mining wastes; · In the NPRM, discuss the option of retaining the current generator, transportation and storage requirements, if the Agency proposes to modify those requirements; · Sign a Notice of Final Rulemaking that addresses the above provisions no later than May 15, 2002. Today's proposed rule is consistent with the terms of this agreement. Pursuant to Administrative Procedures Act regulations, the Agency has not committed to promulgating any specific regulatory action in the final fertilizer rulemaking. The final rulemaking will reflect the comments and data submitted during the public comment period on this proposal, as well as any new analyses conducted by the Agency. A copy of the settlement agreement is included in the docket for today's proposed rule. IV. Detailed Description of Today's Proposal A. Removal of Exemption for K061­ Derived Fertilizers 1. Background Electric arc furnace dust, known by its RCRA waste code as K061, is a zinc­ rich waste collected in air emission control baghouses and scrubbers at electric arc steel making plants. K061 was listed by EPA as a hazardous waste in 1980, due to relatively high concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. More recent data indicate that the levels of heavy metal contaminants in K061 have generally declined, as generators have made advances in removing such contaminants from the scrap metal feedstocks used in this type of steelmaking process. However, concentrations of lead in excess of one percent (by weight) are still reported to be relatively common in K061 used by the fertilizer industry (`` Land Application of Hazardous Waste Derived Micronutrient Fertilizers, Bay Zinc Company and Tetra Technologies Inc., November 19, 1999, Appendix A). VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70958 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules Measurable levels of dioxin contaminants have also been reported in a limited number of K061 samples: Data from the State of Washington's recent study of fertilizer contaminants (`` Screening Survey for Metals and Dioxins in Fertilizer Products and Soils in Washington State, '' April 1999) indicated dioxin levels in one sample of raw K061 at over 800 ppt, and a sample of K061­ derived fertilizers at approximately 340 ppt. Other types of zinc fertilizers that were tested showed far lower (in many cases, non­ detect) levels of dioxins. Manufacturing zinc fertilizer from K061 typically involves treating the material with sulfuric acid to form a granular zinc `` oxy­ sulfate'' fertilizer product. Thus, the manufacturing process does not involve any processing to remove heavy metal contaminants. K061 fertilizers are only partially soluble in water, since much of the zinc remains in an oxide or ferrite (a zinciron compound) form, which is less water soluble than zinc sulfate. Recent trends in the zinc fertilizer industry indicate a shift away from K061 oxysulfate products, and increased production of zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZSM) products, which typically have much lower levels of heavy metal contaminants (Ibid). Further discussion of zinc fertilizer manufacturing processes, and ZSM fertilizer products in particular, is presented in section IV. B. of today's preamble. It should be noted that K061 can be processed thermally (e. g., in multiple hearth furnaces) to reclaim iron and produce a zinc oxide material that is amenable to further processing to manufacture high­ purity zinc fertilizer such as ZSM. Although this is not yet a widespread practice, it further illustrates that the purity of zinc fertilizer is largely a function of how feedstock materials are processed, rather than the type of feedstock itself. In 1988, as part of the `` First Third'' land disposal restrictions final rule, EPA exempted fertilizers made from K061 from having to meet the LDR treatment standards applicable to other types of hazardous waste derived fertilizers. EPA's decision to promulgate this exemption was based on an analysis of then­ available data that indicated heavy metal contaminant levels in K061­ derived fertilizer were comparable to (and in some cases were lower than) contaminant levels in zinc fertilizers made from non­ hazardous waste feedstocks. Thus, it was concluded that eliminating K061 fertilizers from the market (as would have been likely absent the regulatory exemption) would not have had any net environmental benefit. EPA also concluded at that time that, based on available information, agricultural application of K061 fertilizers did not appear to pose significant risks for either ground water or food chain contamination pathways (see 53 FR 31164, August 17, 1988). 2. Today's Proposed Action Today's proposed rule would amend the current regulations at § 266.20, by removing the provision that exempts fertilizers made from K061 from having to meet applicable land disposal restrictions standards. In effect, this proposal would require all zinc fertilizers made from recycled hazardous secondary materials to meet the same set of contaminant standards. This aspect of today's proposal is in accord with the Agency's objective of creating a more consistent regulatory framework for this particular recycling practice. EPA's rationale for eliminating the current regulatory exemption for K061 derived fertilizers also rests on the fact that the composition of zinc fertilizers on the market has changed significantly since the exemption was granted in 1988. Current data on zinc fertilizer composition clearly indicate that levels of certain heavy metal contaminants in K061 fertilizers are considerably higher than those in other types of zinc fertilizers that are now widely marketed. For example, total concentrations of lead in K061 fertilizers commonly exceed one percent (10,000 mg/ kg) by weight, while available data suggest that lead levels in zinc sulfate monohydrate fertilizers (which are also widely marketed) rarely exceed 100 mg/ kg in dry product (see, for example, `` Land Application of Hazardous Waste Derived Micronutrient Fertilizers, '' Bay Zinc Company and Tetra Technologies, Inc., November 19, 1999). Such higher purity zinc fertilizers were not widely available as substitutes for K061­ derived fertilizers in 1988. Today's proposal to eliminate the exemption for K061 derived fertilizers has also been made in consideration of the levels of dioxins in K061 fertilizers that were identified in the State of Washington's report `` Screening Survey of Metals and Dioxins in Fertilizer Products and Soils in Washington State, '' (April 1999). As discussed further in Section VII. A. of this preamble and in the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) prepared in support of today's proposal, EPA believes that subjecting K061 zinc fertilizers to the same regulatory controls as other types of hazardous waste derived fertilizers will have the benefit of creating a more consistent regulatory framework for this type of zinc fertilizer manufacturing, and will not create undue hardships for the zinc fertilizer industry. At the present time EPA is aware of only one manufacturer (Frit Industries of Ozark, AL) currently using K061 to produce zinc oxy­ sulfate fertilizer. Although this company would need to modify its manufacturing practices to comply with this regulatory change, EPA believes that this should not cause undue economic hardship for either the company or for zinc fertilizer consumers. In any case, we do not believe that it is sensible to exempt this type of fertilizer from having to meet contaminant limits, while other zinc fertilizers of greater purity would be required to meet them. In addition, the provisions in today's proposal that would streamline regulatory controls on management of hazardous feedstocks in zinc fertilizer manufacture should benefit the industry by increasing the availability of alternative hazardous feedstock materials (e. g., brass foundry dusts). Some stakeholders have advocated a total ban on the use of K061 to make zinc fertilizer, largely because of concerns about measured concentrations of dioxin contaminants in two samples of these fertilizers, which were analyzed as part of the State of Washington's previously cited screening study. The Agency considered this option, but is not proposing it. EPA believes that K061 can be a suitable feedstock for manufacturing zinc fertilizer, provided that it is processed sufficiently to address metal and dioxin contaminants. In fact, at least one steel manufacturer in the United States is currently thermally processing K061 to recover its iron content and to produce a zinc oxide material that can be further refined to make high­ quality zinc fertilizer (Illinois Pollution Control Board, AS99± 3, May 5, 1999). The Agency does not believe that there is any environmental reason to discourage recycling of K061 to make fertilizer; in fact, we hope that this rulemaking may serve to encourage beneficial metals recovery from K061 that might otherwise be landfilled. In summary, given the relatively high contaminant levels in K061 fertilizers, and the availability to the industry of alternative hazardous waste (and other) feedstock materials, EPA sees no compelling reason to continue subjecting K061 fertilizers to less stringent regulatory controls than other types of hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers. The Agency requests comment on this provision of today's proposal. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70959 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 2 EPA is reciting this history as an aid to readers; EPA is not accepting comment on these past determinations; or otherwise reopening these issues. B. Conditional Exclusion for Recycled Zinc­ Bearing Hazardous Secondary Materials 1. Background a. General. As discussed in Section II. C. of this preamble, the `` use constituting disposal'' (UCD) requirements of § 266.20 currently apply to management of any RCRA hazardous waste that is recycled to make fertilizer. This in effect requires the wastes to be managed according to all applicable hazardous waste regulations, including requirements for generation, transportation and storage of the wastes prior to recycling. The recycling processes themselves are generally not subject to RCRA regulation. EPA's rationale for regulating these materials as hazardous wastes is that the end disposition of the waste closely resembles uncontrolled land disposal, which is the classic type of discard under RCRA. (January 4, 1985, 50 FR at 627± 28; August 17, 1988, 53 FR at 31198). At the time these regulations were promulgated, however, EPA was unsure as to how to regulate the end disposition of the waste­ derived products, since full Subtitle C regulation would essentially prohibit their use as products (January 4, 1985; 50 FR at 646). The original regulatory scheme consequently applied RCRA Subtitle C regulation only to persons generating, transporting and storing hazardous wastes before they were incorporated into the waste­ derived products. Id. At 646± 47. As explained earlier, because the use of waste­ derived products on the land is a type of land disposal, EPA in 1988 amended these regulations to require all such waste­ derived products (with the exception of K061 derived fertilizers) to meet LDR treatment standards 2 . As mentioned previously, zinc fertilizers can be manufactured from a variety of different feedstock materialsÐ some are `` virgin'' materials such as refined ores, while others are secondary materials generated from emission control devices or other industrial processes. While their origins may differ, the physical and chemical characteristics of these materials are generally quite similarÐ for the most part they are dry, powdery solid materials containing a high percentage of zinc in oxide or chloride form, along with lower levels of non­ nutritive contaminants such as lead, cadmium and other heavy metals. The zinc content of these materials typically ranges from 50% to 80% by weight. Levels of metal contaminants in these feedstocks vary considerably, even from batch to batch; on average, contaminant levels in non­ hazardous feedstocks are slightly lower than those in hazardous feedstocks. Levels of lead (for example) in non­ hazardous galvanizer ash typically range between one and two percent, while levels in hazardous brass foundry dust can be as high as six percent (letter from George M. Obeldobel, March 6, 2000). As a general matter, however, we believe that any potential risks posed by hazardous and non­ hazardous zinc feedstock materials would be substantially similar, which argues for more consistent regulation of these materials under RCRA. In EPA's view, more consistent regulation of zinc fertilizer feedstocks is also appropriate since the current regulatory structure tends to discourage legitimate and beneficial recycling of those materials that are now classified as hazardous wastes. As mentioned previously, the current UCD regulations that apply to this recycling practice were originally promulgated in 1985. A thorough, prospective examination of the potential impacts of the UCD regulations specifically on the zinc fertilizer industry was beyond the scope of that original rulemaking. Since 1985 the Agency has gained considerable insight as to how the UCD regulations have affected manufacturers of zinc fertilizers and their suppliers. Based on this experience with implementing the UCD requirements, EPA has concluded that the existing UCD regulatory structure unnecessarily constrains legitimate recycling in the zinc fertilizer industry, as discussed in more detail below. Under the current regulations, companies that use hazardous wastes to make fertilizers typically will need a RCRA permit for storage of the material prior to recycling. This can have important implications for zinc fertilizer manufacturers. Obtaining a RCRA permit can be costly and time consuming. In addition, a RCRA permit carries with it other obligations, such as the requirement for facility­ wide corrective action, which can incur further substantial costs. Most companies (and fertilizer manufacturers are no exception) thus have a strong incentive to avoid the RCRA permit requirement for their facilities whenever possible. One way for a zinc fertilizer manufacturer to avoid the RCRA permit requirement is to simply use nonhazardous feedstock materials. These materials are generally more expensive than hazardous waste feedstocks, which increases the price of zinc fertilizer products. For manufacturers who do accept hazardous feedstock materials, the RCRA permit requirement can also be avoided by selling the end product for purposes other than fertilizer. ZSM, for example, can also be used as an animal feed supplement, which does not trigger the UCD regulatory requirements. This creates the anomalous situation in which a manufacturer of ZSM would be subject to full regulation under RCRA if the product is sold as fertilizer, but is not regulated at all if the identical product is sold as animal feed. EPA does not believe that there is a convincing environmental rationale for perpetuating this somewhat artificial regulatory distinction between zinc products that trigger the UCD requirements and those that do not, particularly when the composition of the products may be identical. The current UCD regulations create similar disincentives for generators of hazardous zinc secondary materials. Such generators typically prefer not to have such materials classified as hazardous waste, since they are then less valuable as a commodity, are subject to stringent hazardous waste management requirements, and in many states are assessed hazardous waste generation fees. These generators therefore tend to avoid selling their material to companies that make fertilizer products. However, fertilizer is by far the largest market for ZSM. Since this market is effectively closed for many generators, and alternative recycling options are limited, generators of zinc­ bearing secondary materials can often be forced to dispose of the material as hazardous waste, rather than sell it to fertilizer manufacturers. In EPA's view, such distortions in the market for recyclable hazardous secondary materials are both environmentally and economically nonproductive b. Reporting and Recordkeeping. As discussed above, under current regulations hazardous wastes that are used to make fertilizers are subject to the RCRA `` cradle to grave'' requirements for tracking and recordkeeping prior to being recycled. The following is a summary of these requirements: · Generators of such hazardous wastes must: ÐManifest off­ site shipments of hazardous waste (§ 262.20± 23); ÐSubmit exception reports for any unconfirmed deliveries of waste shipments (§ 262.42); VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 19: 16 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70960 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules ÐMaintain copies of manifests, exception reports, biennial reports and any data used to make hazardous waste determinations, for at least three years (§ 262.40); and ÐSubmit a biennial report describing all hazardous wastes generated and the facilities they were shipped to every other year (§ 262.41). · Manufacturers of hazardous waste derived fertilizers must: ÐMaintain copies of manifests for at least three years [§ 264.71( b)( 5)]; ÐSubmit a report for each shipment of hazardous waste received without a manifest (§ 264.76) and each shipment with significant manifest discrepancies (§ 264.72); and ÐSubmit a biennial report for each odd­ numbered year describing all hazardous wastes received from any off­ site generators, and who the generators were. These RCRA requirements were designed to be a `` cradle to grave'' tracking system, to document and ensure that hazardous wastes shipped from a generator's facility actually arrive at their intended destination (e. g., a hazardous waste disposal facility), and do not become `` lost'' or dumped indiscriminately. The biennial reporting requirement is intended to provide information to the public on hazardous waste generation and movement, and to enable EPA to report to Congress with national profiles of these activities. While these requirements apply when the recycled end product is subject to the UCD regulations, such cradle­ tograve requirements generally do not apply if such wastes are used to make other types of products. Thus, the RCRA tracking system does not apply to many hazardous waste streams that are recycled but are exempt or excluded from regulation because the end products are not used on the land. With regard to monitoring and tracking hazardous wastes that are used to make fertilizers (and other recycled products), the current RCRA regulations have certain limitations. For example, hazardous waste generators who supply fertilizer manufacturers are not required to notify regulatory agencies of the practice, so identifying the sources of hazardous waste feedstock materials involves reviewing individual manifests, which are typically maintained at the fertilizer manufacturer's facility. Tracking such waste movements may be especially difficult in cases where there is a middleman (e. g., a waste broker or processor) involved, who may aggregate or blend wastes from various sources before shipping them to a fertilizer manufacturer. In addition, generators are required to identify only the facility to which their wastes are shipped, but do not need to identify what their wastes may be used for. Many facilities that receive such wastes make a variety of products in addition to fertilizers, which makes it difficult for regulators (and others) to determine whether or not a particular waste shipment was used specifically for fertilizer manufacture. The biennial reporting system has similar limitations for much the same reasons, and in addition only applies to hazardous waste management activities that occur every other year. In summary, the existing regulatory framework provides regulators and others with only limited means of identifying and monitoring generators who supply manufacturers of hazardous waste derived fertilizers, or what they are supplying. Furthermore, the current biennial reporting system is admittedly only marginally useful for identifying at an aggregate national level who is engaged in these practices, what wastes are being used, or what products are being produced. EPA believes that the current recordkeeping, reporting and tracking system (as it applies to recycling of hazardous wastes in zinc fertilizers) can be streamlined and greatly improved with relatively minor modifications. To this end, EPA is today proposing (as discussed below) a new set of reporting and recordkeeping requirements specifically for this industry that should enhance oversight capabilities of regulatory agencies, and provide more complete, more accurate and more accessible information to regulators and others on this particular type of hazardous waste recycling. In addition, as discussed in section VIII. C. of this preamble, we believe that the proposed new requirements would actually result in less overall paperwork burden on industry than the current system. EPA requests comments on whether the new set of reporting and recordkeeping requirements in today's proposal is necessary, and on the potential impacts of such requirements. 2. Proposed Conditional Exclusion EPA is today proposing in § 261.4( a)( 20) a conditional exclusion from the definition of solid waste for hazardous secondary materialsÐ that is, spent materials, sludges and byproductsÐ that are recycled to make zinc fertilizers or zinc fertilizer ingredients. We believe excluding these materials from being classified as wastes is appropriate, for the reasons outlined above. However, we do not believe that a total exclusion (which would allow unrestricted management of these materials) is appropriate, given the Agency's recent experience with at least three cases of environmental damage caused by improper management of such materials by zinc product manufacturers (these cases are discussed further in the economic impact analysis prepared for this proposed rule). As mentioned previously, these materials are typically dry zinc oxide dusts that contain significant levels of non­ nutritive metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic, often in soluble form. They are thus susceptible to wind and water dispersion if not managed properly. The damage cases that the Agency has dealt with have primarily involved situations where the secondary material feedstocks and/ or wastes generated from fertilizer manufacturing processes have been stored outdoors, usually in uncovered, unlined piles. These cases have resulted in contamination of soils, sediments and ground water via uncontrolled dispersal, a form of `` throwing away'' inconsistent with the notion that these zinc­ containing materials were valuable feedstocks (`` Report of RCRA Compliance Inspection at American Microtrace Corporation, '' US EPA Region VII, December 4, 1996). In summary, today's proposal would replace the current Subtitle C regulatory controls on these materials with conditions designed to ensure that the unprocessed materials do not become discarded. EPA is not aware of any damage cases that may have occurred from mismanagement of hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers themselves. EPA requests information on any other proven damage cases due to mismanagement of secondary material feedstocks and/ or wastes generated from fertilizer manufacturing processes, or proven damage cases involving mismanagement of hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers. a. Applicability of Conditional Exclusion. The conditional exclusion proposed today would be an exclusion only from the RCRA Subtitle C regulations, and not from the emergency, remediation and information­ gathering sections of the RCRA statute (sections 3004( u), 3007, 3013, and 7003). This restates the principle already codified for other excluded secondary materialsÐ that the exclusion is only from RCRA regulatory provisions, and not from these statutory authorities. See section 261.1( b). VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70961 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules EPA is repeating that principle here in the interests of clarity, not to reopen the issue. The legal basis for the distinction of the Agency's authority under these provisions is that they use the broader statutory definition of solid waste (and hazardous waste as well) and so need not (and should not) be read as being limited by the regulatory definition. See, for example, 50 FR 627; January 4, 1985. b. Reporting and Recordkeeping. Today's proposed rule includes conditions for reporting and recordkeeping by generators and manufacturers that are designed to ensure that government oversight over the handlers of excluded materials (e. g., generators and manufacturers) is not compromised. These conditions would replace the current hazardous waste regulatory requirements for reporting and recordkeeping. As discussed below, the proposed conditions are in fact designed to improve the accountability system, and government oversight capabilities, over the handling of secondary materials used to make zinc fertilizers. Today's proposal would replace the existing tracking system with a set of reporting and recordkeeping requirements (i. e., conditions to the exclusion) to specifically identify zinc fertilizer manufacturers who receive excluded hazardous secondary materials and the generators who supply them, to track shipments of these materials, and to provide a much more detailed accounting of the types and volumes of hazardous secondary materials that are actually used to make zinc fertilizer products. The proposal also specifies recordkeeping requirements for finished zinc fertilizer products that are made from excluded materials, as discussed below in section IV. C. 2. The proposed conditions on reporting and recordkeeping are not expected to impose substantial new paperwork burdens on affected companies, since we believe they rely primarily on standard business record keeping practices. At the same time, however, it should be understood that the proposed requirements would be unique, in that no other RCRA­ regulated recycling practice is subject to such an expanded, industry­ specific accountability system. EPA solicits comments on whether such an accountability system is warranted, whether it would necessitate substantial changes to current business practices, and on any other potential impacts of such a system. c. Conditions of the Exclusion. i. Speculative Accumulation. Today's proposal would prohibit speculative accumulation (as defined in existing § 261.1( c)( 8)), which generally requires an annual recycling rate of 75% of all hazardous secondary materials accumulated as of the first day of each calendar year. This proposed provision is mainly for emphasis and clarity; a general provision classifying secondary materials accumulated speculatively as solid wastes already appears at § 261.2( c)( 4). See generally 50 FR at 634± 37; January 4, 1985. ii. Conditions Applicable to Generators of Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials. Overview. As discussed above, under today's proposal generators would no longer be subject to current hazardous waste management regulations, provided that the generator met the specified conditions relating to accumulation, storage, transportation, reporting and recordkeeping of excluded materials. The following is a general, simplified reiteration of how requirements for generators would change under these proposed rules, followed by a more detailed explanation of each of the proposed conditions. Accumulation/ Generation. Currently, generators of hazardous wastes used to make zinc fertilizers may accumulate the wastes on­ site for no more than 90 days without triggering the need for a RCRA permit. In addition, a number of states levy fees on all such generated wastes, which are typically based on the volumes generated in a given year. Under today's proposal, these requirements would no longer apply to generators (unless a state chose to adopt more stringent requirements). Storage. On­ site storage (e. g., in tanks or containers) of hazardous waste accumulations is currently allowed if the generator meets the management requirements for such units at interim status facilities. Under today's proposal, these storage requirements would be replaced by a set of more general, performance­ based conditions intended to ensure that excluded materials are stored safely at generator facilities. Transportation. Off­ site shipments of hazardous wastes (e. g., from a generator to a fertilizer manufacturer) currently must be manifested according to the requirements of 40 CFR Part 262, Subparts B and C. These requirements include provisions for packaging, labeling, marking, and placarding of waste shipments, as well as procedural requirements such as those for dealing with manifest discrepancies. Under today's proposal hazardous waste manifests and the requirements associated with their use would not apply. The generator would, however, need to document shipments of excluded materials and maintain copies of shipping papers, analogous to the current manifesting requirements. Reporting and Recordkeeping. Under current regulations, generators of hazardous wastes used to make zinc fertilizers must provide notice to the authorized agency of their hazardous waste management activity (§ 262.12), submit biennial report information every other year (§ 262.41), and maintain manifest records for at least three years (§ 262.40). These requirements would no longer apply under today's proposal. Instead, generators would need to: (a) Submit a one­ time notice of their intent to manage (now excluded) materials according to the proposed conditions; and (b) maintain shipping records (containing information analogous to that in manifests) for at least three years. The following is a more detailed explanation of today's proposed conditions for generators. Storage. Under today's proposal (§ 261.4( a)( 20)( ii)( A)), storage of excluded hazardous secondary materials at a generator's facility would, as a condition of the exclusion, only be allowed in tanks, containers or in buildings. These units would have to be constructed and maintained in a way intended to prevent releases of the material into the environment from occurring. This is in effect a general performance standard for such units, coupled with a few broad design conditions. EPA expects that in most cases generators will choose to store their feedstock materials inside buildings, either in bulk (i. e., in piles) or in `` supersack'' containers. Supersacks are reusable woven resin bags that can contain approximately one ton of dry material, and are typically handled with forklifts, cranes or other heavy machinery. As mentioned previously, the damage cases known to the Agency that involved hazardous zinc feedstock materials have all resulted from outside storage, typically in uncovered, unlined piles. Storage of these materials inside well­ designed and maintained buildings should adequately prevent against releases of such materials into the environment. Thus, the proposed storage condition is that any such building be engineered to have a floor, walls and a roof made of non­ earthen materials, such that dispersal or contact by rainwater are prevented. These buildings may, however, have doors or removable sections to enable access by trucks or machinery. Excluded secondary materials could also be stored in tanks that are not located inside buildings. Such tanks are often used for receiving shipments of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70962 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules bulk material from trucks or rail cars. A tank (as defined in § 260.10) subject to this exclusion would have to be structurally sound, and have a roof or cover that prevents wind or water dispersal. Outside storage of secondary materials in containers at generating facilities would also be allowed, with some restrictions. Such containers would have to have lids or covers to prevent dispersal of the contents, and be constructed of metal or other rigid materials. This last requirement is intended to prevent the use of supersacks or similar types of containers for outside storage. This is because supersacks are to some extent porous, and do not have sealed openings. They are not waterproof or airtight, and can rupture if mishandled. EPA believes that this type of container does not offer secure enough storage under outside conditions, and so is proposing not to allow their use for outdoor storage of excluded materials. EPA believes that the proposed conditions on storage of excluded hazardous secondary materials at generator facilities would be protective of human health and the environment. However, we recognize that the proposed conditions do not address every possible circumstance that could lead to releases of these materials at a generator's facility. The same can be said, of course, for permitted hazardous waste management facilities. An example might be an accident during loading or unloading of material that causes spillage or wind dispersal, and (at least potentially) contamination of soils. In all cases, unless the owner/ operator of the facility responds immediately to clean up the released material, these situations would be considered an act of discard under RCRA. Such materials would then be considered waste (i. e., the conditional exclusion would not longer apply), and the owner/ operator would potentially be subject to enforcement action for illegal disposal of hazardous waste. EPA invites comment on all aspects of today's proposed storage requirements for generators. One­ time notification. The proposed rule would require generators of excluded hazardous secondary materials to submit a one­ time notice (§ 261.( 4)( a)( 20)( ii)( B)) to the EPA Regional Administrator (or the state Director in an authorized state) identifying the name, location and EPA ID number of the generating facility, and the type (e. g., brass foundry dust) and estimated annual volume of material that is expected to be excluded under these fertilizer recycling regulations. This condition is intended to enable regulatory agencies to readily identify the generators who supply (or intend to supply) excluded secondary materials to zinc fertilizer producers. If the generator anticipates shipping excluded materials off­ site, the generator would also have to certify in the notice that he will only ship excluded materials to states that are authorized to administer these regulations (i. e., if that state were not authorized, the material would not be excluded in that state and would have to be managed as hazardous waste in that state). With regard to off­ site shipments, the DOT requirements for transportation of hazardous materials (which generally involve proper identification of such materials in case of emergency incidents) could potentially apply. The shipments would not be subject to RCRA manifest requirements (since the materials would not be hazardous wastes), although similar shipping papers would be required for tracking purposes, as discussed below. This proposed reporting requirement is generally analogous to the current requirement for generators of excluded secondary materials that are placed on the land (see § 268.7( a)( 7)), which requires the generator to place a similar one­ time notice in the generator facility's on­ site files. However, the proposed requirement should have the effect of enhancing regulatory agencies' tracking and oversight capabilities, since the information would be submitted directly to the overseeing agency, rather than being maintained in the facility's files. EPA considered alternatives to this one­ time notice requirement, such as requiring periodic (e. g., yearly, or once every five years) notices, or a new notice whenever a significant change occurs, such as process changes that could change the product's composition. The one­ time notice is consistent, however, with similar conditional exclusions (e. g., for comparable fuelsÐ see § 261.38( c)( 1)( i)( A)), and it is not clear that additional notices from generators would be necessary for regulatory oversight purposes. We solicit comment on the need for a one­ time notice to the regulating agency, as well as the content and frequency of this reporting condition. Recordkeeping. Today's proposal would require generators to maintain records of all shipments of excluded hazardous secondary materials for a minimum of three years. These proposed recordkeeping conditions should enable regulatory agencies to more easily investigate shipments of excluded materials for compliance and enforcement purposes. We believe that these recordkeeping conditions should be generally consistent with normal business recordkeeping practices, and thus would not be expected to impose significant additional paperwork burdens on generators. We invite comment on this issue. As specified in § 261.4( a)( 20)( ii)( C), these records would have to identify for each shipment the name of the transporter, date of the shipment, the quantity shipped and a brief description of the excluded material in the shipment, name and location of the fertilizer manufacturer who received the shipment, a notice to the receiving manufacturer that the shipped materials are subject to the conditions specified in this rule, and documentation confirming receipt of the shipment by the manufacturer. These conditions are analogous to the current requirements for shipping hazardous wastes under manifests and maintenance of manifest records. Copies of manifests are typically kept at the generator's facility, though some states require copies of manifests to be submitted to the state agency. The proposed recordkeeping conditions would require generators of excluded hazardous secondary materials to verify that each off­ site shipment of excluded material was received as intended at the destination fertilizer manufacturing facility. This is intended to ensure a clear, documented chain of custody between the generator and the fertilizer manufacturer. In addition, under the proposed conditions generators would need to provide for each shipment a notice to the receiving manufacturer that the material is a hazardous secondary material excluded from hazardous waste regulations only as long as certain conditions are met. This is intended to ensure that manufacturers are fully aware of the regulatory status of each shipment of material, the obligations associated with receiving it, and the consequences of failing to meet the exclusion conditions. These conditions may have particular implications for generators who ship their wastes to or through middlemen, such as waste brokers or transfer facilities. The conditions are not intended to prevent this practiceÐ the use of a middleman to facilitate shipments from generator to fertilizer manufacturer would be allowed, provided that the manufacturer receives the same wastes that the generator shipped. If excluded wastes were to be mixed with other materials, all of the mixed materials would need to be managed in accordance with the exclusion conditions (or in accordance VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70963 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules with Subtitle C requirements, if they were mixed with hazardous wastes). Other issues could arise with regard to shipments of material through middlemen. For example, a generator of zinc fume dust might send secondary material to a treatment facility that recovers lead, with the treated material then sent to a manufacturer of zinc micronutrient fertilizer. As explained below, under today's proposal the intermediate processor in this scenario would be considered a manufacturer of fertilizer ingredients, and would need to meet the conditions applicable to manufacturers in order to maintain the excluded status of the secondary material. If the processed secondary material was still hazardous after the intermediate processing (i. e., if it exhibited a hazardous characteristic, or if it would be considered a listed hazardous waste were it not excluded), the processor would be considered both a manufacturer and a generator, and would need to meet both sets of conditions in order to maintain the material's excluded status. If the processor rendered the material nonhazardous however, the conditions for generators would not apply to the processor, since there would be no need to further exclude the material. Although we believe that a clear chain of custody between generator and fertilizer manufacturer is important to maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of today's conditional exclusion, we recognize that the conditions described above could have consequences for generators and other entities that we have not yet fully evaluated. For example, it is possible that some intermediate handlers could blend excluded hazardous secondary materials with other bulk materials before they are shipped to a fertilizer manufacturer. In such a case the blended material would all be subject to the conditions in today's proposal in order to maintain the excluded status of the material. This could create problems for the intermediate handler (and perhaps the manufacturer) in accurately tracking the shipments of excluded materials and maintaining the excluded status of all such blended materials. We therefore invite comment on this aspect of today's proposal having to do with intermediate processors, as well as on the other proposed conditions (described above) that generators would have to comply with to maintain the excluded status of their secondary materials. iii. Conditions Applicable to Manufacturers of Zinc Fertilizers and Zinc Fertilizer Ingredients Made From Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials. Today's proposal specifies certain conditions that manufacturers of zinc fertilizers and zinc fertilizer ingredients would need to meet in order for hazardous secondary materials that they handle at their facilities to be excluded from regulation as hazardous wastes. The following is a general, simplified discussion of how requirements for fertilizer manufacturers would change under these proposed rules, followed by a more detailed explanation of each proposed condition. Permits. Currently, zinc fertilizer manufacturers typically need RCRA permits for storage of hazardous wastes prior to recycling. Under today's proposal, a manufacturer would not be subject to RCRA permitting requirements, provided that the manufacturer met the proposed conditions. Storage. Manufacturers who are subject to RCRA permit requirements under the current regulations need to comply with specific requirements for storage (e. g., in tanks or containers) at permitted facilities. Under today's proposal, these storage requirements would not apply; storage of excluded hazardous secondary materials prior to recycling would instead need to be conducted according to the more general, performance­ based conditions proposed today. Transportation. Manufacturers must now comply with manifest requirements for shipments of hazardous wastes from off­ site, including procedural requirements and those pertaining to retention of manifest records. Under today's proposal, these transportation requirements would be replaced with less prescriptive conditions for documenting and maintaining records of shipments of excluded materials. Reporting and Recordkeeping. Under current regulations, manufacturers of hazardous waste derived fertilizers must: (a) Submit a notice of waste management activity and obtain an ID number (§ 262.11); (b) submit a one­ time notice and certification relating to compliance with land disposal restrictions (LDRs) standards (§ 268.7); (c) notify the authorized agency of each shipment of product made from recycled hazardous waste (§ 268.7( b)( 6)); and (d) submit biennial report information (§ 264.75). Under today's proposal the manufacturer would instead need to: (a) submit a one­ time notice to the authorized agency; (b) maintain shipping records; and (c) Submit an annual report of recycling activity to the authorized agency. Applicability of conditional exclusion. The proposed conditions would apply to both manufacturers of finished zinc fertilizer products, as well as manufacturers of chemicals or materials that are in turn used as ingredients in zinc fertilizers. The distinction between fertilizer manufacturers and those who manufacture fertilizer ingredients may in this context be important for some companies. In some cases, zinc refiners or zinc metal producers that are not in the business of making fertilizers may manufacture chemicals (e. g., ZSM) that are then sold to fertilizer manufacturers as ingredients. Such producers are currently subject to the UCD regulations in the same way as zinc fertilizer manufacturers, since they make a product from hazardous waste that ultimately is used on the land. Similarly, some facilities may process or reclaim hazardous secondary materials (e. g., K061) to make them amenable for recycling into zinc fertilizers; these would also be considered manufacturing facilities for the purpose of this conditional exclusion. Note that if the same processed or reclaimed materials are used for other purposes than to make zinc fertilizer, the conditional exclusion would not apply (and would probably not be needed unless the materials are used for some other purpose subject to UCD regulatory requirements). In the situations described above involving manufacturers of zinc fertilizer ingredients, it is possible that in some cases the manufacturer of the ingredient may sell the product to another company, unaware that it will be used to make fertilizer. We believe that such cases will be rare, given the relatively small size of the industry and the limited number of uses for such zinc products. We invite comment, however, as to how common this scenario might be and what impacts today's proposed regulations might have on business transactions such as these. For the reasons outlined above, EPA believes today's proposal should extend to manufacturers of zinc fertilizer ingredients, as well as to manufacturers of finished fertilizer products. We invite comment on this aspect of the proposed rule, including the need for such a provision, as well as information on which companies or facilities might be affected by such a provision, and any implementation issues that might occur as a result. Storage. Under today's proposal, manufacturers of zinc fertilizers or ingredients would need to meet the same storage requirements for excluded hazardous secondary materials that VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70964 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 3 This objective is tempered by the specific goals that such properly conducted recycling is expected to achieve: increased waste minimization and decreased land disposal. It could be argued that because these fertilizers are placed on the land (land disposal under section 3004( k)), the policy of encouraging this type of recycling carries less weight. Nonetheless, EPA believes the conditional exclusion approach available to both secondary material generators and fertilizer manufacturers will encourage safe and legitimate use of these zinccontaining secondary materials, and that this result is therefore in keeping with RCRA's recycling goals. would apply to the generators of such materials (described above), as a condition of the exclusion. Again, the general intent of these storage conditions is to ensure that the materials are managed securely at fertilizer manufacturing facilities, and that releases of the materials into the environment are avoided. EPA solicits comments on the need for and approach to these proposed storage conditions, and specifically whether additional conditions (e. g., controls on fugitive dust emissions from production buildings) may be necessary to ensure adequate protections. One­ time notification. As a condition of the exclusion, manufacturers would also need to submit a one­ time notice to the authorized agency that identifies the name and location of the manufacturing facility, and estimated annual quantities and types (e. g., generating industrial processes) of excluded materials that are expected to be used in zinc fertilizer production. The intent of this one­ time notice is to provide regulators with general knowledge of which manufacturers intend to make use of the conditional exemption, as well as background information on the nature and scale of their intended recycling operations. This notice would in effect replace and streamline the current notification requirements for hazardous waste recyclers who make products used in a manner constituting disposal, as specified in § 268.7( b)( 6). Under those requirements manufacturers of hazardous waste derived fertilizers must submit to the overseeing agency an LDR certification statement (see § 268.7( b)( 4)), and certain other information relating to compliance with LDR treatment standards, for each shipment of fertilizer products. While we believe that it is reasonable and desirable for regulatory agencies to be informed as to which companies are making zinc fertilizer from excluded secondary materials and what materials they intend to use, we do not believe that it is necessary to require reporting on every shipment of fertilizer products, especially in light of the proposed annual reporting requirement for manufacturers (see following discussion). EPA considered alternatives to this proposed one­ time notice requirement, similar to the alternatives described above for the proposed one­ time notice requirement for generators. We solicit comment on the need for a one­ time notice to the regulating agency, as well as the content and frequency of this reporting requirement. Recordkeeping. Under today's proposal manufacturers would need to retain for a minimum of three years records of all shipments of excluded hazardous secondary materials that were received by the zinc fertilizer manufacturer during that period (§ 261.4( a)( 20)( iii)( C)). These records would need to include information identifying the names and addresses of the generators and transporters of excluded wastes received by the manufacturer, the date each shipment was received, and information on the types and quantities of excluded materials in each received shipment. This recordkeeping condition is also intended to enhance the capability of regulatory agencies to (when necessary) account for shipments of excluded secondary materials. We believe that the condition is consistent with standard business practices, and thus should not be burdensome to fertilizer manufacturers. We request comment as to whether such a recordkeeping provision is needed, on the impacts of such a requirement, and on the alternatives that might be available. Annual report. Under proposed § 261.4( a)( 20)( iii)( D), each zinc fertilizer manufacturer who uses excluded hazardous secondary materials would need to submit to the appropriate regulatory agency an annual report that identifies the types, quantities and origins of all such excluded materials that were received by the manufacturer in the preceding year. This would also be a new type of report, intended to ensure an adequate tracking and accountability system for these excluded materials. EPA requests comment on this proposed condition, particularly with regard to whether such a requirement is necessary, and/ or whether additional information (e. g., material composition data) should be required. d. Alternatives Considered. EPA considered several regulatory approaches as alternatives to the conditional exclusion approach outlined in today's proposed rule. For each of the alternatives, EPA is interested in the views of potentially regulated entities and the public regarding the costs, benefits and other impacts of such alternatives. The following is a description of the alternatives considered: · Maintain current regulatory structure. EPA considered retaining the current UCD regulatory approach for zinc fertilizer recycling, as an alternative to today's proposed conditional exclusion. As explained previously, under the current regulations hazardous secondary materials that are recycled to make zinc fertilizer are considered hazardous wastes, and thus must be managed in accordance with all applicable RCRA Subtitle C regulations. Note that under this regulatory option the LDR standards for product contaminants could be retained, or other product contaminant limits (such as those proposed today) could be applied, in which case the limits would be regulatory standards, rather than conditions for exclusion. The main advantage of retaining Subtitle C controls over these materials prior to recycling into zinc fertilizer is presumably the greater certainty that they will be managed properly. The RCRA permit requirement for off­ site storage (i. e., at the manufacturing facility) additionally imposes facilitywide corrective action obligations on the owner/ operators of such facilities. EPA believes that the disadvantages of retaining the current UCD regulatory structure for zinc fertilizer recycling outweigh the potential advantages. The Agency is persuaded that the current UCD regulations have created unnecessary impediments to safe and legitimate recycling, as discussed previously in this preamble. We also believe that the conditional exclusion proposed today would be protective and would result in greater volumes of hazardous secondary materials legitimately and beneficially recycled into valuable products. It must be remembered that encouraging `` properly conducted recycling and reuse'' is a statutory objective. RCRA section 1003( a)( 5). 3 Further, today's proposal is expected to enhance government oversight capabilities over these practices through more complete reporting and recordkeeping by generators and fertilizer manufacturers. EPA requests comment on the alternative of retaining the current UCD regulatory structure for hazardous wastes that are used to make zinc fertilizers. · Maintain current UCD requirements, with additional reporting, recordkeeping and testing requirements for all hazardous waste derived fertilizers. Under this option the current UCD regulatory framework would be retained (i. e., management of hazardous waste fertilizer feedstocks prior to VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70965 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules recycling would be subject to RCRA regulation), the K061 exemption would be removed, and today's proposed fertilizer contaminant limits would apply. More importantly, under this regulatory alternative, expanded biennial reporting requirements (see § 262.41) would be required for all manufacturers of hazardous waste derived fertilizers (not just zinc fertilizer manufacturers), and the hazardous waste generators that supply them. The main objective of such expanded requirements would be to collect much more detailed information on zinc fertilizer recycling practices, and provide greater public access (as well as access by regulatory agencies) to that information. The following is an outline of the expanded biennial reporting requirements that would be required: 1. Applicability. Generators of hazardous wastes being sent to fertilizer manufacturers, waste brokers and receivers [i. e., hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal (TSD) facility owner/ operators] who use hazardous wastes to make fertilizers would be subject to the enhanced reporting, recordkeeping and testing requirements. 2. General reporting requirements. Generators and facility owner/ operators who are currently required to submit biennial reports (see § 262.41) would be required to submit additional information in those reports, in electronic format (consistent with electronic reporting procedures that are currently being developed by EPA). Such information would include (asterisk indicates items already required): ÐEPA ID Number * ÐCompany Name * ÐStreet Address * ÐMailing Address ÐCity, State, Zip * ÐCounty ÐTax ID ÐContact Name and Title and Telephone #, ext.* ÐDunn and Bradstreet Number ÐIndustry SIC Codes * (one code for the overall production of the site and one code for the specific industrial process that generated the waste) ÐParent Company Name ÐParent Company Dunn and Bradstreet Number ÐLatitude and Longitude ÐRegulatory Status (under what laws reports are made) 3. Additional requirements for generators (only): ÐType of waste (waste code) and amount of total hazardous waste generated and shipped for use in fertilizer manufacture. If the waste is made into fertilizer on­ site by the same company, this information would be reported under the `` receiver'' section. If the facility does not know how much might be used for fertilizer (e. g., if they send it to a waste broker) they would have to report the total amount shipped that could be made into fertilizer. ÐEPA ID # of facility waste is shipped to ÐChemical specific information (CAS code): ÐChemical composition data for shipped wastes, including data on concentrations as well as the total weight of each contaminant in each shipment of waste (see testing requirements) 4. Additional requirements for receivers (only): ÐType (waste code) and amount of hazardous waste received from any source (i. e., including waste brokers) for use as fertilizer, and amount that was actually used to manufacture fertilizer. ÐEPA ID # of waste generator facility ÐTotal amount of fertilizer produced from hazardous waste ÐChemical specific information (CAS code): ÐChemical composition data for hazardous waste received, and for finished fertilizer products made from hazardous wastes (see testing requirements) ÐFertilizer specific information: Brand name, guaranteed analysis, type of fertilizer, batch number and date received. 5. Testing requirements. Chemical analyses would have to be performed by the generator and the facility owner/ operator on the types and amounts of chemicals in hazardous wastes before they are made into fertilizers, as well as the finished fertilizer products. Chemicals to be tested for would include: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium­ 6, lead, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, boron, antimony, barium, nickel, copper, aluminum, iron, selenium, sodium, silver, magnesium, strontium, thallium, titanium, vanadium, cyanide, chloride, benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylene glycol, phenol, aldehydes (formaldehyde), vinyl chloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons (including trichloroethylene, perchlorethylene, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, methylene chloride, and chloroform), phthalates, dioxins and furans, PACs, PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, radioactivity, fluoride, and ketones. 6. Data management. The data would be accessible to the public in hard copy form and maintained in a searchable database accessible through the EPA Web Site. This database would also need to be accessible and available in electronic form (i. e., on diskette or CD). 7. Labeling. Labels (i. e., on consumer product packaging) or product disclosure documents (i. e., for farmers) would identify that the fertilizer is made from hazardous waste. The labels and documents would also identify the chemical composition of the fertilizer, including concentrations of plant nutrient chemicals and regulated contaminants. EPA requests comment on this regulatory alternative. Specifically, EPA is interested in the views of affected entities and the public on the need for, potential impacts of, and incremental benefits of each requirement in this alternative compared with the other options discussed in the preamble. · Exclusion without conditions. EPA also considered the option of simply excluding from the definition of solid waste hazardous secondary materials that are recycled to make zinc fertilizer. Recycling such materials to make zinc fertilizer would then be regulated the same as recycling them to make other types of zinc products, such as animal feed or zinc metal for galvanizing. This option would not include regulatory contaminant limits for fertilizers, since other recycled zinc products do not have such limits. One rationale for this regulatory option would be that hazardous wastes used to make zinc fertilizers do not need to be regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, since they have commodity value and are essentially the same as alternative, non­ hazardous feedstock materials. It could be further argued that restrictions on managing hazardous feedstock materials are unnecessary, since the original concern behind the UCD regulations had more to do with uncontrolled use of contaminated products on the land than management of feedstock materials prior to recycling. EPA does not prefer this regulatory option, for several reasons. Damage cases involving mismanagement of hazardous zinc fertilizer feedstocks are evidence of the need for some system of controls over these materials. In addition, eliminating all reporting, recordkeeping or storage requirements would compromise the ability of regulatory agencies (and others) to monitor these recycling practices. EPA does not believe that eliminating virtually all controls and accountability over hazardous waste fertilizer feedstocks would serve the public's (and regulators') interest in ensuring proper management of these materials. These VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70966 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 4 EPA notes that, in a recent Federal Register preamble, the Agency may have implied that RCRA section 3008( h) authority ceases whenever a facility's application for a permit has been denied. See, 63 FR 56712 & 56716 (October 22, 1998). The Agency, however, did not intend by that notice to opine on the scope of the Agency's authority under section 3008( h). The statements reflect the Agency's general practice of ensuring that any necessary corrective action has been completed prior to denying a permit application. Where cleanup has been completed prior to permit denial, further action under section 3008( h) is obviously unnecessary. factors argue convincingly, in our opinion, for maintaining enforceable conditions over hazardous secondary materials prior to recycling into fertilizers. Nevertheless, we request comments on this alternative, including information on tradeoffs between the level of regulation and the potential for risks. e. Implementation and Enforcement. Implementation. If finalized, today's proposed conditional exclusion for hazardous secondary materials could have important implications for facilities that are currently in this business and are subject to the UCD hazardous waste regulatory requirements. As a general matter, once the regulatory changes become effective and facilities begin complying with the exclusion conditions, the affected activities of those facilities (some facilities might be managing hazardous wastes that are not affected by this rule) would no longer be subject to hazardous waste management regulations. Under this proposal, a RCRApermitted facility that is now managing hazardous waste, but which under the new rules would be managing only excluded hazardous secondary materials, would not be required to maintain the operating portion of its permit, since it would no longer be engaged in hazardous waste management. In these cases the permit should be modified to reflect the changes in the facility's hazardous waste management operations. The type of modification necessary will depend upon facility­ specific circumstances, as described below. For permitted facilities that manage excluded secondary materials in addition to regulated hazardous wastes, changes to the facility's permit would be relatively minor. These facilities would still need operating permitsÐ only those units used solely to manage excluded materials would be relieved of permitting requirements. In this case, the facility owner/ operator might seek a permit modification to remove the formerly subject unit( s) from the permit. As mentioned above, a permitted facility that would no longer be considered a hazardous waste management facility (e. g., a facility that now managed only excluded hazardous secondary materials) would no longer need a hazardous waste operating permit. However, where such a facility has not yet completed facility­ wide corrective action (see 40 CFR 264.101), the obligation to conduct such cleanup continues. Therefore, one approach would be to modify the permit to remove the requirements applicable to hazardous waste storage, but not to eliminate the corrective action portion of the facility's permit. In such a case, the facility would thereafter have a corrective action­ only­ permit that would expire only when facility­ wide corrective action is determined to be complete. A similar situation could occur in the case of permits that have long­ term `` post­ closure'' requirements for monitoring or remediating groundwater contamination from RCRA­ regulated units such as landfills. In cases like these the authorized agency would also have the option of eliminating only the provisions of the permit relating to the affected storage units holding excluded materials at the facility, while leaving in effect the permit conditions for postclosure care. EPA recognizes that there may be practical issues associated with transitioning a RCRA­ permitted facility to a facility that no longer would be subject to hazardous waste regulations under the provisions of today's conditional exclusion. One issue in particular could be that the terms of the facility's permit (a legally enforceable document) would technically remain in effect until the authorized agency took action to modify or terminate the permit. Such permit conditions could include unit­ specific requirements (e. g., design, operating and closure requirements for storage tanks), as well as general facility requirements such as financial assurance, security and personnel training. This could potentially put the owner/ operator (and the authorized agency) in the awkward situation of being subject to two sets of overlapping and inconsistent regulatory requirements, that is, the hazardous waste permit requirements and the conditions of today's proposed rule. Current RCRA regulations do not provide an explicit mechanism for automatically eliminating permit conditions in these situations. We expect that such situations would be temporary and relatively rare, and an authorized agency should be able to deal with them in a common­ sense manner, without legal difficulties. It is possible, however, that some problems could arise under some circumstances. EPA is therefore considering (and solicits comment on) whether a more explicit regulatory provision is necessary to address these potential transition issues. One approach to more explicitly deal with this issue might involve amending the current permit requirements in 40 CFR Part 270 to specify that permit conditions pertaining to any active hazardous waste management activity at a facility in this type of situation would automatically be eliminated, without the need for any action on the part of the authorized agency. Such a regulatory amendment would not relieve owner/ operators of permit obligations that do not pertain to active hazardous waste management in the unit in question, such as corrective action requirements. Alternatively, permit termination could be accomplished through the Class I permit modification process (§ 270.42( a)). A facility that is operating under RCRA interim status would be affected by promulgation of today's proposed rule in much the same way as permitted facilities, and the issue of corrective action would be addressed in a similar manner. In this case, Part 265 interim status standards that apply to the affected unit and the general facility standards would be moot and no longer in effect. Under RCRA regulations, however, cessation of hazardous waste operations alone does not eliminate a facility's interim status. See 40 CFR 270.73. A facility that wishes to no longer be in `` interim status'' could seek a denial of its pending permit application. Since the Agency believes it appropriate to ensure that corrective action is addressed prior to denying a permit under these circumstances, we would expect to grant the denial only when we concluded that corrective action obligations have been satisfied 4 . In addition to the above described issues relating to permits and corrective action, today's proposed rule may also have implications with regard to closure of hazardous waste storage units at affected facilities. If today's rule were finalized, wastes currently managed as hazardous wastes would no longer be so classified as long as the facility complies with the proposed exclusion conditions. Such a conditional exemption could be read as triggering the existing closure requirements, since owners/ operators of non­ land based hazardous waste units (e. g., tanks, containers, containment buildings) must begin closure within 90 days of receiving the unit's final volume of hazardous wastes. 40 CFR 264.113( a) and 265.113( a). VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70967 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules EPA is concerned that requiring closure of units in these situations would serve little environmental purpose since, after closure, the unit would be immediately reopened and be used to store the same (now excluded) material. It should also be noted that, under today's proposal, units storing excluded materials would be considered essentially the same as similar units used to store products. Thus, we do not believe that requiring these particular units to close through RCRA Subtitle C procedures is necessary to protect human health and the environment. For these reasons, EPA is considering an explicit regulatory exemption from RCRA closure requirements for units that store hazardous wastes that subsequently become conditionally excluded under this rule. EPA's closure regulations fit into the broader RCRA hazardous waste `` cradle­ to­ grave'' management system by minimizing or eliminating potential threats to human health and the environment and the need for future corrective action at the site after active hazardous waste management activities cease. See 52 FR 8712, 8713. The Agency is today proposing that hazardous secondary materials do not warrant classification as hazardous waste when managed in compliance with the specified conditions of today's rule, and that storage units containing excluded materials do not warrant regulation under the closure standards when they cease storing hazardous wastes. We therefore request comment as to whether a more explicit regulatory exemption from RCRA closure requirements may be appropriate for units that once stored hazardous wastes but now store only conditionally excluded materials. Another option would be to treat such units comparably to those at generator facilities that cease managing hazardous wastes. When this occurs such storage units are subject to unit­ specific removal and decontamination standards (40 CFR 262.34( a)). Under this option, a hazardous waste storage unit that subsequently is used to store only excluded material would have to meet the removal and decontamination standards at the point when the unit no longer is used to manage excluded materials. EPA does not favor this approach, however, since we do not believe it necessary or appropriate for such RCRA regulatory requirements to remain in effect (for what could be a long period of time) after such a unit ceases managing hazardous wastes. In addition, any concerns about hazardous waste spills and contamination from these units would be dealt with through corrective action requirements. Therefore, EPA is not proposing this approach. Finally, EPA is also considering revising the `` delay of closure'' rules, set forth at 40 CFR 265.133( d) and (e), to allow units storing only conditionally exempt wastes to postpone closure until the unit is taken out of service. Such an approach would involve certain procedural steps built into the delay­ ofclosure rule, but it would avoid triggering closure for units that are managing now conditionally exempt waste, while at the same time requiring that such units eventually undergo formal RCRA closure under Subtitle C. EPA questions the need for this approach, however, especially since the delay of closure regulations are based on the assumption that hazardous waste remains in the closing unit, which is not the case here. EPA requests comment on all of the implementation issues described above. Enforcement. With regard to generators and fertilizer manufacturers who would be interested in making use of the conditional exclusion provisions of today's proposed rule, it should be understood that failure to meet one or more of the conditions specified in the rule could have serious consequences. Each condition must be met in order to maintain the excluded status of the hazardous secondary materials used to make zinc fertilizers. Thus, failure to meet any of the conditions would have the effect of removing the exclusion, and the secondary materials would be considered hazardous wastes subject to regulation under RCRA Subtitle C. If, for example, a fertilizer manufacturer failed to store hazardous secondary materials according to the conditions in the rule, the manufacturer could be required to obtain a RCRA permit, and begin managing the waste materials according to applicable hazardous waste regulations. As a general matter, if a facility's conditional exclusion were to be revoked under circumstances like these such an action would typically not affect the excluded status of the material before it was received at the manufacturer's facility. In other words, in the above example the generator of the material would typically be allowed to retain the excluded status of the material at the generating facility, provided that the generator continued to meet the applicable conditions. An owner/ operator of a generating or manufacturing facility who chooses to use the exclusion would need to be able to demonstrate to the appropriate regulatory agency that the conditions are being met. Thus, for the purpose of clarity, proposed § 261.4( a)( 21)( iv) specifies that in an enforcement action the facility owner/ operators claiming the exclusion would bear the burden of proof with regard to demonstrating conformance with the conditions specified in the rule. It should be noted that for fertilizer manufacturers the proposed exclusions in today's rule would apply only to the secondary materials being recycled and to the finished fertilizer products. Manufacturers (or intermediate processors) would not be relieved of the existing obligation to make a hazardous waste determination for all wastes generated from the fertilizer manufacturing process. Under current regulations, any such wastes that exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic would have to be managed in accordance with all applicable hazardous waste regulations. EPA requests comment on these enforcement issues. C. Conditional Exclusion for Zinc Fertilizers Made From Hazardous Wastes or Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials As mentioned previously, under current regulations manufacturers of zinc fertilizers made from recycled hazardous wastes must comply with the following requirements for the manufactured fertilizer products: (a) The fertilizer must meet the applicable LDR treatment standards before they may be used (§ 268.40), and (b) notice of each shipment of product must be submitted to the authorized agency (§ 268.7( b)( 6)). Under today's proposal manufacturers would need to: (a) meet the proposed technology­ based contaminant limits, and (b) maintain analytical data and analyses demonstrating compliance with the limits. The following is a more detailed discussion of today's proposed conditions. 1. Contaminant Limits As discussed previously in this preamble, the current regulations require fertilizers made from recycled hazardous wastes to meet the LDR treatment standards applicable to the hazardous wastes which they contain. This applies to hazardous waste­ derived products made from characteristic hazardous waste, even if the product no longer exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic. Chemical Waste Management v. EPA, 976 F. 2d2, 12± 14. The LDR standards also apply to fertilizers made from listed hazardous wastes, with the exception of those made from K061, as discussed elsewhere in this preamble. Under today's proposal, these LDR treatment VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 03 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70968 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules standards would be replaced with a new set of product specification contaminant limits for metals and dioxins. These contaminant limits would apply to zinc fertilizer products in their `` pure'' or manufactured form; in other words, before they are blended with other types of fertilizers prior to application. Thus, compliance with the standards could not be achieved simply by diluting a conditionally excluded zinc fertilizer with other products, such as primary nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorous or potassium) fertilizers. It should also be noted that the proposed product specification limits would apply to manufacturers of zinc fertilizer products, but would not apply to manufacturers of fertilizer ingredients. The reason for this is that ingredient manufacturers who use excluded hazardous secondary materials would likely not be able to control the content of the end product that is sold as fertilizer. We believe that meeting the proposed product specifications should be the responsibility of the product manufacturer; requiring manufacturers of fertilizer ingredients to meet the specification limits would likely be duplicative and unnecessary. We understand, however, that in some cases fertilizer `` manufacturers'' may buy ZSM (or other zinc compounds) in bulk from zinc chemical suppliers, and simply package it and market it as fertilizer. In these situations it might make sense to require the company that actually manufactured the product to demonstrate compliance with the proposed exclusion conditions. We invite comment on this issue. a. Product Specifications for NonNutritive Metals in Conditionally Excluded Zinc Fertilizers. Today's proposal would establish product specifications (i. e., contaminant concentration limits) for non­ nutritive metals as a condition for excluding from the RCRA definition of solid waste zinc fertilizers that are made from excluded hazardous secondary materials. The proposed specifications are based on contaminant levels that have been demonstrated to be technically (and economically) achievable, that will reduce the volumes of heavy metals applied to agricultural lands from these products, and that are protective of human health and the environment. The approach used to develop these proposed contaminant limits is described in detail below. The proposed standards for metal constituents in conditionally excluded zinc fertilizers are: Metal constituent Maximum allowable total concentration in fertilizer, per unit (1%) of zinc (ppm) 5 Lead .......................................... 2.8 Cadmium .................................. 1.4 Arsenic ...................................... 0.6 Mercury ..................................... 0.3 Nickel ........................................ 1.4 Chromium ................................. 0.6 5 A zinc unit in this context represents one percent (by weight) of zinc in the fertilizer product that is applied to the land. Thus, for example, an excluded fertilizer containing 10% zinc could contain no more than 28 ppm of lead. These contaminant limits are expressed as total concentrations of the metal in the zinc fertilizer product. This is in contrast to the current LDR standards, which are expressed as levels in a leachate extract, using the `` toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). '' See 63 FR at 28609 (May 26, 1998) (noting that total concentration limits are often the more appropriate measure for minimizing threats posed by uses constituting disposal, in light of exposure pathways other than leaching to groundwater); Association of Battery Recyclers v. EPA, 208 F. 3d, 1047, D. C. Circuit 2000 (noting special risks posed by use constituting disposal situations). We believe that establishing these limits as total concentrations, rather than as concentrations in leachate, is more appropriate for the purpose of today's rulemaking. For wastes containing hazardous metal constituents, compliance with LDR standards typically requires adding some type of stabilizing material to the waste (such as concrete), thereby reducing the leachability of the metal contaminants once the waste is disposed in a landfill. Stabilization is obviously an impractical way to limit contaminants in zinc fertilizers, since the zinc content of the fertilizer would also be stabilized, and thus would be useless as fertilizer. In addition, the TCLP was intended to simulate the fate and transport of hazardous constituents in a municipal landfill, a scenario quite unlike fertilizer application to agricultural land. For these reasons, the Agency believes that standards for total concentrations of contaminants in fertilizers are more appropriate for this rule than standards based on a leachate test. Comments are solicited on this aspect of today's proposal. The product specifications in today's proposal specify maximum allowable concentrations in conditionally excluded zinc fertilizer for six metals: lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, nickel, and chromium. Although the Agency considered setting standards for other metals (e. g., selenium, beryllium and vanadium), we did not have sufficient data on levels of such metals in ZSM fertilizers to establish numerical standards for them, nor are we aware of evidence of such metals in any appreciable amounts in zinc fertilizers. The Agency solicits additional data on metals concentrations in ZSM fertilizers, including metals for which we are not proposing standards, and on the associated risks that such metals pose in fertilizers under typical application scenarios. At this time, we believe that establishing standards for the six metals listed above should be sufficient for the purpose of this rulemaking. Several recent studies report that the primary metals of concern for fertilizers are lead, cadmium and arsenic. In fact, a recent screening study done by the State of California concluded that only those three metals are found in fertilizer products at levels that merit regulation under California law. (`` Development of Risk Based Concentrations for Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers''; California Department of Food and Agriculture, March 1998). Today's proposal addresses the three additional metals generally because they were specifically highlighted in the settlement agreement discussed earlier in this preamble. In any case, because of the chemical purification processes that are used to manufacture ZSM, it is highly likely that fertilizers which meet the specifications for lead, cadmium and arsenic would also meet the specifications for these additional metals, without the need for additional processing. Since the current RCRA standards for metal contaminants in fertilizers are expressed as concentrations in leachate (measured according to the TCLP), and today's proposed constituent limits are expressed as total concentrations in the fertilizer product, comparing the two sets of limits with regard to their `` stringency'' is not entirely straightforward. The main reason for this is that, using the TCLP, not all of the metals in a given test sample are actually extracted or leached, especially those that are relatively non­ soluble. Perhaps the simplest way to compare the numbers, however, is to assume that 100% of the metals in a TCLP sample become dissolved in the tested leachate. Since the acidic test medium used in the TCLP dilutes the concentration of the metals by a factor of twenty, the maximum total concentration of metals VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70969 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 6 Other zinc fertilizers have lower zinc contents and would, therefore, have proportionally lower exclusion levels. 7 Note that the exclusion levels listed in the table would be lower for a fertilizer that contained less than 35.5% zinc. For example, the limit for lead in a 20% zinc fertilizer would be 56 ppm (i. e., 2.8 ´ 20). in a given sample can be assumed to be twenty times the TCLP leachate concentration. Thus, under the assumption that 100% of the metals are leached, the maximum contaminant level for a toxic metal in fertilizer would be twenty times the toxicity characteristic limit. For lead, for example, this would be 100 ppm (5 ppm ´ 20) total concentration. In reality, of course, the concentration of lead in an actual tested fertilizer sample would likely be considerably higher than 100 ppm, since it is likely that not all of the lead in the sample would leach. The following is a comparison of today's proposed conditional limits for metals in 35.5% zinc fertilizer (the typical zinc content of most dry ZSM fertilizers 6 ), and the highest levels that would be allowed under the current regulations using this very conservative approach to comparing leachate levels to total concentration levels 7 . Metal Proposed exclusion levels (35.5% zinc), mg/ kg dry wt. 20 ´ TCLP limit, mg/ kg dry weight Arsenic .............. 21.3 100.0 Cadmium .......... 49.7 20.0 Chromium ......... 21.3 100.0 Lead .................. 99.4 100.0 Mercury ............. 10.7 4.0 Nickel ................ 49.7 ( 1 ) 1 No limit. Using this simplistic comparison method, most of the proposed exclusion levels are at or below the maximum levels allowed by the current regulations. The proposed levels for cadmium and mercury exceed the worst­ case TCLP standards, but are well within the same order of magnitude, and could be lower than what is actually allowed under the current standards, depending on the leachability of the metals in the tested fertilizers. Thus, EPA considers the exclusion levels proposed today to be more stringent than the existing standards, for the purpose of state authorization (see discussion in Section VII of this preamble). EPA requests comments on the incremental benefits to having more stringent standards, as well as the costs of such an approach. Note that fertilizer manufacturers would always have the opportunity to continue using current standards. The proposed product specifications are expressed as concentrations of metals in product, per unit of zinc. In this case one unit of zinc equals one percent. The primary reason for expressing the standards in this way is that the zinc content of fertilizers varies widely. If the standards were not tied to the percentage of zinc in the product, fertilizers with low zinc content could much more easily comply with the standards due to the dilution effect of the other materials in the fertilizer. EPA requests comments on the relative merits of basing exclusion levels on zinc concentrations versus the total product content. For reasons explained below, the Agency has decided to base today's proposed product specifications for metals in conditionally excluded zinc fertilizers on the levels that have been demonstrated as technically (and economically) achievable in ZSM fertilizers. See § 261.38 (specifications for toxic constituents in fuels based on levels in commercial fossil fuels). ZSM is a common, commercially available product manufactured by several companies in the United States and elsewhere. It can be made from hazardous waste feedstocks, as well as a variety of non­ hazardous raw material or secondary material feedstocks. ZSM fertilizers are marketed in solid (granular or powdered) form or in a liquid solution. Since zinc fertilizer is applied sparingly to agricultural land (i. e., a few pounds per acre per year), it is almost always blended with other fertilizers before application, either by manufacturers or in the field by fertilizer applicators. It should be noted that ZSM is also widely used as an animal feed supplement, and can be used as an ingredient in a variety of consumer products as well. In recent years there has been a marked increase in manufacturing capacity of ZSM fertilizers, combined with a downward trend in production of oxy­ sulfates made from K061 and other materials. For example, one major manufacturer (Bay Zinc of Moxee, WA), citing changing market conditions, recently changed its manufacturing process to begin producing a line of ZSM products, and is phasing out its production of other types of zinc fertilizers. The manufacturing process for ZSM involves a series of chemical purification steps that remove the great majority of non­ nutritive metals. This is generally not the case for other types of zinc fertilizers, such as oxy­ sulfates made from recycled K061. Thus, the concentrations of non­ nutritive metals in ZSM are typically much lower than in other types of zinc fertilizers. To illustrate, several manufacturers guarantee a lead content in ZSM fertilizers (35.5% zinc content) of less than 50 ppm, while lead concentrations in K061­ derived fertilizers (which often have lower zinc content) are often above 10,000 ppm. The proposed concentration limits for metals in conditionally excluded zinc fertilizers are based on the Agency's analysis of ZSM contaminant data from a number of different sources, and represent products marketed at the time of sampling by at least nine different companies. The concentration limits were calculated to include a small margin to account for variabilities in the manufacturing process. A summary of available data on contaminant levels in ZSM products is included in the record for today's proposal. By basing today's product specifications on contaminant levels that can be routinely and reliably achieved in ZSM fertilizer products, the Agency in effect is using a technologybased approach to setting specifications for these products. The proposed specifications are not intended to represent the very lowest levels of contaminants that could technically be achieved. Rather, they are intended as a reasonable measure of fertilizer product quality from both a commercial and environmental standpoint. It is entirely possible that some manufacturers could achieve significantly lower levels than those proposed todayÐ for example, the average lead levels in ZSM (35.5% zinc) made by at least two different manufacturers typically do not exceed 10 ppm, while the proposed standard would be approximately 100 ppm of lead. For the purpose of this rulemaking, however, the Agency does not believe that it is necessary from an environmental perspective to set standards based on the very lowest levels that may technically be achieved. We do not believe that levels below those proposed would result in any significant gain in environmental protection. In addition, establishing more stringent standards for metal contaminants could force some manufacturers to make substantial additional investments to ensure that the standards were met. As discussed further in section VIII. A of this preamble, this could result in unnecessary dislocations in the zinc fertilizer market, and could raise the prices that farmers must pay for zinc fertilizer, with virtually no commensurate environmental benefit. EPA also acknowledges the possibility that the proposed product specifications VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70970 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules 8 It is possible, of course, that excessively high rates of fertilizer application could result in risks of concern. We do not believe, however, that this is a realistic scenario, since zinc fertilizers are purchased as a commodity, and that is thus a strong incentive not to overuse such products. A massive over­ application of such fertilizers could in some circumstances be considered a type of `` sham recycling'' since it could be inferred that such use is more akin to disposal than beneficial use of fertilizer. See Marine Shale Processors v. U. S., 81 F 3d 1371, 1381± 83 (5th Cir. 1996) (sham recycling when material is used in excess of what is needed, or where hazardous constituents are present in concentrations unrelated to ostensible recycling purpose). for metal contaminants may not sufficiently account for process variabilities, and could thus be unnecessarily stringent. The proposed specifications were based on a qualitative assessment of the variability of contaminant levels in ZSM fertilizers; for each metal the specification was set at slightly above the `` high end'' range of concentration levels, based on available data. For example, the distribution of lead levels in ZSM (35.5% zinc) indicates that most samples contained well below 50 ppm lead, with a few samples in the 80 to 90 ppm range. The proposed specification for lead in such products would be approximately 100 ppm, to account for such variabilities. Some ZSM manufacturers have argued that significantly higher limits (e. g., 500 ppm lead) should be established to account for these variabilities (`` Land Application of Hazardous Waste Derived Micronutrient Fertilizer, '' Bay Zinc Company and Tetra Technologies, Inc., November 19, 1999). The Agency solicits comment (and supporting data) as to whether the proposed product specification limits for metals are unnecessarily stringent, and what alternative contaminant concentration limits may be more appropriate for this rulemaking. Alternatives Considered. The Agency examined several different approaches to setting limits on metals in conditionally excluded zinc fertilizers. These included: (a) Developing new risk­ based limits specifically for fertilizers; (b) using the EPA standards for biosolids applied to agricultural land under section 405 (d) of the Clean Water Act (codified at 40 CFR Part 503); (c) using the proposed standards for contaminants in cement kiln dust used as a liming agent; (d) using the Canadian fertilizer standards; and (e) developing contaminant limits based on background soil concentrations. These alternatives are discussed in more detail below. · Risk­ based standards. Risk assessment is a tool often used by the Agency to set standards aimed at limiting the adverse effects of chemicals that are (or may potentially be) introduced into the environment. One benefit of such an approach is that it is subject to a rigorous peer review process. However, risk assessments to support regulatory standard setting can be time and resource intensive. As mentioned in Section II. A of this preamble, in response to public concerns about possible risks from contaminants in fertilizers, EPA developed a risk assessment for contaminants in a wide range of different types of fertilizers. This assessment was released in August, 1999. A major finding of that assessment was that, with a few exceptions, the contaminant levels found in fertilizer products are not expected to cause risks of concern. However, this risk assessment was not intended to support development of risk­ based fertilizer standards, and there are a number of uncertainties in the analysis that would need to be addressed if it were to withstand the rigorous technical scrutiny involved in supporting national regulatory standards. For this proposed rule the Agency has chosen not to conduct the additional data gathering and analyses that would be needed to augment the fertilizer risk assessment in this way, given the time and resources that would be required to complete such an effort. Moreover, we do not think it necessary, given the conclusion from several different analyses (see section II. A. of this preamble) that hazardous contaminants in fertilizers generally do not pose unacceptable risks to human health and the environment, even at relatively high rates of application. 8 EPA believes that risk­ based contaminant limits for this rulemaking could potentially allow substantially higher levels of contaminants in excluded zinc fertilizers than are currently found in such fertlizers. To illustrate, proposed guidelines recently considered by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO), which have since been withdrawn, specified risk­ based limits for toxic metals in fertilizers that would have allowed, for example, up to 26,000 ppm lead in zinc (35.5%) fertilizer (draft SUIP #25, AAPFCO, January 2000). In contrast, levels of lead in ZSM fertilizers rarely exceed 100 ppm. For the purpose of this proposed rulemaking, EPA does not believe that regulatory standards for fertilizers should allow higher riskbased contaminant levels in these products over current levels, when much lower standards can be easily achieved by ZSM fertilizers. EPA requests comment on this issue. · EPA standards for biosolids used in agriculture. The Agency also considered using the standards that have been established by EPA for contaminants in biosolids (e. g., sewage sludge) that are applied to agricultural land (58 FR 9248). Consistent with the discussion above, the use of such risk­ based standards for this rulemaking could theoretically allow zinc fertilizers to have much higher levels of metal contaminants than are currently found in most, if not all zinc fertilizers currently on the market. As discussed further below, EPA believes that the § 503 standards are fully protective of human health and the environment as they apply to biosolids applied to the land. However, for the reasons outlined in the preceding discussion of riskbased standards, EPA believes that the technology­ based standards proposed today are more appropriate than the § 503 standards for the purpose of this rulemaking. EPA requests comment on this issue. There are also a number of technical reasons as to why standards for metal contaminants developed for landapplied biosolids are inappropriate for commercial fertilizers. Biosolids and commercial or manmade fertilizers are fundamentally different materials. The key difference between these two materials is organic matter content. Fertilizers can be classified into one of two categories: organic or inorganic. Biosolids are organic fertilizers, composed of biodegradable organic matter from waste products of living organisms or decay products of once living organisms. Most commercial fertilizers are inorganic. Inorganic fertilizers are derived from non­ living sources and are essentially devoid of organic matter content. Organic and inorganic fertilizers exhibit different physical and chemical properties. Consequently, they effect the fate and mobility of chemical constituents (especially metals) in different ways. In general, biosolids exhibit greater metals adsorption capacity than inorganic fertilizers because organic matter provides reactive sites that bind metals. This binding capacity limits metals mobility in the fertilized soil and makes metals less available for uptake by plants. Organic binding sites are absent in inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, metals applied as a component of inorganic fertilizers tend to be more mobile and more readily taken up by plants. Organic and inorganic fertilizers also differ in chemical composition. Both contain varying levels of metals (e. g., As, Cd, Pb) and agricultural nutrients (e. g., phosphate, nitrogen). However, VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70971 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules biosolids also contain hydrous metal oxides which tend to bind metals and further increase the capacity of biosolids to limit metals mobility. In addition, biosolids are usually applied at much higher rates than fertilizers. Given the significant difference in composition and use between these materials, EPA believes that the pollutant loading limits established for biosolids are inappropriate for use as health based standards for inorganic fertilizers. EPA requests comment on this issue. · Proposed standards for contaminants in cement kiln dust used in agriculture. On August 20, 1999 EPA proposed standards for management of cement kiln dust, or CKD (64 FR 45631). CKD can be used as a substitute for agricultural lime to maintain proper soil pH for crop production, and is typically applied at a rate of several tons per acre. The proposal included limits on four metal contaminants (thallium, lead, arsenic and cadmium) in CKD that is applied to agricultural land. These contaminant limits were based on a risk assessment conducted in support of the proposed rule. CKD is typically used agriculturally only under certain types of agronomic conditions. Thus, EPA's risk assessment evaluated risks from applying CKD only to acidic, sandy loam soils in a limited number of geographic areas and for a limited number of crop types. In contrast, zinc fertilizers are applied to a wide variety of different soil types to supply nutrient to many different types of crops in virtually every area of the country. Because of these limitations, EPA believes that the proposed CKD standards are not appropriate for establishing contaminant limits for metals in zinc fertilizers. In addition, the Agency has received numerous comments on the CKD risk assessment that have not yet been thoroughly evaluated, and that analysis has not yet been revised to reflect those comments. Until these uncertainties are resolved, we do not think it would be appropriate to propose in today's rule contaminant limits based on the CKD proposal. We invite comment on this regulatory option. · Canadian standards. EPA examined the option of using the Canadian fertilizer standards for this rulemaking (`` Standards for Metals in Fertilizers and Supplements, '' Trade Memorandum T± 4± 93; Canadian Food Inspection Agency, August 1996). These standards, which apply to all fertilizers marketed in Canada, have been in effect since 1993, and were recently adopted (with somewhat modified assumptions for application rates) by the State of Washington. The Canadian standards are not risk­ based; instead, they are based on a `` no significant degradation'' goal for fertilizer amended soils, assuming 45 years of fertilizer application. The RCRA statute does not have an analogous, explicit `` no significant degradation'' goal. The Canadian fertilizer standards are based on a number of assumptions regarding application rates, crop types, background levels of metals in Canadian agricultural soils, and other factors. In fact, the standards are not expressed as maximum concentrations allowed in fertilizer products, but rather as limits on the total amounts of metals that can be added to farmland over time from fertilizer applications. Although it would be possible to make simplifying assumptions (i. e., regarding application rates) to derive product concentration standards, translating the Canadian standards into RCRA­ style limits on product contaminants might not be entirely straightforward. This has, in fact, been part of the State of Washington's experience with implementing regulatory restrictions on fertilizer contaminants based on the Canadian standards. Since the application rate of a fertilizer is a major variable in determining the amount of contaminants that are deposited on farmland, it is possible for manufacturers to simply lower the recommended application rate for a product in order to meet the standards. In EPA's view this complexity, and the potential for manipulating application rates to meet contaminant standards, is inconsistent with the objective of establishing contaminant limits in this rule that are straightforward and easily enforced. Another issue that has been raised regarding the Canadian standards is that they do not reflect the highly variable agricultural practices and environmental conditions in the United States. Though it might be possible to modify the Canadian standards to fit conditions prevalent in the United States, doing so would be a major undertaking that would exceed the scope and purpose of this RCRA rulemaking. In any case, to date there has been little support expressed by stakeholders for using the Canadian standards (or some version of them) in this rulemaking effort (`` EPA Stakeholder Meetings on Hazardous Waste Derived Fertilizers, '' US EPA, November 12± 13, 1998). This may be due to the fact that there has been some controversy regarding the lack of a clear scientific basis for the Canadian standards. The standards were originally developed through an expert panel process that involved both qualitative and quantitative evaluations by a group of agronomists, soil scientists and other experts. The standards therefore are based at least in part on expert judgment, rather than a specific, replicable scientific methodology. Despite these potential complications, EPA requests comment on whether the Canadian standards for the purpose of this RCRA rulemaking could be a feasible alternative, and justified on the basis of incremental benefits and costs. The standards are closer to the levels that have been demonstrated as achievable by fertilizer manufacturers, and EPA is not aware of any studies suggesting that the Canadian standards are less than protective of human health or the environment. Such standards have been in effect for more than seven years in Canada, and for two years in the State of Washington. The State of Washington reports that its experience with implementing Canadian­ based standards has been generally positive, as evidenced in a recent summary of results from the state's fertilizer review process (`` Transparent Results of Ecology's Review Process in the 1999± 2000 Fertilizer Registration Cycle, '' Washington Dept. of Ecology, August 2000). However, EPA chose not to propose the Canadian fertilizer standards as RCRA standards, largely because we believe that the technologybased approach outlined in today's proposal is simpler and more straightforward, and would result in lower volumes of toxic metals in zinc fertilizers. · Background standards. The option of setting contaminant limits for conditionally excluded zinc fertilizers based on naturally occurring (i. e., `` background'') levels of metals in agricultural soils has been advocated by some stakeholder groups, and was also considered by EPA in the development of this proposal. In effect, this approach would require that fertilizers contain contaminants at concentrations no greater than soil background levels. This would ensure that no increase in soil metal concentrations could occur due to fertilizer use, regardless of how much or how often the fertilizers were applied, and regardless of the attendant risks. The Agency chose not to propose this approach, for several reasons. Achieving these standards might be technically feasible, but would likely require major investments in new capital equipment by manufacturers, which would likely result in increased prices of zinc fertilizers. Alternatively (and perhaps more likely), manufacturers could simply use non­ hazardous feedstock materials to make zinc fertilizer, thus avoiding RCRA regulation altogether. It VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70972 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules should also be noted that the standards being proposed today may not be dramatically different from levels that might be developed using a standard based on background. EPA does not think that it is necessary or appropriate in this rulemaking to place new economic burdens on industry, or to discourage legitimate recycling practices, without clear evidence of any resulting environmental benefits. EPA solicits comments on today's proposed standards, and on the regulatory options outlined above. b. Product Specifications for Dioxins in Conditionally Excluded Zinc Fertilizers. Background. Dioxins are persistent environmental pollutants that are formed as byproducts during combustion of chlorinated organic compounds. Of the more than two hundred dioxin compounds, 2,3,7,8­ tetrachlorodibenzo­ p­ dioxin (2,3,7,8­ TCDD) is the most toxic. Given the number of different dioxin compounds and their different health effects, dioxins are typically measured according to the `` toxicity equivalence'' method. This method assigns a `` toxicity equivalence factor'' (TEF) of one (1) to 2,3,7,8­ TCDD, while the less toxic dioxin congeners are assigned values of less than one. In calculating a TEQ value, the concentration of each congener in the measured sample is multiplied by its TEF, and the products of all the congeners are summed. Thus, TEQ values essentially represent the total toxicity of dioxins in a given sample, rather than the actual concentrations of dioxins in the sample. The methodology for calculating TEFs for dioxin congeners is presented in the 1994 EPA publication entitled `` Estimating Exposures to Dioxin­ like Compounds'' (EPA publication #600/ 6± 88/ 005 Ca). Although dioxin toxicity has been studied extensively, most studies have used animal test data to extrapolate adverse health effects in humans; uncertainty remains with regard to the actual human health effects of dioxins. Once EPA completes its ongoing reassessment of dioxin health effects, the dioxin reassessment will serve as the scientific and technical basis for EPA dioxin policy and programs. However, until the reassessment has completed scientific peer review, and is issued as a final EPA document, the Agency will rely on the existing dioxin assessment as a basis for its actions. The presence of dioxins in wastederived fertilizers first came to light in a sampling study done by the State of Washington Department of Ecology (`` Screening Survey for Metals and Dioxins in Fertilizer Products and Soils in Washington State, '' Washington Department of Ecology Publication #99± 309, April 1999). In that study, test results from two samples of K061­ derived fertilizers indicated the highest levels of dioxins of all fertilizers tested, with one product measured at 240 parts per trillion (TEQ). The source of dioxins in K061 is not definitively known, but may be formed from incomplete combustion of chlorine­ containing contaminants in the scrap metals used as feedstocks in electric arc steelmaking. EPA requests data and analytical results regarding the possible sources of such dioxin contamination. Proposed product specification for dioxins. EPA is today proposing a product specification of eight parts per trillion (8 ppt) TEQ as a condition for excluding hazardous waste derived zinc fertilizers from regulation. Eight parts per trillion is an estimate of the national average background concentration of dioxins in soils in the United States, as presented in the EPA report `` Estimating Exposure to Dioxin­ Like Compounds, Review Draft'' (EPA/ 600/ 6± 88/ 000Ca; June 1994). More detailed and more recent data indicate that rural background soil concentrations are somewhat lower than 8 ppt, while urban background soil concentrations are somewhat higher. For purposes of this rulemaking, the Agency believes that 8 ppt may be a reasonable, nationallyrepresentative background level for dioxins in soils. We request comment on the validity of the 8 ppt level as a background level for the purpose of this rulemaking, and any data that would support an alternative national background level for dioxins. Today's proposed exclusion level for dioxins based on background soil levels reflects a somewhat different approach than the proposed exclusion levels for metals, which are in essence technology­ based. We do not believe we currently have sufficient data on dioxin levels in ZSM products to establish a technology­ based limit on dioxins. The Agency specifically solicits such data. In the absence of additional data, we believe that a background standard, as proposed today, should be readily achievable and would ensure no net increase in national average dioxin background levels. Other regulatory alternatives are presented later in this preamble. EPA requests comments, data and analytical results that address the proposed standard and the alternative options (including the option of not setting a standard). The State of Washington's dioxin study included analyses of two samples from one ZSM product, which indicated dioxin levels of approximately one part per trillion (TEQ) or less. More recent analyses conducted by fertilizer manufacturers on a small number of ZSM product samples produced similar results (letter from Lester Sotsky to David Fagan, May 16, 2000). These very low dioxin levels are not surprising, since available data suggest that the levels in ZSM feedstocks are typically very low, and the manufacturing process involves several chemical refining processes. EPA assumes that zinc fertilizers which meet the proposed conditional limits on metals (which will most likely be ZSM products) would be expected to have only negligible amounts of dioxin contaminants. We believe, therefore, that the proposed dioxin standard should be easily met by fertilizers that meet the proposed limits for metals, and should not impose significant incremental economic burdens on the industry. EPA invites comment on today's proposed limit for dioxins, and its derivation. Alternatives considered. · No dioxin limits. EPA considered the option of not setting a limit for dioxins in this proposed rulemaking, since the available evidence reviewed by the Agency to date does not indicate a compelling need to do so. We decided, however, to propose a limit on dioxins because of the two samples of K061­ derived fertilizer that showed high levels of dioxins relative to other fertilizers, the public's high level of concern generally over dioxins in the environment, and the uncertainties inherent in existing risk assessments. EPA solicits comments as to whether a limit on dioxins in excluded zinc fertilizers is necessary and appropriate, and whether any such limit on dioxins should be included in the final rule. · Risk­ based limits for dioxins in fertilizers. Another option was to develop risk­ based limits specifically for zinc fertilizers, similar to the standards that have been proposed by EPA for dioxins in cement kiln dust (64 FR 45631, August 20, 1999) and in biosolids (64 FR 72045, December 23, 1999) used in agriculture. Based on admittedly limited data, it appears that a typical dioxin TEQ level in ZSM is approximately one part per trillion or less. It is probable that a risk­ based dioxin standard for zinc fertilizers would be considerably higher than the actual levels of dioxins currently present in high­ quality zinc fertilizers. We do not believe that the regulatory standards in this proposed rule should reflect substantially higher risk­ based levels than the levels commonly found in ZSM fertilizers. In addition, developing risk­ based dioxin standard VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70973 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules for this rulemaking would likely require considerable additional risk assessment studies. We question the need for such an investment in time and resources without a compelling need to pursue this regulatory alternative. Nevertheless, we are interested in comments and supporting information relating to this issue. · Limits based on the proposed dioxin standard for land­ applied biosolids. EPA currently regulates the land application of biosolids (e. g., sewage sludge) under the authority of the Clean Water Act (Section 405( d) of the Clean Water Act codified at 40 CFR Part 503). These regulations have established concentration limits for metals in biosolids. In 1999, EPA also proposed a rule that included a numerical standard of 300 parts per trillion TEQ for dioxins and dioxin­ like compounds for land­ applied biosolids. The numerical standard includes seven 2,3,7,8­ substituted dioxins, ten 2,3,7,8­ substituted dibenzofurans, and 12 coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The proposed standard was based on a multi­ pathway risk assessment which evaluates human health impacts and the fate and transport of these compounds through the environment. The proposed rule also included monitoring requirements for these compounds to ensure that the numerical standard is met. The proposed rule excluded certain small size categories of biosolids generators. EPA believes that the proposed standards for dioxins and the existing standards for metals in land­ applied biosolids are protective of human health and the environment. The standards have been developed based on statutory direction given under section 405( d) of the Clean Water Act, and obligations imposed under the terms of a Consent Decree, which also established December 15, 2001 as the date by which the Agency must promulgate a final rule. EPA is currently evaluating the comments submitted on the proposed rule for dioxins in biosolids, in preparing the final rulemaking action. EPA chose not to base today's proposed fertilizer dioxin limits on the proposed biosolids standard for dioxins, for several reasons. The Agency received a number of comments on the proposed biosolids that are still being evaluated, and some additional assessment work is being conducted to support development of the final standard. Given the uncertainty about the final outcome of the proposed standard, we do not think it appropriate to use it as the basis for a dioxin standard in today's rule. In addition, the proposed 300 ppt biosolids standard for dioxin is considerably higher than today's proposed limit of 8 ppt for fertilizers. We believe that the 8 ppt limit for zinc fertilizers should be easily achievable, and are concerned about establishing much higher limits than are in current fertilizers. EPA requests comment on this issue. · Limits based on proposed dioxin standards for cement kiln dust. EPA's proposed rule for cement kiln dust proposed a dioxin standard of 40 ppt for agriculturally applied CKD. The CKD standard was also based on a risk assessment, analogous to the study done to support the proposed dioxin standard for land­ applied biosolids. EPA chose not to develop a dioxin limit for fertilizers based on the proposed CKD standard, for essentially the same reasons (discussed above) that we chose not to set limits on metals based on that proposed rule. We request comment on the appropriateness of setting a dioxin limit for fertilizers based on the proposed CKD standard. · Complete ban on dioxins in fertilizers. Some stakeholders have argued for a complete ban on making fertilizer from any hazardous waste that is generated from an industrial process known to create or release dioxin. The Agency is not proposing such a ban, primarily because we do not believe that there is a convincing environmental rationale for doing so. A complete ban would likely eliminate, for example, the use of K061 as a fertilizer feedstock material. As explained previously, we believe that K061 can be legitimately processed and recycled to make high quality zinc fertilizer. We are not aware of any evidence that (for example) ZSM products made from recycled K061 contain higher levels of dioxin than other ZSM products. A complete ban would also require some means of determining which industrial processes create or release dioxins. This could become a highly complex technical issue involving the detection limits of various dioxin test methods, and resolving it would be beyond the scope of this rulemaking effort. In addition, it is possible, if not likely, that a complete ban would eliminate all recycling of hazardous wastes to make zinc fertilizer. The Washington dioxin study detected levels of dioxin in the low parts per trillion for many of the fertilizers tested, most of which were not waste­ derived. It is therefore possible that almost all zinc fertilizer feedstocks could have detectable levels of dioxins, especially given the extraordinarily sensitive analytical methods available today. A complete ban in this rulemaking might thus prohibit the use of any hazardous secondary material as a zinc fertilizer feedstock, even if their dioxin levels were no higher than those in other available feedstock materials. This would be an arbitrary result, and would serve no real environmental purpose. EPA solicits comments and relevant data on the option of a complete ban on the use of hazardous secondary materials generated from industrial processes known to create or release dioxins, and on the other regulatory options discussed above. 2. Testing and Recordkeeping Testing. Under today's proposal, manufacturers of conditionally excluded zinc fertilizer products would need to periodically sample and analyze their products to determine whether or not they meet the exclusion contaminant limits. If analyses show that one or more contaminants in the fertilizer exceeds an exclusion limit, the manufacturer could choose to reprocess the fertilizer so that it meets the limits. An alternative would be to manage the manufactured material as a hazardous waste, in compliance with all applicable management standards. EPA is proposing that manufacturers test their fertilizer products for metals at least once every six months, and at least once per year for dioxins. As a practical matter, EPA believes that fertilizer manufacturers typically sample and analyze their products for metal contaminants on more or less an ongoing basis, as a means of monitoring quality control. Thus, we believe that twice­ yearly testing for metal contaminants in excluded zinc fertilizers is reasonable, and would likely impose few, if any, additional testing burdens on manufacturers. We solicit comment on whether twice yearly testing of fertilizer products is appropriate in the context of this rule, or if more frequent or less frequent testing should be required. For dioxins, less frequent (once­ peryear testing of excluded fertilizers is proposed today, for several reasons. For one thing, zinc fertilizer manufacturers do not routinely test for dioxins, so any such testing requirement would impose an additional burden on industry. Dioxin testing is relatively expensive ($ 2,000 or more per sample), so the costs would not be inconsequential. Further, we believe more frequent testing for dioxins in excluded zinc fertilizers may not be necessary, since (as explained earlier) it is likely that fertilizers meeting the proposed metals standards would easily meet the 8 ppt limit for dioxins. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 03 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70974 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules With regard to the frequency of required dioxin testing, we considered several options. One option was to not require testing for dioxins as long as the limits for metal contaminants were not exceeded, based on the assumption that meeting the limits for metals would ensure that the dioxin limit is met. Other options could be to specify a onetime only test to verify that the excluded zinc fertilizer product meets the dioxin standard, to allow less frequent dioxin testing (e. g., once every five years), or testing only when there is a manufacturing process change that could affect dioxin levels. We solicit comment on the proposed once­ per­ year testing condition for dioxins in excluded fertilizers, the alternative regulatory options outlined above, and other potential options. Test methods. Today's proposal would not require manufacturers to use any specific sampling and analytical procedures in demonstrating compliance with product specification limits for metals or dioxins. The proposal would instead set a performance standard for sampling and analysis­ manufacturers would have the flexibility to select appropriate methods and procedures, provided they can demonstrate that they are unbiased, precise and representative of their products. Examples of EPArecommended testing methods and procedures are contained in the EPA publication (`` Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, '' EPA publication SW± 846, 1986). EPA solicits comment and supporting data as to whether the final rule should specify the analytical procedures to be used (such as one or more of those in SW± 846, cited above), the methods used to ensure that fertilizer samples are representative, or otherwise specify in more detail methods for compliance sampling and analysis of fertilizer products. V. Mining Wastes Used To Make Fertilizer: Request for Comments Although zinc fertilizers are the primary focus of today's proposed rule, EPA is aware of one iron micro nutrient fertilizer product that is made from mining wastes and has been the subject of some concern by state regulators and others. This material, which is marketed under the brand name `` Aeronaut, '' is an iron micro nutrient fertilizer made from wastes generated from beneficiation zinc ores at a mine (now inactive) located in Humboldt, Arizona. The mining waste material that is used is exempt from regulation as hazardous waste, under the so­ called `` Belville exemption. '' The primary reason for requesting comment on the use of mining wastes to make fertilizers has to do with the very high levels of contaminants such as arsenic in Ironite, relative to other fertilizers. Data compiled by EPA on fertilizer contaminants indicates that Ironite contains, by a wide margin, the highest levels of arsenic of all fertilizer products surveyed. A 1998 study by the Arizona Department of Health Services indicated mean arsenic concentrations in Ironite of 4400 ppm, and mean lead concentrations of 2850 ppm (`` Human Health Risk Assessment for Long­ Term Residential Use of Ironite Lawn and Garden Nutrient Supplement, '' Arizona Department of Health Services, October 8, 1998). In comparison, the California Department of Food and Agriculture's 1997 study indicated average arsenic concentrations in zinc micronutrient fertilizers (many of which are also waste derived) of approximately 30 ppm. In 1998, a TCLP analysis done by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality found that Ironite exhibited the hazardous characteristic of toxicity for arsenic (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Laboratory, Case Number 980474, July 31, 1998). Subsequent TCLP testing of Ironite performed by Washington State's Department of Ecology generated the same result, indicating at least the potential for arsenic to leach into groundwater at levels of concern. Arsenic is a highly toxic metal, and is also classified as a probable human carcinogen by EPA. Recent information indicates that arsenic may be of concern at levels below existing regulatory standards. A 1999 report by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, entitled Arsenic in Drinking Water concluded that EPA's drinking water standard of 50 ppb was not protective of human health, and should be revised downward. Subsequently, the Agency has proposed to revise the arsenic standard, to 5 ppb (65 FR 38887, June 22, 2000), although this standard has not been finalized. In May 1998 Washington State's Department of Ecology and Department of Health commissioned in vitro bioavailability tests on Ironite. The results of these tests indicated an up to 36% and 81% bioavailability of arsenic and lead, respectively. These results were similar to the data initially supplied by the company to the State of Washington. From these results, the State of Washington's Department of Health concluded that this level of bioavailability could pose an acute risk from direct ingestion of the product by children. In view of this conclusion, and the fact that no warning labels were on the product at the time, the State of Washington Department of Health issued a news release advising the public that Ironite `` could be dangerous to health'' under certain circumstances (Washington Department of Ecology press release, June 5, 1998). The product is now labeled in accordance with the State of Washington's requirements. Arsenic concentrations such as those in Ironite clearly have the potential to substantially increase soil arsenic levels, especially if the product is improperly applied (the average background level of arsenic in soils in the United States is less than 10 ppm). Ingestion of Ironiteamended soils (or worse, ingestion of the product itself) by children is also a possible concern, and could potentially cause serious adverse health effects. As mentioned above, contamination of ground water from contaminants in Ironite may be another potential exposure pathway. Ironite is marketed nationally, primarily as a home and garden fertilizer. The company has defended the safety of the product, citing several studies that generally support its contention. The Arizona Department of Health Services report cited above concluded that `` * * * the accumulation of metals that may occur following prolonged use of Ironite does not appear to represent a health risk to child or adult residents of homes where it is used if the product is applied in accordance with the recommendations on the label. '' A separate analysis prepared for the Ironite Products Company reached a similar conclusion (`` Product Safety Risk Assessment of Ironite, a Nutritional Lawn Supplement, '' RUST Environment and Infrastructure, June 1998). These studies, and other studies commissioned by the company based their findings in large part on the fact that much of the arsenic and lead in the product are present in naturally occurring arsenopyrite and galena mineral forms, respectively, which (according to the company and its supporting studies) are relatively nonbioavailable and non­ toxic to humans. EPA has not studied this particular issue in depth, and has not reached any scientific conclusions as to the potential health effects of Ironite use. EPA is not currently aware of any fertilizers other than Ironite that are being made from zinc extraction/ beneficiation wastes; it is possible, however, that other fertilizers that exhibit a hazardous characteristic could be made from other exempted extraction/ beneficiation wastes. In any case, at issue in this matter is that Ironite is made from mining wastes that VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70975 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules are currently exempt from regulation as hazardous wastes. The Bevill exemption (RCRA section 3001( b)( 3)( A)( ii)) is codified in regulations at § 261.4( b)( 7), and applies generally to solid wastes from extraction and beneficiation of minerals, as well as the so­ called `` special twenty'' mineral processing wastes. These types of wastes are therefore not regulated as hazardous under RCRA, even if they exhibit a hazardous waste characteristic (e. g., are toxic as measured by the TCLP). However, under RCRA section 3001( b)( 2)( C), such exempted wastes may be subjected to RCRA regulation, based on a finding by EPA that such regulation is warranted. In making determinations as to whether Bevill­ exempt wastes (which would include these types of fertilizers) should be regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, the RCRA statute specifies in section 8002( f) certain criteria that EPA must evaluate: (1) The sources and volume of discarded material generated per year from mining; (2) Present disposal practices; (3) Potential dangers to human health and the environment from surface runoff of leachate and air pollution by dust; (4) Alternatives to current disposal methods; (5) The cost of those alternatives in terms of the impact on mine product costs; and (6) Potential for use of discarded material as a secondary source of the mine product. After extensive study, on July 3, 1986, EPA published its final regulatory determination for mining wastes, according to RCRA section 3001( b)( 2)( C) (51 FR 24496). This determination concluded that extraction/ beneficiation wastes should be regulated as nonhazardous solid wastes under RCRA Subtitle D. However, the Agency noted that if a Subtitle D program with appropriate federal enforcement and oversight authority is not developed for these wastes, the Agency may find it necessary to reexamine use of Subtitle C authority, with modified mining waste standards (51 FR 24501). EPA did not specifically address the practice of manufacturing fertilizers from these wastes in the 1986 regulatory determination, nor was the issue examined as part of the study prepared in support of the determination. It should be understood that if EPA were to determine that removing the § 261.4( b)( 7) exemption for these types of fertilizer products is warranted, such a decision would affect only a very small portion of the universe of Bevill exempt mining wastes. Removing the exemption in this case would apply only to the micronutrient fertilizer products that are made from extraction/ beneficiation wastes; it would not affect the regulatory status of any exempted mining wastes prior to being recycled into fertilizers. EPA has not at this time reached any definitive conclusions as to whether Ironite and similar fertilizer products (if any) merit regulation under RCRA Subtitle C. We believe, however, that concerns over potential adverse health effects from exposure to fertilizers with extremely high arsenic levels, such as Ironite, are worthy of serious consideration. We therefore are requesting comments and additional information that may assist the Agency in making such a determination, either positive or negative. Comments and information that directly address the criteria listed above would be particularly useful, as would specific information on related issues, such as the following: · Additional information on potential human health or ecological effects from exposure to Ironite. · Exposure pathways that may be particularly relevant to assessing risks associated with the use and handling of this type of product. · Information on any actual damage cases arising from use or misuse of Ironite or similar products. · Information on any other fertilizers (including primary nutrient fertilizers containing potassium, nitrogen or phosphorous) that are made from Bevillexempt hazardous extraction, beneficiation or mineral processing wastes. · Information on how and where Ironite or other iron fertilizers are actually used, and by whom. · Other relevant information. The Agency will consider all relevant comments and information submitted on these issues. At the time EPA finalizes today's proposal, we may also issue a proposed determination as to whether or not micronutrient fertilizer products that exhibit a hazardous characteristic, and that are made from Bevill­ exempt extraction/ beneficiation wastes, should be subject to regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA Subtitle C, as provided under section 3001( b)( 3). Alternatively, the Agency may decide that further data and/ or analysis is required before such a determination can be made. VI. Relationship With Other Regulatory Programs A. Cement Kiln Dust Regulatory Proposal On August 20, 1999, EPA proposed Standards for the Management of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) (64 FR 45631). As part of that rulemaking we proposed to exclude from regulation under RCRA CKD that is used as a liming agent on agricultural fields, provided that such CKD meet specified levels for concentrations of certain hazardous constituents. CKD is currently used as a substitute for agricultural lime. Liming materials are added to agricultural soils to maintain optimum pH for crop production and offset the effects of fertilizers that lower soil pH. CKD used for pH control is applied in high volumes relative to fertilizers and other soil nutrients. The application rate needed to maintain the desired increase in soil pH is 2 to 5 tons of CKD per acre every 2 to 3 years. EPA has a relatively large amount of data on the chemical composition of CKD. This data was collected and used as part of EPA's Report to Congress (RTC) on CKD (59 FR 709, January 6, 1994), its 1994 Notice of Data Availability (NODA) (59 FR 47133, September 14, 1994), and its 1995 Regulatory Determination on CKD (60 FR 7366, February 7, 1995). While EPA encourages environmentally sound beneficial use of production process waste streams, including CKD, we believe that the benefits from recycling CKD must be balanced against the potential hazards which agricultural use of CKD may present. Consequently, we conducted a screening level analysis of agricultural use as part of the RTC and NODA. That analysis suggested that some CKD, when used at plausible application rates, might contain sufficiently high concentrations of metals and dioxins to cause food chain risks. Based on these initial findings, EPA conducted a more detailed analysis of potential risks from use of CKD as an agricultural liming agent. Given our data on the chemical composition of CKD, and the preliminary results of the risk assessment, we concluded that use of a risk assessment conducted to identify protective levels of potentially hazardous constituents in CKD used as a liming agent provided the most appropriate way to allow for safe beneficial use of CKD. Results of EPA's more detailed risk assessment suggest that concentrations of arsenic, thallium, lead, cadmium and chlorinated dioxins and furans may be present in CKD above levels that pose potential risk to human health. Based on VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70976 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules these findings, EPA proposed to limit the concentrations of these compounds that can be present in CKD used to adjust soil pH. In other words, EPA proposed standards to limit concentrations of these constituents in CKD used as agricultural lime because our risk analysis indicated that these compounds are present in CKD in excess of levels that may pose risk to human health when CKD is applied at rates necessary to attain desired soil pH. Based on these risk findings, EPA expressed concern in the proposal that unregulated use of CKD as an agricultural liming agent may cause adverse effects on human health. EPA received substantial comments on this aspect of the 1999 CKD proposal, and is now evaluating them. B. EPA Standards for Biosolids EPA currently regulates the land application of biosolids (e. g., sewage sludge) under the authority of the Clean Water Act (Section 405( d) of the Clean Water Act codified at 40 CFR Part 503). These regulations have established concentration limits for metals in biosolids. In 1999, EPA also proposed a rule that included a numerical standard of 300 parts per trillion TEQ for dioxins and dioxin­ like compounds for landapplied biosolids. The numerical standard includes seven 2,3,7,8­ substituted dioxins, ten 2,3,7,8­ substituted dibenzofurans, and 12 coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The proposed standard was based on a multi­ pathway risk assessment which evaluates human health impacts and the fate and transport of these compounds through the environment. The proposed rule also included monitoring requirements for these compounds to ensure that the numerical standard is met. The proposed rule excluded certain small size categories of biosolids generators. EPA believes that the proposed standards for dioxins and the existing standards for metals in land­ applied biosolids are protective of human health and the environment. The standards have been developed based on statutory direction given under section 405 (d) of the Clean Water Act, and obligations imposed under the terms of a Consent Decree, which also established December 15, 2001 as the date by which the Agency must promulgate a final rule. EPA is currently evaluating the comments submitted on the proposed rule for dioxins in biosolids, in preparing the final rulemaking action. C. State Fertilizer Regulations Virtually all States have regulatory programs for fertilizers, which are usually administered by state agricultural agencies. Traditionally, the primary focus of these regulatory programs has been to ensure that fertilizers are accurately classified and labeled, and meet manufacturers' plant nutrient claims. Until quite recently, state regulatory programs did not explicitly address the issue of controlling contaminants such as heavy metals in fertilizer products. In 1998 the State of Washington enacted legislation to create this country's first comprehensive system for regulating fertilizer contaminants, to include limits on metal contaminants in fertilizers, labeling requirements, and a mandate for several research projects to study the effects of metal contaminants on food crop plants. The specific standards for metals in fertilizers were adapted from the Canadian standards. The Washington regulations, which apply to all fertilizers marketed in the state, also mandate that waste­ derived fertilizers receive additional scrutiny as to their content and origin, as part of the fertilizer registration process. Washington also now maintains a publicly accessible internet website containing data on all fertilizers registered in the State of Washington, including data on levels of non­ nutrient metals in each registered product. This database can be accessed at hhtp:// www. wa. gov/ 80/ ecology/ hwtr/ fertilizer/ reports/ products. html. The State of Texas has enacted similar regulations based on the federal standards for biosolids. The State of California has also done extensive research into fertilizer contaminants, and is currently developing a California regulatory program. A number of other states are likewise considering regulatory initiatives in this area. EPA supports State efforts to regulate contaminants in fertilizers. EPA regulates only a small percentage of the fertilizers currently on the market (perhaps as little as one percent or less of all fertilizers are derived from hazardous wastes, subject to RCRA requirements), and the potential certainly exists for contaminant problems in other types of fertilizers. For example, cadmium levels in certain phosphate fertilizers (which typically are not waste derived) have been the subject of some concern recently by researchers, state regulators and others. We believe that the State of Washington's fertilizer regulatory program has been highly successful in controlling, and in a number of cases reducing, contaminants in fertilizer products sold in that state. Washington has also successfully pioneered the idea of making fertilizer contaminant data available to the public, farmers and others through the internet. As more states develop comprehensive regulatory programs for fertilizers, the consistency between RCRA standards and more broadly applicable state standards is expected to become more and more at issue. We do not believe that such regulatory inconsistency makes sense environmentally or from a public policy perspective, and the Agency urges states at a minimum to adopt consistent regulatory standards for all zinc fertilizers. VII. State Authority A. Statutory Authority Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to administer the RCRA hazardous waste program within the State. See 40 CFR part 271 for the overall standards and requirements for authorization. Following authorization, the State requirements authorized by EPA apply in lieu of equivalent Federal requirements and become Federally enforceable as requirements of RCRA. EPA maintains independent authority to bring enforcement actions under RCRA sections 3007, 3008, 3013, and 7003. Authorized States also have independent authority to bring enforcement actions under State law. A State may receive authorization by following the approval process described under 40 CFR 271. After a State receives initial authorization, new Federal requirements promulgated under RCRA authority existing prior to the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) do not apply in that State until the State adopts and receives authorization for equivalent State requirements. The State must adopt such requirements to maintain authorization. In contrast, under RCRA section 3006( g) (42 U. S. C. 6926( g)), new Federal requirements and prohibitions imposed pursuant to HSWA provisions take effect in authorized States at the same time that they take effect in unauthorized States. Although authorized States are still required to update their hazardous waste programs to remain equivalent to the Federal program, EPA carries out HSWA requirements and prohibitions in authorized States, including the issuance of new permits implementing those requirements, until EPA authorizes the State to do so. Authorized States are required to modify their programs only when EPA promulgates Federal requirements that VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 03 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70977 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules are more stringent or broader in scope than existing Federal requirements. RCRA section 3009 allows the States to impose standards more stringent than those in the Federal program. See also 40 CFR 271.1( i). Therefore, authorized States are not required to adopt Federal regulations, both HSWA and nonHSWA that are considered less stringent. B. Effect on State Authorization Today's proposal would be promulgated pursuant to non­ HSWA authority, and contains provisions that are both more stringent and less stringent than the current Federal program. The elimination of the exemption for K061 derived fertilizers and the proposed product specification limits are more stringent provisions which the States would have to adopt if promulgated. The conditional exclusion for hazardous waste used in zinc fertilizers is less stringent. EPA strongly encourages States to adopt all of the provisions of the rule once they are finalized. VIII. Administrative Assessments A. Executive Order 12866 Under Executive Order 12866, (58 FR 51735 October 4, 1993) the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect, in a material way, the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (2) create serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients; or (4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. The economic analysis suggest that this rule is not economically significant under Executive Order 12866. OMB has deemed this rule to be significant for novel legal or policy issues. As such, this action was submitted to OMB for review. Changes made in response to OMB suggestions or recommendations will be documented in the public record. '' Detailed discussions of the methodology used for estimating the costs, economic impacts and the benefits attributable to today's proposed rule for regulatory modifications to the definition of solid waste for zinccontaining hazardous waste­ derived fertilizers, followed by a presentation of the cost, economic impact and benefit results, may be found in the background document: `` Economic Analysis for Regulatory Modifications to the Definition of Solid Waste For ZincContaining Hazardous Waste­ Derived Fertilizers, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, '' which was placed in the docket for today's proposed rule. 1. Methodology Section To estimate the cost, economic impacts to potentially affected firms and benefits to society from this proposed rulemaking, we analyzed data from zinc micronutrient producers, firm financial reports, trade associations and chemical production data. The Agency has used both model facilities and actual facilities in analyzing the effects of this proposed regulation. To estimate the incremental cost of this rule making, we reviewed baseline management practices and costs of potentially affected firms. The Agency has modeled the most likely postregulatory scenario resulting from the listing (e. g., shifts to non­ hazardous fertilizer feedstocks, shifting from zinc oxysulfate to zinc sulfate monohydrate production) and the estimated the cost of complying with it. The difference between the baseline management cost and the post­ regulatory cost is the incremental cost of the rulemaking. To estimate the economic impact of today's proposed rulemaking, we compared the incremental cost of the rulemaking with model firm sales. The Agency has also considered the ability of potentially affected firms to pass compliance costs on in the form of higher prices. To characterize the benefits of today's proposal, we evaluated available data and presented a qualitative assessment of benefits including ecological benefits and protection of natural resources such as groundwater. 2. Results a. Volume Results. Data reviewed by the Agency indicates that there are 3 to 4 zinc micronutrient producers, one zinc producer, one steel mill, one wasteto energy facility and 23 brass fume dust generators (ingot makers, mills, and foundries) potentially affected by today's proposed rule. Although the exact amount of hazardous waste used in zinc micronutrient fertilizer production an annual basis varies from year to year, in 1997, data indicate that approximately 46,000 tons of hazardous waste were used in the production of zinc micronutrient fertilizer. The principal hazardous waste feedstocks were tire ash, electric arc furnace dust (K061) and brass fume dust from ingot makers, mills and foundries. b. Cost Results. For the part of today's proposed rule pertaining to zinc micronutrient fertilizers, we estimate the total annual cost savings from today's proposal to be $3.24 million for all facilities. Costs savings for different groups are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1.Ð ESTIMATED INCREMENTAL COSTS AND COST SAVINGS BY FACILITY CATEGORY Potentially Affected Facility Incremental Annual Costs (Cost Savings) (1999$) Zinc Oxysulfate Producers ......................... ($ 0.29 million) Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate Producers .................... ($ 0.75 million) Primary Zinc Products .... ($ 1.0 million) Tire Ash Generators ....... ($ 0.2 million) Brass Fume Dust Generators ......................... ($ 1.4 million) Total ..................... ($ 3.24 million) Costs and cost savings to zinc oxysulfate producers are estimated from either shifting production to zinc sulfate monohydrate or shifting to nonhazardous sources of oxysulfate feedstocks. Zinc sulfate monohydrate producers and primary zinc producers are estimated to realize cost savings from shifting brass fume dust currently used in animal feed production to fertilizer production. Under current zinc sulfate markets, fertilizers are sold at a higher price than animal feed. Waste­ toEnergy facilities that generate tire ash are expected to incur additional cost from having to shift their ash from fertilizer production to zinc oxide reclamation. And brass fume dust generators (mills, ingot makers, foundries) are estimated to incur cost savings from shifting their dust from zinc reclamation and animal feed to fertilizer production. c. Economic Impact Results. To estimate potential economic impacts resulting from today's proposed rule, we use a first order economic impacts measure: the estimated incremental costs or cost savings of today's proposed rule as a percentage of affected firms sales. Because of data limitations, EPA was unable to obtain profit information for potentially affected firms. EPA solicits comment about the availability and usefulness of profit data in VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 19: 16 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70978 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules evaluating the economic impact of this proposal on these entities. For two zinc oxysulfate producers the estimated impact of the rule is 1.42 percent in incremental costs for one firm and 0.64 percent in cost savings for the other. Two zinc sulfate monohydrate producers are estimated to realize cost savings of 0.1 and 15 percent of revenue. For the primary zinc producer, the rule is estimated to result in cost savings equal to 1 percent of firm sales. The waste­ to­ energy facility is estimated to incur costs of 1.22 percent of annual revenues. More detailed information on this estimate can be found in the economic analysis placed into today's docket. d. Benefits Assessment. Because EPA did not use any risk assessments of current or projected metals and dioxin concentrations in zinc fertilizers in the development of this rulemaking, the Agency cannot make any quantitative conclusions about the risk reduction from today's proposal. To estimate the benefits resulting from today's rule, EPA looked at available literature and records regarding hazardous waste feedstocks used to make zinc micronutrient fertilizers. The data suggest that today's rule will reduce loading of toxic non­ nutritive constituents to the soil. Two zinc oxysulfate samples produced from hazardous waste and analyzed by the State of Washington had dioxin concentrations between 17 and 42 times background level (`` Final Report Screening Survey for Metals and Dioxins in Fertilizer Products and Soils in Washington State, '' Washington State Department of Ecology, April 1999, Figures 1± 1 and 1± 2). In addition, the zinc oxysulfate manufacturing process does not remove any of the lead or cadmium from the feedstock material. If promulgated, today's proposal would reduce annual loadings of these metals to the soil. In addition, today's proposal may reduce natural resource damage and contamination to groundwater. EPA is aware of at least two damage incidents caused by land placement of hazardous waste prior to fertilizer production that resulted in contamination of either groundwater or surrounding surface water bodies adjacent to the site. (`` Report of RCRA Compliance Inspection at American Microtrace Corporation, '' US EPA Region VII, December 4, 1996, Editorial, The Atlanta Journal/ Constitution, April 11, 1993). Today's proposal may increase non­ use values for these environmental amenities as well. The Agency also believes that this rule has the potential for reducing what may be considered low probability but high consequence adverse human health or environmental impact if contamination from hazardous secondary material used in fertilizer production should, because of geological conditions such as karst terrain, reach a major population drinking water source or sensitive environmental location. This proposed rule should lessen the chances of this type of event even though the probabilities of such occurrences and the magnitude of any impacts are not known. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as Amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq. The RFA generally requires an agency to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute, unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of today's rule on small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business that has fewer than 1000, 750, or 500 employees per firm depending upon the SIC code the firm is primarily classified in; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; or (3) a small organization that is any notfor profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. After considering the economic impacts of today's final rule on small entities, we have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. In determining whether a rule has a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, the impact of concern is any significant adverse economic impact on small entities, since the primary purpose of the regulatory flexibility analyses is to identify and address regulatory alternatives `` which minimize any significant economic impact of the proposed rule on small entities'' (5 U. S. C. Sections 603 and 604). Thus, an agency may certify that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities if the rule relieves regulatory burden, or otherwise has a positive economic effect on all of the small entities subject to the rule. There are three small entities incurring incremental costs resulting from this rulemaking. This first firm is Exeter Energy, a waste­ to­ energy facility that burns tires. It is estimated to incur annual costs of $220,000 which is slightly more than one percent of its annual sales. Exeter Energy is only one of two waste­ to­ energy facilities in the United States that burns tires for energy. It is therefore likely that this firm will be able to pass on much of this cost through price increases for its services. EPA does not believe that this firm will be significantly impacted. The second firm, Bay Zinc, is a zinc sulfate/ zinc oxysulfate producer. The firm is estimated to realize costs equal to slightly more than one percent of revenues for its zinc oxysulfate line. However, EPA does not believe that Bay Zinc will be significantly impacted because its increased costs will be offset to some extent by the increased availability of less expensive (previously hazardous waste) feedstocks such as brass fume dust for its zinc sulfate monohydrate line. EPA has only analyzed the impact of the rule on this firm's zinc oxysulfate line. However the rule will affect both zinc fertilizer lines. The net economic impact of the rule on Bay Zinc is likely to be far less than 1 percent of the firm's sales notwithstanding the cost to its oxysulfate line. EPA also notes that there is currently a market trend away from zinc oxysulfate in favor of zinc sulfate monohydrate due to the former's higher heavy metal content (see www. chemexpo. com/ news/ newsframe. cfm? framebody=/ news/ profile. cfm as obtained August 27, 2000 for zinc sulfate). Therefore, it is likely that even in the absence of this proposed rulemaking, the marketability of zinc oxysulfate is declining in favor of zinc sulfate monohydrate production. For the reasons discussed above, I hereby certify that this rule will not have a significant adverse economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule, therefore, does not require a regulatory flexibility analysis. C. Paperwork Reduction Act The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq. An Information Collection Request (ICR) document has been prepared by EPA (ICR No. 1189.08) and a copy may be obtained from Sandy Farmer by mail at OPPE Regulatory Information Division; VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 03 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2 70979 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Collection Strategies Division (2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460; by email at farmer. sandy@ epa. epa. gov, or by calling (202) 260± 2740. A copy may also be downloaded off the internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr. EPA is proposing the following conditions for reporting and recordkeeping by generators and manufacturers: The proposed rule would require generators to submit a one­ time notice to the EPA Regional Administrator (or the state Director in an authorized state) and to maintain all records of all shipments of excluded hazardous secondary materials for a minimum of three years. As a condition of the exclusion, manufacturers would be required to submit a one­ time notice, retain for a minimum of three years records of all shipments of excluded hazardous secondary materials that were received by the zinc fertilizer manufacturer during that period, and submit an annual report identifying the types, quantities and origins of all such excluded materials that were received by the manufacturer in the preceding year. The manufacturer would also be required to perform sampling and analysis of the fertilizer product to determine compliance with the contaminant limits for metals no less than every six months, and for dioxins no less than every twelve months. These conditions would replace the current hazardous waste regulatory requirements for reporting and recordkeeping and are designed to improve the accountability system, and government oversight capabilities over the handling of secondary materials used to make zinc fertilizers. EPA estimates that the total annual respondent burden for the new paperwork requirements in the rule is approximately 45 hours per year and the annual respondent cost for the new paperwork requirements in the rule is approximately $9,875. However, in addition to the new paperwork requirements in the proposed rule, EPA also estimated the burden and cost savings that generators and manufacturers could expect as a result of no longer needing to comply with the existing RCRA information collection requirements for the excluded materials. This cost savings of $21,149 minus the $9,875 cost for the new paperwork requirements would result in an overall cost savings $11,275 from the proposed rule. The net cost to EPA of administering the rule was estimated at approximately $244 per year. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR Part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. Comments are requested on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques. Send comments on the ICR to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Collection Strategies Division (2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460 and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th St., NW., Washington, DC 20503, marked `` Attention: Desk Officer for EPA. '' Include the ICR number in any correspondence. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after November 28, 2000, a comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it by December 28, 2000. The final rule will respond to any OMB or public comments on the information collection requirements contained in this proposal. D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public Law 104± 4, establishes requirements for Federal Agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA must prepare a written analysis, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most cost­ effective, or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials to have meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory proposals, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. This rule does not include a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more to State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, because this rule imposes no enforceable duty on any State, local, or tribal governments. EPA also has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. In addition, as discussed above, the private sector is not expected to incur costs exceeding $100 million. Therefore, today's proposed rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202, 203, and 205 of UMRA. E. FederalismÐ Applicability of Executive Order 13132 Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications. '' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. '' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70980 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. Section 4 of the Executive Order contains additional requirements for rules that preempt State or local law, even if those rules do not have federalism implications (i. e., the rules will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government). Those requirements include providing all affected State and local officials notice and an opportunity for appropriate participation in the development of the regulation. If the preemption is not based on express or implied statutory authority, EPA also must consult, to the extent practicable, with appropriate State and local officials regarding the conflict between State law and Federally protected interests within the agency's area of regulatory responsibility. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. This proposed rule directly affects primarily zinc micronutrient producers and generators of hazardous wastes used in zinc fertilizer production. There are no State and local government bodies that incur direct compliance costs by this rulemaking. And State and local government implementation expenditures are expected to be less than $500,000 in any one year (for more information, please refer to the background document entitled `` Federalism Analysis (Executive Order 13132) for Zinc­ Containing Hazardous Waste­ Derived Fertilizers, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Substantial Direct Effects'', August 2000). Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. This proposed rule would preempt State and local law that is less stringent for these zinc­ bearing hazardous wastes. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 42 U. S. C. 6901 to 6992k, the relationship between the States and the national government with respect to hazardous waste management is established for authorized State hazardous waste programs, 42 U. S. C. 6926 (§ 3006), and retention of State authority, 42 U. S. C. 6929 (section 3009). Under section 3009 of RCRA, States and their political subdivisions may not impose requirements less stringent for hazardous waste management than the national government. By publishing and inviting comment on this proposed rule, we hereby provide State and local officials notice and an opportunity for appropriate participation. Thus, we have complied with the requirements of section 4 of the Executive Order. F. Executive Order 13084: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian Tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities of Indian Tribal governments, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities. '' Today's proposal would not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments, nor would it impose substantial direct compliance costs on them. G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Risks and Safety Risks The Executive Order 13045, entitled `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that EPA determines: (1) Is `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866; and (2) the environmental health or safety risk addressed by the rule has a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children; and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered. This proposal is not economically significant under Executive Order 12866. H. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (`` NTTAA''), Public Law No. 104± 113, section 12( d) (15 U. S. C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. EPA has proposed to condition exclusion on the fertilizer material based on contaminant levels for metals and dioxins. And after considering alternatives, EPA has determined that it would be impractical to use voluntary consensus standards for the reasons stated in Section C above. I. Executive Order 12898 EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all populations in the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income bears disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental impacts as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and that all people live in safe and healthful environments. In response to Executive Order 12898 and to concerns voiced by many groups outside the Agency, EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response formed an Environmental Justice Task Force to analyze the array of environmental justice issues specific VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70981 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules to waste programs and to develop an overall strategy to identify and address these issues (OSWER Directive No. 9200.3± 17). Today's proposed rule pertains to hazardous wastes used in zinc micronutrient production. It is not certain whether the environmental problems addressed by this rule could disproportionately affect minority or low­ income communities. Today's proposed rule is intended to reduce risks of excluded hazardous secondary materials as proposed, and to benefit all populations. As such, this rule is not expected to cause any disproportionately high and adverse impacts to minority or low­ income communities versus non­ minority or affluent communities. The wastes proposed for exclusion will be subject to protective conditions regardless of where they are generated and regardless of where they may be managed. Although the Agency understands that the proposed exclusion, if finalized, may affect where these wastes are managed in the future, the Agency's decision to conditionally exclude these materials is independent of any decisions regarding the location of waste generators and the siting of waste management facilities. Today's proposed rule will reduce loadings of toxic non­ nutritive constituents to the soil. It will also preclude outdoor storage of hazardous secondary materials used in zinc fertilizer production. EPA believes that these provisions of the proposal will benefit all populations in the United States, including low­ income and minority communities. We encourage all stakeholders including members of the environmental justice community and members of the regulated community to provide comments or further information related to potential environmental justice concerns or impacts, including information and data on facilities that have evaluated potential ecological and human health impacts (taking into account subsistence patterns and sensitive populations) to minority or low­ income communities. List of Subjects 40 CFR Part 261 Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Recycling, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 40 CFR Part 266 Environmental protection, Energy, Hazardous waste, Recycling, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 40 CFR Part 268 Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Dated: November 15, 2000. Carol M. Browner, Administrator. For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows: PART 261Ð IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 1. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, 6922, 6924y, and 6938. Subpart AÐ General 2. Section 261.4 is amended by adding new paragraphs (a)( 20) and (21) to read as follows: § 261.4 Exclusions. (a) * * * (20) Hazardous secondary materials used to make zinc fertilizers, provided that the following conditions are satisfied: (i) Hazardous secondary materials used to make zinc micronutrient fertilizers must not be accumulated speculatively. (ii) Generators of zinc­ bearing hazardous secondary materials that are to be incorporated into zinc fertilizers must: (A) Store the excluded secondary material in tanks, containers, or in buildings. The tanks, containers or buildings must be constructed and maintained in a way that prevents releases of the secondary materials into the environment. At a minimum, any building used for this purpose must be an engineered structure made of nonearthen materials that provide structural support, and must have a floor, walls and a roof that prevent against wind dispersal or contact with rainwater. Tanks used for this purpose must be structurally sound and must have roofs or covers that prevent contact with wind or rain. Containers used for this purpose that are not located in buildings must be made of metal or other rigid material that has structural integrity, and must have lids or covers that prevent wind or water dispersal of the stored materials. (B) Submit a one­ time notice to the Regional Administrator or State Director in whose jurisdiction the exclusion is being claimed, which contains the following information: (1) Name, address and EPA ID number of the generator facility; (2) Name and address of the fertilizer manufacturer( s) to which excluded secondary materials are expected to be shipped; (3) A brief description of the industrial process( s) which generated the secondary material, and estimated annual quantity of excluded secondary materials that are expected to be shipped to each fertilizer manufacturer; and (4) If excluded secondary materials are to be shipped off­ site, a certification that the state in which the receiving facility( s) is located is authorized to administer the provisions of this section. (C) Maintain at the generating facility for no less than three years records of all shipments of excluded hazardous secondary materials. For each shipment these records must at a minimum contain the following information: (1) Name of the transporter and date of the shipment; (2) Name and address of the fertilizer manufacturer who received the excluded material, documentation confirming the manufacturer's receipt of the shipment, and a notice to the receiving manufacturer that the shipped materials are excluded from regulation, subject to the conditions specified in this paragraph (a)( 20); (3) Type and quantity of excluded secondary material in each shipment. (iii) Manufacturers of zinc fertilizers or zinc fertilizer ingredients made from excluded hazardous secondary materials must: (A) Store excluded hazardous secondary materials in accordance with the storage requirements for generators, as specified in paragraph (a)( 20)( ii)( A) of this section. (B) Submit a one­ time notification to the Regional Administrator or State Director that, at a minimum, contains the following information: (1) Name, address and EPA ID number of the manufacturing facility. (2) Estimated annual quantities of excluded hazardous secondary materials to be used, and the industrial processes from which they are expected to be generated. (3) Names, locations and EPA ID numbers of generator facilities expected to supply such materials. (C) Maintain for a minimum of three years records of all shipments of excluded secondary materials received by the manufacturer, which must at a minimum identify for each shipment the name and address of the generating facility, name of transporter and date the materials were received, type and quantity received, and a brief VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 13: 27 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 28NOP2 70982 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 229 / Tuesday, November 28, 2000 / Proposed Rules description of the industrial process that generated the waste. (D) Submit to the Regional Administrator or State Director an annual report that identifies the total quantities of all excluded hazardous secondary materials that were used to manufacture zinc fertilizer or zinc fertilizer ingredients in the previous year, the name and address of each generating facility, and the industrial process( s) from which they were generated. (iv) Nothing in this section preempts, overrides or otherwise negates the provision in § 262.11 of this chapter, which requires any person who generates a solid waste to determine if that waste is a hazardous waste. (21) Zinc fertilizers made from hazardous wastes, or hazardous secondary materials excluded under paragraph (a)( 20) of this section, provided that: (i) The fertilizers meet the following contaminant limits: (A) For metal contaminants: Constituent Total 1 1. Lead ............................................ 2.8 2. Cadmium .................................... 1.4 3. Arsenic ........................................ 0.6 4. Mercury ....................................... 0.3 5. Nickel .......................................... 1.4 6. Chromium ................................... 0.6 1 Maximum Allowable Total Concentration in Fertilizer, per Unit (1%) of Zinc (ppm). (B) For dioxin contaminants the fertilizer must contain no more than eight (8) parts per trillion of dioxin, measured as toxic equivalent (TEQ). (ii) The manufacturer performs sampling and analysis of the fertilizer product to determine compliance with the contaminant limits for metals no less than every six months, and for dioxins no less than every twelve months. The manufacturer may use any reliable analytical method to demonstrate that no constituent of concern is present in the product at concentrations above the applicable limits. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure that the sampling and analysis are unbiased, precise, and representative of the product( s) that is introduced into commerce. (iii) The manufacturer maintains for no less than three years records of all sampling and analyses performed for purposes of determining compliance with the requirements of (a)( 21)( ii) of this section. Such records must at a minimum include: (A) The dates and times product samples were taken, and the dates the samples were analyzed; (B) The names and qualifications of the person( s) taking the samples; (C) A description of the methods and equipment used to take the samples; (D) The name and address of the laboratory facility at which analyses of the samples were performed; (E) A description of the analytical methods used, including any cleanup and sample preparation methods; and (F) All laboratory analytical results used to determine compliance with the contaminant limits specified in this paragraph (a)( 21)( iii)( F). (iv) In an enforcement action, the burden of proof to establish conformance with the conditions in this paragraph (a)( 21)( iv) and in paragraph (a)( 20) of this section, shall be on the generator or manufacturer claiming the exclusion. * * * * * PART 266Ð[ AMENDED] 3. The authority citation for Part 266 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 1006, 2002( a), 3004, and 3014, 6905, 6906, 6912, 6922, 6924, 6925, and 6937. Subpart CÐ Recyclable Materials Used in a Manner Constituting Disposal 4. Section 266.20 is amended by removing the last two sentences of paragraph (b), and adding a new paragraph (d) to read as follows: § 266.20 Applicability. * * * * * (d) Fertilizers that contain recyclable materials are not subject to regulation provided that: (1) They are zinc fertilizers excluded from the definition of solid waste according to § 261.4( a)( 21) of this chapter; or (2) For non­ zinc fertilizers, the fertilizers meet the applicable treatment standards in subpart D of Part 268 of this chapter for each hazardous waste that they contain. PART 268Ð[ AMENDED] 5. The authority citation for part 268 continues to read as follows: Authority: 42 U. S. C. 6905, 6912( a), 6921, and 6921. Subpart DÐ Treatment Standards § 268.40 [Amended] 6. Section 268.40 is amended by removing paragraphs (i) and (j). [FR Doc. 00± 29876 Filed 11± 27± 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560± 50± P VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 18: 03 Nov 27, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\ FR\ FM\ 28NOP2. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28NOP2

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.463324

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0058-0001

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types

26196 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 88 / Friday, May 5, 2000 / Notices ADDRESSES: Address comments to the Department of Energy Desk Officer, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 726 Jackson Place, NW, Washington, DC 20503. ( Comments should also be addressed to the Statistics and Methods Group at the address below.) FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional information should be directed to Herbert Miller, Statistics and Methods Group, ( EI 70), Forrestal Building, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585. Mr. Miller may be contacted by telephone at ( 202) 426 1103, FAX at ( 202) 426 1081, or e­ mail at Herbert. Miller@ eia. doe. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The energy information collection submitted to OMB for review was: 1. EIA 902, `` Annual Geothermal Heat Pump Manufacturers Survey.'' 2. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; OMB Number 1901 0303; Three­ Year Extension; Mandatory. 3. EIA 902 is designed to collect information on the emerging domestic geothermal heat pump industry. The economics of geothermal heat pumps have improved in recent years and the pumps are more competitive with conventional heating, cooling, and water heating systems. Data collected will be from U. S. geothermal heat pump manufacturers. The data will be used by DOE, the heat pump industry, and the public. The data will also be published. 4. Business or other for­ profit. 5. 160 hours ( 4 hours ´ 1 response per year ´ 40 respondents). Statutory Authority: Sections 3507( h)( 1) and 3506( c) of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 ( Pub. L. No. 104 13). Issued in Washington, DC, May 1, 2000. Stanley R. Freedman, Acting Director, Statistics and Methods Group, Energy Information Administration. [ FR Doc. 00 11249 Filed 5 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6450 01 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6600 1] Agency Information Collection Activities: Continuing Collection; Comment Request; Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this notice announces that EPA is planning to submit the following or continuing Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types, EPA ICR Number 1572.04, OMB Control Number 2050 0050, expires June 30, 2000. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection as described below. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before July 5, 2000. ADDRESSES: Commenters must send an original and two copies of their comments referencing docket number F 2000 SUIP FFFFF to: ( 1) If using regular US Postal Service mail: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters ( EPA, HQ), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002, or ( 2) if using special delivery, such as overnight express service: RCRA Docket Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: rcra­ docket@ epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number F 2000 SUIP FFFFF and must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Commenters should not submit electronically any confidential business information ( CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305W), U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002. Public comments and supporting materials are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling 703 603 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The index and some supporting materials are available electronically. See the `` Supplementary Information'' section for information on accessing them. The ICR is available on the Internet at < http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ tsds/ specific/ index. htm>. The official record for this action will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. EPA responses to comments, whether the comments are written or electronic, will be in a notice in the Federal Register. EPA will not immediately reply to commenters electronically other than to seek clarification of electronic comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at 800 424 9346 or TDD 800 553 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 703 412 9810 or TDD 703 412 3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this rulemaking, contact David Eberly, Office of Solid Waste ( 5303W), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 0002, by phone at 703 308 8645, or by e­ mail at eberly. david@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Affected entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. Title: Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types, EPA ICR Number 1572.04, OMB Control Number 2050 0050, expiration date June 30, 2000. Abstract: Section 3004 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA) of 1976, as amended, requires that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency develop standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities ( TSDFs), as may be necessary, to protect human health and the environment. Section 3004, Subsections ( 1), ( 3), ( 4), ( 5), and ( 6) specify that these standards include, but not be limited to, the following requirements: ( 1) Maintaining records of all hazardous wastes identified or listed under this title which are treated, stored, or disposed of, *** and the manner in which such wastes were treated, stored, or disposed of; ( 3) Treatment, storage, or disposal of all such waste received by the unit pursuant to such operating methods, techniques, and practices as may be satisfactory to the Administrator; VerDate 27< APR> 2000 12: 26 May 04, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05MYN1. SGM pfrm03 PsN: 05MYN1 26197 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 88 / Friday, May 5, 2000 / Notices ( 4) The location, design, and construction of such hazardous waste treatment, disposal, or storage facilities; ( 5) Contingency plans for effective action to minimize unanticipated damage from any treatment, storage, or disposal of any such hazardous waste; and ( 6) The maintenance or operation of such facilities and requiring such additional qualifications as to ownership, continuity of operation, training for personnel, and financial responsibility as may be necessary or desirable. All of the collection requirements covered in this ICR have been published in 40 CFR parts 261, 264 and 265, subparts J through DD, and 40 CFR part 266, subpart F. With each collection covered in this ICR, EPA is aiding the goal of complying with its statutory mandate under RCRA to develop standards for hazardous waste TSDFs, as may be necessary, to protect human health and the environment. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The EPA would like to solicit comments to: ( i) Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; ( ii) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ( iii) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ( iv) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. Burden Statement: EPA estimates that the total annual respondent cost for all activities covered in this ICR is $ 11,934,785. This cost includes annual labor, capital, and operation and maintenance ( O& M) costs to be incurred by respondents affected by the information collection requirements covered in this ICR. EPA estimates an average hourly respondent labor cost ( including overhead) of $ 90.00 for legal staff, $ 69.30 for managerial staff, $ 54.33 for technical staff, and $ 24.29 for clerical staff. As shown in the table, EPA estimates that, each year, a total of 3,187 units will be subject to the information collection requirements covered in this ICR. Of these 3,187 units, 375 units are existing interim status units that will remain in the interim status universe, 100 units are interim status units that will enter the permitted universe, 2,688 units are existing permitted units, and 24 units are new permitted units. The number of respondents varies depending upon the category of each unit and the required activity. This ICR is an exhaustive description of the total respondent burden for all activities related to specific unit requirements and special waste processes and types. From 1996 to 2000, total respondent hourly burden decreased by 42 percent and total respondent financial burden decreased by 37 percent. The burden decreased for a number of reasons. First, in revising this ICR, EPA significantly improved its estimated number of specific units in the interim status and permitted universes. In addition, labor rates were adjusted in this ICR. In the 1996 ICR, EPA had overestimated the overhead factor and thus, the labor rates of the respondents conducting the activities covered in this ICR. In addition, EPA removed all federally owned or operated units from the respondent universe. Thus, EPA's estimates of the overall total respondent burden and cost has decreased. EPA believes that the burden and cost reflects a more comprehensive and, therefore, a more accurate portrait of the existing hourly and financial burden on the regulated community. For tank systems, the public reporting burden is estimated to average six hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 155 hours per respondent per year. For surface impoundments, the public reporting burden is estimated to average two hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 152 hours per respondent per year. For waste piles, there is no public reporting burden associated with the requirements covered in this ICR. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 20 hours per respondent per year. For land treatment units, the public reporting burden is estimated to average one hour per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average one hour per respondent per year. For landfills, the public reporting burden is estimated to average seven hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 80 hours per respondent per year. For incinerators, the public reporting burden is estimated to average two hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average three hours per respondent per year. For thermal treatment units, there is no public reporting or record keeping burden associated with the requirements covered in this ICR. For chemical, physical, and biological treatment units, there is no public reporting or record keeping burden associated with the requirements covered in this ICR. For drip pads, there is no public reporting or record keeping burden associated with the requirements covered in this ICR. For miscellaneous units, there is no public reporting or record keeping burden associated with the requirements covered in this ICR. For process vents, the public reporting burden is estimated to average ten hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 1,072 hours per respondent per year. For equipment leaks, the public reporting burden is estimated to average seven hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 83 hours per respondent per year. For containment buildings, the public reporting burden is estimated to average six hours per respondent per year. The record keeping burden is estimated to average 56 hours per respondent per year. For specific hazardous waste recovery and recycling units, there is no public reporting burden associated with these requirements. The record keeping burden is estimated to average four hours per respondent per year. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of VerDate 27< APR> 2000 12: 26 May 04, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05MYN1. SGM pfrm03 PsN: 05MYN1 26198 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 88 / Friday, May 5, 2000 / Notices information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Dated: April 21, 2000. Matthew Hale, Acting Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00 11283 Filed 5 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6588 3] Acid Rain Program; Notice of the Filing of Petition for Administrative Review AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of the filing of petition for administrative review. SUMMARY: The purpose of this notice is to announce the filing, with EPA's Environmental Appeals Board ( EAB), of a petition for review by UtiliCorp United, Inc. ( UCU) of a decision issued by EPA's Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division. This decision and petition for review concern a request submitted by UCU for approval of methods for apportionment of the nitrogen oxide ( NOX) emissions from a common stack at UCU's Sibley, Missouri facility. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dwight C. Alpern, Attorney­ Advisor, Clean Air Markets Division ( 6204J), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460 at ( 202) 564 9151. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On April 5, 2000, UCU filed, with the EAB, a petition for review ( Appeal No. CAA 004) of a decision by EPA's Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division, dated March 6, 2000, disapproving UCU's petition for approval of methods for apportionment of the NOX emissions from a common stack at UCU's facility located at Sibley, Missouri. The appeal raises issues regarding the requirements of 40 CFR 75.17( a)( 2)( iii). The appeals was filed under 40 CFR part 78 of the Acid Rain regulations and requested an evidentiary hearing. Motions for leave to intervene in Appeal No. CAA 004 under 40 CFR 78.11 must be filed by May 22, 2000 with the EAB. Dated: May 1, 2000. Brian J. McLean, Director, Clean Air Markets Division. [ FR Doc. 00 11281 Filed 5 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ ER FRL 6353 9] Environmental Impact Statements and Regulations; Availability of EPA Comments Availability of EPA comments prepared April 17, 2000 through April 21, 2000 pursuant to the Environmental Review Process ( ERP), under Section 309 of the Clean Air Act and section 102( 2)( c) of the National Environmental Policy Act as amended. Requests for copies of EPA comments can be directed to the Office of Federal Activities at ( 202) 564 7167. An explanation of the ratings assigned to draft environmental impact statements ( EISs) was published in FR dated April 09, 1999 ( 63 FR 17856). Draft EISs ERP No. D DOE E09806 TN Rating EC2, Treating Transuranic ( TRU)/ Alpha Low­ Level Waste at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Construct, Operate, and Decontaminate/ Decommission of Waste Treatment Facility, Oak Ridge, TN. Summary: EPA expressed environmental concerns regarding the issue of process releases and the resulting risk to humans. EPA requested that additional information be provide on the risk issue and the preferred alternative. ERP No. D TVA E65054 TN Rating EC2, Tellico Reservoir Land Management Plan, Implementation of Seven Mainstream and Two Tributary Reservoirs, Blount, Loudon and Monroe, TN. Summary: EPA expressed concerns with aspects of some of the proposed zones, such as planned timber harvesting and certain commercial/ industrial development. EPA suggested that the Plan be revised to eliminate or minimize timber harvesting of circumferential reservoir lands and islands and eliminate incompatible forms of commercial and industrial development. Final EISs ERP No. F BIA A65165 00 Programmatic EIS Navajo Ten Year Forest Management Plan Alternatives, Implementation and Funding, AZ and NM. Summary: No formal comment letter was sent to the preparing agency. Dated: May 2, 2000 Joseph C. Montgomery, Director, NEPA Compliance Director, Office of Federal Activities. [ FR Doc. 00 11308 Filed 5 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ ER FRL 6353 8] Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availability Responsible Agency: Office of Federal Activities, General Information ( 202) 564 7167 or www. epa. gov/ oeca/ ofa. Weekly receipt of Environmental Impact Statements filed April 24, 2000 through April 28, 2000 pursuant to 40 CFR 1506.9. EIS No. 000129, Final EIS, AFS, CO, Uncompahgre National Forest Travel Plans Revision, Implementation, Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests, Garrison, Hinsdale Mesa, Montrose, Ouray and San Juan Counties, CO, Due: June 5, 2000, Contact: Jeff Burch ( 970) 874 6600. EIS No. 000130, Draft EIS, FHW, MO, New Mississippi River Crossing, Relocated I 70 and I 64 Connector, Funding, COE Section 404 and 10 Permits and NPDES Permit, St. Louis County, MO, Due: June 20, 2000, Contact: Ronald C. Marshall ( 217) 492 4600. EIS No. 000131, Draft EIS, AFS, ID, Box Canyon Timber Sale, Vegetative Management, Implementation, Palisades Ranger District, Caribou­ Targhee National Forest, Bonneville County, ID, Due: June 19, 2000, Contact: Jerry B. Reese ( 208) 624 3151. EIS No. 000132, Draft EIS, AFS, CA, NV, Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Project, Implementation, several counties, CA and NV, Due: August 11, 2000, Contact: John Bradford ( 916) 498 5075. EIS No. 000133, Draft Supplement, FTA, NY, Buffalo Inner Harbor Development Project, Waterfront Redevelopment, Funding and COE Section 10 and 404 Permit Issuance, New Information in Response to a Court Order concerning Historic Preservation, Erie County, NY, Due: May 31, 2000, Contact: Anthony G. Carr ( 212) 668 2170. Under Federal Court Decision and Order No. 99 CV 745S a SDEIS was to be prepared to consider archaeological investigations conducted after the FEIS. The Federal court order establishes a public VerDate 27< APR> 2000 12: 26 May 04, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05MYN1. SGM pfrm03 PsN: 05MYN1

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2024-06-07T20:31:31.512233

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0058-0003

Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements and Special Waste Processes and Types

59415 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 194 / Thursday, October 5, 2000 / Notices cannot be completed in time to make changes to the 2001 Biennial Report. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 19.49 hours per response. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: Large Quantity Generators and Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities. Estimated Number of Respondents: 10,157. Frequency of Response: Biennially. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 195,214 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, O& M Cost Burden: $ 26,000. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the following addresses listed above. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 0976.10 and OMB Control No. 2050 0024 in any correspondence. Dated: September 28, 2000. Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 25605 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 7] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that the following Information Collection Request ( ICR) has been forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) for review and approval: Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types, OMB Control Number 2050 0050, expiration date December 31, 2000. The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden and cost; where appropriate, it includes the actual data collection instrument. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 6, 2000. ADDRESSES: Send comments, referencing EPA ICR No. 1572.05 and OMB Control No. 2050 0050, to the following addresses: Sandy Farmer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Collection Strategies Division ( Mail Code 2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460; and to Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget ( OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20503. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For a copy of the ICR contact Sandy Farmer at EPA by phone at ( 202) 260 2740, by email at farmer. sandy@ epamail. epa. gov, or download a copy of the ICR off the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1572.05. For technical questions about the ICR contact David Eberly on 703 308 8645. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Hazardous Waste Specific Unit Requirements, and Special Waste Processes and Types ( OMB Control No. 2050 0050; EPA ICR No. 1572.05) expiring December 31, 2000. This is a request for extension of a currently approved collection. Abstract: This ICR provides a discussion of all of the information collection requirements associated with specific unit standards applicable to owners and operators of facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes as defined by 40 CFR part 261. It includes a detailed description of the data items and respondent activities associated with each requirement and with each hazardous waste management unit at a facility. The specific units and processes included in this ICR are: Tank Systems, Surface Impoundments, Waste Piles, Land Treatment, Landfills, Incinerators, Thermal Treatment, Chemical/ Physical, and Biological Treatment, Miscellaneous ( subpart X), Drip Pads, Process Vents, Equipment Leaks, Containment Buildings, Recovery/ Recycling. With each information collection covered in this ICR, EPA is aiding the goal of complying with its statutory mandate under RCRA to develop standards for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, to protect human health and the environment. Without the information collection, the agency cannot assure that the facilities are designed and operated properly. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The Federal Register document required under 5 CFR 1320.8( d), soliciting comments on this collection of information was published on May 5, 2000 ( 65 FR 26196); no comments were received. Burden Statement: The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average the following burden hours per response: Subpart I: Containers ..................... 73 Subpart J: Tank Systems ............... 77 80 Subpart K: Surface Impoundments .......................................... 74 80 Subpart L: Waste Piles .................. 19 Subpart M: Land Treatment .......... 0 Subpart N: Landfills ...................... 39 43 Subpart O: Incinerators ................. 3 5 Subpart P: Thermal Treatment Units ........................................... 2 Subpart Q: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment Units 6 Subpart W: Drip Pads .................... 0 Subpart X: Miscellaneous Units ... 0 Subpart AA: Process Vents ........... 422 660 Subpart BB: Equipment Leaks ...... 47 48 Subpart DD: Containment Buildings ............................................. 28 32 Part 266: Specific Hazardous Waste Recovery/ Recycling Facilities ......................................... 4 Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 34 Oct 04, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05OCN1. SGM pfrm02 PsN: 05OCN1 59416 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 194 / Thursday, October 5, 2000 / Notices information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Respondents/ Affected Entities: Business. Estimated Number of Respondents: 6,341. Frequency of Response: Occasional. Estimated Total Annual Hour Burden: 287,069 hours. Estimated Total Annualized Capital, Operating/ Maintenance Cost Burden: $ 874,517. Send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the addresses listed above. Please refer to EPA ICR No. 1572.05 and OMB Control No. 2050 0050 in any correspondence. Dated: September 28, 2000 Oscar Morales, Director, Collection Strategies Division. [ FR Doc. 00 25606 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 3] National Drinking Water Advisory Council; Request for Nominations AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Notice; request for nominations. SUMMARY: The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) invites all interested persons to nominate qualified individuals to serve a three­ year term as members of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council. This Advisory Council was established to provide practical and independent advice, consultation and recommendations to the Agency on the activities, functions and policies related to the implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act as amended. The Council consists of fifteen members, including a Chair. Five members represent the general public; five members represent appropriate state and local agencies concerned with water hygiene and public water supply; and five members represent private organizations or groups demonstrating an active interest in the field of water hygiene and public water supply. On December 15 of each year, five members complete their appointment. Therefore, this notice solicits names to fill five vacancies, with appointed terms ending on December 15, 2003. Any interested person or organization may nominate qualified individuals for membership. Nominees should be identified by name, occupation, position, address and telephone number. To be considered, all nominations must include a current resume providing the nominee's background, experience and qualifications. Persons selected for membership will receive compensation for travel and a nominal daily compensation while attending meetings. The Council holds two face to face meetings each year, generally in the Spring and Fall. Additionally, members may be asked to serve on one of the Council's working groups that are formed each year to assist the EPA in major program issue development. These meetings are held approximately four times a year, with two meetings by conference call. Nominations should be submitted to Charlene E. Shaw, Designated Federal Officer, National Drinking Water Advisory Council, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water ( 4601), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Ariel Rios Building, Washington, DC 20460, no later than October 30, 2000. The Agency will not formally acknowledge or respond to nominations. E­ Mail your questions to shaw. charlene@ epa. gov or call 202/ 260 2285. Dated: September 28, 2000. Charlene E. Shaw, Designated Federal Officer, National Drinking Water Advisory Council. [ FR Doc. 00 25603 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 4] National Drinking Water Advisory Council; Notice of Open Meeting AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: Under section 10( a)( 2) of Public Law 92 423, `` The Federal Advisory Committee Act,'' notice is hereby given that a meeting of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council established under the Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended ( 42 U. S. C. S3300f et seq.), will be held on November 8, 2000, from 9: 30 a. m. until 6: 30 p. m. and November 9, 2000, from 8: 30 a. m. until 12: 30 p. m., at the Marriott Residence Inn at Pentagon City, 550 Army Navy Drive, Arlington, VA. Agenda items will include reports from the Six Year Review and Research Working Groups and an update on regulations including MTBE, arsenic, radon, the Ground Water and Long Term 1/ Filter Backwash Rules. Other agenda items include a discussion on the Safe Drinking Water Act gap analysis, the Source Water Protection Strategy and the status of drinking water research initiatives. The meeting is open to the public. The Council encourages the hearing of outside statements and will allocate one hour for this purpose. Oral statements will be limited to five minutes, and it is preferred that only one person present the statement. Any outside parties interested in presenting an oral statement should petition the Council by telephone at ( 202) 260 2285 before November 3, 2000. Any person who wishes to file a written statement can do so before or after a Council meeting. Written statements received prior to the meeting will be distributed to all members of the Council before any final discussion or vote is completed. Any statements received after the meeting will become part of the permanent meeting file and will be forwarded to the Council members for their information. Members of the public that would like to attend the meeting, present an oral statement, or submit a written statement, should contact Ms. Charlene Shaw, Designated Federal Officer, National Drinking Water Advisory Council, U. S. EPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water ( 4601), 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. The telephone number is Area Code ( 202) 260 2285 or E Mail shaw. charlene@ epa. gov. Dated: September 29, 2000. Ephraim King, Acting Director, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. [ FR Doc. 00 25602 Filed 10 4 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6881 5] Rouse Steel Drum Superfund Site; Notice of Proposed Settlement AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of proposed settlement. SUMMARY: The United States Environmental Protection Agency is proposing to enter into a settlement with the Rouse Group and the Rouse VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 19: 35 Oct 04, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 05OCN1. SGM pfrm03 PsN: 05OCN1

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regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0062-0001

Proposed Rule

Hazardous Waste Identification Rule (HWIR): Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes; Notice of Data Availability and Request for Comments [F-2000-WH2A-FFFFF]

[ Federal Register: July 18, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 138)] [ Proposed Rules] [ Page 44491­ 44506] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr18jy00­ 23] ======================================================================= ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 261 [ FRN­ 6838­ 1] RIN 2050­ AE07 Hazardous Waste Identification Rule ( HWIR): Identification and Listing of Hazardous of Hazardous Wastes; Notice of Data Availability and Request for Comments AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice of data availability and request for comment; extension of the public comment period. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) is making available for public comment human health and ecological risk data and information relating to an exemption from hazardous waste management that we discussed in a Federal Register notice published on November 19, 1999 ( 64 FR 63382). That exemption, also known as the Hazardous Waste Identification Rule ( HWIR) exemption, would exempt listed hazardous wastes that meet chemical­ specific exemption levels from hazardous waste management requirements. We plan to develop these exemption levels based on results from the Multimedia, Multipathway and Multireceptor Risk Assessment ( 3MRA) Model. The model evaluates simultaneous chemical exposures across several environmental media and multiple exposure pathways to human and ecological receptors in order to estimate the health and ecological effects in the vicinity of waste disposal units that may receive exempt listed hazardous waste. We presented the underlying methodology and assumptions for the 3MRA Model in the Federal Register ( 64 FR 63382, November 19, 1999). However, because of technical difficulties, we were unable to propose exemption levels in that notice. Since then, we have made numerous revisions to correct and improve the model. On April 12, 2000, we provided an updated version of the 3MRA Model ( beta Version 0.98) and results for five chemicals in Docket number F­ 99­ WH2P­ FFFFF. On April 19, 2000 ( 65 FR 20934), we also extended the original deadline of May 17, 2000 for public comment on the modeling methodology to August 15, 2000 to allow additional time for review and comment. Today's notice makes available the results for 36 chemicals, including the five already in the docket, using an updated version of the model ( Version0.98r). In addition, today's notice again extends the comment period for the November 19, 1999 HWIR exemption discussion until October 16, 2000, to coincide with the comment period for today's notice. Before using a revised risk assessment to support a final regulatory action, we would propose the HWIR exemption. Comments on the 1999 HWIR discussion and on today's notice will be helpful to us in developing such a proposal. Please note that today's notice does not re­ open the comment period on the revisions to the mixture and derived­ from rules that were proposed in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice ( 64 FR 63382, Sections I­ IV, Sections XXI­ XVI ( as applicable) of the preamble and the proposed regulatory language amending 40 CFR Part 261). DATES: We will accept comments through October 16, 2000 on: ( 1) The concentration­ based HWIR exemption discussed in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice; ( 2) the possible revisions to the Land Disposal Restriction ( LDR) treatment standard which were also discussed in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice; and ( 3) the additional data presented today. The discussions of the HWIR exemption and possible LDR treatment standard revisions are in Sections V­ XX and Sections XXI­ VVCI ( as applicable) of the preamble, 64 FR 63382 ( November 19, 1999). ADDRESSES: Commenters must send an original and two copies of their comments referencing docket number F­ 2000­ WH2A­ FFFFF to: ( 1) If using regular U. S. Postal Service mail: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305G), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters ( EPA, HQ), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460­ 0002, or ( 2) if using special delivery, such as overnight express service: RCRA Docket Information Center ( RIC), Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. Comments may also be submitted electronically through the Internet to: rcra­ docket@ epa. gov. Comments in electronic format should also be identified by the docket number [[ Page 44492]] F­ 2000­ WH2A­ FFFFF and must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption and should include commenter's mailing address and phone number. If comments are not submitted electronically, we are asking prospective commenters to voluntarily submit one additional copy of their comments on labeled personal computer diskettes in ASCII ( TEXT) format or a word processing format that can be converted to ASCII ( TEXT). It is essential to specify on the disk label the word processing software and version/ edition as well as the commenter's name and address. This will allow EPA to convert the comments into one of the word processing formats utilized by the Agency. Please use mailing envelopes designed to physically protect the submitted diskettes. We emphasize that the submission of comments on diskettes is not mandatory, nor will it result in any advantage or disadvantage to any commenter. Commenters should not submit electronically any confidential business information ( CBI). An original and two copies of CBI must be submitted under separate cover to: RCRA CBI Document Control Officer, Office of Solid Waste ( 5305W), U. S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W., Washington, DC 20460­ 0002. Public comments and supporting materials are available for viewing in the RCRA Information Center ( RIC), located at Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The RIC is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. To review docket materials, it is recommended that the public make an appointment by calling 703­ 603­ 9230. The public may copy a maximum of 100 pages from any regulatory docket at no charge. Additional copies cost $ 0.15/ page. The notice and other material associated with this action can be electronically accessed on the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ id/ hwirwste/ index. htm. The official record will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, EPA will transfer all comments received electronically into paper form and place them in the official record, which will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The official record is the record maintained at the address in ADDRESSES at the beginning of this document. The comments and other documents associated with the November 19, 1999 HWIR notice ( 64 FR 63382) are kept in docket Number F­ 99­ WH2PFFFFF We will respond to submitted comments, whether written or electronic, in a notice in the Federal Register or in a response to comments document placed in the official record. We will not immediately reply to electronically submitted comments other than to seek clarification of comments that may be garbled in transmission or during conversion to paper form, as discussed above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the RCRA Hotline at 800­ 424­ 9346 or TDD 800­ 553­ 7672 ( hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 703­ 412­ 9810 or TDD 703­ 412­ 3323. For specific information on the risk modeling, contact David Cozzie, ( 703) 308­ 0479, cozzie. david@ epa. gov, Stephen Kroner, ( 703) 308­ 0468, kroner. stephen@ epa. gov, or Zubair Saleem, ( 703) 308­ 0467, saleem. zubair@ epa. gov, all at: Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 5307W), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460­ 0002. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Outline I. How does today's notice relate to the November 19, 1999 notice? II. How has EPA revised the 3MRA Model since the November 19, 1999 notice? III What are the results from the revised 3MRA Model? IV. What are possible next steps for the HWIR exemption development? I. How Does Today's Notice Relate to the November 19, 1999 Notice? The November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice includes ( among other things) a discussion of a concentration­ based exemption ( the `` HWIR exemption'') from the definition of hazardous waste ( 64 FR 63382 and docket number F­ 99­ WH2P­ FFFFF; see also the web site at: http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ id/ hwirwste/ index. htm for accessing the background documents electronically). Included in this discussion is an extensive explanation of the risk assessment methodology that would support this exemption. The version of the 3MRA Model that we discussed was beta Version 0.93. However, because of unresolved technical issues, we did not have results from the risk assessment modeling, other than for acrylonitrile, to include in the Federal Register notice. Since then, we have addressed many technical issues and have revised the 3MRA Model. Today's notice and materials placed in the docket explain the revisions to the 3MRA Model and present results for 36 chemicals using beta Version 0.98r of the revised model. II. How Has EPA Revised the 3MRA Model Since the November 19, 1999 Notice? The details of all the improvements and corrections made to beta Version 0.93 of the model and incorporated in beta Version 0.98r of the model are presented in the RCRA docket number F­ 2000­ WH2A­ FFFFF. Selected examples of changes we made are listed below. ( 1) We changed the aerated tank and surface impoundment modules so that exceedance of constituent solubility in either the leachate or the waste management unit ( WMU) causes an error that terminates the model instead of issuing a warning that allows the model to continue. We changed this because solubility exceedance indicates that the modules were not operating within the intended range of simulation; that is, the modules were not intended to model concentrations that lead to the formation of non­ aqueous phase liquids. ( 2) We changed the national data table in the aquifer module so that it simulates the effects of fractures and heterogeneities on the transport of chemical constituents. We did this to better reflect the nature of the subsurface environment in the vicinity of the WMUs. ( 3) We corrected an error in the data transfer between the ecological risk module and the exit­ level processor ( ELP­ I). Previously the ELP­ I misread the ecological receptor group descriptors. In beta version 0.98r, the ecological module outputs the ecological receptor groups directly to the ELP­ I; and ( 4) We changed the exit­ level processor ( ELP­ II) to correct the exposure pathway tables to include only those pathways relevant to the chemical. The ELP­ II now refers to flags in the human health benchmarks database to identify appropriate exposure pathways for each chemical. This specific change has occurred since Version 0.98. III. What Are the Results From the Revised 3MRA Model? We are presenting the draft chemical­ specific results estimated for the three waste forms ( liquids, solids, and semi­ solids) and one WMU type ( landfill) for the four Protection Groups. The Protection Groups are based on five different types of protection criteria: ( 1) Cancer risk level, ( 2) human health hazard quotient ( HQ) for non­ cancer risks, ( 3) ecological hazard quotient, ( 4) population percentile, and ( 5) [[ Page 44493]] probability of protection. We summarize below these five risk protection criteria, which are explained more fully in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice ( see 64 FR 63440­ 41). 1. Cancer Risk Level. The cancer risk level refers to an individual's increased chance of developing cancer over a lifetime due to potential exposure to a specific chemical. A risk of 1 x 10­\ 6\ translates as an increased chance of one in a million of developing cancer during a lifetime. EPA generally sets regulations at risk levels between 10­\ 6\ and 10­\ 4\ ( in other words, from one in a million to one in ten thousand increased chance of developing cancer during a lifetime). In the RCRA hazardous waste listing program, a 10­\ 6\ risk is usually the presumptive `` no list'' level, while 10­\ 5\ is often used to determine which wastes are considered initial candidates for listing ( see, for example the petroleum listing at 63 FR 42117). We present the exemption levels that result from both the 10­\ 6\ and 10­\ 5\ risk levels. 2. Human Health Hazard Quotient ( HQ). The HQ refers to the likelihood that exposure to a specific chemical would result in a noncancer health problem ( for example, neurological effects). The hazard quotient is developed by dividing the estimated exposure to a chemical by the reference dose ( RfD) for oral ingestion pathways or reference concentration ( RfC) for inhalation pathways. The RfD and RfC are estimates of the highest dose or concentration that might be considered safe. An HQ of one or lower indicates that the given exposure is unlikely to result in adverse health effects. We present the exemption levels that result from both an HQ of 0.1 and an HQ of one. 3. Ecological Hazard Quotient. The ecological hazard quotient is analogous to the human health HQ, except that the estimated exposure is compared with an ecological toxicity value rather than the human health RfD or RfC. For this analysis, we developed two types of toxicity values: ( 1) An ecological benchmark that is calculated as a dose ( mg/ kg­ day); and ( 2) a chemical stressor concentration limit ( CSCL) that is calculated as a concentration in media ( for example, mg/ l). The ecological hazard quotient protects ecological health at the population or community level, and, therefore, focuses on reproductive and developmental effects, rather than the mortality of individual organisms. In developing ecological toxicity values for this risk assessment, we used the geometric mean between a No Observed Effects Level ( NOEL) and a Lowest Observed Effects Level ( LOEL). ( Human health reference doses are based on NOELs.) We present the exemption levels that result from an ecological hazard quotient of one and ten. 4. Population Percentile. The population percentile is the percentage of the population protected at the specified risk level and hazard quotient for a single environmental setting. A setting is a specific WMU at a specific site, and is defined by combining site­ based information ( such as unit size, and unit placement) with variable environmental information ( such as rainfall and exposure rates) from regional and national databases. We present the exemption levels that result from population protection percentiles of 99% and 95%. 5. Probability of Protection. The probability of protection is defined as the percentage of WMU settings that meet the population percentile criteria. We present the exemption levels that result from probability of protection levels of 95% and 90%. Four Protection Groups are defined below in Table 1. These four groups serve to indicate the potential range of risk decision measures, from most conservative ( Group 1) to least conservative ( Group 4), that we could use to determine the final HWIR regulatory exemption levels. These groups are not an exhaustive look at all possible combinations of potential risk protection criteria; we could choose a different combination altogether. An example of how these protection groups are interpreted is provided below with respect to the Group 2 criteria for cancer and hazard effects, respectively: ­­ 99% of the population are subject to cancer risks of less than 10­ 6 across 90% of the environmental settings; ­­ 99% of the population experience exposure levels below an HQ of 1 across 90% of the environmental settings. Table 1.­­ Protection Groups Evaluated ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­­ Protection Protection Protection Protectio n group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­­ Risk Level....................... 10­\ 6\ 10­\ 6\ 10­\ 5\ 10­\ 5\ Human Health HQ.................. 0.1 1 1 1 Ecological HQ..................... 1 1 1 10 Population Percentile............. 99 99 99 95 Probability of Protection......... 95 90 90 90 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­­ In addition to the five risk criteria set forth in the November 19, 1999 notice and summarized above, we present a sixth risk criterion: the distance to human and ecological receptors from the WMU. We developed draft chemical­ specific waste concentrations for each of the 36 chemicals that are presented in Tables 2 through 13. These tables present results using 3MRA Model beta Version 0.98r for the four Protection Groups based on the above five protection criteria and for various distances to human receptors corresponding to 500, 1000, 2000 meters and for a fixed distance of 2000 meters for ecological receptors. We also are presenting in the RCRA Docket ( Docket Number F­ 2000­ WH2A­ FFFFF) the following results for the same 36 chemicals: 1. Protection Group Results. Draft chemical­ specific waste concentrations identified for the additional four waste management unit types ( waste piles, aerated tanks, surface impoundments, and land application units); 2. Sub­ Population Results. Risk or hazard quotient estimates for each sub­ population ( residents, gardeners, beef/ dairy farmers, and fishers) for each Protection Group and the three waste forms and the five waste management unit types; 3. Cohort Results. Risk or hazard quotient estimates for each cohort ( infants, children 1­ 12, and adults 13 and older) for each Protection Group and the three waste forms and the five waste management unit types; and 4. Exposure Pathway Results. Risk or hazard quotient estimates for each exposure pathway ( air inhalation, soil ingestion, water ingestion, crop ingestion, beef ingestion, milk ingestion, fish ingestion, shower inhalation, breast milk, all inhalation, all ingestion, all [[ Page 44494]] ingestion and inhalation, and groundwater total) for each Protection Group for the three waste forms and for the five waste management unit types. Copies of beta Version 0.98r of the 3MRA Model are in the RCRA docket on a CD. Beta Version 0.98r of the 3MRA model can also be accessed at: http:// www. epa. gov/ ceampubl/ hwir. htm. IV. What Are Possible Next Steps for the HWIR Exemption Development? Since the results of the HWIR risk assessment model presented in today's notice are intrinsically related to the discussion of the HWIR risk assessment found in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice, we have harmonized the comment periods for both to end on October 16, 2000. However, please note that nothing in today's notice changes or supersedes the information in the November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice. The information available by today's notice specifically supplements the information in Sections XV­ XIX in the preamble to the November 19, 1999 discussion. Please note that today's notice does not re­ open the comment period on the revisions to the mixture and derivedfrom rules that were proposed in the same November 19, 1999 Federal Register notice. That comment period ended February 17, 2000. We will review the public comments and decide if further revisions to the HWIR risk assessment ( 3MRA) model or other aspects, e. g., implementation, of the HWIR exemption are necessary. We also are continuing independent testing and external peer review of the HWIR risk assessment model. Before we go final with an HWIR exemption, we will publish a proposal to allow public comment on a unified package. The exact timing of this proposal will depend on the extent of the public and peer review comments. BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ P [[ Page 44495]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.004 [[ Page 44496]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.005 [[ Page 44497]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.006 [[ Page 44498]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.007 [[ Page 44499]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.008 [[ Page 44500]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.009 [[ Page 44501]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.010 [[ Page 44502]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.011 [[ Page 44503]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.012 [[ Page 44504]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.013 [[ Page 44505]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.014 [[ Page 44506]] [ GRAPHIC] [ TIFF OMITTED] TP18JY00.015 Dated: July 7, 2000. Elizabeth A. Cotsworth, Director, Office of Solid Waste. [ FR Doc. 00­ 18103 Filed 7­ 17­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ C

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.539135

regulations

EPA-HQ-RCRA-2000-0069-0001

Proposed Rule

State of West Virginia: Final Approval of State Municipal Solid Waste Management Permit Program; Proposed Rule

Federal Register: June 12, 2000 ( Volume 65, Number 113)] [ Proposed Rules] [ Page 36807­ 36808] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [ wais. access. gpo. gov] [ DOCID: fr12jn00­ 20] ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 258 [ FRL­ 6710­ 4] State of West Virginia: Final Approval of State Municipal Solid Waste Management Permit Program AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Proposed rule. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) proposes to grant complete program approval for West Virginia's Municipal Solid Waste Permit Program. In the `` Rules and Regulations'' section of this Federal Register, EPA is approving the remaining elements of the State's program as an immediate final rule without prior proposal because EPA views this action as noncontroversial and anticipates no adverse comments. The Agency has explained the reasons for this program approval in the preamble to the immediate final rule. If EPA does not receive adverse written comments, the immediate final rule will become effective and the Agency will not take further action on this proposal. If EPA receives adverse written comments, EPA will withdraw the immediate final rule, and it will not take effect. EPA will then address public comments in a later final rule based on this proposal. EPA may not provide further opportunity for comment. Any parties interested in commenting on this action must do so at this time. DATES: Written comments must be received on or before July 12, 2000. ADDRESSES: Comments should be sent to the following address where the full West Virginia program approval application is on file and may be reviewed: EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103­ 2029, or alternatively at West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection ( WVDEP), 1356 Hansford Street, Charleston, WV 25301­ 1401. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: U. S. EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103­ 2029, Attn: Mr. Michael C. Giuranna, mailcode 3WC21, telephone ( 215) 814­ 3298. The contact for the State of West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection is Mr. Larry Atha, 1356 Hansford Street, Charleston, West Virginia 25301­ 1401, telephone ( 304) 558­ 6350. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: For additional information, please see the immediate final rule published in the [[ Page 36808]] `` Rules and Regulations'' section of this Federal Register. Authority: This notice is issued under the authority of section 2002, 4005 and 4010( c) of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended, 42 U. S. C. 6912, 6945 and 6949( a). Bradley M. Campbell, Regional Administrator, Region III. [ FR Doc. 00­ 14165 Filed 6­ 9­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ P

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.557169

regulations

EPA-HQ-SFUND-2000-0003-0001

Rule

National Priorities List for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Final Rule Number 30

46096 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations hydrocarbons are first produced, through and including the last valve and associated safety equipment ( e. g., pressure safety sensors) on the last production facility on the OCS. ( 7) Any producer operating a pipeline that connects facilities on the OCS must comply with this subpart. ( 8) Any operator of a pipeline that has a valve on the OCS downstream ( landward) of the last production facility may ask in writing that the MMS Regional Supervisor recognize that valve as the last point MMS will exercise its regulatory authority. ( 9) A pipeline segment is not subject to MMS regulations for design, construction, operation, and maintenance if: ( i) It is downstream ( generally shoreward) of the last valve and associated safety equipment on the last production facility on the OCS; and ( ii) It is subject to regulation under 49 CFR parts 192 and 195. ( 10) DOT may inspect all upstream safety equipment ( including valves, over­ pressure protection devices, cathodic protection equipment, and pigging devices, etc.) that serve to protect the integrity of DOT­ regulated pipeline segments. ( 11) OCS pipeline segments not subject to DOT regulation under 49 CFR parts 192 and 195 are subject to all MMS regulations. ( 12) A producer may request that its pipeline operate under DOT regulations governing pipeline design, construction, operation, and maintenance. ( i) The operator's request must be in the form of a written petition to the MMS Regional Supervisor that states the justification for the pipeline to operate under DOT regulation. ( ii) The Regional Supervisor will decide, on a case­ by­ case basis, whether to grant the operator's request. In considering each petition, the Regional Supervisor will consult with the Office of Pipeline Safety ( OPS) Regional Director. ( 13) A transporter who operates a pipeline regulated by DOT may request to operate under MMS regulations governing pipeline operation and maintenance. Any subsequent repairs or modifications will also be subject to MMS regulations governing design and construction. ( i) The operator's request must be in the form of a written petition to the OPS Regional Director and the MMS Regional Supervisor. ( ii) The MMS Regional Supervisor and the OPS Regional Director will decide how to act on this petition. * * * * * 3. In § 250.1001, the definition for the term `` DOI pipelines'' is revised and the definitions for the terms `` DOT pipelines,'' and `` production facility'' are added in alphabetical order as follows: § 250.1001 Definitions. * * * * * DOI pipelines include: ( 1) Producer­ operated pipelines extending upstream ( generally seaward) from each point on the OCS at which operating responsibility transfers from a producing operator to a transporting operator; ( 2) Producer­ operated pipelines extending upstream ( generally seaward) of the last valve ( including associated safety equipment) on the last production facility on the OCS that do not connect to a transporter­ operated pipeline on the OCS before crossing into State waters; ( 3) Producer­ operated pipelines connecting production facilities on the OCS; ( 4) Transporter­ operated pipelines that DOI and DOT have agreed are to be regulated as DOI pipelines; and ( 5) All OCS pipelines not subject to regulation under 49 CFR parts 192 and 195. DOT pipelines include: ( 1) Transporter­ operated pipelines currently operated under DOT requirements governing design, construction, maintenance, and operation; ( 2) Producer­ operated pipelines that DOI and DOT have agreed are to be regulated under DOT requirements governing design, construction, maintenance, and operation; and ( 3) Producer­ operated pipelines downstream ( generally shoreward) of the last valve ( including associated safety equipment) on the last production facility on the OCS that do not connect to a transporter­ operated pipeline on the OCS before crossing into State waters and that are regulated under 49 CFR parts 192 and 195. * * * * * Production facilities means OCS facilities that receive hydrocarbon production either directly from wells or from other facilities that produce hydrocarbons from wells. They may include processing equipment for treating the production or separating it into its various liquid and gaseous components before transporting it to shore. * * * * * [ FR Doc. 00 18802 Filed 7 26 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 4310 MR U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 300 [ FRL 6841 3] National Priorities List for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (`` CERCLA'' or `` the Act''), as amended, requires that the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (`` NCP'') include a list of national priorities among the known releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States. The National Priorities List (`` NPL'') constitutes this list. The NPL is intended primarily to guide the Environmental Protection Agency (`` EPA'' or `` the Agency'') in determining which sites warrant further investigation to assess the nature and extent of public health and environmental risks associated with the site and to determine what CERCLAfinanced remedial action( s), if any, may be appropriate. This rule adds 12 new sites to the NPL; 11 sites to the General Superfund Section of the NPL and one site to the Federal Facilities Section. EFFECTIVE DATE: The effective date for this amendment to the NCP shall be August 28, 2000. ADDRESSES: For addresses for the Headquarters and Regional dockets, as well as further details on what these dockets contain, see Section II, `` Availability of Information to the Public'' in the `` Supplementary Information'' portion of this preamble. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Yolanda Singer, phone ( 703) 603 8835, State, Tribal and Site Identification Center; Office of Emergency and Remedial Response ( mail code 5204G); U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington, DC 20460; or the Superfund Hotline, phone ( 800) 424 9346 or ( 703) 412 9810 in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Background A. What are CERCLA and SARA? B. What is the NCP? C. What is the National Priorities List ( NPL)? D. How are Sites Listed on the NPL? E. What Happens to Sites on the NPL? VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 01 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 27JYR1 46097 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations F. How are Site Boundaries Defined? G. How are Sites Removed from the NPL? H. Can Portions of Sites be Deleted from the NPL as They Are Cleaned Up? I. What is the Construction Completion List ( CCL)? II. Availability of Information to the Public A. Can I Review the Documents Relevant to this Final Rule? B. What Documents are Available for Review at the Headquarters Docket? C. What Documents are Available for Review at the Regional Docket? D. How Do I Access the Documents? E. How Can I Obtain a Current List of NPL Sites? III. Contents of This Final Rule A. Additions to the NPL B. Status of NPL C. What did EPA Do with the Public Comments It Received? IV. Executive Order 12866 A. What is Executive Order 12866? B. Is this Final Rule Subject to Executive Order 12866 Review? V. Unfunded Mandates A. What is the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act ( UMRA)? B. Does UMRA Apply to This Final Rule? VI. Effects on Small Businesses A. What is the Regulatory Flexibility Act? B. Does the Regulatory Flexibility Act Apply to this Final Rule? VII. Possible Changes to the Effective Date of the Rule A. Has This Rule Been Submitted to Congress and the General Accounting Office? B. Could the Effective Date of This Final Rule Change? C. What Could Cause the Effective Date of This Rule to Change? VIII. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act A. What is the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? B. Does the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Apply to this Final Rule? IX. Executive Order 12898 A. What is Executive Order 12898? B. Does Executive Order 12898 Apply to This Final Rule? X. Executive Order 13045 A. What is Executive Order 13045? B. Does Executive Order 13045 Apply to This Final Rule? XI. Paperwork Reduction Act A. What is the Paperwork Reduction Act? B. Does the Paperwork Reduction Act Apply to This Final Rule? XII. Executive Orders on Federalism What Are The Executive Orders on Federalism and Are They Applicable to This Final Rule? XIII. Executive Order 13084 What is Executive Order 13084 and is it Applicable to this Final Rule? I. Background A. What Are CERCLA and SARA? In 1980, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U. S. C. 9601 9675 (`` CERCLA'' or `` the Act''), in response to the dangers of uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances. CERCLA was amended on October 17, 1986, by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (`` SARA''), Public Law 99 499, 100 Stat. 1613 et seq. B. What Is the NCP? To implement CERCLA, EPA promulgated the revised National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (`` NCP''), 40 CFR part 300, on July 16, 1982 ( 47 FR 31180), pursuant to CERCLA section 105 and Executive Order 12316 ( 46 FR 42237, August 20, 1981). The NCP sets guidelines and procedures for responding to releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants under CERCLA. EPA has revised the NCP on several occasions. The most recent comprehensive revision was on March 8, 1990 ( 55 FR 8666). As required under section 105( a)( 8)( A) of CERCLA, the NCP also includes `` criteria for determining priorities among releases or threatened releases throughout the United States for the purpose of taking remedial action and, to the extent practicable, taking into account the potential urgency of such action for the purpose of taking removal action.'' (`` Removal'' actions are defined broadly and include a wide range of actions taken to study, clean up, prevent or otherwise address releases and threatened releases 42 U. S. C. 9601( 23).) C. What Is the National Priorities List ( NPL)? The NPL is a list of national priorities among the known or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States. The list, which is appendix B of the NCP ( 40 CFR part 300), was required under section 105( a)( 8)( B) of CERCLA, as amended by SARA. Section 105( a)( 8)( B) defines the NPL as a list of `` releases'' and the highest priority `` facilities'' and requires that the NPL be revised at least annually. The NPL is intended primarily to guide EPA in determining which sites warrant further investigation to assess the nature and extent of public health and environmental risks associated with a release of hazardous substances. The NPL is only of limited significance, however, as it does not assign liability to any party or to the owner of any specific property. Neither does placing a site on the NPL mean that any remedial or removal action necessarily need be taken. For purposes of listing, the NPL includes two sections, one of sites that are generally evaluated and cleaned up by EPA ( the `` General Superfund Section''), and one of sites that are owned or operated by other Federal agencies ( the `` Federal Facilities Section''). With respect to sites in the Federal Facilities Section, these sites are generally being addressed by other Federal agencies. Under Executive Order 12580 ( 52 FR 2923, January 29, 1987) and CERCLA section 120, each Federal agency is responsible for carrying out most response actions at facilities under its own jurisdiction, custody, or control, although EPA is responsible for preparing an HRS score and determining whether the facility is placed on the NPL. EPA generally is not the lead agency at Federal Facilities Section sites, and its role at such sites is accordingly less extensive than at other sites. D. How Are Sites Listed on the NPL? There are three mechanisms for placing sites on the NPL for possible remedial action ( see 40 CFR 300.425( c) of the NCP): ( 1) A site may be included on the NPL if it scores sufficiently high on the Hazard Ranking System (`` HRS''), which EPA promulgated as appendix A of the NCP ( 40 CFR part 300). The HRS serves as a screening device to evaluate the relative potential of uncontrolled hazardous substances to pose a threat to human health or the environment. On December 14, 1990 ( 55 FR 51532), EPA promulgated revisions to the HRS partly in response to CERCLA section 105( c), added by SARA. The revised HRS evaluates four pathways: ground water, surface water, soil exposure, and air. As a matter of Agency policy, those sites that score 28.50 or greater on the HRS are eligible for the NPL; ( 2) Each State may designate a single site as its top priority to be listed on the NPL, regardless of the HRS score. This mechanism, provided by the NCP at 40 CFR 300.425( c)( 2) requires that, to the extent practicable, the NPL include within the 100 highest priorities, one facility designated by each State representing the greatest danger to public health, welfare, or the environment among known facilities in the State ( see 42 U. S. C. 9605( a)( 8)( B)); ( 3) The third mechanism for listing, included in the NCP at 40 CFR 300.425( c)( 3), allows certain sites to be listed regardless of their HRS score, if all of the following conditions are met: · The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR) of the U. S. Public Health Service has issued a health advisory that recommends VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46098 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations dissociation of individuals from the release. · EPA determines that the release poses a significant threat to public health. · EPA anticipates that it will be more cost­ effective to use its remedial authority than to use its removal authority to respond to the release. EPA promulgated an original NPL of 406 sites on September 8, 1983 ( 48 FR 40658). The NPL has been expanded since then, most recently on May 11, 2000 ( 65 FR 30482). E. What Happens to Sites on the NPL? A site may undergo remedial action financed by the Trust Fund established under CERCLA ( commonly referred to as the `` Superfund'') only after it is placed on the NPL, as provided in the NCP at 40 CFR 300.425( b)( 1). (`` Remedial actions'' are those `` consistent with permanent remedy, taken instead of or in addition to removal actions * * *.'' 42 U. S. C. 9601( 24).) However, under 40 CFR 300.425( b)( 2) placing a site on the NPL `` does not imply that monies will be expended.'' EPA may pursue other appropriate authorities to respond to the releases, including enforcement action under CERCLA and other laws. F. How Are Site Boundaries Defined? The NPL does not describe releases in precise geographical terms; it would be neither feasible nor consistent with the limited purpose of the NPL ( to identify releases that are priorities for further evaluation), for it to do so. Although a CERCLA `` facility'' is broadly defined to include any area where a hazardous substance release has `` come to be located'' ( CERCLA section 101( 9)), the listing process itself is not intended to define or reflect the boundaries of such facilities or releases. Of course, HRS data ( if the HRS is used to list a site) upon which the NPL placement was based will, to some extent, describe the release( s) at issue. That is, the NPL site would include all releases evaluated as part of that HRS analysis. When a site is listed, the approach generally used to describe the relevant release( s) is to delineate a geographical area ( usually the area within an installation or plant boundaries) and identify the site by reference to that area. As a legal matter, the site is not coextensive with that area, and the boundaries of the installation or plant are not the `` boundaries'' of the site. Rather, the site consists of all contaminated areas within the area used to identify the site, as well as any other location to which that contamination has come to be located, or from which that contamination came. In other words, while geographic terms are often used to designate the site ( e. g., the `` Jones Co. plant site'') in terms of the property owned by a particular party, the site properly understood is not limited to that property ( e. g., it may extend beyond the property due to contaminant migration), and conversely may not occupy the full extent of the property ( e. g., where there are uncontaminated parts of the identified property, they may not be, strictly speaking, part of the `` site''). The `` site'' is thus neither equal to nor confined by the boundaries of any specific property that may give the site its name, and the name itself should not be read to imply that this site is coextensive with the entire area within the property boundary of the installation or plant. The precise nature and extent of the site are typically not known at the time of listing. Also, the site name is merely used to help identify the geographic location of the contamination. For example, the name `` Jones Co. plant site,'' does not imply that the Jones company is responsible for the contamination located on the plant site. EPA regulations provide that the `` nature and extent of the problem presented by the release'' will be determined by a remedial investigation/ feasibility study ( RI/ FS) as more information is developed on site contamination ( 40 CFR 300.5). During the RI/ FS process, the release may be found to be larger or smaller than was originally thought, as more is learned about the source( s) and the migration of the contamination. However, this inquiry focuses on an evaluation of the threat posed; the boundaries of the release need not be exactly defined. Moreover, it generally is impossible to discover the full extent of where the contamination `` has come to be located'' before all necessary studies and remedial work are completed at a site. Indeed, the known boundaries of the contamination can be expected to change over time. Thus, in most cases, it may be impossible to describe the boundaries of a release with absolute certainty. Further, as noted above, NPL listing does not assign liability to any party or to the owner of any specific property. Thus, if a party does not believe it is liable for releases on discrete parcels of property, supporting information can be submitted to the Agency at any time after a party receives notice it is a potentially responsible party. For these reasons, the NPL need not be amended as further research reveals more information about the location of the contamination or release. G. How Are Sites Removed From the NPL? EPA may delete sites from the NPL where no further response is appropriate under Superfund, as explained in the NCP at 40 CFR 300.425( e). This section also provides that EPA shall consult with states on proposed deletions and shall consider whether any of the following criteria have been met: ( i) Responsible parties or other persons have implemented all appropriate response actions required; ( ii) All appropriate Superfundfinanced response has been implemented and no further response action is required; or ( iii) The remedial investigation has shown the release poses no significant threat to public health or the environment, and taking of remedial measures is not appropriate. As of July 10, 2000, the Agency has deleted 213 sites from the NPL. H. Can Portions of Sites be Deleted From the NPL as They Are Cleaned Up? In November 1995, EPA initiated a new policy to delete portions of NPL sites where cleanup is complete ( 60 FR 55465, November 1, 1995). Total site cleanup may take many years, while portions of the site may have been cleaned up and available for productive use. As of July 10, 2000, EPA has deleted portions of 19 sites. I. What Is the Construction Completion List ( CCL)? EPA also has developed an NPL construction completion list (`` CCL'') to simplify its system of categorizing sites and to better communicate the successful completion of cleanup activities ( 58 FR 12142, March 2, 1993). Inclusion of a site on the CCL has no legal significance. Sites qualify for the CCL when: ( 1) Any necessary physical construction is complete, whether or not final cleanup levels or other requirements have been achieved; ( 2) EPA has determined that the response action should be limited to measures that do not involve construction ( e. g., institutional controls); or ( 3) the site qualifies for deletion from the NPL. Of the 213 sites that have been deleted from the NPL, 203 sites were deleted because they have been cleaned up ( the other 10 sites were deleted based on deferral to other authorities and are not considered cleaned up). As of July 10, 2000, there are a total of 689 sites on the CCL. This total includes the VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46099 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations 213 deleted sites. For the most up­ todate information on the CCL, see EPA's Internet site at http:// www. epa. gov/ superfund. II. Availability of Information to the Public A. Can I Review the Documents Relevant to This Final Rule? Yes, documents relating to the evaluation and scoring of the sites in this final rule are contained in dockets located both at EPA Headquarters and in the Regional offices. B. What Documents Are Available for Review at the Headquarters Docket? The Headquarters docket for this rule contains, for each site, the HRS score sheets, the Documentation Record describing the information used to compute the score, pertinent information regarding statutory requirements or EPA listing policies that affect the site, and a list of documents referenced in the Documentation Record. The Headquarters docket also contains comments received, and the Agency's responses to those comments. The Agency's responses are contained in the `` Support Document for the Revised National Priorities List Final Rule July 2000.'' C. What Documents Are Available for Review at the Regional Dockets? The Regional dockets contain all the information in the Headquarters docket, plus the actual reference documents containing the data principally relied upon by EPA in calculating or evaluating the HRS score for the sites located in their Region. These reference documents are available only in the Regional dockets. D. How Do I Access the Documents? You may view the documents, by appointment only, after the publication of this document. The hours of operation for the Headquarters docket are from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. Please contact the Regional dockets for hours. Following is the contact information for the EPA Headquarters: Docket Coordinator, Headquarters, U. S. EPA CERCLA Docket Office, Crystal Gateway # 1, 1st Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA, 703/ 603 8917. The contact information for the Regional dockets is as follows: Barbara Callahan, Region 1 ( CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT), U. S. EPA, Records Center, Mailcode HSC, One Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114 2023; 617/ 918 1356 Ben Conetta, Region 2 ( NJ, NY, PR, VI), U. S. EPA, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007 1866; 212/ 637 4435 Dawn Shellenberger ( GCI), Region 3 ( DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV), U. S. EPA, Library, 1650 Arch Street, Mailcode 3PM52, Philadelphia, PA 19103; 215/ 814 5364 Joellen O'Neill, Region 4 ( AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN), U. S. EPA, 61 Forsyth Street, SW, 9th floor, Atlanta, GA 30303; 404/ 562 8127 Region 5 ( IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI), U. S. EPA, Records Center, Waste Management Division 7 J, Metcalfe Federal Building, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604; 312/ 886 7570 Brenda Cook, Region 6 ( AR, LA, NM, OK, TX), U. S. EPA, 1445 Ross Avenue, Mailcode 6SF RA, Dallas, TX 75202 2733; 214/ 665 7436 Carole Long, Region 7 ( IA, KS, MO, NE), U. S. EPA, 901 North 5th Street, Kansas City, KS 66101; 913/ 551 7224 David Williams, Region 8 ( CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY), U. S. EPA, 999 18th Street, Suite 500, Mailcode 8EPR SA, Denver, CO 80202 2466; 303/ 312 6757 Carolyn Douglas, Region 9 ( AZ, CA, HI, NV, AS, GU), U. S. EPA, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105; 415/ 744 2343 Robert Phillips, Region 10 ( AK, ID, OR, WA), U. S. EPA, 11th Floor, 1200 6th Avenue, Mail Stop ECL 115, Seattle, WA 98101; 206/ 553 6699 E. How Can I Obtain a Current List of NPL Sites? You may obtain a current list of NPL sites via the Internet at http:// www. epa. gov/ superfund/ ( look under site information category) or by contacting the Superfund Docket ( see contact information above). III. Contents of This Final Rule A. Addition to the NPL This final rule adds 12 sites to the NPL; 11 sites to the General Superfund Section of the NPL and one site to the Federal Facilities Section. Table 1 presents the 11 sites in the General Superfund Section and Table 2 presents the site in the Federal Facilities Section. Sites in the table are arranged alphabetically by State. TABLE 1. NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST FINAL RULE, GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION State Site name City/ county CT .................. Scovill Industrial Landfill .......................................................................................................................... Waterbury. FL .................. Southern Solvents, Inc. ........................................................................................................................... Tampa. LA .................. Mallard Bay Landing Bulk Plant .............................................................................................................. Grand Cheniere. MO ................. Newton County Wells .............................................................................................................................. Newton County. MS ................. Davis Timber Company .......................................................................................................................... Hattiesburg. OK ................. Imperial Refining Company ..................................................................................................................... Ardmore. TX .................. Palmer Barge Line .................................................................................................................................. Port Arthur. TX .................. Star Lake Canal ...................................................................................................................................... Port Neches. UT .................. International Smelting and Refining ........................................................................................................ Tooele. WA ................. Hamilton/ Labree Roads Ground Water Contamination .......................................................................... Chehalis. WV ................. Big John Salvage Hoult Road .............................................................................................................. Fairmont. Number of Sites Added to the General Superfund Section: 11. TABLE 2. NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST FINAL RULE, FEDERAL FACILITIES SECTION State Site name City/ county VA .................. St. Juliens Creek Annex ( U. S. Navy) ..................................................................................................... Chesapeake. Number of Sites Added to the Federal Facilities Section: 1. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4706 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46100 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations B. Status of NPL With the 12 new sites added to the NPL in today's final rule; the NPL now contains 1,238 final sites; 1,078 in the General Superfund Section and 160 in the Federal Facilities Section. With a separate rule ( published elsewhere in today's Federal Register) proposing to add 7 new sites to the NPL, there are now 57 sites proposed and awaiting final agency action, 51 in the General Superfund Section and 6 in the Federal Facilities Section. Final and proposed sites now total 1,295. ( These numbers reflect the status of sites as of July 10, 2000. Site deletions occurring after this date may affect these numbers at time of publication in the Federal Register.) C. What Did EPA Do With the Public Comments It Received? EPA reviewed all comments received on the sites in this rule. The Newton County Wells site was proposed on January 19, 1999 ( 64 FR 2950). The International Smelting and Refining site was proposed on April 23, 1999 ( 64 FR 19968). The Star Lake Canal site was proposed on July 22, 1999 ( 64 FR 39886). The Big John Salvage site and the St. Juliens Creek Annex site were both proposed on February 4, 2000 ( 65 FR 5468). The following sites were proposed on May 11, 2000 ( 65 FR 30489): Scovill Industrial Landfill, Southern Solvents, Inc., Mallard Bay Landing Bulk Plant ( proposed under the name Talen's Landing Bulk Plant), Davis Timber Company, Imperial Refining Company, Palmer Barge Line, and Hamilton/ Labree Roads Ground Water Contamination. For the Scovill Industrial Landfill and Imperial Refining Company sites, EPA received only comments in favor of placing the sites on the NPL. EPA received no comments on the actual scoring of these sites and the Agency has identified no other reason to change the original HRS scores for the sites. Therefore, EPA is placing both sites on the NPL at this time. For, Southern Solvents, Inc., Davis Timber Company, and Hamilton/ Labree Roads Ground Water Contamination, EPA received no comments affecting the HRS scoring of these sites and therefore, EPA is placing them on the final NPL at this time. EPA received one comment on the Palmer Barge Line site in Port Arthur, Texas. The commenter stated that his family business occupies the North Eastern 10 acres at the Palmer Barge Line location. The commenter stated that he hoped that EPA would not interrupt his company's work. In response, CERCLA Section 105( a)( 8)( A) specifies the criteria for listing sites but does not require that the Agency consider possible adverse economic impacts as a factor; accordingly the listing process does not use that as a factor in identifying sites for the NPL. Furthermore, including a site on the NPL does not cause EPA necessarily to undertake remedial action. Any Agency actions that may result in response actions are based on discretionary decisions and are made on a case­ bycase basis. Remedial response actions are associated with events that generally follow listing a site, not with the listing itself. EPA has not made a decision on what, if any, action may be needed at the Palmer Barge Line site, but if remediation is necessary, the Agency will seek to minimize any disruption of local businesses to the extent possible. Since this comment does not affect the HRS score of this site, EPA is placing it on the final NPL at this time. EPA received one comment on the Talen's Landing Bulk Plant site in Grand Cheniere, Louisiana. The commenter asked that EPA change the name of the Talen's Landing Bulk Plant site. In response, to more accurately identify the site, EPA is changing the name of the site to `` Mallard Bay Landing Bulk Plant''. The commenter requested a public statement concerning his client's interest or involvement with the site. EPA is unable to comply with this request. This comment is beyond the scope of this rulemaking and does not affect the HRS site score. The NPL serves primarily as an informational list. Placing a site on the NPL reflects EPA's judgment that a significant release or threat of release of a hazardous substance has occurred, and that the site is a priority for further investigation under CERCLA. Placing a site on the NPL is not a determination of liability, nor does listing cause EPA necessarily to undertake remedial action, or to require any action by a private party, or to assign liability for site response costs to a private party. Any Agency actions that may result in response actions are based on discretionary decisions and are made on a case­ by­ case basis. Remedial response actions are associated with events that generally follow listing a site, not with the listing itself. Since this comment does not affect the HRS score of this site, EPA is placing it on the final NPL at this time under the site name Mallard Bay Landing Bulk Plant. EPA responded to all relevant comments received on the other sites. EPA's responses to site­ specific public comments are addressed in the `` Support Document for the Revised National Priorities List Final Rule July 2000''. IV. Executive Order 12866 A. What Is Executive Order 12866? Under Executive Order 12866, ( 58 FR 51735 ( October 4, 1993)) the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is `` significant'' and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines `` significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: ( 1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $ 100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; ( 2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; ( 3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or ( 4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. B. Is This Final Rule Subject to Executive Order 12866 Review? No, the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) has exempted this regulatory action from Executive Order 12866 review. V. Unfunded Mandates A. What Is the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act ( UMRA)? Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( UMRA), Public Law 104 4, establishes requirements for Federal Agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with `` Federal mandates'' that may result in expenditures by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $ 100 million or more in any one year. Before EPA promulgates a rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 01 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 27JYR1 46101 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective, or least burdensome alternative if the Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. B. Does UMRA Apply to This Final Rule? No, EPA has determined that this rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $ 100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments in the aggregate, or by the private sector in any one year. This rule will not impose any federal intergovernmental mandate because it imposes no enforceable duty upon State, tribal or local governments. Listing a site on the NPL does not itself impose any costs. Listing does not mean that EPA necessarily will undertake remedial action. Nor does listing require any action by a private party or determine liability for response costs. Costs that arise out of site responses result from site­ specific decisions regarding what actions to take, not directly from the act of listing a site on the NPL. For the same reasons, EPA also has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. In addition, as discussed above, the private sector is not expected to incur costs exceeding $ 100 million. EPA has fulfilled the requirement for analysis under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. VI. Effect on Small Businesses A. What Is the Regulatory Flexibility Act? Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act ( 5 U. S. C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act ( SBREFA) of 1996) whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( i. e., small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. B. Does the Regulatory Flexibility Act Apply to this Final Rule? No. While this rule revises the NPL, an NPL revision is not a typical regulatory change since it does not automatically impose costs. As stated above, adding sites to the NPL does not in itself require any action by any party, nor does it determine the liability of any party for the cost of cleanup at the site. Further, no identifiable groups are affected as a whole. As a consequence, impacts on any group are hard to predict. A site's inclusion on the NPL could increase the likelihood of adverse impacts on responsible parties ( in the form of cleanup costs), but at this time EPA cannot identify the potentially affected businesses or estimate the number of small businesses that might also be affected. The Agency does expect that placing the sites in this rule on the NPL could significantly affect certain industries, or firms within industries, that have caused a proportionately high percentage of waste site problems. However, EPA does not expect the listing of these sites to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small businesses. In any case, economic impacts would occur only through enforcement and cost­ recovery actions, which EPA takes at its discretion on a site­ by­ site basis. EPA considers many factors when determining enforcement actions, including not only a firm's contribution to the problem, but also its ability to pay. The impacts ( from cost recovery) on small governments and nonprofit organizations would be determined on a similar case­ by­ case basis. For the foregoing reasons, I hereby certify that this rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Therefore, this regulation does not require a regulatory flexibility analysis. VII. Possible Changes to the Effective Date of the Rule A. Has This Rule Been Submitted to Congress and the General Accounting Office? The Congressional Review Act, 5 U. S. C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA has submitted a report containing this rule and other required information to the U. S. Senate, the U. S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A `` major rule'' cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register. This rule is not a `` major rule'' as defined by 5 U. S. C. 804( 2). B. Could the Effective Date of This Final Rule Change? Provisions of the Congressional Review Act ( CRA) or section 305 of CERCLA may alter the effective date of this regulation. Under the CRA, 5 U. S. C. 801( a), before a rule can take effect the federal agency promulgating the rule must submit a report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General. This report must contain a copy of the rule, a concise general statement relating to the rule ( including whether it is a major rule), a copy of the cost­ benefit analysis of the rule ( if any), the agency's actions relevant to provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act ( affecting small businesses) and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 ( describing unfunded federal requirements imposed on state and local governments and the private sector), and any other relevant information or requirements and any relevant Executive Orders. EPA has submitted a report under the CRA for this rule. The rule will take effect, as provided by law, within 30 days of publication of this document, since it is not a major rule. Section 804( 2) defines a major rule as any rule that the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ( OIRA) of the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) finds has resulted in or is likely to result in: an annual effect on the economy of $ 100,000,000 or more; a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46102 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States­ based enterprises to compete with foreignbased enterprises in domestic and export markets. NPL listing is not a major rule because, as explained above, the listing, itself, imposes no monetary costs on any person. It establishes no enforceable duties, does not establish that EPA necessarily will undertake remedial action, nor does it require any action by any party or determine its liability for site response costs. Costs that arise out of site responses result from site­ by­ site decisions about what actions to take, not directly from the act of listing itself. Section 801( a)( 3) provides for a delay in the effective date of major rules after this report is submitted. C. What Could Cause the Effective Date of This Rule to Change? Under 5 U. S. C. 801( b)( 1) a rule shall not take effect, or continue in effect, if Congress enacts ( and the President signs) a joint resolution of disapproval, described under section 802. Another statutory provision that may affect this rule is CERCLA section 305, which provides for a legislative veto of regulations promulgated under CERCLA. Although INS v. Chadha, 462 U. S. 919,103 S. Ct. 2764 ( 1983) and Bd. of Regents of the University of Washington v. EPA, 86 F. 3d 1214, 1222 ( D. C. Cir. 1996) cast the validity of the legislative veto into question, EPA has transmitted a copy of this regulation to the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives. If action by Congress under either the CRA or CERCLA section 305 calls the effective date of this regulation into question, EPA will publish a document of clarification in the Federal Register. VIII. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act A. What Is the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 ( NTTAA), Public Law 104 113, section 12( d) ( 15 U. S. C. 272 note), directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards ( e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. B. Does the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Apply to This Final Rule? No. This rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA did not consider the use of any voluntary consensus standards. IX. Executive Order 12898 A. What is Executive Order 12898? Under Executive Order 12898, `` Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low­ Income Populations,'' as well as through EPA's April 1995, `` Environmental Justice Strategy, OSWER Environmental Justice Task Force Action Agenda Report,'' and National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, EPA has undertaken to incorporate environmental justice into its policies and programs. EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns, and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all residents of the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, bears disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and all people live in clean and sustainable communities. B. Does Executive Order 12898 Apply to this Final Rule? No. While this rule revises the NPL, no action will result from this rule that will have disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects on any segment of the population. X. Executive Order 13045 A. What Is Executive Order 13045? Executive Order 13045: `` Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' ( 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: ( 1) Is determined to be `` economically significant'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, and ( 2) concerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. B. Does Executive Order 13045 Apply to This Final Rule? This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not an economically significant rule as defined by Executive Order 12866, and because the Agency does not have reason to believe the environmental health or safety risks addressed by this section present a disproportionate risk to children. XI. Paperwork Reduction Act A. What Is the Paperwork Reduction Act? According to the Paperwork Reduction Act ( PRA), 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq., an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information that requires OMB approval under the PRA, unless it has been approved by OMB and displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations, after initial display in the preamble of the final rules, are listed in 40 CFR part 9. The information collection requirements related to this action have already been approved by OMB pursuant to the PRA under OMB control number 2070 0012 ( EPA ICR No. 574). B. Does the Paperwork Reduction Act Apply to This Final Rule? No. EPA has determined that the PRA does not apply because this rule does not contain any information collection requirements that require approval of the OMB. XII. Executive Orders on Federalism What Are The Executive Orders on Federalism and Are They Applicable to This Final Rule? Executive Order 13132, entitled `` Federalism'' ( 64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure `` meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' `` Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have `` substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46103 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations imposes substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. This final rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. XIII. Executive Order 13084 What is Executive Order 13084 and Is It Applicable to this Final Rule? Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments `` to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their communities.'' This rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments because it does not significantly or uniquely affect their communities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule. List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 300 Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Chemicals, Hazardous substances, Hazardous waste, Intergovernmental relations, Natural resources, Oil pollution, penalties, Reporting and record keeping requirements, Superfund, Water pollution control, Water supply. Dated: July 20, 2000. Timothy Fields, Jr., Assistant Administrator, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 40 CFR part 300 is amended as follows: PART 300 [ AMENDED] 1. The authority citation for part 300 continues to read as follows: Authority: 33 U. S. C. 1321( c)( 2); 42 U. S. C. 9601 9657; E. O. 12777, 56 FR 54757, 3 CFR, 1991 Comp., p. 351; E. O. 12580, 52 FR 2923, 3 CFR, 1987 Comp., p. 193. 2. Table 1 and Table 2 of Appendix B to Part 300 are amended by adding the following sites in alphabetical order to read as follows: Appendix B to Part 300 National Priorities List TABLE 1. GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION State Site name City/ county Notes( a) * * * * * * * CT ................. Scovill Industrial Landfill ....................................................................................................... Waterbury * * * * * * * FL ................. Southern Solvents, Inc .......................................................................................................... Tampa * * * * * * * LA ................. Mallard Bay Landing Bulk Plant ........................................................................................... Grand Cheniere * * * * * * * MO ................ Newton County Wells ........................................................................................................... Newton County * * * * * * * MS ................ Davis Timber Company ........................................................................................................ Hattiesburg * * * * * * * OK ................ Imperial Refining Company .................................................................................................. Ardmore * * * * * * * TX ................. Palmer Barge Line ................................................................................................................ Port Arthur * * * * * * * TX ................. Star Lake Canal .................................................................................................................... Port Neches * * * * * * * UT ................. International Smelting and Refining ...................................................................................... Tooele * * * * * * * WA ................ Hamilton/ Labree Roads Ground Water Contamination ........................................................ Chehalis * * * * * * * WV ................ Big John Salvage Hoult Road ............................................................................................ Fairmont VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 10: 41 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm09 PsN: 27JYR1 46104 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 145 / Thursday, July 27, 2000 / Rules and Regulations TABLE 1. GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION Continued State Site name City/ county Notes( a) * * * * * * * ( a) A = Based on issuance of health advisory by Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry ( if scored, HRS score need not be £ 28.50). C = Sites on construction completion list. S = State top priority ( included among the 100 top priority sites regardless of score). P = Sites with partial deletion( s). TABLE 2. FEDERAL FACILITIES SECTION State Site name City/ county Notes( a) * * * * * * * VA ................. St. Juliens Creek Annex ( U. S. Navy) ................................................................................... Chesapeake * * * * * * * ( a) A = Based on issuance of health advisory by Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry ( if scored, HRS score need not be £ 28.50). C = Sites on construction completion list. S = State top priority ( included among the 100 top priority sites regardless of score). P = Sites with partial deletion( s). [ FR Doc. 00 18902 Filed 7 26 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 430 [ FRL 6842 2] Project XL Site­ Specific Rule for the International Paper Androscoggin Mill Facility in Jay, Maine; Project XL Final Project Agreement to be Signed for Effluent Improvement Project at International Paper Androscoggin Mill Facility in Jay, Maine AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Final rule; notice regarding signing of final project agreement. SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) today is finalizing this rule to provide site­ specific regulatory flexibility under the Clean Water Act ( CWA) as part of an XL Project with International Paper's Androscoggin Mill pulp and paper manufacturing facility in Jay, Maine. The site­ specific rule will exempt International Paper Androscoggin Mill from certain Best Management Practices ( BMPs) required under CWA regulations. In exchange for this regulatory flexibility, International Paper Androscoggin Mill will implement a series of projects designed to improve the mill's effluent quality and will accept numeric permit limits corresponding to the expected improvements in effluent quality. The terms of the International Paper XL project are contained in the Final Project Agreement ( FPA), which project participants are expected to sign on June 29, 2000. EFFECTIVE DATE: This final rule is effective on July 27, 2000. ADDRESSES: A docket containing the final rule, Final Project Agreement, and supporting materials is available for public inspection and copying at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. St., SW., Washington, DC, Room 1027. Members of the public are encouraged to telephone in advance at 202 260 3344 to schedule an appointment. A duplicate copy of project materials is available for inspection and copying at EPA Regional Library, U. S. EPA, Region I, Suite 1100 ( LIB), One Congress Street, Boston MA, 02114 2023, as well as the Town Hall, 99 Main Street, Jay, ME 04239 during normal business hours. Persons wishing to view the materials at the Boston location are encouraged to contact Mr. Chris Rascher in advance. Persons wishing to view the materials at the Jay, Maine, location are encouraged to contact Ms. Shiloh Ring at ( 207) 897 6785 in advance. Project materials on today's action are also available on the worldwide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl/. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Persons seeking information on the project should contact Mr. Chris Rascher in U. S. EPA/ Region 1 New England or Ms. Nina Bonnelycke in U. S. EPA Headquarters. Mr. Rascher can be reached at U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, One Congress St., Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114, or at rascher. chris@ epa. gov. Ms. Bonnelycke can be reached at U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460, or at bonnelycke. nina@ epa. gov. Further information on today's action is also available on the worldwide web at http:// www. epa. gov/ projectxl. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Category Examples of potentially affected parties Industry ........ International Paper, Androscoggin Mill, Jay, Maine Outline of Today's Document This preamble presents the following information: I. Authority II. Overview of Project XL III. Overview of the International Paper Effluent Improvements XL Project A. To Which Facilities Will the Final Rule Apply? B. From What Required Activities Will Today's Final Rule Provide an Exemption? C. What Will the IP­ Androscoggin Mill Do Differently Under The XL Project? D. What Regulatory Changes Will Be Necessary to Implement this Project? E. Why is EPA Supporting This Approach of Granting a Waiver from BMPs? F. How Have Stakeholders Been Involved in this Project? G. How Will this Project Result in Cost Savings and Paperwork Reduction? H. What Are The Enforceable Provisions Of The Project? I. How Long Will this Project Last and When Will It Be Completed? IV. Additional Information VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 16: 01 Jul 26, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\ FR\ FM\ 27JYR1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 27JYR1

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Notice

Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Soil Ingestion Research Study

69936 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 225 / Tuesday, November 21, 2000 / Notices d. Applicants: North Central Power Co., Inc. ( tranferor) and Flambeau Hydro, LLC ( transferee). e. Name and Location of Project: The Winter and Arpin Dam Hydroelectric Projects are on the East Fork of the Chippewa River and on the Chippewa River, respectively, in Sawyer County, Wisconsin. The Winter Project occupies federal lands within the Chequamegon­ Nicolet National Forest, but no tribal lands. The Arpin Project does not occupy federal or tribal lands. f. Filed Pursuant to: Federal Power Act, 16 U. S. C. 791( a) 825( r). g. Applicant Contacts: Mr. Frank F. Dahlberg, North Central Power Co., Inc., P. O. Box 167, Grantsburg, WI 54840, ( 715) 463 5371 and Mr. Donald H. Clarke, Wilkinson Barker Knauer, LLP, 2300 N Street NW., No. 700, Washington, DC 20037, ( 202) 783 4141. h. FERC Contact: Any questions on this notice should be addressed to James Hunter at ( 202) 219 2839. i. Deadline for filing comments and or motions: December 18, 2000. All documents ( original and eight copies) should be filed with: David P. Boergers, Secretary, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20426. Comments and protests may be filed electronically via the internet in lieu of paper. See, 18 CFR 385.2001( a)( 1)( iii) and the instructions on the Commission's web site at http:// www. ferc. fed. us/ efi/ doorbell. htm. Please include the noted project numbers on any comments or motions filed. j. Description of Proposal: The applicants state that the transfer will assure the continued operation of these renewable energy projects and will effect the desired change of ownership of the generating facilities consistent with the restructuring plans of these members of the electric industry. The transfer application was filed within five years of the expiration of the license for Project No. 2064, which is the subject of a pending relicense application. In Hydroelectric Relicensing Regulations Under the Federal Power Act ( 54 Fed. Reg. 23, 756; FERC Stats. and Regs., Regs. Preambles 1986 1990 30,854 at p. 31,437), the Commission declined to forbid all license transfers during the last five years of an existing license, and instead indicated that it would scrutinize all such transfer requests to determine if the transfer's primary purpose was to give the transferee an advantage in relicensing ( id. at p. 31,438 n. 318). The transfer application also contains a separate request for approval of the substitution of the transferee for the transferor as the applicant in the pending relicensing application, filed by the transferor on November 26, 1999, in Project No. 2064 004. k. Locations of the application: A copy of the application is available for inspection and reproduction at the Commission's Public Reference Room, located at 888 First Street, NE., Room 2A, Washington, DC 20426, or by calling ( 202) 208 2222 for assistance). A copy is also available for inspection and reproduction at the addresses in item g above. l. Individuals desiring to be included on the Commission's mailing list should so indicate by writing to the Secretary of the Commission. Comments, Protests, or Motions to Intervene Anyone may submit comments, a protest, or a motion to intervene in accordance with the requirements of Rules of Practice and Procedure, 18 CFR 385.210, .211, .214. In determining the appropriate action to take, the Commission will consider all protests or other comments filed, but only those who file a motion to intervene in accordance with the Commission's Rules may become a party to the proceeding. Any comments, protests, or motions to intervene must be received on or before the specified comment date for the particular application. Filing and Service of Responsible Documents Any filings must bear in all capital letters the title `` COMMENTS'', `` RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS'', `` PROTESTS'', OR `` MOTION TO INTERVENE'', as applicable, and the Project Number of the particular application to which the filing refers. Any of the above­ named documents must be filed by providing the original and the number of copies provided by the Commission's regulations to: The Secretary, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20426. A copy of any motion to intervene must also be served upon each representative of the Applicant specified in the particular application. Agency Comments Federal, state, and local agencies are invited to file comments on the described application. A copy of the application may be obtained by agencies directly from the Applicant. If an agency does not file comments within the time specified for filing comments, it will be presumed to have no comments. One copy of an agency's comments must also be sent to the Applicant's representatives. Linwood A. Watson, Jr., Acting Secretary. [ FR Doc. 00 29696 Filed 11 20 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6717 01 M ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6904 9] Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Soil Ingestion Research Study AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that EPA is planning to submit the following proposed Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): Soil Ingestion Research Study ( EPA ICR Number 1965.01). Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection as described below. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before January 22, 2001. ADDRESSES: Comments submitted by regular U. S. Postal Service mail should be sent to: Docket Coordinator, Superfund Docket Office, Mail Code 5201G, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, it is imperative that you identify docket control number SOIL INGEST in the subject line on the first page of your comment. Comments may also be submitted electronically or in person. Please follow the detailed instructions for these submission methods as provided in unit III of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section. Copies of the ICR may be obtained from this office ( contact Larry Zaragoza 703 603 8867), or the Office of Environmental Information's ICR website at http:// www. epa. gov/ icr/. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Larry Zaragoza, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, at 703 603 8867/ 703 603 9133 ( fax), email: Zaragoza. Larry@ EPA. Gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Affected Entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are those which VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 17: 20 Nov 20, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 21NON1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 21NON1 69937 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 225 / Tuesday, November 21, 2000 / Notices agree to participate in a research study on soil ingestion. Title: Soil Ingestion Research, ( EPA ICR No. 1965.01). Abstract: This ICR supports research to examine the amount of soil ingested. Soil is ingested in two ways, incidental ingestion from everyday hand to mouth activity and ingestion resulting from inhaled particles of soil that are deposited in upper and middle respiratory tract and swallowed. The ingestion of soil is important because contaminated soils from a hazardous waste site poses risks to individuals exposed to contaminated soil. This research should help any environmental program concerned with contaminated soils but is specifically being sponsored by Superfund. This research will evaluate ingestion by comparing the amount of trace metals that are ingested in food with the amount of metals that are excreted, any amount in excess of the ingested trace metals is attributed to incidental soil ingestion. Because of the possibility of trace metal ingestion from a variety of sources ( like food and toothpaste), a questionnaire to identify and characterize sources of trace metals that can affect daily variation in trace metals is an important part of the experimental design of these studies. About 20 study volunteers are paid and are expected to participate in this study for about two weeks. Each night the study participants would participate in a questionnaire that will later be used to help interpret daily variations in trace metals. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15. The EPA would like to solicit comments to: ( i) evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; ( ii) evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; ( iii) enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and ( iv) minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. Burden Statement: During the study, paid research subjects would fill out a questionnaire on a daily basis. Questions could take 5 minutes. This reporting burden would involve approximately 20 research subjects who are expected to participate in a study for 2 weeks. This information would be collected by the researchers at the research institution conducting the study and the data would be maintained by this group, not the Federal government. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. Dated: October 24, 2000. Elaine F. Davies, Acting Director, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. [ FR Doc. 00 29769 Filed 11 20 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 U ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ OPP 00687A; FRL 6755 2] FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel; Announcement of change of Public Meeting Dates AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: EPA is announcing a change in the dates of a public meeting of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel which was originally published in the Federal Register of November 3, 2000. Meetings were scheduled to be held on December 6, 7, and 8, 2000. The December 6 meeting has been dropped, therefore, meetings will only be held on December 7 and 8, 2000. DATES: Meetings of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel will be held on December 7 and 8, 2000, from 8: 30 a. m. to 5: 30 p. m. ADDRESSES: The meeting will be held at the Sheraton Crystal City Hotel, 1800 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The telephone number for the Sheraton Hotel is ( 703) 486 1111. Requests to participate may be submitted by mail, electronically, or in person. Please follow the detailed instructions for each method as provided in Unit I. C. of the originally published notice of November 3, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Olga Odiott, Designated Federal Official, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, ( 7101C), Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: ( 703) 305 5369; fax number: ( 703) 605 0656; e­ mail address: odiott. olga@ epa. gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. General Information A. Does this Action Apply to Me? This action is directed to the public in general. This action may, however, be of interest to those persons who are or may be required to conduct testing of chemical substances under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ( FFDCA), FIFRA, and FQPA. Since other entities may also be interested, the Agency has not attempted to describe all the specific entities that may be affected by this action. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. II. Purpose of this Notice EPA is announcing a change in dates of a public meeting of the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel which was published in the Federal Register of November 3, 2000 ( 65 FR 66245) ( FRL 6753 4). Meetings had been scheduled to be held on December 6, 7, and 8, 2000, but because the session on the LifeLineTM Model Review will not be taking place at this time, the meetings will be held only on December 7 and 8, 2000. List of Subjects Environmental protection. Dated: November 16, 2000. Steven K. Galson, Director, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. [ FR Doc. 00 29868 Filed 11 17 00; 2: 15 pm] BILLING CODE 6560 50 S VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 17: 20 Nov 20, 2000 Jkt 194001 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 21NON1. SGM pfrm08 PsN: 21NON1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.606955

regulations

EPA-HQ-SFUND-2000-0008-0001

Notice

Continuous Release Reporting Regulations (CRRR) Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA); Request for Comment on Renewal Information Collection

37131 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 114 / Tuesday, June 13, 2000 / Notices ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [ FRL 6715 1] Continuous Release Reporting Regulations ( CRRR) Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA); Request for Comment on Renewal Information Collection AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act ( 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq.), this document announces that EPA is planning to submit the following continuing Information Collection Request ( ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB): Continuous Release Reporting Regulations ( CRRR) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA) ( EPA ICR No. 1445.05, OMB No. 2050 0086). This is a request to renew an existing ICR that is currently approved. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the collection. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before August 14, 2000. ADDRESSES: Comments submitted by regular U. S. Postal Service mail should be sent to: Docket Coordinator, Superfund Docket Office, Mail Code 5201G, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, it is imperative that you identify docket control number 102RQ CR2 in the subject line on the first page of your comment. Comments may also be submitted electronically or in person. Please follow the detailed instructions for these submission methods as provided in unit III of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lynn Beasley, ( 703) 603 9086. Facsimile number: ( 703) 603 9104. Electronic address: beasley. lynn@ epa. gov. Comments should not be submitted to this contact person. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Does This Notice Apply to Me? You may be affected by this notice if you are in charge of a facility that releases hazardous substances into the environment as specified in section 103( a) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA), as amended. According to section 103( a) of CERCLA, if the facility you are in charge of releases a hazardous substance that equals or exceeds its reportable quantity ( RQ) and the release is not Federally permitted, you are required to notify the National Response Center ( NRC) of the release immediately. However, according to section 103( f)( 2) of CERCLA, if the release at the facility you are in charge of is `` continuous,'' and `` stable in quantity and rate,'' you may be exempted from the per­ occurrence notification requirements of section 103( a) of CERCLA. To determine if the facility you are in charge of is affected by this action, you should carefully examine the applicability provisions in the Continuing Release Reporting Regulations ( CRRR) ( 40 CFR part 302.8). II. How Can I Get Additional Information or Copies of This Document or Other Support Documents? A. By Phone, Fax, or E­ Mail If you have any questions or need additional information about this notice or the information collection request ( ICR) referenced, please contact Lynn Beasley, ( 703) 603 9086. Facsimile number: ( 703) 603 9104. Electronic address: beasley. lynn@ epa. gov. B. In Person The official record for this notice, including the public version, and the referenced ICR have been established under docket control number 102RQ CR2 ( including comments and data submitted electronically, as described below). A public version of this record, including printed, paper versions of any electronic comments, which does not include any information claimed as Confidential Business Information ( CBI), and the referenced ICR are available for inspection in the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Docket Office, Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. The Superfund Docket is open from 9 AM to 4 PM, Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number of the Superfund Docket is ( 703) 603 9232. III. How Can I Respond to This Notice? A. How and to Whom Do I Submit the Comments? You may submit comments through the mail, in person, or electronically. Be sure to identify the docket control number 102RQ CR2 on any correspondence. 1. By mail. Submit written comments to: Docket Coordinator, Superfund Docket Office, Mail Code 5201G, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. 2. In person or by courier. Deliver written comments to: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Docket Office, Crystal Gateway I, First Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. Telephone: ( 703) 603 9232. 3. Electronically. Submit your comments and/ or data electronically by e­ mail to: superfund. docket@ epa. gov. Please note that you should not submit any information electronically that you consider to be CBI. Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Comment and data will also be accepted on standard computer disks in WordPerfect 6/ 7/ 8 or ASCII file format. All comments and data in electronic form must be identified by the docket control number 102RQ CR2. Electronic comments on this notice may also be filed online at many Federal Depository Libraries. B. How Should I Handle CBI Information That I Want to Submit To EPA? You may claim information that you submit in response to this notice as CBI by marking any part or all of that information as CBI. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. A copy of the comment that does not contain CBI must also be submitted for inclusion in the public record. Information not marked confidential will be included in the public docket by EPA without prior notice. If you have any questions about CBI or the procedures for claiming CBI, please consult with Lynn Beasley, ( 703) 603 9086. Facsimile number: ( 703) 603 9104. Electronic address: beasley. lynn@ epa. gov. C. What Information Is EPA Particularly Interested in? Pursuant to section 3506( c)( 2)( a) of the Paperwork Reduction Act ( PRA), EPA specifically solicits comments and information to enable it to: 1. Evaluate whether the proposed collections of information are necessary for the proper performance of the functions of EPA, including whether the information will have practical utility. 2. Evaluate the accuracy of EPA's estimates of the burdens of the proposed collections of information. VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 40 Jun 12, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 13JNN1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 13JNN1 37132 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 114 / Tuesday, June 13, 2000 / Notices 3. Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected. 4. Minimize the burden of the collections of information on those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated or electronic collection technologies or other forms of information technology, e. g., permitting electronic submission of responses. D. What Should I Consider When I Prepare My Comments for EPA? EPA invites you to provide your views on the various options EPA proposes, new approaches EPA hasn't considered, the potential impacts of the various options ( including possible unintended consequences), and any data or information that you would like EPA to consider during the development of the final action. You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing your comments: · Explain your views as clearly as possible. · Describe any assumptions that you used. · Provide technical information and/ or data to support your views. · If you estimate potential burden or costs, explain how you arrived at the estimate. · Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns. · Offer alternative ways to improve the rule or collection activity. · Make sure to submit your comments by the deadline in this notice. · At the beginning of your comments ( e. g., as part of the `` Subject'' heading), be sure to properly identify the document on which you are commenting. You can do this by providing the docket control number assigned to this notice, along with the name, date, and Federal Register citation, or by using the appropriate EPA ICR or the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB) control number. IV. To What Information Collection Activity or ICR Does This Notice Apply? EPA is seeking comments on the following ICR: Title: Continuous Release Reporting Regulations ( CRRR) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA). ICR numbers: EPA ICR No. 1445.05, OMB No. 2050 0086. ICR status: This ICR is currently scheduled to expire on September 30, 2000. An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's information collections appear on the collection instruments or instructions, in the Federal Register notices for related rulemakings and ICR notices, and, if the collection is contained in a regulation, in a table of OMB approval numbers in 40 CFR part 9. Abstract: Section 103( a) of CERCLA, as amended, requires the person in charge of a facility to immediately notify the NRC of a hazardous substance release into the environment if the amount of the release equals or exceeds the substance's RQ. The RQ of every hazardous substance can be found in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR part 302.4. Section 103( f)( 2) of CERCLA provides facilities relief from this per­ occurrence notification requirement if the hazardous substance release above the RQ is continuous, and stable in quantity and rate. Under the CRRR, a continuous release of a hazardous substance above the RQ requires an initial telephone call to the NRC, an initial written report to the EPA Region, and, if the source and chemical composition of the continuous release does not change and the level of the continuous release does not significantly increase, a follow­ up written report to the EPA Region one year after submission of the initial written report. If the source or chemical composition of the previously reported continuous release changes, notifying the NRC and EPA Region of a change in the source or composition of the release is required. Further, a significant increase in the level of the previously reported continuous release must be reported immediately to the NRC according to section 103( a) of CERCLA. Finally, any change in information submitted in support of a continuous release notification must be reported to the EPA Region. The reporting of a hazardous substance release that is above the substance's RQ allows the Federal government to determine whether a Federal response action is required to control or mitigate any potential adverse effects to public health or welfare or the environment. The continuous release of hazardous substance information collected under CERCLA section 103( f)( 2) is also available to EPA program offices and other Federal agencies who use the information to evaluate the potential need for additional regulations, new permitting requirements for specific substances or sources, or improved emergency response planning. Release notification information, which is stored in the national Continuous Release­ Emergency Response Notification System ( CR ERNS) data base, is available to State and local government authorities as well as the general public. State and local government authorities and facilities subject to the CRRR use release information for purposes of local emergency response planning. Members of the general public, who have access to release information through the Freedom of Information Act, may request release information for purposes of maintaining an awareness of what types of releases are occurring in different localities and what actions, if any, are being taken to protect public health and welfare and the environment. CR­ ERNS fact sheets, which provide summary and statistical information about hazardous substance release notifications, also are available to the public. V. What Are EPA's Burden and Cost Estimates for This ICR? Under the PRA, `` burden'' means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal Agency. For this collection, it includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and use technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. The ICR provides a detailed explanation of this estimate, which is only briefly summarized in this notice. The annual public burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 77 hours per affected facility. The following is a summary of the estimates taken from the ICR: Respondents/ affected entities: Entities potentially affected by this action are facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use certain specified hazardous substances. Estimated total number of facilities that will have to report continuous hazardous substance releases per year: 2,342. Frequency of response: After reporting the continuous release to the NRC and EPA Region initially, only an annual report to the EPA Region is necessary unless there is a change in the source of VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 40 Jun 12, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 13JNN1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 13JNN1 37133 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 114 / Tuesday, June 13, 2000 / Notices the continuous release, a change in the chemical composition of the continuous release, or a significant increase in the level of the continuous release. In these cases the person in charge of the facility has to notify the NRC and/ or the EPA Region of the change in the continuous release. Estimated total annual burden hours: 24,732 hours. Estimated total annual burden costs: $ 725,000. VI. Are There Changes in the Estimates From the Last Approval? In the renewal ICR, EPA will review the current burden and cost statement and adjust it accordingly. EPA does not expect the burden and cost statement in the renewal ICR to be any greater than the burden and cost statement in the current ICR. VII. What Is the Next Step in the Process for This ICR? EPA will consider the comments received and amend the ICR as appropriate. The final ICR package will then be submitted to OMB for review and approval pursuant to 5 CFR 1320.12. EPA will issue another Federal Register notice pursuant to 5 CFR 1320.5( a)( 1)( iv) to announce the submission of the ICR to OMB and the opportunity to submit additional comments to OMB. If you have any questions about this ICR or the approval process, please contact Lynn Beasley, ( 703) 603 9086. Facsimile number: ( 703) 603 9104. Electronic address: beasley. lynn@ epa. gov. List of Subjects Environmental protection, Information collection requests, Reporting and record keeping requirements. Dated: June 1, 2000. Stephen D. Luftig, Director, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. [ FR Doc. 00 14869 Filed 6 12 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560 50 P EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Final Comment Request AGENCY: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ACTION: Final notice of submission for OMB review. SUMMARY: In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC) has submitted a request for clearance of the information collection described below to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB). A notice that the EEOC would be submitting this request was published in the Federal Register on March 1, 2000, allowing for a 60­ day public comment period. No public comments were received. DATES: Written comments on this final notice must be submitted on or before July 13, 2000. ADDRESSES: Comments on this final notice should be submitted to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Attention: Stuart Shapiro, Desk Officer for the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 10235, New Executive Office Building, Washington, DC 20503 or electronically mailed to SSHAPIRO@ OMB. EOP. GOV. Requests for copies of the proposed information collection request should be addressed to Mr. Neckere at the address below. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Joachim Neckere, Director, Program Research and Surveys Division, 1801 L Street, NW., Room 9222, Washington, DC 20507, ( 202) 663 4958 ( voice) or ( 202) 663 7063 ( TDD). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Collection Title: State and Local Government Information ( EEO 4). OMB Number: 3046 0008. Frequency of Report: Biennial. Type of Respondent: State and local government jurisdictions with 100 or more full­ time employees. Description of Affected Public: State and local governments excluding elementary and secondary public school districts. Number of Responses: 10,000. Reporting Hours: 40,000. Number of Forms: 1. Federal Cost: $ 47,000. Abstract: Section 709( c) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U. S. C. 2000e 8( c), requires employers to make and keep records relevant to a determination of whether unlawful employment practices have been or are being committed and to make reports therefrom as required by the EEOC. Accordingly, the EEOC has issued regulations which set forth the reporting requirements for various kinds of employers. State and local governments with 100 or more full­ time employees have been required to submit EEO 4 reports since 1973 ( biennially in odd­ numbered years since 1993). The individual reports are confidential. EEO 4 data are used by the EEOC to investigate charges of discrimination against state and local governments. In addition, the data are used to support EEOC decisions and conciliations, and for research. The data are shared with several other Federal government agencies. Pursuant to section 709( d) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, EEO 4 data are also shared with 86 State and Local Fair Employment Practices Agencies ( FEPAs). Aggregated data are also used by researchers and the general public. Burden Statement: The estimated number of respondents included in the EEO 4 survey is 5,000 state and local governments. The estimated number of responses per respondent is approximately 2 EEO 4 reports and the reporting burden averages between 1 and 5 hours per response, including the time needed to review instructions, search existing data sources, gather and maintain the data, and complete and review the collection of information. The total number of responses is thus 10,000 reports while the total burden is estimated to be 40,000 hours, including recordkeeping burden. In order to help reduce burden, respondents are encouraged to report data on electronic media such as magnetic tapes and diskettes. Dated: June 7, 2000. For the Commission. Ida L. Castro, Chairwoman. [ FR Doc. 00 14889 Filed 6 12 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6750 01 M FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Notice of Public Information Collection( s) Being Reviewed by the Federal Communications Commission for Extension Under Delegated Authority; Comments Requested June 7, 2000. SUMMARY: The Federal Communications Commission, as part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork burden invites the general public and other Federal agencies to take this opportunity to comment on the following information collection( s), as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104 13. An agency may not conduct or sponsor a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid control number. No person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act ( PRA) that does not display a valid control number. Comments are requested concerning ( a) VerDate 11< MAY> 2000 15: 40 Jun 12, 2000 Jkt 190000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\ FR\ FM\ 13JNN1. SGM pfrm01 PsN: 13JNN1

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.623560

regulations

EPA-HQ-SFUND-2000-0015-0001

Rule

National Priorities List for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites [NPL-FRU28-1-59]

a Thursday, May 11, 2000 Part I1 Environmental ProtectionAgency \ 40 CFR Part 300 NationalPriorities List forUncontrolled HazardousWasteSites; Final Rule & ProposedRule / n 30482, Federal Register/ Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations .. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 300 rFRL­ 6603­ 31 NationalPrioritiesListforUncontrolle Hazardous Waste Sites AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1 h O (" CERCLA" or "the Act"), as amended, requires that the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (" NCP") include a list of national priorities among the known releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States. The National` Priorities List (" NPL") constitutes this list. The NPL is intended primarily to guide the Environmental Protection Agency (" EPA" or "the Agency") in determining which sites warrant further investigation to assess the nature and extent of public health and environmental risks associated with the site and to determine what CERCLA­ financed remedial action( s), if any, may be appropriate. This rule adds 7 new sites to the NPL; all to the General Superfund Section of the NPL. EFFECTIVE DATE: The effective date for this amendment to the NPL shall be June 12,2000. ADDRESSES: For addresses for the Headquarters and Regional dockets, as well as further details on what these dockets contain, see Section 11, "Availability of Information to the Public" in the SUPPLEMENTARY `INFORMATION portion of this preamble. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Yolanda Singer, phone (703) 603­ 8835, State, Tribal and Site Identification Center; Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (mail code 5204G); U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington, DC 20460; or the Superfund Hotline, phone (800) 424­ 9346 or (703) 412­ 9810 in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. ~~ SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Background A. What Are CERCLA and SARA? E. What Is the NCP? C. What Is the National Priorities List D. How Are Sites Listed on the NF'L? E. What Happens to Sites on the NPL? (NPL)? F. How Are Site Boundaries Defined? G. How Are Sites Removed From the NPL? H. Can Portions of Sites Be Deleted From I. What Is the Construction Completion List the NPL as They Are Cleaned Up? (CCL)? II. Availability of Information to the PubIic !d A. Can I Review the Documents Relevant ­ to This Final Rule? E. What Documehts Are Available for Review at the Headquarters Dockets? C. What Documents Are Available for Review at the Regional Dockets? D. How Do I Access the Documents? E. How Can I Obtain a Current List of NPL Sites? 111. Contents of This Final Rule A. Additions to the NPL ` B. Status of NPL C. What Did EPA Do With the Public Comments It Received? IV. Executive Order 12866 A. What Is Executive Order 12866? E. Is This Final Rule Subject to Executive Order 12866 Review? V. Unfunded Mandates A. What Is the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)? E. Does UMRA Auulv to This Final Rule? VI. Effects on Smalf6uknesses A. What Is the Regulatory Flexibility Act? B. Does the Regulatory Flexibility Act Apply to This Final Rule? the Rule Congress and the General Accounting Office? E. Could the Effective Date of This Final Rule Change? C. What Could Cause the Effective Date of This Rule to Change? VIII. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act A. What Is the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? B. Does the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Apply to This Final Rule? VII. Possible Changes to the Effective Date of A. Has This Rule Been Submitted to E$, Executive Order 12898 A. What Is Executive Order 12898? E. Does Executive Order 12898 Apply to This Final Rule? X. Executive Order 13045 A. What Is Executive Order 13045? E. Does Executive Order 13045 Apply to This Final Rule? XI. Paperwork Reduction Act A. What Is the Paperwork Reduction Act? B. Does the Paperwork Reduction Act Apply to This Final Rule? XII. Executive Orders on Federalism What Are the Executive Orders on Federalism and Are They Applicable to This Final Rule? XIII. Executive Order 13084 What Is Executive Order 13084 and Is It Applicable to This Final Rule? I. Background A. What .Are CERCLA and SARA? In 1980, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U. S. C. 9601­ 9675 (" CERCLA" or "the Act"), in response to the dangers of uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances. CERCLA was amended on October 17,1986, by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (" SARA"), Public Law 99­ 499, 100 Stat. 1613 et seq. B. What Is the NCP? To implement CERCLA, EPA promulgated the revised National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (" NCP"), 40 CFR part 300, on July 16,1982 (47 FR 31180), pursuant to CERCLA section 105 and ' , Executive Order 12316 (46 FR 42237, ' August 20, 1981). The NCP sets guidelines and procedures for responding to releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants under CERCLA. EPA haq revised the NCP on several occasions. The most recent comprehensive revision was on March 8,1990 (55 FR 8666). 105( a)( 8)( A) of CERCLA, the NCP also includes "criteria fbr determining priorities among releases or threatened, releases throughout the United States for the purpose of taking remedial action and, to the extent practicable, taking into account the potential urgency of such action for the purpose of taking removal action." (" Removal" actions are defined broadly and include a wide range of actions taken to study, clean up, prevent or otherwise address releases and threatened releases 42 U. S. C. 9601( 23).) C. What Is the National Priorities List [NPL)? As required under section The NPL is a list of national priorities among the known or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States. The list, which is appendix B of the NCP (40 CFR part 300), was required under section 105( a)( 8)( B) of CERCLA, as amended by SARA. Section 105( a)( 8)( B) defines the NPL as a list of "releases" and the highest priority "facilities" and requires that the NPL be revised at least annually. The NPL is intended primarily to guide EPA in determining which sites warrant further investigation to assess the nature and extent of public health and environmental risks associated with a release of hazardous substances. The NPL is only of limited significance, however, as it does not assign liability to any party or to the owner of any specific property. Neither does placing a site on the NPL mean that any remedial or removal action necessarily need be taken. Federal Register/ Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations 30483 For purposes of listing, the, NPL dissociation of individuals from the has come to be located, or from which i n c l u d e s t w o s e c t i o n s , o n e of sites that release. that contamination came. are generally evaluated and cleaned up EPA determines that the release In other words, while geographic by EPA (the "General Superfund poses a significant threat to public terms are often used to designate the site S e c t i o n "), a n d o n e of s i t e s t h a t a r e . health. (e. g., the "Jones Co. p l a n t s i t e ") i n terms owned or operated by other Federal EPA anticipates that it will be more of the property owned by a particular agencies (the "Federal Facilities cost­ effective to use its remedial party, the site properly understood is Section"). With respect to sites in the authority than to use its removal not limited to that property (e. g., it may Federal Facilities Section, these sites are authority to respond to the release. extend beyond the property due to generally being addressed by other EPA Promulgated an original NPLof contaminant migration), and conversely Federal agencies. Under Executive 406 Sites on September 8,1983 (48 FR may not occupy the full extent of the Order 12580 (52 FR 2923, January 29, 40658). The NpL has been property (e. g., where there are 1987) and CERCLA section 120, each Since then, most On 4~ uncontaminated parts of the identified Federal agency is responsible for 2000 (65` FR 5435). p r o p e r t y , t h e y m a y n o t be, strictly carrying out most response actions at E. What Happens to Sites on the NPL? speaking, part of the "site"). The "site" facilities under its by custody, or control, although EPA is A site may undergo action the boundaries of any specific property responsible for preparihg an ,HRS score financed by the Trust Fund established that may give the site its name, and the and determining whether the facility is under as the CERCLA (commonly only after referred it is to name itself should not be read to imply the lead agency at Federal Facilities NCP at 4o CFR 3oo. 425cb)( l). entire area within the property Section sites, and its role at such sites (" Remedial actions,, are those boundary of the installation or plant. is accordingly less extensive of t h e s i t e other sites. taken instead of or in addition to D. How Are Sites Listed on the NPL? removal actions * * * . " 42 U. S. C. listing. Also, the site name is merely 9601( 24).) However, under 40 CFR used to help identify the geographic There are t h r e e m e c h a n i s m s for location of t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n . For placing sites on the NPL for possible "does not imply that monies will be 300.425( b)( 2) placing a site on the NPL example, the name Go. plant remedial action (see 40 CFR 300.425( c) expended,,, EPA may pursue site," does not imply that the Jones of the NCP): (1) A site may b e i n c l u d e d c o m p a n y is responsible for the on the NPL if it scores sufficiently high ~~~~~~a ~c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o contamination located on the plant site. on the Hazard Ranking System (` 'HRS" 1, under CERCLA and other laws, EPA regulations provide that the which EPA promulgated as appendix A "nature and extent of the problem of the NCP (40 CFR part 300). The HRS F. How Are Site Boundaries Defined? presented by the release" will be serves as a screening device to evaluate The NPL does not describe releases in determined by a remedial investigation/ the relative potential of uncontrolled precise geographical terms; it would be feasibility study (RI/ FS) as more hazardous substances to pose a threat to neither feasible nor consistent with the information is developed on site human health or the environment. On limited purpose ofthe NPL (to identify contamination (40 CFR 300.5). During December 14, 1990 (55 FR 51532), EPA releases that are for further the RI/ FS process, the release may be promulgated revisions to the HRS p. art1y evaluation), for it to do so. found to be lyger or smaller than was in response to CERCLA Section 105(~), Although a CERCLA `` facility'' is originally thought, as more is learned added by SARA. The revised HRS broadly defined to include any area about the source( s) and the migration of evaluates four pathways: ground water, where a hazardous substance release has the contamination. However, this surface water, soil exposure, and air. AS "come to be located" (CERCLA section inquiry focuses on an evaluation of the a matter of Agency policy, those sites 101( 9)), the listing process itself is not threat posed; the boundaries of the placed On the NPL* generally is not placed on the NPL, as provided in the that this site is coextensive with the , "consistent with permanent remedy, are typically not known at the time of that score 28.50 or greater on the HRS intended to define or reflect the release need not be exactly defined. 1 are eligible for the NPL; (2) Each State boundaries of such facilities or releases. Moreover, it generally is impossible to may designate a single site as its top ' Of cowse, HRS data (if the HRS is used discover` the full extent of where the priority to be listed on the NPL, to list a site) upon which the NPL contamination "has come to be located" regardless of the HRS score. This placement was based will, to some before all necessary studies and mechanism, provided by the NCP at 40 extent, describe the release( s) at issue. remedial work are completed at a site. CFR 300.425(~)( 2) requires that, to the That is, the NPL site would include all Indeed, the known boundaries of the extent practicable, the NPL include releases evaluated as part of that HRS contamination can be expected to w i J h i n t h e 1 0 0 h i g h e s t p r i o r i t i e s , o n e a n a l sis. change over time. T h u s , i n most cases, facility designated by each State wxen a site is listed, the approach it may be impossible to describe the representing the greatest danger to generally used to describe the relevant boundaries of a release with absolute public health, welfare, or the release( s) is to delineate a geographical certainty. environment among known facilities in area (usually the area within an Further, as noted above, NPL listing '\ the State (see 42 U3. c. 96o5( aI( 8)( B)); installation or plant boundaries) and does not assign liability to any party or (3) The third mechanism for listing, identify the site by reference to that included in the NCP at 40 CFR to the owner of any specific property. j 300.425(~)( 3), allows certain sites to be coextensive with that area, and the liable for releases on discrete parcels of listed regardless of their HRS score, if boundaries of the installation or plant property, supporting information can be all of the following conditions are met: are not the "boundaries" of the site, submitted to the Agency at any time and Disease Registry (ATSDR) of the contaminated areas within the area used potentially responsible party. U. S. Public Health Service has issued a to identify the site, as well as any other For these reasons, the, NPL need not health advisory that recommends location to which that contamination be amended as further research reveals area. As a legal matter, the site is not Thus, if a party does not believe it is 0 The Agency for Toxic Substances Rather, the site consists of all after a party receives notice it is a more information about the location of the oontamination or release. G. How Are Sites Removed From the NPL? EPA may delete sites from the NPL where no further response is appropriate under Superfund, as explained in the NCP at 40 CFR 300.425( e). This section also provides that EPA shall consult with states on ~ proposed deletions and shall consider whether any of the following criteria have been met: (i) Responsible parties or other persons have implemented all appropriate response actions required; financed response has been implemented and no further response action is required; or (iii) The remedial investigation has shown the release poses no significant threat to public health or the environment, and taking of remedial measures is not appropriate. As of April 27,2000, the Agency has deleted 212, sites from the NPL. H. Can Portions of Sites Be Deleted (ii) All appropriate Superfund­ In November 1995, EPA initiated a new policy to delete portions of NPL sites where cleanup is complete (60 FR 55465, November 1, 1995). Total site cleanup may take many years, while portions of the site may have been cleaned up and available for productive use. As of April 27, 2000, EPA has deleted portions of 18 sites. I. What Is the Construction Completion List (CCL)? ,construction completion list (" CCL, ') to simplify its system of categorizing sites successful completion of cleanup activities (58 FR L2142, March 2, 1993). Inclusion of a site on the CCL has no legal significance. Sites qualify for the CCL when: (1) Any necessary physical construction is complete, whether or not final cleanup levels or other requirements have been achieved; (2) EPA has determined that the response action should be limited to measures that do not involve construction (e. g., institutional controls); or (3) the site qualifies for deletion from the NPL. Of the 212 sites that have been deleted from the NPL, 203 sites were deleted because they have been cleaned up (the. other 9 sites were deleted based on deferral to other authorities and are not considered cleaned up). As of April 27, 2000, there are a total of 685 sites mythe CCL. This total includes the 212 EPA also h& s developed an NPL ~ ~ and to better communicate the I deleted sites, For the most up­ to­ date information on the CCL, see EPA's Internet site at http:// www. epa. gov/ superfund. 11. Availability of Information to the Public A. Can I Review the Documents Relevant to This Final Rule? Yes, documents relating to the evaluation and scoring of the sites in this final rule are contained in dockets located both at EPA Headquarters and in the Regional offices. B. What Documents Are Available for Review at the Headquarters Docket? The Headquarters docket for this rule contains, for each site, the HRS score sheets, the Documentation Record describing the information used to compute the score, pertinent information regarding statutory requirements or EPA listing policies that affect the site, and a list of documents referenced in the Documentation Record. The Headquarters docket also contains comments received, and the Aaencv's resDonses to those comments. Ben Conetta, Region 2 (NJ, NY, PR, VI], U. S. EPA, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007­ 1866; 21216374435 Dawn Shellenberger (GCI), Region 3 (DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV). US. EPA, Library, 1650 Arch Street, Mailcode 3PM52, Philadelphia, PA 19103; 2151 814­ 5364 i Joellen O'Neill, Region 4 (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC,­ TN), U. S. EPA, 61 Forsyth Street, SW, 9th floor, Atlanta, Region 5 (IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI), U. S. EPA, Records Center, Wqste, Management Division 7­ J, Metcalfe Federal Building, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604; 312/ Brenda Cook, Region 6 (AR, LA, NM, OK, TX), U. S. EPA, 1445 Ross Avenue, Mailcode 6SF­ RA, Dallas, Carole Long, Region 7 (IA, KS, MO, NE), U. S. EPA, 901 North 5th Street, Kansas City, KS 66101; 9131551­ 7224 David Williams, Region 8 (CO, MT, N D , SD, UT, WY), U. S. EPA, 999 18th Street, Suite 500, Mailcode 8EPR­ SA, Denver, CO 80202­ 2466; 303/ 312­ 6757 GA 30303; 4041562­ 8127 886­ 7570 TX 75202­ 2733; 214/ 665­ 7436 in the "SuGport eocument for the Revised National Priorities List Final Rule­ May 2000." C. What Documents Are Available for Review at the Regional Dockets? The Regional dockets contain all the information in the Headquarters docket, plus the actual reference documents containing the data principally relied upon by EPA in calculating or evaluating the HRS score for the sites located in their Region. These reference Regional dockets. D. How Do I Access the Documents? You may view the documents, by appointment only, after the publication of this document. The hours of operation for the Headquarters docket are from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays. Please contact the Regional dockets for hours. for the EPA Headquarters: Docket Coordinator, Headquarters, U. S. EPA CERCLA Docket Office, Crystal Gateway #1, 1st Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA, 7031603­ 8917. The contact information for the Regional dockets is as follows: Barbara Callahan, Region 1 (CT, ME, ­ documents are available only in the Following is the contact information MA, NH, RI, VT), U. S. EPA, Records Center, Mailcode HSC, One Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114­ 2023; 6171918­ 1356 N V ; AS, Go], US.­ EPA, 75. Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105; 4151 744­ 2343 Robert Phillips, Region 10 (AK, ID, OR, WA), U. S. EPA, 11th Floor, 1200 6th Avenue, Mail Stop ECL­ 115, Seattle, E. How Can I Obtain a Current List of NPL Sites? , You may obtain a current list of NPL sites via the Internet at http:// www. epa. govlsuperfund1 (look under site information category) or by contacting the Superfund Docket (see contact information above). 111. Contents of This Final Rule A. Additions to the NPL all to the General Superfund Section of the NPL. Table 1 presents the 7 sites in the Gederal Superfund Section. Sites in the table are arranged alphabetically by State. WA 98101; 2061553­ 6699 This final rule adds 7 sites to the NPL; TABLE 1 .­ NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST FINAL RULE, GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION State Citykounty Site name AR ..... Reader. Ouachita Nevada Wood Treater. CA ..... LeviathanMine ... Callaway & Son FL ...._. AlpineCounty. LakeAlfred. Drum Service. FL ...... Landia Chemical Lakeland. Company. i I*­*­ """,,.*," a~­ ­ . n_,** A," L_ "­ r_^ Federal Register/ Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations 30485 TABLE 1 .­ NATIONAL PRI. ORITIES LIST FINAL RULE, GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION­ Continued State , NY ..... UT ..... WA .... Site name OldRoosevelt FieldContami­ nated Ground Water Area. Intermountain Waste Oil Re­ finery. MidniteMine ....... Citykounty Garden City. Bountiful. Wellpinit. Numberof Sites AddedtotheGeneral Superfund Section: 7. B. Status of NPL With the 7 new sites added to the NPL in today's final rule; the NPL now contains 1,227 final sites; 1,068 in the General Superfund Section and 159 in the Federal Facilities Section. With a separate rule (published'elsewhere in today's Federal Register] proposing to add 14 new sites to the NPL, there are noTN 62 sites proposed and awaiting final agency action, 55 in the General Superfund Section and 7 in the Federal Facilities Section. Final and proposed sites now tota1?, 289. (These numbers reflect the status of sites as of April 27, 2000. Site deletions occurring after this date may affect these numbers at time of publication in the Federal Register.) C. What, Did EPA Do With the Public Comments It Received? EPA reviewed all comments received on the sites in this rule. The Midnite Mine site was proposed on February 16, 1999 (64 FR 7564). The Intermountain Waste Oil Refinery site and the Leviathan Mine site were proposed on October 22,1999 (64 FR 56992). The following sites were proposed on February 4, 2000 (65 FR 5435): Ouachita Nevada Wood Treater, Callaway & Son Drum Service, Landia Chemical Company, and Old Roosevelt Field Contaminated Ground Water Area. For Ouachita Nevada Wood Treater, Callaway & Son Drum Service, Landia Chemical Company, and, Old Roo, sevelt Field Contaminated Ground Water Area sites, EPA received no comments affecting the HRS scoring of these sites and therefore, EPA is placing them on the final NPL at this time. comments received on the other sites. EPA's responses to site­ specific public comments are addressed in the "Support Document for the Revised 2000". EPA responded to all relevant n National Priorities List Final Rule­ May IV. Executive Order 12866 A. What Is Executive Order 12866? 51735 (October 4,1993)) the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is "significant" and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines "significant regulatory action" as one that is likely to result in a rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an actioqtaken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or (4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. B. Is This Final Rule Subject to Executive OrdeG 12866 Review? No, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted this regulatory action from Executive Order 12866 review. V. Unfunded Mandates A. What Is the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)? Title I1 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public Law 104­ 4, establishes requirements for Federal Agencies to assess the effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost­ benefit analysis, for proposed and final rules with "Federal, mandates" that may result in expenditures by State, local, , and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million or more in any one year. Before EPA promulgates a rule for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most cost­ effective, or least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives* of the rule. The provisions of section 205 do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR adopt an alternative other than the least costly, most cost­ effective, or least burdensome alternative if the Administratpr publishes with the final rule an explanation why that alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory requirements. B. Does UMRA Apply to This Final Rule? No, EPA has determined that this rule does\ not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments in the aggregate, or by the private sector in any one year. This rule will not impose any federal intergovernmental mandate because it imposes no enforceable duty upon State, tribal or local governments. Listing a site on the NPL does not itself impose any costs. Listing does not mean that EPA necessarily will undertake remedial action. Nor does listing require any action by a private party or determine liability for response costs. Costs that arise out of site responses result from site­ specific decisions regarding what actions to take, not directly from the act of listing a site on the NPL. For the same reasons, EPA also has determined that this rule contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. In addition,, as discussed above, the private sector is not expected to incur costs exceeding $100 million. EPA has fulfilled the requirement for analysis under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. VI. Effect on Small Businesses A. What Is the Regulatory Flexibility Act? \ I Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U. S. C. 601 et seq, as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996) whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment 30486 Federal' Register / Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations . ,­ a regulatory flexibility analysis that VII. Possible Changes to the Effective describes the effect of the rule on small Date of the Rule entities (Le., small businesses, small A. Has This Rule Been Submitted to jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will The Congressional Review Act, not have a significant economic impact U. S. C. 801 et seq., as added by the on a substantial number of small Business Regulatory Enforcement entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to that before a rule may take effect, the Federal agencies to provide a statement agency promulgating the must , of the factual basis for certifying that a submit a rule report, which includes a rule will not have a significant copy of the rule, to each House of the economic impact on a substantial Congress and to the Comptroller General number of small entities. of the United States. EPA has submitted a report containing this rule and other B. Does the Regulatory Flexibility Act required information to the U. S. Senate, Apply t o T h i s Final Rule? the U. S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United an NPL revision is not a typical No. While this rule revises the NPL, States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register, A "major rule" regulatory change since it does not cannot take effect until 60 days after it automatically impose costs. As stated is published in the Federal Register. above, adding sites to the NPL does not This rule is not a g ~~~j ~~ rule" as in itself require any action by any party, defined by 5 u .s .~, 804( 2), party for the cost of cleanup at the site. B. Could the Effective Date O f This Fin Further, no identifiable groups are Rule Change? affected as a whole. As a consequence, Provisions of the Congressional impacts on any group are hard to Review Act (CkA) or section 305 of predict. A site's inclusion on the NPL CERCLA may alter the effective date of could increase the likelihood of adverse this regulation. impacts on responsible parties (in the Under the CRA, 5 U. S. C. 801( a), form of cleanup costs), but at this time before a rule can take effect the federal EPA cannot identify the potentially agency promulgating the rule must affected businesses or estimate the submit a report to each House of the number of small businesses that might Congress and to the Comptroller also be affected. General. This report must contain a The Agency does expect that placing Of the a concise general the sites in this rule on the NPL could statement relating to the rule (including significantly affect certain. industries, or whethec it is a major rule), a COPY of the firms within industries, that have cost­ benefit analysis of the rule (if any), caused a proportionately high the agency's actions relevant to percentage of waste site problems. provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility However, EPA does not expect the Act (affecting small businesses] and the listing of these sites to have a significant Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Of lgg5 economic impact on a substantial (describing unfunded federal number of small businesses. requirements imposed on state and local organizations, and governmental Congress a n d t h e General Accounting Office? Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides I nor does it determine the liability of any In any case, economic impacts and any other relevant information or governments and the private sector), Occur only through enforcement and \ requirements and any relevant cost­ recovery actions, which EPA takes Executive Orders. at it's discretion on a site­ by­ site basis. EPA has submitted a report under the EPA considers manykactors when CRA for thi6 rule. The rule will take determining enforcement actions, effect, as provided by law, within 30 including not only a firm's contribution days of publication of this document, to the problem, but also its ability to , since it is not a major rule. Section pay* The impacts (from cost recovery) 804( 2) defines a major rule as any rule <' On governmen and nonprofit that the Administrator of the Office of organizations would `i, ' e determined on a Information and Regulatory ~f f ~i ~~ similar case­ by­ case basis. (OIRA) of the Office of Management and For the foregoing reasons, I hereby Budget (OMB) finds has resulted in or certify that this rule, if promulgated, is likely to result in: an annual effect on will not have a significant economic the economy of$~ OO, OOO, OOO or more; a impact on a substantial number of small major increase in costs or prices for entities. Therefore, this regulation does consumers, individual industries, not require a regulatory flexibility Federal, State, or local government analysis. agencies, or geographic regions; or significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of Unit, ed States­ based enterprises to compete with foreign­ based enterprises in domest, ic and export markets. NPL listing is not a major rule because, as explained above, the listing, itself, imposes no monetary costs on any person. It establishes no enforceable duties, does not establish that EPA necessarily will undertake remedial action, nor does it require any action by any party or determine its liability for site response costs. Costs that arise out of site responses result from site­ by­ site decisions about what actions to take, not directly from the act of listing itself. Section 801( a)( 3) provides for a delay in the effective date of major y l e s after this report is submitted. C. What Could Cause the Effective Date of This Rule to Change? Under 5 U. S. C. 801( b)( l) a rule shall spot take effect, or continue in effect, if Congress enacts (and the President signs] a joint resolution of disapproval, described under section 802. Another statutory provision that may affect this rule is CERCLA section 305, which provides for a legislative veto of regulations promulgated under CERCLA. Although INS v. Chadha, 462 U. S. 919,103 S. Ct. 2764 (1983) and Bd. of Regents of the Universiv of Washington v. EPA, 86 F. 3d 1214,1222 , (D. C. Cir. 1996) cast the validity of the legislative, veto into question, EPA has transmitted a copy of this regulation to the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives. If action by Congress under either the CRA or CERCLA section 305 calls the effective date of this regulation into question, EPA will publish a document of clarification in the Federal Register. VIII. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act A. What Is the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act? Section 12( d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104­ 113, section 12( d) (15 U. S. C. 272 note), directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e. g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA, to > Federal Register/ Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations 30487 provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. B. Does the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Apply to This Final Rule? No. This rulemaking does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA did not consider the use of any voluntary consensus standards. IX. Executive Order 12898 A. What Is Executive Order 12898? Under Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low­ Income Populations," as well as through EPA's April 1995, "Environmental Justice Strategy, OSWER Environmental Justice Task Force Action Agenda Report," and National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, EPA has undertaken to incorporate environmental justice into its policies and programs. EPA is committed to addressing environmental justice concerns, and is assuming a leadership role in environmental justice initiatives to enhance environmental quality for all residents of the United States. The Agency's goals are to ensure that no segment of the population, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, bears disproportionately high adadverse human health and environmental effects as a result of EPA's policies, programs, and activities, and all people live in clean and i sustainable communities. preferable to other potentially effective imposes substantial direct compliance and reasonably feasible alternatives costs, and that is not required by statute, considered by the Agency. unless the Federal government provides '. the funds necessary to pay the direct B. `Does Executive Order 13b45 Apply tOcomDliance costs incurred bv state and This Final Rule? This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is not an economically significant rule as defined by Executive Order 12866, and because the Agency does not have reason to believe the environmeqtal health or safety risks addressed by this section present a disproportionate risk to children. XI. Paperwork Reduction Act A. What Is the Paperwork Reduction Act? Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U. S. C. 3501 et seq., an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information that requires OMB approval under the PRA, unless it has been approved by OMB and displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations, after initial display in the preamble of the final rules, are listed in 40 CFR part 9. The information collection requirements related to this action have already been approved by,, OMB pursuant to the PRA under OMB control number 2070­ 0012 (EPA ICR No. 574). B. Does the Paperwork Reduction Act Apply to This Final Rule? No. EPA has determined that the PRA does not apply because this rule does " ­ According to the Paperwork B. Does Executive Order 12898 Amlv torequirements that require approval of not contain­ aGy information collection " .. This Final Rule? No. While this rule revises the NPL, no action will result` from this rule that will have disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects on any segment of the population. X. Execdtive Order 13045 A. What Is Executive Order 13045? Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks" (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any rule that: (1) Is determined to be "economically significant" as defined under Executive Order 12866, and (2) co'ncerns an environmental health or safety risk that EPA has reason to believe may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health or sgfety effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned regulation is Executive Order 13045: "Protection of the OMB . XII. Executive Orders on Federalism What Are the Executive Orders on " This Final, Rule? Executive Order 13132, entitled "Federalism" (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure "meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications." "Policies that have federalism implications'` is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have "substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government." Under Section 6 of Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that locai govemments, or EPA cbnsults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulati, on. EPA also may not issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts State law, unless the Agency consults with State and local officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the nafional government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule. XIII. Executive Order 13084 What Is Executive Order 13084 and Is It Applicable ,to This Final Rule? Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required, by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those governments. If EPA complies by ,' consulting, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a separately identified section of the areamble to the This final rule does not have prior consultition with representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal governments "to provide meaningful and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect their `communities." This rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal governments because it does not significantly or uniquely affect their communities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 3( b) of T" 30488 Federal Rep; ister/ Vol. 65, No. 92 /Thursday, May 11, 2000 /Rules and Regulations ~~ ~~ Executive Order 13084 do not apply to Dated: May 3,2000. Authority: 33 U. S. C. 1321( c)( 2); 42 U. S. C. this rule. Timothy Fields, Jr., 9601­ 9657; E. 0.12777, 56 FR 54757, 3 CFR, List of Subjects in 40 CFR part 300 Assistant Administrator, Office of Solid Waste 1991 Comp., p. 351; E. O. 12580,! 52 FR 2923, 3 CFR, 1987 Comp., p. 193. pollution control, Chemicals, Hazardous 40CFR part 300 is amended as 2. Table 1 of Appendix B to Part 300 substances, Hazardous waste, follows: i s a m e n d e d by a d d i n g t h e following Intergovernmental relations, Natural sites in alphabetical order to read as resources, Oil pollution, Penalties, PART 300­[ AMENDED] follows: and Emergency Response. Environmental protection, Air Reporting andrecordkeeping requirements, Superfund, Water 1. The authority citation for part 300 Appendix €3 to Part 300­ IVational pollution control, Water supply. continues to read as follows: Priorities List TABLE 1 .­ GENERAL SUPERFUND SECTION State Site name (a) * t , * AR ................ OuachitaNevadaWoodTreater .................................................................. Reader. CA ................ LeviathanMine ............................................................................................ AlpineCounty. /* FL ................. Callaway & Son Drum Service .................................................................... LakeAlfred. FL ................. LandiaChemicalCompany .......................................................................... * * NY ................ Old RooseveltFieldContaminatedGroundWaterArea ............................. UT ................ IntermountainWaste Oil Refinery ................................................................ WA ............... MidniteMine ................................................................................................ \ * Lakeland. GardenCity. Bountiful. * Wellpinit. (a) A= Based on issuance of health advisory by Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (if scored, HRS score need not be 5: 28.50). C= Sites on construction completion list. S= State top priority (included among the 100 toppriority sites regardless of score). P= Sites with partial deletion( s). [FR Doc. 00­ 11562 Filed 5­ 10­ 00; 8: 45 am] BILLING CODE 6560­ 50­ Pi

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:31.655603

regulations

FDA-1999-P-0158-0003

Notice

Food Labeling: Added Sugars; Availability of Citizen Petition

[Federal Register: June 26, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 123)] [Notices] [Page 39414-39415] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr26jn00-71] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. 99P-2630] Food Labeling: Added Sugars; Availability of Citizen Petition AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Notice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability for comment of a petition submitted by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). The petition requested that FDA establish a Daily Reference Value (DRV) for added sugars with a corresponding Daily Value, require the declaration of added sugars, and revise criteria pertaining to nutrient content claims and health claims. DATES: Submit written comments on the petition by September 25, 2000. ADDRESSES: Submit written comments to the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Electronic comments may be submitted via the Internet to: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/dockets/comments/ commentdocket.cfm or via e-mail to: [email protected]. All comments should be identified with the docket number found in brackets in the heading of this document. The petition is available for review at the Dockets Management Branch (address above) or electronically on the agency's web site at http//www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets.htm. You may also request a copy of the petition from the Dockets Management Branch. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathleen Smith, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-832), Food and Drug Administration, 200 C St. SW., Washington, DC 20204, 202-205-5372. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. The Citizen Petition CSPI, in a citizen petition filed on August 4, 1999, requested that the agency establish a DRV of 40 grams for added sugars and require the declaration of added sugars in nutrition labeling in both grams per serving and a corresponding percent Daily Value. CSPI also requested that FDA define nutrient content claims for added sugars. Finally, CSPI requested that, when nutrient content or health claims are made about a food, meal product, or main dish product, FDA set, in addition to the limits on other nutrients described in the current regulations, limits and require disclosure of the total amount of added sugars for these claims. CSPI's ground for its petition is that the labeling provision for added sugars is necessary as a public health measure to give consumers the tools they need to reduce their intake of added sugars. CSPI states in the petition that based on U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) data, the per capita consumption of added sugars has risen 28 percent since 1983, and that, in some people, diets with large amounts of added sugars contribute to obesity, the prevalence of which has risen dramatically in the last two decades in both youths and adults. CSPI also asserts that diets with added sugars, from such foods as soft drinks, fruit drinks, candy, cakes, and cookies, include fewer healthier foods that provide nutrients that reduce the risk of osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. In addition, CSPI states that frequent consumption of foods with added sugars promotes tooth decay. CSPI asserts that it is impossible for consumers to determine how much sugar has been added to foods such as yogurt, ice cream, fruit snacks, and juice drinks using current labels. In addition, CSPI states that current labels fail to inform consumers about the proportion of a reasonable day's intake of added sugars that a serving of food provides. CSPI maintains that, although USDA provided quantitative dietary recommendations for added sugars in The Food Guide Pyramid, without labeling of added sugars, it is difficult for consumers to follow such recommendations. USDA's quantitative recommendation serves as the basis for CSPI's request for a DRV of 40 grams for added sugars. II. FDA Background FDA addressed comments on added sugars in the January 6, 1993, final rule entitled ``Food Labeling: Mandatory Status of Nutrition Labeling and Nutrient Content Revision, Format for Nutrition Label'' (58 FR 2079). Comments had recommended mandatory declaration of added sugars only, rather than total sugars, in nutrition labeling and either mandatory or voluntary declaration of both added [[Page 39415]] and naturally occurring sugars (58 FR 2079 at 2098). FDA listed three reasons for deciding against implementing these recommendations: (1) The body does not make any physiological distinction between added and naturally occurring sugars in foods; (2) for most foods there is no analytical method to differentiate between added and naturally occurring sugars; and (3) the declaration of only added sugars could significantly underrepresent the sugars content of many foods that have a large quantity of naturally occurring sugars. Instead, the final rules required that total sugars be a mandatory component of nutrition labeling (21 CFR 101.9(c)(6)(ii)) (58 FR 2079 at 2176). In the January 6, 1993, final rule entitled ``Food Labeling; Reference Daily Intakes and Daily Reference Values'' (58 FR 2206), FDA concluded that there was not sufficient basis to establish a DRV for added sugars because there was no conclusive evidence that demonstrated that sugars intake from any source was associated with chronic disease conditions. Additionally, the agency noted the absence of analytical capabilities to distinguish between added sugars and naturally- occurring sugars and the lack of consensus concerning the specific proportion of total carbohydrate that should be attributed to total sugars and complex carbohydrate. In conclusion, FDA did not support the separate establishment of DRV's for added sugars, naturally-occurring sugars, and total sugars (58 FR 2206 at 2221 and 2222). FDA's food labeling regulations do require that sugars that are used as ingredients in a food product (i.e., that are added) be declared in the ingredient list on the label or labeling of that food (21 CFR 101.4(a)(1)). The listing of the added sugars must be by the common or usual name of the particular sugar and be in descending order of predominance among the other ingredients in the food product. III. Comments You may submit written or electronic comments to the Dockets Management Branch (address above), on or before September 25, 2000. Electronic comments may be submitted via the Internet to: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/oc/dockets/comments/commentdocket.cfm or via e-mail to: [email protected]. Groups or organizations must submit two copies of any comments. Individuals may submit one copy of their comments. Identify your written comments by placing the docket number at the top of your comment(s). If you base your comments on scientific evidence or data, please submit copies of the specific information along with your comments. Any comments submitted will be filed under the docket number identified in brackets in the heading of this document. The petition and received comments may be seen in the Dockets Management Branch between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. Dated: June 16, 2000. Margaret M. Dotzel, Associate Commissioner for Policy. [FR Doc. 00-16066 Filed 6-23-00; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4160-01-F

fda

2024-06-07T20:31:31.916137

regulations

OSHA-S777-2006-0944-0002

Supporting & Related Material

Name: LIGHT DAVID ANTHONY Title: Organization: BRYLANE Date: 20000803 Address1: Address2: City: SCHERTZ State: TX Zip Code: 78154 Docket Number: S777 Exhibit Number: 501-16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Post-hearing comments about the public hearings that ended May 12, 2000 or July 7, 2000. Only those who filed a Notice of Intention to Appear at one of the sessions are permitted to submit post-hearing comments. These must be received by August 10, 2000. Use this form to submit post-hearing comments about the informal public hearings that concluded May 12, 2000 or the July 7, 2000 session. Only those persons who previously filed a Notice of Intention to Appear at one of the hearing suessions in Washington, DC, Chicago, IL, Portland, OR, or Atlanta, GA, are permitted to submit post-hearing comments. These comments must be submitted by August 10, 2000. NOTE: From May 12 through June 26, 2000, you will have the opportunity to submit additional information, data and documentary evidence. From June 27 through August 10, 2000 you may submit only post-hearing briefs, arguments and summations. Materials referenced or discussed in your brief, argument or summation must have been submitted by the June 26, 2000 deadline. You may not attach materials, such as studies, graphs tables, or journal articles, to your on-line submission. These materials must be submitted in duplicate by mail to the OSHA Docket Office, Docket S-777, Room N-2625, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Wasington, DC 20210. If you intend to submit comments on-line, but also intend to provide additional materials, please clearly identify your on-line comments by name, date, and subject so that the mailed materials can be correctly attached to your on-line comments. Please enter you on-line comments in the box below. I started working at Brylane in Universal City,Texas on October 13,1997. I have seen first-hand how employees are neglected from the right to proper training to prevent MSD and proper equipment to guard against MSD. Like food poisoning,in my opinion;the daily activity, stressing the body, causes harm and leaves the employee with problems with the lower back, wrists, and vision problems. Until the chair broke on July 2nd, which Human Resourses stated they have had repaired on July 28, 2000, I had no understanding of what was happening. I thank God, for the wake-up call of the chair snapping, and the Texas Workmans Compensation claim now in progress.You have helped, along with IBM and COMPAQ with their truthfulness and warnings of the computer work station. Thank you for standing up for the thousands that have come and gone at Brylane and other call centers such as USAA, Southwestern Bell, Citi-bank, Sears Home Station, cable companies,UPS,Federal Express,police stations,etc(please help us< the Cry)- could some of those being a result of MSD stress because management didnt care and those employees couldnt find solutions as I have done? I dont think you realize the good you will do by requiring businesses to have the proper training, equipment, and finally and most important- attitude! If the grocery store HEB can make changes so great to protect the customer against food-borne illness-why cant OSHA!

osha

2024-06-07T20:31:32.735063

regulations

OSHA-S777-2006-0944-0003

Supporting & Related Material

Name: HERNANDEZ PETER Title: Organization: AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE Date: 20000810 Address1: Address2: City: WASHINGTON State: DC Zip Code: 20035 Docket Number: S777 Exhibit Number: 501-17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Post-hearing comments about the public hearings that ended May 12, 2000 or July 7, 2000. Only those who filed a Notice of Intention to Appear at one of the sessions are permitted to submit post-hearing comments. These must be received by August 10, 2000. Use this form to submit post-hearing comments about the informal public hearings that concluded May 12, 2000 or the July 7, 2000 session. Only those persons who previously filed a Notice of Intention to Appear at one of the hearing suessions in Washington, DC, Chicago, IL, Portland, OR, or Atlanta, GA, are permitted to submit post-hearing comments. These comments must be submitted by August 10, 2000. NOTE: From May 12 through June 26, 2000, you will have the opportunity to submit additional information, data and documentary evidence. From June 27 through August 10, 2000 you may submit only post-hearing briefs, arguments and summations. Materials referenced or discussed in your brief, argument or summation must have been submitted by the June 26, 2000 deadline. You may not attach materials, such as studies, graphs tables, or journal articles, to your on-line submission. These materials must be submitted in duplicate by mail to the OSHA Docket Office, Docket S-777, Room N-2625, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Wasington, DC 20210. If you intend to submit comments on-line, but also intend to provide additional materials, please clearly identify your on-line comments by name, date, and subject so that the mailed materials can be correctly attached to your on-line comments. Please enter you on-line comments in the box below. No Response

osha

2024-06-07T20:31:32.738031

regulations

OSHA-T034-2006-0779-0037

Notice

4-1: Notice on NEW JERSEY STATE PLAN FOR PUBLIC EMPLOYEES

Name: VERRI ANDREA Title: Organization: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Date: 20001126 Address1: Address2: City: MIDDLETON State: WI Zip Code: 53562 Docket Number: T034 Exhibit Number: 4-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Submission of the New Jersey State Plan for Public Employees: Proposal to Grant Initial State Plan Approval; Request for Public Comment. The Federal Register notice gives notice of the submission by the New Jersey Department of Labor of a State occupational safety and health plan, applicable only to public sector employment (employees of the State and its political subdivisions), for determination of initial approval under section 18 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA is seeking written public comment on whether or not initial State plan approval should be granted and offers an opportunity to interested persons to request an informal public hearing on the question of initial State plan approval. Approval of the New Jersey Public Employees Only State plan will be contingent upon a dtermination that the plan meets OSHAs plan approval criteria and the availability of funding as contained in the Department of Labors Fiscal Year 2001 budget, which iscurrently pending final Congressional and Executive action. Electronic Public comment on the New Jersey Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health Plan is hereby requested. These comments must be received on or before December 13, 2000. To provide an electronic submission, please enter your comments in thebox below. November 26,2000Mr. Frank Meilinger Docket Officer Docket T-034 U.S. Department of Labor Room N2625 200 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, DC Dear Mr. Meilinger,Im writing in response to your request for comments on the safety and health plan to cover New Jersey public employees. I am a freshman attending the University of Wisconsin-Madison and I feel it is my responsibility to express my views and comment on issues that I feel are crucial to our society. Thisplan is important to me because I believe that all employees should have the opportunity to have a safe and healthful place to work, just as I have had the benefit of receiving throughout my years of working. I believe employers have a moral and legal obligation to return employees home each day without fear from injury or occupational illness. Employees working in a hazard free environment are more productive and content. As a third party, OSHA can look at the work place independent of employer or employee bias, and render a decision as to whether employees need to be protected from work place hazards.Granted such application to provide for the health and safety of employees is not effortless, but the goal that should be kept in mind is how to provide for the best interests of the employees.I appreciate the time that you took to read my letter. Do you feel that public safety will be improved by OSHA&#8217;s involvement?Sincerely,Andrea Verri 8510 Greenway Blv. Apt 212 Middleton, WI 53562 [email protected]

osha

2024-06-07T20:31:32.777424

regulations

DOT-OST-1996-1629-0270

Notice

Notice of Entry of Appearance

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________ | TRANSATLANTIC, TRANSPACIFIC | Docket OST-96-1629 AND LATIN AMERICAN SERVICE | MAIL RATES INVESTIGATION | ________________________________ | NOTICE OF ENTRY OF APPEARANCE Communications with respect to this document should be addressed to: William J. Jones United States Postal Service Law Department 475 L’Enfant Plaza W, SW Washington, D.C. 20260-1127 202-268-3002 Date Filed: December 17, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________ | TRANSATLANTIC, TRANSPACIFIC | Docket OST-96-1629 AND LATIN AMERICAN SERVICE | MAIL RATES INVESTIGATION | ________________________________ | NOTICE OF ENTRY OF APPEARANCE In accordance with the rules of practice governing these proceedings, the undersigned hereby enters his appearance as Counsel for the United States Postal Service in place of all other persons previously of record as such Counsel. Respectfully submitted, ________________________ William J. Jones CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that I have, this 17th day of December, 2001, served a copy of the foregoing upon the following parties via United States First-Class Mail: Donald T. Bliss, Esq. Carl B. Nelson, Jr., Esq. David T. Beddow, Esq. Associate General Counsel O’Melveny & Myers American Airlines, Inc. 555 13th Street, NW, Suite 500-W 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20004-1159 Washington, DC 20036-4768 Counsel to U.S. Airways Counsel to American Airlines Robert E. Cohn, Esq. Megan Rae Rosia, Esq. Shaw Pittman Associate General Counsel 2300 N Street NW Northwest Airlines, Inc. Washington, DC 20037-1122 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 310 Washington, DC 20005-2348 Counsel to Delta Airlines Counsel to Northwest Airlines R. Bruce Keiner, Jr., Esq. Crowell & Moring LLP Glenn P. Wicks, Esq. 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW The Wicks Group, PLLC Washington, DC 20004-2595 900 19th Street, NW, Suite 350 Washington, DC 20005-2125 Counsel to Continental Airlines Counsel to TWA Jeffrey A. Manley, Esq. Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering 2445 M Street NW Suite 500 Washington, DC 20037-1487 Counsel to United Airlines ___________________________ William J. Jones PAGE PAGE 3

dot

2024-06-07T20:31:33.587199

regulations

DOT-OST-1997-2591-0007

Notice

Notice of Action Taken re: Atlas Air, Inc.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, DC Issued by the Department of Transportation on May 10, 2001 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-97-2591 ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Application of Atlas Air, Inc. filed 4/16/01 to: XX Renew for two years exemption under 49 U.S.C. 40109 to provide the following service: Scheduled foreign air transportation of property and mail between New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Anchorage, and Honolulu, on the one hand, and Hong Kong, on the other, via intermediate points in Taiwan and Korea (without local traffic rights between Taiwan and Korea, on the one hand, and Hong Kong on the other). Applicant rep: William C. Evans, 202-371-6030 DOT Analyst: Sylvia Moore, 202-366-6519 D I S P O S I T I O N XX Granted The above action was effective when taken: May 10, 2001, through May 10, 2003 Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation XX The authority granted is consistent with the aviation agreements between the United States and Hong Kong, the United States and Korea, and the aviation agreement governing air services between the United States and Taiwan. Except to the extent exempted or waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: XX Holder’s certificates of public convenience and necessity XX Standard exemption conditions (attached) ________________________________________________________________________ ______________ On the basis of data officially noticeable under Rule 24(g) of the Department's regulations, we found the applicant qualified to provide the services authorized. Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) grant of the exemption authority was consistent with the public interest; and (3) grant of the authority would not constitute a major federal action under the Energy, Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: HYPERLINK "http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp" http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp  APPENDIX U.S. CARRIER Standard Exemption Conditions In the conduct of operations authorized by the attached notice, the applicant(s) shall: (1) Hold at all times effective operating authority from the government of each country served; (2) Comply with applicable requirements concerning oversales contained in 14 CFR 250 (for scheduled operations, if authorized); (3) Comply with the requirements for reporting data contained in 14 CFR 241; (4) Comply with requirements for minimum insurance coverage, and for certifying that coverage to the Department, contained in 14 CFR 205; (5) Except as specifically exempted or otherwise provided for in a Department Order, comply with the requirements of 14 CFR 203, concerning waiver of Warsaw Convention liability limits and defenses; (6) Comply with the applicable requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration Regulations, including all FAA requirements concerning security; and (7) Comply with such other reasonable terms, conditions, and limitations required by the public interest as may be prescribed by the Department of Transportation, with all applicable orders and regulations of other U.S. agencies and courts, and with all applicable laws of the United States. The authority granted shall be effective only during the period when the holder is in compliance with the conditions imposed above.

dot

2024-06-07T20:31:33.621011

regulations

DOT-OST-1997-2890-0009

Notice

Notice of Action Taken re: Aero Rentas de Coahuila, S.A. de C.V.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. Issued by the Department of Transportation on October 3, 2001 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST 97-2890 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Applicant: AERO RENTAS de COAHUILA, S.A. de C.V. Date Filed: October 3, 2001 Relief requested: Exemption from 49 USC section 41301 to permit the applicant to continue to conduct passenger charter operations between Mexico and the United States, and other passenger charter operations in accordance with 14 CFR Part 212, using small equipment. If renewal, date and citation of last action: September 19, 2000; in this Docket. Applicant representative(s): Daniel Elizondo, 210-922-2855 Responsive pleadings: None. DISPOSITION Action: Approved. Action date: October 3, 2001 Effective dates of authority granted: October 3, 2001, through October 3, 2002. Basis for approval (bilateral agreement/reciprocity): United States-Mexico Air Transport Services Agreement of August 15, 1960, as amended and extended (Agreement). Except to the extent exempted/waived, this authority is subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations indicated: X Standard exemption conditions. Special conditions/Partial grant/Denial basis/Remarks: In the conduct of these operations, the carrier must adhere to all applicable provisions of the U.S.-Mexico Agreement. In the conduct of these operations, the carrier may only use aircraft capable of carrying no more than 60 passengers and having a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000 pounds (small equipment). The above grant includes authority to conduct Third and Fourth Freedom charter operations. While we have subjected, consistent with the provisions of the Agreement, Mexican carriers conducting charter operations with large aircraft to prior approval or submission of notice for their Third and Fourth Freedom charters, we determined that any such requirement was not necessary on public interest grounds in this case, since the carrier will be conducting these operations solely with small aircraft. (Other charter operations to/from the United States under this authority, however, are subject to prior approval under 14 CFR Part 212.) Further, we are continuing to allow Mexican carriers conducting passenger charters using small equipment to make stopovers in the United States in the conduct of such operations. Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; (2) the applicant was qualified to perform its proposed operations; (3) grant of the authority was consistent with the public interest; and (4) grant of the authority would not constitute a major regulatory action under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. To the extent not granted/deferred/dismissed, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion. Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp

dot

2024-06-07T20:31:33.628571

regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3289-0058

Notice

30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.

Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 October 17, 2001 Mr. Paul L. Gretch Director, Office of International Aviation U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Room 6402 Washington, D.C. 20590 RE: 30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. ("Aeromexico") (Intra-U.S. codesharing), Docket OST-97-3289 Dear Mr. Gretch: Pursuant to Order 99-6-6, Delta and Aeromexico hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about December 14, 2001, Delta will display Aeromexico's "AM" designator code on flights operated by Delta between Salt Lake City, on the one hand, and Billings, Boise, Great Falls and Helena, on the other hand. Respectfully submitted, William C. Evans Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 Counsel for Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3289-0060

Notice

30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.

Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 November 5, 2001 Mr. Paul L. Gretch Director, Office of International Aviation U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Room 6402 Washington, D.C. 20590 RE: 30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. ("Aeromexico") (Intra-U.S. codesharing), Docket OST-97-3289 Dear Mr. Gretch: Pursuant to Order 99-6-6, Delta and Aeromexico hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about December 10, 2001, Delta will display Aeromexico's "AM" designator code on flights operated by Delta between Salt Lake City, on the one hand, and Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; San Francisco, California and San Jose, California, on the other hand. Respectfully submitted, William C. Evans Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 Counsel for Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3289-0061

Notice

30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.

Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 November 30, 2001 Via electronic submission Mr. Paul L. Gretch Director, Office of International Aviation U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Room 6402 Washington, D.C. 20590 RE: 30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. ("Aeromexico") (Intra-U.S. codesharing), Docket OST-97-3289 Dear Mr. Gretch: Pursuant to Order 99-6-6, Delta and Aeromexico hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about January 1, 2002, Delta will display Aeromexico's "AM" designator code on flights operated by Delta between Salt Lake City, on the one hand, and Kansas City and Missoula, on the other hand. Respectfully submitted, /s/ /s/ William C. Evans Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 Counsel for Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc. cc: Jonathan Echmalian Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-1997-3289-0062

Notice

30-day Notice Delta Air Lines, Inc. and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.

Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 December 14, 2001 Via electronic submission Mr. Paul L. Gretch Director, Office of International Aviation U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, S.W., Room 6402 Washington, D.C. 20590 RE: 30-Day Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. ("Aeromexico") (Intra-U.S. codesharing), Docket OST-97-3289 Dear Mr. Gretch: Pursuant to Order 99-6-6, Delta and Aeromexico hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about January 14, 2002, Delta will display Aeromexico's "AM" designator code on flights operated by Delta between Salt Lake City and Denver. Respectfully submitted, /s/ /s/ William C. Evans Verner Liipfert Bernhard McPherson and Hand, Chartered 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202-371-6030 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen ShawPittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 202-663-8060 Counsel for Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc. cc: Jonathan Echmalian Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-1999-6501-0021

Notice

Notice of Additional Code-Share Services

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in code-share services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODE-SHARE SERVICES Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Andrea Fischer Newman Senior Vice President, Government Affairs David G. Mishkin Vice President, International & Regulatory Affairs Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. 901 15th Street, N.W. Suite 310 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-3193 Paul V. Mifsud Vice President, Government & Legal Affairs – USA KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES 2501 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 955-7993 Dated: March 7, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in code-share services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODE-SHARE SERVICES Pursuant to conditions (b) and (f) of the Department’s Action dated January 5, 2000 in this docket, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ("KLM") and Northwest Airlines, Inc. (“Northwest”) (collectively the “Joint Applicants”), hereby give notice that Northwest will display the “KL” designator code on flights operated by Northwest between Amsterdam and Delhi and Mumbai ("Bombay"), India. The Joint Applicants intend to commence code-share operations in these city pair markets as soon as possible. Respectfully submitted, /s/Megan Rae Rosia/s/ Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. 901 15th Street, N.W. Suite 310 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-3193 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (On behalf of the Joint Applicants) Dated: March 7, 2001CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on this 7th day of March 2001, a copy of the foregoing Notice of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Northwest Airlines, Inc. was served on the following: Nathaniel P. Breed, Jr. Counsel for Federal Express Shaw Pittman 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Jeffrey A. Manley Counsel for United Air Lines and Polar Air Cargo Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering 2445 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Robert E. Cohn Counsel for Delta Air Lines Shaw Pittman 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) John L. Richardson Counsel for Amerijet International Crispin & Brenner, P.L.L.C. 1156 Fifteenth Street, N.W. Suite 1105 Washington, D.C. 20005 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) R. Bruce Keiner, Jr. Lorraine B. Halloway Counsel for Continental Airlines Continental Micronesia, and Emery Worldwide Crowell & Moring 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Carl B. Nelson, Jr. Associate General Counsel American Airlines, Inc. 1101 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20036 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Hershel Kamen Vice President—International and Regulatory Affairs Continental Airlines and Continental Micronesia Government Affairs—8th Floor 1600 Smith Street Dept. HQSGV Houston, TX 77002 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) David L. Vaughan Counsel for United Parcel Service Kelley, Drye & Warren 1200 Nineteenth Street, N.W. Suite 500 Washington, D.C. 20036 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Tom Lydon Director of Government Affairs Evergreen International Aviation, Inc. 1629 K Street, N.W. Suite 301 Washington, D.C. 20006 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Julie S. Sande Manager, Contracts and Regulatory Affairs World Airways, Inc. 13873 Park Center Road Suite 490 Herndon, VA 20171 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) George J. Aste Vice President – International Affairs Trans World Airlines, Inc. 900 Nineteenth Street, N.W. Suite 350 Washington, D.C. 20006 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Nicholas Lacey Director Flight Standards Service Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 821 Washington, D.C. 20591 (BY MAIL) Thomas J. White Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 5830 Washington, D.C. 20520 (BY MAIL) EMBASSY OF INDIA 2107 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 (BY MAIL) /s/Fawn A. Severino/s/ Fawn A.Severino (continued…) PAGE 2 PAGE 4 PAGE 2 PAGE 2

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regulations

DOT-OST-1999-6501-0022

Notice

Notice of Additional Codeshare Services

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in codeshare services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE SERVICES Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Andrea Fischer Newman Senior Vice President, Government Affairs David G. Mishkin Vice President, International & Regulatory Affairs Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. 901 15th Street, N.W. Suite 310 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-3193 Paul V. Mifsud Vice President, Government & Legal Affairs – USA KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES 2501 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 955-7993 Dated: April 9, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in codeshare services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE SERVICES Pursuant to conditions (b) and (f) of the Department’s Action dated January 5, 2000 in this docket, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (“KLM”) and Northwest Airlines, Inc. (“Northwest”) provide notice that KLM’s “KL” designator code will be displayed on the following flights: Market Operator Implementation Date Memphis, TN-Fort Lauderdale, FL Northwest 30 days or after Detroit, MI-Lansing, MI Northwest Airlink (Express I) May 15, 2001 or after Memphis, TN-Columbus, OH Northwest Airlink (Express I) June 1, 2001 or after Memphis, TN-Greensboro, NC Northwest June 1, 2001 or after Detroit, MI-Evansville, IN Northwest Airlink (Express I) June 1, 2001 or after Detroit, MI-Bozeman, MT Northwest June 2, 2001 or after Respectfully submitted, /s/Megan Rae Rosia/s/ Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel Northwest Airlines, Inc. 901 15th Street, N.W., Suite 310 Washington, DC 20005 (202) 842-3193 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] Dated: April 9, 2001 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on this 9th day of April 2001, a copy of the foregoing document of Northwest Airlines, Inc. was served on the following: Nicholas Lacey, Director Director, Flight Standards Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue, S.W. Suite 821 Washington, D.C. 20591 (BY MAIL) Carl B. Nelson, Jr. Associate General Counsel American Airlines, Inc. 1101 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20036 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Robert E. Cohn Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc. Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Donald T. Bliss Counsel for US Airways, Inc. O’Melveny & Myers LLP 555 13th Street, N.W. Suite 500 West Washington, D.C. 20004 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Jeffrey A. Manley Counsel for United Airlines Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering 2445 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Thomas J. White Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 5830 Washington, DC 20520 (BY MAIL) U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Transcom TCJ5 Attn: Air Mobility Analysis 508 Scott Drive Scott AFB, IL 62225-5357 (BY MAIL) /s/Fawn A. Severino/s/ Fawn A. Severino  (continued…)

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regulations

DOT-OST-1999-6501-0023

Notice

Notice of Additional Codeshare Service

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in codeshare services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE SERVICE Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Andrea Fischer Newman Senior Vice President, Government Affairs David G. Mishkin Vice President, International & Regulatory Affairs Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. 901 15th Street, N.W. Suite 310 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-3193 Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 17th Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006 (202) 298-8660 Attorneys for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. Dated: May 7, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. And KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES And NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. Under 14 C.F.R. Part 212 for blanket statements of authorization to engage in codeshare services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-99-6501 Dated: May 7, 2001 NOTICE OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE SERVICE Pursuant to conditions (b) and (f) of the Department’s Action dated January 5, 2000 in this docket, Northwest Airlines, Inc. (“Northwest”) and Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane-S.p.A. (“Alitalia”) hereby provide notice that Alitalia intends to display the two letter “NW” designator code of Northwest on flights operated by Alitalia for the purpose of carriage of mail in the following markets: (1) Newark-Milan, Italy; (2) Milan-Naples, Italy; (3) Milan-Catania, Italy. The parties intend to implement codesharing in the referenced markets within 30 days. Respectfully submitted, /s/ Megan Rae Rosia /s/ Megan Rae Rosia Managing Director, Government Affairs & Associate General Counsel NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC. 901 15th Street, N.W. Suite 310 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-3193 HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected] Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 17th Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006 (202) 298-8660 Attorneys for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on this 7th day of May 2001, a copy of the foregoing Application of Northwest Airlines, Inc. was served on the following: Nathaniel P. Breed, Jr. Counsel for Federal Express Shaw, Pittman 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Jeffrey A. Manley Counsel for United Air Lines Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering 2445 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Robert E. Cohn Counsel for Delta Air Lines Shaw, Pittman 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Tom Lydon Director of Government Affairs Evergreen International Aviation, Inc. 1629 K Street, N.W. Suite 301 Washington, D.C. 20006 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Carl B. Nelson, Jr. Associate General Counsel American Airlines, Inc. 1101 17th Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20036 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Julie S. Sande Manager, Contracts and Regulatory Affairs World Airways, Inc. HLH Building 101 World Drive Peachtree City, GA 30269 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Jed T. Orme Senior Vice President and General Counsel DHL Airways, Inc. 50 California Street Suite 500 San Francisco, CA 94111-4624 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Nicholas A. Sabatini Director Flight Standards Service Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue, S.W. Room 821 Washington, D.C. 20591 (BY MAIL) Donald T. Bliss Counsel for US Airways O’Melveny & Myers LLP 555 13th Street, N.W. Suite 500 West Washington, D.C. 20004 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) Paul V. Mifsud Vice President, Government and Legal Affairs-United States KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES 2501 M Street, N.W. Suite 612 Washington, D.C. 20037 HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] (BY E-MAIL) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE USTRANSCOM/TCJ5-AA Attn: Air Mobility Analysis 508 Scott Drive Scott AFB, IL 62225-5357 (BY MAIL) John R. Byerly Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Affairs U.S. Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 5830 Washington, D.C. 20520 (BY MAIL) /s/Fawn A. Severino/s/ Fawn A. Severino (continued…) Notice of Additional Codeshare Services Page PAGE 2 PAGE 2 PAGE 2

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regulations

DOT-OST-2000-6939-0004

Notice

Notice of Societe Air France and Comair, Inc. of Additional Codeshare Points

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Joint Application of SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE and COMAIR, INC. for a statement of authorization (United States-France Blanket Codeshare Authority) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-2000-6939 NOTICE OF SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE AND COMAIR, INC. OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE POINTS Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Michael F. Goldman SILVERBERG, GOLDMAN & BIKOFF L.L.P. 1101 30th Street, N.W., Suite 120 Washington, D.C. 20007 (202) 944-3305 Counsel for SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 John Varley, Assistant General Counsel James Coblin, Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 715-2872 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. September 6, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Joint Application of SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE and COMAIR, INC. for a statement of authorization (United States-France Blanket Codeshare Authority) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-2000-6939 NOTICE OF SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE AND COMAIR, INC. OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE POINTS Pursuant to the statement of authorization granted to Societé Air France (“Air France”) and Comair, Inc. (“Comair) by Department Action dated March 3, 2000, Air France and Comair hereby notify the Department that Comair will display the “AF” designator code of Air France on flights operated by Comair between Cincinnati (CVG) and each of the following points: Buffalo (BUF) Greensboro (GSO) South Bend (SBN) Respectfully submitted, ________________________________ Michael F. Goldman SILVERBERG, GOLDMAN & BIKOFF L.L.P. 1101 30th Street, N.W., Suite 120 Washington, D.C. 20007 (202) 944-3305 Counsel for SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE ________________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-2000-6939-0005

Notice

Notice of Societe Air France and Comair, Inc. of Additional Codeshare Points

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Joint Application of SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE and COMAIR, INC. for a statement of authorization (United States-France Blanket Codeshare Authority) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-2000-6939 NOTICE OF SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE AND COMAIR, INC. OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE POINTS Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Michael F. Goldman SILVERBERG, GOLDMAN & BIKOFF, L.L.P. 1101 30th Street, N.W., Suite 120 Washington, D.C. 20007 (202) 944-3305 Counsel for SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 John Varley, Assistant General Counsel James Coblin, Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 715-2872 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. October 9, 2001 BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, DC Joint Application of SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE and COMAIR, INC. for a statement of authorization (United States-France Blanket Codeshare Authority) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-2000-6939 NOTICE OF SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE AND COMAIR, INC. OF ADDITIONAL CODESHARE POINTS Pursuant to the statement of authorization granted to Societé Air France (“Air France”) and Comair, Inc. (“Comair) by Department Action dated March 3, 2000, Air France and Comair hereby notify the Department that Comair plans to display the “AF” designator code of Air France on flights operated by Comair between Cincinnati (CVG) and each of the points listed in Exhibit A. Respectfully submitted, ___________________________________ Michael F. Goldman SILVERBERG, GOLDMAN & BIKOFF, L.L.P. 1101 30th Street, N.W., Suite 120 Washington, D.C. 20007 (202) 944-3305 Counsel for SOCIETÉ AIR FRANCE ________________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. Exhibit A “AF” Designator To Be Displayed On Comair-Operated Flights Effective October 28, 2001 Cincinnati (CVG) to/from: Akron/Canton (CAK) Charlottesville (CHO) Detroit (DTW) Evansville (EVV) Lansing (LAN) Myrtle Beach (MYR) Pittsburgh (PIT) Toledo (TOL) Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page

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regulations

DOT-OST-2000-8207-0014

Notice

Notice of Delta and CSA Re: Additional Codeshare Points

Mendelsohn & O'Keefe 1201 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 850 Washington, DC 20036 202-775-0680 Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 202-663-8060 July 3, 2001 Via Facsimile and Electronic Submission Mr. Paul L. Gretch Director, Office of International Affairs U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh St., SW, Room 6401 Washington, DC 20590 RE: Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") and Czech Airlines ("CSA") Regarding Additional Codeshare Points Docket OST-2000-8207 Dear Mr. Gretch: By its Action dated February 27, 2001, the Department approved codeshare operations between Delta and CSA on a blanket basis, subject to 30-day notice condition. Delta and CSA hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about August 1, 2001, Delta and CSA plan to implement additional codeshare services over the routes identified in Attachment A. Respectfully submitted, Allan Mendelsohn Constance O'Keefe Mendelsohn & O'Keefe 1201 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 850 Washington, DC 20036 202-775-0680 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 202-663-8060 Counsel for Czech Airlines Counsel for Delta Air Lines, Inc.  DL code on CSA-operated flights between Prague and: Ljubljana, Slovenia Gothenburg, Sweden Split, Croatia Vilnius, Lithuania Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Attachment A Delta/CSA July 3, 2001 Codeshare Notice

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regulations

DOT-OST-2001-10417-0008

Notice

Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane-S.p.A.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC. and COMAIR, INC. and ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. for blanket statements of authorization pursuant to 14 C.F.R. Part 212 (U.S.-Italy open skies codesharing) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )))) ) ) Docket OST-2001-10417 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. AND ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. November 19, 2001  Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOUTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006-3309 (202) 298-8660 Counsel for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 John Varley Assistant General Counsel James A. Coblin Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 715-2872 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC., and COMAIR, INC. BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. November 19, 2001 Joint Application of DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC. and COMAIR, INC. and ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. for blanket statements of authorization pursuant to 14 C.F.R. Part 212 (U.S.-Italy open skies codesharing) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )))) ) ) Docket OST-2001-10417 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. AND ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. Pursuant to the blanket statements of authorization approved by Department Action on Application in Docket OST-2001-10417 dated October 26, 2001, Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta”) and Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane-S.p.A. (“Alitalia”) hereby notify the Department that the carriers plan to offer additional Delta-operated codeshare services. (1) Delta and Alitalia plan to utilize Alitalia's additional U.S. gateways of Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark and San Francisco to offer alternative routings to the previously authorized connecting service points listed in Exhibit A to the Joint Application; (2) the Joint Applicants also plan to offer Delta-operated connecting service to Honolulu, Hawaii, as an additional U.S. service point. Respectfully submitted, /s/Richard D. Mathias _______________________________ Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOUTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006-3309 (202) 298-8660 Counsel for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. /s/A. Van der Bellen ______________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Notice of Delta and Alitalia Page PAGE 2

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DOT-OST-2001-10417-0009

Notice

Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc., Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Comair, Inc., and Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane-S.p.A.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Joint Application of DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC. and COMAIR, INC. and ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. for blanket statements of authorization pursuant to 14 C.F.R. Part 212 (U.S.-Italy open skies codesharing) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )))) ) ) Docket OST-2001-10417 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC., COMAIR, INC. AND ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. December 14, 2001  Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOUTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006-3309 (202) 298-8660 Counsel for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 John Varley Assistant General Counsel James A. Coblin Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 715-2872 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC., and COMAIR, INC. BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. December 14, 2001 Joint Application of DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC. and COMAIR, INC. and ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A., ALITALIA TEAM S.p.A., ALITALIA EXPRESS S.p.A. and EUROFLY S.p.A. for blanket statements of authorization pursuant to 14 C.F.R. Part 212 (U.S.-Italy open skies codesharing) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )))) ) ) Docket OST-2001-10417 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC., COMAIR, INC. AND ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. Pursuant to the blanket statements of authorization approved by Department Action on Application in Docket OST-2001-10417 dated October 26, 2001, Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta”), Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc. (“ASA”) , Comair, Inc. (“Comair”) and Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane-S.p.A. (“Alitalia”) hereby notify the Department that, beginning on or about January 13, 2002, the carriers plan to offer connecting codeshare service displaying Alitalia’s “AZ” designator code on Delta/Delta Connection flights to additional U.S. points, as identified in the attached Exhibit. In addition, Comair and Alitalia plan to utilize Alitalia’s U.S. gateway of Atlanta to offer alternative routings to the previously authorized connecting service points listed in Exhibit A to the Joint Application dated August 14, 2001. The initial planned operating carriers for the Delta/Delta Connection services are specified in the attached Exhibit; however, the Joint Applicants request the flexibility to shift services between Delta Mainline and Delta Connection carrier equipment for these and all other previously-noticed points, consistent with the blanket statement of authorization held by each carrier. Respectfully submitted, /s/ Richard D. Mathias _______________________________ Richard D. Mathias ZUCKERT, SCOUTT & RASENBERGER, L.L.P. 888 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20006-3309 (202) 298-8660 Counsel for ALITALIA-LINEE AEREE ITALIANE-S.p.A. /s/ A. Van der Bellen ______________________________ Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC., ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AIRLINES, INC. AND COMAIR, INC.  ALITALIA’S “AZ” DESIGNATOR CODE ON ADDITIONAL DELTA/DELTA CONNECTION FLIGHTS Delta-operated connecting flights between U.S. Gateways and Points in the United States Atlanta (ATL) Fort Walton Beach (VPS) Boston (BOS) New York (JFK) ASA-operated connecting flights between U.S. Gateways and Points in the United States Atlanta (ATL) Greenville (GSP) New York (JFK) Lexington (LEX) Louisville (SDF) Mobile (MOB) Shreveport (SHV) Comair-operated connecting flights between U.S. Gateways and Points in the United States Atlanta (ATL) Allentown (ABE) Boston (BOS) Chicago (ORD) Miami (MIA) Newark (EWR) New York (JFK) Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Notice of Delta and Alitalia Page PAGE 2 Exhibit

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Notice of Vanguard Airlines, Inc.

BEFORE THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. ____________________________________ Notice of ) ) VANGUARD AIRLINES, INC. ) ) OST – 2001-10711-1 Termination of scheduled service ) Kansas City – Myrtle Beach ) ___________________________________ ) NOTICE OF VANGUARD AIRLINES, INC. Communications with respect to this document should be addressed to: Robert M. Rowen Vice President and General Counsel Vanguard Airlines, Inc. 533 Mexico City Avenue Kansas City, Missouri 64153 October 2, 2001 BEFORE THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. ____________________________________ Notice of ) ) VANGUARD AIRLINES, INC. ) ) OST – 2001-10711-1 Termination of scheduled service ) Kansas City – Myrtle Beach ) ___________________________________ ) NOTICE OF VANGUARD AIRLINES, INC. Vanguard Airlines, Inc. (“Vanguard”) hereby provides notice that it is terminating scheduled airline service between Kansas City, Missouri and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, effective October 4, 2001. Such service had been provided four times a week, using 737-200 aircraft seating 120 passengers. Vanguard publicly announced the termination of such service on September 21, 2001. Vanguard intends to consider reintroducing such service in early 2002. Respectfully Submitted. /s/ Robert M. Rowen___________________ Date: October 2, 2001 Robert M. Rowen Vice President and General Counsel Vanguard Airlines, Inc. 533 Mexico City Avenue Kansas City, Missouri 64153 (816) 243 2995 fax: (816) 243 2165 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on October 2, 2001, a copy of Application of Vanguard Airlines, Inc. was served upon the parties on the attached service list. /s/ Julia King Julia L. King SERVICE LIST Myrtle Beach International Airport 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 Continental Airlines 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 AirTran 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 Delta Airlines 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 ASA 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 Spirit 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 ComAir 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 US Air 1100 Jetport Road Myrtle Beach, SC 29577 PAGE 3 PAGE 2 PAGE 1 PAGE 3

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Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 W. Paul Zampol General Attorney J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 October 3, 2001 Robert E. Cohn Alexander Van der Bellen Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 DATE: October 3, 2001 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Pursuant to Order 2001-9-20, issued September 27, 2001, Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") hereby gives notice of the following service reductions implemented by Delta between September 11, 2001, and October 1, 2001: Effective October 1, 2001, Delta implemented the following service reductions which, based upon available information, involved termination of the last nonstop service offered by any carrier on the following routes: ROUTE DAILY FLIGHTS REDUCED DAILY SEATS REDUCED Cincinnati (CVG) -San Juan (SJU) 1 180 San Juan (SJU) - Cincinnati (CVG) 1 180 Salt Lake City (SLC) - Detroit (DTW) 2 256 Detroit (DTW) - Salt Lake City (SLC) 2 256 Richmond (RIC) - Norfolk (ORF) 1 149 Based upon available information, none of the service changes that Delta implemented between September 11 and October 1, 2001, terminated all scheduled service by an airline to any U.S. community or reduced by 33% or more the total available seats or flights linking a community to FAA-designated hubs. Respectfully submitted, J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Page page 3

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DOT-OST-2001-10711-0009

Notice

Notice of Continental Airlines, Inc. and ExpressJet, Inc. d/b/a Continental Express

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ : REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE : SERVICE REDUCTIONS : Docket OST-01-10711 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------ NOTICE OF CONTINENTAL AIRLINES, INC. AND EXPRESSJET, INC. D/B/A CONTINENTAL EXPRESS Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Rebecca G. Cox Vice President, Government Affairs CONTINENTAL AIRLINES, INC. 1350 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005-3389 Hershel I. Kamen Staff Vice President, International and Regulatory Affairs CONTINENTAL AIRLINES, INC. P.O. Box 4607 – HQSGV Houston, TX 77210-4607 James B. Ream President EXPRESSJET, INC. P.O. Box 4607 – HQSCE Houston, TX 77210-4607 R. Bruce Keiner, Jr. Lorraine B. Halloway CROWELL & MORING LLP 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20004-2595 (202) 624-2500 Counsel for Continental Airlines, Inc. and ExpressJet, Inc. d/b/a Continental Express October 3, 2001BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ : REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE : SERVICE REDUCTIONS : Docket OST-01-10711 : ------------------------------------------------------------------------ NOTICE OF CONTINENTAL AIRLINES, INC. AND EXPRESSJET, INC. D/B/A CONTINENTAL EXPRESS Continental and Continental Express submit this notice of their terminations of all scheduled service at certain U.S. communities and terminations of the last nonstop service in certain domestic markets. The information required by the Department’s Order 2001-9-20 is contained in Attachment A. Continental and Continental Express suspended service September 11, 2001 as a result of the groundstop order issued by the Federal Aviation Administration because of the tragic terrorist events that day. Both carriers restored service to the extent necessary to transport passengers still seeking air transportation to their origins or destinations. Thereafter, on September 17, September 29 and October 1 Continental and Continental Express terminated service at various cities and in various nonstop markets as shown in Attachment A. Other suspensions will be effective November 1. In each instance, at least one certificated carrier continues to serve the relevant community, and, after the departure of Continental and Continental Express, the essential air service determinations for each community continue to be met. The only points at which only one certificated carrier remains are Abilene, San Angelo, Tyler and Waco, Texas. Each of these points receives American Eagle service to and from its designated essential air service hub at Dallas/Ft. Worth meeting applicable essential air service requirements. Respectfully submitted, CROWELL & MORING LLP /s/ R. Bruce Keiner, Jr. ______________________________________ R. Bruce Keiner, Jr. HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] /s/ Lorraine B. Halloway ______________________________________ Lorraine B. Halloway HYPERLINK mailto:[email protected] [email protected] Counsel for Continental Airlines, Inc. and ExpressJet, Inc. d/b/a Continental Express October 3, 2001 1847015Continental and ExpressJet Reports on Significant Airline Service Reductions October 3, 2001 1) Termination of all scheduled service at a U.S. community: U.S. Community Daily Service Reduction Company Suspension Date Brownsville, TX* 1 frequency Continental October 1 Daytona Beach, FL 1 frequency Continental September 17 Hartford, CT* 2 frequencies Continental September 17 Houston (Hobby), TX 3 frequencies Continental September 17 Melbourne, FL 1 frequency Continental September 17 New York (JFK), NY* 2 frequencies Continental September 17 U.S. Community Daily Service Reduction Company Suspension Date Abilene, TX 3 frequencies ExpressJet October 1 Atlantic City, NJ 3 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 Colorado Springs, CO* 1 frequency ExpressJet September 17 San Angelo, TX 3 frequencies ExpressJet September 29 Tyler, TX 3 frequencies ExpressJet October 1 Waco, TX 3 frequencies ExpressJet October 1 2) Termination of the last nonstop service in a domestic market: U.S. Market Service Reduction Company Suspension Date Houston (IAH) - Richmond 1 frequencies Continental September 17 U.S. Market Service Reduction Company Suspension Date Cleveland - Greensboro 2 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 Cleveland - Jacksonville 1 frequency ExpressJet September 17 Cleveland - Dallas/ Ft. Worth (DAL)*** 2 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 Houston (IAH) – Savannah 1 frequency ExpressJet October 1 New York (EWR) – Philadelphia** 3 frequencies ExpressJet October 1 New York (LGA) - Grand Rapids 2 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 New York (LGA) – Knoxville** 2 frequencies ExpressJet November 1 New York (LGA) – Lexington 2 frequencies ExpressJet November 1 New York (LGA) – Madison 2 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 White Plains – Boston 6 frequencies ExpressJet September 17 * While service in these communities has been terminated by either Continental or ExpressJet, service by the other carrier remains. ** Service remains at other New York airports. *** Service remains at DFW. Common names are used for airlines. Continental and Continental Express have not reduced service at a community in which the total available seats or flights linking that community with FAA-designated hubs has been reduced by 33 percent or more during a 90-day period. For this reason, no notification was required under § 323.3(a). (…continued) (continued…) Answer of Continental Page PAGE 2 Notice of Continental and ExpressJet Page PAGE 2 Attachment A

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Notice of Chautauqua Airlines, Inc. d/b/a TW Express

NOTICE OF CHAUTAUQUA AIRLINES, INC. D/B/A TW EXPRESS Pursuant to Order 2001-9-20, Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a/ TW Express gives the following notice of service reductions that have been implemented prior to October 1, 2001: Rochester, MN (RST). Chautauqua terminated TWExpress service at Rochester, MN on September 30, 2001. Prior to that date, Chautauqua operated three daily round trip flights between Rochester, MN and St. Louis, MO. Respectfully submitted, Jeffrey B. Jones VP Planning Chautauqua Airlines, Inc. 2500 S. High School Road, Suite 160 Indianapolis, IN 46241

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Notice of Chautauqua Airlines, Inc. d/b/a US Airways Express

NOTICE OF CHAUTAUQUA AIRLINES, INC. D/B/A US AIRWAYS EXPRESS Pursuant to Order 2001-9-20, Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express, gives the following notice of service reductions that have been implemented since September 11, 2001: Termination of the last Nonstop Service in a Domestic Market. Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express, terminated scheduled airline service between Indianapolis, IN and Grand Rapids, MI effective September 18, 2001. Such service had been provided twice daily using Saab 340 aircraft seating 30 passengers. Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express, terminated scheduled airline service between Indianapolis, IN and Evansville, IN effective September 18, 2001. Such service had been provided three times daily (with reduced frequency on weekends) using Saab 340 aircraft seating 30 passengers. Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express, terminated scheduled service between Indianapolis, IN and Columbus, OH effective October 7, 2001. Such service had been provided twice daily using Saab 340 aircraft seating 30 passengers. One daily round trip was discontinued on September 18, the other on October 7, 2001. Reduction of Service at a U.S. Community if the total available flights linking that community with FAA-designated hubs will be reduced by 33 percent or more. Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express, has reduced flight frequency between Pittsburgh, PA and Altoona, PA effective October 7, 2001 by approximately 40 percent. Two of five scheduled daily Saab 340 round trips between Pittsburgh and Altoona have been removed, one effective September 18, the second effective October 7. Three daily Saab 340 round trips remain. Respectfully submitted, Jeffrey B. Jones VP Planning Chautauqua Airlines, Inc. 2500 S. High School Road, Suite 160 Indianapolis, IN 46241

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Notice of Delta Air Lines Inc.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 W. Paul Zampol General Attorney J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 October 11, 2001 Robert E. Cohn Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 DATE: October 11, 2001 NOTICE OF DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Pursuant to Order 01-9-20, issued September 27, 2001, Delta Air Lines, Inc. ("Delta") hereby gives notice of the following service reductions: Effective November 1, 2001, Delta will suspend all Delta-operated service to the following communities: Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton, PA. Delta's current service will be replaced by three daily round trip Delta Connection flights to Atlanta. In addition, this community will continue to receive substantial daily scheduled service to FAA-designated hubs via other carriers. Harrisburg, PA. Delta's current service will be replaced by three daily round trip Delta Connection flights to Atlanta. In addition, Harrisburg will continue to receive substantial daily scheduled service to FAA-designated hubs via other carriers. Reno, NV. Delta Connection will continue to offer six daily round trip nonstop flights between Reno and Salt Lake City. In addition, Reno will continue to receive substantial daily scheduled service to FAA-designated hubs via other carriers. Fairbanks, AK. Delta will terminate its service to Fairbanks. Fairbanks will continue to receive substantial daily scheduled service to FAA-designated hubs via other carriers. In addition, effective November 1, 2001, Delta will implement the following service reductions: Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton, PA - Harrisburg, PA. Delta will terminate the only nonstop service in this city pair. Birmingham, AL - Jackson, MS. Delta will terminate the only nonstop service in this city pair. Jackson, MS - Pensacola, FL. Delta will terminate the only nonstop service in this city pair. New York (JFK) - Portland, OR. Delta will terminate the only nonstop service in this airport pair, although substantial daily nonstop service remains on this city pair from New York/Newark (EWR). Based upon available information, none of the service changes that Delta will implement on November 1, 2001, will reduce by 33% or more the total available seats or flights linking a community to FAA-designated hubs. Respectfully submitted, /s/ J. Scott McClain _____________________ J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 Counsel for DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Page page 3

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Notice of Comair, Inc.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 NOTICE OF COMAIR, INC. Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: D. Scott Yohe Senior Vice President - Government Affairs DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 1275 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 216-0700 W. Paul Zampol General Attorney J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 November 5, 2001 Robert E. Cohn Shaw Pittman LLP 2300 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037-1128 (202) 663-8060 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE SERVICE REDUCTIONS ) ) ) ) ) Docket OST-01-10711 DATE: November 5, 2001 NOTICE OF COMAIR, INC. Pursuant to Order 01-9-20, issued September 27, 2001, Comair, Inc. ("Comair") hereby gives notice of the following service reductions: Effective December 1, 2001, Comair will suspend its service between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Mobile, Alabama. This change will terminate the last nonstop service on this route, and will also terminate all service offered by Comair at Mobile. Mobile will continue to receive substantial daily scheduled service to FAA-designated hubs via Delta Air Lines, Inc., and other carriers. Respectfully submitted, /s/ J. Scott McClain _____________________ J. Scott McClain Attorney DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Law Department #981 1030 Delta Boulevard Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 773-6514 Counsel for COMAIR, INC. Footnote continued from previous page Footnote continued on next page Notice of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Page page 3

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Notice of Sun Country Airlines, Inc.

BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. __________________________________________ : REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE : Docket OST-01-10711 SERVICE REDUCTIONS : __________________________________________: NOTICE OF SUN COUNTRY AIRLINES, INC. Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: DAVID BANMILLER EDWARD P.FABERMAN President and CEO MICHELLE M. FAUST SUN COUNTRY AIRLINES, INC. UNGARETTI & HARRIS 2520 Pilot Knob Road 1500 K Street, NW Suite 250 Suite 250 Mendota Heights, MN 55120 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (651) 681-3900 Tel: (202) 659-7500 Fax: (651) 681-3970 Fax: (202) 659-7505 Attorneys for SUN COUNTRY AIRLINES DATED: November 26, 2001  BEFORE THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, D.C. __________________________________________ : REPORTS ON SIGNIFICANT AIRLINE : Docket OST-01-10711 SERVICE REDUCTIONS : __________________________________________: NOTICE OF SUN COUNTRY AIRLINES, INC. Pursuant to Order 2001-9-20, Sun Country Airlines, Inc. (“Sun Country”) hereby gives notice that it will temporarily cease service from Minneapolis/St. Paul (MSP) to Washington, DC (IAD) and New York (JFK) on November 30, 2001 and service to Phoenix, Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Diego on December 1, 2001. Sun Country requests a waiver to the 15 day notice required by the Order because its termination of service will have minimal impact on communities given that Northwest Airlines continues to provide nonstop service between MSP and the aforementioned large markets. In a number of these markets, Northwest has hundreds of seats available. In addition, each one of these markets can be served on a one-stop basis. While all air carriers have suffered financially since September 11th, small carriers have been significantly impacted. Unlike their larger counterparts, small carriers cannot quickly shift multiple fights between multiple markets. In addition, Sun Country has been limited in entering primary markets such as DCA because of government restrictions and only recently received LGA slot exemptions. Sun Country, like other small carriers, has faced other hurdles that make it more difficult for it to compete. A number of these issues have not yet been addressed. Although the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act has provided some relief to all carriers, some payments under the Act have not been timely made for a variety of reasons. As a result, the delays have further increased the problems faced by small carriers. Sun Country has made every attempt to stimulate demand and cut costs, but unfortunately that has not been sufficient. Bookings are at an all time low. For the month of December, bookings are as follows: IAD 10% JFK 11% LAX 20% SAN 61% PHX 36% SFO 20% Sun Country cannot continue to suffer these type of losses which threaten its very survival, particularly as events continue to occur that discourage travel and tourism. Those events are not under the control of Sun Country. MSP-IAD Effective November 30, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to IAD. Northwest Airlines currently provides five nonstop flights between MSP-IAD, five nonstop flights between MSP-DCA and three nonstop flights between MSP-BWI. MSP-JFK Effective November 30, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to JFK. Northwest currently provides one nonstop and seven connecting flights between MSP-JFK, six nonstop flights between MSP-LGA, and five nonstop flights between MSP-EWR. MSP-PHX Effective December 1, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to PHX. Northwest currently provides eight nonstop flights between MSP-PHX. MSP-SFO Effective December 1, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to SFO. Northwest currently provides five nonstop flights between MSP-SFO. MSP-LAX Effective December 1, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to LAX. Northwest currently provides six nonstop flights between MSP-LAX. MSP-SAN Effective December 1, 2001, Sun Country will cease service to SAN. Northwest currently provides four nonstop flights between MSP-SAN. Sun Country regrets that it will not be able to continue its service from MSP to these markets. Sun Country provides the only real price competition at MSP, the Northwest dominated hub. The temporary loss of Sun Country service means that passengers will inevitably lose fare competition. Sun Country hopes to be in a position in the near future to reinstate this service. Respectfully Submitted, ______________________ Edward P. Faberman UNGARETTI & HARRIS 1500 K Street, NW Suite 250 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 659-7500 Fax: (202) 659-7505 DATED: November 26, 2001 Sun Country does not concede that Order 2001-9-20 precludes carriers from terminating services on less than 15 days notice in the absence of statutory authority requiring a carrier to remain in a market. PAGE PAGE 3

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DOT-OST-2001-8695-0025

Notice

Notification

BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________________________ : Application of : : SUNRISE AIRLINES, INC., a Utah corporation, : : DOCKET NO. OST-2001-8695 for a waiver of the 45-day advance filing requirement : of 14 CFR 204.7 and notice of intent to resume commuter : air service following a cessation of operations. : ________________________________________________: NOTIFICATION Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Lawrence G. Sullivan President and General Manager Sunrise Airlines, Inc. 220 East Airport Avenue Venice, Florida 34285 Tel.: (943) 485-1600 Facsimile: (943) 485-1610 John E. Gillick, Esq. PILLSBURY WINTHROP LLP 1133 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 1200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel.: (202) 775-9800 Facsimile: (202) 833-8491 Dated: November 27, 2001 BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________________________ : Application of : : SUNRISE AIRLINES, INC., a Utah corporation, : : DOCKET NO. OST-2001-8695 for a waiver of the 45-day advance filing requirement : of 14 CFR 204.7 and notice of intent to resume commuter : air service following a cessation of operations. : ________________________________________________: NOTIFICATION Sunrise Airlines, Inc. (“Sunrise”), a commuter air carrier that has applied for a determination that it is fit to resume commuter air service with Jetstream J-31 aircraft between several cities in the State of Florida, has requested in the above-referenced docket that the Department register the name “Florida Air” as a trade name for Sunrise. A complete copy of the request may be found in Exhibit E to the Ninth Supplement in the above-referenced docket.         /s/ John E. Gillick         John E. Gillick Counsel for Sunrise Airlines, Inc. November 27, 2001 Certificate of Service I hereby certify that I have this date caused a copy of the foregoing Notification to be sent by Federal Express to the following, Dean A. Forest President and Chief Executive Officer Florida Coastal Airlines, Inc. 3000 Curtis King Boulevard Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946 Saulat Kahn President Air Florida Express, Inc. 610 S.W. 34th Street Fort Lauderdale International Airport Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33315 and by facsimile to: Delores A. King Air Carrier Fitness Division Office of Aviation Analysis U.S. Department of Transportation Room 6401K 400 Seventh Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20590          /s/ John E. Gillick         John E. Gillick Washington, D.C. November 27, 2001 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 60235311 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 4 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 PAGE 4 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01

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regulations

DOT-OST-2001-8695-0028

Notice

Notification

BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________________________ : Application of : : SUNRISE AIRLINES, INC., a Utah corporation, : : DOCKET NO. OST-2001-8695 for a waiver of the 45-day advance filing requirement : of 14 CFR 204.7 and notice of intent to resume commuter : air service following a cessation of operations. : ________________________________________________: NOTIFICATION Communications with respect to this document should be sent to: Lawrence G. Sullivan President and General Manager Sunrise Airlines, Inc. 220 East Airport Avenue Venice, Florida 34285 Tel.: (943) 485-1600 Facsimile: (943) 485-1610 John E. Gillick, Esq. PILLSBURY WINTHROP LLP 1133 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 1200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel.: (202) 775-9800 Facsimile: (202) 833-8491 Dated: December 5, 2001 BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. ________________________________________________ : Application of : : SUNRISE AIRLINES, INC., a Utah corporation, : : DOCKET NO. OST-2001-8695 for a waiver of the 45-day advance filing requirement : of 14 CFR 204.7 and notice of intent to resume commuter : air service following a cessation of operations. : ________________________________________________: NOTIFICATION Sunrise Airlines, Inc. (“Sunrise”), a commuter air carrier that has applied for a determination that it is fit to resume commuter air service with Jetstream J-31 aircraft between several cities in the State of Florida, has requested in the above-referenced docket that the Department register the name “FLAIR Airlines” as a trade name for Sunrise. A complete copy of the request may be found in Exhibit E (Revised) to the Tenth Supplement in the above-referenced docket.         /s/ John E. Gillick         John E. Gillick Counsel for Sunrise Airlines, Inc. December 5, 2001 Certificate of Service I hereby certify that I have this date caused a copy of the foregoing Notification to be sent by Federal Express to the following, Dean A. Forest President and Chief Executive Officer Florida Coastal Airlines, Inc. 3000 Curtis King Boulevard Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946 Saulat Kahn President Air Florida Express, Inc. 610 S.W. 34th Street Fort Lauderdale International Airport Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33315 and by facsimile to: Delores A. King Air Carrier Fitness Division Office of Aviation Analysis U.S. Department of Transportation Room 6401K 400 Seventh Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20590          /s/ John E. Gillick         John E. Gillick Washington, D.C. December 5, 2001 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 60236724 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 3 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 PAGE 3 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01 KEYWORDS \* MERGEFORMAT 60236724.01

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regulations

DOT-OST-2001-8910-0008

Notice

Notice of Action Taken Re: Continental Airlines, Inc.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, DC Issued by the Department of Transportation on June 20, 2001 NOTICE OF ACTION TAKEN -- DOCKET OST-2001-8910 _____________________________________________________________ This serves as notice to the public of the action described below, taken by the Department official indicated (no additional confirming order will be issued in this matter). Application of Continental Airlines, Inc. filed 6/6/01 for: XX Waiver from dormancy condition: By Order 2001-5-26, the Department granted certificate authority to Continental to provide service between New York/Newark and Cali, Colombia, and allocated it a total of seven weekly frequencies for services commencing no earlier than October 1, 2001. The frequencies are subject to the condition that if any frequencies are not used for a period of 90 days, the allocation as to those frequencies will expire automatically and the unused frequencies will revert to the Department for reallocation. Continental seeks a waiver of the 90-day dormancy condition with respect to these frequencies until June 1, 2002. Continental states that because of the current economic conditions in Colombia and the United States it plans to delay the start-up of its New York/Newark Cali flights until June 1, 2002. Applicant rep.: R. Bruce Keiner, Jr., (202) 624-2500 DOT analyst: Sylvia Moore, (202)-366-6519 DISPOSITION XX Granted The above action was effective when taken: June 20, 2001, until June 1, 2002 XX Action taken by: Paul L. Gretch, Director Office of International Aviation ________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Under authority assigned by the Department in its regulations, 14 CFR Part 385, we found that (1) our action was consistent with Department policy; and (2) grant of the waiver was consistent with the public interest. To the extent not granted, we denied all requests in the referenced Docket. We may amend, modify, or revoke the authority granted in this Notice at any time without hearing at our discretion.  Persons entitled to petition the Department for review of the action set forth in this Notice under the Department’s regulations, 14 CFR §385.30, may file their petitions within ten (10) days after the date of issuance of this Notice. This action was effective when taken, and the filing of a petition for review will not alter such effectiveness. An electronic version of this document is available on the World Wide Web at: http://dms.dot.gov//reports/reports_aviation.asp. See Order 2001-5-26 at 5, and Attachment D. Continental’s waiver from the dormancy condition is effective until June 1, 2002. If Continental does not begin service by June 1, 2002, its frequency allocation expires automatically. The 90-day dormancy period will begin on the date Continental begins service. (See Reverse Side) PAGE 2 PAGE 2

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regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0151

Supporting & Related Material

Master Run 1 Time 100295B 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 03: 00 8.356 0: 03: 20 22.511 0: 03: 40 34.619 0: 04: 00 31.208 0: 04: 20 31.208 0: 04: 40 40.076 0: 05: 00 51.501 0: 05: 20 50.819 0: 05: 40 50.308 0: 06: 00 41.952 0: 06: 20 43.486 0: 06: 40 51.331 0: 07: 00 52.354 0: 07: 20 48.943 0: 07: 40 50.308 0: 08: 00 42.463 0: 08: 20 46.897 0: 08: 40 47.920 0: 09: 00 45.021 0: 09: 20 47.920 0: 09: 40 46.897 0: 10: 00 49.455 0: 10: 20 52.695 0: 10: 40 56.788 0: 11: 00 52.695 0: 11: 20 54.230 0: 11: 40 53.718 0: 12: 00 56.276 0: 12: 20 61.222 0: 12: 40 56.276 0: 13: 00 58.152 0: 13: 20 57.641 Normalized Timeline Start Test Baseline to End Test Baseline Experimental Group Run # Data ID Green Shading Resin Application Time Red Shading End Resin Application Blue Shading Roll Out Time Red Shading End Roll­ Out No Shading Quiescent Stage Curing Time

epa

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regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0152

Supporting & Related Material

Master Run 1 Time 100295B 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 03: 00 8.356 0: 03: 20 22.511 0: 03: 40 34.619 0: 04: 00 31.208 0: 04: 20 31.208 0: 04: 40 40.076 0: 05: 00 51.501 0: 05: 20 50.819 0: 05: 40 50.308 0: 06: 00 41.952 0: 06: 20 43.486 0: 06: 40 51.331 0: 07: 00 52.354 0: 07: 20 48.943 0: 07: 40 50.308 0: 08: 00 42.463 0: 08: 20 46.897 0: 08: 40 47.920 0: 09: 00 45.021 0: 09: 20 47.920 0: 09: 40 46.897 0: 10: 00 49.455 0: 10: 20 52.695 0: 10: 40 56.788 0: 11: 00 52.695 0: 11: 20 54.230 0: 11: 40 53.718 0: 12: 00 56.276 0: 12: 20 61.222 0: 12: 40 56.276 0: 13: 00 58.152 0: 13: 20 57.641 Normalized Timeline Start Test Baseline to End Test Baseline Experimental Group Run # Data ID Green Shading Resin Application Time Red Shading End Resin Application Blue Shading Roll Out Time Red Shading End Roll­ Out No Shading Quiescent Stage Curing Time Note: Start & Stop Times +/­ 1 min.

epa

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regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0153

Supporting & Related Material

HLU Data Master Run 1 Master Run 2 Master RUN 3A RUN 3B Master RUN 4A RUN 4B Master RUN 5 Master Time 100295B Time 100295C Time 092095A 092695B Time 100395A 092695C Time 092595A Time 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0.853 0: 01: 40 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0.853 0: 02: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0.853 0: 02: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.853 0: 02: 20 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.853 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.853 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.853 0: 02: 40 0: 03: 00 8.356 0: 03: 00 5.798 0: 03: 00 7.845 12.790 0: 03: 00 10.744 0.853 0: 03: 00 1.364 0: 03: 00 0: 03: 20 22.511 0: 03: 20 18.077 0: 03: 20 25.921 25.410 0: 03: 20 24.045 8.868 0: 03: 20 14.495 0: 03: 20 0: 03: 40 34.619 0: 03: 40 24.898 0: 03: 40 24.557 20.976 0: 03: 40 21.999 22.511 0: 03: 40 24.386 0: 03: 40 0: 04: 00 31.208 0: 04: 00 29.844 0: 04: 00 14.666 33.595 0: 04: 00 25.921 26.392 0: 04: 00 30.355 0: 04: 00 0: 04: 20 31.208 0: 04: 20 40.587 0: 04: 20 27.968 42.463 0: 04: 20 27.456 18.588 0: 04: 20 18.077 0: 04: 20 0: 04: 40 40.076 0: 04: 40 36.665 0: 04: 40 34.619 40.587 0: 04: 40 34.619 27.456 0: 04: 40 24.898 0: 04: 40 0: 05: 00 51.501 0: 05: 00 44.168 0: 05: 00 30.867 38.541 0: 05: 00 37.688 26.433 0: 05: 00 24.045 0: 05: 00 0: 05: 20 50.819 0: 05: 20 50.819 0: 05: 20 41.952 35.130 0: 05: 20 39.564 38.029 0: 05: 20 28.820 0: 05: 20 0: 05: 40 50.308 0: 05: 40 50.819 0: 05: 40 36.153 44.510 0: 05: 40 42.463 31.719 0: 05: 40 32.231 0: 05: 40 0: 06: 00 41.952 0: 06: 00 55.253 0: 06: 00 38.541 45.362 0: 06: 00 42.975 33.766 0: 06: 00 38.029 0: 06: 00 0: 06: 20 43.486 0: 06: 20 47.409 0: 06: 20 40.076 50.308 0: 06: 20 40.076 39.564 0: 06: 20 38.541 0: 06: 20 0: 06: 40 51.331 0: 06: 40 54.742 0: 06: 40 45.533 48.432 0: 06: 40 42.463 40.928 0: 06: 40 36.665 0: 06: 40 0: 07: 00 52.354 0: 07: 00 51.843 0: 07: 00 43.486 57.641 0: 07: 00 39.564 31.719 0: 07: 00 40.587 0: 07: 00 0: 07: 20 48.943 0: 07: 20 53.207 0: 07: 20 41.099 64.582 0: 07: 20 40.587 28.309 0: 07: 20 47.409 0: 07: 20 0: 07: 40 50.308 0: 07: 40 52.354 0: 07: 40 47.409 69.578 0: 07: 40 49.796 33.254 0: 07: 40 51.843 0: 07: 40 0: 08: 00 42.463 0: 08: 00 52.354 0: 08: 00 46.897 71.113 0: 08: 00 49.796 39.052 0: 08: 00 55.765 0: 08: 00 0: 08: 20 46.897 0: 08: 20 56.276 0: 08: 20 53.377 72.136 0: 08: 20 48.773 38.497 0: 08: 20 58.152 0: 08: 20 0: 08: 40 47.920 0: 08: 40 61.563 0: 08: 40 55.083 67.532 0: 08: 40 47.920 40.076 0: 08: 40 59.687 0: 08: 40 0: 09: 00 45.021 0: 09: 00 62.757 0: 09: 00 55.765 78.446 0: 09: 00 46.897 43.657 0: 09: 00 57.300 0: 09: 00 0: 09: 20 47.920 0: 09: 20 56.276 0: 09: 20 56.276 76.058 0: 09: 20 49.796 40.928 0: 09: 20 60.710 0: 09: 20 0: 09: 40 46.897 0: 09: 40 57.300 0: 09: 40 53.718 85.779 0: 09: 40 45.533 39.052 0: 09: 40 69.067 0: 09: 40 0: 10: 00 49.455 0: 10: 00 57.300 0: 10: 00 65.656 74.524 0: 10: 00 47.409 46.385 0: 10: 00 78.446 0: 10: 00 0: 10: 20 52.695 0: 10: 20 63.609 0: 10: 20 62.757 77.423 0: 10: 20 51.331 46.385 0: 10: 20 79.299 0: 10: 20 0: 10: 40 56.788 0: 10: 40 66.679 0: 10: 40 74.524 74.524 0: 10: 40 56.276 41.952 0: 10: 40 77.934 0: 10: 40 0: 11: 00 52.695 0: 11: 00 68.214 0: 11: 00 73.500 75.035 0: 11: 00 55.424 48.773 0: 11: 00 77.934 0: 11: 00 0: 11: 20 54.230 0: 11: 20 67.191 0: 11: 20 76.058 78.446 0: 11: 20 60.199 49.796 0: 11: 20 73.500 0: 11: 20 0: 11: 40 53.718 0: 11: 40 76.058 0: 11: 40 72.136 71.625 0: 11: 40 57.641 52.354 0: 11: 40 75.547 0: 11: 40 0: 12: 00 56.276 0: 12: 00 79.469 0: 12: 00 76.058 66.167 0: 12: 00 59.687 54.742 0: 12: 00 69.578 0: 12: 00 0: 12: 20 61.222 0: 12: 20 74.012 0: 12: 20 68.555 69.578 0: 12: 20 58.152 51.331 0: 12: 20 66.679 0: 12: 20 0: 12: 40 56.276 0: 12: 40 88.849 0: 12: 40 70.601 62.757 0: 12: 40 53.718 57.641 0: 12: 40 60.199 0: 12: 40 0: 13: 00 58.152 0: 13: 00 83.903 0: 13: 00 72.477 61.563 0: 13: 00 48.432 65.144 0: 13: 00 66.167 0: 13: 00 0: 13: 20 57.641 0: 13: 20 82.880 0: 13: 20 64.633 60.199 0: 13: 20 54.230 62.075 0: 13: 20 61.051 0: 13: 20 0: 13: 40 52.354 0: 13: 40 99.592 0: 13: 40 68.555 58.664 0: 13: 40 60.710 64.633 0: 13: 40 56.618 0: 13: 40 0: 14: 00 52.866 0: 14: 00 91.236 0: 14: 00 66.679 60.710 0: 14: 00 59.687 56.276 0: 14: 00 59.176 0: 14: 00 0: 14: 20 53.718 0: 14: 20 92.600 0: 14: 20 64.121 58.664 0: 14: 20 59.346 55.765 0: 14: 20 57.641 0: 14: 20 0: 14: 40 54.182 0: 14: 40 86.461 0: 14: 40 65.144 53.377 0: 14: 40 61.051 63.780 0: 14: 40 52.866 0: 14: 40 0: 15: 00 55.765 0: 15: 00 84.244 0: 15: 00 62.075 53.718 0: 15: 00 61.563 63.268 0: 15: 00 49.796 0: 15: 00 0: 15: 20 51.843 0: 15: 20 91.748 0: 15: 20 58.713 57.300 0: 15: 20 62.075 59.346 0: 15: 20 50.308 0: 15: 20 0: 15: 40 50.308 0: 15: 40 93.112 0: 15: 40 59.346 48.432 0: 15: 40 64.292 56.276 0: 15: 40 47.409 0: 15: 40 0: 16: 00 48.943 0: 16: 00 84.415 0: 16: 00 54.230 44.510 0: 16: 00 62.075 53.377 0: 16: 00 47.409 0: 16: 00 0: 16: 20 45.533 0: 16: 20 84.244 0: 16: 20 52.695 46.385 0: 16: 20 65.144 61.563 0: 16: 20 47.409 0: 16: 20 0: 16: 40 40.587 0: 16: 40 86.291 0: 16: 40 50.308 45.874 0: 16: 40 64.121 56.788 0: 16: 40 46.385 0: 16: 40 0: 17: 00 37.518 0: 17: 00 86.461 0: 17: 00 41.440 41.952 0: 17: 00 61.222 60.199 0: 17: 00 41.610 0: 17: 00 0: 17: 20 33.766 0: 17: 20 76.058 0: 17: 20 40.587 39.564 0: 17: 20 60.540 60.710 0: 17: 20 44.510 0: 17: 20 0: 17: 40 30.867 0: 17: 40 69.237 0: 17: 40 38.541 41.099 0: 17: 40 62.757 60.710 0: 17: 40 45.021 0: 17: 40 0: 18: 00 28.309 0: 18: 00 69.578 0: 18: 00 37.177 41.099 0: 18: 00 62.757 57.641 0: 18: 00 38.541 0: 18: 00 Page 1 HLU Data 0: 18: 20 26.433 0: 18: 20 67.191 0: 18: 20 34.619 35.130 0: 18: 20 60.199 58.152 0: 18: 20 35.642 0: 18: 20 0: 18: 40 23.534 0: 18: 40 66.679 0: 18: 40 32.231 35.642 0: 18: 40 58.664 55.765 0: 18: 40 34.619 0: 18: 40 0: 19: 00 24.386 0: 19: 00 65.144 0: 19: 00 30.867 31.719 0: 19: 00 54.230 57.300 0: 19: 00 32.231 0: 19: 00 0: 19: 20 22.340 0: 19: 20 61.222 0: 19: 20 30.867 31.719 0: 19: 20 51.843 55.765 0: 19: 20 30.867 0: 19: 20 0: 19: 40 20.464 0: 19: 40 60.199 0: 19: 40 27.456 27.456 0: 19: 40 49.796 51.331 0: 19: 40 27.456 0: 19: 40 0: 20: 00 19.100 0: 20: 00 60.199 0: 20: 00 26.944 27.456 0: 20: 00 47.920 52.354 0: 20: 00 27.456 0: 20: 00 0: 20: 20 18.077 0: 20: 20 57.641 0: 20: 20 24.386 25.410 0: 20: 20 43.998 44.510 0: 20: 20 26.433 0: 20: 20 0: 20: 40 17.565 0: 20: 40 55.253 0: 20: 40 22.511 26.944 0: 20: 40 38.029 46.385 0: 20: 40 25.410 0: 20: 40 0: 21: 00 19.100 0: 21: 00 55.765 0: 21: 00 23.022 22.852 0: 21: 00 36.153 41.952 0: 21: 00 25.410 0: 21: 00 0: 21: 20 19.100 0: 21: 20 52.354 0: 21: 20 20.123 21.487 0: 21: 20 33.084 41.952 0: 21: 20 27.456 0: 21: 20 0: 21: 40 17.053 0: 21: 40 49.285 0: 21: 40 19.611 19.100 0: 21: 40 36.153 38.541 0: 21: 40 24.386 0: 21: 40 0: 22: 00 17.565 0: 22: 00 50.308 0: 22: 00 20.123 18.588 0: 22: 00 34.619 35.301 0: 22: 00 22.511 0: 22: 00 0: 22: 20 18.077 0: 22: 20 45.874 0: 22: 20 18.588 17.053 0: 22: 20 32.231 31.208 0: 22: 20 20.464 0: 22: 20 0: 22: 40 16.542 0: 22: 40 52.354 0: 22: 40 16.712 17.053 0: 22: 40 29.844 27.456 0: 22: 40 20.635 0: 22: 40 0: 23: 00 16.542 0: 23: 00 48.773 0: 23: 00 16.712 16.542 0: 23: 00 30.867 30.867 0: 23: 00 20.464 0: 23: 00 0: 23: 20 16.542 0: 23: 20 41.610 0: 23: 20 16.201 15.178 0: 23: 20 29.844 27.456 0: 23: 20 20.976 0: 23: 20 0: 23: 40 15.178 0: 23: 40 41.952 0: 23: 40 15.689 15.689 0: 23: 40 26.433 27.456 0: 23: 40 16.201 0: 23: 40 0: 24: 00 17.053 0: 24: 00 45.533 0: 24: 00 15.178 15.178 0: 24: 00 24.557 24.898 0: 24: 00 16.542 0: 24: 00 0: 24: 20 17.565 0: 24: 20 48.773 0: 24: 20 14.666 15.007 0: 24: 20 24.386 24.386 0: 24: 20 16.542 0: 24: 20 0: 24: 40 17.053 0: 24: 40 43.998 0: 24: 40 15.178 14.154 0: 24: 40 24.045 21.487 0: 24: 40 13.131 0: 24: 40 0: 25: 00 16.542 0: 25: 00 41.610 0: 25: 00 14.666 13.302 0: 25: 00 22.852 22.511 0: 25: 00 12.620 0: 25: 00 0: 25: 20 15.178 0: 25: 20 38.029 0: 25: 20 14.666 12.278 0: 25: 20 24.045 23.022 0: 25: 20 13.131 0: 25: 20 0: 25: 40 14.666 0: 25: 40 31.719 0: 25: 40 12.278 12.790 0: 25: 40 22.852 21.999 0: 25: 40 12.278 0: 25: 40 0: 26: 00 14.495 0: 26: 00 32.743 0: 26: 00 13.302 13.643 0: 26: 00 24.045 20.425 0: 26: 00 12.278 0: 26: 00 0: 26: 20 11.767 0: 26: 20 27.415 0: 26: 20 13.680 12.278 0: 26: 20 24.045 20.123 0: 26: 20 11.255 0: 26: 20 0: 26: 40 11.255 0: 26: 40 25.921 0: 26: 40 12.620 11.767 0: 26: 40 24.045 20.976 0: 26: 40 12.790 0: 26: 40 0: 27: 00 10.744 0: 27: 00 21.999 0: 27: 00 11.767 12.620 0: 27: 00 24.045 21.487 0: 27: 00 10.744 0: 27: 00 0: 27: 20 9.720 0: 27: 20 21.487 0: 27: 20 13.302 10.744 0: 27: 20 23.022 19.611 0: 27: 20 10.232 0: 27: 20 0: 27: 40 8.868 0: 27: 40 18.418 0: 27: 40 12.278 11.255 0: 27: 40 21.487 17.565 0: 27: 40 9.720 0: 27: 40 0: 28: 00 8.356 0: 28: 00 17.565 0: 28: 00 12.278 11.255 0: 28: 00 20.464 17.565 0: 28: 00 10.232 0: 28: 00 0: 28: 20 8.697 0: 28: 20 15.178 0: 28: 20 11.767 11.255 0: 28: 20 19.611 16.712 0: 28: 20 9.209 0: 28: 20 0: 28: 40 8.356 0: 28: 40 15.689 0: 28: 40 11.255 11.255 0: 28: 40 20.464 16.542 0: 28: 40 9.209 0: 28: 40 0: 29: 00 7.333 0: 29: 00 15.689 0: 29: 00 10.744 11.255 0: 29: 00 18.077 18.077 0: 29: 00 8.868 0: 29: 00 0: 29: 20 6.821 0: 29: 20 13.643 0: 29: 20 12.620 9.720 0: 29: 20 18.418 19.100 0: 29: 20 8.356 0: 29: 20 0: 29: 40 7.162 0: 29: 40 15.178 0: 29: 40 12.620 11.255 0: 29: 40 18.588 18.588 0: 29: 40 9.209 0: 29: 40 0: 30: 00 7.333 0: 30: 00 13.302 0: 30: 00 11.767 10.232 0: 30: 00 18.077 19.611 0: 30: 00 8.356 0: 30: 00 0: 30: 20 6.821 0: 30: 20 14.154 0: 30: 20 11.767 10.232 0: 30: 20 17.053 21.487 0: 30: 20 8.356 0: 30: 20 0: 30: 40 6.821 0: 30: 40 14.154 0: 30: 40 10.744 10.744 0: 30: 40 17.053 21.999 0: 30: 40 8.356 0: 30: 40 0: 31: 00 6.821 0: 31: 00 13.131 0: 31: 00 10.232 10.744 0: 31: 00 16.201 22.852 0: 31: 00 8.356 0: 31: 00 0: 31: 20 6.310 0: 31: 20 13.643 0: 31: 20 11.255 10.744 0: 31: 20 13.643 18.077 0: 31: 20 8.356 0: 31: 20 0: 31: 40 6.821 0: 31: 40 11.767 0: 31: 40 10.744 10.232 0: 31: 40 12.790 17.565 0: 31: 40 8.356 0: 31: 40 0: 32: 00 6.821 0: 32: 00 13.302 0: 32: 00 11.255 10.232 0: 32: 00 12.620 18.077 0: 32: 00 8.356 0: 32: 00 0: 32: 20 6.310 0: 32: 20 12.278 0: 32: 20 10.744 9.720 0: 32: 20 11.255 16.201 0: 32: 20 7.845 0: 32: 20 0: 32: 40 6.310 0: 32: 40 12.278 0: 32: 40 10.744 10.744 0: 32: 40 10.744 15.178 0: 32: 40 7.845 0: 32: 40 0: 33: 00 6.310 0: 33: 00 11.767 0: 33: 00 10.232 10.232 0: 33: 00 10.232 15.689 0: 33: 00 7.845 0: 33: 00 0: 33: 20 6.310 0: 33: 20 13.131 0: 33: 20 10.744 9.720 0: 33: 20 9.379 15.178 0: 33: 20 7.333 0: 33: 20 0: 33: 40 6.310 0: 33: 40 12.278 0: 33: 40 10.232 10.232 0: 33: 40 8.868 13.643 0: 33: 40 7.333 0: 33: 40 0: 34: 00 5.798 0: 34: 00 11.255 0: 34: 00 9.720 9.720 0: 34: 00 8.697 13.131 0: 34: 00 7.333 0: 34: 00 0: 34: 20 5.798 0: 34: 20 11.255 0: 34: 20 9.720 9.720 0: 34: 20 8.356 10.744 0: 34: 20 7.845 0: 34: 20 0: 34: 40 5.287 0: 34: 40 11.255 0: 34: 40 10.232 9.720 0: 34: 40 7.845 10.744 0: 34: 40 7.333 0: 34: 40 0: 35: 00 5.287 0: 35: 00 11.255 0: 35: 00 9.720 9.720 0: 35: 00 7.845 8.661 0: 35: 00 7.333 0: 35: 00 0: 35: 20 5.798 0: 35: 20 10.744 0: 35: 20 9.720 9.343 0: 35: 20 7.845 8.697 0: 35: 20 7.333 0: 35: 20 0: 35: 40 5.287 0: 35: 40 11.255 0: 35: 40 9.209 9.379 0: 35: 40 7.333 8.697 0: 35: 40 7.333 0: 35: 40 0: 36: 00 5.287 0: 36: 00 10.744 0: 36: 00 8.697 9.209 0: 36: 00 7.333 8.356 0: 36: 00 7.162 0: 36: 00 0: 36: 20 5.287 0: 36: 20 9.720 0: 36: 20 9.379 9.720 0: 36: 20 6.821 8.356 0: 36: 20 6.821 0: 36: 20 0: 36: 40 4.775 0: 36: 40 9.720 0: 36: 40 8.697 9.720 0: 36: 40 6.821 8.356 0: 36: 40 7.162 0: 36: 40 0: 37: 00 4.775 0: 37: 00 10.232 0: 37: 00 9.720 9.209 0: 37: 00 6.821 7.845 0: 37: 00 6.821 0: 37: 00 0: 37: 20 5.287 0: 37: 20 9.379 0: 37: 20 8.697 9.209 0: 37: 20 6.310 7.845 0: 37: 20 6.821 0: 37: 20 Page 2 HLU Data 0: 37: 40 5.287 0: 37: 40 10.744 0: 37: 40 9.209 8.356 0: 37: 40 6.310 6.821 0: 37: 40 6.310 0: 37: 40 0: 38: 00 5.287 0: 38: 00 10.744 0: 38: 00 8.697 8.697 0: 38: 00 6.310 7.845 0: 38: 00 6.821 0: 38: 00 0: 38: 20 4.945 0: 38: 20 8.697 0: 38: 20 8.868 8.697 0: 38: 20 6.310 7.333 0: 38: 20 7.162 0: 38: 20 0: 38: 40 4.945 0: 38: 40 8.868 0: 38: 40 9.209 8.868 0: 38: 40 6.310 6.821 0: 38: 40 6.821 0: 38: 40 0: 39: 00 4.945 0: 39: 00 10.232 0: 39: 00 8.697 9.209 0: 39: 00 5.798 6.821 0: 39: 00 6.821 0: 39: 00 0: 39: 20 4.945 0: 39: 20 9.209 0: 39: 20 8.356 8.356 0: 39: 20 5.798 6.821 0: 39: 20 7.333 0: 39: 20 0: 39: 40 4.775 0: 39: 40 9.209 0: 39: 40 8.697 8.697 0: 39: 40 5.798 6.821 0: 39: 40 6.310 0: 39: 40 0: 40: 00 4.945 0: 40: 00 9.209 0: 40: 00 8.868 7.845 0: 40: 00 5.798 6.821 0: 40: 00 6.310 0: 40: 00 0: 40: 20 4.945 0: 40: 20 9.379 0: 40: 20 8.356 8.356 0: 40: 20 5.798 6.821 0: 40: 20 5.798 0: 40: 20 0: 40: 40 4.945 0: 40: 40 8.868 0: 40: 40 7.845 7.845 0: 40: 40 5.798 6.821 0: 40: 40 6.310 0: 40: 40 0: 41: 00 4.434 0: 41: 00 8.356 0: 41: 00 8.356 7.845 0: 41: 00 5.798 6.310 0: 41: 00 6.310 0: 41: 00 0: 41: 20 4.434 0: 41: 20 7.845 0: 41: 20 8.356 7.845 0: 41: 20 5.287 6.310 0: 41: 20 5.798 0: 41: 20 0: 41: 40 4.945 0: 41: 40 7.845 0: 41: 40 7.845 7.333 0: 41: 40 5.287 6.310 0: 41: 40 6.310 0: 41: 40 0: 42: 00 4.775 0: 42: 00 7.845 0: 42: 00 7.845 7.162 0: 42: 00 5.287 6.310 0: 42: 00 5.798 0: 42: 00 0: 42: 20 4.434 0: 42: 20 7.845 0: 42: 20 7.845 7.845 0: 42: 20 5.287 6.310 0: 42: 20 6.310 0: 42: 20 0: 42: 40 4.434 0: 42: 40 6.821 0: 42: 40 7.845 7.333 0: 42: 40 5.287 6.310 0: 42: 40 6.821 0: 42: 40 0: 43: 00 4.434 0: 43: 00 7.333 0: 43: 00 7.333 6.310 0: 43: 00 5.287 5.798 0: 43: 00 5.798 0: 43: 00 0: 43: 20 4.434 0: 43: 20 7.845 0: 43: 20 7.333 7.162 0: 43: 20 4.775 5.798 0: 43: 20 5.798 0: 43: 20 0: 43: 40 4.434 0: 43: 40 7.162 0: 43: 40 6.821 7.333 0: 43: 40 4.775 5.798 0: 43: 40 6.310 0: 43: 40 0: 44: 00 4.434 0: 44: 00 7.333 0: 44: 00 6.821 6.310 0: 44: 00 4.775 5.287 0: 44: 00 6.310 0: 44: 00 0: 44: 20 4.434 0: 44: 20 6.651 0: 44: 20 7.333 6.821 0: 44: 20 4.775 5.798 0: 44: 20 5.798 0: 44: 20 0: 44: 40 4.434 0: 44: 40 6.821 0: 44: 40 6.821 6.821 0: 44: 40 4.775 5.798 0: 44: 40 6.310 0: 44: 40 0: 45: 00 4.434 0: 45: 00 6.310 0: 45: 00 6.821 6.310 0: 45: 00 4.775 5.798 0: 45: 00 5.798 0: 45: 00 0: 45: 20 4.434 0: 45: 20 6.310 0: 45: 20 6.821 6.821 0: 45: 20 4.434 5.798 0: 45: 20 5.798 0: 45: 20 0: 45: 40 4.434 0: 45: 40 6.310 0: 45: 40 6.651 6.310 0: 45: 40 4.434 5.287 0: 45: 40 5.287 0: 45: 40 0: 46: 00 4.434 0: 46: 00 6.310 0: 46: 00 6.310 6.310 0: 46: 00 4.434 5.798 0: 46: 00 5.287 0: 46: 00 0: 46: 20 4.434 0: 46: 20 5.287 0: 46: 20 6.310 6.310 0: 46: 20 4.434 5.798 0: 46: 20 5.798 0: 46: 20 0: 46: 40 3.922 0: 46: 40 5.287 0: 46: 40 6.310 5.798 0: 46: 40 4.434 5.457 0: 46: 40 5.798 0: 46: 40 0: 47: 00 3.922 0: 47: 00 5.287 0: 47: 00 6.310 5.798 0: 47: 00 4.945 5.287 0: 47: 00 5.798 0: 47: 00 0: 47: 20 3.922 0: 47: 20 5.798 0: 47: 20 6.310 5.798 0: 47: 20 4.434 5.287 0: 47: 20 5.798 0: 47: 20 0: 47: 40 3.922 0: 47: 40 4.775 0: 47: 40 5.798 5.798 0: 47: 40 4.434 5.287 0: 47: 40 5.798 0: 47: 40 0: 48: 00 3.922 0: 48: 00 5.287 0: 48: 00 5.798 5.798 0: 48: 00 4.434 5.287 0: 48: 00 5.287 0: 48: 00 0: 48: 20 3.922 0: 48: 20 4.775 0: 48: 20 5.834 5.798 0: 48: 20 4.434 4.775 0: 48: 20 5.798 0: 48: 20 0: 48: 40 3.922 0: 48: 40 4.434 0: 48: 40 5.287 5.287 0: 48: 40 4.434 4.775 0: 48: 40 5.798 0: 48: 40 0: 49: 00 3.922 0: 49: 00 4.434 0: 49: 00 5.798 4.775 0: 49: 00 4.434 4.775 0: 49: 00 5.798 0: 49: 00 0: 49: 20 3.922 0: 49: 20 4.434 0: 49: 20 5.287 5.287 0: 49: 20 4.434 4.775 0: 49: 20 5.287 0: 49: 20 0: 49: 40 3.922 0: 49: 40 4.434 0: 49: 40 5.287 4.775 0: 49: 40 4.434 5.457 0: 49: 40 5.287 0: 49: 40 0: 50: 00 3.922 0: 50: 00 4.434 0: 50: 00 5.287 4.775 0: 50: 00 3.922 4.775 0: 50: 00 5.287 0: 50: 00 0: 50: 20 3.922 0: 50: 20 3.922 0: 50: 20 4.945 4.775 0: 50: 20 3.922 4.775 0: 50: 20 5.287 0: 50: 20 0: 50: 40 3.922 0: 50: 40 3.922 0: 50: 40 4.775 4.945 0: 50: 40 3.922 4.434 0: 50: 40 5.287 0: 50: 40 0: 51: 00 3.922 0: 51: 00 3.922 0: 51: 00 4.775 4.434 0: 51: 00 3.922 4.739 0: 51: 00 5.798 0: 51: 00 0: 51: 20 3.922 0: 51: 20 3.922 0: 51: 20 4.775 4.775 0: 51: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 51: 20 5.287 0: 51: 20 0: 51: 40 3.922 0: 51: 40 3.922 0: 51: 40 4.775 4.434 0: 51: 40 4.434 4.775 0: 51: 40 5.798 0: 51: 40 0: 52: 00 3.922 0: 52: 00 3.411 0: 52: 00 4.775 4.434 0: 52: 00 4.434 4.775 0: 52: 00 5.287 0: 52: 00 0: 52: 20 3.922 0: 52: 20 3.411 0: 52: 20 4.434 4.434 0: 52: 20 4.434 4.775 0: 52: 20 5.287 0: 52: 20 0: 52: 40 3.922 0: 52: 40 3.411 0: 52: 40 4.434 4.434 0: 52: 40 3.922 4.775 0: 52: 40 5.798 0: 52: 40 0: 53: 00 3.922 0: 53: 00 2.899 0: 53: 00 4.434 4.434 0: 53: 00 3.922 4.434 0: 53: 00 5.798 0: 53: 00 0: 53: 20 3.411 0: 53: 20 2.899 0: 53: 20 4.434 4.434 0: 53: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 53: 20 6.310 0: 53: 20 0: 53: 40 3.922 0: 53: 40 2.899 0: 53: 40 3.922 3.922 0: 53: 40 4.434 4.434 0: 53: 40 5.287 0: 53: 40 0: 54: 00 3.922 0: 54: 00 2.899 0: 54: 00 4.434 3.922 0: 54: 00 3.922 4.434 0: 54: 00 5.287 0: 54: 00 0: 54: 20 3.922 0: 54: 20 2.387 0: 54: 20 3.922 3.922 0: 54: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 54: 20 4.945 0: 54: 20 0: 54: 40 3.411 0: 54: 40 2.899 0: 54: 40 4.434 3.922 0: 54: 40 3.922 4.775 0: 54: 40 4.775 0: 54: 40 0: 55: 00 3.922 0: 55: 00 2.387 0: 55: 00 3.922 3.922 0: 55: 00 3.922 4.775 0: 55: 00 5.287 0: 55: 00 0: 55: 20 3.922 0: 55: 20 2.387 0: 55: 20 3.922 3.411 0: 55: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 55: 20 4.775 0: 55: 20 0: 55: 40 3.922 0: 55: 40 2.387 0: 55: 40 3.411 3.411 0: 55: 40 3.922 4.434 0: 55: 40 4.775 0: 55: 40 0: 56: 00 3.922 0: 56: 00 1.876 0: 56: 00 3.922 3.411 0: 56: 00 3.922 4.434 0: 56: 00 4.775 0: 56: 00 0: 56: 20 3.411 0: 56: 20 2.387 0: 56: 20 3.411 3.411 0: 56: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 56: 20 5.287 0: 56: 20 0: 56: 40 3.411 0: 56: 40 2.387 0: 56: 40 3.411 2.899 0: 56: 40 3.922 3.922 0: 56: 40 5.287 0: 56: 40 Page 3 HLU Data 0: 57: 00 3.922 0: 57: 00 1.876 0: 57: 00 3.240 3.411 0: 57: 00 3.922 3.922 0: 57: 00 5.287 0: 57: 00 0: 57: 20 3.922 0: 57: 20 1.876 0: 57: 20 2.899 3.922 0: 57: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 57: 20 5.457 0: 57: 20 0: 57: 40 3.411 0: 57: 40 1.876 0: 57: 40 3.411 3.411 0: 57: 40 3.922 4.434 0: 57: 40 4.775 0: 57: 40 0: 58: 00 3.411 0: 58: 00 1.876 0: 58: 00 3.411 2.899 0: 58: 00 3.922 4.434 0: 58: 00 4.775 0: 58: 00 0: 58: 20 3.922 0: 58: 20 1.876 0: 58: 20 2.899 3.411 0: 58: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 58: 20 5.287 0: 58: 20 0: 58: 40 3.411 0: 58: 40 1.876 0: 58: 40 2.899 3.411 0: 58: 40 3.922 3.922 0: 58: 40 5.287 0: 58: 40 0: 59: 00 3.411 0: 59: 00 1.876 0: 59: 00 2.899 2.899 0: 59: 00 3.922 4.434 0: 59: 00 4.775 0: 59: 00 0: 59: 20 3.411 0: 59: 20 1.364 0: 59: 20 2.899 2.899 0: 59: 20 3.922 4.434 0: 59: 20 5.287 0: 59: 20 0: 59: 40 3.411 0: 59: 40 1.364 0: 59: 40 2.899 2.899 0: 59: 40 3.922 4.434 0: 59: 40 4.775 0: 59: 40 1: 00: 00 3.411 1: 00: 00 1.535 1: 00: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 00: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 00: 00 4.775 1: 00: 00 1: 00: 20 3.411 1: 00: 20 1.535 1: 00: 20 2.899 2.387 1: 00: 20 3.922 4.434 1: 00: 20 4.434 1: 00: 20 1: 00: 40 3.411 1: 00: 40 1.364 1: 00: 40 2.387 2.899 1: 00: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 00: 40 4.775 1: 00: 40 1: 01: 00 3.411 1: 01: 00 1.364 1: 01: 00 2.387 2.899 1: 01: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 01: 00 4.775 1: 01: 00 1: 01: 20 3.411 1: 01: 20 1.364 1: 01: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 01: 20 3.922 4.434 1: 01: 20 4.434 1: 01: 20 1: 01: 40 3.411 1: 01: 40 1.364 1: 01: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 01: 40 3.922 3.922 1: 01: 40 4.775 1: 01: 40 1: 02: 00 3.411 1: 02: 00 1.364 1: 02: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 02: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 02: 00 4.775 1: 02: 00 1: 02: 20 3.411 1: 02: 20 1.364 1: 02: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 02: 20 3.922 3.922 1: 02: 20 4.945 1: 02: 20 1: 02: 40 3.411 1: 02: 40 1.364 1: 02: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 02: 40 3.922 3.922 1: 02: 40 4.434 1: 02: 40 1: 03: 00 3.411 1: 03: 00 1.364 1: 03: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 03: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 03: 00 4.775 1: 03: 00 1: 03: 20 3.411 1: 03: 20 0.853 1: 03: 20 1.876 2.387 1: 03: 20 3.922 3.922 1: 03: 20 4.775 1: 03: 20 1: 03: 40 3.411 1: 03: 40 1.364 1: 03: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 03: 40 3.922 4.434 1: 03: 40 4.775 1: 03: 40 1: 04: 00 3.411 1: 04: 00 1.023 1: 04: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 04: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 04: 00 5.457 1: 04: 00 1: 04: 20 3.411 1: 04: 20 1.023 1: 04: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 04: 20 3.411 4.434 1: 04: 20 4.775 1: 04: 20 1: 04: 40 3.411 1: 04: 40 1.023 1: 04: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 04: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 04: 40 4.775 1: 04: 40 1: 05: 00 3.411 1: 05: 00 1.023 1: 05: 00 1.841 1.876 1: 05: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 05: 00 4.775 1: 05: 00 1: 05: 20 3.411 1: 05: 20 1.023 1: 05: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 05: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 05: 20 4.434 1: 05: 20 1: 05: 40 3.411 1: 05: 40 1.023 1: 05: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 05: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 05: 40 4.434 1: 05: 40 1: 06: 00 3.411 1: 06: 00 1.023 1: 06: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 06: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 06: 00 4.434 1: 06: 00 1: 06: 20 3.411 1: 06: 20 1.023 1: 06: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 06: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 06: 20 4.434 1: 06: 20 1: 06: 40 3.411 1: 06: 40 0.853 1: 06: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 06: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 06: 40 4.434 1: 06: 40 1: 07: 00 3.411 1: 07: 00 0.853 1: 07: 00 1.535 1.876 1: 07: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 07: 00 4.775 1: 07: 00 1: 07: 20 3.411 1: 07: 20 0.853 1: 07: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 07: 20 3.411 4.434 1: 07: 20 4.775 1: 07: 20 1: 07: 40 3.411 1: 07: 40 0.853 1: 07: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 07: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 07: 40 4.775 1: 07: 40 1: 08: 00 3.411 1: 08: 00 0.853 1: 08: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 08: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 08: 00 4.434 1: 08: 00 1: 08: 20 3.411 1: 08: 20 0.853 1: 08: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 08: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 08: 20 4.775 1: 08: 20 1: 08: 40 3.411 1: 08: 40 0.853 1: 08: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 08: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 08: 40 4.775 1: 08: 40 1: 09: 00 3.411 1: 09: 00 0.853 1: 09: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 09: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 09: 00 4.775 1: 09: 00 1: 09: 20 3.411 1: 09: 20 0.853 1: 09: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 09: 20 3.411 4.434 1: 09: 20 4.775 1: 09: 20 1: 09: 40 3.411 1: 09: 40 0.853 1: 09: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 09: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 09: 40 4.434 1: 09: 40 1: 10: 00 3.411 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 10: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 10: 00 4.775 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 20 3.411 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 10: 20 3.411 4.434 1: 10: 20 4.434 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 40 2.899 1: 10: 40 1: 10: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 10: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 10: 40 4.434 1: 10: 40 1: 11: 00 2.864 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 11: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 11: 00 4.945 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 20 3.411 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 20 0.853 1.364 1: 11: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 11: 20 4.434 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 40 3.411 1: 11: 40 1: 11: 40 0.853 1.364 1: 11: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 11: 40 4.434 1: 11: 40 1: 12: 00 3.411 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 12: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 12: 00 4.434 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 20 2.899 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 12: 20 3.411 4.434 1: 12: 20 4.434 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 40 3.411 1: 12: 40 1: 12: 40 0.853 1.364 1: 12: 40 3.411 4.434 1: 12: 40 4.775 1: 12: 40 1: 13: 00 2.899 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 00 0.853 1.364 1: 13: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 00 4.775 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 20 2.899 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 13: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 20 4.775 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 40 2.899 1: 13: 40 1: 13: 40 1.023 1.364 1: 13: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 40 4.775 1: 13: 40 1: 14: 00 2.899 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 14: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 14: 00 4.434 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 20 2.899 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 14: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 14: 20 4.434 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 40 2.899 1: 14: 40 1: 14: 40 1.023 1.364 1: 14: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 14: 40 4.434 1: 14: 40 1: 15: 00 2.899 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 15: 00 3.411 4.434 1: 15: 00 4.434 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 20 2.899 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 15: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 15: 20 4.434 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 40 2.899 1: 15: 40 1: 15: 40 0.853 1.023 1: 15: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 15: 40 4.434 1: 15: 40 1: 16: 00 2.899 1: 16: 00 1: 16: 00 0.853 1.023 1: 16: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 16: 00 4.434 1: 16: 00 Page 4 HLU Data 1: 16: 20 2.899 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 20 0.853 1.023 1: 16: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 16: 20 3.922 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 40 2.899 1: 16: 40 1: 16: 40 0.853 1.023 1: 16: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 16: 40 3.922 1: 16: 40 1: 17: 00 2.899 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 00 0.853 1.023 1: 17: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 17: 00 3.922 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 20 2.899 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 20 0.853 1.023 1: 17: 20 3.411 3.411 1: 17: 20 3.922 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 40 2.899 1: 17: 40 1: 17: 40 0.853 1.023 1: 17: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 17: 40 3.922 1: 17: 40 1: 18: 00 2.899 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 00 0.853 1.023 1: 18: 00 2.899 3.922 1: 18: 00 3.922 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 20 2.899 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 20 0.853 1.023 1: 18: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 18: 20 3.922 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 40 2.899 1: 18: 40 1: 18: 40 0.853 1.023 1: 18: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 18: 40 3.922 1: 18: 40 1: 19: 00 2.899 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 00 1.023 1: 19: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 19: 00 3.922 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 20 2.899 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 20 1.023 1: 19: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 19: 20 3.922 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 40 2.899 1: 19: 40 1: 19: 40 1.023 1: 19: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 19: 40 3.922 1: 19: 40 1: 20: 00 2.899 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 1.023 1: 20: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 20: 00 3.922 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 20 2.899 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 1.023 1: 20: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 20: 20 3.922 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 40 2.899 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 1.023 1: 20: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 20: 40 3.411 1: 20: 40 1: 21: 00 2.899 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 1.023 1: 21: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 21: 00 3.922 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 20 2.387 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 1.023 1: 21: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 21: 20 3.922 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 40 2.387 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 1.023 1: 21: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 21: 40 3.411 1: 21: 40 1: 22: 00 2.899 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 1.023 1: 22: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 22: 00 3.922 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 20 2.387 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 1.023 1: 22: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 22: 20 3.411 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 40 2.387 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 1.023 1: 22: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 22: 40 3.411 1: 22: 40 1: 23: 00 2.387 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 1.023 1: 23: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 23: 00 3.411 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 20 2.387 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 1.023 1: 23: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 23: 20 3.922 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 40 2.387 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 1.023 1: 23: 40 2.899 3.411 1: 23: 40 3.411 1: 23: 40 1: 24: 00 2.387 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 1.023 1: 24: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 24: 00 3.411 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 20 2.387 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 1.023 1: 24: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 24: 20 3.411 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 40 2.387 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 1.023 1: 24: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 24: 40 3.411 1: 24: 40 1: 25: 00 2.387 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 1.023 1: 25: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 25: 00 2.899 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 20 2.387 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 1.023 1: 25: 20 3.376 3.411 1: 25: 20 3.411 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 40 2.387 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 1.023 1: 25: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 25: 40 2.899 1: 25: 40 1: 26: 00 2.387 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 1.023 1: 26: 00 2.899 3.411 1: 26: 00 2.899 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 20 2.387 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 1.023 1: 26: 20 2.899 3.411 1: 26: 20 2.899 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 40 2.387 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 1.023 1: 26: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 26: 40 2.899 1: 26: 40 1: 27: 00 2.387 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 1.023 1: 27: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 27: 00 2.899 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 20 2.387 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 1.023 1: 27: 20 3.411 3.411 1: 27: 20 2.899 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 40 2.387 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 1.023 1: 27: 40 2.899 3.411 1: 27: 40 2.899 1: 27: 40 1: 28: 00 1.876 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 0.512 1: 28: 00 2.899 3.240 1: 28: 00 2.899 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 20 1.876 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 0.512 1: 28: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 28: 20 2.899 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 40 1.876 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 1.023 1: 28: 40 2.899 3.411 1: 28: 40 2.899 1: 28: 40 1: 29: 00 1.876 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 0.853 1: 29: 00 2.899 3.411 1: 29: 00 2.899 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 20 1.876 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 0.512 1: 29: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 29: 20 2.899 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 40 1.876 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 0.512 1: 29: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 29: 40 2.899 1: 29: 40 1: 30: 00 1.876 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 0.512 1: 30: 00 2.899 3.411 1: 30: 00 2.899 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 20 1.876 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 0.512 1: 30: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 30: 20 2.387 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 40 1.876 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 0.512 1: 30: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 30: 40 2.387 1: 30: 40 1: 31: 00 1.876 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 0.512 1: 31: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 31: 00 2.387 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 20 1.876 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 31: 20 2.387 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 40 1.876 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 31: 40 2.387 1: 31: 40 1: 32: 00 1.876 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 32: 00 2.387 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 20 1.876 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 2.899 2.387 1: 32: 20 2.387 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 40 1.876 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 32: 40 2.387 1: 32: 40 1: 33: 00 1.876 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 2.387 2.899 1: 33: 00 2.387 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 20 1.876 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 33: 20 2.387 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 40 1.876 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 33: 40 2.387 1: 33: 40 1: 34: 00 1.876 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 2.387 2.899 1: 34: 00 2.387 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 20 1.876 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 2.387 2.899 1: 34: 20 2.387 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 40 1.364 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 2.387 2.899 1: 34: 40 2.387 1: 34: 40 1: 35: 00 1.364 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 2.422 2.387 1: 35: 00 2.387 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 20 1.364 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 35: 20 2.387 1: 35: 20 Page 5 HLU Data 1: 35: 40 1.364 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 2.387 2.899 1: 35: 40 1.876 1: 35: 40 1: 36: 00 1.364 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 36: 00 2.387 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 20 1.364 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 2.387 2.899 1: 36: 20 1.876 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 40 1.364 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 36: 40 1.876 1: 36: 40 1: 37: 00 1.364 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 37: 00 1.876 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 20 1.364 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 37: 20 1.876 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 40 1.364 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 37: 40 1.876 1: 37: 40 1: 38: 00 1.364 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 38: 00 1.876 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 20 1.364 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1.876 2.387 1: 38: 20 1.876 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 40 1.364 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1.876 2.387 1: 38: 40 1.876 1: 38: 40 1: 39: 00 1.364 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1.876 2.387 1: 39: 00 1.876 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 20 1.364 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1.876 2.387 1: 39: 20 1.876 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 40 1.364 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1.876 2.387 1: 39: 40 1.876 1: 39: 40 1: 40: 00 1.364 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 40: 00 1.876 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 20 1.364 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1.876 2.387 1: 40: 20 1.876 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 40 1.364 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1.364 2.387 1: 40: 40 1.364 1: 40: 40 1: 41: 00 1.364 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 41: 00 1.364 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 20 1.364 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 41: 20 1.876 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 40 1.364 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 41: 40 1.364 1: 41: 40 1: 42: 00 0.853 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 42: 00 1.364 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 20 0.853 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 42: 20 1.364 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 40 1.364 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 42: 40 1.364 1: 42: 40 1: 43: 00 0.853 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 43: 00 1.364 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 20 0.853 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 43: 20 1.364 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 40 0.853 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 43: 40 1.364 1: 43: 40 1: 44: 00 0.853 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 44: 00 1.364 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 20 0.853 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 44: 20 1.364 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 40 0.853 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 44: 40 1.364 1: 44: 40 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 45: 00 1.364 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 45: 20 1.364 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 45: 40 1.364 1: 45: 40 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 46: 00 1.364 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 46: 20 1.364 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 46: 40 1.364 1: 46: 40 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 47: 00 1.364 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 47: 20 1.364 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 47: 40 1.364 1: 47: 40 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 48: 00 1.364 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 48: 20 1.364 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 48: 40 1.364 1: 48: 40 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 49: 00 1.364 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1.364 1.364 1: 49: 20 1.364 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 49: 40 1.364 1: 49: 40 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1.364 1.364 1: 50: 00 1.364 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1.330 0.853 1: 50: 20 1.364 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1.364 1.364 1: 50: 40 1.364 1: 50: 40 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1.364 0.853 1: 51: 00 1.364 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 0.853 0.853 1: 51: 20 1.364 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 0.853 0.853 1: 51: 40 1.364 1: 51: 40 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 0.853 0.853 1: 52: 00 1.330 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 0.853 0.853 1: 52: 20 1.364 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 0.853 0.853 1: 52: 40 1.364 1: 52: 40 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 0.853 0.853 1: 53: 00 0.853 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 0.853 0.853 1: 53: 20 0.853 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 0.853 0.853 1: 53: 40 0.853 1: 53: 40 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 0.853 1: 54: 00 0.853 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 0.853 1: 54: 20 0.853 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 0.853 1: 54: 40 Page 6 HLU Data 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 0.853 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 0.853 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 0.853 1: 55: 40 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 0.853 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 Page 7 HLU Data Page 8 HLU Data Page 9 HLU Data Page 10 HLU Data Page 11 HLU Data Page 12 HLU Data Page 13 HLU Data Page 14 HLU Data Page 15 HLU Data RUN 6 Master RUN 7 Master RUN 8 Master RUN 9 Master RUN 10 Master RUN 11A RUN 11B Master 092695A Time 092795A Time 092795B Time 092795C Time 092895A Time 092895B 092995C Time 0.853 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0.853 0: 00: 00 0.853 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.853 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.853 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.853 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.818 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.853 0: 01: 40 0.853 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.853 0: 02: 00 0.853 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.853 0: 02: 00 0.853 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.853 0: 02: 20 0.853 0: 02: 20 0.853 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.853 0: 02: 20 0.853 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.853 5.287 0: 02: 40 1.535 0: 03: 00 10.232 0: 03: 00 2.387 0: 03: 00 3.922 0: 03: 00 2.387 0: 03: 00 8.868 21.999 0: 03: 00 4.775 0: 03: 20 20.123 0: 03: 20 18.077 0: 03: 20 15.178 0: 03: 20 17.224 0: 03: 20 21.999 32.231 0: 03: 20 16.201 0: 03: 40 24.898 0: 03: 40 27.968 0: 03: 40 32.743 0: 03: 40 27.456 0: 03: 40 35.130 28.309 0: 03: 40 25.921 0: 04: 00 26.774 0: 04: 00 30.867 0: 04: 00 37.177 0: 04: 00 31.208 0: 04: 00 31.208 35.130 0: 04: 00 20.464 0: 04: 20 34.107 0: 04: 20 23.022 0: 04: 20 28.309 0: 04: 20 25.410 0: 04: 20 36.153 36.665 0: 04: 20 27.456 0: 04: 40 45.021 0: 04: 40 28.991 0: 04: 40 33.766 0: 04: 40 31.719 0: 04: 40 46.385 45.533 0: 04: 40 34.619 0: 05: 00 45.362 0: 05: 00 34.619 0: 05: 00 41.099 0: 05: 00 41.952 0: 05: 00 53.377 49.455 0: 05: 00 37.518 0: 05: 20 46.385 0: 05: 20 43.486 0: 05: 20 48.943 0: 05: 20 51.331 0: 05: 20 52.354 47.920 0: 05: 20 37.177 0: 05: 40 44.510 0: 05: 40 40.587 0: 05: 40 50.308 0: 05: 40 52.695 0: 05: 40 55.765 44.510 0: 05: 40 40.076 0: 06: 00 42.463 0: 06: 00 49.455 0: 06: 00 45.874 0: 06: 00 56.788 0: 06: 00 65.997 48.432 0: 06: 00 44.851 0: 06: 20 45.021 0: 06: 20 44.510 0: 06: 20 48.773 0: 06: 20 54.912 0: 06: 20 67.191 50.308 0: 06: 20 42.463 0: 06: 40 43.998 0: 06: 40 47.409 0: 06: 40 45.874 0: 06: 40 56.788 0: 06: 40 68.555 51.331 0: 06: 40 38.541 0: 07: 00 42.975 0: 07: 00 50.308 0: 07: 00 48.943 0: 07: 00 52.866 0: 07: 00 71.625 54.230 0: 07: 00 48.943 0: 07: 20 49.285 0: 07: 20 47.920 0: 07: 20 53.718 0: 07: 20 52.354 0: 07: 20 69.578 57.641 0: 07: 20 56.276 0: 07: 40 49.796 0: 07: 40 35.642 0: 07: 40 65.144 0: 07: 40 57.300 0: 07: 40 79.981 55.253 0: 07: 40 53.718 0: 08: 00 50.819 0: 08: 00 43.486 0: 08: 00 64.633 0: 08: 00 64.071 0: 08: 00 74.012 65.485 0: 08: 00 53.718 0: 08: 20 55.765 0: 08: 20 53.718 0: 08: 20 72.477 0: 08: 20 59.176 0: 08: 20 71.966 64.292 0: 08: 20 57.641 0: 08: 40 54.912 0: 08: 40 53.207 0: 08: 40 67.702 0: 08: 40 64.633 0: 08: 40 71.625 64.121 0: 08: 40 57.641 0: 09: 00 55.253 0: 09: 00 52.866 0: 09: 00 66.167 0: 09: 00 61.222 0: 09: 00 72.136 66.167 0: 09: 00 52.866 0: 09: 20 57.641 0: 09: 20 55.765 0: 09: 20 66.167 0: 09: 20 57.300 0: 09: 20 76.911 69.237 0: 09: 20 54.230 0: 09: 40 53.718 0: 09: 40 52.866 0: 09: 40 65.144 0: 09: 40 60.540 0: 09: 40 71.113 79.981 0: 09: 40 52.866 0: 10: 00 57.300 0: 10: 00 50.819 0: 10: 00 70.601 0: 10: 00 64.121 0: 10: 00 69.578 76.570 0: 10: 00 55.253 0: 10: 20 65.144 0: 10: 20 53.207 0: 10: 20 65.656 0: 10: 20 67.532 0: 10: 20 72.136 74.012 0: 10: 20 43.998 0: 10: 40 69.578 0: 10: 40 62.075 0: 10: 40 75.035 0: 10: 40 76.058 0: 10: 40 76.058 71.113 0: 10: 40 42.975 0: 11: 00 72.136 0: 11: 00 70.090 0: 11: 00 64.633 0: 11: 00 74.012 0: 11: 00 76.400 72.989 0: 11: 00 40.587 0: 11: 20 66.167 0: 11: 20 72.989 0: 11: 20 64.121 0: 11: 20 80.492 0: 11: 20 71.113 83.903 0: 11: 20 43.998 0: 11: 40 64.292 0: 11: 40 68.555 0: 11: 40 62.075 0: 11: 40 87.314 0: 11: 40 78.958 82.880 0: 11: 40 47.920 0: 12: 00 65.656 0: 12: 00 70.090 0: 12: 00 59.176 0: 12: 00 87.314 0: 12: 00 80.833 77.423 0: 12: 00 55.253 0: 12: 20 67.702 0: 12: 20 71.966 0: 12: 20 59.687 0: 12: 20 83.903 0: 12: 20 75.547 78.446 0: 12: 20 60.199 0: 12: 40 63.268 0: 12: 40 72.477 0: 12: 40 56.788 0: 12: 40 77.934 0: 12: 40 77.082 82.880 0: 12: 40 57.300 0: 13: 00 61.051 0: 13: 00 64.633 0: 13: 00 59.687 0: 13: 00 78.446 0: 13: 00 75.035 85.779 0: 13: 00 59.687 0: 13: 20 56.276 0: 13: 20 75.888 0: 13: 20 51.331 0: 13: 20 83.391 0: 13: 20 69.067 86.291 0: 13: 20 63.609 0: 13: 40 52.354 0: 13: 40 76.058 0: 13: 40 50.308 0: 13: 40 82.880 0: 13: 40 66.679 83.391 0: 13: 40 59.687 0: 14: 00 46.897 0: 14: 00 75.035 0: 14: 00 51.843 0: 14: 00 90.383 0: 14: 00 67.191 75.035 0: 14: 00 67.191 0: 14: 20 47.920 0: 14: 20 75.547 0: 14: 20 46.385 0: 14: 20 87.825 0: 14: 20 62.757 71.966 0: 14: 20 73.500 0: 14: 40 46.385 0: 14: 40 73.500 0: 14: 40 42.930 0: 14: 40 87.825 0: 14: 40 58.664 67.191 0: 14: 40 70.090 0: 15: 00 41.440 0: 15: 00 82.368 0: 15: 00 41.440 0: 15: 00 89.872 0: 15: 00 57.641 65.656 0: 15: 00 73.500 0: 15: 20 39.735 0: 15: 20 80.492 0: 15: 20 34.107 0: 15: 20 96.011 0: 15: 20 53.718 66.679 0: 15: 20 76.058 0: 15: 40 38.029 0: 15: 40 79.981 0: 15: 40 31.719 0: 15: 40 95.158 0: 15: 40 50.308 62.757 0: 15: 40 74.012 0: 16: 00 36.153 0: 16: 00 80.833 0: 16: 00 35.642 0: 16: 00 92.259 0: 16: 00 47.920 57.300 0: 16: 00 69.919 0: 16: 20 32.743 0: 16: 20 79.981 0: 16: 20 34.619 0: 16: 20 91.748 0: 16: 20 42.463 56.276 0: 16: 20 67.191 0: 16: 40 30.867 0: 16: 40 83.391 0: 16: 40 30.867 0: 16: 40 87.825 0: 16: 40 42.463 53.718 0: 16: 40 66.679 0: 17: 00 37.177 0: 17: 00 83.391 0: 17: 00 31.719 0: 17: 00 83.391 0: 17: 00 42.463 47.920 0: 17: 00 56.788 0: 17: 20 34.107 0: 17: 20 83.903 0: 17: 20 29.844 0: 17: 20 79.469 0: 17: 20 41.952 47.068 0: 17: 20 56.276 0: 17: 40 31.719 0: 17: 40 76.911 0: 17: 40 28.820 0: 17: 40 78.446 0: 17: 40 42.463 46.897 0: 17: 40 55.424 0: 18: 00 31.719 0: 18: 00 81.345 0: 18: 00 27.456 0: 18: 00 76.058 0: 18: 00 39.223 45.362 0: 18: 00 Page 16 HLU Data 47.920 0: 18: 20 27.968 0: 18: 20 78.446 0: 18: 20 24.898 0: 18: 20 70.090 0: 18: 20 36.153 45.874 0: 18: 20 48.432 0: 18: 40 25.410 0: 18: 40 82.880 0: 18: 40 22.852 0: 18: 40 68.214 0: 18: 40 35.642 40.076 0: 18: 40 46.897 0: 19: 00 24.386 0: 19: 00 81.345 0: 19: 00 20.464 0: 19: 00 68.043 0: 19: 00 35.130 39.223 0: 19: 00 43.998 0: 19: 20 24.386 0: 19: 20 77.423 0: 19: 20 17.224 0: 19: 20 69.237 0: 19: 20 30.185 36.153 0: 19: 20 44.510 0: 19: 40 24.045 0: 19: 40 71.625 0: 19: 40 16.201 0: 19: 40 69.578 0: 19: 40 26.433 35.130 0: 19: 40 40.587 0: 20: 00 23.534 0: 20: 00 63.609 0: 20: 00 15.689 0: 20: 00 68.555 0: 20: 00 27.968 30.185 0: 20: 00 38.541 0: 20: 20 21.999 0: 20: 20 67.532 0: 20: 20 13.643 0: 20: 20 58.323 0: 20: 20 27.968 25.410 0: 20: 20 34.619 0: 20: 40 20.976 0: 20: 40 65.144 0: 20: 40 13.131 0: 20: 40 55.765 0: 20: 40 26.774 26.433 0: 20: 40 34.619 0: 21: 00 20.464 0: 21: 00 63.780 0: 21: 00 11.767 0: 21: 00 56.276 0: 21: 00 25.921 28.309 0: 21: 00 35.130 0: 21: 20 18.929 0: 21: 20 61.222 0: 21: 20 11.255 0: 21: 20 53.718 0: 21: 20 24.898 27.456 0: 21: 20 34.107 0: 21: 40 15.178 0: 21: 40 58.104 0: 21: 40 10.573 0: 21: 40 54.230 0: 21: 40 23.534 26.433 0: 21: 40 30.867 0: 22: 00 14.117 0: 22: 00 61.563 0: 22: 00 10.232 0: 22: 00 47.409 0: 22: 00 22.511 22.511 0: 22: 00 28.820 0: 22: 20 13.302 0: 22: 20 53.377 0: 22: 20 9.720 0: 22: 20 50.819 0: 22: 20 24.898 24.045 0: 22: 20 27.968 0: 22: 40 12.278 0: 22: 40 58.664 0: 22: 40 9.720 0: 22: 40 51.331 0: 22: 40 24.386 23.022 0: 22: 40 28.479 0: 23: 00 11.255 0: 23: 00 58.152 0: 23: 00 9.209 0: 23: 00 46.385 0: 23: 00 20.123 24.386 0: 23: 00 28.309 0: 23: 20 10.744 0: 23: 20 49.796 0: 23: 20 9.209 0: 23: 20 46.340 0: 23: 20 19.100 24.386 0: 23: 20 23.534 0: 23: 40 10.232 0: 23: 40 48.432 0: 23: 40 8.356 0: 23: 40 46.385 0: 23: 40 17.565 23.534 0: 23: 40 24.045 0: 24: 00 10.232 0: 24: 00 49.796 0: 24: 00 8.356 0: 24: 00 38.541 0: 24: 00 18.588 22.511 0: 24: 00 23.534 0: 24: 20 9.720 0: 24: 20 49.796 0: 24: 20 7.845 0: 24: 20 34.619 0: 24: 20 18.077 21.487 0: 24: 20 21.999 0: 24: 40 8.868 0: 24: 40 45.533 0: 24: 40 7.845 0: 24: 40 32.743 0: 24: 40 14.666 22.511 0: 24: 40 20.464 0: 25: 00 8.868 0: 25: 00 44.851 0: 25: 00 7.845 0: 25: 00 35.301 0: 25: 00 14.154 17.565 0: 25: 00 19.611 0: 25: 20 8.356 0: 25: 20 45.021 0: 25: 20 6.821 0: 25: 20 35.130 0: 25: 20 13.131 19.100 0: 25: 20 19.100 0: 25: 40 8.356 0: 25: 40 44.510 0: 25: 40 7.333 0: 25: 40 30.355 0: 25: 40 12.620 17.053 0: 25: 40 18.077 0: 26: 00 7.845 0: 26: 00 41.440 0: 26: 00 6.821 0: 26: 00 29.844 0: 26: 00 11.767 15.689 0: 26: 00 18.077 0: 26: 20 7.162 0: 26: 20 38.541 0: 26: 20 7.333 0: 26: 20 27.968 0: 26: 20 11.767 14.666 0: 26: 20 17.565 0: 26: 40 7.333 0: 26: 40 37.688 0: 26: 40 7.845 0: 26: 40 26.262 0: 26: 40 11.255 13.643 0: 26: 40 16.201 0: 27: 00 6.310 0: 27: 00 35.130 0: 27: 00 6.821 0: 27: 00 24.045 0: 27: 00 10.744 13.131 0: 27: 00 16.542 0: 27: 20 6.821 0: 27: 20 35.642 0: 27: 20 6.821 0: 27: 20 22.511 0: 27: 20 9.720 12.620 0: 27: 20 13.643 0: 27: 40 6.310 0: 27: 40 34.619 0: 27: 40 6.821 0: 27: 40 21.487 0: 27: 40 9.720 11.767 0: 27: 40 12.620 0: 28: 00 6.310 0: 28: 00 36.153 0: 28: 00 6.821 0: 28: 00 20.464 0: 28: 00 9.720 11.767 0: 28: 00 11.767 0: 28: 20 5.798 0: 28: 20 33.254 0: 28: 20 6.310 0: 28: 20 19.100 0: 28: 20 9.209 11.255 0: 28: 20 12.278 0: 28: 40 6.310 0: 28: 40 30.867 0: 28: 40 6.310 0: 28: 40 18.588 0: 28: 40 9.209 11.255 0: 28: 40 11.255 0: 29: 00 6.310 0: 29: 00 31.208 0: 29: 00 5.798 0: 29: 00 17.053 0: 29: 00 9.379 10.232 0: 29: 00 11.255 0: 29: 20 5.798 0: 29: 20 31.719 0: 29: 20 5.798 0: 29: 20 16.201 0: 29: 20 9.209 10.744 0: 29: 20 10.232 0: 29: 40 5.798 0: 29: 40 29.844 0: 29: 40 6.310 0: 29: 40 16.201 0: 29: 40 8.697 10.232 0: 29: 40 9.720 0: 30: 00 5.798 0: 30: 00 28.820 0: 30: 00 5.798 0: 30: 00 16.201 0: 30: 00 8.697 9.720 0: 30: 00 9.720 0: 30: 20 6.310 0: 30: 20 26.944 0: 30: 20 5.457 0: 30: 20 15.178 0: 30: 20 8.356 9.209 0: 30: 20 8.697 0: 30: 40 6.310 0: 30: 40 29.332 0: 30: 40 5.798 0: 30: 40 15.178 0: 30: 40 8.697 9.209 0: 30: 40 8.697 0: 31: 00 6.310 0: 31: 00 24.898 0: 31: 00 5.798 0: 31: 00 14.154 0: 31: 00 8.356 9.209 0: 31: 00 8.697 0: 31: 20 6.310 0: 31: 20 25.069 0: 31: 20 5.798 0: 31: 20 14.154 0: 31: 20 8.868 8.697 0: 31: 20 8.356 0: 31: 40 6.310 0: 31: 40 27.968 0: 31: 40 5.457 0: 31: 40 13.131 0: 31: 40 8.356 9.379 0: 31: 40 8.356 0: 32: 00 5.798 0: 32: 00 24.557 0: 32: 00 4.775 0: 32: 00 12.620 0: 32: 00 8.356 9.379 0: 32: 00 7.845 0: 32: 20 5.798 0: 32: 20 24.045 0: 32: 20 5.457 0: 32: 20 12.278 0: 32: 20 8.868 9.379 0: 32: 20 7.845 0: 32: 40 5.798 0: 32: 40 21.999 0: 32: 40 5.287 0: 32: 40 13.643 0: 32: 40 8.356 8.356 0: 32: 40 7.162 0: 33: 00 5.798 0: 33: 00 19.611 0: 33: 00 5.287 0: 33: 00 12.620 0: 33: 00 8.356 8.356 0: 33: 00 7.333 0: 33: 20 5.798 0: 33: 20 19.611 0: 33: 20 5.287 0: 33: 20 12.620 0: 33: 20 7.845 8.356 0: 33: 20 6.651 0: 33: 40 6.310 0: 33: 40 19.611 0: 33: 40 5.287 0: 33: 40 13.302 0: 33: 40 7.845 8.697 0: 33: 40 6.821 0: 34: 00 5.798 0: 34: 00 19.100 0: 34: 00 4.775 0: 34: 00 12.790 0: 34: 00 7.845 8.356 0: 34: 00 6.821 0: 34: 20 5.798 0: 34: 20 18.077 0: 34: 20 4.775 0: 34: 20 12.278 0: 34: 20 7.845 8.356 0: 34: 20 6.821 0: 34: 40 5.798 0: 34: 40 17.053 0: 34: 40 5.287 0: 34: 40 12.620 0: 34: 40 7.845 7.845 0: 34: 40 6.821 0: 35: 00 5.798 0: 35: 00 16.542 0: 35: 00 5.287 0: 35: 00 11.255 0: 35: 00 7.845 7.845 0: 35: 00 6.310 0: 35: 20 5.798 0: 35: 20 15.689 0: 35: 20 4.434 0: 35: 20 11.767 0: 35: 20 7.845 7.845 0: 35: 20 6.310 0: 35: 40 5.798 0: 35: 40 14.666 0: 35: 40 4.775 0: 35: 40 11.255 0: 35: 40 7.333 7.845 0: 35: 40 6.310 0: 36: 00 5.798 0: 36: 00 13.643 0: 36: 00 4.945 0: 36: 00 11.255 0: 36: 00 7.333 7.845 0: 36: 00 6.310 0: 36: 20 5.798 0: 36: 20 13.131 0: 36: 20 4.945 0: 36: 20 11.255 0: 36: 20 7.333 7.845 0: 36: 20 6.310 0: 36: 40 5.798 0: 36: 40 13.131 0: 36: 40 4.434 0: 36: 40 10.744 0: 36: 40 7.333 7.333 0: 36: 40 6.310 0: 37: 00 5.798 0: 37: 00 12.620 0: 37: 00 4.434 0: 37: 00 11.255 0: 37: 00 7.333 7.333 0: 37: 00 6.310 0: 37: 20 5.798 0: 37: 20 12.278 0: 37: 20 4.434 0: 37: 20 11.255 0: 37: 20 7.845 7.845 0: 37: 20 Page 17 HLU Data 6.310 0: 37: 40 5.457 0: 37: 40 11.255 0: 37: 40 4.434 0: 37: 40 10.744 0: 37: 40 7.333 7.845 0: 37: 40 6.310 0: 38: 00 5.457 0: 38: 00 10.744 0: 38: 00 4.434 0: 38: 00 9.720 0: 38: 00 7.333 7.333 0: 38: 00 6.310 0: 38: 20 5.798 0: 38: 20 10.744 0: 38: 20 4.434 0: 38: 20 10.232 0: 38: 20 7.333 7.333 0: 38: 20 6.310 0: 38: 40 5.798 0: 38: 40 11.767 0: 38: 40 4.434 0: 38: 40 10.232 0: 38: 40 7.333 7.333 0: 38: 40 6.310 0: 39: 00 5.798 0: 39: 00 11.767 0: 39: 00 4.434 0: 39: 00 9.209 0: 39: 00 6.821 6.821 0: 39: 00 6.310 0: 39: 20 5.798 0: 39: 20 10.744 0: 39: 20 3.922 0: 39: 20 9.720 0: 39: 20 7.333 7.333 0: 39: 20 5.798 0: 39: 40 5.798 0: 39: 40 10.744 0: 39: 40 3.922 0: 39: 40 10.232 0: 39: 40 7.333 7.333 0: 39: 40 5.798 0: 40: 00 5.798 0: 40: 00 9.720 0: 40: 00 3.922 0: 40: 00 9.209 0: 40: 00 6.310 7.333 0: 40: 00 5.798 0: 40: 20 5.798 0: 40: 20 11.255 0: 40: 20 3.922 0: 40: 20 9.720 0: 40: 20 6.821 6.821 0: 40: 20 5.798 0: 40: 40 5.798 0: 40: 40 10.232 0: 40: 40 3.411 0: 40: 40 9.720 0: 40: 40 6.821 7.162 0: 40: 40 5.798 0: 41: 00 5.798 0: 41: 00 9.720 0: 41: 00 3.922 0: 41: 00 9.720 0: 41: 00 6.821 7.333 0: 41: 00 5.798 0: 41: 20 5.287 0: 41: 20 9.209 0: 41: 20 3.411 0: 41: 20 9.209 0: 41: 20 6.310 6.821 0: 41: 20 5.798 0: 41: 40 5.798 0: 41: 40 10.232 0: 41: 40 3.411 0: 41: 40 9.209 0: 41: 40 6.310 6.821 0: 41: 40 5.798 0: 42: 00 5.798 0: 42: 00 9.720 0: 42: 00 3.411 0: 42: 00 9.209 0: 42: 00 6.310 6.821 0: 42: 00 5.287 0: 42: 20 5.798 0: 42: 20 9.720 0: 42: 20 3.411 0: 42: 20 9.209 0: 42: 20 6.310 6.821 0: 42: 20 5.287 0: 42: 40 5.798 0: 42: 40 9.209 0: 42: 40 3.411 0: 42: 40 8.697 0: 42: 40 6.310 6.821 0: 42: 40 5.287 0: 43: 00 5.287 0: 43: 00 8.697 0: 43: 00 3.411 0: 43: 00 8.831 0: 43: 00 6.310 6.821 0: 43: 00 5.287 0: 43: 20 5.287 0: 43: 20 8.697 0: 43: 20 3.411 0: 43: 20 8.697 0: 43: 20 6.310 6.310 0: 43: 20 5.287 0: 43: 40 5.287 0: 43: 40 9.172 0: 43: 40 3.411 0: 43: 40 8.868 0: 43: 40 6.310 6.310 0: 43: 40 5.287 0: 44: 00 5.287 0: 44: 00 8.356 0: 44: 00 2.899 0: 44: 00 8.868 0: 44: 00 5.798 6.310 0: 44: 00 5.287 0: 44: 20 5.287 0: 44: 20 9.209 0: 44: 20 2.864 0: 44: 20 8.868 0: 44: 20 6.310 6.821 0: 44: 20 5.287 0: 44: 40 4.945 0: 44: 40 8.356 0: 44: 40 2.899 0: 44: 40 8.356 0: 44: 40 6.310 6.821 0: 44: 40 4.945 0: 45: 00 5.287 0: 45: 00 8.868 0: 45: 00 2.899 0: 45: 00 8.356 0: 45: 00 6.310 6.310 0: 45: 00 4.945 0: 45: 20 4.775 0: 45: 20 8.356 0: 45: 20 2.387 0: 45: 20 8.697 0: 45: 20 5.798 6.821 0: 45: 20 4.775 0: 45: 40 4.775 0: 45: 40 7.845 0: 45: 40 2.387 0: 45: 40 8.356 0: 45: 40 6.310 6.310 0: 45: 40 4.775 0: 46: 00 4.775 0: 46: 00 7.845 0: 46: 00 2.387 0: 46: 00 8.868 0: 46: 00 5.798 6.310 0: 46: 00 4.775 0: 46: 20 4.434 0: 46: 20 8.356 0: 46: 20 2.387 0: 46: 20 8.697 0: 46: 20 5.798 5.798 0: 46: 20 4.775 0: 46: 40 4.434 0: 46: 40 8.868 0: 46: 40 2.387 0: 46: 40 8.697 0: 46: 40 5.798 6.310 0: 46: 40 4.775 0: 47: 00 4.434 0: 47: 00 8.356 0: 47: 00 2.387 0: 47: 00 8.697 0: 47: 00 5.798 6.310 0: 47: 00 4.775 0: 47: 20 4.434 0: 47: 20 8.356 0: 47: 20 2.387 0: 47: 20 8.356 0: 47: 20 5.798 6.310 0: 47: 20 4.775 0: 47: 40 3.922 0: 47: 40 8.356 0: 47: 40 2.387 0: 47: 40 8.868 0: 47: 40 5.798 5.798 0: 47: 40 4.775 0: 48: 00 3.922 0: 48: 00 7.845 0: 48: 00 1.876 0: 48: 00 8.356 0: 48: 00 5.798 5.798 0: 48: 00 4.775 0: 48: 20 3.922 0: 48: 20 8.356 0: 48: 20 1.876 0: 48: 20 8.356 0: 48: 20 5.798 6.310 0: 48: 20 4.434 0: 48: 40 3.922 0: 48: 40 7.845 0: 48: 40 1.876 0: 48: 40 8.356 0: 48: 40 5.287 6.310 0: 48: 40 4.434 0: 49: 00 3.411 0: 49: 00 7.845 0: 49: 00 1.876 0: 49: 00 8.356 0: 49: 00 5.798 5.798 0: 49: 00 4.945 0: 49: 20 3.411 0: 49: 20 7.333 0: 49: 20 1.876 0: 49: 20 8.356 0: 49: 20 5.798 6.310 0: 49: 20 4.434 0: 49: 40 3.411 0: 49: 40 7.845 0: 49: 40 1.876 0: 49: 40 8.356 0: 49: 40 5.798 6.310 0: 49: 40 4.434 0: 50: 00 3.411 0: 50: 00 7.845 0: 50: 00 1.876 0: 50: 00 7.845 0: 50: 00 5.798 5.798 0: 50: 00 4.434 0: 50: 20 3.411 0: 50: 20 7.845 0: 50: 20 1.876 0: 50: 20 7.845 0: 50: 20 5.798 5.798 0: 50: 20 4.434 0: 50: 40 3.411 0: 50: 40 7.333 0: 50: 40 1.876 0: 50: 40 7.845 0: 50: 40 5.798 5.798 0: 50: 40 4.434 0: 51: 00 3.411 0: 51: 00 7.845 0: 51: 00 1.876 0: 51: 00 8.356 0: 51: 00 5.287 5.798 0: 51: 00 3.922 0: 51: 20 3.411 0: 51: 20 7.333 0: 51: 20 1.876 0: 51: 20 7.845 0: 51: 20 5.287 5.798 0: 51: 20 4.434 0: 51: 40 2.899 0: 51: 40 7.845 0: 51: 40 1.535 0: 51: 40 7.845 0: 51: 40 5.287 5.798 0: 51: 40 4.434 0: 52: 00 2.899 0: 52: 00 7.333 0: 52: 00 1.500 0: 52: 00 7.845 0: 52: 00 5.251 5.287 0: 52: 00 3.922 0: 52: 20 2.899 0: 52: 20 7.333 0: 52: 20 1.535 0: 52: 20 7.845 0: 52: 20 5.798 5.798 0: 52: 20 3.922 0: 52: 40 2.899 0: 52: 40 7.333 0: 52: 40 1.535 0: 52: 40 7.845 0: 52: 40 5.798 5.457 0: 52: 40 3.922 0: 53: 00 2.899 0: 53: 00 6.821 0: 53: 00 1.535 0: 53: 00 7.845 0: 53: 00 5.287 5.287 0: 53: 00 3.922 0: 53: 20 2.899 0: 53: 20 6.821 0: 53: 20 1.364 0: 53: 20 7.845 0: 53: 20 5.287 5.798 0: 53: 20 3.922 0: 53: 40 2.899 0: 53: 40 7.333 0: 53: 40 1.364 0: 53: 40 7.845 0: 53: 40 5.457 5.798 0: 53: 40 3.922 0: 54: 00 2.387 0: 54: 00 7.333 0: 54: 00 1.364 0: 54: 00 7.845 0: 54: 00 5.287 5.798 0: 54: 00 3.411 0: 54: 20 2.387 0: 54: 20 7.333 0: 54: 20 1.364 0: 54: 20 7.162 0: 54: 20 5.287 5.287 0: 54: 20 3.411 0: 54: 40 2.387 0: 54: 40 6.821 0: 54: 40 1.364 0: 54: 40 7.333 0: 54: 40 5.798 5.798 0: 54: 40 3.411 0: 55: 00 2.387 0: 55: 00 6.821 0: 55: 00 1.364 0: 55: 00 7.845 0: 55: 00 5.287 5.457 0: 55: 00 3.411 0: 55: 20 2.387 0: 55: 20 6.821 0: 55: 20 1.364 0: 55: 20 7.162 0: 55: 20 5.287 5.287 0: 55: 20 3.411 0: 55: 40 2.387 0: 55: 40 7.845 0: 55: 40 1.023 0: 55: 40 7.162 0: 55: 40 5.287 5.287 0: 55: 40 3.411 0: 56: 00 2.387 0: 56: 00 6.821 0: 56: 00 0.853 0: 56: 00 7.333 0: 56: 00 5.287 5.798 0: 56: 00 2.899 0: 56: 20 2.387 0: 56: 20 6.821 0: 56: 20 1.023 0: 56: 20 7.333 0: 56: 20 4.775 5.798 0: 56: 20 2.899 0: 56: 40 2.387 0: 56: 40 5.798 0: 56: 40 1.023 0: 56: 40 6.821 0: 56: 40 4.775 5.287 0: 56: 40 Page 18 HLU Data 2.899 0: 57: 00 2.387 0: 57: 00 6.310 0: 57: 00 1.023 0: 57: 00 6.821 0: 57: 00 5.287 5.287 0: 57: 00 2.899 0: 57: 20 1.876 0: 57: 20 6.821 0: 57: 20 1.023 0: 57: 20 6.821 0: 57: 20 4.775 5.457 0: 57: 20 2.899 0: 57: 40 1.876 0: 57: 40 6.310 0: 57: 40 1.023 0: 57: 40 6.821 0: 57: 40 5.287 5.457 0: 57: 40 2.899 0: 58: 00 1.876 0: 58: 00 6.821 0: 58: 00 1.023 0: 58: 00 6.821 0: 58: 00 4.775 5.287 0: 58: 00 2.899 0: 58: 20 2.387 0: 58: 20 6.821 0: 58: 20 1.023 0: 58: 20 6.821 0: 58: 20 4.775 5.287 0: 58: 20 2.387 0: 58: 40 1.876 0: 58: 40 6.821 0: 58: 40 1.023 0: 58: 40 6.310 0: 58: 40 5.287 4.775 0: 58: 40 2.387 0: 59: 00 1.876 0: 59: 00 6.310 0: 59: 00 1.023 0: 59: 00 6.821 0: 59: 00 4.945 5.287 0: 59: 00 2.387 0: 59: 20 1.876 0: 59: 20 6.821 0: 59: 20 1.023 0: 59: 20 6.821 0: 59: 20 4.945 5.287 0: 59: 20 2.387 0: 59: 40 1.876 0: 59: 40 6.310 0: 59: 40 1.023 0: 59: 40 6.310 0: 59: 40 4.775 5.287 0: 59: 40 2.387 1: 00: 00 1.876 1: 00: 00 6.821 1: 00: 00 1.023 1: 00: 00 6.310 1: 00: 00 4.775 5.287 1: 00: 00 2.387 1: 00: 20 1.876 1: 00: 20 6.310 1: 00: 20 1.023 1: 00: 20 6.310 1: 00: 20 4.775 5.287 1: 00: 20 2.387 1: 00: 40 1.876 1: 00: 40 6.821 1: 00: 40 1.023 1: 00: 40 6.310 1: 00: 40 4.775 5.287 1: 00: 40 2.387 1: 01: 00 1.876 1: 01: 00 6.821 1: 01: 00 1.023 1: 01: 00 6.821 1: 01: 00 4.775 5.287 1: 01: 00 1.876 1: 01: 20 1.876 1: 01: 20 6.821 1: 01: 20 1.023 1: 01: 20 6.310 1: 01: 20 4.775 5.457 1: 01: 20 1.876 1: 01: 40 1.876 1: 01: 40 6.310 1: 01: 40 1.023 1: 01: 40 6.310 1: 01: 40 4.775 5.457 1: 01: 40 1.876 1: 02: 00 1.876 1: 02: 00 6.310 1: 02: 00 0.853 1: 02: 00 6.821 1: 02: 00 4.775 5.287 1: 02: 00 1.876 1: 02: 20 1.876 1: 02: 20 6.651 1: 02: 20 0.853 1: 02: 20 5.798 1: 02: 20 4.775 4.775 1: 02: 20 1.876 1: 02: 40 1.876 1: 02: 40 6.310 1: 02: 40 0.853 1: 02: 40 6.821 1: 02: 40 4.775 4.775 1: 02: 40 1.876 1: 03: 00 1.876 1: 03: 00 5.798 1: 03: 00 0.853 1: 03: 00 6.821 1: 03: 00 4.775 4.775 1: 03: 00 1.876 1: 03: 20 1.876 1: 03: 20 5.798 1: 03: 20 0.512 1: 03: 20 6.821 1: 03: 20 4.775 4.775 1: 03: 20 1.876 1: 03: 40 1.364 1: 03: 40 6.310 1: 03: 40 0.853 1: 03: 40 6.310 1: 03: 40 4.434 4.775 1: 03: 40 1.876 1: 04: 00 1.364 1: 04: 00 6.310 1: 04: 00 0.512 1: 04: 00 6.310 1: 04: 00 4.434 4.775 1: 04: 00 1.876 1: 04: 20 1.876 1: 04: 20 5.798 1: 04: 20 0.512 1: 04: 20 6.310 1: 04: 20 4.434 4.775 1: 04: 20 1.876 1: 04: 40 1.876 1: 04: 40 6.310 1: 04: 40 0.512 1: 04: 40 6.310 1: 04: 40 4.434 4.775 1: 04: 40 1.364 1: 05: 00 1.364 1: 05: 00 6.310 1: 05: 00 0.512 1: 05: 00 6.310 1: 05: 00 4.434 4.775 1: 05: 00 1.364 1: 05: 20 1.364 1: 05: 20 5.798 1: 05: 20 1: 05: 20 6.310 1: 05: 20 4.775 4.775 1: 05: 20 1.364 1: 05: 40 1.364 1: 05: 40 6.310 1: 05: 40 1: 05: 40 6.310 1: 05: 40 4.434 4.775 1: 05: 40 1.364 1: 06: 00 1.364 1: 06: 00 6.310 1: 06: 00 1: 06: 00 6.310 1: 06: 00 4.434 4.775 1: 06: 00 1.364 1: 06: 20 1.364 1: 06: 20 6.310 1: 06: 20 1: 06: 20 6.310 1: 06: 20 4.434 4.775 1: 06: 20 1.364 1: 06: 40 1.364 1: 06: 40 5.798 1: 06: 40 1: 06: 40 6.310 1: 06: 40 4.434 4.775 1: 06: 40 1.364 1: 07: 00 1.364 1: 07: 00 5.798 1: 07: 00 1: 07: 00 5.798 1: 07: 00 4.434 4.434 1: 07: 00 1.364 1: 07: 20 1.364 1: 07: 20 5.798 1: 07: 20 1: 07: 20 5.798 1: 07: 20 4.434 4.775 1: 07: 20 1.364 1: 07: 40 1.364 1: 07: 40 5.798 1: 07: 40 1: 07: 40 6.310 1: 07: 40 3.922 4.434 1: 07: 40 1.364 1: 08: 00 1.364 1: 08: 00 5.798 1: 08: 00 1: 08: 00 6.310 1: 08: 00 3.922 4.434 1: 08: 00 1.364 1: 08: 20 1.364 1: 08: 20 6.310 1: 08: 20 1: 08: 20 6.310 1: 08: 20 4.434 4.434 1: 08: 20 1.364 1: 08: 40 1.364 1: 08: 40 5.798 1: 08: 40 1: 08: 40 5.798 1: 08: 40 3.922 4.434 1: 08: 40 1.364 1: 09: 00 1.364 1: 09: 00 5.798 1: 09: 00 1: 09: 00 6.310 1: 09: 00 3.922 4.434 1: 09: 00 1.364 1: 09: 20 1.364 1: 09: 20 5.287 1: 09: 20 1: 09: 20 5.798 1: 09: 20 4.434 4.434 1: 09: 20 1.364 1: 09: 40 1.364 1: 09: 40 6.310 1: 09: 40 1: 09: 40 5.798 1: 09: 40 3.922 4.434 1: 09: 40 1.364 1: 10: 00 1.364 1: 10: 00 5.798 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 00 5.798 1: 10: 00 3.922 4.434 1: 10: 00 1.364 1: 10: 20 1.364 1: 10: 20 5.798 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 20 5.287 1: 10: 20 3.887 4.434 1: 10: 20 0.853 1: 10: 40 1.364 1: 10: 40 5.798 1: 10: 40 1: 10: 40 5.798 1: 10: 40 3.922 3.922 1: 10: 40 0.853 1: 11: 00 1.364 1: 11: 00 5.798 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 00 5.457 1: 11: 00 3.922 3.922 1: 11: 00 0.853 1: 11: 20 1.364 1: 11: 20 5.287 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 20 5.287 1: 11: 20 3.922 3.922 1: 11: 20 0.853 1: 11: 40 1.364 1: 11: 40 5.287 1: 11: 40 1: 11: 40 5.798 1: 11: 40 3.922 3.922 1: 11: 40 0.853 1: 12: 00 1.364 1: 12: 00 5.798 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 00 5.798 1: 12: 00 3.922 4.434 1: 12: 00 0.853 1: 12: 20 1.364 1: 12: 20 5.457 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 20 5.798 1: 12: 20 3.922 4.434 1: 12: 20 0.853 1: 12: 40 1.364 1: 12: 40 4.775 1: 12: 40 1: 12: 40 5.798 1: 12: 40 3.922 4.434 1: 12: 40 0.853 1: 13: 00 1.364 1: 13: 00 5.798 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 00 5.798 1: 13: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 00 0.853 1: 13: 20 1.364 1: 13: 20 5.798 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 20 5.798 1: 13: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 20 0.853 1: 13: 40 1.364 1: 13: 40 5.287 1: 13: 40 1: 13: 40 5.798 1: 13: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 13: 40 1: 14: 00 1.364 1: 14: 00 5.457 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 00 5.798 1: 14: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 20 1.364 1: 14: 20 5.287 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 20 5.798 1: 14: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 40 1.364 1: 14: 40 5.287 1: 14: 40 1: 14: 40 5.798 1: 14: 40 3.411 3.922 1: 14: 40 1: 15: 00 1.364 1: 15: 00 5.287 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 00 5.798 1: 15: 00 3.411 3.922 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 20 1.364 1: 15: 20 5.287 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 20 5.798 1: 15: 20 3.411 3.922 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 40 1.364 1: 15: 40 4.945 1: 15: 40 1: 15: 40 5.798 1: 15: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 15: 40 1: 16: 00 1.364 1: 16: 00 4.945 1: 16: 00 1: 16: 00 5.798 1: 16: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 16: 00 Page 19 HLU Data 1: 16: 20 1.364 1: 16: 20 5.457 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 20 5.798 1: 16: 20 3.411 3.411 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 40 1.364 1: 16: 40 5.287 1: 16: 40 1: 16: 40 5.798 1: 16: 40 3.411 3.411 1: 16: 40 1: 17: 00 1.364 1: 17: 00 5.287 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 00 5.798 1: 17: 00 3.411 3.411 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 20 1.364 1: 17: 20 4.945 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 20 5.287 1: 17: 20 3.411 3.411 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 40 1.364 1: 17: 40 4.945 1: 17: 40 1: 17: 40 5.798 1: 17: 40 2.899 3.411 1: 17: 40 1: 18: 00 1.876 1: 18: 00 4.775 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 00 5.798 1: 18: 00 2.899 3.411 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 20 1.876 1: 18: 20 4.775 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 20 5.798 1: 18: 20 3.411 3.411 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 40 1.876 1: 18: 40 4.775 1: 18: 40 1: 18: 40 5.798 1: 18: 40 2.899 3.411 1: 18: 40 1: 19: 00 1.876 1: 19: 00 4.434 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 00 5.798 1: 19: 00 2.899 3.411 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 20 1.876 1: 19: 20 4.434 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 20 5.798 1: 19: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 40 1.841 1: 19: 40 4.945 1: 19: 40 1: 19: 40 5.287 1: 19: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 19: 40 1: 20: 00 1.876 1: 20: 00 4.434 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 5.287 1: 20: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 20 1.876 1: 20: 20 4.434 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 5.287 1: 20: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 40 1.876 1: 20: 40 3.922 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 5.287 1: 20: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 20: 40 1: 21: 00 1.876 1: 21: 00 4.434 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 5.798 1: 21: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 20 1.876 1: 21: 20 4.434 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 5.287 1: 21: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 40 1.876 1: 21: 40 4.434 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 5.287 1: 21: 40 2.899 2.899 1: 21: 40 1: 22: 00 1.876 1: 22: 00 3.922 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 5.287 1: 22: 00 2.899 2.899 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 20 1.876 1: 22: 20 3.922 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 4.775 1: 22: 20 2.899 2.899 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 40 1.876 1: 22: 40 3.922 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 4.775 1: 22: 40 2.387 2.899 1: 22: 40 1: 23: 00 1.876 1: 23: 00 4.434 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 4.775 1: 23: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 20 1.876 1: 23: 20 3.922 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 4.775 1: 23: 20 2.387 2.899 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 40 1.876 1: 23: 40 3.922 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 4.775 1: 23: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 23: 40 1: 24: 00 1.876 1: 24: 00 3.411 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 4.775 1: 24: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 20 1.876 1: 24: 20 3.922 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 4.775 1: 24: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 40 1.876 1: 24: 40 3.411 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 4.775 1: 24: 40 2.387 2.387 1: 24: 40 1: 25: 00 1.876 1: 25: 00 3.411 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 4.434 1: 25: 00 2.387 2.387 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 20 1.876 1: 25: 20 3.411 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 4.434 1: 25: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 40 1.876 1: 25: 40 3.411 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 4.434 1: 25: 40 1.876 2.387 1: 25: 40 1: 26: 00 1.876 1: 26: 00 3.411 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 4.434 1: 26: 00 1.876 2.387 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 20 1.876 1: 26: 20 3.411 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 4.434 1: 26: 20 2.387 2.387 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 40 1.876 1: 26: 40 3.411 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 3.922 1: 26: 40 1.876 2.387 1: 26: 40 1: 27: 00 1.876 1: 27: 00 2.899 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 3.922 1: 27: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 20 1.876 1: 27: 20 2.899 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 3.922 1: 27: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 40 1.876 1: 27: 40 2.899 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 3.922 1: 27: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 27: 40 1: 28: 00 1.876 1: 28: 00 2.899 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 3.922 1: 28: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 20 1.876 1: 28: 20 2.899 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 3.411 1: 28: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 40 1.876 1: 28: 40 2.899 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 3.922 1: 28: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 28: 40 1: 29: 00 1.876 1: 29: 00 2.899 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 3.411 1: 29: 00 1.876 1.876 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 20 1.876 1: 29: 20 2.899 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 3.411 1: 29: 20 1.876 1.876 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 40 1.876 1: 29: 40 2.387 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 3.411 1: 29: 40 1.876 1.876 1: 29: 40 1: 30: 00 1.876 1: 30: 00 2.899 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 3.411 1: 30: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 20 1.876 1: 30: 20 2.387 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 3.411 1: 30: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 40 1.876 1: 30: 40 2.387 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 3.411 1: 30: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 30: 40 1: 31: 00 1.876 1: 31: 00 2.387 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 3.411 1: 31: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 20 1.876 1: 31: 20 2.387 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 2.899 1: 31: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 40 1.876 1: 31: 40 2.387 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 2.899 1: 31: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 31: 40 1: 32: 00 1.876 1: 32: 00 2.387 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 2.899 1: 32: 00 1.364 1.876 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 20 1.876 1: 32: 20 2.387 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 2.899 1: 32: 20 1.364 1.876 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 40 1.876 1: 32: 40 1.841 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 2.899 1: 32: 40 1.364 1.876 1: 32: 40 1: 33: 00 1.876 1: 33: 00 1.876 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 2.899 1: 33: 00 1.364 1.535 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 20 1.876 1: 33: 20 1.876 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 2.899 1: 33: 20 1.364 1.535 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 40 1.876 1: 33: 40 1.876 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 2.899 1: 33: 40 1.364 1.535 1: 33: 40 1: 34: 00 1.876 1: 34: 00 1.876 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 2.899 1: 34: 00 1.364 1.535 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 20 1.876 1: 34: 20 1.876 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 2.899 1: 34: 20 1.364 1.535 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 40 1.876 1: 34: 40 1.876 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 2.899 1: 34: 40 1.364 1.535 1: 34: 40 1: 35: 00 1.876 1: 35: 00 1.876 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 2.387 1: 35: 00 1.364 1.535 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 20 1.876 1: 35: 20 1.876 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 2.387 1: 35: 20 1.364 1.535 1: 35: 20 Page 20 HLU Data 1: 35: 40 1.876 1: 35: 40 1.876 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 2.387 1: 35: 40 1.364 1.535 1: 35: 40 1: 36: 00 1.876 1: 36: 00 1.364 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 2.387 1: 36: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 20 1.876 1: 36: 20 1.876 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 2.387 1: 36: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 40 1.876 1: 36: 40 1.876 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 2.387 1: 36: 40 1.023 1.364 1: 36: 40 1: 37: 00 1.876 1: 37: 00 1.876 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 2.387 1: 37: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 20 1.876 1: 37: 20 1.500 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 2.387 1: 37: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 40 1.876 1: 37: 40 1.364 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1.876 1: 37: 40 1.058 1.364 1: 37: 40 1: 38: 00 1.876 1: 38: 00 1.364 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1.876 1: 38: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 20 1.876 1: 38: 20 1.364 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1.876 1: 38: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 40 1.876 1: 38: 40 1.364 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1.876 1: 38: 40 1.023 1.364 1: 38: 40 1: 39: 00 1.876 1: 39: 00 1.364 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1.876 1: 39: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 20 1.876 1: 39: 20 1.364 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1.876 1: 39: 20 1.023 1.364 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 40 1.876 1: 39: 40 1.364 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1.876 1: 39: 40 1.023 1.364 1: 39: 40 1: 40: 00 1.876 1: 40: 00 1.364 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1.876 1: 40: 00 1.023 1.364 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 20 1.876 1: 40: 20 1.364 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1.876 1: 40: 20 1.023 0.853 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 40 1.876 1: 40: 40 1.364 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1.876 1: 40: 40 1.023 0.853 1: 40: 40 1: 41: 00 1.876 1: 41: 00 1.364 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1.876 1: 41: 00 1.023 0.853 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 20 1.876 1: 41: 20 1.364 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1.876 1: 41: 20 1.023 0.853 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 40 1.876 1: 41: 40 0.853 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1.876 1: 41: 40 1.023 0.853 1: 41: 40 1: 42: 00 1.876 1: 42: 00 0.853 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1.364 1: 42: 00 1.023 0.853 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 20 1.876 1: 42: 20 0.853 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1.364 1: 42: 20 1.023 0.853 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 40 1.876 1: 42: 40 0.853 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1.364 1: 42: 40 1.023 0.853 1: 42: 40 1: 43: 00 1.876 1: 43: 00 0.853 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1.876 1: 43: 00 1.031 0.853 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 20 1.876 1: 43: 20 0.853 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1.364 1: 43: 20 1.023 0.853 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 40 1.876 1: 43: 40 0.853 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1.364 1: 43: 40 0.853 1: 43: 40 1: 44: 00 1.876 1: 44: 00 0.853 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1.364 1: 44: 00 0.853 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 20 1.876 1: 44: 20 0.853 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1.364 1: 44: 20 0.853 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 40 1.876 1: 44: 40 0.853 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1.364 1: 44: 40 0.853 1: 44: 40 1: 45: 00 1.876 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1.364 1: 45: 00 0.853 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 20 1.876 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1.364 1: 45: 20 0.818 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 40 1.876 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1.364 1: 45: 40 0.853 1: 45: 40 1: 46: 00 1.876 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1.364 1: 46: 00 0.853 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 20 1.876 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1.364 1: 46: 20 0.887 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 40 1.876 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1.364 1: 46: 40 0.853 1: 46: 40 1: 47: 00 1.876 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1.364 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 20 1.876 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1.364 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 40 1.876 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1.364 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 48: 00 1.911 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1.364 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 20 1.364 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1.364 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 40 1.364 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 0.853 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 49: 00 1.364 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1.364 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 20 1.364 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 0.853 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 40 1.364 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 0.853 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 50: 00 1.364 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 0.853 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 20 1.364 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 0.853 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 40 1.364 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 0.853 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 51: 00 1.364 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 0.853 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 20 1.364 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 0.853 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 40 1.364 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 0.853 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 52: 00 1.364 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 0.853 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 20 1.364 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 40 1.364 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 53: 00 1.364 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 20 1.364 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 40 1.364 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 54: 00 1.364 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 20 1.364 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 40 1.364 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 Page 21 HLU Data 1: 55: 00 1.364 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 20 1.023 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 40 1.023 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 56: 00 0.853 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 20 0.853 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 40 0.853 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 57: 00 0.853 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 20 0.853 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 40 0.853 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 58: 00 0.853 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 20 0.853 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 40 0.853 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 59: 00 0.853 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 Page 22 HLU Data Page 23 HLU Data Page 24 HLU Data Page 25 HLU Data Page 26 HLU Data Page 27 HLU Data Page 28 HLU Data Page 29 HLU Data Page 30 HLU Data RUN 12A RUN 12B Master RUN 13 Master RUN 14 Master RUN 15 Master RUN 16 Master Grand 092895C 100295A Time 092995A Time 092995B Time 091995A Time 091995B Time Average 0.853 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.512 0: 00: 00 0.322 0.853 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.512 0: 00: 20 0.312 0.853 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.512 0: 00: 40 0.312 0.853 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.546 0: 01: 00 0.512 0: 01: 00 0.313 0.853 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.512 0: 01: 20 0.312 0.853 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.512 0: 01: 40 0.341 0.512 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.512 0: 02: 00 0.342 0.512 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.512 0: 02: 20 0.361 0.512 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.853 0: 02: 40 0.512 0: 02: 40 0.537 1.023 10.232 0: 03: 00 0.853 0: 03: 00 1.023 0: 03: 00 8.356 0: 03: 00 26.944 0: 03: 00 4.216 1.023 21.487 0: 03: 20 8.868 0: 03: 20 12.620 0: 03: 20 26.944 0: 03: 20 24.386 0: 03: 20 10.408 8.697 20.976 0: 03: 40 22.511 0: 03: 40 17.053 0: 03: 40 15.689 0: 03: 40 24.045 0: 03: 40 13.590 21.487 25.921 0: 04: 00 26.392 0: 04: 00 18.929 0: 04: 00 29.844 0: 04: 00 41.610 0: 04: 00 16.414 20.635 34.619 0: 04: 20 18.588 0: 04: 20 26.944 0: 04: 20 35.130 0: 04: 20 36.665 0: 04: 20 16.660 30.185 38.541 0: 04: 40 27.456 0: 04: 40 41.610 0: 04: 40 36.665 0: 04: 40 39.223 0: 04: 40 20.329 37.688 32.231 0: 05: 00 26.433 0: 05: 00 43.486 0: 05: 00 40.076 0: 05: 00 44.851 0: 05: 00 22.244 35.642 38.541 0: 05: 20 38.029 0: 05: 20 44.510 0: 05: 20 40.417 0: 05: 20 67.191 0: 05: 20 25.070 42.975 41.610 0: 05: 40 31.719 0: 05: 40 44.510 0: 05: 40 37.688 0: 05: 40 69.067 0: 05: 40 25.182 46.897 42.463 0: 06: 00 33.766 0: 06: 00 46.897 0: 06: 00 33.084 0: 06: 00 78.446 0: 06: 00 26.474 45.021 38.541 0: 06: 20 39.564 0: 06: 20 47.920 0: 06: 20 33.766 0: 06: 20 82.880 0: 06: 20 26.937 31.719 35.642 0: 06: 40 40.928 0: 06: 40 48.432 0: 06: 40 36.153 0: 06: 40 76.911 0: 06: 40 27.039 38.541 40.587 0: 07: 00 31.719 0: 07: 00 48.432 0: 07: 00 31.208 0: 07: 00 74.524 0: 07: 00 26.908 48.432 46.897 0: 07: 20 28.309 0: 07: 20 49.796 0: 07: 20 33.595 0: 07: 20 73.500 0: 07: 20 28.119 49.796 42.975 0: 07: 40 33.254 0: 07: 40 60.710 0: 07: 40 27.456 0: 07: 40 77.423 0: 07: 40 29.875 47.409 49.455 0: 08: 00 39.052 0: 08: 00 64.633 0: 08: 00 25.921 0: 08: 00 81.345 0: 08: 00 30.902 44.510 48.943 0: 08: 20 38.497 0: 08: 20 65.656 0: 08: 20 25.410 0: 08: 20 92.259 0: 08: 20 32.017 50.308 45.533 0: 08: 40 40.076 0: 08: 40 72.136 0: 08: 40 21.999 0: 08: 40 87.314 0: 08: 40 32.316 49.796 41.952 0: 09: 00 43.657 0: 09: 00 81.345 0: 09: 00 24.386 0: 09: 00 81.857 0: 09: 00 32.697 58.152 53.718 0: 09: 20 40.928 0: 09: 20 82.368 0: 09: 20 33.254 0: 09: 20 80.322 0: 09: 20 33.506 59.176 57.300 0: 09: 40 39.052 0: 09: 40 81.857 0: 09: 40 24.898 0: 09: 40 76.400 0: 09: 40 33.535 59.346 60.710 0: 10: 00 46.385 0: 10: 00 90.383 0: 10: 00 34.107 0: 10: 00 78.958 0: 10: 00 35.172 62.757 61.222 0: 10: 20 46.385 0: 10: 20 91.748 0: 10: 20 36.665 0: 10: 20 83.391 0: 10: 20 36.249 62.757 68.555 0: 10: 40 41.952 0: 10: 40 92.941 0: 10: 40 41.610 0: 10: 40 86.973 0: 10: 40 37.643 64.633 77.082 0: 11: 00 48.773 0: 11: 00 91.236 0: 11: 00 49.796 0: 11: 00 92.259 0: 11: 00 38.534 70.601 70.601 0: 11: 20 49.796 0: 11: 20 96.011 0: 11: 20 57.129 0: 11: 20 89.701 0: 11: 20 39.221 69.578 70.431 0: 11: 40 52.354 0: 11: 40 93.112 0: 11: 40 55.424 0: 11: 40 88.849 0: 11: 40 39.343 71.113 72.648 0: 12: 00 54.742 0: 12: 00 87.825 0: 12: 00 54.230 0: 12: 00 85.779 0: 12: 00 39.339 75.547 68.555 0: 12: 20 51.331 0: 12: 20 84.244 0: 12: 20 51.843 0: 12: 20 83.903 0: 12: 20 38.788 79.981 70.090 0: 12: 40 57.641 0: 12: 40 83.391 0: 12: 40 55.765 0: 12: 40 75.376 0: 12: 40 38.944 80.267 70.601 0: 13: 00 65.144 0: 13: 00 82.368 0: 13: 00 46.385 0: 13: 00 78.446 0: 13: 00 38.889 78.958 78.958 0: 13: 20 62.075 0: 13: 20 77.082 0: 13: 20 45.874 0: 13: 20 81.345 0: 13: 20 38.545 80.833 81.345 0: 13: 40 64.633 0: 13: 40 65.656 0: 13: 40 41.952 0: 13: 40 83.903 0: 13: 40 38.711 78.446 79.981 0: 14: 00 56.276 0: 14: 00 60.710 0: 14: 00 39.052 0: 14: 00 94.647 0: 14: 00 37.770 79.981 76.058 0: 14: 20 55.765 0: 14: 20 59.687 0: 14: 20 35.130 0: 14: 20 107.949 0: 14: 20 37.605 72.648 75.547 0: 14: 40 63.780 0: 14: 40 60.710 0: 14: 40 36.665 0: 14: 40 102.491 0: 14: 40 37.110 77.423 72.136 0: 15: 00 63.268 0: 15: 00 58.834 0: 15: 00 39.052 0: 15: 00 107.778 0: 15: 00 37.074 72.136 61.222 0: 15: 20 59.346 0: 15: 20 55.253 0: 15: 20 44.510 0: 15: 20 102.491 0: 15: 20 36.305 64.292 65.656 0: 15: 40 56.276 0: 15: 40 51.331 0: 15: 40 46.897 0: 15: 40 97.375 0: 15: 40 35.291 61.222 64.633 0: 16: 00 53.377 0: 16: 00 47.920 0: 16: 00 46.897 0: 16: 00 101.980 0: 16: 00 34.151 63.609 57.300 0: 16: 20 61.563 0: 16: 20 47.579 0: 16: 20 37.006 0: 16: 20 102.491 0: 16: 20 33.727 59.687 62.075 0: 16: 40 56.788 0: 16: 40 44.464 0: 16: 40 37.688 0: 16: 40 96.864 0: 16: 40 32.698 53.207 59.346 0: 17: 00 60.199 0: 17: 00 41.440 0: 17: 00 37.518 0: 17: 00 100.957 0: 17: 00 31.885 48.432 50.308 0: 17: 20 60.710 0: 17: 20 46.385 0: 17: 20 38.029 0: 17: 20 99.422 0: 17: 20 30.638 47.920 53.718 0: 17: 40 60.710 0: 17: 40 41.952 0: 17: 40 33.254 0: 17: 40 94.135 0: 17: 40 29.761 47.920 53.377 0: 18: 00 57.641 0: 18: 00 43.486 0: 18: 00 38.029 0: 18: 00 87.825 0: 18: 00 29.147 Page 31 HLU Data 49.796 48.261 0: 18: 20 58.152 0: 18: 20 42.975 0: 18: 20 41.099 0: 18: 20 81.857 0: 18: 20 27.744 43.998 42.975 0: 18: 40 55.765 0: 18: 40 40.076 0: 18: 40 36.153 0: 18: 40 82.368 0: 18: 40 26.633 39.564 44.510 0: 19: 00 57.300 0: 19: 00 37.518 0: 19: 00 34.619 0: 19: 00 82.368 0: 19: 00 25.927 38.029 43.145 0: 19: 20 55.765 0: 19: 20 35.642 0: 19: 20 33.766 0: 19: 20 78.446 0: 19: 20 24.806 36.153 40.076 0: 19: 40 51.331 0: 19: 40 36.665 0: 19: 40 29.844 0: 19: 40 74.524 0: 19: 40 23.442 38.541 38.029 0: 20: 00 52.354 0: 20: 00 32.743 0: 20: 00 25.921 0: 20: 00 70.601 0: 20: 00 22.570 36.665 33.766 0: 20: 20 44.510 0: 20: 20 33.084 0: 20: 20 24.045 0: 20: 20 63.609 0: 20: 20 20.850 35.130 31.208 0: 20: 40 46.385 0: 20: 40 32.231 0: 20: 40 20.976 0: 20: 40 56.788 0: 20: 40 19.939 32.743 31.208 0: 21: 00 41.952 0: 21: 00 24.386 0: 21: 00 19.100 0: 21: 00 54.230 0: 21: 00 19.121 35.130 32.231 0: 21: 20 41.952 0: 21: 20 22.511 0: 21: 20 16.201 0: 21: 20 46.897 0: 21: 20 18.380 31.378 30.355 0: 21: 40 38.541 0: 21: 40 21.999 0: 21: 40 15.689 0: 21: 40 44.851 0: 21: 40 17.409 30.867 27.968 0: 22: 00 35.301 0: 22: 00 19.611 0: 22: 00 15.178 0: 22: 00 39.564 0: 22: 00 16.484 28.991 28.309 0: 22: 20 31.208 0: 22: 20 18.077 0: 22: 20 13.131 0: 22: 20 37.006 0: 22: 20 15.584 32.231 27.456 0: 22: 40 27.456 0: 22: 40 17.053 0: 22: 40 12.790 0: 22: 40 32.231 0: 22: 40 15.355 29.844 29.332 0: 23: 00 30.867 0: 23: 00 16.542 0: 23: 00 12.278 0: 23: 00 29.332 0: 23: 00 15.063 27.456 29.844 0: 23: 20 27.456 0: 23: 20 15.178 0: 23: 20 11.255 0: 23: 20 25.921 0: 23: 20 14.087 26.433 29.844 0: 23: 40 27.456 0: 23: 40 14.154 0: 23: 40 9.720 0: 23: 40 24.045 0: 23: 40 13.387 24.386 25.921 0: 24: 00 24.898 0: 24: 00 13.643 0: 24: 00 10.232 0: 24: 00 23.022 0: 24: 00 12.953 23.534 25.410 0: 24: 20 24.386 0: 24: 20 13.131 0: 24: 20 9.720 0: 24: 20 22.340 0: 24: 20 12.719 21.487 24.557 0: 24: 40 21.487 0: 24: 40 12.790 0: 24: 40 9.209 0: 24: 40 21.999 0: 24: 40 11.857 22.340 23.534 0: 25: 00 22.511 0: 25: 00 12.278 0: 25: 00 9.209 0: 25: 00 20.464 0: 25: 00 11.536 23.022 20.464 0: 25: 20 23.022 0: 25: 20 12.790 0: 25: 20 8.356 0: 25: 20 18.457 0: 25: 20 11.254 20.464 21.999 0: 25: 40 21.999 0: 25: 40 12.620 0: 25: 40 8.356 0: 25: 40 17.565 0: 25: 40 10.605 20.635 20.635 0: 26: 00 20.425 0: 26: 00 12.278 0: 26: 00 8.356 0: 26: 00 17.053 0: 26: 00 10.345 18.077 20.976 0: 26: 20 20.123 0: 26: 20 11.767 0: 26: 20 8.697 0: 26: 20 15.689 0: 26: 20 9.762 15.689 20.464 0: 26: 40 20.976 0: 26: 40 11.085 0: 26: 40 8.697 0: 26: 40 16.201 0: 26: 40 9.553 14.666 20.464 0: 27: 00 21.487 0: 27: 00 10.744 0: 27: 00 8.356 0: 27: 00 15.689 0: 27: 00 9.071 13.643 17.565 0: 27: 20 19.611 0: 27: 20 10.232 0: 27: 20 8.356 0: 27: 20 15.178 0: 27: 20 8.676 12.278 15.178 0: 27: 40 17.565 0: 27: 40 10.744 0: 27: 40 8.356 0: 27: 40 15.689 0: 27: 40 8.116 11.255 14.154 0: 28: 00 17.565 0: 28: 00 10.744 0: 28: 00 7.845 0: 28: 00 14.495 0: 28: 00 7.941 11.767 12.278 0: 28: 20 16.712 0: 28: 20 10.232 0: 28: 20 7.845 0: 28: 20 14.666 0: 28: 20 7.512 11.767 11.255 0: 28: 40 16.542 0: 28: 40 10.232 0: 28: 40 7.333 0: 28: 40 14.154 0: 28: 40 7.405 10.744 11.255 0: 29: 00 18.077 0: 29: 00 10.232 0: 29: 00 6.821 0: 29: 00 14.154 0: 29: 00 7.225 10.232 10.744 0: 29: 20 19.100 0: 29: 20 10.232 0: 29: 20 6.821 0: 29: 20 14.154 0: 29: 20 7.171 9.720 10.195 0: 29: 40 18.588 0: 29: 40 10.232 0: 29: 40 6.310 0: 29: 40 13.643 0: 29: 40 7.112 9.720 10.744 0: 30: 00 19.611 0: 30: 00 9.720 0: 30: 00 6.821 0: 30: 00 13.131 0: 30: 00 6.957 9.720 8.868 0: 30: 20 21.487 0: 30: 20 9.720 0: 30: 20 6.821 0: 30: 20 13.643 0: 30: 20 6.903 8.697 8.868 0: 30: 40 21.999 0: 30: 40 9.209 0: 30: 40 6.821 0: 30: 40 14.154 0: 30: 40 6.947 8.868 8.868 0: 31: 00 22.852 0: 31: 00 9.209 0: 31: 00 6.821 0: 31: 00 14.154 0: 31: 00 6.767 8.697 9.209 0: 31: 20 18.077 0: 31: 20 9.209 0: 31: 20 6.310 0: 31: 20 13.131 0: 31: 20 6.417 9.209 8.697 0: 31: 40 17.565 0: 31: 40 9.209 0: 31: 40 6.310 0: 31: 40 12.620 0: 31: 40 6.319 8.868 8.356 0: 32: 00 18.077 0: 32: 00 8.697 0: 32: 00 6.310 0: 32: 00 12.620 0: 32: 00 6.222 8.356 7.845 0: 32: 20 16.201 0: 32: 20 8.697 0: 32: 20 6.310 0: 32: 20 12.620 0: 32: 20 5.954 8.356 8.868 0: 32: 40 15.178 0: 32: 40 8.697 0: 32: 40 6.310 0: 32: 40 11.767 0: 32: 40 5.847 8.356 7.845 0: 33: 00 15.689 0: 33: 00 8.697 0: 33: 00 6.310 0: 33: 00 12.278 0: 33: 00 5.686 8.356 8.356 0: 33: 20 15.178 0: 33: 20 8.697 0: 33: 20 5.798 0: 33: 20 12.278 0: 33: 20 5.647 7.845 7.845 0: 33: 40 13.643 0: 33: 40 8.356 0: 33: 40 5.798 0: 33: 40 12.278 0: 33: 40 5.506 7.333 8.356 0: 34: 00 13.131 0: 34: 00 8.356 0: 34: 00 5.287 0: 34: 00 11.767 0: 34: 00 5.306 7.845 7.845 0: 34: 20 10.744 0: 34: 20 8.356 0: 34: 20 5.798 0: 34: 20 10.744 0: 34: 20 5.116 7.845 6.821 0: 34: 40 10.744 0: 34: 40 8.356 0: 34: 40 5.798 0: 34: 40 10.744 0: 34: 40 5.039 7.333 6.821 0: 35: 00 8.661 0: 35: 00 8.356 0: 35: 00 5.798 0: 35: 00 10.232 0: 35: 00 4.822 6.821 6.821 0: 35: 20 8.697 0: 35: 20 7.845 0: 35: 20 5.287 0: 35: 20 10.744 0: 35: 20 4.736 6.821 7.333 0: 35: 40 8.697 0: 35: 40 7.845 0: 35: 40 5.287 0: 35: 40 10.232 0: 35: 40 4.659 7.333 7.333 0: 36: 00 8.356 0: 36: 00 7.845 0: 36: 00 5.287 0: 36: 00 10.269 0: 36: 00 4.592 6.821 6.821 0: 36: 20 8.356 0: 36: 20 7.845 0: 36: 20 5.287 0: 36: 20 10.232 0: 36: 20 4.528 7.333 7.333 0: 36: 40 8.356 0: 36: 40 7.333 0: 36: 40 5.287 0: 36: 40 9.720 0: 36: 40 4.459 7.333 6.821 0: 37: 00 7.845 0: 37: 00 7.333 0: 37: 00 5.287 0: 37: 00 10.232 0: 37: 00 4.450 6.821 6.821 0: 37: 20 7.845 0: 37: 20 7.333 0: 37: 20 5.798 0: 37: 20 9.720 0: 37: 20 4.401 Page 32 HLU Data 6.821 6.821 0: 37: 40 6.821 0: 37: 40 7.333 0: 37: 40 5.287 0: 37: 40 9.209 0: 37: 40 4.260 6.310 6.821 0: 38: 00 7.845 0: 38: 00 7.333 0: 38: 00 5.287 0: 38: 00 8.868 0: 38: 00 4.245 6.310 6.821 0: 38: 20 7.333 0: 38: 20 7.333 0: 38: 20 5.287 0: 38: 20 9.209 0: 38: 20 4.197 6.821 6.310 0: 38: 40 6.821 0: 38: 40 6.821 0: 38: 40 5.287 0: 38: 40 9.379 0: 38: 40 4.197 6.310 5.798 0: 39: 00 6.821 0: 39: 00 6.821 0: 39: 00 5.287 0: 39: 00 9.379 0: 39: 00 4.129 6.310 5.798 0: 39: 20 6.821 0: 39: 20 6.821 0: 39: 20 5.457 0: 39: 20 8.697 0: 39: 20 4.066 5.798 6.821 0: 39: 40 6.821 0: 39: 40 6.821 0: 39: 40 4.775 0: 39: 40 8.356 0: 39: 40 4.036 6.310 5.798 0: 40: 00 6.821 0: 40: 00 6.310 0: 40: 00 4.775 0: 40: 00 7.845 0: 40: 00 3.890 5.798 5.798 0: 40: 20 6.821 0: 40: 20 6.310 0: 40: 20 4.775 0: 40: 20 7.845 0: 40: 20 3.925 5.287 5.798 0: 40: 40 6.821 0: 40: 40 6.310 0: 40: 40 4.775 0: 40: 40 6.821 0: 40: 40 3.817 5.798 5.457 0: 41: 00 6.310 0: 41: 00 6.310 0: 41: 00 5.287 0: 41: 00 6.821 0: 41: 00 3.798 5.798 5.457 0: 41: 20 6.310 0: 41: 20 6.310 0: 41: 20 4.775 0: 41: 20 7.333 0: 41: 20 3.667 5.798 5.457 0: 41: 40 6.310 0: 41: 40 6.310 0: 41: 40 4.775 0: 41: 40 7.333 0: 41: 40 3.711 5.287 5.798 0: 42: 00 6.310 0: 42: 00 5.798 0: 42: 00 4.434 0: 42: 00 6.821 0: 42: 00 3.628 5.457 5.287 0: 42: 20 6.310 0: 42: 20 5.798 0: 42: 20 4.775 0: 42: 20 6.821 0: 42: 20 3.638 4.775 5.287 0: 42: 40 6.310 0: 42: 40 5.798 0: 42: 40 4.775 0: 42: 40 6.651 0: 42: 40 3.555 5.287 5.287 0: 43: 00 5.798 0: 43: 00 5.798 0: 43: 00 4.775 0: 43: 00 6.310 0: 43: 00 3.447 4.910 5.287 0: 43: 20 5.798 0: 43: 20 5.798 0: 43: 20 4.434 0: 43: 20 5.798 0: 43: 20 3.418 4.775 4.775 0: 43: 40 5.798 0: 43: 40 5.798 0: 43: 40 4.434 0: 43: 40 5.798 0: 43: 40 3.403 4.775 4.775 0: 44: 00 5.287 0: 44: 00 5.798 0: 44: 00 4.775 0: 44: 00 5.287 0: 44: 00 3.292 4.434 4.775 0: 44: 20 5.798 0: 44: 20 5.251 0: 44: 20 4.775 0: 44: 20 5.287 0: 44: 20 3.344 4.434 4.775 0: 44: 40 5.798 0: 44: 40 5.798 0: 44: 40 4.434 0: 44: 40 5.287 0: 44: 40 3.307 4.434 4.434 0: 45: 00 5.798 0: 45: 00 5.287 0: 45: 00 4.434 0: 45: 00 5.287 0: 45: 00 3.239 4.434 4.434 0: 45: 20 5.798 0: 45: 20 5.287 0: 45: 20 4.434 0: 45: 20 4.945 0: 45: 20 3.200 3.922 4.434 0: 45: 40 5.287 0: 45: 40 5.287 0: 45: 40 4.775 0: 45: 40 4.775 0: 45: 40 3.098 3.922 4.434 0: 46: 00 5.798 0: 46: 00 4.775 0: 46: 00 4.775 0: 46: 00 4.434 0: 46: 00 3.093 3.922 4.775 0: 46: 20 5.798 0: 46: 20 5.287 0: 46: 20 4.775 0: 46: 20 4.434 0: 46: 20 3.088 3.411 3.922 0: 46: 40 5.457 0: 46: 40 4.945 0: 46: 40 4.434 0: 46: 40 4.434 0: 46: 40 3.010 3.411 4.434 0: 47: 00 5.287 0: 47: 00 4.775 0: 47: 00 4.434 0: 47: 00 3.922 0: 47: 00 2.996 3.411 3.922 0: 47: 20 5.287 0: 47: 20 4.434 0: 47: 20 4.434 0: 47: 20 4.434 0: 47: 20 2.977 3.411 3.922 0: 47: 40 5.287 0: 47: 40 4.945 0: 47: 40 4.945 0: 47: 40 3.922 0: 47: 40 2.933 3.411 3.922 0: 48: 00 5.287 0: 48: 00 4.434 0: 48: 00 4.434 0: 48: 00 3.922 0: 48: 00 2.860 3.411 3.922 0: 48: 20 4.775 0: 48: 20 4.434 0: 48: 20 4.945 0: 48: 20 3.411 0: 48: 20 2.861 2.899 3.922 0: 48: 40 4.775 0: 48: 40 4.434 0: 48: 40 4.945 0: 48: 40 3.411 0: 48: 40 2.767 2.899 3.411 0: 49: 00 4.775 0: 49: 00 4.434 0: 49: 00 4.434 0: 49: 00 3.411 0: 49: 00 2.724 2.899 3.411 0: 49: 20 4.775 0: 49: 20 4.434 0: 49: 20 4.434 0: 49: 20 3.411 0: 49: 20 2.724 2.899 3.411 0: 49: 40 5.457 0: 49: 40 4.434 0: 49: 40 4.434 0: 49: 40 3.411 0: 49: 40 2.748 2.899 3.411 0: 50: 00 4.775 0: 50: 00 3.922 0: 50: 00 4.434 0: 50: 00 2.899 0: 50: 00 2.636 2.899 3.411 0: 50: 20 4.775 0: 50: 20 3.922 0: 50: 20 4.434 0: 50: 20 2.899 0: 50: 20 2.612 2.899 3.411 0: 50: 40 4.434 0: 50: 40 3.922 0: 50: 40 4.434 0: 50: 40 2.387 0: 50: 40 2.563 2.387 2.899 0: 51: 00 4.739 0: 51: 00 3.922 0: 51: 00 4.434 0: 51: 00 2.899 0: 51: 00 2.581 2.387 2.899 0: 51: 20 4.434 0: 51: 20 3.922 0: 51: 20 4.434 0: 51: 20 2.899 0: 51: 20 2.515 2.387 2.899 0: 51: 40 4.775 0: 51: 40 3.411 0: 51: 40 4.434 0: 51: 40 2.387 0: 51: 40 2.530 2.387 2.899 0: 52: 00 4.775 0: 52: 00 3.411 0: 52: 00 4.434 0: 52: 00 2.387 0: 52: 00 2.469 2.387 2.899 0: 52: 20 4.775 0: 52: 20 3.411 0: 52: 20 4.434 0: 52: 20 2.387 0: 52: 20 2.476 2.387 2.387 0: 52: 40 4.775 0: 52: 40 2.899 0: 52: 40 4.434 0: 52: 40 2.387 0: 52: 40 2.437 2.387 2.387 0: 53: 00 4.434 0: 53: 00 3.411 0: 53: 00 4.434 0: 53: 00 2.387 0: 53: 00 2.384 2.387 2.387 0: 53: 20 4.434 0: 53: 20 3.411 0: 53: 20 3.922 0: 53: 20 1.876 0: 53: 20 2.364 1.876 2.387 0: 53: 40 4.434 0: 53: 40 3.240 0: 53: 40 4.434 0: 53: 40 1.876 0: 53: 40 2.350 1.876 2.387 0: 54: 00 4.434 0: 54: 00 2.899 0: 54: 00 4.434 0: 54: 00 1.876 0: 54: 00 2.321 1.876 2.387 0: 54: 20 4.434 0: 54: 20 2.899 0: 54: 20 3.922 0: 54: 20 1.876 0: 54: 20 2.218 1.876 2.387 0: 54: 40 4.775 0: 54: 40 2.899 0: 54: 40 4.434 0: 54: 40 1.876 0: 54: 40 2.282 1.876 2.387 0: 55: 00 4.775 0: 55: 00 2.899 0: 55: 00 4.434 0: 55: 00 1.876 0: 55: 00 2.272 1.876 2.387 0: 55: 20 4.434 0: 55: 20 2.387 0: 55: 20 3.922 0: 55: 20 1.364 0: 55: 20 2.155 1.876 1.876 0: 55: 40 4.434 0: 55: 40 2.387 0: 55: 40 3.922 0: 55: 40 1.364 0: 55: 40 2.146 1.364 2.387 0: 56: 00 4.434 0: 56: 00 2.387 0: 56: 00 3.922 0: 56: 00 1.364 0: 56: 00 2.131 1.364 1.876 0: 56: 20 4.434 0: 56: 20 2.387 0: 56: 20 4.434 0: 56: 20 1.364 0: 56: 20 2.107 1.364 1.876 0: 56: 40 3.922 0: 56: 40 2.387 0: 56: 40 3.922 0: 56: 40 1.364 0: 56: 40 1.990 Page 33 HLU Data 1.364 1.876 0: 57: 00 3.922 0: 57: 00 2.387 0: 57: 00 3.922 0: 57: 00 1.364 0: 57: 00 2.029 1.364 1.876 0: 57: 20 4.434 0: 57: 20 2.387 0: 57: 20 3.922 0: 57: 20 1.364 0: 57: 20 2.059 1.364 1.876 0: 57: 40 4.434 0: 57: 40 2.387 0: 57: 40 3.922 0: 57: 40 1.364 0: 57: 40 2.025 1.364 1.876 0: 58: 00 4.434 0: 58: 00 1.876 0: 58: 00 3.922 0: 58: 00 1.364 0: 58: 00 1.991 1.364 1.876 0: 58: 20 4.434 0: 58: 20 1.876 0: 58: 20 3.922 0: 58: 20 1.364 0: 58: 20 2.035 1.364 1.876 0: 58: 40 3.922 0: 58: 40 1.876 0: 58: 40 3.922 0: 58: 40 1.364 0: 58: 40 1.947 1.364 1.876 0: 59: 00 4.434 0: 59: 00 1.876 0: 59: 00 3.411 0: 59: 00 1.023 0: 59: 00 1.928 1.364 1.876 0: 59: 20 4.434 0: 59: 20 1.876 0: 59: 20 3.922 0: 59: 20 1.023 0: 59: 20 1.957 1.364 1.876 0: 59: 40 4.434 0: 59: 40 1.876 0: 59: 40 3.922 0: 59: 40 1.023 0: 59: 40 1.908 0.853 1.876 1: 00: 00 3.922 1: 00: 00 1.876 1: 00: 00 3.922 1: 00: 00 1.023 1: 00: 00 1.884 0.853 1.876 1: 00: 20 4.434 1: 00: 20 1.876 1: 00: 20 3.922 1: 00: 20 1.023 1: 00: 20 1.874 0.853 1.876 1: 00: 40 4.434 1: 00: 40 1.876 1: 00: 40 3.922 1: 00: 40 1.023 1: 00: 40 1.879 0.853 1.364 1: 01: 00 3.922 1: 01: 00 1.876 1: 01: 00 3.922 1: 01: 00 1.023 1: 01: 00 1.865 0.853 1.364 1: 01: 20 4.434 1: 01: 20 1.364 1: 01: 20 3.922 1: 01: 20 1.023 1: 01: 20 1.831 0.853 1.364 1: 01: 40 3.922 1: 01: 40 1.876 1: 01: 40 3.922 1: 01: 40 1.023 1: 01: 40 1.811 0.853 1.364 1: 02: 00 3.922 1: 02: 00 1.364 1: 02: 00 3.922 1: 02: 00 0.853 1: 02: 00 1.797 0.853 1.364 1: 02: 20 3.922 1: 02: 20 1.364 1: 02: 20 3.411 1: 02: 20 0.853 1: 02: 20 1.753 0.853 1.364 1: 02: 40 3.922 1: 02: 40 1.364 1: 02: 40 3.411 1: 02: 40 0.853 1: 02: 40 1.758 0.853 1.364 1: 03: 00 3.922 1: 03: 00 1.364 1: 03: 00 3.411 1: 03: 00 0.853 1: 03: 00 1.753 1.364 1: 03: 20 3.922 1: 03: 20 1.364 1: 03: 20 3.411 1: 03: 20 0.853 1: 03: 20 1.740 1.364 1: 03: 40 4.434 1: 03: 40 1.364 1: 03: 40 3.411 1: 03: 40 0.853 1: 03: 40 1.755 1.364 1: 04: 00 4.434 1: 04: 00 1.364 1: 04: 00 3.922 1: 04: 00 0.853 1: 04: 00 1.755 1.023 1: 04: 20 4.434 1: 04: 20 1.364 1: 04: 20 3.922 1: 04: 20 0.853 1: 04: 20 1.725 0.853 1: 04: 40 4.434 1: 04: 40 1.364 1: 04: 40 3.411 1: 04: 40 0.853 1: 04: 40 1.720 0.853 1: 05: 00 4.434 1: 05: 00 1.364 1: 05: 00 3.922 1: 05: 00 0.853 1: 05: 00 1.704 0.853 1: 05: 20 3.922 1: 05: 20 1.364 1: 05: 20 3.411 1: 05: 20 1: 05: 20 1.705 0.853 1: 05: 40 4.434 1: 05: 40 1.364 1: 05: 40 3.411 1: 05: 40 1: 05: 40 1.743 0.853 1: 06: 00 4.434 1: 06: 00 1.364 1: 06: 00 3.411 1: 06: 00 1: 06: 00 1.743 0.853 1: 06: 20 3.922 1: 06: 20 1.364 1: 06: 20 3.411 1: 06: 20 1: 06: 20 1.711 0.853 1: 06: 40 4.434 1: 06: 40 0.853 1: 06: 40 3.922 1: 06: 40 1: 06: 40 1.722 0.853 1: 07: 00 3.922 1: 07: 00 0.853 1: 07: 00 3.411 1: 07: 00 1: 07: 00 1.663 0.853 1: 07: 20 4.434 1: 07: 20 0.853 1: 07: 20 3.411 1: 07: 20 1: 07: 20 1.685 0.853 1: 07: 40 4.434 1: 07: 40 0.853 1: 07: 40 3.411 1: 07: 40 1: 07: 40 1.674 1: 08: 00 4.434 1: 08: 00 0.853 1: 08: 00 3.411 1: 08: 00 1: 08: 00 1.690 1: 08: 20 3.922 1: 08: 20 0.853 1: 08: 20 3.922 1: 08: 20 1: 08: 20 1.717 1: 08: 40 4.434 1: 08: 40 0.853 1: 08: 40 3.411 1: 08: 40 1: 08: 40 1.684 1: 09: 00 4.434 1: 09: 00 0.853 1: 09: 00 3.240 1: 09: 00 1: 09: 00 1.696 1: 09: 20 4.434 1: 09: 20 0.853 1: 09: 20 3.922 1: 09: 20 1: 09: 20 1.701 1: 09: 40 4.434 1: 09: 40 0.853 1: 09: 40 3.922 1: 09: 40 1: 09: 40 1.707 1: 10: 00 3.922 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 00 3.411 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 00 1.707 1: 10: 20 4.434 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 20 3.411 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 20 1.694 1: 10: 40 3.922 1: 10: 40 1: 10: 40 3.411 1: 10: 40 1: 10: 40 1.625 1: 11: 00 3.922 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 00 3.411 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 00 1.630 1: 11: 20 3.922 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 20 3.411 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 20 1.590 1: 11: 40 3.922 1: 11: 40 1: 11: 40 3.411 1: 11: 40 1: 11: 40 1.608 1: 12: 00 3.922 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 00 3.411 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 00 1.649 1: 12: 20 4.434 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 20 3.411 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 20 1.667 1: 12: 40 4.434 1: 12: 40 1: 12: 40 3.411 1: 12: 40 1: 12: 40 1.655 1: 13: 00 3.922 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 00 3.376 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 00 1.601 1: 13: 20 3.922 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 20 3.411 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 20 1.608 1: 13: 40 3.922 1: 13: 40 1: 13: 40 2.899 1: 13: 40 1: 13: 40 1.573 1: 14: 00 4.434 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 00 3.411 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 00 1.648 1: 14: 20 3.922 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 20 3.411 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 20 1.605 1: 14: 40 3.922 1: 14: 40 1: 14: 40 3.411 1: 14: 40 1: 14: 40 1.605 1: 15: 00 4.434 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 00 3.411 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 00 1.642 1: 15: 20 3.922 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 20 3.411 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 20 1.605 1: 15: 40 3.922 1: 15: 40 1: 15: 40 2.899 1: 15: 40 1: 15: 40 1.539 1: 16: 00 3.922 1: 16: 00 1: 16: 00 2.899 1: 16: 00 1: 16: 00 1.539 Page 34 HLU Data 1: 16: 20 3.922 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 20 2.899 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 20 1.539 1: 16: 40 3.922 1: 16: 40 1: 16: 40 3.411 1: 16: 40 1: 16: 40 1.551 1: 17: 00 3.922 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 00 2.899 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 00 1.533 1: 17: 20 3.411 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 20 2.899 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 20 1.466 1: 17: 40 3.922 1: 17: 40 1: 17: 40 2.899 1: 17: 40 1: 17: 40 1.503 1: 18: 00 3.922 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 00 2.899 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 00 1.497 1: 18: 20 3.922 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 20 2.899 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 20 1.533 1: 18: 40 3.922 1: 18: 40 1: 18: 40 2.899 1: 18: 40 1: 18: 40 1.515 1: 19: 00 3.922 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 00 2.899 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 00 1.527 1: 19: 20 3.922 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 20 2.899 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 20 1.509 1: 19: 40 3.922 1: 19: 40 1: 19: 40 2.899 1: 19: 40 1: 19: 40 1.507 1: 20: 00 3.922 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 2.899 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 1.490 1: 20: 20 3.922 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 2.899 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 1.490 1: 20: 40 3.411 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 2.899 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 1.414 1: 21: 00 3.922 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 2.899 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 1.509 1: 21: 20 3.922 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 2.899 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 1.471 1: 21: 40 3.411 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 2.387 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 1.396 1: 22: 00 3.411 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 2.387 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 1.415 1: 22: 20 3.922 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 2.899 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 1.415 1: 22: 40 3.411 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 2.387 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 1.339 1: 23: 00 3.411 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 2.899 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 1.358 1: 23: 20 3.922 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 2.899 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 1.415 1: 23: 40 3.411 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 2.899 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 1.321 1: 24: 00 3.411 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 2.387 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 1.302 1: 24: 20 3.922 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 2.387 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 1.359 1: 24: 40 3.411 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 2.899 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 1.321 1: 25: 00 3.411 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 2.899 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 1.290 1: 25: 20 3.411 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 2.387 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 1.289 1: 25: 40 3.411 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 2.387 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 1.252 1: 26: 00 3.411 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 2.387 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 1.233 1: 26: 20 3.411 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 2.387 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 1.252 1: 26: 40 2.899 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 2.387 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 1.177 1: 27: 00 3.411 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 2.387 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 1.196 1: 27: 20 3.411 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 2.387 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 1.196 1: 27: 40 3.411 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 2.422 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 1.178 1: 28: 00 3.240 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 2.387 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 1.127 1: 28: 20 2.899 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 2.387 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 1.083 1: 28: 40 3.411 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 2.387 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 1.158 1: 29: 00 3.411 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 2.387 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 1.133 1: 29: 20 2.899 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 2.387 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 1.083 1: 29: 40 2.899 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 1.876 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 1.045 1: 30: 00 3.411 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 1.876 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 1.083 1: 30: 20 2.899 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 1.876 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 1.008 1: 30: 40 2.899 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 1.876 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 1.008 1: 31: 00 2.899 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 1.876 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 1.008 1: 31: 20 2.899 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 1.876 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 1.007 1: 31: 40 2.899 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1.876 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1.007 1: 32: 00 2.899 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1.876 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1.008 1: 32: 20 2.387 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 1.876 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 0.968 1: 32: 40 2.899 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 1.876 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 0.987 1: 33: 00 2.899 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 1.876 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 0.956 1: 33: 20 2.899 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 1.876 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 0.975 1: 33: 40 2.899 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 1.876 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 0.975 1: 34: 00 2.899 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 1.876 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 0.956 1: 34: 20 2.899 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 1.876 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 0.956 1: 34: 40 2.899 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 1.876 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 0.937 1: 35: 00 2.387 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 1.876 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 0.879 1: 35: 20 2.387 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 1.876 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 0.878 Page 35 HLU Data 1: 35: 40 2.899 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 1.876 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 0.898 1: 36: 00 2.387 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 1.876 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 0.839 1: 36: 20 2.899 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 1.364 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 0.858 1: 36: 40 2.387 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 1.364 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 0.819 1: 37: 00 2.387 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 1.399 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 0.821 1: 37: 20 2.387 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 1.364 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 0.805 1: 37: 40 2.387 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1.364 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 0.782 1: 38: 00 2.387 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1.364 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 0.780 1: 38: 20 2.387 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1.364 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 0.761 1: 38: 40 2.387 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1.364 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 0.761 1: 39: 00 2.387 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1.364 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 0.761 1: 39: 20 2.387 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1.364 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 0.761 1: 39: 40 2.387 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1.364 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 0.761 1: 40: 00 1.876 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1.364 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 0.722 1: 40: 20 2.387 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1.364 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 0.742 1: 40: 40 2.387 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1.364 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 0.703 1: 41: 00 1.876 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1.364 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 0.664 1: 41: 20 1.876 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1.364 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 0.703 1: 41: 40 1.876 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1.399 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 0.645 1: 42: 00 1.876 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1.364 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 0.605 1: 42: 20 1.876 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1.364 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 0.605 1: 42: 40 1.876 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1.364 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 0.625 1: 43: 00 1.876 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1.364 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 0.625 1: 43: 20 1.876 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1.364 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 0.605 1: 43: 40 1.876 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1.364 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 0.589 1: 44: 00 1.876 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1.023 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 0.575 1: 44: 20 1.876 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1.023 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 0.576 1: 44: 40 1.364 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1.364 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 0.548 1: 45: 00 1.364 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 0.853 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 0.500 1: 45: 20 1.364 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 0.853 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 0.498 1: 45: 40 1.364 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 0.853 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 0.500 1: 46: 00 1.364 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 0.853 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 0.500 1: 46: 20 1.364 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 0.853 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 0.502 1: 46: 40 1.364 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 0.853 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 0.501 1: 47: 00 1.364 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 0.853 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 0.485 1: 47: 20 1.364 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 0.853 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 0.485 1: 47: 40 1.364 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 0.853 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 0.485 1: 48: 00 1.364 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 0.853 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 0.487 1: 48: 20 1.364 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 0.444 1: 48: 40 1.364 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 0.419 1: 49: 00 1.364 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 0.444 1: 49: 20 1.364 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 0.420 1: 49: 40 1.364 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 0.420 1: 50: 00 1.364 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 0.420 1: 50: 20 0.853 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 0.370 1: 50: 40 1.364 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 0.420 1: 51: 00 0.853 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 0.372 1: 51: 20 0.853 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 0.348 1: 51: 40 0.853 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 0.348 1: 52: 00 0.853 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 0.346 1: 52: 20 0.853 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 0.323 1: 52: 40 0.853 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 0.323 1: 53: 00 0.853 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 0.298 1: 53: 20 0.853 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 0.298 1: 53: 40 0.853 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 0.298 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 Page 36 HLU Data 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 Page 37 HLU Data Page 38 HLU Data Page 39 HLU Data Page 40 HLU Data Page 41 HLU Data Page 42 HLU Data Page 43 HLU Data Page 44 HLU Data Page 45

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.237461

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0154

Supporting & Related Material

CFA Open Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Composite Graph ­ Hand Lay­ Up All Runs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0: 00: 00 0: 03: 00 0: 06: 00 0: 09: 00 0: 12: 00 0: 15: 00 0: 18: 00 0: 21: 00 0: 24: 00 0: 27: 00 0: 30: 00 0: 33: 00 0: 36: 00 0: 39: 00 0: 42: 00 0: 45: 00 0: 48: 00 0: 51: 00 0: 54: 00 0: 57: 00 1: 00: 00 1: 03: 00 1: 06: 00 1: 09: 00 1: 12: 00 1: 15: 00 1: 18: 00 1: 21: 00 1: 24: 00 1: 27: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 57: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 Series7 Series8 Series9 Series10 Series11 Series12 Series13 Series14 Series15 Series16 Series17 Series18 Series19 Series20 Application Curing Roll­ Out © CFA 1996 44 CFA Open Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Average Emissions Profile ­ All Hand Lay­ Up Runs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Application Roll­ Out Cure © CFA 1996 45

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.298621

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0155

Supporting & Related Material

CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 46 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Runs 3A & 3B 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Cpncentration Hnad Lay­ Up ­ Runs 4A & 4B 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 47 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hnad Lay­ Up ­ Run 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 00 0: 04: 00 0: 06: 00 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 00 0: 12: 00 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 00 0: 20: 00 0: 22: 00 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 00 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 00 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 00 0: 36: 00 0: 38: 00 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 00 0: 46: 00 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 00 0: 52: 00 0: 54: 00 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 00 1: 00: 00 1: 02: 00 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 00 1: 08: 00 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 00 1: 16: 00 1: 18: 00 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 00 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 00 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 00 0: 04: 00 0: 06: 00 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 00 0: 12: 00 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 00 0: 20: 00 0: 22: 00 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 00 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 00 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 00 0: 36: 00 0: 38: 00 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 00 0: 46: 00 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 00 0: 52: 00 0: 54: 00 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 00 1: 00: 00 1: 02: 00 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 00 1: 08: 00 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 00 1: 16: 00 1: 18: 00 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 00 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 00 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 00 Time­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 48 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 49 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 50 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Runs 11A & 11B 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Runs 12A & 12B 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 51 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hnad Lay­ Up ­ Run 13 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hnad Lay­ Up ­ Run 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 52 CFA OPen Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Hand Lay­ Up ­ Run 16 0 20 40 60 80 100 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 53

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.302232

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0156

Supporting & Related Material

Master RUN 1 Master RUN 2 Master Run 3A RUN 3B Master RUN 4A RUN 4B Master RUN 5 Master RUN 6 Master Time 111595B Time 111695A Time 111695B 113095A Time 112895A 112995B Time 112895B Time 112995A Time 0: 00: 00 1.101 0: 00: 00 0.009 0: 00: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 00: 00 0.078 1.032 0: 00: 00 1.101 0: 00: 00 0.009 0: 00: 00 0: 00: 20 1.101 0: 00: 20 0.078 0: 00: 20 1.032 1.032 0: 00: 20 0.009 1.032 0: 00: 20 1.101 0: 00: 20 0.009 0: 00: 20 0: 00: 40 1.101 0: 00: 40 0.009 0: 00: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 00: 40 0.009 1.032 0: 00: 40 1.101 0: 00: 40 0.009 0: 00: 40 0: 01: 00 1.101 0: 01: 00 0.009 0: 01: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 01: 00 0.009 1.032 0: 01: 00 1.032 0: 01: 00 0.078 0: 01: 00 0: 01: 20 1.101 0: 01: 20 0.009 0: 01: 20 1.101 1.101 0: 01: 20 0.009 1.032 0: 01: 20 1.101 0: 01: 20 0.009 0: 01: 20 0: 01: 40 1.032 0: 01: 40 0.009 0: 01: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 01: 40 0.009 1.032 0: 01: 40 1.032 0: 01: 40 0.009 0: 01: 40 0: 02: 00 1.101 0: 02: 00 0.009 0: 02: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 00 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 00 1.101 0: 02: 00 1.032 0: 02: 00 0: 02: 20 1.101 0: 02: 20 0.009 0: 02: 20 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 20 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.032 0: 02: 20 0: 02: 40 1.101 0: 02: 40 0.009 0: 02: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 40 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.032 0: 02: 40 0: 03: 00 13.383 0: 03: 00 22.520 0: 03: 00 126.891 164.861 0: 03: 00 27.637 106.426 0: 03: 00 1.032 0: 03: 00 116.318 0: 03: 00 0: 03: 20 95.945 0: 03: 20 131.325 0: 03: 20 231.262 171.684 0: 03: 20 138.147 165.774 0: 03: 20 137.226 0: 03: 20 158.953 0: 03: 20 0: 03: 40 100.628 0: 03: 40 159.635 0: 03: 40 296.067 257.525 0: 03: 40 214.549 195.448 0: 03: 40 194.084 0: 03: 40 228.533 0: 03: 40 0: 04: 00 109.592 0: 04: 00 265.370 0: 04: 00 346.547 304.594 0: 04: 00 276.284 287.881 0: 04: 00 281.199 0: 04: 00 286.176 0: 04: 00 0: 04: 20 86.051 0: 04: 20 307.809 0: 04: 20 273.215 314.144 0: 04: 20 296.749 257.658 0: 04: 20 330.175 0: 04: 20 295.044 0: 04: 20 0: 04: 40 65.582 0: 04: 40 239.235 0: 04: 40 249.129 209.774 0: 04: 40 313.121 285.153 0: 04: 40 349.276 0: 04: 40 271.509 0: 04: 40 0: 05: 00 53.559 0: 05: 00 238.425 0: 05: 00 267.416 202.952 0: 05: 00 266.393 195.107 0: 05: 00 253.432 0: 05: 00 177.712 0: 05: 00 0: 05: 20 59.782 0: 05: 20 287.881 0: 05: 20 335.633 242.176 0: 05: 20 171.573 214.890 0: 05: 20 195.107 0: 05: 20 198.177 0: 05: 20 0: 05: 40 65.496 0: 05: 40 256.502 0: 05: 40 404.190 235.355 0: 05: 40 165.774 256.502 0: 05: 40 213.526 0: 05: 40 264.347 0: 05: 40 0: 06: 00 68.311 0: 06: 00 360.190 0: 06: 00 399.415 256.502 0: 06: 00 211.820 315.509 0: 06: 00 314.486 0: 06: 00 332.904 0: 06: 00 0: 06: 20 117.439 0: 06: 20 456.375 0: 06: 20 429.430 315.509 0: 06: 20 255.479 352.345 0: 06: 20 352.345 0: 06: 20 355.074 0: 06: 20 0: 06: 40 135.179 0: 06: 40 312.439 0: 06: 40 449.895 352.345 0: 06: 40 305.276 362.578 0: 06: 40 423.631 0: 06: 40 385.771 0: 06: 40 0: 07: 00 144.391 0: 07: 00 237.401 0: 07: 00 475.322 362.578 0: 07: 00 350.640 379.973 0: 07: 00 448.871 0: 07: 00 410.329 0: 07: 00 0: 07: 20 142.240 0: 07: 20 254.455 0: 07: 20 444.437 379.973 0: 07: 20 391.570 382.019 0: 07: 20 445.802 0: 07: 20 390.205 0: 07: 20 0: 07: 40 156.906 0: 07: 40 295.869 0: 07: 40 398.050 382.019 0: 07: 40 344.501 420.903 0: 07: 40 478.886 0: 07: 40 403.677 0: 07: 40 0: 08: 00 187.719 0: 08: 00 355.415 0: 08: 00 310.734 420.903 0: 08: 00 374.175 370.925 0: 08: 00 433.523 0: 08: 00 379.973 0: 08: 00 0: 08: 20 185.672 0: 08: 20 456.899 0: 08: 20 252.750 370.925 0: 08: 20 386.113 359.167 0: 08: 20 421.759 0: 08: 20 356.097 0: 08: 20 0: 08: 40 171.573 0: 08: 40 479.416 0: 08: 40 223.417 359.167 0: 08: 40 364.283 304.594 0: 08: 40 364.965 0: 08: 40 317.214 0: 08: 40 0: 09: 00 146.097 0: 09: 00 491.847 0: 09: 00 177.712 304.594 0: 09: 00 309.369 260.254 0: 09: 00 303.912 0: 09: 00 254.455 0: 09: 00 0: 09: 20 119.387 0: 09: 20 446.825 0: 09: 20 153.836 260.254 0: 09: 20 259.571 211.820 0: 09: 20 244.223 0: 09: 20 210.797 0: 09: 20 0: 09: 40 94.829 0: 09: 40 387.818 0: 09: 40 135.418 211.820 0: 09: 40 227.510 184.534 0: 09: 40 214.890 0: 09: 40 160.767 0: 09: 40 0: 10: 00 85.028 0: 10: 00 311.757 0: 10: 00 110.519 184.534 0: 10: 00 197.154 161.681 0: 10: 00 187.262 0: 10: 00 139.170 0: 10: 00 0: 10: 20 79.228 0: 10: 20 239.448 0: 10: 20 114.709 161.681 0: 10: 20 178.394 142.922 0: 10: 20 162.705 0: 10: 20 124.162 0: 10: 20 0: 10: 40 73.000 0: 10: 40 207.045 0: 10: 40 109.496 142.922 0: 10: 40 157.929 128.255 0: 10: 40 156.906 0: 10: 40 106.426 0: 10: 40 0: 11: 00 67.287 0: 11: 00 191.014 0: 11: 00 102.674 128.255 0: 11: 00 135.418 112.225 0: 11: 00 144.968 0: 11: 00 95.853 0: 11: 00 0: 11: 20 62.511 0: 11: 20 160.999 0: 11: 20 102.674 112.225 0: 11: 20 117.341 101.992 0: 11: 20 121.434 0: 11: 20 88.098 0: 11: 20 0: 11: 40 59.698 0: 11: 40 120.411 0: 11: 40 86.985 101.992 0: 11: 40 107.449 90.054 0: 11: 40 109.496 0: 11: 40 84.938 0: 11: 40 0: 12: 00 60.721 0: 12: 00 120.509 0: 12: 00 81.186 90.054 0: 12: 00 93.806 82.892 0: 12: 00 91.760 0: 12: 00 75.047 0: 12: 00 0: 12: 20 58.758 0: 12: 20 120.411 0: 12: 20 75.047 82.892 0: 12: 20 83.233 78.116 0: 12: 20 89.122 0: 12: 20 68.225 0: 12: 20 0: 12: 40 49.807 0: 12: 40 103.698 0: 12: 40 72.318 78.116 0: 12: 40 77.093 75.388 0: 12: 40 79.140 0: 12: 40 65.496 0: 12: 40 0: 13: 00 48.101 0: 13: 00 97.651 0: 13: 00 68.225 66.543 0: 13: 00 72.318 73.341 0: 13: 00 69.248 0: 13: 00 63.450 0: 13: 00 0: 13: 20 43.065 0: 13: 20 86.985 0: 13: 20 63.450 57.735 0: 13: 20 65.582 64.473 0: 13: 20 67.287 0: 13: 20 63.450 0: 13: 20 0: 13: 40 39.312 0: 13: 40 77.181 0: 13: 40 64.473 54.923 0: 13: 40 59.698 60.721 0: 13: 40 63.450 0: 13: 40 62.427 0: 13: 40 0: 14: 00 33.171 0: 14: 00 75.388 0: 14: 00 55.005 53.559 0: 14: 00 53.900 57.652 0: 14: 00 58.675 0: 14: 00 58.675 0: 14: 00 0: 14: 20 29.342 0: 14: 20 69.334 0: 14: 20 49.807 48.784 0: 14: 20 54.923 53.559 0: 14: 20 55.946 0: 14: 20 56.628 0: 14: 20 0: 14: 40 28.394 0: 14: 40 67.202 0: 14: 40 48.784 44.770 0: 14: 40 50.830 49.125 0: 14: 40 57.652 0: 14: 40 49.807 0: 14: 40 0: 15: 00 22.595 0: 15: 00 61.404 0: 15: 00 48.182 44.008 0: 15: 00 44.691 47.078 0: 15: 00 52.877 0: 15: 00 44.691 0: 15: 00 0: 15: 20 18.501 0: 15: 20 62.427 0: 15: 20 41.962 41.962 0: 15: 20 39.233 40.939 0: 15: 20 50.830 0: 15: 20 44.008 0: 15: 20 0: 15: 40 18.427 0: 15: 40 58.675 0: 15: 40 37.265 40.257 0: 15: 40 39.233 39.233 0: 15: 40 47.078 0: 15: 40 40.939 0: 15: 40 0: 16: 00 18.427 0: 16: 00 58.675 0: 16: 00 37.265 38.288 0: 16: 00 34.117 38.210 0: 16: 00 48.784 0: 16: 00 41.962 0: 16: 00 0: 16: 20 18.501 0: 16: 20 51.853 0: 16: 20 36.164 34.458 0: 16: 20 32.412 34.117 0: 16: 20 41.962 0: 16: 20 38.210 0: 16: 20 0: 16: 40 17.477 0: 16: 40 48.101 0: 16: 40 36.164 35.140 0: 16: 40 30.365 32.412 0: 16: 40 39.233 0: 16: 40 30.365 0: 16: 40 0: 17: 00 15.771 0: 17: 00 47.078 0: 17: 00 36.241 32.412 0: 17: 00 29.342 31.465 0: 17: 00 40.257 0: 17: 00 27.295 0: 17: 00 0: 17: 20 13.724 0: 17: 20 39.233 0: 17: 20 34.194 29.342 0: 17: 20 29.342 28.319 0: 17: 20 36.164 0: 17: 20 31.388 0: 17: 20 0: 17: 40 12.629 0: 17: 40 36.164 0: 17: 40 29.342 31.465 0: 17: 40 25.249 26.272 0: 17: 40 35.140 0: 17: 40 29.001 0: 17: 40 0: 18: 00 11.677 0: 18: 00 38.210 0: 18: 00 28.319 26.347 0: 18: 00 24.567 27.295 0: 18: 00 32.412 0: 18: 00 29.342 0: 18: 00 0: 18: 20 9.630 0: 18: 20 42.041 0: 18: 20 26.272 25.249 0: 18: 20 24.567 25.249 0: 18: 20 31.388 0: 18: 20 25.249 0: 18: 20 0: 18: 40 9.630 0: 18: 40 39.233 0: 18: 40 26.272 23.544 0: 18: 40 22.595 21.497 0: 18: 40 29.001 0: 18: 40 24.567 0: 18: 40 0: 19: 00 9.559 0: 19: 00 38.288 0: 19: 00 22.520 21.497 0: 19: 00 20.474 20.548 0: 19: 00 25.249 0: 19: 00 20.474 0: 19: 00 0: 19: 20 8.948 0: 19: 20 36.164 0: 19: 20 22.520 23.544 0: 19: 20 18.427 19.451 0: 19: 20 22.520 0: 19: 20 19.451 0: 19: 20 0: 19: 40 8.877 0: 19: 40 35.140 0: 19: 40 22.520 22.179 0: 19: 40 18.427 17.404 0: 19: 40 22.520 0: 19: 40 18.427 0: 19: 40 0: 20: 00 7.854 0: 20: 00 33.094 0: 20: 00 22.520 21.497 0: 20: 00 16.722 17.404 0: 20: 00 23.544 0: 20: 00 16.795 0: 20: 00 0: 20: 20 7.924 0: 20: 20 31.465 0: 20: 20 14.334 18.427 0: 20: 20 16.722 17.404 0: 20: 20 21.497 0: 20: 20 15.699 0: 20: 20 0: 20: 40 7.854 0: 20: 40 28.394 0: 20: 40 16.795 18.427 0: 20: 40 14.675 15.699 0: 20: 40 19.451 0: 20: 40 16.722 0: 20: 40 0: 21: 00 6.560 0: 21: 00 26.272 0: 21: 00 18.427 17.404 0: 21: 00 15.699 16.722 0: 21: 00 19.451 0: 21: 00 15.699 0: 21: 00 0: 21: 20 7.854 0: 21: 20 23.544 0: 21: 20 15.699 16.722 0: 21: 20 15.699 15.699 0: 21: 20 18.427 0: 21: 20 16.722 0: 21: 20 0: 21: 40 7.854 0: 21: 40 20.474 0: 21: 40 16.795 16.722 0: 21: 40 13.311 14.334 0: 21: 40 17.404 0: 21: 40 15.699 0: 21: 40 0: 22: 00 7.924 0: 22: 00 23.544 0: 22: 00 15.699 15.771 0: 22: 00 12.629 14.334 0: 22: 00 15.699 0: 22: 00 14.407 0: 22: 00 0: 22: 20 6.490 0: 22: 20 21.571 0: 22: 20 14.748 17.477 0: 22: 20 12.629 15.699 0: 22: 20 15.699 0: 22: 20 14.675 0: 22: 20 0: 22: 40 6.490 0: 22: 40 19.451 0: 22: 40 14.675 13.652 0: 22: 40 11.677 14.748 0: 22: 40 14.334 0: 22: 40 12.629 0: 22: 40 0: 23: 00 6.560 0: 23: 00 20.548 0: 23: 00 13.652 14.748 0: 23: 00 12.629 13.652 0: 23: 00 15.699 0: 23: 00 12.629 0: 23: 00 0: 23: 20 6.490 0: 23: 20 18.501 0: 23: 20 13.311 15.771 0: 23: 20 11.606 12.629 0: 23: 20 14.334 0: 23: 20 13.311 0: 23: 20 0: 23: 40 6.490 0: 23: 40 17.404 0: 23: 40 13.311 14.675 0: 23: 40 11.606 13.652 0: 23: 40 14.334 0: 23: 40 13.383 0: 23: 40 0: 24: 00 6.490 0: 24: 00 16.722 0: 24: 00 12.701 16.722 0: 24: 00 11.606 12.629 0: 24: 00 13.652 0: 24: 00 13.311 0: 24: 00 0: 24: 20 5.877 0: 24: 20 15.699 0: 24: 20 12.629 14.748 0: 24: 20 10.924 13.652 0: 24: 20 13.652 0: 24: 20 11.606 0: 24: 20 0: 24: 40 6.901 0: 24: 40 15.699 0: 24: 40 12.701 13.652 0: 24: 40 10.582 12.629 0: 24: 40 12.629 0: 24: 40 11.606 0: 24: 40 0: 25: 00 5.807 0: 25: 00 15.699 0: 25: 00 12.701 13.652 0: 25: 00 10.654 11.606 0: 25: 00 13.724 0: 25: 00 11.606 0: 25: 00 0: 25: 20 5.807 0: 25: 20 15.771 0: 25: 20 10.582 13.652 0: 25: 20 10.582 12.629 0: 25: 20 11.677 0: 25: 20 11.606 0: 25: 20 0: 25: 40 5.807 0: 25: 40 14.675 0: 25: 40 11.677 12.629 0: 25: 40 9.630 11.606 0: 25: 40 11.606 0: 25: 40 11.606 0: 25: 40 0: 26: 00 5.807 0: 26: 00 15.699 0: 26: 00 11.677 13.652 0: 26: 00 9.559 11.677 0: 26: 00 11.606 0: 26: 00 10.654 0: 26: 00 0: 26: 20 5.807 0: 26: 20 14.334 0: 26: 20 12.701 12.629 0: 26: 20 9.559 11.606 0: 26: 20 11.606 0: 26: 20 10.582 0: 26: 20 0: 26: 40 5.877 0: 26: 40 13.652 0: 26: 40 12.701 13.652 0: 26: 40 9.559 11.606 0: 26: 40 10.582 0: 26: 40 8.877 0: 26: 40 0: 27: 00 6.901 0: 27: 00 14.334 0: 27: 00 11.606 12.701 0: 27: 00 8.877 10.582 0: 27: 00 11.606 0: 27: 00 9.630 0: 27: 00 0: 27: 20 6.831 0: 27: 20 14.334 0: 27: 20 11.677 11.606 0: 27: 20 8.877 10.654 0: 27: 20 10.582 0: 27: 20 9.559 0: 27: 20 0: 27: 40 5.877 0: 27: 40 14.407 0: 27: 40 12.629 11.677 0: 27: 40 8.877 10.582 0: 27: 40 10.654 0: 27: 40 9.559 0: 27: 40 0: 28: 00 5.877 0: 28: 00 13.724 0: 28: 00 11.677 11.606 0: 28: 00 9.559 10.582 0: 28: 00 10.582 0: 28: 00 9.559 0: 28: 00 0: 28: 20 5.877 0: 28: 20 12.629 0: 28: 20 11.606 11.606 0: 28: 20 8.948 10.582 0: 28: 20 10.582 0: 28: 20 9.630 0: 28: 20 0: 28: 40 5.807 0: 28: 40 13.724 0: 28: 40 9.559 10.582 0: 28: 40 9.559 10.582 0: 28: 40 9.559 0: 28: 40 9.630 0: 28: 40 0: 29: 00 5.807 0: 29: 00 13.652 0: 29: 00 10.654 10.582 0: 29: 00 9.559 10.582 0: 29: 00 9.630 0: 29: 00 8.877 0: 29: 00 0: 29: 20 5.807 0: 29: 20 12.629 0: 29: 20 10.582 11.677 0: 29: 20 8.877 9.559 0: 29: 20 10.582 0: 29: 20 8.877 0: 29: 20 0: 29: 40 4.784 0: 29: 40 12.629 0: 29: 40 10.654 11.606 0: 29: 40 8.877 9.559 0: 29: 40 9.559 0: 29: 40 8.877 0: 29: 40 0: 30: 00 4.784 0: 30: 00 12.629 0: 30: 00 10.582 10.582 0: 30: 00 7.854 9.559 0: 30: 00 9.559 0: 30: 00 9.559 0: 30: 00 0: 30: 20 4.854 0: 30: 20 12.629 0: 30: 20 9.559 10.582 0: 30: 20 8.877 9.559 0: 30: 20 9.559 0: 30: 20 8.877 0: 30: 20 0: 30: 40 4.854 0: 30: 40 11.606 0: 30: 40 9.630 10.654 0: 30: 40 8.877 9.559 0: 30: 40 9.630 0: 30: 40 8.948 0: 30: 40 0: 31: 00 4.784 0: 31: 00 13.652 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00 3.761 1: 02: 00 2.738 3.761 1: 02: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 02: 00 4.784 1: 02: 00 4.784 1: 02: 00 1: 02: 20 2.738 1: 02: 20 3.761 1: 02: 20 2.738 3.761 1: 02: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 02: 20 5.807 1: 02: 20 3.830 1: 02: 20 1: 02: 40 2.807 1: 02: 40 2.738 1: 02: 40 2.738 3.761 1: 02: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 02: 40 4.784 1: 02: 40 4.784 1: 02: 40 1: 03: 00 2.738 1: 03: 00 2.807 1: 03: 00 2.738 3.761 1: 03: 00 3.761 4.854 1: 03: 00 5.807 1: 03: 00 3.761 1: 03: 00 1: 03: 20 2.738 1: 03: 20 2.738 1: 03: 20 1.714 3.830 1: 03: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 03: 20 4.784 1: 03: 20 3.761 1: 03: 20 1: 03: 40 2.807 1: 03: 40 2.738 1: 03: 40 1.714 3.761 1: 03: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 03: 40 4.784 1: 03: 40 3.761 1: 03: 40 1: 04: 00 2.738 1: 04: 00 2.807 1: 04: 00 1.714 3.761 1: 04: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 04: 00 4.784 1: 04: 00 3.761 1: 04: 00 1: 04: 20 2.738 1: 04: 20 2.738 1: 04: 20 1.714 3.761 1: 04: 20 3.830 4.784 1: 04: 20 4.784 1: 04: 20 3.761 1: 04: 20 1: 04: 40 2.807 1: 04: 40 2.738 1: 04: 40 1.714 3.830 1: 04: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 04: 40 4.784 1: 04: 40 3.761 1: 04: 40 1: 05: 00 2.738 1: 05: 00 2.807 1: 05: 00 1.714 3.761 1: 05: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 05: 00 4.784 1: 05: 00 3.761 1: 05: 00 1: 05: 20 2.738 1: 05: 20 2.738 1: 05: 20 1.714 3.761 1: 05: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 05: 20 4.854 1: 05: 20 3.761 1: 05: 20 1: 05: 40 2.738 1: 05: 40 2.807 1: 05: 40 1.714 3.761 1: 05: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 05: 40 4.854 1: 05: 40 3.761 1: 05: 40 1: 06: 00 2.807 1: 06: 00 2.738 1: 06: 00 1.783 3.761 1: 06: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 06: 00 4.784 1: 06: 00 3.761 1: 06: 00 1: 06: 20 2.807 1: 06: 20 2.807 1: 06: 20 1.783 3.761 1: 06: 20 3.761 4.854 1: 06: 20 4.784 1: 06: 20 3.761 1: 06: 20 1: 06: 40 2.807 1: 06: 40 2.738 1: 06: 40 1.714 3.761 1: 06: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 06: 40 4.784 1: 06: 40 2.807 1: 06: 40 1: 07: 00 2.807 1: 07: 00 2.738 1: 07: 00 1.714 3.761 1: 07: 00 3.761 4.854 1: 07: 00 4.784 1: 07: 00 2.738 1: 07: 00 1: 07: 20 2.807 1: 07: 20 2.738 1: 07: 20 1.714 3.761 1: 07: 20 3.761 4.854 1: 07: 20 4.784 1: 07: 20 2.738 1: 07: 20 1: 07: 40 2.738 1: 07: 40 2.807 1: 07: 40 1.714 3.830 1: 07: 40 3.830 4.784 1: 07: 40 4.854 1: 07: 40 2.738 1: 07: 40 1: 08: 00 2.807 1: 08: 00 2.738 1: 08: 00 1.783 2.807 1: 08: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 08: 00 4.784 1: 08: 00 2.738 1: 08: 00 1: 08: 20 2.738 1: 08: 20 2.738 1: 08: 20 1.714 2.738 1: 08: 20 3.761 4.854 1: 08: 20 4.784 1: 08: 20 2.738 1: 08: 20 1: 08: 40 2.807 1: 08: 40 1.714 1: 08: 40 1.783 2.738 1: 08: 40 3.830 4.784 1: 08: 40 4.784 1: 08: 40 2.738 1: 08: 40 1: 09: 00 2.738 1: 09: 00 1.714 1: 09: 00 1.714 2.738 1: 09: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 09: 00 4.784 1: 09: 00 2.738 1: 09: 00 1: 09: 20 2.738 1: 09: 20 2.738 1: 09: 20 1.714 1.783 1: 09: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 09: 20 4.784 1: 09: 20 2.738 1: 09: 20 1: 09: 40 2.807 1: 09: 40 1.783 1: 09: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 09: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 09: 40 4.784 1: 09: 40 2.807 1: 09: 40 1: 10: 00 2.738 1: 10: 00 1.714 1: 10: 00 1.783 1.714 1: 10: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 10: 00 4.854 1: 10: 00 2.738 1: 10: 00 1: 10: 20 2.738 1: 10: 20 1.714 1: 10: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 10: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 10: 20 4.784 1: 10: 20 2.738 1: 10: 20 1: 10: 40 1.783 1: 10: 40 1.783 1: 10: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 10: 40 3.830 4.854 1: 10: 40 4.784 1: 10: 40 2.738 1: 10: 40 1: 11: 00 2.807 1: 11: 00 1.714 1: 11: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 11: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 11: 00 4.784 1: 11: 00 2.738 1: 11: 00 1: 11: 20 2.738 1: 11: 20 1.714 1: 11: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 11: 20 3.761 4.784 1: 11: 20 4.784 1: 11: 20 2.738 1: 11: 20 1: 11: 40 2.807 1: 11: 40 1.714 1: 11: 40 1.783 1.714 1: 11: 40 3.830 4.784 1: 11: 40 4.854 1: 11: 40 2.738 1: 11: 40 1: 12: 00 2.738 1: 12: 00 1.714 1: 12: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 12: 00 3.761 4.784 1: 12: 00 4.784 1: 12: 00 2.738 1: 12: 00 1: 12: 20 1.714 1: 12: 20 1.783 1: 12: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 12: 20 3.830 4.784 1: 12: 20 4.784 1: 12: 20 2.738 1: 12: 20 1: 12: 40 1.783 1: 12: 40 1.714 1: 12: 40 1.783 1.783 1: 12: 40 3.830 4.784 1: 12: 40 4.854 1: 12: 40 2.738 1: 12: 40 1: 13: 00 1.714 1: 13: 00 1.714 1: 13: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 13: 00 3.830 4.784 1: 13: 00 4.784 1: 13: 00 2.738 1: 13: 00 1: 13: 20 2.738 1: 13: 20 1.714 1: 13: 20 1.783 1.714 1: 13: 20 3.761 4.854 1: 13: 20 4.784 1: 13: 20 2.738 1: 13: 20 1: 13: 40 2.807 1: 13: 40 1.714 1: 13: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 13: 40 3.761 4.784 1: 13: 40 4.854 1: 13: 40 1.714 1: 13: 40 1: 14: 00 2.738 1: 14: 00 1.783 1: 14: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 14: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 14: 00 4.784 1: 14: 00 2.738 1: 14: 00 1: 14: 20 1.714 1: 14: 20 1.714 1: 14: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 14: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 14: 20 4.784 1: 14: 20 1.783 1: 14: 20 1: 14: 40 2.738 1: 14: 40 1.714 1: 14: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 14: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 14: 40 4.784 1: 14: 40 2.738 1: 14: 40 1: 15: 00 2.738 1: 15: 00 1.783 1: 15: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 15: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 15: 00 4.784 1: 15: 00 1.783 1: 15: 00 1: 15: 20 2.738 1: 15: 20 1.714 1: 15: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 15: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 15: 20 4.784 1: 15: 20 1.714 1: 15: 20 1: 15: 40 2.807 1: 15: 40 1.714 1: 15: 40 1.032 1.783 1: 15: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 15: 40 3.761 1: 15: 40 1.714 1: 15: 40 1: 16: 00 2.807 1: 16: 00 1.714 1: 16: 00 1.032 1.714 1: 16: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 16: 00 3.761 1: 16: 00 1.783 1: 16: 00 1: 16: 20 2.738 1: 16: 20 1.783 1: 16: 20 1.032 1.714 1: 16: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 16: 20 3.761 1: 16: 20 1.714 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 40 2.738 1: 16: 40 1.714 1: 16: 40 1.101 1.714 1: 16: 40 3.761 3.830 1: 16: 40 4.784 1: 16: 40 1.783 1: 16: 40 1: 17: 00 1.714 1: 17: 00 1.783 1: 17: 00 1.032 1.714 1: 17: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 17: 00 3.761 1: 17: 00 1.714 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 20 2.807 1: 17: 20 1.783 1: 17: 20 1.101 1.714 1: 17: 20 3.830 3.830 1: 17: 20 4.784 1: 17: 20 1.714 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 40 1.714 1: 17: 40 1.714 1: 17: 40 1.032 1.032 1: 17: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 17: 40 4.784 1: 17: 40 1.783 1: 17: 40 1: 18: 00 1.783 1: 18: 00 1.714 1: 18: 00 1.032 1.032 1: 18: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 18: 00 4.854 1: 18: 00 1.714 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 20 1.714 1: 18: 20 1.714 1: 18: 20 1.032 1.032 1: 18: 20 3.830 3.761 1: 18: 20 4.784 1: 18: 20 1.714 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 40 1.714 1: 18: 40 1.714 1: 18: 40 1.032 1.101 1: 18: 40 3.830 3.761 1: 18: 40 4.784 1: 18: 40 1.714 1: 18: 40 1: 19: 00 2.055 1: 19: 00 1.714 1: 19: 00 1.032 1: 19: 00 3.830 3.761 1: 19: 00 4.784 1: 19: 00 1.714 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 20 1.783 1: 19: 20 1.714 1: 19: 20 1.101 1: 19: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 19: 20 4.784 1: 19: 20 1.714 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 40 1.714 1: 19: 40 1.714 1: 19: 40 1.032 1: 19: 40 2.738 3.761 1: 19: 40 4.784 1: 19: 40 1.714 1: 19: 40 1: 20: 00 2.738 1: 20: 00 1.714 1: 20: 00 1.032 1: 20: 00 3.830 3.761 1: 20: 00 4.854 1: 20: 00 1.783 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 20 2.807 1: 20: 20 1.783 1: 20: 20 1.032 1: 20: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 20: 20 4.784 1: 20: 20 1.783 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 40 2.738 1: 20: 40 1.714 1: 20: 40 1.032 1: 20: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 20: 40 5.807 1: 20: 40 1.714 1: 20: 40 1: 21: 00 1.714 1: 21: 00 1.714 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 21: 00 4.854 1: 21: 00 1.783 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 20 2.738 1: 21: 20 1.032 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 21: 20 4.784 1: 21: 20 1.714 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 40 1.783 1: 21: 40 1.101 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 3.830 3.761 1: 21: 40 4.854 1: 21: 40 1.714 1: 21: 40 1: 22: 00 1.783 1: 22: 00 1.032 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 22: 00 5.807 1: 22: 00 1.783 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 20 1.783 1: 22: 20 1.032 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 22: 20 4.784 1: 22: 20 1.714 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 40 1.783 1: 22: 40 1.032 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 22: 40 4.784 1: 22: 40 1.714 1: 22: 40 1: 23: 00 2.738 1: 23: 00 1.032 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 3.830 3.830 1: 23: 00 4.784 1: 23: 00 1.714 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 20 1.714 1: 23: 20 1.032 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 23: 20 4.784 1: 23: 20 1.714 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 40 1.714 1: 23: 40 1.032 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 23: 40 5.807 1: 23: 40 1.714 1: 23: 40 1: 24: 00 1.714 1: 24: 00 1.032 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 24: 00 5.807 1: 24: 00 1.714 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 20 1.714 1: 24: 20 1.032 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 24: 20 5.877 1: 24: 20 1.714 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 40 1.783 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 24: 40 5.807 1: 24: 40 1.714 1: 24: 40 1: 25: 00 1.714 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 3.761 3.830 1: 25: 00 4.784 1: 25: 00 1.783 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 20 1.714 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 25: 20 4.784 1: 25: 20 1.714 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 40 1.714 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 3.761 3.830 1: 25: 40 4.784 1: 25: 40 1.032 1: 25: 40 1: 26: 00 1.714 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 26: 00 4.784 1: 26: 00 1.101 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 20 1.783 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 26: 20 4.854 1: 26: 20 1.714 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 40 1.783 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 3.761 3.830 1: 26: 40 4.784 1: 26: 40 2.055 1: 26: 40 1: 27: 00 1.714 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 27: 00 4.784 1: 27: 00 2.055 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 20 1.783 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 27: 20 4.784 1: 27: 20 1.783 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 40 1.783 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 27: 40 4.784 1: 27: 40 1.783 1: 27: 40 1: 28: 00 1.783 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 28: 00 4.854 1: 28: 00 1.714 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 20 1.783 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 28: 20 4.784 1: 28: 20 1.101 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 40 1.783 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 28: 40 4.784 1: 28: 40 1.032 1: 28: 40 1: 29: 00 1.714 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 29: 00 5.877 1: 29: 00 1.032 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 20 1.714 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 29: 20 5.807 1: 29: 20 1.032 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 40 1.783 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 3.830 3.761 1: 29: 40 5.807 1: 29: 40 1.032 1: 29: 40 1: 30: 00 1.714 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 3.830 3.761 1: 30: 00 6.831 1: 30: 00 1.101 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 20 1.714 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 3.830 3.761 1: 30: 20 6.901 1: 30: 20 1.032 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 40 1.714 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 3.761 3.830 1: 30: 40 6.831 1: 30: 40 1.032 1: 30: 40 1: 31: 00 1.783 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 31: 00 6.831 1: 31: 00 1.032 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 20 1.714 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 31: 20 6.901 1: 31: 20 1.032 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 40 1.783 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 31: 40 6.901 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1: 32: 00 1.714 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 3.761 3.830 1: 32: 00 6.901 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 20 1.714 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 3.830 3.830 1: 32: 20 5.466 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 40 1.714 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 32: 40 5.466 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 1: 33: 00 1.783 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 3.830 3.761 1: 33: 00 5.466 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 20 1.783 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 3.830 2.738 1: 33: 20 4.784 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 40 1.714 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 33: 40 4.784 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 1: 34: 00 1.714 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 3.761 2.807 1: 34: 00 4.784 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 20 1.714 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 34: 20 4.784 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 40 1.783 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 34: 40 3.830 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 1: 35: 00 1.714 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 35: 00 3.761 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 20 1.714 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 35: 20 3.761 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 40 1.714 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 35: 40 3.830 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 1: 36: 00 1.714 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 36: 00 3.830 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 20 1.783 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 36: 20 3.761 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 40 1.714 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 3.830 3.761 1: 36: 40 3.761 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 1: 37: 00 1.714 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 37: 00 3.761 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 20 1.714 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 3.761 3.830 1: 37: 20 3.761 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 40 1.714 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 3.761 3.830 1: 37: 40 3.761 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1: 38: 00 1.714 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 38: 00 3.761 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 20 1.714 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 38: 20 3.830 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 40 1.783 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 2.738 3.761 1: 38: 40 3.761 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1: 39: 00 1.714 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 3.830 3.761 1: 39: 00 3.761 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 20 1.714 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 3.830 3.761 1: 39: 20 3.830 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 40 1.714 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 3.830 2.738 1: 39: 40 3.761 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1: 40: 00 1.783 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 40: 00 3.761 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 20 1.714 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 3.830 2.807 1: 40: 20 3.761 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 40 1.714 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 2.738 3.761 1: 40: 40 3.830 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1: 41: 00 1.714 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 41: 00 3.761 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 20 1.783 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 2.807 2.807 1: 41: 20 3.761 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 40 1.714 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 2.738 2.807 1: 41: 40 3.761 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1: 42: 00 1.714 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 42: 00 2.738 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 20 1.714 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 42: 20 2.807 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 40 1.783 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 2.807 2.738 1: 42: 40 2.738 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1: 43: 00 1.783 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 43: 00 2.738 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 20 1.783 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 43: 20 2.807 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 40 1.714 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 43: 40 2.738 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1: 44: 00 1.714 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 44: 00 2.738 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 20 1.783 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 2.738 2.807 1: 44: 20 2.738 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 40 1.783 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 44: 40 2.738 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1: 45: 00 1.714 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 2.738 3.761 1: 45: 00 2.807 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 20 1.714 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 45: 20 2.738 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 40 1.783 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 45: 40 2.738 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 46: 00 1.032 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 46: 00 2.738 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 20 1.032 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 2.807 2.807 1: 46: 20 2.738 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 40 1.101 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 2.807 2.738 1: 46: 40 2.738 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 47: 00 1.101 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 47: 00 2.807 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 20 1.783 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 47: 20 2.807 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 40 1.714 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 47: 40 2.807 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 48: 00 1.783 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 48: 00 2.807 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 20 1.714 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 48: 20 3.761 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 40 1.714 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 48: 40 3.761 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 49: 00 1.714 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 2.807 2.738 1: 49: 00 3.761 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 20 1.032 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 49: 20 4.784 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 40 1.032 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 49: 40 4.784 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 50: 00 1.714 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 50: 00 4.854 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 20 1.032 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 50: 20 4.784 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 40 1.032 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 50: 40 3.761 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 51: 00 1.032 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 51: 00 3.761 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 20 1.101 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 51: 20 3.830 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 40 1.032 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 51: 40 3.761 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 52: 00 1.101 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 2.807 2.807 1: 52: 00 3.830 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 20 1.032 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 52: 20 3.830 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 40 1.032 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 2.738 2.807 1: 52: 40 3.761 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 53: 00 1.101 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 53: 00 3.830 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 53: 20 3.830 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 2.807 2.807 1: 53: 40 2.738 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 54: 00 2.738 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 54: 20 2.738 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 54: 40 2.738 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 2.807 2.738 1: 55: 00 2.807 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 55: 20 2.738 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 55: 40 2.738 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 56: 00 2.738 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 56: 20 2.738 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 2.807 2.738 1: 56: 40 2.738 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 57: 00 2.738 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 57: 20 2.738 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 2.807 2.738 1: 57: 40 2.738 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 2.807 2.738 1: 58: 00 2.738 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 58: 20 2.738 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 2.807 2.807 1: 58: 40 2.738 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 59: 00 1.783 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 2.807 2.807 1: 59: 20 1.783 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 59: 40 1.714 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 1.714 2.738 2: 00: 00 2.738 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2.738 2.738 2: 00: 20 1.714 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2.738 2.807 2: 00: 40 1.783 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2.738 2.738 2: 01: 00 1.714 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 1.714 2.738 2: 01: 20 1.714 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2.055 2.738 2: 01: 40 1.783 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 1.714 2.807 2: 02: 00 1.714 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 1.714 2.738 2: 02: 20 1.714 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 1.714 2.738 2: 02: 40 1.714 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 1.714 2.738 2: 03: 00 1.783 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 1.714 2.807 2: 03: 20 1.714 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 1.714 2.807 2: 03: 40 1.714 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 1.714 2.738 2: 04: 00 1.714 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 1.714 2.738 2: 04: 20 1.714 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 1.714 2.738 2: 04: 40 1.714 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 1.714 2.807 2: 05: 00 1.714 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 1.714 2.738 2: 05: 20 1.714 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 1.714 2.738 2: 05: 40 1.783 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 06: 00 1.714 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 1.714 2.738 2: 06: 20 1.714 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 1.714 2.807 2: 06: 40 1.714 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 07: 00 1.714 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 07: 20 1.783 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 1.714 2.738 2: 07: 40 1.714 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 08: 00 1.714 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 1.783 1.714 2: 08: 20 1.714 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 08: 40 1.714 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 09: 00 1.714 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 09: 20 1.714 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 1.714 2.055 2: 09: 40 1.714 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 10: 00 1.714 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 10: 20 1.714 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 10: 40 1.714 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 11: 00 1.714 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 1.783 1.714 2: 11: 20 1.783 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 1.783 1.714 2: 11: 40 1.783 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 12: 00 1.714 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 12: 20 1.783 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 1.783 1.714 2: 12: 40 1.714 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 1.783 1.714 2: 13: 00 1.714 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 1.783 1.714 2: 13: 20 1.714 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 1.783 1.783 2: 13: 40 1.714 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 14: 00 1.714 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 1.783 1.714 2: 14: 20 1.783 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 1.783 1.783 2: 14: 40 1.714 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 1.783 1.714 2: 15: 00 1.714 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 15: 20 1.714 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 15: 40 1.714 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 16: 00 1.714 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 16: 20 1.714 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 1.783 1.714 2: 16: 40 1.714 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 17: 00 1.714 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 17: 20 1.783 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 17: 40 1.714 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 1.783 1.714 2: 18: 00 1.714 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 18: 20 1.714 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 18: 40 1.714 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 19: 00 1.783 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 1.783 1.783 2: 19: 20 1.714 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 19: 40 1.714 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 20: 00 1.714 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 1.783 1.783 2: 20: 20 1.714 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 20: 40 1.714 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 1.783 1.714 2: 21: 00 1.714 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 21: 20 1.714 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 21: 40 1.714 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 22: 00 1.714 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 22: 20 1.714 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 22: 40 1.032 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 23: 00 1.714 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 23: 20 1.714 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 23: 40 1.714 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 24: 00 1.032 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 24: 20 1.783 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 24: 40 1.032 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 25: 00 1.783 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 1.783 1.714 2: 25: 20 1.032 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 25: 40 1.032 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 26: 00 1.101 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 26: 20 1.032 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 26: 40 1.032 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 27: 00 1.101 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 1.714 1.783 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 1.783 1.783 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 1.714 1.714 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 1.032 1.714 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 1.714 1.783 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 1.101 1.714 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 1.101 1.714 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 1.714 1.714 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 1.032 1.714 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2.055 1.714 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 1.032 1.714 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 1.032 1.714 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2.055 1.714 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 1.032 1.714 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 1.714 1.714 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 1.714 1.783 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 1.032 1.783 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 1.032 1.714 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 1.032 1.714 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 1.032 1.714 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 1.032 1.714 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 1.032 1.714 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 1.032 1.783 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 1.101 1.714 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 1.101 1.714 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 1.101 1.714 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 1.714 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 1.714 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 1.714 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 1.714 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 1.714 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2.055 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 1.032 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 1.714 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2.055 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 1.101 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 1.032 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 1.032 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 1.032 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 1.032 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 1.101 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 1.101 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 1.032 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 1.032 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 1.032 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 20 RUN 7 Master RUN 8 Master RUN 9 Master RUN 10 Master RUN 11A RUN 11B Master RUN 12A RUN 12B Master RUN 13 120495A Time 120595B Time 120695A Time 120695B Time 120795A 121195B Time 120895A 121295A Time 120895B 0.009 0: 00: 00 1.101 0: 00: 00 1.032 0: 00: 00 1.032 0: 00: 00 1.714 1.032 0: 00: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 00: 00 1.101 0.009 0: 00: 20 0.078 0: 00: 20 1.101 0: 00: 20 1.101 0: 00: 20 1.714 1.032 0: 00: 20 1.032 1.032 0: 00: 20 1.101 0.009 0: 00: 40 1.101 0: 00: 40 1.101 0: 00: 40 1.101 0: 00: 40 1.714 1.032 0: 00: 40 1.101 1.032 0: 00: 40 1.101 0.009 0: 01: 00 1.101 0: 01: 00 1.032 0: 01: 00 1.101 0: 01: 00 1.714 1.032 0: 01: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 01: 00 1.101 0.078 0: 01: 20 1.101 0: 01: 20 1.101 0: 01: 20 1.032 0: 01: 20 1.714 1.032 0: 01: 20 1.101 1.032 0: 01: 20 1.101 0.078 0: 01: 40 1.032 0: 01: 40 1.101 0: 01: 40 1.101 0: 01: 40 1.714 1.032 0: 01: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 01: 40 1.101 0.078 0: 02: 00 1.101 0: 02: 00 1.032 0: 02: 00 1.101 0: 02: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 00 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 00 1.032 0.078 0: 02: 20 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.101 0: 02: 20 1.101 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.101 0.009 0: 02: 40 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.101 0: 02: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.032 22.253 0: 03: 00 7.924 0: 03: 00 77.181 0: 03: 00 30.441 0: 03: 00 129.279 1.032 0: 03: 00 111.542 36.164 0: 03: 00 9.630 216.936 0: 03: 20 234.459 0: 03: 20 152.238 0: 03: 20 362.919 0: 03: 20 265.164 186.239 0: 03: 20 151.214 92.783 0: 03: 20 95.945 308.687 0: 03: 40 288.222 0: 03: 40 159.061 0: 03: 40 362.396 0: 03: 40 201.247 257.525 0: 03: 40 188.286 127.573 0: 03: 40 148.038 221.712 0: 04: 00 403.677 0: 04: 00 223.883 0: 04: 00 452.805 0: 04: 00 200.223 346.888 0: 04: 00 177.712 164.751 0: 04: 00 150.191 206.142 0: 04: 20 437.275 0: 04: 20 246.269 0: 04: 20 566.885 0: 04: 20 252.199 277.446 0: 04: 20 236.719 181.805 0: 04: 20 199.882 330.326 0: 04: 40 451.941 0: 04: 40 130.302 0: 04: 40 365.307 0: 04: 40 352.345 386.960 0: 04: 40 241.153 225.463 0: 04: 40 205.801 333.927 0: 05: 00 406.918 0: 05: 00 124.162 0: 05: 00 325.059 0: 05: 00 412.035 404.190 0: 05: 00 227.510 219.665 0: 05: 00 217.619 402.484 0: 05: 20 512.168 0: 05: 20 150.767 0: 05: 20 403.336 0: 05: 20 479.416 519.134 0: 05: 20 223.417 209.774 0: 05: 20 204.999 340.749 0: 05: 40 572.343 0: 05: 40 207.727 0: 05: 40 525.132 0: 05: 40 418.856 496.623 0: 05: 40 201.929 193.860 0: 05: 40 221.712 307.809 0: 06: 00 498.863 0: 06: 00 230.580 0: 06: 00 538.917 0: 06: 00 373.834 481.122 0: 06: 00 168.503 157.929 0: 06: 00 185.672 267.416 0: 06: 20 554.606 0: 06: 20 226.487 0: 06: 20 550.038 0: 06: 20 319.943 429.771 0: 06: 20 109.592 103.698 0: 06: 20 125.527 225.463 0: 06: 40 587.009 0: 06: 40 253.432 0: 06: 40 617.930 0: 06: 40 267.416 379.973 0: 06: 40 112.566 79.140 0: 06: 40 130.403 191.014 0: 07: 00 443.252 0: 07: 00 236.506 0: 07: 00 697.080 0: 07: 00 234.332 317.896 0: 07: 00 142.240 74.365 0: 07: 00 156.906 163.728 0: 07: 20 328.962 0: 07: 20 252.409 0: 07: 20 655.458 0: 07: 20 215.913 271.168 0: 07: 20 173.731 67.202 0: 07: 20 173.619 135.179 0: 07: 40 296.749 0: 07: 40 224.565 0: 07: 40 565.390 0: 07: 40 181.805 236.506 0: 07: 40 221.712 54.923 0: 07: 40 182.487 114.368 0: 08: 00 395.663 0: 08: 00 191.472 0: 08: 00 477.369 0: 08: 00 156.906 210.115 0: 08: 00 232.626 45.032 0: 08: 00 193.743 105.744 0: 08: 20 504.321 0: 08: 20 174.642 0: 08: 20 372.290 0: 08: 20 139.170 178.735 0: 08: 20 253.432 48.101 0: 08: 20 203.975 101.651 0: 08: 40 521.721 0: 08: 40 152.920 0: 08: 40 326.233 0: 08: 40 124.162 152.813 0: 08: 40 228.533 52.877 0: 08: 40 187.262 88.008 0: 09: 00 552.426 0: 09: 00 145.992 0: 09: 00 277.990 0: 09: 00 117.341 141.216 0: 09: 00 255.479 63.450 0: 09: 00 134.395 79.228 0: 09: 20 587.225 0: 09: 20 125.627 0: 09: 20 241.153 0: 09: 20 107.449 128.255 0: 09: 20 232.285 99.605 0: 09: 20 117.341 64.473 0: 09: 40 539.120 0: 09: 40 107.545 0: 09: 40 205.118 0: 09: 40 102.769 112.566 0: 09: 40 208.750 149.061 0: 09: 40 105.498 59.698 0: 10: 00 431.653 0: 10: 00 97.992 0: 10: 00 181.805 0: 10: 00 86.051 99.605 0: 10: 00 156.906 166.798 0: 10: 00 101.651 53.900 0: 10: 20 340.903 0: 10: 20 92.875 0: 10: 20 161.790 0: 10: 20 84.938 88.008 0: 10: 20 130.302 170.549 0: 10: 20 99.698 48.784 0: 10: 40 286.998 0: 10: 40 89.122 0: 10: 40 137.226 0: 10: 40 75.388 83.915 0: 10: 40 120.411 193.860 0: 10: 40 128.255 44.770 0: 11: 00 240.130 0: 11: 00 77.093 0: 11: 00 118.364 0: 11: 00 73.341 80.163 0: 11: 00 99.605 184.534 0: 11: 00 147.120 42.041 0: 11: 20 192.154 0: 11: 20 71.295 0: 11: 20 121.533 0: 11: 20 65.496 73.341 0: 11: 20 124.162 205.118 0: 11: 20 166.798 38.210 0: 11: 40 177.484 0: 11: 40 65.496 0: 11: 40 105.498 0: 11: 40 67.543 69.248 0: 11: 40 139.852 213.867 0: 11: 40 198.295 36.241 0: 12: 00 243.200 0: 12: 00 58.675 0: 12: 00 105.403 0: 12: 00 70.272 63.450 0: 12: 00 159.976 228.533 0: 12: 00 191.014 31.388 0: 12: 20 296.210 0: 12: 20 56.969 0: 12: 20 97.651 0: 12: 20 63.450 56.628 0: 12: 20 198.177 245.246 0: 12: 20 231.603 31.388 0: 12: 40 356.596 0: 12: 40 51.853 0: 12: 40 96.969 0: 12: 40 54.923 49.807 0: 12: 40 237.401 255.479 0: 12: 40 248.447 27.295 0: 13: 00 444.958 0: 13: 00 46.135 0: 13: 00 84.004 0: 13: 00 57.652 47.078 0: 13: 00 240.600 226.953 0: 13: 00 240.130 26.272 0: 13: 20 528.885 0: 13: 20 39.233 0: 13: 20 75.134 0: 13: 20 51.853 54.923 0: 13: 20 221.029 167.821 0: 13: 20 220.688 22.520 0: 13: 40 444.276 0: 13: 40 34.117 0: 13: 40 79.228 0: 13: 40 40.257 48.784 0: 13: 40 205.681 138.829 0: 13: 40 218.642 17.745 0: 14: 00 557.676 0: 14: 00 33.171 0: 14: 00 71.381 0: 14: 00 44.088 46.055 0: 14: 00 178.394 129.380 0: 14: 00 178.394 20.474 0: 14: 20 609.742 0: 14: 20 33.094 0: 14: 20 67.628 0: 14: 20 45.032 38.288 0: 14: 20 158.953 113.589 0: 14: 20 156.906 17.404 0: 14: 40 551.402 0: 14: 40 28.319 0: 14: 40 62.511 0: 14: 40 40.257 31.388 0: 14: 40 135.077 117.341 0: 14: 40 122.116 20.474 0: 15: 00 582.789 0: 15: 00 25.249 0: 15: 00 59.698 0: 15: 00 38.288 27.295 0: 15: 00 122.116 137.226 0: 15: 00 109.496 21.497 0: 15: 20 543.555 0: 15: 20 22.520 0: 15: 20 59.782 0: 15: 20 36.164 34.194 0: 15: 20 113.589 145.992 0: 15: 20 105.403 20.474 0: 15: 40 469.522 0: 15: 40 21.497 0: 15: 40 51.935 0: 15: 40 35.140 32.412 0: 15: 40 99.605 132.348 0: 15: 40 95.945 18.501 0: 16: 00 398.901 0: 16: 00 21.497 0: 16: 00 49.888 0: 16: 00 35.140 28.319 0: 16: 00 85.028 122.457 0: 16: 00 79.910 15.699 0: 16: 20 317.362 0: 16: 20 20.474 0: 16: 20 50.911 0: 16: 20 32.412 28.319 0: 16: 20 76.070 107.545 0: 16: 20 77.093 11.606 0: 16: 40 266.528 0: 16: 40 18.427 0: 16: 40 48.864 0: 16: 40 32.412 26.272 0: 16: 40 69.248 97.558 0: 16: 40 74.365 12.629 0: 17: 00 229.341 0: 17: 00 17.745 0: 17: 00 44.088 0: 17: 00 30.365 27.371 0: 17: 00 64.473 85.961 0: 17: 00 63.450 13.652 0: 17: 20 187.378 0: 17: 20 18.501 0: 17: 20 40.939 0: 17: 20 29.342 24.567 0: 17: 20 60.721 73.341 0: 17: 20 57.735 13.652 0: 17: 40 164.861 0: 17: 40 16.722 0: 17: 40 36.164 0: 17: 40 26.272 23.544 0: 17: 40 57.652 70.272 0: 17: 40 62.511 13.652 0: 18: 00 145.073 0: 18: 00 14.675 0: 18: 00 36.164 0: 18: 00 26.613 21.571 0: 18: 00 56.628 68.311 0: 18: 00 55.005 14.675 0: 18: 20 127.333 0: 18: 20 14.675 0: 18: 20 34.194 0: 18: 20 25.249 21.156 0: 18: 20 54.923 65.155 0: 18: 20 56.029 12.629 0: 18: 40 112.225 0: 18: 40 13.652 0: 18: 40 32.488 0: 18: 40 24.567 20.474 0: 18: 40 49.807 60.380 0: 18: 40 53.982 11.606 0: 19: 00 106.767 0: 19: 00 12.629 0: 19: 00 31.465 0: 19: 00 21.497 20.474 0: 19: 00 45.714 58.758 0: 19: 00 48.784 13.652 0: 19: 20 99.698 0: 19: 20 12.629 0: 19: 20 31.465 0: 19: 20 21.497 20.474 0: 19: 20 42.985 54.923 0: 19: 20 44.008 11.606 0: 19: 40 90.736 0: 19: 40 13.724 0: 19: 40 27.295 0: 19: 40 21.497 19.451 0: 19: 40 41.962 53.559 0: 19: 40 42.985 12.629 0: 20: 00 83.915 0: 20: 00 13.724 0: 20: 00 27.295 0: 20: 00 20.474 19.451 0: 20: 00 40.257 45.714 0: 20: 00 41.018 11.606 0: 20: 20 79.140 0: 20: 20 12.629 0: 20: 20 29.418 0: 20: 20 20.474 18.427 0: 20: 20 37.187 42.985 0: 20: 20 33.094 11.606 0: 20: 40 72.318 0: 20: 40 12.629 0: 20: 40 25.324 0: 20: 40 20.474 18.427 0: 20: 40 34.194 44.008 0: 20: 40 35.140 11.677 0: 21: 00 72.405 0: 21: 00 11.677 0: 21: 00 23.544 0: 21: 00 21.497 17.477 0: 21: 00 32.412 40.257 0: 21: 00 31.388 10.654 0: 21: 20 71.295 0: 21: 20 10.654 0: 21: 20 23.544 0: 21: 20 19.451 15.771 0: 21: 20 30.441 36.164 0: 21: 20 25.249 9.559 0: 21: 40 65.240 0: 21: 40 10.582 0: 21: 40 24.567 0: 21: 40 18.427 18.427 0: 21: 40 27.295 36.241 0: 21: 40 23.544 9.559 0: 22: 00 63.450 0: 22: 00 10.654 0: 22: 00 21.497 0: 22: 00 18.427 17.404 0: 22: 00 26.272 33.094 0: 22: 00 22.520 8.877 0: 22: 20 61.745 0: 22: 20 10.654 0: 22: 20 22.595 0: 22: 20 18.427 15.771 0: 22: 20 22.520 31.388 0: 22: 20 19.451 10.582 0: 22: 40 57.735 0: 22: 40 9.559 0: 22: 40 20.474 0: 22: 40 18.427 15.699 0: 22: 40 21.497 28.319 0: 22: 40 19.524 9.559 0: 23: 00 53.559 0: 23: 00 9.630 0: 23: 00 20.474 0: 23: 00 18.501 15.699 0: 23: 00 20.474 29.342 0: 23: 00 20.474 9.559 0: 23: 20 50.830 0: 23: 20 9.559 0: 23: 20 20.474 0: 23: 20 17.745 14.748 0: 23: 20 19.451 25.249 0: 23: 20 15.699 9.630 0: 23: 40 47.078 0: 23: 40 9.559 0: 23: 40 17.404 0: 23: 40 16.722 14.675 0: 23: 40 18.427 24.567 0: 23: 40 15.699 8.877 0: 24: 00 43.065 0: 24: 00 9.559 0: 24: 00 18.501 0: 24: 00 16.795 14.675 0: 24: 00 17.404 20.474 0: 24: 00 15.699 8.877 0: 24: 20 42.985 0: 24: 20 9.559 0: 24: 20 18.427 0: 24: 20 15.771 14.748 0: 24: 20 16.722 20.474 0: 24: 20 14.334 9.630 0: 24: 40 40.257 0: 24: 40 8.877 0: 24: 40 18.427 0: 24: 40 16.795 13.652 0: 24: 40 16.722 18.427 0: 24: 40 13.724 8.877 0: 25: 00 36.846 0: 25: 00 8.877 0: 25: 00 15.771 0: 25: 00 16.722 13.311 0: 25: 00 14.748 16.722 0: 25: 00 13.652 8.877 0: 25: 20 36.241 0: 25: 20 8.877 0: 25: 20 17.477 0: 25: 20 15.699 14.748 0: 25: 20 12.629 17.404 0: 25: 20 13.652 8.948 0: 25: 40 32.412 0: 25: 40 8.877 0: 25: 40 17.745 0: 25: 40 14.675 13.652 0: 25: 40 12.629 17.404 0: 25: 40 12.629 8.877 0: 26: 00 30.365 0: 26: 00 7.854 0: 26: 00 18.427 0: 26: 00 14.748 12.629 0: 26: 00 13.652 14.675 0: 26: 00 12.629 8.948 0: 26: 20 30.024 0: 26: 20 8.948 0: 26: 20 16.722 0: 26: 20 14.334 12.629 0: 26: 20 13.652 13.652 0: 26: 20 11.606 7.854 0: 26: 40 30.100 0: 26: 40 7.854 0: 26: 40 15.771 0: 26: 40 14.334 12.629 0: 26: 40 12.629 12.629 0: 26: 40 11.606 8.948 0: 27: 00 27.295 0: 27: 00 8.877 0: 27: 00 16.795 0: 27: 00 15.699 11.606 0: 27: 00 11.606 12.629 0: 27: 00 10.582 8.877 0: 27: 20 27.295 0: 27: 20 7.854 0: 27: 20 15.771 0: 27: 20 14.675 11.677 0: 27: 20 11.606 12.629 0: 27: 20 10.654 8.877 0: 27: 40 26.272 0: 27: 40 7.854 0: 27: 40 15.699 0: 27: 40 13.652 11.606 0: 27: 40 11.606 12.629 0: 27: 40 10.654 8.948 0: 28: 00 26.347 0: 28: 00 7.854 0: 28: 00 14.748 0: 28: 00 13.652 11.606 0: 28: 00 10.582 11.606 0: 28: 00 10.582 8.877 0: 28: 20 25.324 0: 28: 20 7.854 0: 28: 20 14.675 0: 28: 20 12.629 11.606 0: 28: 20 10.582 9.559 0: 28: 20 10.654 7.924 0: 28: 40 22.253 0: 28: 40 7.924 0: 28: 40 14.334 0: 28: 40 12.701 11.606 0: 28: 40 10.582 10.582 0: 28: 40 10.582 7.854 0: 29: 00 21.497 0: 29: 00 7.854 0: 29: 00 15.699 0: 29: 00 12.629 11.606 0: 29: 00 10.582 10.582 0: 29: 00 9.630 7.854 0: 29: 20 20.548 0: 29: 20 7.854 0: 29: 20 14.407 0: 29: 20 11.606 11.677 0: 29: 20 10.582 9.559 0: 29: 20 9.559 7.854 0: 29: 40 20.474 0: 29: 40 7.924 0: 29: 40 14.334 0: 29: 40 11.606 10.582 0: 29: 40 9.559 9.559 0: 29: 40 9.630 7.854 0: 30: 00 19.451 0: 30: 00 6.831 0: 30: 00 15.771 0: 30: 00 11.606 10.654 0: 30: 00 9.559 8.877 0: 30: 00 9.559 7.854 0: 30: 20 18.768 0: 30: 20 7.854 0: 30: 20 14.675 0: 30: 20 11.606 10.582 0: 30: 20 9.630 9.630 0: 30: 20 9.559 7.924 0: 30: 40 17.404 0: 30: 40 7.854 0: 30: 40 14.675 0: 30: 40 10.654 11.606 0: 30: 40 9.559 9.559 0: 30: 40 9.630 6.831 0: 31: 00 17.477 0: 31: 00 7.854 0: 31: 00 14.675 0: 31: 00 10.654 11.606 0: 31: 00 9.630 8.877 0: 31: 00 8.877 7.854 0: 31: 20 16.795 0: 31: 20 6.490 0: 31: 20 13.383 0: 31: 20 11.606 10.582 0: 31: 20 8.877 8.877 0: 31: 20 8.877 7.854 0: 31: 40 16.795 0: 31: 40 6.490 0: 31: 40 13.724 0: 31: 40 10.582 10.582 0: 31: 40 8.877 8.877 0: 31: 40 8.877 6.490 0: 32: 00 17.745 0: 32: 00 6.831 0: 32: 00 13.652 0: 32: 00 10.582 10.582 0: 32: 00 8.877 8.877 0: 32: 00 8.948 6.490 0: 32: 20 16.795 0: 32: 20 6.831 0: 32: 20 12.701 0: 32: 20 10.582 10.582 0: 32: 20 8.877 8.877 0: 32: 20 8.877 6.490 0: 32: 40 17.404 0: 32: 40 6.831 0: 32: 40 12.629 0: 32: 40 10.582 9.559 0: 32: 40 8.877 7.924 0: 32: 40 8.877 6.490 0: 33: 00 16.722 0: 33: 00 6.831 0: 33: 00 12.629 0: 33: 00 10.582 9.559 0: 33: 00 8.877 8.877 0: 33: 00 8.877 6.831 0: 33: 20 15.771 0: 33: 20 6.831 0: 33: 20 12.629 0: 33: 20 10.582 9.559 0: 33: 20 8.877 7.854 0: 33: 20 7.854 6.831 0: 33: 40 14.407 0: 33: 40 6.831 0: 33: 40 12.701 0: 33: 40 9.559 9.630 0: 33: 40 7.924 7.854 0: 33: 40 8.948 6.831 0: 34: 00 14.748 0: 34: 00 6.831 0: 34: 00 12.701 0: 34: 00 9.559 9.559 0: 34: 00 7.854 7.854 0: 34: 00 7.854 6.901 0: 34: 20 14.748 0: 34: 20 6.831 0: 34: 20 12.701 0: 34: 20 9.630 9.630 0: 34: 20 7.854 7.854 0: 34: 20 7.854 5.466 0: 34: 40 13.724 0: 34: 40 6.901 0: 34: 40 11.677 0: 34: 40 9.630 9.559 0: 34: 40 7.854 7.854 0: 34: 40 7.854 6.831 0: 35: 00 12.701 0: 35: 00 6.831 0: 35: 00 11.677 0: 35: 00 9.630 8.877 0: 35: 00 7.924 7.854 0: 35: 00 7.854 5.807 0: 35: 20 11.677 0: 35: 20 6.901 0: 35: 20 11.677 0: 35: 20 9.559 8.948 0: 35: 20 7.854 7.854 0: 35: 20 7.854 6.490 0: 35: 40 14.407 0: 35: 40 5.807 0: 35: 40 11.606 0: 35: 40 9.559 9.559 0: 35: 40 7.924 6.831 0: 35: 40 7.854 6.560 0: 36: 00 13.724 0: 36: 00 6.831 0: 36: 00 11.677 0: 36: 00 10.582 8.877 0: 36: 00 7.854 6.831 0: 36: 00 7.854 6.901 0: 36: 20 12.701 0: 36: 20 5.807 0: 36: 20 11.677 0: 36: 20 10.582 9.559 0: 36: 20 7.854 6.831 0: 36: 20 6.831 5.807 0: 36: 40 12.629 0: 36: 40 5.807 0: 36: 40 11.677 0: 36: 40 10.654 9.559 0: 36: 40 7.854 6.831 0: 36: 40 7.854 5.807 0: 37: 00 11.606 0: 37: 00 5.807 0: 37: 00 11.677 0: 37: 00 9.559 9.630 0: 37: 00 7.854 6.831 0: 37: 00 6.831 5.877 0: 37: 20 11.606 0: 37: 20 5.807 0: 37: 20 10.654 0: 37: 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11.677 0: 40: 20 5.807 0: 40: 20 10.582 0: 40: 20 9.630 7.854 0: 40: 20 6.831 5.807 0: 40: 20 6.831 4.784 0: 40: 40 10.654 0: 40: 40 5.807 0: 40: 40 9.630 0: 40: 40 9.630 8.948 0: 40: 40 6.831 5.807 0: 40: 40 5.807 4.854 0: 41: 00 10.654 0: 41: 00 5.466 0: 41: 00 10.654 0: 41: 00 9.559 8.877 0: 41: 00 6.831 5.807 0: 41: 00 6.831 4.784 0: 41: 20 10.582 0: 41: 20 4.784 0: 41: 20 9.559 0: 41: 20 9.630 8.877 0: 41: 20 6.831 5.807 0: 41: 20 5.877 4.784 0: 41: 40 10.654 0: 41: 40 5.807 0: 41: 40 9.630 0: 41: 40 8.948 8.877 0: 41: 40 6.901 5.807 0: 41: 40 5.877 4.784 0: 42: 00 10.654 0: 42: 00 4.854 0: 42: 00 9.559 0: 42: 00 8.877 8.877 0: 42: 00 6.831 5.807 0: 42: 00 5.807 4.784 0: 42: 20 10.654 0: 42: 20 4.784 0: 42: 20 9.630 0: 42: 20 9.630 8.877 0: 42: 20 6.490 5.807 0: 42: 20 5.807 4.854 0: 42: 40 10.654 0: 42: 40 4.784 0: 42: 40 9.559 0: 42: 40 8.948 8.877 0: 42: 40 6.831 5.807 0: 42: 40 5.807 3.830 0: 43: 00 10.654 0: 43: 00 4.784 0: 43: 00 9.630 0: 43: 00 8.877 7.854 0: 43: 00 5.807 5.466 0: 43: 00 5.807 4.854 0: 43: 20 10.654 0: 43: 20 4.784 0: 43: 20 9.630 0: 43: 20 8.948 7.854 0: 43: 20 5.807 4.784 0: 43: 20 5.807 3.830 0: 43: 40 10.654 0: 43: 40 4.784 0: 43: 40 9.559 0: 43: 40 8.948 7.854 0: 43: 40 5.807 4.784 0: 43: 40 5.807 4.784 0: 44: 00 10.582 0: 44: 00 4.784 0: 44: 00 9.630 0: 44: 00 8.948 7.854 0: 44: 00 5.807 5.807 0: 44: 00 5.877 3.830 0: 44: 20 10.582 0: 44: 20 4.784 0: 44: 20 9.559 0: 44: 20 8.948 8.877 0: 44: 20 5.807 4.784 0: 44: 20 5.807 3.830 0: 44: 40 9.630 0: 44: 40 4.784 0: 44: 40 9.630 0: 44: 40 8.877 8.877 0: 44: 40 5.877 4.784 0: 44: 40 5.807 3.830 0: 45: 00 9.559 0: 45: 00 4.784 0: 45: 00 8.948 0: 45: 00 8.948 8.877 0: 45: 00 5.807 4.784 0: 45: 00 5.807 3.830 0: 45: 20 9.559 0: 45: 20 4.854 0: 45: 20 9.630 0: 45: 20 8.877 7.854 0: 45: 20 5.807 4.784 0: 45: 20 5.807 3.830 0: 45: 40 9.559 0: 45: 40 4.784 0: 45: 40 9.630 0: 45: 40 8.877 8.877 0: 45: 40 5.807 4.784 0: 45: 40 5.807 3.761 0: 46: 00 9.559 0: 46: 00 4.854 0: 46: 00 8.948 0: 46: 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3.761 0: 49: 00 8.948 0: 49: 00 8.877 7.854 0: 49: 00 5.807 4.784 0: 49: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 49: 20 9.559 0: 49: 20 3.761 0: 49: 20 8.948 0: 49: 20 7.924 7.854 0: 49: 20 5.807 4.784 0: 49: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 49: 40 9.559 0: 49: 40 3.761 0: 49: 40 8.948 0: 49: 40 7.854 6.831 0: 49: 40 4.784 4.784 0: 49: 40 4.854 3.761 0: 50: 00 9.630 0: 50: 00 3.830 0: 50: 00 8.948 0: 50: 00 7.854 7.854 0: 50: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 50: 00 4.854 3.830 0: 50: 20 9.559 0: 50: 20 3.761 0: 50: 20 9.630 0: 50: 20 7.854 6.831 0: 50: 20 4.784 4.784 0: 50: 20 4.784 3.830 0: 50: 40 9.559 0: 50: 40 3.761 0: 50: 40 9.630 0: 50: 40 7.924 6.831 0: 50: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 50: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 51: 00 9.630 0: 51: 00 3.830 0: 51: 00 8.948 0: 51: 00 7.854 7.854 0: 51: 00 4.784 4.784 0: 51: 00 4.854 3.761 0: 51: 20 9.559 0: 51: 20 3.761 0: 51: 20 8.948 0: 51: 20 7.924 6.831 0: 51: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 51: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 51: 40 8.948 0: 51: 40 3.761 0: 51: 40 8.948 0: 51: 40 7.854 7.854 0: 51: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 51: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 52: 00 8.877 0: 52: 00 3.761 0: 52: 00 8.877 0: 52: 00 7.854 6.831 0: 52: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 52: 00 4.854 3.761 0: 52: 20 9.559 0: 52: 20 3.830 0: 52: 20 9.630 0: 52: 20 7.854 6.831 0: 52: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 52: 20 4.784 2.807 0: 52: 40 9.559 0: 52: 40 3.761 0: 52: 40 8.948 0: 52: 40 7.854 6.831 0: 52: 40 4.854 3.761 0: 52: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 53: 00 8.877 0: 53: 00 3.761 0: 53: 00 8.948 0: 53: 00 7.854 6.831 0: 53: 00 4.784 3.830 0: 53: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 53: 20 8.948 0: 53: 20 3.830 0: 53: 20 8.948 0: 53: 20 7.854 6.831 0: 53: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 53: 20 4.784 2.807 0: 53: 40 8.877 0: 53: 40 3.761 0: 53: 40 8.877 0: 53: 40 6.831 7.854 0: 53: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 53: 40 4.784 3.830 0: 54: 00 9.559 0: 54: 00 3.761 0: 54: 00 8.948 0: 54: 00 6.831 6.831 0: 54: 00 4.784 3.830 0: 54: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 54: 20 8.877 0: 54: 20 3.830 0: 54: 20 8.948 0: 54: 20 6.490 6.831 0: 54: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 54: 20 3.830 2.807 0: 54: 40 9.630 0: 54: 40 3.830 0: 54: 40 8.948 0: 54: 40 6.901 6.831 0: 54: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 54: 40 4.854 2.738 0: 55: 00 8.948 0: 55: 00 3.830 0: 55: 00 8.948 0: 55: 00 7.854 6.831 0: 55: 00 4.784 3.830 0: 55: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 55: 20 8.877 0: 55: 20 2.738 0: 55: 20 8.948 0: 55: 20 7.924 6.901 0: 55: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 55: 20 4.784 2.738 0: 55: 40 8.877 0: 55: 40 2.738 0: 55: 40 8.877 0: 55: 40 7.854 6.831 0: 55: 40 4.854 3.761 0: 55: 40 4.854 3.761 0: 56: 00 7.854 0: 56: 00 2.807 0: 56: 00 7.854 0: 56: 00 6.490 5.807 0: 56: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 56: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 56: 20 7.924 0: 56: 20 2.807 0: 56: 20 7.854 0: 56: 20 7.854 5.807 0: 56: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 56: 20 4.784 3.761 0: 56: 40 8.877 0: 56: 40 2.738 0: 56: 40 8.877 0: 56: 40 6.490 5.807 0: 56: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 56: 40 4.784 2.807 0: 57: 00 7.854 0: 57: 00 2.738 0: 57: 00 7.854 0: 57: 00 7.924 6.831 0: 57: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 57: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 57: 20 7.854 0: 57: 20 2.807 0: 57: 20 7.854 0: 57: 20 7.854 6.901 0: 57: 20 4.854 3.761 0: 57: 20 4.854 2.738 0: 57: 40 7.924 0: 57: 40 2.738 0: 57: 40 8.877 0: 57: 40 6.490 6.831 0: 57: 40 4.784 3.761 0: 57: 40 4.784 2.807 0: 58: 00 8.877 0: 58: 00 2.738 0: 58: 00 7.924 0: 58: 00 6.831 6.831 0: 58: 00 4.784 3.761 0: 58: 00 3.761 2.738 0: 58: 20 8.948 0: 58: 20 2.738 0: 58: 20 7.854 0: 58: 20 7.854 5.807 0: 58: 20 3.761 3.761 0: 58: 20 3.761 3.079 0: 58: 40 7.854 0: 58: 40 2.738 0: 58: 40 7.854 0: 58: 40 6.831 6.831 0: 58: 40 3.761 3.761 0: 58: 40 4.784 2.738 0: 59: 00 7.924 0: 59: 00 2.738 0: 59: 00 7.924 0: 59: 00 6.831 5.807 0: 59: 00 3.761 3.761 0: 59: 00 3.761 2.738 0: 59: 20 8.877 0: 59: 20 2.807 0: 59: 20 7.854 0: 59: 20 6.901 5.807 0: 59: 20 3.761 3.761 0: 59: 20 4.784 2.807 0: 59: 40 8.877 0: 59: 40 2.738 0: 59: 40 7.854 0: 59: 40 6.831 5.807 0: 59: 40 3.761 2.738 0: 59: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 00: 00 7.924 1: 00: 00 2.738 1: 00: 00 7.924 1: 00: 00 6.831 5.807 1: 00: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 00: 00 4.784 2.738 1: 00: 20 7.924 1: 00: 20 2.807 1: 00: 20 7.924 1: 00: 20 6.831 5.877 1: 00: 20 3.761 2.807 1: 00: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 00: 40 7.924 1: 00: 40 2.807 1: 00: 40 7.854 1: 00: 40 6.831 5.877 1: 00: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 00: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 00 7.854 1: 01: 00 2.738 1: 01: 00 7.854 1: 01: 00 6.831 5.807 1: 01: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 00 3.761 2.807 1: 01: 20 7.924 1: 01: 20 2.738 1: 01: 20 6.831 1: 01: 20 6.831 5.877 1: 01: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 40 7.924 1: 01: 40 2.738 1: 01: 40 6.901 1: 01: 40 6.831 5.807 1: 01: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 00 7.924 1: 02: 00 2.738 1: 02: 00 6.901 1: 02: 00 5.466 5.807 1: 02: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 20 7.924 1: 02: 20 2.807 1: 02: 20 6.560 1: 02: 20 6.560 5.807 1: 02: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 20 3.761 2.807 1: 02: 40 7.924 1: 02: 40 2.738 1: 02: 40 6.490 1: 02: 40 5.807 5.807 1: 02: 40 3.761 2.807 1: 02: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 00 7.854 1: 03: 00 2.738 1: 03: 00 6.490 1: 03: 00 6.831 5.807 1: 03: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 20 6.560 1: 03: 20 2.738 1: 03: 20 6.831 1: 03: 20 5.807 5.807 1: 03: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 20 3.830 2.807 1: 03: 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06: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 06: 40 6.901 1: 06: 40 1.714 1: 06: 40 5.877 1: 06: 40 5.877 5.807 1: 06: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 06: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 07: 00 6.901 1: 07: 00 1.714 1: 07: 00 5.877 1: 07: 00 5.877 5.807 1: 07: 00 3.761 1.714 1: 07: 00 3.761 1.714 1: 07: 20 7.924 1: 07: 20 1.714 1: 07: 20 5.807 1: 07: 20 5.807 5.807 1: 07: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 07: 20 3.761 2.807 1: 07: 40 6.901 1: 07: 40 1.714 1: 07: 40 4.854 1: 07: 40 5.807 5.807 1: 07: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 07: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 08: 00 6.901 1: 08: 00 1.714 1: 08: 00 4.854 1: 08: 00 5.807 5.877 1: 08: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 08: 00 3.830 1.783 1: 08: 20 6.901 1: 08: 20 1.714 1: 08: 20 4.854 1: 08: 20 5.877 5.807 1: 08: 20 2.807 1.714 1: 08: 20 3.761 3.079 1: 08: 40 6.831 1: 08: 40 1.714 1: 08: 40 4.784 1: 08: 40 5.807 5.807 1: 08: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 08: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 09: 00 6.901 1: 09: 00 1.783 1: 09: 00 4.854 1: 09: 00 5.807 5.877 1: 09: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 09: 00 3.761 1.714 1: 09: 20 5.877 1: 09: 20 1.714 1: 09: 20 4.854 1: 09: 20 5.807 4.784 1: 09: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 09: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 09: 40 6.901 1: 09: 40 1.714 1: 09: 40 4.854 1: 09: 40 5.807 4.784 1: 09: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 09: 40 3.761 1.783 1: 10: 00 5.877 1: 10: 00 1.714 1: 10: 00 4.854 1: 10: 00 5.807 4.854 1: 10: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 00 3.761 2.807 1: 10: 20 5.877 1: 10: 20 1.714 1: 10: 20 4.854 1: 10: 20 5.807 4.854 1: 10: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 10: 40 6.831 1: 10: 40 1.783 1: 10: 40 4.854 1: 10: 40 5.807 4.784 1: 10: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 40 3.761 1.783 1: 11: 00 5.877 1: 11: 00 1.714 1: 11: 00 3.761 1: 11: 00 5.807 4.784 1: 11: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 11: 00 3.761 1.714 1: 11: 20 5.807 1: 11: 20 1.714 1: 11: 20 4.854 1: 11: 20 5.807 4.784 1: 11: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 11: 20 3.761 1.783 1: 11: 40 5.877 1: 11: 40 1.714 1: 11: 40 3.830 1: 11: 40 5.807 4.784 1: 11: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 11: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 12: 00 5.877 1: 12: 00 1.714 1: 12: 00 3.761 1: 12: 00 5.807 4.784 1: 12: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 12: 00 3.830 1.714 1: 12: 20 6.901 1: 12: 20 1.714 1: 12: 20 3.830 1: 12: 20 4.784 5.807 1: 12: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 12: 20 3.761 1.783 1: 12: 40 5.807 1: 12: 40 1.714 1: 12: 40 3.830 1: 12: 40 5.807 4.784 1: 12: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 12: 40 3.761 1.783 1: 13: 00 5.877 1: 13: 00 1.714 1: 13: 00 3.830 1: 13: 00 4.784 5.807 1: 13: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 20 5.807 1: 13: 20 1.714 1: 13: 20 3.830 1: 13: 20 5.877 4.784 1: 13: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 20 3.830 1.714 1: 13: 40 5.877 1: 13: 40 1.714 1: 13: 40 3.830 1: 13: 40 4.784 4.784 1: 13: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 40 3.830 1.714 1: 14: 00 5.877 1: 14: 00 1.714 1: 14: 00 3.830 1: 14: 00 5.807 4.784 1: 14: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 14: 00 3.761 1.783 1: 14: 20 5.807 1: 14: 20 1.714 1: 14: 20 3.830 1: 14: 20 4.784 4.784 1: 14: 20 2.807 1.714 1: 14: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 14: 40 5.807 1: 14: 40 1.714 1: 14: 40 2.807 1: 14: 40 5.807 4.784 1: 14: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 14: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 15: 00 5.877 1: 15: 00 1.714 1: 15: 00 3.830 1: 15: 00 5.807 4.784 1: 15: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 15: 00 3.830 1.714 1: 15: 20 5.807 1: 15: 20 1.783 1: 15: 20 2.738 1: 15: 20 5.807 4.784 1: 15: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 15: 20 3.830 1.783 1: 15: 40 5.807 1: 15: 40 1.101 1: 15: 40 2.738 1: 15: 40 4.784 4.784 1: 15: 40 3.079 1.714 1: 15: 40 3.761 1.783 1: 16: 00 5.877 1: 16: 00 1.032 1: 16: 00 2.738 1: 16: 00 4.784 4.784 1: 16: 00 2.807 1.032 1: 16: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 16: 20 5.807 1: 16: 20 1.714 1: 16: 20 2.738 1: 16: 20 4.784 4.854 1: 16: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 16: 20 3.761 1.714 1: 16: 40 5.877 1: 16: 40 1.101 1: 16: 40 2.738 1: 16: 40 4.784 4.784 1: 16: 40 1.714 1.032 1: 16: 40 3.761 1.783 1: 17: 00 5.877 1: 17: 00 1.101 1: 17: 00 2.807 1: 17: 00 4.784 3.761 1: 17: 00 1.714 1.032 1: 17: 00 3.830 1.714 1: 17: 20 5.807 1: 17: 20 1.032 1: 17: 20 2.807 1: 17: 20 4.854 3.761 1: 17: 20 1.714 1.032 1: 17: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 17: 40 4.784 1: 17: 40 1.101 1: 17: 40 2.738 1: 17: 40 4.784 3.761 1: 17: 40 1.714 1.032 1: 17: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 18: 00 4.854 1: 18: 00 1.101 1: 18: 00 2.807 1: 18: 00 4.854 3.761 1: 18: 00 1.714 1.032 1: 18: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 18: 20 4.854 1: 18: 20 1.101 1: 18: 20 2.807 1: 18: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 18: 20 1.783 1.032 1: 18: 20 2.807 1.714 1: 18: 40 4.784 1: 18: 40 1.101 1: 18: 40 2.738 1: 18: 40 4.784 3.761 1: 18: 40 1.783 1.032 1: 18: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 19: 00 4.784 1: 19: 00 1.032 1: 19: 00 2.738 1: 19: 00 4.784 3.830 1: 19: 00 1.714 1.032 1: 19: 00 2.807 1.783 1: 19: 20 4.854 1: 19: 20 1.032 1: 19: 20 2.807 1: 19: 20 4.854 3.761 1: 19: 20 1.714 1: 19: 20 3.761 1.783 1: 19: 40 4.784 1: 19: 40 1.032 1: 19: 40 2.738 1: 19: 40 4.784 3.830 1: 19: 40 1.714 1: 19: 40 3.761 1.714 1: 20: 00 4.854 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 2.807 1: 20: 00 4.854 3.761 1: 20: 00 1.783 1: 20: 00 2.807 1.783 1: 20: 20 4.784 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 2.738 1: 20: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 20: 20 1.783 1: 20: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 20: 40 4.784 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 2.807 1: 20: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 20: 40 1.714 1: 20: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 21: 00 4.784 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 2.738 1: 21: 00 4.784 3.761 1: 21: 00 1.714 1: 21: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 21: 20 4.784 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 1.714 1: 21: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 21: 20 1.714 1: 21: 20 2.807 1.783 1: 21: 40 3.761 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 1.783 1: 21: 40 4.784 3.761 1: 21: 40 1.714 1: 21: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 22: 00 4.784 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 1.714 1: 22: 00 4.784 3.761 1: 22: 00 1.714 1: 22: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 22: 20 4.784 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 1.714 1: 22: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 22: 20 1.783 1: 22: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 22: 40 4.854 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 1.783 1: 22: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 22: 40 1.783 1: 22: 40 2.807 1.783 1: 23: 00 3.761 1: 23: 00 1: 23: 00 1.714 1: 23: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 23: 00 1.714 1: 23: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 23: 20 3.830 1: 23: 20 1: 23: 20 1.783 1: 23: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 23: 20 1.714 1: 23: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 23: 40 3.761 1: 23: 40 1: 23: 40 1.783 1: 23: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 23: 40 1.714 1: 23: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 24: 00 3.761 1: 24: 00 1: 24: 00 1.714 1: 24: 00 4.854 3.761 1: 24: 00 1.714 1: 24: 00 2.807 1.783 1: 24: 20 3.761 1: 24: 20 1: 24: 20 1.783 1: 24: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 24: 20 1.714 1: 24: 20 2.807 1.714 1: 24: 40 3.761 1: 24: 40 1: 24: 40 1.783 1: 24: 40 3.761 3.761 1: 24: 40 1.783 1: 24: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 25: 00 3.761 1: 25: 00 1: 25: 00 1.714 1: 25: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 25: 00 1.714 1: 25: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 25: 20 3.761 1: 25: 20 1: 25: 20 1.714 1: 25: 20 4.784 3.761 1: 25: 20 1.714 1: 25: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 25: 40 3.761 1: 25: 40 1: 25: 40 1.783 1: 25: 40 4.784 3.761 1: 25: 40 1.714 1: 25: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 26: 00 3.830 1: 26: 00 1: 26: 00 1.714 1: 26: 00 3.761 3.761 1: 26: 00 1.714 1: 26: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 26: 20 3.761 1: 26: 20 1: 26: 20 1.714 1: 26: 20 3.761 3.761 1: 26: 20 1.714 1: 26: 20 2.807 1.783 1: 26: 40 2.738 1: 26: 40 1: 26: 40 1.714 1: 26: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 26: 40 1.714 1: 26: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 27: 00 3.761 1: 27: 00 1: 27: 00 1.714 1: 27: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 27: 00 1.714 1: 27: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 27: 20 3.761 1: 27: 20 1: 27: 20 1.783 1: 27: 20 3.830 3.761 1: 27: 20 1.714 1: 27: 20 2.807 1.783 1: 27: 40 2.738 1: 27: 40 1: 27: 40 1.714 1: 27: 40 3.830 2.738 1: 27: 40 1.714 1: 27: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 28: 00 3.830 1: 28: 00 1: 28: 00 1.783 1: 28: 00 3.830 2.738 1: 28: 00 1.714 1: 28: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 28: 20 2.807 1: 28: 20 1: 28: 20 1.714 1: 28: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 28: 20 1.714 1: 28: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 28: 40 2.738 1: 28: 40 1: 28: 40 1.783 1: 28: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 28: 40 1.783 1: 28: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 29: 00 2.807 1: 29: 00 1: 29: 00 1.032 1: 29: 00 3.830 2.738 1: 29: 00 1.714 1: 29: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 29: 20 2.738 1: 29: 20 1: 29: 20 1.032 1: 29: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 29: 20 1.714 1: 29: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 29: 40 2.738 1: 29: 40 1: 29: 40 1.032 1: 29: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 29: 40 1.714 1: 29: 40 2.807 1.783 1: 30: 00 2.807 1: 30: 00 1: 30: 00 1.032 1: 30: 00 3.830 2.738 1: 30: 00 1.714 1: 30: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 30: 20 2.807 1: 30: 20 1: 30: 20 1.101 1: 30: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 30: 20 1.714 1: 30: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 30: 40 2.807 1: 30: 40 1: 30: 40 1.101 1: 30: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 30: 40 1.714 1: 30: 40 2.807 1.783 1: 31: 00 2.807 1: 31: 00 1: 31: 00 1.032 1: 31: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 31: 00 1.714 1: 31: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 31: 20 2.738 1: 31: 20 1: 31: 20 1.101 1: 31: 20 3.830 2.738 1: 31: 20 1.101 1: 31: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 31: 40 2.807 1: 31: 40 1: 31: 40 1.032 1: 31: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 31: 40 1.714 1: 31: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 32: 00 2.807 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 1: 32: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 32: 00 1.032 1: 32: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 32: 20 2.807 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 1: 32: 20 2.807 2.807 1: 32: 20 1.032 1: 32: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 32: 40 2.738 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 1: 32: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 32: 40 1.032 1: 32: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 33: 00 2.738 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 33: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 33: 00 1.032 1: 33: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 33: 20 2.807 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 1: 33: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 33: 20 1.032 1: 33: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 33: 40 2.807 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 1: 33: 40 2.807 2.738 1: 33: 40 1.032 1: 33: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 34: 00 1.714 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 1: 34: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 34: 00 1.032 1: 34: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 34: 20 2.807 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 1: 34: 20 2.807 2.738 1: 34: 20 1.032 1: 34: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 34: 40 2.738 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 1: 34: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 34: 40 1.032 1: 34: 40 2.738 2.125 1: 35: 00 2.738 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 1: 35: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 35: 00 1.032 1: 35: 00 2.738 1.101 1: 35: 20 2.807 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 2.738 2.807 1: 35: 20 1: 35: 20 2.807 1.101 1: 35: 40 1.783 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 35: 40 1: 35: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 36: 00 1.783 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 36: 00 1: 36: 00 2.738 1.101 1: 36: 20 1.783 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 36: 20 1: 36: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 36: 40 1.714 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 36: 40 1: 36: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 37: 00 1.783 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 37: 00 1: 37: 00 2.807 1.032 1: 37: 20 1.783 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 3.761 1.783 1: 37: 20 1: 37: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 37: 40 1.783 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 37: 40 1: 37: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 38: 00 1.783 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 38: 00 1: 38: 00 2.738 1.101 1: 38: 20 1.714 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 38: 40 1.783 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 39: 00 1.714 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 2.807 1.101 1: 39: 20 1.783 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 2.807 1.101 1: 39: 40 1.783 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 2.738 1.783 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 2.807 1.032 1: 40: 00 1.714 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 2.738 1.101 1: 40: 20 1.714 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 40: 40 1.714 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 2.738 1.032 1: 41: 00 1.714 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 2.807 1.032 1: 41: 20 1.714 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 41: 40 1.714 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 42: 00 1.714 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 2.738 1.032 1: 42: 20 1.783 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 42: 40 1.783 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 43: 00 1.783 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 2.738 1.032 1: 43: 20 1.714 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 2.807 1.032 1: 43: 40 1.714 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 44: 00 1.714 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 44: 20 1.714 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 44: 40 1.783 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 2.807 1.714 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 2.738 1.032 1: 45: 00 1.714 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 2.738 1.032 1: 45: 20 1.714 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 45: 40 1.783 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 2.807 1.783 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 2.807 1.783 1: 46: 00 1.783 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 2.738 1.783 1: 46: 20 1.783 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 46: 40 1.714 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1.714 1.032 1: 47: 00 1.714 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1.714 1.783 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 2.807 1.783 1: 47: 20 1.714 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 2.738 1.783 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 47: 40 1.714 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 2.055 1.714 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 48: 00 1.714 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 48: 20 1.714 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 48: 40 1.714 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 49: 00 1.714 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 2.807 1.714 1: 49: 20 1.714 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1.783 1.783 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 49: 40 1.714 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 2.738 1.714 1: 50: 00 1.714 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1.714 1.101 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 2.738 1.101 1: 50: 20 1.714 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1.714 1.101 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 2.738 1.714 1: 50: 40 1.714 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1.714 1.032 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 2.055 1.714 1: 51: 00 1.714 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1.714 1.032 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 2.738 1.714 1: 51: 20 1.783 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1.783 1.032 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1.714 1: 51: 40 1.714 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1.714 1.101 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1.032 1: 52: 00 1.714 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1.783 1.032 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1.714 1: 52: 20 1.032 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1.714 1.101 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1.783 1: 52: 40 1.783 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1.714 1.032 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 2.055 1: 53: 00 1.714 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1.714 1.032 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1.032 1: 53: 20 1.714 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1.714 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1.032 1: 53: 40 1.714 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1.714 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1.714 1: 54: 00 1.783 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1.783 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1.032 1: 54: 20 1.032 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1.714 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1.032 1: 54: 40 1.714 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1.714 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1.032 1: 55: 00 1.032 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1.714 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1.032 1: 55: 20 1.101 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1.714 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 2.738 1.101 1: 55: 40 1.032 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1.783 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 56: 00 1.032 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1.783 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 2.738 1.032 1: 56: 20 1.101 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1.714 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1.783 1.032 1: 56: 40 1.032 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1.714 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 2.738 1.101 1: 57: 00 1.101 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1.714 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 2.738 1.032 1: 57: 20 1.032 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1.714 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 2.807 1.032 1: 57: 40 1.032 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1.714 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 2.807 1.032 1: 58: 00 1.032 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1.714 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1.714 1.101 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1.783 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 2.738 1.032 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1.714 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 2.807 1.032 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1.714 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 2.738 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1.714 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 2.738 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1.714 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 2.807 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 1.714 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 2.738 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 1.714 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 2.738 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 1.714 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 2.807 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 1.783 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 2.738 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 1.714 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 2.738 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 1.783 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 2.738 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 1.714 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 2.738 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 1.714 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 1.714 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 1.714 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 2.738 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 1.714 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 1.783 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 1.714 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 1.714 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 1.714 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 2.738 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 1.714 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 1.714 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 1.714 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 1.714 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 1.714 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 1.714 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 1.714 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 2.738 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 1.714 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 1.714 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 1.714 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 1.783 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 1.783 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 1.714 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 1.714 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 1.714 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 1.714 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 1.714 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 1.714 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 1.783 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 1.783 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 1.714 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 1.783 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 1.714 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 1.714 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 1.783 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 1.714 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 1.714 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 1.714 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 1.714 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 1.101 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 1.714 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 1.714 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 1.714 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 1.714 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 1.714 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 1.783 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 1.714 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 1.714 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 1.714 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 1.714 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 1.783 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 1.714 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 1.714 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 1.032 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 1.783 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 1.714 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 1.714 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 1.783 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 1.714 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 1.032 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 1.783 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 1.032 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 1.783 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 1.032 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 1.714 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 1.032 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 1.783 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 1.032 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 1.714 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 1.032 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 1.714 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 1.032 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 1.714 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 1.032 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 1.714 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 1.032 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 1.714 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 1.032 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 1.714 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 1.714 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 1.714 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 1.783 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 1.714 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 1.714 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 1.714 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 1.714 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 1.714 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 1.714 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 1.714 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 1.714 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 1.714 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 1.714 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 1.714 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 1.783 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 1.714 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 1.714 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 1.783 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 1.714 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 1.714 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 1.714 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 1.783 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 1.714 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 1.714 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 1.714 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 1.714 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 1.714 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 1.714 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 1.783 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 1.714 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 1.714 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 1.714 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 1.783 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 1.714 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 1.783 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 1.714 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 1.714 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 1.783 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 1.714 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 1.714 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 1.714 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 1.714 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 1.714 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 1.714 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 1.783 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 1.714 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 1.032 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 1.783 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 1.714 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 1.714 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 1.101 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 1.032 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 1.032 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 1.032 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 1.032 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 1.101 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 1.032 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 1.032 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 1.101 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 Master RUN 14 Master RUN 15 Master RUN 16 Time 121495B Time 121295B Time 121495A Average 0: 00: 00 0.078 0: 00: 00 0.009 0: 00: 00 0.009 1.101 0: 00: 20 0.009 0: 00: 20 0.009 0: 00: 20 0.009 1.101 0: 00: 40 0.078 0: 00: 40 0.009 0: 00: 40 0.009 1.101 0: 01: 00 0.078 0: 01: 00 0.078 0: 01: 00 0.078 1.101 0: 01: 20 0.078 0: 01: 20 0.009 0: 01: 20 0.009 1.101 0: 01: 40 0.009 0: 01: 40 0.009 0: 01: 40 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 00 0.078 0: 02: 00 0.009 0: 02: 00 1.032 1.101 0: 02: 20 0.009 0: 02: 20 0.009 0: 02: 20 1.032 1.101 0: 02: 40 0.009 0: 02: 40 0.009 0: 02: 40 1.032 1.101 0: 03: 00 227.510 0: 03: 00 64.473 0: 03: 00 126.891 13.383 0: 03: 20 262.641 0: 03: 20 112.566 0: 03: 20 305.617 95.945 0: 03: 40 319.261 0: 03: 40 123.139 0: 03: 40 377.244 100.628 0: 04: 00 248.998 0: 04: 00 78.458 0: 04: 00 549.149 109.592 0: 04: 20 321.307 0: 04: 20 51.853 0: 04: 20 599.629 86.051 0: 04: 40 352.161 0: 04: 40 40.257 0: 04: 40 567.567 65.582 0: 05: 00 442.391 0: 05: 00 35.140 0: 05: 00 397.709 53.559 0: 05: 20 436.592 0: 05: 20 34.117 0: 05: 20 394.639 59.782 0: 05: 40 430.794 0: 05: 40 100.628 0: 05: 40 527.661 65.496 0: 06: 00 350.640 0: 06: 00 152.131 0: 06: 00 593.149 68.311 0: 06: 20 297.431 0: 06: 20 101.651 0: 06: 20 593.149 117.439 0: 06: 40 253.223 0: 06: 40 91.078 0: 06: 40 656.590 135.179 0: 07: 00 222.859 0: 07: 00 91.760 0: 07: 00 621.117 144.391 0: 07: 20 206.704 0: 07: 20 117.439 0: 07: 20 720.713 142.240 0: 07: 40 177.712 0: 07: 40 135.179 0: 07: 40 636.807 156.906 0: 08: 00 158.038 0: 08: 00 144.391 0: 08: 00 635.102 187.719 0: 08: 20 144.968 0: 08: 20 142.240 0: 08: 20 515.041 185.672 0: 08: 40 129.279 0: 08: 40 156.906 0: 08: 40 499.692 171.573 0: 09: 00 117.439 0: 09: 00 187.719 0: 09: 00 415.787 146.097 0: 09: 20 109.496 0: 09: 20 185.672 0: 09: 20 358.485 119.387 0: 09: 40 95.853 0: 09: 40 171.573 0: 09: 40 313.462 94.829 0: 10: 00 89.031 0: 10: 00 146.097 0: 10: 00 248.998 85.028 0: 10: 20 83.915 0: 10: 20 119.387 0: 10: 20 228.533 79.228 0: 10: 40 74.024 0: 10: 40 102.674 0: 10: 40 200.001 73.000 0: 11: 00 65.582 0: 11: 00 132.007 0: 11: 00 166.798 67.287 0: 11: 20 61.745 0: 11: 20 145.992 0: 11: 20 160.085 62.511 0: 11: 40 58.675 0: 11: 40 139.852 0: 11: 40 146.333 59.698 0: 12: 00 49.807 0: 12: 00 124.162 0: 12: 00 133.372 60.721 0: 12: 20 46.055 0: 12: 20 116.318 0: 12: 20 128.255 58.758 0: 12: 40 49.807 0: 12: 40 92.783 0: 12: 40 117.682 49.807 0: 13: 00 40.939 0: 13: 00 87.667 0: 13: 00 108.473 48.101 0: 13: 20 39.312 0: 13: 20 76.070 0: 13: 20 99.605 43.065 0: 13: 40 36.164 0: 13: 40 72.318 0: 13: 40 93.806 39.312 0: 14: 00 35.140 0: 14: 00 65.496 0: 14: 00 86.985 33.171 0: 14: 20 32.412 0: 14: 20 58.675 0: 14: 20 76.070 29.342 0: 14: 40 33.094 0: 14: 40 50.830 0: 14: 40 72.318 28.394 0: 15: 00 29.001 0: 15: 00 51.853 0: 15: 00 69.248 22.595 0: 15: 20 27.295 0: 15: 20 46.055 0: 15: 20 67.543 18.501 0: 15: 40 25.249 0: 15: 40 48.101 0: 15: 40 72.318 18.427 0: 16: 00 24.567 0: 16: 00 45.714 0: 16: 00 63.450 18.427 0: 16: 20 22.179 0: 16: 20 41.962 0: 16: 20 58.675 18.501 0: 16: 40 22.520 0: 16: 40 37.869 0: 16: 40 63.450 17.477 0: 17: 00 20.474 0: 17: 00 37.265 0: 17: 00 50.911 15.771 0: 17: 20 19.451 0: 17: 20 31.465 0: 17: 20 49.125 13.724 0: 17: 40 19.451 0: 17: 40 34.117 0: 17: 40 50.830 12.629 0: 18: 00 19.451 0: 18: 00 29.342 0: 18: 00 45.032 11.677 0: 18: 20 18.427 0: 18: 20 28.319 0: 18: 20 48.101 9.630 0: 18: 40 18.427 0: 18: 40 23.544 0: 18: 40 47.078 9.630 0: 19: 00 18.427 0: 19: 00 23.544 0: 19: 00 42.985 9.559 0: 19: 20 17.477 0: 19: 20 19.451 0: 19: 20 41.359 8.948 0: 19: 40 17.404 0: 19: 40 18.427 0: 19: 40 34.458 8.877 0: 20: 00 17.404 0: 20: 00 15.699 0: 20: 00 33.171 7.854 0: 20: 20 16.722 0: 20: 20 15.699 0: 20: 20 34.117 7.924 0: 20: 40 15.699 0: 20: 40 17.404 0: 20: 40 29.342 7.854 0: 21: 00 16.722 0: 21: 00 14.675 0: 21: 00 29.342 6.560 0: 21: 20 15.771 0: 21: 20 14.334 0: 21: 20 27.295 7.854 0: 21: 40 15.699 0: 21: 40 14.334 0: 21: 40 25.590 7.854 0: 22: 00 15.699 0: 22: 00 13.652 0: 22: 00 23.544 7.924 0: 22: 20 15.699 0: 22: 20 11.606 0: 22: 20 24.567 6.490 0: 22: 40 14.407 0: 22: 40 11.606 0: 22: 40 21.497 6.490 0: 23: 00 15.699 0: 23: 00 11.606 0: 23: 00 21.497 6.560 0: 23: 20 14.675 0: 23: 20 11.606 0: 23: 20 22.520 6.490 0: 23: 40 13.311 0: 23: 40 11.606 0: 23: 40 22.520 6.490 0: 24: 00 13.652 0: 24: 00 10.582 0: 24: 00 20.474 6.490 0: 24: 20 13.724 0: 24: 20 10.582 0: 24: 20 21.497 5.877 0: 24: 40 13.724 0: 24: 40 9.559 0: 24: 40 20.474 6.901 0: 25: 00 13.652 0: 25: 00 9.630 0: 25: 00 18.427 5.807 0: 25: 20 12.629 0: 25: 20 8.877 0: 25: 20 19.451 5.807 0: 25: 40 13.311 0: 25: 40 9.559 0: 25: 40 18.427 5.807 0: 26: 00 12.629 0: 26: 00 8.877 0: 26: 00 18.427 5.807 0: 26: 20 12.629 0: 26: 20 8.877 0: 26: 20 18.427 5.807 0: 26: 40 11.606 0: 26: 40 8.948 0: 26: 40 18.427 5.877 0: 27: 00 12.629 0: 27: 00 8.877 0: 27: 00 17.404 6.901 0: 27: 20 11.606 0: 27: 20 8.877 0: 27: 20 16.795 6.831 0: 27: 40 11.677 0: 27: 40 7.854 0: 27: 40 15.699 5.877 0: 28: 00 11.606 0: 28: 00 7.854 0: 28: 00 16.722 5.877 0: 28: 20 11.606 0: 28: 20 8.877 0: 28: 20 16.722 5.877 0: 28: 40 10.582 0: 28: 40 7.854 0: 28: 40 16.795 5.807 0: 29: 00 11.606 0: 29: 00 7.854 0: 29: 00 16.722 5.807 0: 29: 20 10.582 0: 29: 20 7.854 0: 29: 20 16.722 5.807 0: 29: 40 11.606 0: 29: 40 7.854 0: 29: 40 15.699 4.784 0: 30: 00 10.582 0: 30: 00 6.831 0: 30: 00 15.699 4.784 0: 30: 20 10.582 0: 30: 20 6.831 0: 30: 20 15.699 4.854 0: 30: 40 9.559 0: 30: 40 6.831 0: 30: 40 15.699 4.854 0: 31: 00 9.559 0: 31: 00 6.831 0: 31: 00 15.699 4.784 0: 31: 20 9.559 0: 31: 20 6.831 0: 31: 20 14.675 4.854 0: 31: 40 9.559 0: 31: 40 6.831 0: 31: 40 14.675 4.854 0: 32: 00 9.559 0: 32: 00 6.831 0: 32: 00 14.675 4.784 0: 32: 20 9.559 0: 32: 20 6.831 0: 32: 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4.784 0: 44: 40 4.784 0: 44: 40 8.877 3.761 0: 45: 00 4.784 0: 45: 00 4.784 0: 45: 00 8.877 3.761 0: 45: 20 4.784 0: 45: 20 4.784 0: 45: 20 8.877 3.761 0: 45: 40 4.784 0: 45: 40 4.784 0: 45: 40 7.854 3.830 0: 46: 00 4.784 0: 46: 00 4.854 0: 46: 00 7.854 3.761 0: 46: 20 4.784 0: 46: 20 4.784 0: 46: 20 7.854 3.761 0: 46: 40 4.854 0: 46: 40 4.784 0: 46: 40 7.854 3.761 0: 47: 00 4.784 0: 47: 00 4.784 0: 47: 00 7.854 3.830 0: 47: 20 4.784 0: 47: 20 4.784 0: 47: 20 7.854 3.761 0: 47: 40 3.761 0: 47: 40 4.784 0: 47: 40 7.854 3.830 0: 48: 00 3.761 0: 48: 00 3.761 0: 48: 00 7.854 3.761 0: 48: 20 3.761 0: 48: 20 4.784 0: 48: 20 7.854 3.761 0: 48: 40 3.761 0: 48: 40 4.784 0: 48: 40 7.854 2.738 0: 49: 00 3.761 0: 49: 00 4.784 0: 49: 00 6.831 3.830 0: 49: 20 3.761 0: 49: 20 3.761 0: 49: 20 6.831 3.830 0: 49: 40 3.761 0: 49: 40 4.784 0: 49: 40 6.831 2.807 0: 50: 00 3.761 0: 50: 00 4.784 0: 50: 00 6.831 2.738 0: 50: 20 3.761 0: 50: 20 4.784 0: 50: 20 6.831 2.738 0: 50: 40 3.761 0: 50: 40 3.761 0: 50: 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2.738 0: 57: 00 3.761 0: 57: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 57: 20 2.807 0: 57: 20 3.761 0: 57: 20 4.784 2.807 0: 57: 40 2.738 0: 57: 40 3.761 0: 57: 40 4.784 2.807 0: 58: 00 1.714 0: 58: 00 3.761 0: 58: 00 4.784 2.738 0: 58: 20 1.714 0: 58: 20 3.761 0: 58: 20 3.761 2.807 0: 58: 40 1.783 0: 58: 40 3.761 0: 58: 40 3.761 3.148 0: 59: 00 1.714 0: 59: 00 3.761 0: 59: 00 3.761 2.738 0: 59: 20 1.783 0: 59: 20 3.761 0: 59: 20 3.761 2.738 0: 59: 40 1.714 0: 59: 40 3.761 0: 59: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 00: 00 1.714 1: 00: 00 3.830 1: 00: 00 3.761 2.807 1: 00: 20 1.714 1: 00: 20 3.761 1: 00: 20 3.761 2.807 1: 00: 40 1.714 1: 00: 40 3.761 1: 00: 40 3.761 2.807 1: 01: 00 1.714 1: 01: 00 3.761 1: 01: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 01: 20 1.714 1: 01: 20 3.761 1: 01: 20 3.761 2.807 1: 01: 40 1.714 1: 01: 40 3.761 1: 01: 40 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 00 1.714 1: 02: 00 3.761 1: 02: 00 3.830 2.807 1: 02: 20 1.714 1: 02: 20 3.761 1: 02: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 02: 40 1.714 1: 02: 40 3.761 1: 02: 40 3.761 2.807 1: 03: 00 1.783 1: 03: 00 3.761 1: 03: 00 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 20 1.783 1: 03: 20 3.761 1: 03: 20 3.761 2.738 1: 03: 40 1.783 1: 03: 40 2.738 1: 03: 40 3.761 2.807 1: 04: 00 1.714 1: 04: 00 3.830 1: 04: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 04: 20 1.783 1: 04: 20 2.738 1: 04: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 04: 40 1.714 1: 04: 40 3.761 1: 04: 40 2.738 2.807 1: 05: 00 1.714 1: 05: 00 3.761 1: 05: 00 2.738 2.738 1: 05: 20 1.714 1: 05: 20 2.738 1: 05: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 05: 40 1.714 1: 05: 40 3.761 1: 05: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 06: 00 1.783 1: 06: 00 3.761 1: 06: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 06: 20 1.714 1: 06: 20 2.738 1: 06: 20 2.738 2.807 1: 06: 40 1.714 1: 06: 40 2.738 1: 06: 40 2.738 2.807 1: 07: 00 1.714 1: 07: 00 2.738 1: 07: 00 2.807 2.807 1: 07: 20 1.714 1: 07: 20 3.761 1: 07: 20 2.738 2.807 1: 07: 40 1.714 1: 07: 40 3.761 1: 07: 40 2.738 2.738 1: 08: 00 1.101 1: 08: 00 3.761 1: 08: 00 2.738 2.807 1: 08: 20 1.032 1: 08: 20 2.738 1: 08: 20 2.738 2.738 1: 08: 40 1.101 1: 08: 40 2.807 1: 08: 40 2.738 2.807 1: 09: 00 1.032 1: 09: 00 2.738 1: 09: 00 1.714 2.738 1: 09: 20 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2.738 1: 16: 00 1.714 2.807 1: 16: 20 1: 16: 20 2.738 1: 16: 20 1.714 2.738 1: 16: 40 1: 16: 40 2.738 1: 16: 40 1.714 2.738 1: 17: 00 1: 17: 00 2.738 1: 17: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 17: 20 1: 17: 20 2.738 1: 17: 20 1.714 2.807 1: 17: 40 1: 17: 40 2.738 1: 17: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 18: 00 1: 18: 00 2.738 1: 18: 00 1.714 1.783 1: 18: 20 1: 18: 20 2.738 1: 18: 20 1.714 1.714 1: 18: 40 1: 18: 40 2.807 1: 18: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 19: 00 1: 19: 00 2.738 1: 19: 00 1.714 2.055 1: 19: 20 1: 19: 20 2.738 1: 19: 20 1.714 1.783 1: 19: 40 1: 19: 40 2.807 1: 19: 40 1.714 1.714 1: 20: 00 1: 20: 00 2.738 1: 20: 00 1.714 2.738 1: 20: 20 1: 20: 20 2.738 1: 20: 20 1.714 2.807 1: 20: 40 1: 20: 40 2.738 1: 20: 40 1.783 2.738 1: 21: 00 1: 21: 00 2.807 1: 21: 00 1.714 1.714 1: 21: 20 1: 21: 20 2.738 1: 21: 20 1.714 2.738 1: 21: 40 1: 21: 40 2.738 1: 21: 40 1.714 1.783 1: 22: 00 1: 22: 00 2.738 1: 22: 00 1.714 1.783 1: 22: 20 1: 22: 20 2.738 1: 22: 20 1.714 1.783 1: 22: 40 1: 22: 40 2.738 1: 22: 40 1.714 1.783 1: 23: 00 1: 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1.714 1: 38: 00 1.714 1: 38: 20 1: 38: 20 2.738 1: 38: 20 1.714 1: 38: 40 1: 38: 40 1.714 1: 38: 40 1.783 1: 39: 00 1: 39: 00 1.714 1: 39: 00 1.714 1: 39: 20 1: 39: 20 1.714 1: 39: 20 1.714 1: 39: 40 1: 39: 40 2.738 1: 39: 40 1.714 1: 40: 00 1: 40: 00 1.714 1: 40: 00 1.783 1: 40: 20 1: 40: 20 2.738 1: 40: 20 1.714 1: 40: 40 1: 40: 40 1.714 1: 40: 40 1.714 1: 41: 00 1: 41: 00 2.738 1: 41: 00 1.714 1: 41: 20 1: 41: 20 1.783 1: 41: 20 1.783 1: 41: 40 1: 41: 40 1.714 1: 41: 40 1.714 1: 42: 00 1: 42: 00 1.714 1: 42: 00 1.714 1: 42: 20 1: 42: 20 1.714 1: 42: 20 1.714 1: 42: 40 1: 42: 40 1.714 1: 42: 40 1.783 1: 43: 00 1: 43: 00 1.714 1: 43: 00 1.783 1: 43: 20 1: 43: 20 1.714 1: 43: 20 1.783 1: 43: 40 1: 43: 40 1.714 1: 43: 40 1.714 1: 44: 00 1: 44: 00 1.714 1: 44: 00 1.714 1: 44: 20 1: 44: 20 1.714 1: 44: 20 1.783 1: 44: 40 1: 44: 40 1.714 1: 44: 40 1.783 1: 45: 00 1: 45: 00 1.714 1: 45: 00 1.714 1: 45: 20 1: 45: 20 1.714 1: 45: 20 1.714 1: 45: 40 1: 45: 40 1.714 1: 45: 40 1.783 1: 46: 00 1: 46: 00 1.714 1: 46: 00 1.032 1: 46: 20 1: 46: 20 1.783 1: 46: 20 1.032 1: 46: 40 1: 46: 40 1.714 1: 46: 40 1.101 1: 47: 00 1: 47: 00 1.714 1: 47: 00 1.101 1: 47: 20 1: 47: 20 1.783 1: 47: 20 1.783 1: 47: 40 1: 47: 40 1.783 1: 47: 40 1.714 1: 48: 00 1: 48: 00 1.714 1: 48: 00 1.783 1: 48: 20 1: 48: 20 1.714 1: 48: 20 1.714 1: 48: 40 1: 48: 40 1.714 1: 48: 40 1.714 1: 49: 00 1: 49: 00 1.714 1: 49: 00 1.714 1: 49: 20 1: 49: 20 1.714 1: 49: 20 1.032 1: 49: 40 1: 49: 40 1.714 1: 49: 40 1.032 1: 50: 00 1: 50: 00 1.714 1: 50: 00 1.714 1: 50: 20 1: 50: 20 1.714 1: 50: 20 1.032 1: 50: 40 1: 50: 40 1.714 1: 50: 40 1.032 1: 51: 00 1: 51: 00 1.714 1: 51: 00 1.032 1: 51: 20 1: 51: 20 1.714 1: 51: 20 1.101 1: 51: 40 1: 51: 40 1.714 1: 51: 40 1.032 1: 52: 00 1: 52: 00 1.714 1: 52: 00 1.101 1: 52: 20 1: 52: 20 1.783 1: 52: 20 1.032 1: 52: 40 1: 52: 40 1.714 1: 52: 40 1.032 1: 53: 00 1: 53: 00 1.783 1: 53: 00 1.101 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 20 1.714 1: 53: 20 1: 53: 40 1: 53: 40 1.714 1: 53: 40 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 00 1.714 1: 54: 00 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 20 1.714 1: 54: 20 1: 54: 40 1: 54: 40 1.714 1: 54: 40 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 00 1.714 1: 55: 00 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 20 1.714 1: 55: 20 1: 55: 40 1: 55: 40 1.714 1: 55: 40 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 00 1.783 1: 56: 00 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 20 1.714 1: 56: 20 1: 56: 40 1: 56: 40 1.714 1: 56: 40 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 00 1.714 1: 57: 00 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 20 1.714 1: 57: 20 1: 57: 40 1: 57: 40 1.783 1: 57: 40 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 00 1.714 1: 58: 00 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 20 1.714 1: 58: 20 1: 58: 40 1: 58: 40 1.714 1: 58: 40 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 00 1.714 1: 59: 00 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 20 1.714 1: 59: 20 1: 59: 40 1: 59: 40 1.714 1: 59: 40 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 00 1.714 2: 00: 00 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 20 1.714 2: 00: 20 2: 00: 40 2: 00: 40 1.714 2: 00: 40 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 00 1.714 2: 01: 00 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 20 1.714 2: 01: 20 2: 01: 40 2: 01: 40 1.714 2: 01: 40 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 00 1.714 2: 02: 00 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 20 1.714 2: 02: 20 2: 02: 40 2: 02: 40 1.714 2: 02: 40 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 00 1.714 2: 03: 00 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 20 1.714 2: 03: 20 2: 03: 40 2: 03: 40 1.714 2: 03: 40 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 00 1.714 2: 04: 00 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 20 1.714 2: 04: 20 2: 04: 40 2: 04: 40 1.714 2: 04: 40 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 00 1.714 2: 05: 00 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 20 1.714 2: 05: 20 2: 05: 40 2: 05: 40 1.714 2: 05: 40 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 00 1.714 2: 06: 00 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 20 1.714 2: 06: 20 2: 06: 40 2: 06: 40 1.783 2: 06: 40 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 00 1.714 2: 07: 00 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 20 1.714 2: 07: 20 2: 07: 40 2: 07: 40 1.714 2: 07: 40 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 00 1.714 2: 08: 00 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 20 1.714 2: 08: 20 2: 08: 40 2: 08: 40 1.714 2: 08: 40 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 00 1.714 2: 09: 00 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 20 1.714 2: 09: 20 2: 09: 40 2: 09: 40 1.714 2: 09: 40 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 00 1.714 2: 10: 00 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 20 1.714 2: 10: 20 2: 10: 40 2: 10: 40 1.714 2: 10: 40 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 00 1.714 2: 11: 00 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 20 1.783 2: 11: 20 2: 11: 40 2: 11: 40 1.714 2: 11: 40 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 00 1.714 2: 12: 00 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 20 1.714 2: 12: 20 2: 12: 40 2: 12: 40 1.714 2: 12: 40 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 00 1.783 2: 13: 00 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 20 1.714 2: 13: 20 2: 13: 40 2: 13: 40 1.783 2: 13: 40 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 00 1.714 2: 14: 00 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 20 1.783 2: 14: 20 2: 14: 40 2: 14: 40 1.714 2: 14: 40 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 00 1.714 2: 15: 00 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 20 1.714 2: 15: 20 2: 15: 40 2: 15: 40 1.714 2: 15: 40 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 00 1.714 2: 16: 00 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 20 1.714 2: 16: 20 2: 16: 40 2: 16: 40 1.714 2: 16: 40 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 00 1.714 2: 17: 00 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 20 1.714 2: 17: 20 2: 17: 40 2: 17: 40 1.714 2: 17: 40 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 00 1.714 2: 18: 00 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 20 1.714 2: 18: 20 2: 18: 40 2: 18: 40 1.714 2: 18: 40 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 00 1.783 2: 19: 00 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 20 1.714 2: 19: 20 2: 19: 40 2: 19: 40 1.714 2: 19: 40 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 00 1.714 2: 20: 00 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 20 1.714 2: 20: 20 2: 20: 40 2: 20: 40 1.714 2: 20: 40 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 00 1.714 2: 21: 00 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 20 1.714 2: 21: 20 2: 21: 40 2: 21: 40 1.714 2: 21: 40 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 00 1.714 2: 22: 00 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 20 1.714 2: 22: 20 2: 22: 40 2: 22: 40 2.055 2: 22: 40 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 00 1.714 2: 23: 00 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 20 1.714 2: 23: 20 2: 23: 40 2: 23: 40 1.714 2: 23: 40 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 00 1.714 2: 24: 00 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 20 1.714 2: 24: 20 2: 24: 40 2: 24: 40 1.714 2: 24: 40 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 00 1.714 2: 25: 00 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 20 1.714 2: 25: 20 2: 25: 40 2: 25: 40 1.714 2: 25: 40 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 00 1.032 2: 26: 00 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 20 1.714 2: 26: 20 2: 26: 40 2: 26: 40 1.714 2: 26: 40 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 00 1.783 2: 27: 00 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 20 1.032 2: 27: 20 2: 27: 40 2: 27: 40 1.714 2: 27: 40 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 00 1.714 2: 28: 00 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 20 1.714 2: 28: 20 2: 28: 40 2: 28: 40 1.714 2: 28: 40 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 00 1.714 2: 29: 00 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 20 1.714 2: 29: 20 2: 29: 40 2: 29: 40 1.714 2: 29: 40 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 00 1.714 2: 30: 00 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 20 1.783 2: 30: 20 2: 30: 40 2: 30: 40 1.032 2: 30: 40 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 00 2.055 2: 31: 00 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 20 1.714 2: 31: 20 2: 31: 40 2: 31: 40 1.714 2: 31: 40 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 00 2.055 2: 32: 00 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 20 1.714 2: 32: 20 2: 32: 40 2: 32: 40 1.714 2: 32: 40 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 00 1.714 2: 33: 00 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 20 1.714 2: 33: 20 2: 33: 40 2: 33: 40 1.714 2: 33: 40 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 00 1.714 2: 34: 00 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 20 1.714 2: 34: 20 2: 34: 40 2: 34: 40 1.714 2: 34: 40 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 00 1.714 2: 35: 00 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 20 1.714 2: 35: 20 2: 35: 40 2: 35: 40 1.714 2: 35: 40 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 00 1.714 2: 36: 00 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 20 1.714 2: 36: 20 2: 36: 40 2: 36: 40 1.714 2: 36: 40 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 00 1.714 2: 37: 00 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 20 1.714 2: 37: 20 2: 37: 40 2: 37: 40 1.783 2: 37: 40 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 00 1.714 2: 38: 00 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 20 1.714 2: 38: 20 2: 38: 40 2: 38: 40 1.714 2: 38: 40 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 00 1.714 2: 39: 00 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 20 1.714 2: 39: 20 2: 39: 40 2: 39: 40 1.714 2: 39: 40 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 00 1.714 2: 40: 00 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 20 1.714 2: 40: 20 2: 40: 40 2: 40: 40 1.714 2: 40: 40 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 00 1.714 2: 41: 00 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 20 1.714 2: 41: 20 2: 41: 40 2: 41: 40 1.714 2: 41: 40 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 00 1.714 2: 42: 00 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 20 1.714 2: 42: 20 2: 42: 40 2: 42: 40 1.783 2: 42: 40 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 00 1.714 2: 43: 00 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 20 1.714 2: 43: 20 2: 43: 40 2: 43: 40 1.714 2: 43: 40 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 00 1.714 2: 44: 00 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 20 1.714 2: 44: 20 2: 44: 40 2: 44: 40 1.714 2: 44: 40 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 00 1.714 2: 45: 00 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 20 1.783 2: 45: 20 2: 45: 40 2: 45: 40 1.714 2: 45: 40 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 00 1.714 2: 46: 00 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 20 1.714 2: 46: 20 2: 46: 40 2: 46: 40 1.714 2: 46: 40 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 00 1.714 2: 47: 00 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 20 1.714 2: 47: 20 2: 47: 40 2: 47: 40 1.714 2: 47: 40 2: 48: 00 2: 48: 00 1.783 2: 48: 00

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.306364

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0157

Supporting & Related Material

Spray­ Up ­ Run 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Runs 3A & 3B 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Runs 4A & 4B 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 7 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 9 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray ­ Up ­ Runs 11A & 11B 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Runs 12A & 12B 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 13 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 20 0: 04: 40 0: 07: 00 0: 09: 20 0: 11: 40 0: 14: 00 0: 16: 20 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 00 0: 23: 20 0: 25: 40 0: 28: 00 0: 30: 20 0: 32: 40 0: 35: 00 0: 37: 20 0: 39: 40 0: 42: 00 0: 44: 20 0: 46: 40 0: 49: 00 0: 51: 20 0: 53: 40 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 20 1: 00: 40 1: 03: 00 1: 05: 20 1: 07: 40 1: 10: 00 1: 12: 20 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 00 1: 19: 20 1: 21: 40 1: 24: 00 1: 26: 20 1: 28: 40 1: 31: 00 1: 33: 20 1: 35: 40 1: 38: 00 1: 40: 20 1: 42: 40 1: 45: 00 1: 47: 20 1: 49: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 14 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray ­ Up ­ Run 15 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Spray­ Up ­ Run 16 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0: 00: 00 0: 02: 40 0: 05: 20 0: 08: 00 0: 10: 40 0: 13: 20 0: 16: 00 0: 18: 40 0: 21: 20 0: 24: 00 0: 26: 40 0: 29: 20 0: 32: 00 0: 34: 40 0: 37: 20 0: 40: 00 0: 42: 40 0: 45: 20 0: 48: 00 0: 50: 40 0: 53: 20 0: 56: 00 0: 58: 40 1: 01: 20 1: 04: 00 1: 06: 40 1: 09: 20 1: 12: 00 1: 14: 40 1: 17: 20 1: 20: 00 1: 22: 40 1: 25: 20 1: 28: 00 1: 30: 40 1: 33: 20 1: 36: 00 1: 38: 40 1: 41: 20 1: 44: 00 1: 46: 40 1: 49: 20 1: 52: 00 1: 54: 40 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.371253

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0158

Supporting & Related Material

CFA Open Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Spray­ Up Baseline Study Composite Graph ­ All Spray­ Up Runs 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0: 00: 20 0: 03: 00 0: 06: 00 0: 09: 00 0: 12: 00 0: 15: 00 0: 18: 00 0: 21: 00 0: 24: 00 0: 27: 00 0: 30: 00 0: 33: 00 0: 36: 00 0: 39: 00 0: 42: 00 0: 45: 00 0: 48: 00 0: 51: 00 0: 54: 00 0: 57: 00 1: 00: 00 1: 03: 00 1: 06: 00 1: 09: 00 1: 12: 00 1: 15: 00 1: 18: 00 1: 21: 00 1: 24: 00 1: 27: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 54: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) PPM ­ Stack Concentration Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 Series7 Series8 Series9 Series10 Series11 Series12 Series13 Series14 Series15 Series16 Series17 Series18 Series19 Average Emissions Profile ­ All Spray­ Up Runs 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ppm ­ Stack Concentration © CFA 1996 CFA Open Molding Styrene Emissions Test Project Spray­ Up Baseline Study 0 0: 00: 20 0: 03: 00 0: 06: 00 0: 09: 00 0: 12: 00 0: 15: 00 0: 18: 00 0: 21: 00 0: 24: 00 0: 27: 00 0: 30: 00 0: 33: 00 0: 36: 00 0: 39: 00 0: 42: 00 0: 45: 00 0: 48: 00 0: 51: 00 0: 54: 00 0: 57: 00 1: 00: 00 1: 03: 00 1: 06: 00 1: 09: 00 1: 12: 00 1: 15: 00 1: 18: 00 1: 21: 00 1: 24: 00 1: 27: 00 1: 30: 00 1: 33: 00 1: 36: 00 1: 39: 00 1: 42: 00 1: 45: 00 1: 48: 00 1: 51: 00 1: 54: 00 Time ­ (h: mm: ss) © CFA 1996

epa

2024-06-07T20:31:34.374448

regulations

EPA-HQ-OAR-2001-0006-0159

Supporting & Related Material

Graph Data Master RUN 1 RUN 2 Run 3A RUN 3B RUN 4A RUN 4B RUN 5 RUN 6 Time 0: 00: 20 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.078 1.032 1.101 0.009 0: 00: 20 1.101 0.078 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.101 0.009 0: 00: 40 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.101 0.009 0: 01: 00 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.078 0: 01: 20 1.101 0.009 1.101 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.101 0.009 0: 01: 40 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 0: 02: 00 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.101 1.032 0: 02: 20 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.032 1.032 0: 02: 40 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 0.009 1.032 1.032 1.032 0: 03: 00 13.383 22.520 126.891 164.861 27.637 106.426 1.032 116.318 0: 03: 20 95.945 131.325 231.262 171.684 138.147 165.774 137.226 158.953 0: 03: 40 100.628 159.635 296.067 257.525 214.549 195.448 194.084 228.533 0: 04: 00 109.592 265.370 346.547 304.594 276.284 287.881 281.199 286.176 0: 04: 20 86.051 307.809 273.215 314.144 296.749 257.658 330.175 295.044 0: 04: 40 65.582 239.235 249.129 209.774 313.121 285.153 349.276 271.509 0: 05: 00 53.559 238.425 267.416 202.952 266.393 195.107 253.432 177.712 0: 05: 20 59.782 287.881 335.633 242.176 171.573 214.890 195.107 198.177 0: 05: 40 65.496 256.502 404.190 235.355 165.774 256.502 213.526 264.347 0: 06: 00 68.311 360.190 399.415 256.502 211.820 315.509 314.486 332.904 0: 06: 20 117.439 456.375 429.430 315.509 255.479 352.345 352.345 355.074 0: 06: 40 135.179 312.439 449.895 352.345 305.276 362.578 423.631 385.771 0: 07: 00 144.391 237.401 475.322 362.578 350.640 379.973 448.871 410.329 0: 07: 20 142.240 254.455 444.437 379.973 391.570 382.019 445.802 390.205 0: 07: 40 156.906 295.869 398.050 382.019 344.501 420.903 478.886 403.677 0: 08: 00 187.719 355.415 310.734 420.903 374.175 370.925 433.523 379.973 0: 08: 20 185.672 456.899 252.750 370.925 386.113 359.167 421.759 356.097 0: 08: 40 171.573 479.416 223.417 359.167 364.283 304.594 364.965 317.214 0: 09: 00 146.097 491.847 177.712 304.594 309.369 260.254 303.912 254.455 0: 09: 20 119.387 446.825 153.836 260.254 259.571 211.820 244.223 210.797 0: 09: 40 94.829 387.818 135.418 211.820 227.510 184.534 214.890 160.767 0: 10: 00 85.028 311.757 110.519 184.534 197.154 161.681 187.262 139.170 0: 10: 20 79.228 239.448 114.709 161.681 178.394 142.922 162.705 124.162 0: 10: 40 73.000 207.045 109.496 142.922 157.929 128.255 156.906 106.426 0: 11: 00 67.287 191.014 102.674 128.255 135.418 112.225 144.968 95.853 0: 11: 20 62.511 160.999 102.674 112.225 117.341 101.992 121.434 88.098 0: 11: 40 59.698 120.411 86.985 101.992 107.449 90.054 109.496 84.938 0: 12: 00 60.721 120.509 81.186 90.054 93.806 82.892 91.760 75.047 0: 12: 20 58.758 120.411 75.047 82.892 83.233 78.116 89.122 68.225 0: 12: 40 49.807 103.698 72.318 78.116 77.093 75.388 79.140 65.496 0: 13: 00 48.101 97.651 68.225 66.543 72.318 73.341 69.248 63.450 0: 13: 20 43.065 86.985 63.450 57.735 65.582 64.473 67.287 63.450 0: 13: 40 39.312 77.181 64.473 54.923 59.698 60.721 63.450 62.427 0: 14: 00 33.171 75.388 55.005 53.559 53.900 57.652 58.675 58.675 0: 14: 20 29.342 69.334 49.807 48.784 54.923 53.559 55.946 56.628 0: 14: 40 28.394 67.202 48.784 44.770 50.830 49.125 57.652 49.807 0: 15: 00 22.595 61.404 48.182 44.008 44.691 47.078 52.877 44.691 0: 15: 20 18.501 62.427 41.962 41.962 39.233 40.939 50.830 44.008 0: 15: 40 18.427 58.675 37.265 40.257 39.233 39.233 47.078 40.939 Page 1 Graph Data 0: 16: 00 18.427 58.675 37.265 38.288 34.117 38.210 48.784 41.962 0: 16: 20 18.501 51.853 36.164 34.458 32.412 34.117 41.962 38.210 0: 16: 40 17.477 48.101 36.164 35.140 30.365 32.412 39.233 30.365 0: 17: 00 15.771 47.078 36.241 32.412 29.342 31.465 40.257 27.295 0: 17: 20 13.724 39.233 34.194 29.342 29.342 28.319 36.164 31.388 0: 17: 40 12.629 36.164 29.342 31.465 25.249 26.272 35.140 29.001 0: 18: 00 11.677 38.210 28.319 26.347 24.567 27.295 32.412 29.342 0: 18: 20 9.630 42.041 26.272 25.249 24.567 25.249 31.388 25.249 0: 18: 40 9.630 39.233 26.272 23.544 22.595 21.497 29.001 24.567 0: 19: 00 9.559 38.288 22.520 21.497 20.474 20.548 25.249 20.474 0: 19: 20 8.948 36.164 22.520 23.544 18.427 19.451 22.520 19.451 0: 19: 40 8.877 35.140 22.520 22.179 18.427 17.404 22.520 18.427 0: 20: 00 7.854 33.094 22.520 21.497 16.722 17.404 23.544 16.795 0: 20: 20 7.924 31.465 14.334 18.427 16.722 17.404 21.497 15.699 0: 20: 40 7.854 28.394 16.795 18.427 14.675 15.699 19.451 16.722 0: 21: 00 6.560 26.272 18.427 17.404 15.699 16.722 19.451 15.699 0: 21: 20 7.854 23.544 15.699 16.722 15.699 15.699 18.427 16.722 0: 21: 40 7.854 20.474 16.795 16.722 13.311 14.334 17.404 15.699 0: 22: 00 7.924 23.544 15.699 15.771 12.629 14.334 15.699 14.407 0: 22: 20 6.490 21.571 14.748 17.477 12.629 15.699 15.699 14.675 0: 22: 40 6.490 19.451 14.675 13.652 11.677 14.748 14.334 12.629 0: 23: 00 6.560 20.548 13.652 14.748 12.629 13.652 15.699 12.629 0: 23: 20 6.490 18.501 13.311 15.771 11.606 12.629 14.334 13.311 0: 23: 40 6.490 17.404 13.311 14.675 11.606 13.652 14.334 13.383 0: 24: 00 6.490 16.722 12.701 16.722 11.606 12.629 13.652 13.311 0: 24: 20 5.877 15.699 12.629 14.748 10.924 13.652 13.652 11.606 0: 24: 40 6.901 15.699 12.701 13.652 10.582 12.629 12.629 11.606 0: 25: 00 5.807 15.699 12.701 13.652 10.654 11.606 13.724 11.606 0: 25: 20 5.807 15.771 10.582 13.652 10.582 12.629 11.677 11.606 0: 25: 40 5.807 14.675 11.677 12.629 9.630 11.606 11.606 11.606 0: 26: 00 5.807 15.699 11.677 13.652 9.559 11.677 11.606 10.654 0: 26: 20 5.807 14.334 12.701 12.629 9.559 11.606 11.606 10.582 0: 26: 40 5.877 13.652 12.701 13.652 9.559 11.606 10.582 8.877 0: 27: 00 6.901 14.334 11.606 12.701 8.877 10.582 11.606 9.630 0: 27: 20 6.831 14.334 11.677 11.606 8.877 10.654 10.582 9.559 0: 27: 40 5.877 14.407 12.629 11.677 8.877 10.582 10.654 9.559 0: 28: 00 5.877 13.724 11.677 11.606 9.559 10.582 10.582 9.559 0: 28: 20 5.877 12.629 11.606 11.606 8.948 10.582 10.582 9.630 0: 28: 40 5.807 13.724 9.559 10.582 9.559 10.582 9.559 9.630 0: 29: 00 5.807 13.652 10.654 10.582 9.559 10.582 9.630 8.877 0: 29: 20 5.807 12.629 10.582 11.677 8.877 9.559 10.582 8.877 0: 29: 40 4.784 12.629 10.654 11.606 8.877 9.559 9.559 8.877 0: 30: 00 4.784 12.629 10.582 10.582 7.854 9.559 9.559 9.559 0: 30: 20 4.854 12.629 9.559 10.582 8.877 9.559 9.559 8.877 0: 30: 40 4.854 11.606 9.630 10.654 8.877 9.559 9.630 8.948 0: 31: 00 4.784 13.652 9.559 10.654 8.877 9.559 9.559 8.948 0: 31: 20 4.854 13.652 9.559 9.559 8.877 9.559 8.877 8.877 0: 31: 40 4.854 11.606 8.877 10.654 7.854 9.630 9.559 8.877 0: 32: 00 4.784 11.677 9.559 9.559 7.854 9.630 8.877 7.924 0: 32: 20 4.784 12.701 9.630 10.582 7.854 9.559 8.877 8.877 0: 32: 40 4.784 11.677 9.559 9.559 7.854 8.877 8.877 8.877 Page 2 Graph Data 0: 33: 00 4.784 10.582 8.877 9.630 7.924 8.877 7.924 7.924 0: 33: 20 4.784 10.582 9.559 10.582 7.854 8.877 8.877 7.854 0: 33: 40 4.784 10.654 8.948 9.559 7.854 8.877 8.877 8.877 0: 34: 00 4.784 10.582 8.877 9.630 8.877 8.877 8.948 8.948 0: 34: 20 4.784 10.582 8.877 9.630 7.854 8.948 8.877 7.854 0: 34: 40 4.854 10.654 7.854 9.559 7.854 8.877 7.854 7.854 0: 35: 00 4.854 10.654 8.877 9.630 7.854 8.877 8.948 7.854 0: 35: 20 3.761 10.582 7.854 9.559 7.854 7.854 7.854 8.948 0: 35: 40 4.854 10.654 8.948 9.559 7.854 7.854 7.924 7.854 0: 36: 00 4.784 10.582 8.948 8.877 7.854 7.854 7.924 7.854 0: 36: 20 4.854 10.582 7.924 8.948 6.831 7.924 7.854 7.854 0: 36: 40 3.761 9.559 7.924 7.854 7.854 7.854 7.854 7.854 0: 37: 00 3.830 10.582 7.854 7.854 6.490 7.854 7.854 6.490 0: 37: 20 3.761 10.582 7.924 7.854 6.490 7.854 7.854 7.854 0: 37: 40 3.830 10.582 7.924 7.924 6.490 7.854 7.854 6.490 0: 38: 00 3.761 10.582 7.854 7.854 6.490 7.854 7.854 6.490 0: 38: 20 3.830 10.654 7.924 6.901 6.490 7.854 7.854 6.490 0: 38: 40 3.830 10.582 7.854 7.854 6.831 7.854 7.854 6.560 0: 39: 00 3.761 10.582 7.854 7.854 6.831 7.854 7.854 6.560 0: 39: 20 3.761 9.559 6.831 7.854 6.831 6.831 7.854 7.854 0: 39: 40 3.761 9.559 7.854 7.854 6.831 6.831 7.854 7.854 0: 40: 00 3.761 9.559 7.854 6.831 5.807 6.831 7.854 6.831 0: 40: 20 3.761 9.630 6.831 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.831 6.831 0: 40: 40 3.830 9.559 6.831 6.831 6.490 6.831 6.831 6.831 0: 41: 00 3.761 8.877 7.924 7.854 5.807 6.831 7.854 6.831 0: 41: 20 3.830 9.559 6.831 7.854 5.807 6.831 6.490 6.490 0: 41: 40 3.830 9.630 6.490 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.490 7.924 0: 42: 00 3.830 8.877 6.901 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.831 6.490 0: 42: 20 3.761 9.559 6.831 6.490 5.807 6.901 6.831 7.854 0: 42: 40 3.761 9.630 6.831 6.831 5.877 6.831 6.831 7.924 0: 43: 00 3.761 9.559 6.831 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.831 7.854 0: 43: 20 3.761 8.877 5.877 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.901 6.831 0: 43: 40 3.830 8.948 6.831 6.831 5.807 6.831 6.831 6.831 0: 44: 00 3.830 8.948 6.831 6.831 5.807 6.901 6.831 6.831 0: 44: 20 3.761 8.877 5.877 6.901 5.877 6.831 6.831 6.901 0: 44: 40 3.761 8.877 5.877 6.831 4.784 6.831 6.831 6.831 0: 45: 00 3.761 7.854 5.877 6.831 4.784 6.831 6.831 6.831 0: 45: 20 3.761 7.924 5.807 6.831 4.784 6.831 6.901 5.466 0: 45: 40 3.830 7.924 5.807 6.831 4.784 5.807 6.831 6.831 0: 46: 00 3.761 7.854 5.807 6.490 4.784 5.807 6.901 5.466 0: 46: 20 3.761 7.854 5.807 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.831 6.901 0: 46: 40 3.761 7.854 5.807 6.490 4.854 5.807 6.831 6.831 0: 47: 00 3.830 7.924 5.807 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.831 5.807 0: 47: 20 3.761 7.854 4.784 5.877 4.854 5.807 7.924 5.807 0: 47: 40 3.830 7.924 5.807 5.807 4.784 5.807 7.854 5.807 0: 48: 00 3.761 7.854 4.784 5.877 4.854 5.807 7.854 5.807 0: 48: 20 3.761 6.901 4.784 5.807 4.854 5.807 6.560 5.807 0: 48: 40 2.738 7.854 5.466 5.877 4.784 5.807 6.560 5.807 0: 49: 00 3.830 6.831 4.784 5.807 4.854 5.807 6.490 5.807 0: 49: 20 3.830 6.831 4.854 5.807 4.854 5.807 6.490 5.807 0: 49: 40 2.807 6.901 4.784 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.560 5.807 Page 3 Graph Data 0: 50: 00 2.738 6.831 4.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.490 5.807 0: 50: 20 2.738 6.831 4.784 5.807 4.784 5.877 6.490 5.807 0: 50: 40 2.738 6.831 4.784 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.831 5.877 0: 51: 00 2.807 5.807 4.784 5.877 4.854 5.807 6.831 5.807 0: 51: 20 2.807 5.807 4.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 6.831 5.807 0: 51: 40 3.830 5.877 4.854 4.784 4.854 5.807 6.490 5.807 0: 52: 00 2.807 5.807 4.784 5.807 4.784 5.807 5.807 5.466 0: 52: 20 3.830 5.807 3.830 5.807 4.784 5.877 5.807 4.784 0: 52: 40 2.807 5.807 4.784 5.807 4.784 5.807 5.807 4.784 0: 53: 00 2.807 5.807 3.761 4.784 4.854 5.807 5.807 5.877 0: 53: 20 2.807 5.877 3.761 4.854 4.784 5.807 5.807 5.807 0: 53: 40 2.807 5.807 3.761 4.784 4.784 5.877 5.877 4.854 0: 54: 00 2.738 5.807 3.830 4.784 4.784 4.784 5.877 4.784 0: 54: 20 2.738 5.877 3.761 4.784 4.784 5.466 5.807 4.784 0: 54: 40 2.738 5.807 3.761 4.784 4.854 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 55: 00 2.738 5.807 3.830 4.784 4.784 4.854 5.877 4.784 0: 55: 20 2.807 4.784 3.761 4.784 4.784 4.784 5.877 4.784 0: 55: 40 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 4.854 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 56: 00 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 4.854 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 56: 20 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 4.784 4.784 5.877 4.784 0: 56: 40 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 4.854 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 57: 00 2.738 4.784 3.830 4.784 4.784 4.784 5.877 4.784 0: 57: 20 2.807 4.784 3.761 4.784 3.761 4.784 5.877 4.784 0: 57: 40 2.807 3.830 3.761 4.784 3.761 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 58: 00 2.738 4.784 3.079 4.854 3.761 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 58: 20 2.807 3.761 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 58: 40 3.148 3.761 2.738 4.784 4.854 4.854 5.807 4.784 0: 59: 00 2.738 3.761 2.738 4.784 3.830 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 59: 20 2.738 3.761 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.784 5.807 4.784 0: 59: 40 2.738 3.761 2.807 3.830 3.761 4.854 5.807 4.784 1: 00: 00 2.807 3.830 2.738 3.761 4.854 4.854 4.854 4.784 1: 00: 20 2.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 3.830 4.784 5.877 4.784 1: 00: 40 2.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 4.854 4.784 5.807 4.784 1: 01: 00 2.738 3.761 2.738 4.784 3.761 4.784 5.807 3.761 1: 01: 20 2.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 01: 40 2.738 3.761 2.738 3.830 4.784 4.784 4.784 3.830 1: 02: 00 2.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 4.784 1: 02: 20 2.738 3.761 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.784 5.807 3.830 1: 02: 40 2.807 2.738 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 4.784 1: 03: 00 2.738 2.807 2.738 3.761 3.761 4.854 5.807 3.761 1: 03: 20 2.738 2.738 1.714 3.830 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 03: 40 2.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 04: 00 2.738 2.807 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 04: 20 2.738 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.830 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 04: 40 2.807 2.738 1.714 3.830 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 05: 00 2.738 2.807 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 05: 20 2.738 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.854 3.761 1: 05: 40 2.738 2.807 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.854 3.761 1: 06: 00 2.807 2.738 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 3.761 1: 06: 20 2.807 2.807 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.854 4.784 3.761 1: 06: 40 2.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.807 Page 4 Graph Data 1: 07: 00 2.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.854 4.784 2.738 1: 07: 20 2.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.854 4.784 2.738 1: 07: 40 2.738 2.807 1.714 3.830 3.830 4.784 4.854 2.738 1: 08: 00 2.807 2.738 1.783 2.807 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 08: 20 2.738 2.738 1.714 2.738 3.761 4.854 4.784 2.738 1: 08: 40 2.807 1.714 1.783 2.738 3.830 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 09: 00 2.738 1.714 1.714 2.738 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 09: 20 2.738 2.738 1.714 1.783 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 09: 40 2.807 1.783 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.807 1: 10: 00 2.738 1.714 1.783 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.854 2.738 1: 10: 20 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 10: 40 1.783 1.783 1.714 1.714 3.830 4.854 4.784 2.738 1: 11: 00 2.807 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 11: 20 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 11: 40 2.807 1.714 1.783 1.714 3.830 4.784 4.854 2.738 1: 12: 00 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 12: 20 1.714 1.783 1.714 1.714 3.830 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 12: 40 1.783 1.714 1.783 1.783 3.830 4.784 4.854 2.738 1: 13: 00 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.830 4.784 4.784 2.738 1: 13: 20 2.738 1.714 1.783 1.714 3.761 4.854 4.784 2.738 1: 13: 40 2.807 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 4.784 4.854 1.714 1: 14: 00 2.738 1.783 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.738 1: 14: 20 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 14: 40 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.738 1: 15: 00 2.738 1.783 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 15: 20 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 15: 40 2.807 1.714 1.032 1.783 3.761 3.761 3.761 1.714 1: 16: 00 2.807 1.714 1.032 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1.783 1: 16: 20 2.738 1.783 1.032 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1.714 1: 16: 40 2.738 1.714 1.101 1.714 3.761 3.830 4.784 1.783 1: 17: 00 1.714 1.783 1.032 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1.714 1: 17: 20 2.807 1.783 1.101 1.714 3.830 3.830 4.784 1.714 1: 17: 40 1.714 1.714 1.032 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 18: 00 1.783 1.714 1.032 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.854 1.714 1: 18: 20 1.714 1.714 1.032 1.032 3.830 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 18: 40 1.714 1.714 1.032 1.101 3.830 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 19: 00 2.055 1.714 1.032 3.830 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 19: 20 1.783 1.714 1.101 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 19: 40 1.714 1.714 1.032 2.738 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 20: 00 2.738 1.714 1.032 3.830 3.761 4.854 1.783 1: 20: 20 2.807 1.783 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 20: 40 2.738 1.714 1.032 3.761 3.761 5.807 1.714 1: 21: 00 1.714 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.854 1.783 1: 21: 20 2.738 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 21: 40 1.783 1.101 3.830 3.761 4.854 1.714 1: 22: 00 1.783 1.032 3.761 3.761 5.807 1.783 1: 22: 20 1.783 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 22: 40 1.783 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 23: 00 2.738 1.032 3.830 3.830 4.784 1.714 1: 23: 20 1.714 1.032 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 23: 40 1.714 1.032 3.761 3.761 5.807 1.714 Page 5 Graph Data 1: 24: 00 1.714 1.032 3.761 3.761 5.807 1.714 1: 24: 20 1.714 1.032 3.761 3.830 5.877 1.714 1: 24: 40 1.783 3.761 3.761 5.807 1.714 1: 25: 00 1.714 3.761 3.830 4.784 1.783 1: 25: 20 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.714 1: 25: 40 1.714 3.761 3.830 4.784 1.032 1: 26: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.101 1: 26: 20 1.783 3.761 3.830 4.854 1.714 1: 26: 40 1.783 3.761 3.830 4.784 2.055 1: 27: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.055 1: 27: 20 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 27: 40 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.783 1: 28: 00 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.854 1.714 1: 28: 20 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.101 1: 28: 40 1.783 3.761 3.761 4.784 1.032 1: 29: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 5.877 1.032 1: 29: 20 1.714 3.761 3.830 5.807 1.032 1: 29: 40 1.783 3.830 3.761 5.807 1.032 1: 30: 00 1.714 3.830 3.761 6.831 1.101 1: 30: 20 1.714 3.830 3.761 6.901 1.032 1: 30: 40 1.714 3.761 3.830 6.831 1.032 1: 31: 00 1.783 3.761 3.761 6.831 1.032 1: 31: 20 1.714 3.761 3.761 6.901 1.032 1: 31: 40 1.783 3.761 3.761 6.901 1: 32: 00 1.714 3.761 3.830 6.901 1: 32: 20 1.714 3.830 3.830 5.466 1: 32: 40 1.714 3.761 3.761 5.466 1: 33: 00 1.783 3.830 3.761 5.466 1: 33: 20 1.783 3.830 2.738 4.784 1: 33: 40 1.714 3.761 3.761 4.784 1: 34: 00 1.714 3.761 2.807 4.784 1: 34: 20 1.714 3.761 3.830 4.784 1: 34: 40 1.783 3.761 3.761 3.830 1: 35: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1: 35: 20 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1: 35: 40 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.830 1: 36: 00 1.714 3.761 2.738 3.830 1: 36: 20 1.783 3.761 3.830 3.761 1: 36: 40 1.714 3.830 3.761 3.761 1: 37: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1: 37: 20 1.714 3.761 3.830 3.761 1: 37: 40 1.714 3.761 3.830 3.761 1: 38: 00 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.761 1: 38: 20 1.714 3.761 3.761 3.830 1: 38: 40 1.783 2.738 3.761 3.761 1: 39: 00 1.714 3.830 3.761 3.761 1: 39: 20 1.714 3.830 3.761 3.830 1: 39: 40 1.714 3.830 2.738 3.761 1: 40: 00 1.783 3.761 3.761 3.761 1: 40: 20 1.714 3.830 2.807 3.761 1: 40: 40 1.714 2.738 3.761 3.830 Page 6 Graph Data 1: 41: 00 1.714 2.738 2.807 3.761 1: 41: 20 1.783 2.807 2.807 3.761 1: 41: 40 1.714 2.738 2.807 3.761 1: 42: 00 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 42: 20 1.714 2.807 2.738 2.807 1: 42: 40 1.783 2.807 2.738 2.738 1: 43: 00 1.783 2.738 2.807 2.738 1: 43: 20 1.783 2.738 2.738 2.807 1: 43: 40 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 44: 00 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 44: 20 1.783 2.738 2.807 2.738 1: 44: 40 1.783 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 45: 00 1.714 2.738 3.761 2.807 1: 45: 20 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 45: 40 1.783 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 46: 00 1.032 2.738 2.807 2.738 1: 46: 20 1.032 2.807 2.807 2.738 1: 46: 40 1.101 2.807 2.738 2.738 1: 47: 00 1.101 2.738 2.738 2.807 1: 47: 20 1.783 2.738 2.738 2.807 1: 47: 40 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.807 1: 48: 00 1.783 2.738 2.738 2.807 1: 48: 20 1.714 2.738 2.738 3.761 1: 48: 40 1.714 2.738 2.738 3.761 1: 49: 00 1.714 2.807 2.738 3.761 1: 49: 20 1.032 2.807 2.738 4.784 1: 49: 40 1.032 2.738 2.738 4.784 1: 50: 00 1.714 2.738 2.807 4.854 1: 50: 20 1.032 2.738 2.738 4.784 1: 50: 40 1.032 2.738 2.738 3.761 1: 51: 00 1.032 2.738 2.738 3.761 1: 51: 20 1.101 2.738 2.738 3.830 1: 51: 40 1.032 2.738 2.738 3.761 1: 52: 00 1.101 2.807 2.807 3.830 1: 52: 20 1.032 2.738 2.738 3.830 1: 52: 40 1.032 2.738 2.807 3.761 1: 53: 00 1.101 2.738 2.807 3.830 1: 53: 20 2.807 2.738 3.830 1: 53: 40 2.807 2.807 2.738 1: 54: 00 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 54: 20 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 54: 40 2.738 2.738 2.738 1: 55: 00 2.807 2.738 2.807 Page 7 Graph Data RUN 7 RUN 8 RUN 9 RUN 10 RUN 11A RUN 11B RUN 12A RUN 12B RUN 13 0.009 1.101 1.032 1.032 1.714 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.101 0.009 0.078 1.101 1.101 1.714 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.101 0.009 1.101 1.101 1.101 1.714 1.032 1.101 1.032 1.101 0.009 1.101 1.032 1.101 1.714 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.101 0.078 1.101 1.101 1.032 1.714 1.032 1.101 1.032 1.101 0.078 1.032 1.101 1.101 1.714 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.101 0.078 1.101 1.032 1.101 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.032 0.078 1.032 1.032 1.101 1.101 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.101 0.009 1.032 1.032 1.101 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.032 1.032 22.253 7.924 77.181 30.441 129.279 1.032 111.542 36.164 88.690 216.936 234.459 152.238 362.919 265.164 186.239 151.214 92.783 65.496 308.687 288.222 159.061 362.396 201.247 257.525 188.286 127.573 34.117 221.712 403.677 223.883 452.805 200.223 346.888 177.712 164.751 23.544 206.142 437.275 246.269 566.885 252.199 277.446 236.719 181.805 23.544 330.326 451.941 130.302 365.307 352.345 386.960 241.153 225.463 19.451 333.927 406.918 124.162 325.059 412.035 404.190 227.510 219.665 13.311 402.484 512.168 150.767 403.336 479.416 519.134 223.417 209.774 14.407 340.749 572.343 207.727 525.132 418.856 496.623 201.929 193.860 14.748 307.809 498.863 230.580 538.917 373.834 481.122 168.503 157.929 13.652 267.416 554.606 226.487 550.038 319.943 429.771 109.592 103.698 9.630 225.463 587.009 253.432 617.930 267.416 379.973 112.566 79.140 7.854 191.014 443.252 236.506 697.080 234.332 317.896 142.240 74.365 9.630 163.728 328.962 252.409 655.458 215.913 271.168 173.731 67.202 95.945 135.179 296.749 224.565 565.390 181.805 236.506 221.712 54.923 148.038 114.368 395.663 191.472 477.369 156.906 210.115 232.626 45.032 150.191 105.744 504.321 174.642 372.290 139.170 178.735 253.432 48.101 199.882 101.651 521.721 152.920 326.233 124.162 152.813 228.533 52.877 205.801 88.008 552.426 145.992 277.990 117.341 141.216 255.479 63.450 217.619 79.228 587.225 125.627 241.153 107.449 128.255 232.285 99.605 204.999 64.473 539.120 107.545 205.118 102.769 112.566 208.750 149.061 221.712 59.698 431.653 97.992 181.805 86.051 99.605 156.906 166.798 185.672 53.900 340.903 92.875 161.790 84.938 88.008 130.302 170.549 125.527 48.784 286.998 89.122 137.226 75.388 83.915 120.411 193.860 130.403 44.770 240.130 77.093 118.364 73.341 80.163 99.605 184.534 156.906 42.041 192.154 71.295 121.533 65.496 73.341 124.162 205.118 173.619 38.210 177.484 65.496 105.498 67.543 69.248 139.852 213.867 182.487 36.241 243.200 58.675 105.403 70.272 63.450 159.976 228.533 193.743 31.388 296.210 56.969 97.651 63.450 56.628 198.177 245.246 203.975 31.388 356.596 51.853 96.969 54.923 49.807 237.401 255.479 187.262 27.295 444.958 46.135 84.004 57.652 47.078 240.600 226.953 134.395 26.272 528.885 39.233 75.134 51.853 54.923 221.029 167.821 117.341 22.520 444.276 34.117 79.228 40.257 48.784 205.681 138.829 105.498 17.745 557.676 33.171 71.381 44.088 46.055 178.394 129.380 101.651 20.474 609.742 33.094 67.628 45.032 38.288 158.953 113.589 99.698 17.404 551.402 28.319 62.511 40.257 31.388 135.077 117.341 128.255 20.474 582.789 25.249 59.698 38.288 27.295 122.116 137.226 147.120 21.497 543.555 22.520 59.782 36.164 34.194 113.589 145.992 166.798 20.474 469.522 21.497 51.935 35.140 32.412 99.605 132.348 198.295 Page 8 Graph Data 18.501 398.901 21.497 49.888 35.140 28.319 85.028 122.457 191.014 15.699 317.362 20.474 50.911 32.412 28.319 76.070 107.545 231.603 11.606 266.528 18.427 48.864 32.412 26.272 69.248 97.558 248.447 12.629 229.341 17.745 44.088 30.365 27.371 64.473 85.961 240.130 13.652 187.378 18.501 40.939 29.342 24.567 60.721 73.341 220.688 13.652 164.861 16.722 36.164 26.272 23.544 57.652 70.272 218.642 13.652 145.073 14.675 36.164 26.613 21.571 56.628 68.311 178.394 14.675 127.333 14.675 34.194 25.249 21.156 54.923 65.155 156.906 12.629 112.225 13.652 32.488 24.567 20.474 49.807 60.380 122.116 11.606 106.767 12.629 31.465 21.497 20.474 45.714 58.758 109.496 13.652 99.698 12.629 31.465 21.497 20.474 42.985 54.923 105.403 11.606 90.736 13.724 27.295 21.497 19.451 41.962 53.559 95.945 12.629 83.915 13.724 27.295 20.474 19.451 40.257 45.714 79.910 11.606 79.140 12.629 29.418 20.474 18.427 37.187 42.985 77.093 11.606 72.318 12.629 25.324 20.474 18.427 34.194 44.008 74.365 11.677 72.405 11.677 23.544 21.497 17.477 32.412 40.257 63.450 10.654 71.295 10.654 23.544 19.451 15.771 30.441 36.164 57.735 9.559 65.240 10.582 24.567 18.427 18.427 27.295 36.241 62.511 9.559 63.450 10.654 21.497 18.427 17.404 26.272 33.094 55.005 8.877 61.745 10.654 22.595 18.427 15.771 22.520 31.388 56.029 10.582 57.735 9.559 20.474 18.427 15.699 21.497 28.319 53.982 9.559 53.559 9.630 20.474 18.501 15.699 20.474 29.342 48.784 9.559 50.830 9.559 20.474 17.745 14.748 19.451 25.249 44.008 9.630 47.078 9.559 17.404 16.722 14.675 18.427 24.567 42.985 8.877 43.065 9.559 18.501 16.795 14.675 17.404 20.474 41.018 8.877 42.985 9.559 18.427 15.771 14.748 16.722 20.474 33.094 9.630 40.257 8.877 18.427 16.795 13.652 16.722 18.427 35.140 8.877 36.846 8.877 15.771 16.722 13.311 14.748 16.722 31.388 8.877 36.241 8.877 17.477 15.699 14.748 12.629 17.404 25.249 8.948 32.412 8.877 17.745 14.675 13.652 12.629 17.404 23.544 8.877 30.365 7.854 18.427 14.748 12.629 13.652 14.675 22.520 8.948 30.024 8.948 16.722 14.334 12.629 13.652 13.652 19.451 7.854 30.100 7.854 15.771 14.334 12.629 12.629 12.629 19.524 8.948 27.295 8.877 16.795 15.699 11.606 11.606 12.629 20.474 8.877 27.295 7.854 15.771 14.675 11.677 11.606 12.629 15.699 8.877 26.272 7.854 15.699 13.652 11.606 11.606 12.629 15.699 8.948 26.347 7.854 14.748 13.652 11.606 10.582 11.606 15.699 8.877 25.324 7.854 14.675 12.629 11.606 10.582 9.559 14.334 7.924 22.253 7.924 14.334 12.701 11.606 10.582 10.582 13.724 7.854 21.497 7.854 15.699 12.629 11.606 10.582 10.582 13.652 7.854 20.548 7.854 14.407 11.606 11.677 10.582 9.559 13.652 7.854 20.474 7.924 14.334 11.606 10.582 9.559 9.559 12.629 7.854 19.451 6.831 15.771 11.606 10.654 9.559 8.877 12.629 7.854 18.768 7.854 14.675 11.606 10.582 9.630 9.630 11.606 7.924 17.404 7.854 14.675 10.654 11.606 9.559 9.559 11.606 6.831 17.477 7.854 14.675 10.654 11.606 9.630 8.877 10.582 7.854 16.795 6.490 13.383 11.606 10.582 8.877 8.877 10.654 7.854 16.795 6.490 13.724 10.582 10.582 8.877 8.877 10.654 6.490 17.745 6.831 13.652 10.582 10.582 8.877 8.877 10.582 6.490 16.795 6.831 12.701 10.582 10.582 8.877 8.877 10.654 6.490 17.404 6.831 12.629 10.582 9.559 8.877 7.924 10.582 Page 9 Graph Data 6.490 16.722 6.831 12.629 10.582 9.559 8.877 8.877 9.630 6.831 15.771 6.831 12.629 10.582 9.559 8.877 7.854 9.559 6.831 14.407 6.831 12.701 9.559 9.630 7.924 7.854 9.630 6.831 14.748 6.831 12.701 9.559 9.559 7.854 7.854 9.559 6.901 14.748 6.831 12.701 9.630 9.630 7.854 7.854 9.559 5.466 13.724 6.901 11.677 9.630 9.559 7.854 7.854 9.630 6.831 12.701 6.831 11.677 9.630 8.877 7.924 7.854 8.877 5.807 11.677 6.901 11.677 9.559 8.948 7.854 7.854 8.877 6.490 14.407 5.807 11.606 9.559 9.559 7.924 6.831 8.877 6.560 13.724 6.831 11.677 10.582 8.877 7.854 6.831 8.948 6.901 12.701 5.807 11.677 10.582 9.559 7.854 6.831 8.877 5.807 12.629 5.807 11.677 10.654 9.559 7.854 6.831 8.877 5.807 11.606 5.807 11.677 9.559 9.630 7.854 6.831 8.877 5.877 11.606 5.807 10.654 10.582 8.877 7.854 6.831 7.854 4.784 11.677 5.807 10.654 9.630 8.948 7.854 6.831 8.948 4.784 12.701 5.807 11.606 9.630 8.877 6.831 6.831 7.854 4.854 12.629 5.807 11.677 9.630 8.877 6.831 6.831 7.854 5.877 11.677 5.807 10.582 9.630 8.877 6.831 6.831 7.854 5.807 11.677 5.807 10.654 9.559 8.877 6.831 6.831 7.854 4.784 11.606 5.807 9.630 9.630 7.854 6.831 5.807 7.854 4.854 11.677 5.807 10.654 9.559 8.877 6.831 5.877 7.854 5.807 11.677 5.807 10.654 9.630 8.877 6.901 5.807 7.854 4.784 11.677 5.807 10.582 9.630 7.854 6.831 5.807 6.831 4.784 10.654 5.807 9.630 9.630 8.948 6.831 5.807 7.854 4.854 10.654 5.466 10.654 9.559 8.877 6.831 5.807 6.831 4.784 10.582 4.784 9.559 9.630 8.877 6.831 5.807 7.854 4.784 10.654 5.807 9.630 8.948 8.877 6.901 5.807 6.831 4.784 10.654 4.854 9.559 8.877 8.877 6.831 5.807 6.831 4.784 10.654 4.784 9.630 9.630 8.877 6.490 5.807 6.831 4.854 10.654 4.784 9.559 8.948 8.877 6.831 5.807 6.901 3.830 10.654 4.784 9.630 8.877 7.854 5.807 5.466 6.831 4.854 10.654 4.784 9.630 8.948 7.854 5.807 4.784 6.831 3.830 10.654 4.784 9.559 8.948 7.854 5.807 4.784 6.901 4.784 10.582 4.784 9.630 8.948 7.854 5.807 5.807 6.831 3.830 10.582 4.784 9.559 8.948 8.877 5.807 4.784 6.831 3.830 9.630 4.784 9.630 8.877 8.877 5.877 4.784 5.807 3.830 9.559 4.784 8.948 8.948 8.877 5.807 4.784 6.831 3.830 9.559 4.854 9.630 8.877 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.877 3.830 9.559 4.784 9.630 8.877 8.877 5.807 4.784 5.877 3.761 9.559 4.854 8.948 8.877 7.854 5.877 4.784 5.807 3.830 9.559 4.854 9.630 8.877 7.924 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.761 9.559 4.784 9.630 8.877 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.830 9.559 4.854 9.630 7.854 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.761 9.630 4.784 9.630 8.877 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.761 9.630 3.761 8.948 8.877 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 2.807 9.630 3.830 9.630 8.877 7.924 5.807 4.784 5.877 3.830 9.559 3.761 8.948 8.877 7.854 5.877 4.784 5.807 2.738 9.559 3.761 8.877 7.854 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.830 9.559 3.761 8.948 8.877 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 2.738 9.559 3.761 8.948 7.924 7.854 5.807 4.784 5.807 3.761 9.559 3.761 8.948 7.854 6.831 4.784 4.784 5.807 Page 10 Graph Data 3.761 9.630 3.830 8.948 7.854 7.854 4.784 3.761 5.807 3.830 9.559 3.761 9.630 7.854 6.831 4.784 4.784 5.807 3.830 9.559 3.761 9.630 7.924 6.831 4.784 3.761 5.877 3.761 9.630 3.830 8.948 7.854 7.854 4.784 4.784 5.807 3.761 9.559 3.761 8.948 7.924 6.831 4.784 3.761 5.807 3.761 8.948 3.761 8.948 7.854 7.854 4.784 3.761 5.807 3.761 8.877 3.761 8.877 7.854 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 3.761 9.559 3.830 9.630 7.854 6.831 4.784 3.761 5.807 2.807 9.559 3.761 8.948 7.854 6.831 4.854 3.761 4.784 3.761 8.877 3.761 8.948 7.854 6.831 4.784 3.830 4.784 3.761 8.948 3.830 8.948 7.854 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.807 8.877 3.761 8.877 6.831 7.854 4.784 3.761 4.854 3.830 9.559 3.761 8.948 6.831 6.831 4.784 3.830 4.854 3.761 8.877 3.830 8.948 6.490 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.807 9.630 3.830 8.948 6.901 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.738 8.948 3.830 8.948 7.854 6.831 4.784 3.830 4.854 2.738 8.877 2.738 8.948 7.924 6.901 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.738 8.877 2.738 8.877 7.854 6.831 4.854 3.761 4.784 3.761 7.854 2.807 7.854 6.490 5.807 4.784 3.761 4.854 2.738 7.924 2.807 7.854 7.854 5.807 4.784 3.761 4.784 3.761 8.877 2.738 8.877 6.490 5.807 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.807 7.854 2.738 7.854 7.924 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.738 7.854 2.807 7.854 7.854 6.901 4.854 3.761 4.784 2.738 7.924 2.738 8.877 6.490 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.807 8.877 2.738 7.924 6.831 6.831 4.784 3.761 4.784 2.738 8.948 2.738 7.854 7.854 5.807 3.761 3.761 3.830 3.079 7.854 2.738 7.854 6.831 6.831 3.761 3.761 4.854 2.738 7.924 2.738 7.924 6.831 5.807 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.738 8.877 2.807 7.854 6.901 5.807 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.807 8.877 2.738 7.854 6.831 5.807 3.761 2.738 4.854 2.738 7.924 2.738 7.924 6.831 5.807 3.761 3.761 4.784 2.738 7.924 2.807 7.924 6.831 5.877 3.761 2.807 4.784 2.738 7.924 2.807 7.854 6.831 5.877 3.761 2.738 4.784 2.738 7.854 2.738 7.854 6.831 5.807 3.761 2.738 4.784 2.807 7.924 2.738 6.831 6.831 5.877 3.761 2.738 4.854 2.738 7.924 2.738 6.901 6.831 5.807 3.761 2.738 4.784 2.738 7.924 2.738 6.901 5.466 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.738 7.924 2.807 6.560 6.560 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.807 7.924 2.738 6.490 5.807 5.807 3.761 2.807 4.784 2.738 7.854 2.738 6.490 6.831 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.738 6.560 2.738 6.831 5.807 5.807 3.761 2.738 4.784 2.807 6.560 2.807 6.901 5.807 5.877 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.807 7.924 2.738 5.877 5.877 5.807 3.761 2.738 4.784 1.783 7.924 2.738 6.560 5.807 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.738 7.924 1.714 5.536 5.807 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.738 6.560 1.714 5.807 5.807 5.807 3.761 2.807 3.761 1.783 6.901 1.714 5.877 5.877 5.807 3.761 2.738 3.761 2.738 6.560 1.714 5.877 5.877 4.784 3.761 2.738 3.761 1.714 6.560 1.714 5.877 5.807 4.784 3.761 2.738 3.761 1.783 6.901 1.783 5.807 5.807 5.807 3.761 1.714 3.761 1.714 6.901 1.714 5.877 5.877 5.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 Page 11 Graph Data 1.714 6.901 1.714 5.877 5.877 5.807 3.761 1.714 3.761 1.714 7.924 1.714 5.807 5.807 5.807 3.761 1.714 3.830 2.807 6.901 1.714 4.854 5.807 5.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 6.901 1.714 4.854 5.807 5.877 2.738 1.714 3.830 1.783 6.901 1.714 4.854 5.877 5.807 2.807 1.714 3.761 3.079 6.831 1.714 4.784 5.807 5.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 6.901 1.783 4.854 5.807 5.877 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.714 4.854 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 6.901 1.714 4.854 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.830 1.783 5.877 1.714 4.854 5.807 4.854 2.738 1.714 3.830 2.807 5.877 1.714 4.854 5.807 4.854 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 6.831 1.783 4.854 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.877 1.714 3.761 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.807 1.714 4.854 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.877 1.714 3.830 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.714 3.761 5.807 4.784 2.807 1.714 3.830 1.714 6.901 1.714 3.830 4.784 5.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.807 1.714 3.830 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.877 1.714 3.830 4.784 5.807 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.807 1.714 3.830 5.877 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.714 3.830 4.784 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.714 3.830 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.807 1.714 3.830 4.784 4.784 2.807 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.807 1.714 2.807 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.714 3.830 5.807 4.784 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.714 5.807 1.783 2.738 5.807 4.784 1.714 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.807 1.101 2.738 4.784 4.784 3.079 1.714 3.761 1.783 5.877 1.032 2.738 4.784 4.784 2.807 1.032 3.830 1.714 5.807 1.714 2.738 4.784 4.854 2.738 1.032 3.761 1.714 5.877 1.101 2.738 4.784 4.784 1.714 1.032 3.761 1.783 5.877 1.101 2.807 4.784 3.761 1.714 1.032 2.738 1.714 5.807 1.032 2.807 4.854 3.761 1.714 1.032 3.830 1.783 4.784 1.101 2.738 4.784 3.761 1.714 1.032 3.830 1.714 4.854 1.101 2.807 4.854 3.761 1.714 1.032 3.761 1.714 4.854 1.101 2.807 4.784 3.761 1.783 1.032 3.761 1.714 4.784 1.101 2.738 4.784 3.761 1.783 1.032 3.761 1.714 4.784 1.032 2.738 4.784 3.830 1.714 1.032 3.830 1.783 4.854 1.032 2.807 4.854 3.761 1.714 3.830 1.783 4.784 1.032 2.738 4.784 3.830 1.714 3.761 1.714 4.854 2.807 4.854 3.761 1.783 2.807 1.783 4.784 2.738 4.784 3.761 1.783 3.761 1.783 4.784 2.807 3.761 3.761 1.714 3.761 1.714 4.784 2.738 4.784 3.761 1.714 3.830 1.714 4.784 1.714 4.784 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 3.761 1.783 4.784 3.761 1.714 3.761 1.714 4.784 1.714 4.784 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 4.784 1.714 4.784 3.761 1.783 2.807 1.783 4.854 1.783 3.761 3.761 1.783 2.738 1.783 3.761 1.714 3.761 3.761 1.714 2.807 1.714 3.830 1.783 4.784 3.761 1.714 3.761 1.783 3.761 1.783 3.761 3.761 1.714 3.761 Page 12 Graph Data 1.783 3.761 1.714 4.854 3.761 1.714 2.807 1.783 3.761 1.783 3.761 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.714 3.761 1.783 3.761 3.761 1.783 2.738 1.783 3.761 1.714 3.761 3.761 1.714 2.807 1.783 3.761 1.714 4.784 3.761 1.714 2.807 1.714 3.761 1.783 4.784 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 3.830 1.714 3.761 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 3.761 1.714 3.761 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.714 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.714 3.761 1.714 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.714 3.761 1.783 3.830 3.761 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.714 3.830 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.714 3.830 1.783 3.830 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.783 2.807 1.714 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.714 2.738 1.783 3.761 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.783 2.807 1.032 3.830 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.032 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.807 1.032 3.830 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.101 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.783 2.807 1.101 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.783 2.807 1.032 2.738 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 3.830 2.738 1.101 2.807 1.783 2.807 1.032 3.761 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 3.761 2.738 1.032 2.738 1.783 2.807 2.807 2.807 1.032 2.738 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.738 1.032 2.738 1.714 2.738 2.738 2.807 1.032 2.738 1.714 2.807 2.738 2.738 1.032 2.738 1.783 2.807 2.807 2.738 1.032 2.807 1.101 1.714 2.738 2.807 1.032 2.738 1.783 2.807 2.807 2.738 1.032 2.738 1.101 2.738 2.738 2.738 1.032 2.807 2.125 2.738 2.738 2.738 1.032 2.807 1.101 2.807 2.738 2.807 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.807 1.714 2.807 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.783 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.783 3.761 1.783 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.032 1.714 2.807 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.738 1.714 1.714 2.807 1.714 2.738 Page 13 Graph Data 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.807 1.714 2.807 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.101 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.783 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.783 2.807 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.807 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.101 1.783 2.807 1.783 2.738 1.783 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.783 1.783 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.783 1.714 2.738 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.714 1.714 1.783 2.738 1.783 1.714 2.738 1.783 2.807 1.714 1.714 2.055 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.783 1.783 2.738 1.032 1.714 1.714 1.714 2.807 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.101 2.738 1.101 1.714 1.714 1.101 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.032 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.032 2.807 1.714 1.783 1.783 1.032 2.738 1.714 1.714 1.714 1.101 2.738 1.032 1.714 1.783 1.032 2.738 1.714 1.032 1.714 1.101 1.714 1.783 1.783 1.714 1.032 2.738 2.055 1.714 1.714 1.032 2.807 1.032 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.714 1.714 2.738 1.714 1.783 1.783 2.738 1.032 1.032 1.714 2.738 1.032 1.714 1.714 2.055 1.032 1.032 1.714 2.738 Page 14 Graph Data RUN 14 RUN 15 RUN 16 Master Time 0.078 0.009 0.009 0: 00: 20 0.729 0.009 0.009 0.009 0: 00: 20 0.681 0.078 0.009 0.009 0: 00: 40 0.736 0.078 0.078 0.078 0: 01: 00 0.736 0.078 0.009 0.009 0: 01: 20 0.743 0.009 0.009 0.009 0: 01: 40 0.722 0.078 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 00 0.797 0.009 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 20 0.794 0.009 0.009 1.032 0: 02: 40 0.783 227.510 64.473 126.891 0: 03: 00 75.122 262.641 112.566 305.617 0: 03: 20 181.929 319.261 123.139 377.244 0: 03: 40 219.661 248.998 78.458 549.149 0: 04: 00 262.472 321.307 51.853 599.629 0: 04: 20 278.096 352.161 40.257 567.567 0: 04: 40 272.301 442.391 35.140 397.709 0: 05: 00 249.851 436.592 34.117 394.639 0: 05: 20 274.273 430.794 100.628 527.661 0: 05: 40 294.637 350.640 152.131 593.149 0: 06: 00 306.313 297.431 101.651 593.149 0: 06: 20 309.870 253.223 91.078 656.590 0: 06: 40 312.939 222.859 91.760 621.117 0: 07: 00 304.578 206.704 106.426 720.713 0: 07: 20 304.453 177.712 138.147 636.807 0: 07: 40 294.917 158.038 148.038 635.102 0: 08: 00 287.414 144.968 112.566 515.041 0: 08: 20 276.914 129.279 100.628 499.692 0: 08: 40 259.047 117.439 91.760 415.787 0: 09: 00 236.637 109.496 80.163 358.485 0: 09: 20 213.034 95.853 70.272 313.462 0: 09: 40 190.414 89.031 64.473 248.998 0: 10: 00 162.289 83.915 72.318 228.533 0: 10: 20 141.840 74.024 102.674 200.001 0: 10: 40 131.239 65.582 132.007 166.798 0: 11: 00 120.849 61.745 145.992 160.085 0: 11: 20 115.193 58.675 139.852 146.333 0: 11: 40 108.278 49.807 124.162 133.372 0: 12: 00 108.140 46.055 116.318 128.255 0: 12: 20 109.806 49.807 92.783 117.682 0: 12: 40 109.150 40.939 87.667 108.473 0: 13: 00 105.251 39.312 76.070 99.605 0: 13: 20 100.475 36.164 72.318 93.806 0: 13: 40 90.183 35.140 65.496 86.985 0: 14: 00 90.659 32.412 58.675 76.070 0: 14: 20 88.599 33.094 50.830 72.318 0: 14: 40 83.238 29.001 51.853 69.248 0: 15: 00 83.794 27.295 46.055 67.543 0: 15: 20 81.242 25.249 48.101 72.318 0: 15: 40 76.400 Page 15 Graph Data 24.567 45.714 63.450 0: 16: 00 70.010 22.179 41.962 58.675 0: 16: 20 64.544 22.520 37.869 63.450 0: 16: 40 60.623 20.474 37.265 50.911 0: 17: 00 56.031 19.451 31.465 49.125 0: 17: 20 50.544 19.451 34.117 50.830 0: 17: 40 47.872 19.451 29.342 45.032 0: 18: 00 43.654 18.427 28.319 48.101 0: 18: 20 40.938 18.427 23.544 47.078 0: 18: 40 36.686 18.427 23.544 42.985 0: 19: 00 34.099 17.477 19.451 41.359 0: 19: 20 32.602 17.404 18.427 34.458 0: 19: 40 30.578 17.404 15.699 33.171 0: 20: 00 28.454 16.722 15.699 34.117 0: 20: 20 26.948 15.699 17.404 29.342 0: 20: 40 25.690 16.722 14.675 29.342 0: 21: 00 24.568 15.771 14.334 27.295 0: 21: 20 23.174 15.699 14.334 25.590 0: 21: 40 22.553 15.699 13.652 23.544 0: 22: 00 21.413 15.699 11.606 24.567 0: 22: 20 20.943 14.407 11.606 21.497 0: 22: 40 19.572 15.699 11.606 21.497 0: 23: 00 19.247 14.675 11.606 22.520 0: 23: 20 18.319 13.311 11.606 22.520 0: 23: 40 17.667 13.652 10.582 20.474 0: 24: 00 16.945 13.724 10.582 21.497 0: 24: 20 16.262 13.724 9.559 20.474 0: 24: 40 15.904 13.652 9.630 18.427 0: 25: 00 15.021 12.629 8.877 19.451 0: 25: 20 14.523 13.311 9.559 18.427 0: 25: 40 14.021 12.629 8.877 18.427 0: 26: 00 13.701 12.629 8.877 18.427 0: 26: 20 13.356 11.606 8.948 18.427 0: 26: 40 12.941 12.629 8.877 17.404 0: 27: 00 12.954 11.606 8.877 16.795 0: 27: 20 12.374 11.677 7.854 15.699 0: 27: 40 12.169 11.606 7.854 16.722 0: 28: 00 12.020 11.606 8.877 16.722 0: 28: 20 11.705 10.582 7.854 16.795 0: 28: 40 11.293 11.606 7.854 16.722 0: 29: 00 11.374 10.582 7.854 16.722 0: 29: 20 11.074 11.606 7.854 15.699 0: 29: 40 10.811 10.582 6.831 15.699 0: 30: 00 10.573 10.582 6.831 15.699 0: 30: 20 10.491 9.559 6.831 15.699 0: 30: 40 10.334 9.559 6.831 15.699 0: 31: 00 10.293 9.559 6.831 14.675 0: 31: 20 10.000 9.559 6.831 14.675 0: 31: 40 9.871 9.559 6.831 14.675 0: 32: 00 9.757 9.559 6.831 14.675 0: 32: 20 9.816 9.559 6.831 14.675 0: 32: 40 9.600 Page 16 Graph Data 8.948 6.831 13.652 0: 33: 00 9.308 8.877 5.807 13.652 0: 33: 20 9.290 8.948 5.807 13.652 0: 33: 40 9.110 8.877 5.877 13.652 0: 34: 00 9.171 8.948 6.490 13.652 0: 34: 20 9.110 8.948 5.807 13.652 0: 34: 40 8.803 8.877 5.807 12.629 0: 35: 00 8.803 7.854 5.807 13.652 0: 35: 20 8.537 7.854 5.807 12.629 0: 35: 40 8.643 7.854 5.807 12.629 0: 36: 00 8.643 7.854 5.807 13.652 0: 36: 20 8.544 7.854 5.807 12.701 0: 36: 40 8.329 7.854 5.807 12.629 0: 37: 00 8.137 7.854 5.807 12.629 0: 37: 20 8.120 6.831 5.807 12.629 0: 37: 40 7.967 6.831 5.807 11.606 0: 38: 00 7.895 6.831 4.784 11.606 0: 38: 20 7.810 6.831 5.807 11.606 0: 38: 40 7.871 6.831 5.807 10.582 0: 39: 00 7.813 6.831 5.807 11.606 0: 39: 20 7.571 6.831 5.807 10.582 0: 39: 40 7.680 5.466 4.784 10.582 0: 40: 00 7.459 5.807 5.807 10.582 0: 40: 20 7.268 5.807 4.784 10.582 0: 40: 40 7.258 5.807 4.784 10.582 0: 41: 00 7.322 5.807 4.784 10.582 0: 41: 20 7.179 5.877 5.807 10.582 0: 41: 40 7.217 5.807 4.784 9.630 0: 42: 00 6.985 5.877 5.807 9.559 0: 42: 20 7.138 4.784 4.784 9.559 0: 42: 40 7.043 5.807 4.784 9.559 0: 43: 00 6.909 5.807 4.854 9.559 0: 43: 20 6.804 4.784 4.784 9.559 0: 43: 40 6.749 5.807 4.784 9.559 0: 44: 00 6.899 4.784 4.784 9.559 0: 44: 20 6.749 4.784 4.784 8.877 0: 44: 40 6.558 4.784 4.784 8.877 0: 45: 00 6.521 4.784 4.784 8.877 0: 45: 20 6.391 4.784 4.784 7.854 0: 45: 40 6.405 4.784 4.854 7.854 0: 46: 00 6.234 4.784 4.784 7.854 0: 46: 20 6.302 4.854 4.784 7.854 0: 46: 40 6.329 4.784 4.784 7.854 0: 47: 00 6.200 4.784 4.784 7.854 0: 47: 20 6.251 3.761 4.784 7.854 0: 47: 40 6.163 3.761 3.761 7.854 0: 48: 00 6.057 3.761 4.784 7.854 0: 48: 20 5.999 3.761 4.784 7.854 0: 48: 40 5.917 3.761 4.784 6.831 0: 49: 00 5.941 3.761 3.761 6.831 0: 49: 20 5.791 3.761 4.784 6.831 0: 49: 40 5.736 Page 17 Graph Data 3.761 4.784 6.831 0: 50: 00 5.736 3.761 4.784 6.831 0: 50: 20 5.767 3.761 3.761 5.807 0: 50: 40 5.637 3.761 3.761 6.831 0: 51: 00 5.709 3.761 3.761 5.807 0: 51: 20 5.548 3.761 4.784 5.807 0: 51: 40 5.607 2.738 3.761 5.807 0: 52: 00 5.333 2.738 3.761 5.807 0: 52: 20 5.433 2.738 3.761 5.807 0: 52: 40 5.293 2.738 3.761 5.807 0: 53: 00 5.262 2.738 3.761 5.807 0: 53: 20 5.266 2.807 3.761 5.807 0: 53: 40 5.167 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 54: 00 5.095 2.738 3.830 5.807 0: 54: 20 5.122 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 54: 40 5.044 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 55: 00 5.068 2.807 3.761 4.784 0: 55: 20 4.959 2.807 3.761 4.854 0: 55: 40 4.952 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 56: 00 4.777 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 56: 20 4.795 2.738 3.761 4.854 0: 56: 40 4.876 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 57: 00 4.849 2.807 3.761 4.784 0: 57: 20 4.805 2.738 3.761 4.784 0: 57: 40 4.726 1.714 3.761 4.784 0: 58: 00 4.709 1.714 3.761 3.761 0: 58: 20 4.488 1.783 3.761 3.761 0: 58: 40 4.580 1.714 3.761 3.761 0: 59: 00 4.436 1.783 3.761 3.761 0: 59: 20 4.436 1.714 3.761 3.761 0: 59: 40 4.392 1.714 3.830 3.761 1: 00: 00 4.403 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 00: 20 4.352 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 00: 40 4.392 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 01: 00 4.324 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 01: 20 4.188 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 01: 40 4.235 1.714 3.761 3.830 1: 02: 00 4.116 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 02: 20 4.154 1.714 3.761 3.761 1: 02: 40 4.116 1.783 3.761 3.761 1: 03: 00 4.112 1.783 3.761 3.761 1: 03: 20 3.959 1.783 2.738 3.761 1: 03: 40 3.870 1.714 3.830 2.738 1: 04: 00 3.935 1.783 2.738 2.738 1: 04: 20 3.812 1.714 3.761 2.738 1: 04: 40 3.809 1.714 3.761 2.738 1: 05: 00 3.754 1.714 2.738 2.738 1: 05: 20 3.676 1.714 3.761 2.738 1: 05: 40 3.710 1.783 3.761 2.738 1: 06: 00 3.659 1.714 2.738 2.738 1: 06: 20 3.632 1.714 2.738 2.738 1: 06: 40 3.522 Page 18 Graph Data 1.714 2.738 2.807 1: 07: 00 3.577 1.714 3.761 2.738 1: 07: 20 3.672 1.714 3.761 2.738 1: 07: 40 3.581 1.101 3.761 2.738 1: 08: 00 3.448 1.032 2.738 2.738 1: 08: 20 3.390 1.101 2.807 2.738 1: 08: 40 3.403 1.032 2.738 1.714 1: 09: 00 3.280 1.101 2.738 1.714 1: 09: 20 3.178 1.032 2.738 1.783 1: 09: 40 3.188 1.032 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 00 3.137 1.101 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 20 3.181 1.101 2.738 1.714 1: 10: 40 3.137 2.738 1.714 1: 11: 00 3.179 2.738 1.783 1: 11: 20 3.230 2.738 1.714 1: 11: 40 3.194 2.807 1.714 1: 12: 00 3.183 2.738 1.714 1: 12: 20 3.183 2.738 1.714 1: 12: 40 3.140 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 00 3.129 2.738 1.714 1: 13: 20 3.183 2.738 1.783 1: 13: 40 3.079 2.738 1.714 1: 14: 00 3.126 2.738 1.714 1: 14: 20 2.968 2.738 1.714 1: 14: 40 3.064 2.738 1.714 1: 15: 00 3.075 2.738 1.714 1: 15: 20 2.957 2.738 1.714 1: 15: 40 2.860 2.738 1.714 1: 16: 00 2.813 2.738 1.714 1: 16: 20 2.835 2.738 1.714 1: 16: 40 2.810 2.738 1.714 1: 17: 00 2.594 2.738 1.714 1: 17: 20 2.767 2.738 1.714 1: 17: 40 2.609 2.738 1.714 1: 18: 00 2.616 2.738 1.714 1: 18: 20 2.612 2.807 1.714 1: 18: 40 2.612 2.738 1.714 1: 19: 00 2.711 2.738 1.714 1: 19: 20 2.806 2.807 1.714 1: 19: 40 2.730 2.738 1.714 1: 20: 00 2.922 2.738 1.714 1: 20: 20 2.972 2.738 1.783 1: 20: 40 2.964 2.807 1.714 1: 21: 00 3.029 2.738 1.714 1: 21: 20 2.897 2.738 1.714 1: 21: 40 2.856 2.738 1.714 1: 22: 00 2.906 2.738 1.714 1: 22: 20 2.847 2.738 1.714 1: 22: 40 2.783 2.738 1.714 1: 23: 00 2.779 2.738 1.714 1: 23: 20 2.838 2.738 1.783 1: 23: 40 2.842 Page 19 Graph Data 2.807 1.714 1: 24: 00 2.847 2.738 2.055 1: 24: 20 2.802 2.738 1.714 1: 24: 40 2.899 2.738 1.714 1: 25: 00 2.830 2.738 1.032 1: 25: 20 2.845 2.738 1.032 1: 25: 40 2.796 2.738 1.032 1: 26: 00 2.728 2.738 1.032 1: 26: 20 2.782 2.738 1.032 1: 26: 40 2.660 2.738 1.032 1: 27: 00 2.718 2.738 1.032 1: 27: 20 2.782 2.738 1.032 1: 27: 40 2.636 2.738 1.032 1: 28: 00 2.719 2.807 1.032 1: 28: 20 2.597 2.738 1: 28: 40 2.701 2.738 1: 29: 00 2.733 2.738 1: 29: 20 2.722 2.738 1: 29: 40 2.722 2.738 1: 30: 00 2.817 2.738 1: 30: 20 2.817 2.738 1: 30: 40 2.817 2.738 1: 31: 00 2.727 2.738 1: 31: 20 2.764 2.738 1: 31: 40 2.960 2.738 1: 32: 00 3.067 2.738 1: 32: 20 2.868 2.738 1: 32: 40 2.831 2.738 1: 33: 00 2.850 2.738 1: 33: 20 2.694 2.738 1: 33: 40 2.794 2.738 1: 34: 00 2.539 2.738 1: 34: 20 2.794 2.738 1: 34: 40 2.639 1.714 1: 35: 00 2.626 2.738 1: 35: 20 2.792 2.738 1: 35: 40 2.602 2.738 1: 36: 00 2.485 3.079 1: 36: 20 2.629 1.714 1: 36: 40 2.479 1.783 1: 37: 00 2.554 1.714 1: 37: 20 2.588 2.738 1: 37: 40 2.588 1.714 1: 38: 00 2.479 2.738 1: 38: 20 2.581 1.714 1: 38: 40 2.376 1.714 1: 39: 00 2.479 1.714 1: 39: 20 2.499 2.738 1: 39: 40 2.492 1.714 1: 40: 00 2.479 2.738 1: 40: 20 2.492 1.714 1: 40: 40 2.445 Page 20 Graph Data 2.738 1: 41: 00 2.376 1.783 1: 41: 20 2.288 1.714 1: 41: 40 2.274 1.714 1: 42: 00 2.165 1.714 1: 42: 20 2.179 1.714 1: 42: 40 2.185 1.714 1: 43: 00 2.199 1.714 1: 43: 20 2.179 1.714 1: 43: 40 2.165 1.714 1: 44: 00 2.165 1.714 1: 44: 20 2.247 1.714 1: 44: 40 2.179 1.714 1: 45: 00 2.274 1.714 1: 45: 20 2.158 1.714 1: 45: 40 2.192 1.714 1: 46: 00 2.179 1.783 1: 46: 20 2.192 1.714 1: 46: 40 2.179 1.714 1: 47: 00 2.008 1.783 1: 47: 20 2.267 1.783 1: 47: 40 2.172 1.714 1: 48: 00 2.138 1.714 1: 48: 20 2.226 1.714 1: 48: 40 2.226 1.714 1: 49: 00 2.233 1.714 1: 49: 20 2.281 1.714 1: 49: 40 2.199 1.714 1: 50: 00 2.281 1.714 1: 50: 20 2.137 1.714 1: 50: 40 1.987 1.714 1: 51: 00 2.096 1.714 1: 51: 20 2.117 1.714 1: 51: 40 2.096 1.714 1: 52: 00 2.056 1.783 1: 52: 20 1.940 1.714 1: 52: 40 2.110 1.783 1: 53: 00 2.158 1.714 1: 53: 20 2.286 1.714 1: 53: 40 2.158 1.714 1: 54: 00 2.243 1.714 1: 54: 20 2.055 1.714 1: 54: 40 2.055 1.714 1: 55: 00 2.073 Page 21

epa

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regulations