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27340151_1_0	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career Rodríguez Trías headed the department of pediatrics at Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. At Lincoln Hospital, Rodríguez Trías lobbied to give all workers a voice in administrative and patient-care issues. She became involved with the Puerto Rican community and encouraged the health care workers at the hospital to become aware of the cultural issues and needs of the community. Rodríguez Trías was also an associate professor of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, and later taught at Columbia and Fordham universities.
27340151_1_1	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Advocate for women's rights During her years in Puerto Rico, Rodríguez Trías became aware that unsuspecting Puerto Rican women were being sterilized and that the United States was using Puerto Rico as a laboratory for the development of birth control technology. In 1970, she was a founding member of Committee to End Sterilization Abuse and in 1971 a founding member of the Women's Caucus of the American Public Health Association. She supported abortion rights, fought for the abolishment of enforced sterilization, and sought neonatal care for underserved people. In 1979, she became a founding member of the Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse and testified before the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for passage of federal sterilization guidelines. She describes events at a 1974 Boston conference:
27340151_1_2	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career The guidelines, which she drafted, required a woman's written consent to sterilization in a language they could understand and set a waiting period between the consent and the sterilization procedure. She is credited with helping to expand the range of public health services for women and children in minority and low-income populations in the United States, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
27340151_1_3	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career In the 1980s, Rodríguez Trías served as medical director of the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. She worked on behalf of women from minority groups who were infected with HIV. In the 1990s, she served as health co-director of the Pacific Institute for Women's Health, a nonprofit research and advocacy group dedicated to improving women's well-being worldwide and focused on reproduction. She was a founding member of both the Women's Caucus and the Hispanic Caucus of the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the first Latina to serve as the president of the APHA.
27340151_1_4	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Later years Rodríguez Trías once stated that her biggest inspiration came from "the experience of [her] own mother, aunts and sisters, who faced so many restraints in their struggle to flourish and realize their full potential". In addition to her mother, was Dr. Jose Sifontes, a professor at her medical school, who was a pioneer in pediatric tuberculosis. According to Rodríguez Trías, Dr. Jose Sifontes had great awareness that the events occurring in a community do affect the health of that community. These were some of the notable mentors who inspired Rodríguez Trías as she grew to become a huge contributor to the field of science.
27340151_1_5	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career On January 8, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Rodríguez Trías with the Presidential Citizen's Medal, the second-highest civilian award in the United States, for her work on behalf of women, children, people with HIV and AIDS, and poor people. Later that year, on December 27, Rodríguez Trías died of cancer.
27340151_1_6	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career On July 7, 2018, which would have been Rodríguez Trías' 89th birthday, Google featured her in a Google Doodle in the United States.
27340151_1_7	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career In 2019, Chirlane McCray announced that New York City would build a statue honoring Rodríguez Trías in St. Mary's Park, near Lincoln Hospital in the Bronx.
27340151_1_8	27340151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Tr%C3%ADas	Helen Rodríguez Trías	Helen Rodríguez Trías. Medical career Overall, Rodríguez Trías leaves behind a legacy that can be explained with her own words:
27340187_0_0	27340187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen%20Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko. Yevhen Volodymyrovych Opanasenko (; born 25 August 1990 in Zaporizhzhia, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian football defender who plays for Inhulets Petrove.
27340187_0_1	27340187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen%20Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko. Career Opanasenko is a product of the youth team systems at FC Krystal Kherson and FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia. He made his debut for FC Metalurh entering as a second-half substitute against FC Dynamo Kyiv on 17 August 2008 in the Ukrainian Premier League.
27340187_0_2	27340187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen%20Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko	Yevhen Opanasenko. He is also a member of the Ukraine national under-21 football team, called up by Pavlo Yakovenko, and made his debut as a second-half substitute in a match against the Netherlands national under-21 football team.
27340191_0_0	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Parliamentary elections were held in Azerbaijan on 7 November 2010.
27340191_0_1	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Candidates The registration of candidates ended on 15 October. Although 1,115 candidates filed application to run in the election, only 690 were given the go ahead by the electoral commission.
27340191_0_2	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Conduct The elections were observed by monitors from the European Parliament, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe. OSCE stated that the election campaign had been marred by restrictions on media freedom and freedom of assembly. Many opposition candidates were unable to register themselves, thus creating an "uneven playing field", according to the OSCE. The pre-election atmosphere was tense with the media complaining of pressure and intransparent financial transactions of state officials.
27340191_0_3	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. The observation mission of the PACE reported that "the whole election process showed progress in reaching Assembly and OSCE standards and commitments" but that "significant progress would still be necessary to reach an overall electoral and democratic consensus".
27340191_0_4	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Many national and foreign experts found no major improvement in the conduct of these elections. No elections after 1992 was fully in accordance with national and international democratic standards. So far Azerbaijan has been convicted twice of election fraud during the 2005 parliamentary elections by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In April it was regarding Nemat Aliyev's case, and in September regarding Flora Karimova's.
27340191_0_5	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Prior to the elections, the government amended visa regulations, making it more difficult for election observers and journalists to enter the country.
27340191_0_6	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Results President Ilham Aliyev's ruling Yeni Azerbaijan Party got a majority of 71 out of 125 seats. Nominally independent candidates, who were aligned with the government, received 38 seats, and 10 small opposition or quasi-opposition parties got the remaining 13 seats. Civic Solidarity retained its 3 seats, and Ana Vaten kept the 2 seats they had in the previous legislature; the Democratic Reforms party, Great Creation, the Movement for National Rebirth, Umid, Civic Unity, Civic Welfare, Adalet (Justice), and the Popular Front of United Azerbaijan, most of which were represented in the previous parliament, won one seat a piece.
27340191_0_7	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. For the first time in Azerbaijani history, not a single candidate from the main opposition Azerbaijan Popular Front (AXCP) or Musavat parties was elected. The opposition Musavat decried the election as "illegitimate...[the] events had nothing to do with elections, it was the most shameful kind of election." Ruling president, Aliyev, however, said the election was fair.
27340191_0_8	27340191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Azerbaijani%20parliamentary%20election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election	2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election. Reactions Western observers and the opposition alleged irregularities. The elections were observed by monitors from the European Parliament, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe. The OSCE reported that on election day there were cases of ballot-stuffing.
27340205_0_0	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. The West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens), also known as the Tana lungfish or simply African lungfish, is a species of African lungfish. It is found in a wide range of freshwater habitats in West and Middle Africa, as well as the northern half of Southern Africa.
27340205_0_1	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. Description Protopterus annectens has a prominent snout and small eyes. Its body is long and eel-like, some 9–15 times the length of the head. It has two pairs of long, filamentous fins. The pectoral fins have a basal fringe and are about three times the head length, while its pelvic fins are about twice the head length. In general, three external gills are inserted posterior to the gill slits and above the pectoral fins.
27340205_0_2	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. It has cycloid scales embedded in the skin. About 40–50 scales occur between the operculum and the anus, and 36–40 around the body before the origin of the dorsal fin. It has 34–37 pairs of ribs. The dorsal side is olive or brown in color and the ventral side is lighter, with great blackish or brownish spots on the body and fins except on its belly. They reach a length of about in the wild.
27340205_0_3	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. Distribution The West African lungfish is distributed throughout Africa. It has two subspecies; P. a. annectens is found primarily in the basins of Sahel as well as Guinea and Sierra Leone whilst the other subspecies, P. a. brieni is known largely from the upper Congo River area and from the Zambezi of Mozambique.
27340205_0_4	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. Habitat Like other African lungfish, the West African lungfish is an obligate air breather and a freshwater-dwelling fish. It is demersal, meaning that it lives primarily buried within riverbeds. Due to the dry season frequently drying the rivers and floodplains in which it lives, the West African lungfish can aestivate for up to a year; however the West African lungfish generally only aestivates between wet seasons.
27340205_0_5	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. Diet The Tana lungfish has a diet not unlike other lungfish, consisting of various mollusks, crabs, prawn, and small fish within its distribution. It can also go for up to 3 1/2 years without any food intake whatsoever. During this time period it behaves much like an estivating fish in that it buries itself in the mud and does not move until more favorable conditions occur.
27340205_1_0	27340205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20African%20lungfish	West African lungfish	West African lungfish. West African lungfish Freshwater fish of West Africa Least concern biota of Africa West African lungfish
27340213_0_0	27340213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herminia%20Bouza	Herminia Bouza	Herminia Bouza. Herminia Bouza (born September 25, 1965) is a retired javelin thrower from Cuba. She set her personal best (64.64 metres) on July 1, 1988 in Maturín, Venezuela.
27340225_0_0	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. The VFX creative director is a position common in films, television programs, and computer games using a large amount of visual effects (VFX).
27340225_0_1	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. For films which are fully or partly computer generated, a VFX creative director works closely with the director. On smaller VFX-intensive productions such as music videos or some television commercials, a VFX creative director may also assume the responsibilities of the director. They are charged with making creative and aesthetic choices for visual effects. Although the role is generally more creative in nature, most VFX creative directors have a technical background and may exert a strong practical hand in production.
27340225_0_2	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. Responsibilities The responsibilities of a VFX creative director are very much like those of an art director, production designer, or chief creative officer, though with a particular focus on the computer-generated imagery of their projects. They are primarily responsible for directing and supervising the creative and technical execution of visual effects sequences, from concept to completion, including: Set extensions and matte painting Bluescreening Digital animation Digital effects Compositing
27340225_0_3	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. The VFX creative director may delegate responsibilities to visual effects supervisors, visual effects editors, film compositors, rotoscope artists, matte painters, and 3D animators.
27340225_0_4	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. VFX creative directors may therefore have input on various aspects of production, including: Story development and storyboarding Blocking, staging, locations Advising the director on actor movement Cinematography Costume, makeup, and props, particularly when there are special effects considerations
27340225_0_5	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. Educational requirements As with much of the film industry, merit is awarded on the quality of work produced and not on academic qualifications. Bachelor's or master's degrees in film and television, digital media, design, or animation may be beneficial. There are a suite of skills and conditions that predispose an individual to successful operation as a VFX creative director: Experience from at least 5–10 years in the industry An understanding of the production process from concept to completion A deep familiarity with post-production pipelines, techniques, and software A strong balance of both creative and practical / technical skills Excellent communication and people-management skills Ability to guide and lead a team to extract their best work according to a predefined vision A strong grasp of all aspects of film theory
27340225_0_6	27340225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX%20creative%20director	VFX creative director	VFX creative director. See also Creative director Art director Visual effects Visual effects supervisor Chief creative officer Graphics coordinator
27340231_0_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. The Mount Cayley volcanic field (MCVF) is a remote volcanic zone on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada, stretching from the Pemberton Icefield to the Squamish River. It forms a segment of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which extends from Northern California to southwestern British Columbia. Most of the MCVF volcanoes were formed during periods of volcanism under sheets of glacial ice throughout the last glacial period. These subglacial eruptions formed steep, flat-topped volcanoes and subglacial lava domes, most of which have been entirely exposed by deglaciation. However, at least two volcanoes predate the last glacial period and both are highly eroded. The field gets its name from Mount Cayley, a volcanic peak located at the southern end of the Powder Mountain Icefield. This icefield covers much of the central portion of the volcanic field and is one of the several glacial fields in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains.
27340231_0_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Eruptions along the length of the MCVF began between 1.6 and 5.3 million years ago. At least 23 eruptions have occurred throughout its eruptive history. This volcanic activity ranged from effusive to explosive, with magma compositions ranging from basaltic to rhyolitic. Because the MCVF has a high elevation and consists of a cluster of mostly high altitude, non-overlapping volcanoes, subglacial activity is likely to have occurred under less than of glacial ice. The style of this glaciation promoted meltwater escape during eruptions. The steep profile of the volcanic field and its subglacial landforms support this hypothesis. As a result, volcanic features in the MCVF that interacted with glacial ice lack rocks that display evidence of abundant water during eruption, such as hyaloclastite and pillow lava.
27340231_0_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Of the entire volcanic field, the southern portion has the most known volcanoes. Here, at least 11 of them are situated on top of a long narrow mountain ridge and in adjacent river valleys. The central portion contains at least five volcanoes situated at the Powder Mountain Icefield. To the north, two volcanoes form a sparse area of volcanism. Many of these volcanoes were formed between 0.01 and 1.6 million years ago, some of which show evidence of volcanic activity in the last 10,000 years.
27340231_1_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation The MCVF formed as a result of the ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone along the British Columbia Coast. This is a long fault zone running off the Pacific Northwest from Northern California to southwestern British Columbia. The plates move at a relative rate of over per year at an oblique angle to the subduction zone. Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce large earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or greater. The interface between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates remains locked for periods of roughly 500 years. During these periods, stress builds up on the interface between the plates and causes uplift of the North American margin. When the plate finally slips, the 500 years of stored energy are released in a massive earthquake.
27340231_1_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no deep oceanic trench along the continental margin of Cascadia. The reason is that the mouth of the Columbia River empties directly into the subduction zone and deposits silt at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, burying this large depression. Massive floods from prehistoric Glacial Lake Missoula during the Late Pleistocene also deposited large amounts of sediment into the trench. However, in common with other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant spring. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes, such as the magnitude 9.0 Cascadia earthquake on January 26, 1700. However, earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone are less common than expected and there is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the last few million years. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. These two tectonic plates currently converge to per year. This is only about half the rate of convergence from seven million years ago.
27340231_1_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Scientists have estimated that there have been at least 13 significant earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone in the last 6,000 years. The most recent, the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, was recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. It caused considerable tremors and a massive tsunami that traveled across the Pacific Ocean. The significant shaking associated with this earthquake demolished houses of the Cowichan Tribes on Vancouver Island and caused several landslides. Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened. The tsunami created by the earthquake ultimately devastated a winter village at Pachena Bay, killing all the people that lived there. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake caused near-shore subsidence, submerging marshes and forests on the coast that were later buried under more recent debris.
27340231_1_3	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Subglacial volcanoes Lying in the middle of the MCVF is a subglacial volcano named Slag Hill. At least two geological units compose the edifice. Slag Hill itself consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic rock. Lying on the western portion of Slag Hill is a lava flow that likely erupted less than 10,000 years ago due to the lack of features indicating volcano-ice interactions. The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya northeast of Slag Hill consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite. It protrudes through remnants of volcanic material erupted from Slag Hill, but it represents a separate volcanic vent due to its geographical appearance. This small subglacial volcano possibly formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago throughout the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation.
27340231_1_4	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Cauldron Dome, a subglacial volcano north of Mount Cayley, lies west of the Powder Mountain Icefield. Like Slag Hill, it is composed of two geological units. Upper Cauldron Dome is a flat-topped, oval-shaped pile of at least five andesite lava flows that resembles a tuya. The five andesite flows are columnar jointed and were likely extruded through glacial ice. The latest volcanic activity might have occurred between 10,000 and 25,000 years ago when this area was still influenced by glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Lower Cauldron Dome, the youngest unit comprising the entire Cauldron Dome subglacial volcano, consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite lava flows long and a maximum thickness of . These volcanic rocks were extruded about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation from a vent adjacent to upper Cauldron Dome that is currently buried under glacial ice.
27340231_1_5	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Ring Mountain, a flow-dominated tuya lying at the northern portion of the MCVF, consists of a pile of at least five andesite lava flows lying on a mountain ridge. Its steep-sided flanks reach heights of and are composed of volcanic rubble. This makes it impossible to measure its exact base elevation or how many lava flows constitute the edifice. With a summit elevation of , Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum. Northwest of Ring Mountain lies a minor andesite lava flow. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain. The part of it that lies higher in elevation contains some features that indicate lava-ice interactions, while the lower-elevation portion of it does not. Therefore, this minor lava flow was likely extruded after Ring Mountain formed but when glacial ice covered a broader area than it does to this day, and that the lava flowed beyond the region in which glacial ice existed at that time.
27340231_1_6	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation To the north lies Little Ring Mountain, another flow-dominated tuya lying at the northern portion of the MCVF. It consists of a pile of at least three andesite lava flows lying on a mountain ridge. Its steep-sided flanks reach heights of and are composed of volcanic rubble. This makes it impossible to measure its exact base elevation or how many lava flows comprise the edifice. With a summit elevation of , Little Ring Mountain had its last volcanic activity between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when the Fraser Glaciation was close to its maximum.
27340231_1_7	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Ember Ridge, a mountain ridge between Tricouni Peak and Mount Fee, consists of at least eight lava domes composed of andesite. They were likely formed between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago when lava erupted beneath glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Their current structures are comparable to their original forms due to the minimal degree of erosion. As a result, the domes display the shapes and columnar joints typical of subglacial volcanoes. The random shapes of the Ember Ridge domes are the result of erupted lava taking advantage of former ice pockets, eruptions taking place on uneven surfaces, subsidence of the domes during volcanic activity to create rubble and separation of older columnar units during more recent eruptions. The northern dome, known as Ember Ridge North, covers the summit and eastern flank of the mountain ridge. It comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of , as well as the thinnest columnar units in the MCVF. The small size of the columnar joints indicates that the erupted lava was cooled immediately and are mainly located on the dome's summit. Ember Ridge Northeast, the smallest subglacial dome of Ember Ridge, comprises one lava flow that has a thickness no more than . Ember Ridge Northwest, the most roughly circular subglacial dome, comprises at least one lava flow. Ember Ridge Southeast is the most complex of the Ember Ridge domes, consisting of a series of lava flows with a thickness of . It is also the only Ember Ridge dome that contains large amounts of rubble. Ember Ridge Southwest comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of . It is the only subglacial dome of Ember Ridge that contains hyaloclastite. Ember Ridge West comprises only one lava flow that reaches a thickness of .
27340231_1_8	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Formation Mount Brew, southwest of the resort town of Whistler, is a high lava dome composed of andesite or dacite that probably formed subglacially between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago. It contains two possible ice-marginal lava flows that have not been studied in detail. They may have formed during the same time period as the Ember Ridge subglacial domes due to their similar structures, columnar joints and compositions.
27340231_2_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Eroded volcanoes The Mount Cayley massif is the largest and most persistent eruptive centre in the MCVF. It is a highly eroded stratovolcano composed of dacite and rhyodacite lava that was deposited during three phases of volcanic activity. The first eruptive phase began roughly four million years ago with the eruption of dacite lava flows and pyroclastic rock, which resulted in the creation of Mount Cayley. Subsequent volcanism during this volcanic phase constructed a large lava dome. This acts like a volcanic plug and composes the lava spines that form pinnacles on Cayley's rugged summit. After Mount Cayley was constructed, the second phase of volcanism commenced million years ago. This eruptive phase was characterized by the eruption of dacite lava, tephra and breccia, which resulted in the creation of a craggy volcanic ridge known as the Vulcan's Thumb. After prolonged erosion destroyed much of the original stratovolcano, the third and final eruptive phase 0.3 to 0.2 million years ago produced a thick sequence of dacite lava flows. These flows issued from parasitic vents then traveled through the Turbid Creek and Shovelnose Creek valleys to near the Squamish River, resulting in the creation of two parasitic lava domes. None of the rocks comprising the Mount Cayley massif show signs of interaction with glacial ice, which contracts with several of the smaller adjacent volcanoes.
27340231_2_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Eroded volcanoes Immediately southeast of Mount Cayley lies Mount Fee, an extensively eroded volcano. It contains a north–south trending ridge and is one of the older MCVF features. Its volcanic rocks remain undated, but its large degree of dissection, coupled with evidence of glacial ice having overridden the volcano, indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the Wisconsinan Glaciation. As a result, Mount Fee does not contain evidence of interaction with glacial ice. Three phases of volcanic activity have been identified at Mount Fee. The first eruptive phase deposited pyroclastic rocks, which have since been largely eroded away. These rocks are evidence of explosive volcanism throughout Fee's eruptive history. The second eruptive phase produced a series of lavas and breccias on the eastern flank of the main ridge. These volcanic rocks were likely deposited during the construction of a large volcano. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism of the third and final eruptive phase produced a series of viscous lava flows. These form the northern end of the main ridge and its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit. This volcanic phase was also followed by a period of extensive erosion and likely one or more glacial periods, which has created the rugged north–south trending ridge that forms a prominent landmark.
27340231_2_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Eroded volcanoes Pali Dome, located north and northeast of Mount Cayley, is an eroded volcano in the central MCVF. Like Cauldron Dome, it consists of two geological units. Pail Dome East on the eastern end of the Powder Mountain Icefield consists of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material. Most of the lava flows form gentle topography at high elevations but terminate in finely jointed vertical cliffs at low elevations. Volcanism probably began at least 25,000 years ago but it could have initiated much earlier. The most recent eruptions produced a series of lava flows when the vent area was not covered by glacial ice. However, the flows show evidence of interaction with glacial ice in their lower units, indicating that they were erupted about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. Ice-marginal lava flows at Pail Dome East form cliffs that reach heights of up to . Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. The age of the oldest lava flow is unknown but it may be at least 10,000 years old. The second lava flow was erupted when the vent area was not buried under glacial ice. However, the flow shows evidence of interaction with glacial ice at lower elevations, implying that it was erupted during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The third and most recent lava flow was largely erupted above glacial ice but was probably constrained on its northern margin by a small glacier. Unlike the second lava flow, it was not impounded by glacial ice at lower elevations. This suggests that it was produced by an eruption after the Fraser Glaciation, which ended about 10,000 years ago.
27340231_3_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows At least two sequences of basaltic andesite lava flows are deposited south of Tricouni Peak. One of these sequences, known as Tricouni Southwest, creates a cliff on the eastern side of a north–south trending channel with a depth of adjacent to the High Falls Creek mouth. The eastern flank of the lava flow, outside the High Falls Creek channel, has a more constant structure. Several fine-scale columnar joints and the overall structure of the lava flow suggest that its western portion, along the length of the channel, ponded against glacial ice. Near its southern unit, lava oozed into cracks in the glacial ice. This has been identified by the existence of spire-like cooling formations, although many of these edifices have been destroyed by erosional processes. Other features that indicate the lava ponded against glacial ice include its unusually thick structure and its steep cliffs. Therefore, the Tricouni Southwest lava flow was erupted about 10,000 years ago when the regional Fraser Glaciation was retreating. The explanation for the western portion displaying ice-contact features while the eastern portion does not is likely because its western flank lies in a north–south trending channel, which would have been able to maintain smaller amounts of solar heat than its unsheltered eastern flank. As a result, the western portion of the lava flow records glaciation during a period when the eastern slopes were free from glacial ice.
27340231_3_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Tricouni Southeast, another volcanic sequence south of Tricouni Peak, consists of at least four andesite or dacite lava flows that outcrop as several small cliffs and bluffs on extensively vegetated flanks. They reach thicknesses of and contain small amounts of hyaloclastite. The feeder of their origins has not been discovered but is likely located at the summit of the mound. These lavas form ice-marginal edifies, suggesting that every lava flow was erupted about 10,000 years ago when the vast Cordilleran Ice Sheet was retreating and remains of glacial ice were sparse.
27340231_3_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Exposed along the Cheakamus River and its tributaries are the Cheakamus Valley basalts. Although not necessarily mapped as part of the MCVF, this sequence of basaltic lava flows is geologically similar and comparable in age to volcanic features that are part of this volcanic field. At least four basaltic flows comprise the sequence and were deposited during periods of volcanic activity from an unknown vent between 0.01 and 1.6 million years ago. Pillow lava is abundant along the bases the flows, some of which are underlain by hyaloclastite breccia. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist Bill Mathews suggested that the lava flows were erupted during periods of subglacial activity and traveled through trenches or tunnels melted in glacial ice of the Fraser Glaciation. Mathews based this on the age of the underlying till, the existence of pillow lava close to the bottom of some lavas, indicating subaqueous volcanism, the columnar jointing at the edges of the lavas, indicating rapid cooling, and the absence of apparent palaeogeography.
27340231_3_3	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Petrography Ember Ridge andesite consists of 55% brownish-green volcanic glass with a trachytic matrix of plagioclase. About 35% of this andesite contains phenocrysts of hornblende, augite, plagioclase and orthopyroxene, which exist as isolated crystals and clots. A feature south of Ember Ridge, unofficially known as Betty's Bump, comprises andesite with phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite and olivine. Dark brown volcanic glass composes the Betty's Bump andesite as much as 20%. The relationship of Betty's Bump with Ember Ridge is unclear but it likely represents a separate volcanic feature due to its topographic isolation.
27340231_3_4	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Little Ring Mountain at the northern end of the MCVF contains up to 70% brown volcanic glass with isolated phenocrysts of plagioclase. Vesicular textures are up to 5%, suggesting that the lava erupted subaerially. Possible quartz xenocrysts have been identified at the volcano, with at least one xenolith fragment having been found in loose rubble. The xenolith fragment included several quartz xenocrysts and polycrystalline quartz xenoliths in a glassy matrix with trachytic plagioclase.
27340231_3_5	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Mount Fee dacite contains up to 70% brown volcanic glass and up to 15% vesicular textures. Up to 25% of the dacite contains plagioclase, hornblende, orthopyroxene and orthoclase crystals, along with rare quartz and possible potassium feldspar xenocrysts. A portion of the southwestern flank of Mount Fee displays no volcanic glass, but rather an abnormal cryptocrystalline matrix. This indicates that it may have developed as part of a subvolcanic intrusion.
27340231_3_6	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Ring Mountain andesite consists of up to 70% brown volcanic glass and up to 15% vesicular textures. It contains a trachytic matrix of plagioclase. Augite, biotite, plagioclase and hornblende microphenocrysts comprise 1 to 7% of the andesite. Quartz microxenocrysts are common; potassium feldspar microxenocrysts also possibly occur.
27340231_3_7	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows Slag Hill andesite consists of up to 70% dark brown volcanic glass, with the plagioclase matrix displaying varied degrees of trachytic texture. Less than 5% of the andesite has vesicular textures. Plagioclase, hornblende and augite phenocrysts comprise 1 to 10% of the andesite. Potassium feldspar crystals are very rare and likely represent xenocrysts.
27340231_3_8	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Geothermal and seismic activity At least four seismic events have occurred at Mount Cayley since 1985 and is the only volcano that has recorded seismic activity in the field. This suggests that the volcano still contains an active magma system, indicating the possibility of future eruptive activity. Although the available data does not allow a clear conclusion, this observation indicates that some volcanoes in the MCVF may be active, with significant potential hazards. This seismic activity correlates both with some of Canada's most youthful volcanoes and with long-lived volcanoes with a history of significant explosive activity, such as Mount Cayley. Recent seismic imaging from Natural Resources Canada employees supported lithoprobe studies in the region of Mount Cayley that created a large reflector interpreted to be a pool of molten rock roughly below the surface. It is estimated to be long and wide with a thickness of less than . The reflector is understood to be a sill complex associated with the formation of Mount Cayley. However, the available data does not rule out the probability of it being a body of molten rock created by dehydrating of the subducted Juan de Fuca Plate. It is located just beneath the weak lithosphere like those found under subduction zone volcanoes in Japan.
27340231_3_9	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Lava flows At least five hot springs exist in valleys near Mount Cayley, providing more evidence for magmatic activity. This includes springs found at Shovelnose Creek and Turbid Creek on the southern flank of Mount Cayley and Brandywine Creek on the eastern flank of the MCVF. They are generally found in areas of volcanic activity that are geologically young. As the regional surface water percolates downward through rocks below the MCVF, it reaches areas of high temperatures surrounding an active or recently solidified magma reservoir. Here, the water is heated, becomes less dense and rises back to the surface along fissures or cracks. These features are sometimes referred to as dying volcanoes because they seem to represent the last stage of volcanic activity as the magma at depth cools and hardens.
27340231_4_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Occupation Several volcanic features in the MCVF were illustrated by volcanologist Jack Souther in 1980, including Mount Cayley, Cauldron Dome, Slag Hill, Mount Fee, Ember Ridge and Ring Mountain, which was titled Crucible Dome at the time. This resulted in the creation of a geologic map that showed the regional terrain and locations of the volcanoes. The most detailed study of Mount Cayley took place during this period. Little Ring Mountain at the northernmost end of the MCVF had not been studied at the time and was not included on Souther's 1980 map. Ember Ridge at the southern end of the MCVF was originally mapped as a cluster of five lava domes. The sixth lava dome, Ember Ridge Northeast, was discovered by Ph.D. student Melanie Kelman during a period of research in 2001.
27340231_4_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Occupation The hot springs adjacent to Mount Cayley have made the MCVF a target for geothermal exploration. At least 16 geothermal sites have been identified in British Columbia, Mount Cayley being one of the six areas most capable for commercial development. Others include Meager Creek and Pebble Creek near Pemberton, Lakelse Hot Springs near Terrace, Mount Edziza on the Tahltan Highland and the Lillooet Fault Zone between Harrison Lake and the community of Lillooet. Temperatures of to more than have been measured in shallow boreholes on the southwestern flank of Mount Cayley. However, its severe terrain makes it challenging to develop a proposed 100 megawatt power station in the area.
27340231_4_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Early impressions The MCVF has been the subject of myths and legends by First Nations. To the Squamish Nation, Mount Cayley is called tak'takmu'yin tl'a in7in'axa7en. In their language it means "Landing Place of the Thunderbird". The Thunderbird is a legendary creature in North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. When the bird flaps its wings, thunder is created, and lightning originates from its eyes. The rocks that make up Mount Cayley were said to have been burnt black by the Thunderbird's lightning. This mountain, like others in the area, is considered sacred because it plays an important part of their history. The Black Tusk, a pinnacle of black volcanic rock on the north shore of Garibaldi Lake to the southeast, sustains the same name. Cultural ceremonial use, hunting, trapping and plant gathering occur around the Mount Garibaldi area, but the most important resource was a lithic material called obsidian. Obsidian is a black volcanic glass used to make knives, chisels, adzes and other sharp tools in pre-contact times. Glassy rhyodacite was also collected from a number of minor outcrops on the flanks of Mount Fee, Mount Callaghan and Mount Cayley. This material appears in goat hunting sites and at the Elaho rockshelter, collectively dated from about 8,000 to 100 years old.
27340231_4_3	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Occupation A number of volcanic peaks in the MCVF were named by mountaineers that explored the area in the early 20th century. Mount Fee was named in September 1928 by British mountaineer Tom Fyles after Charles Fee (1865–1927), who was a member of the British Columbia Mountaineering Club in Vancouver at the time. To the northwest, Mount Cayley was named in September 1928 by Tom Fyles after Beverley Cochrane Cayley during a climbing expedition with the Alpine Club of Canada. Cayley was a friend of those in the climbing expedition and had died in Vancouver on June 8, 1928 at the age of 29. Photographs of Mount Cayley were taken by Fyles during the 1928 expedition and were published in the 1931 Canadian Alpine Journal Vol XX.
27340231_5_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Protection and monitoring At least one feature in the MCVF is protected as a provincial park. Brandywine Falls Provincial Park at the southeastern end of the field was established to protect Brandywine Falls, a high waterfall on Brandywine Creek. It is composed of at least four lava flows of the Cheakamus Valley basalts. They are exposed in cliffs compassing the falls with a narrow sequence of gravel lying above the oldest lava unit. These lava flows are interpreted to have been exposed by erosion during a period of catastrophic flooding and the valley these lavas are located in is significantly larger than the river within it. The massive flooding that shaped the valley has been a subject of geological studies by Catherine Hickson and Andree Blais-Stevens. It has been proposed that there could have been significant floods during the waning stages of the last glacial period as drainage in a valley further north was blocked with remnants of glacial ice. Another possible explanation is subglacial eruptions created large amounts of glacial meltwater that scoured the surface of the exposed lava flows.
27340231_5_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Protection and monitoring Like other volcanic zones in the Garibaldi Belt, the MCVF is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain its activity level. The Canadian National Seismograph Network has been established to monitor earthquakes throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the MCVF. The seismograph network may sense an increase in seismic activity if the MCVF becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the MCVF has started erupting. If eruptions were to resume, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the Canada–United States border or any eruption that would affect Canada.
27340231_5_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Volcanic hazards The MCVF is one of the largest volcanic zones in the Garibaldi Belt. Smaller zones include the Garibaldi Lake volcanic field surrounding Garibaldi Lake and the Bridge River Cones on the northern flank of the upper Bridge River. These areas are adjacent to Canada's populated southwest corner where the population of British Columbia is the greatest.
27340231_5_3	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Protection and monitoring A large volcanic eruption from any volcanoes in the MCVF would have major effects on the Sea-to-Sky Highway and municipalities such as Squamish, Whistler, Pemberton and probably Vancouver. Because of these concerns, the Geological Survey of Canada is planning to create hazard maps and emergency plans for Mount Cayley, as well as for the Mount Meager massif north of the MCVF, which experienced a major volcanic eruption 2,350 years ago similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
27340231_6_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Landslides Like many other volcanoes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Mount Cayley has been the source for several large landslides. Evans (1990) indicated that a number of landslides and debris flows at Mount Cayley in the last 10,000 years may have been caused by volcanic activity. To date, most geological studies of the MCVF have focused on landslide hazards along with geothermal potential. A major debris avalanche about 4,800 years ago deposited of volcanic material in the adjacent Squamish valley, which blocked the Squamish River for a long period of time.
27340231_6_1	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Landslides A number of smaller landslides have since taken place at Mount Cayley, including one 1,100 years ago and another event 500 years ago. Both landslides blocked the Squamish River and created lakes upstream that lasted for a limited amount of time. In 1968 and 1983, a series of landslides caused considerable damage to logging roads and forest stands, but did not result in any casualties. Future landslides from Mount Cayley and potential damming of the Squamish River are significant geological hazards to the general public, as well as to the economic development in the Squamish valley.
27340231_6_2	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Eruptions Eruptive activity in the MCVF is typical of past volcanism elsewhere in the Garibaldi Belt. Earthquakes would occur under the volcanic field weeks to years in advance as molten rock intrudes through Earth's rocky lithosphere. The extent of earthquakes and the local seismographs in this region would warn the Geological Survey of Canada and possibly cause an upgrade in monitoring. While molten rock breaks through the crust, the size of the volcano vulnerable to an eruption would possibly swell and the area would rupture, creating much more hydrothermal activity at the regional hot springs and the formation of new springs or fumaroles. Small and probably large rock avalanches may result and could dam the nearby Squamish River for a short period of time, as has happened in the past without seismic activity or deformation related to magmatic activity. At some point the subsurface magma will produce phreatic eruptions and lahars. At this time Highway 99 would be out of service and the residents of Squamish would have to travel away from the eruptive zone.
27340231_6_3	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Landslides As molten rock comes closer to the surface it will most likely cause more fragmentation, triggering an explosive eruption that could produce a high eruption column. This would endanger air traffic, which would have to take another route away from the eruptive zone. Every airport buried under pyroclastic fall would be out of service, including those in Vancouver, Victoria, Kamloops, Prince George and Seattle. The tephra would destroy power transmission lines, satellite dishes, computers and other equipment that operates on electricity. Therefore, telephones, radios and cell phones would be disconnected. Structures not built for holding heavy material would likely collapse under the weight of the tephra. Ash from the eruption column would subside above the vent area to create pyroclastic flows, which would travel east and west down the nearby Cheakamus and Squamish river valleys. These would have significant impacts on salmon in the associated rivers and would cause considerable melting of glacial ice to produce debris flows, which may extend into Daisy Lake and Squamish to cause additional damage. The eruption column would then travel eastward, interrupting air travel throughout Canada from Alberta to Newfoundland and Labrador.
27340231_6_4	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Landslides Explosive eruptions may subside and be followed by the eruption of viscous lava to form a lava dome in the new crater. Precipitation would frequently trigger lahars, which would continuously create problems in the Squamish and Cheakamus river valleys. If the lava dome continues to grow, it would eventually rise above the crater rim. The cooling lava may produce landslides to create a massive zone of blocky talus in the Squamish river valley. As the lava dome continues to grow, it will frequently collapse to create large pyroclastic flows that would again travel down the adjacent Squamish and Cheakamus river valleys. Tephra swept away from the pyroclastic flows would create ash columns with elevations of at least , repeatedly depositing tephra on the communities of Whistler and Pemberton and again disrupting regional air traffic. Lava of the unstable dome may occasionally create minor pyroclastic flows, explosions and eruption columns. The community of Squamish would be abandoned, Highway 99 would be out of service and destroyed, and traffic adjacent to Vancouver, Pemberton and Whistler would remain forced to travel a longer route to the east.
27340231_6_5	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Landslides Eruptions would likely continue for a period of time, followed by years of decreasing secondary activity. The solidifying lava would occasionally collapse portions of the volcano to create pyroclastic flows. Rubble on the flanks of the volcano and in valleys would occasionally be released to form debris flows. Major construction would be needed to repair the community of Squamish and Highway 99.
27340231_7_0	27340231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Cayley%20volcanic%20field	Mount Cayley volcanic field	Mount Cayley volcanic field. Volcanic fields of Canada Pliocene volcanism Pleistocene volcanism Holocene volcanism New Westminster Land District Sea-to-Sky Corridor Pleistocene North America Holocene North America Quaternary British Columbia
27340240_0_0	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. Grove is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Huon Valley in the South-east region of Tasmania, Australia. The locality is 35 km southwest of Hobart and 7 km north-east of the town of Huonville. As a rural locality, there are no urban settlements in Grove. The 2016 census does not provide a population for the locality of Grove. It covers an area of approximately 30.8 km². The postcode for Grove is 7109.
27340240_0_1	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. The localities which adjoin Grove are Collinsvale, Crabtree, Mountain River, Lachlan, Longley, Lower Longley and Lucaston.
27340240_0_2	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. History The first non-Aboriginal occupation of Grove was the farm property Grove Estate, by Silas Parsons in 1839. Grove was gazetted as a locality in 1970.
27340240_0_3	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. Geography Mountain River, a tributary of the Huon River, flows from north-east to south-west through the northern part of Grove, and then forms much of its western boundary. Most of the part of Grove southeast of the Huon Highway (12.7 km²) is hilly and remains forested, whereas most of the part northwest of the Huon Highway (18.1 km²) is undulating and cleared for agriculture - chiefly grazing and orchards. Huonville is the nearest service centre for Grove, which contains few facilities or services.
27340240_0_4	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. Road infrastructure The Huon Highway (route A6) enters from the north-east from the direction of Hobart and runs through Grove to the south-west, where it exits towards Huonville. It is the major road in Grove. Route C617 (Mountain River Road) starts at an intersection with A6 and runs northward through Grove until it exits, following the Mountain River. Route C618 (Crabtree Road) starts at an intersection with C617 and runs north-west until it exits Grove. Route C619 (Lollara Road) starts at an intersection with A6 and runs west until it exits, eventually following the left bank of the Huon River, then the right bank, downstream to Huonville. Together these three roads form the basis of the road network in Grove. There are no railways in Grove.
27340240_1_0	27340240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove%2C%20Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania	Grove, Tasmania. Localities of Huon Valley Council Southern Tasmania Huon Valley Towns in Tasmania
27340243_0_0	27340243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Alberto%20de%20Toro	Carlos Alberto de Toro	Carlos Alberto de Toro. Carlos Alberto de Toro (born 11 December 1963), is a former Argentine football player and manager.
27340243_0_2	27340243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Alberto%20de%20Toro	Carlos Alberto de Toro	Carlos Alberto de Toro. 1960 births Living people Argentine football managers C.D. Águila managers Comunicaciones F.C. managers Puntarenas F.C. managers Diriangén F.C. managers Platense F.C. managers Nicaragua national football team managers Expatriate football managers in Guatemala Expatriate football managers in Costa Rica Expatriate football managers in El Salvador Expatriate football managers in Honduras Expatriate football managers in Nicaragua
27340259_0_0	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). The Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) (), is a national telecommunications regulatory and inspection authority of Turkey. It was formerly known as the Telecommunications Authority (Turkish: Telekomünikasyon Kurumu (TK)).
27340259_0_1	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). Radio and television broadcasts fall under another state agency, RTÜK.
27340259_1_0	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). History The Telecommunications Authority was established by means of the Law 4502, dated 29 January 2000. This Law addressed the responsibilities of the Ministry of Transport, among others, and "separated policy-making and regulatory functions of the government by establishing an independent telecommunications regulatory body, the Telecommunications Authority, as the first sector specific regulator in Turkey. As a result, regulatory functions of the Ministry of Transport were transferred to the Authority in principle, and the General Directorate of Radiocommunication, a government body in charge of radio frequency management under the Wireless Law (Law 2813, 7 April 1983), was abolished and all of its functions were transferred to the Telecommunications Authority."
27340259_1_1	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). History On 5 November 2008 the Turkish legislature enacted the Law N. 5809, commonly known as the Electronic Communications Law (ECL). The purpose of this law has been briefly described as "to remove the legislative untidiness, create competition in the sector, lessen the uncertainties for operators and allocate resources to R&D".
27340259_1_2	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). History The Electronic Communications Law attributed to the Ministry of Transportation, Maritime Affairs and Communications the policy making authority in the field of electronic communications (article 5). The regulation function was given to the Telecommunications Authority (article 6).
27340259_1_3	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). History Following article 65(3) of the Law N. 5809, the name of the Authority was changed from "Telecommunications Authority" to "Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA)".
27340259_2_0	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). Organization of the ICTA Based on ECL, ICTA's structure consists of 4 Vice Presidents, 17 departments, 5 offices, a Legal Consulting Office, and the Telecommunication Communications Presidency with 5 departments.
27340259_2_1	27340259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20and%20Communication%20Technologies%20Authority%20%28Turkey%29	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)	Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey). See also Internet regulation in Turkey Internet in Turkey Internet censorship in Turkey Telecommunications in Turkey
27340264_0_0	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Denis Daly (), was an Irish landowner, Judge and Privy Councillor.
27340264_1_0	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Early life Daly was a son of James Daly of Carrownakelly, County Galway, and Anastase Darcy of Kiltullagh. Anastase was a niece (or grand-niece) of the leading Roman Catholic barrister Patrick D'Arcy, with whom Daly began his career as D'Arcy's clerk.
27340264_1_1	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Early life His great-grandfather, Dermot O Daly (died 1614), was a Gaelic-Irish supporter of the Earl of Clanricarde. The family had risen from utter obscurity in the mid-16th century to become powerful landlords by the 1640s. Denis Daly was a member of the Carrownekelly (modern-day Carnakelly, Athenry) branch. The family were supporters of the Stuart dynasty and remained Roman Catholic until the early eighteenth century.
27340264_2_0	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Mature career During the reign of James II, Daly was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) and a Privy Councillor. In 1689 he was sent as a judge of assize to Munster. In the same year however he was threatened with impeachment by James's Patriot Parliament, after he allegedly insulted that assembly by comparing it to the mob incited by Masaniello, the Neapolitan revolutionary leader of the 1640s.
27340264_2_1	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Mature career After the downfall of James II he was dismissed from the Bench and outlawed for a time. One of the terms of the pardon he received for supporting James during the Williamite War in Ireland was his conforming to the Protestant church. He did this in 1709, which had the additional effect of protecting his extensive estates in mid-Galway. For this some "die hard" Catholics never forgave him, and after his death an enemy wrote that he deserved a place in Purgatory.
27340264_2_2	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Mature career Daly and his brother, Charles of Calla (M.P. for Athenry in 1689), had accumulated a great deal of land purchased from the profits of their legal business. During the early years of the 18th century the brothers spent some thirty-thousand pounds buying estates such as Dunsandle Castle, Raford and Quansbury; the price of Dunsandle alone was £9,450, which Denis obtained in 1708.
27340264_2_3	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Mature career Daly was also a patron of the local Catholic clergy, providing a refuge for Athenry's Dominican friars in Esker, close to his castle at Carrownekelly. The monastery is still in existence.
27340264_2_4	27340264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Daly%20%28judge%29	Denis Daly (judge)	Denis Daly (judge). Mature career In decades to come, Daly's descendants would settle at Dunsandle, and from c.1760 to c.1820 effectively monopolised the mayoralty of the town of Galway. Daly's great-great -grandson was made a peer, Baron Dunsandle and Clanconel, in the 19th century.

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