question
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list | id
stringlengths 1
6
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "47129",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I heard people say both Domo or Arigato? Wondering which would be best to use\nand what are the different situations where I should use one or the other.\nAlso would it be inappropriate to use Arigato gozaimasu?\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T12:59:49.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47105",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:07:44.663",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T13:05:25.987",
"last_editor_user_id": "20633",
"owner_user_id": "20633",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What would be best to say at a 7 Eleven after I get my change?",
"view_count": 155
} | [
{
"body": "I personally say おねがいします when I offer items to the counter. Anyway, どうも or\nありがとうございます are fine.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T01:07:44.663",
"id": "47129",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:07:44.663",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "47105",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47105 | 47129 | 47129 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47115",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am on Ch.82, Pg.29 of よつばと！ [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fpc30.jpg)\nSource : <http://raw.senmanga.com/Yotsubato!/82/29>\n\nWhat does the highlighted part in the image mean ?\n\n> よし子供はそろそろ寝ようかー \n> 歯磨きしてこよう\n\nThis is what I think the above sentences mean:\n\n> Okay kids, should we go to sleep now ? \n> Let's come and brush our teeth\n\nI feel like I am messing up the second sentence (I am a little doubtful of the\nfirst one too but I think it's mostly correct).\n\n`こよう`as far as I know is volitional form of `くる` but I feel like the second\nsentence feels more like a command. Am I correct with my translation and usage\nof `こよう` ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T13:04:33.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47106",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-08T12:38:48.587",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T13:10:22.867",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "18021",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"manga",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "Translation of 歯｛は｝磨｛みが｝きしてこよう in Yotsubato!",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "> 1) よし子供はそろそろ寝ようかー \n> 2) 歯磨きして **こよう**\n\nThe two sentences are both so called volitional forms.\n\nこよう is 来よう, and the volitional form of 来る. The whole sentence is interpreted\nas \"Let's go to the place where we can brush our teeth and let's return after\nfinishing the tooth-brushing\". If you want to omit the phrase meaning the\nreturn action, you would say it like \"歯磨きしに行こう\".\n\nI think the sentence 1) is a command to the kids because the teacher (?)\ndoesn't intend to go to sleep with the kids at the same time, on the other\nhand the sentence 2) is not a command because the teacher intends to go\ntogether with the kids to the place where they can brush teeth.\n\nAs for the use of volitional forms, the article titled \" The Japanese\nvolitional form (~しよう、〜しましょう): much more than just “Let’s”\"\n[here](http://selftaughtjapanese.com/2015/02/17/the-japanese-volitional-\nform-%E3%81%97%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%80%81%E3%80%9C%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86-more-\nthan-just-lets/) may help you a lot. I think the Use 1 and Use 2 in the\narticle may solve your question.\n\n> Use 1: When making a suggestion to one or more people which includes oneself\n> (“Let’s” / “Shall we”) \n> Use 2: When making a suggestion to one or more people which doesn’t include\n> oneself. You can use the volitional form even if the speaker is not included\n> in the action.\n\nBy the way, I think you know there is an opinion\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/47037/why-do-english-\nspeaking-learners-of-japanese-use-term-volitional-to-refer-to-%E6%9C%AA) that\nis against the use of the term \"volitional\" easily.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T14:00:54.723",
"id": "47111",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-08T12:38:48.587",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-08T12:38:48.587",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "47106",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "> よし子供はそろそろ寝 **よう** かー \n> 歯磨きしてこ **よう** \n> こよう as far as I know is volitional form of くる but I feel like the second\n> sentence feels more like a command.\n\nAs you might already know, the auxiliary よう can be used for 勧誘 (invitation)\nand also for an instruction (指示) or a soft command (軽い命令). It's often used by\na parent or school teacher toward (a) young child(ren).\n\nSo I think the 1st sentence is literally like:\n\n> \"Now (you) kids should go to sleep, okay?\" / \"Alright kids, (why don't you)\n> go to sleep now.\"\n\nAs for the 2nd sentence, してこよう is the volitional form (意向形) of してくる. \nしてくる consists of the te-form of する + the subsidiary verb (補助動詞) くる, and here\nit means \"(go) do something and come back\". So the whole sentence can be like:\n\n> \"Let's go brush our teeth (and come back here).\"\n\nor\n\n> \"(You should) Go brush your teeth (and come back here).\"\n\ndepending on the context. Here it seems to be the former since you can see\nとーちゃん walking along with the kids in the following frame and on the next page.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T16:11:58.840",
"id": "47115",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T03:34:54.817",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-07T03:34:54.817",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "47106",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 47106 | 47115 | 47115 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47114",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 本を読む間に、彼女は泣き出しました。\n\n\"While she was reading the book, she burst into tears.\"\n\nI was only taught the nagara structure, whose use is very limited. Since I\nneeded a structure to express something that happens while another action is\nbeing performed, I had to use something else. I thought about aida ni. Is my\nsentence correct?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T13:34:01.787",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47108",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-06T23:58:30.460",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T20:57:13.030",
"last_editor_user_id": "20522",
"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"time",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Is this sentence I wrote with 間に right?",
"view_count": 203
} | [
{
"body": "> 1) 本の句を読む間に、彼女は泣き出しました。\n\nApart from your point of concern, we don't say 本の句を読む, but say 本を読む.\n\n> 1)'本を読む間に、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> 2) 本を読みながら、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> 3) 本を読むにつれ、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> 4) 本を読み進｛すす｝めるうちに、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> 5) 本を読むにつれいつしか、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> 6) 本を読み進｛すす｝めるうちにいつしか、彼女は泣きだしました。\n\nThe sentence 2) to 6) are acceptable, but the sentence 1)' is ... \nAnd, the sentence 5), 6) are better than 3) and 4), and 3) and 4) are better\nthan 2) because of Ben Steffan's comment.\n\nLast but not least, the following expression in Chocolate's answer is the\nbest.\n\n> 7) 本を読んでいるあいだに、彼女は泣きだしました。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T14:39:16.607",
"id": "47113",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-06T23:58:30.460",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T23:58:30.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "47108",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> 本の句を読む間に、彼女は泣き出しました。 \n> I needed a structure to express something that happens while another action\n> **is being performed**\n\nIn that case, I think you could say:\n\n> 本を読ん **でいる** あいだに、彼女は泣きだしました。 \n> \"While (she was / I was / someone was) reading a book, she started crying.\"\n\n* * *\n\nExamples:\n\n> 寝 **ている** あいだに、蚊に刺された。 \n> While I **was sleeping** , I was bitten by a mosquito.\n>\n> シャワーを浴び **ている** あいだに、電話がかかってきました。 \n> While I **was taking** a shower, the phone rang.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T14:55:07.287",
"id": "47114",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-06T15:11:57.450",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T15:11:57.450",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "47108",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 47108 | 47114 | 47114 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I go to these restaurants I am never quite sure what they are asking. I\nthink I can hear \"nan nin desu ka\" and then something else but not sure what\nthat is.\n\nCould someone help by suggesting what they might normally say and also how I\ncould answer that if there are two of us and I would like a non-smoking table.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T16:17:52.010",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47116",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T06:01:54.713",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20633",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What would the waitress normally ask if I visit a Gusto or similar restaurant?",
"view_count": 181
} | [
{
"body": "Normally they say おタバコお吸いになられますか？(Otabako osuini nararemasuka?) = do you want\na smoking section?\n\nYou can answer as follows.\n\n * 禁煙で(Kin-en de) = for non-smoking\n * 喫煙で(Kitsu-en de) = for smoking",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T06:01:54.713",
"id": "47140",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T06:01:54.713",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "47116",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 47116 | null | 47140 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47118",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does the character \"Historia\" say in the dialogue in minute 1:41 of [this\nvideo](http://www.animeyt.tv/ver/shingeki-no-kyojin-2-6-sub-espanol)? I can\nonly understand the first part but not the last words. She starts saying\n\n> Ymir... watashi no namae ... Historia ...\n\nDoes she say her last name or something? I would have expected she says\n\n> Historia desu",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T18:50:29.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47117",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-02T06:13:13.920",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T19:15:17.293",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"names",
"anime"
],
"title": "What does she say in this dialogue?",
"view_count": 223
} | [
{
"body": "She says\n\n> 私の名前ヒストリアって言うの \n> My name is Historia\n\n * って is used as a colloquial of と\n * の is part of feminine speech (declarative) and softens と言う\n * と言う can also be used in polite language\n\n> 私の名前はヒストリアです = 私はヒストリアと言います\n\nbut the situation isn't quite right for formal introductions (you shouldn't\nhave expected です here)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T19:13:50.523",
"id": "47118",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-06T19:13:50.523",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "47117",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47117 | 47118 | 47118 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Sending an email with GMail app on Android in the Airplane mode produces the\nfollowing message:\n\n> キューに追加しました \"(the app) added (the message) to the queue\"\n\nSwitching to English interface yields:\n\n> Queued (short for \"The message has been queued\" - I believe this is how most\n> English speakers would interpret \"queued\").\n\nThe question is why the Japanese version is not passive past? Is it possible\nthat 追加する an intransitive verb, and from what I observed, most Japanese\nintransitive verbs are best translated as English passive voice.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T19:23:32.860",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47119",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:48:48.430",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T20:05:46.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "3371",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Why past form of a verb is used instead of passive past?",
"view_count": 67
} | [
{
"body": "No, 追加しました is transitive. And it's more natural than passive either if you\nregard that you are the causative and the app is the causee or that you are\nthe agent unless you are the patient who can't control what's happening.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T01:48:48.430",
"id": "47133",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:48:48.430",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "47119",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47119 | null | 47133 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47643",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[JMDict](http://www.edrdg.org/jmdict/edict_doc.html) lists several words for\n[already](http://tangorin.com/general/already) marked as common:\n\n> もう\n>\n> 既に\n>\n> 最早\n>\n> 早\n>\n> 先刻\n>\n> 疾っくに\n>\n> 兼ねて\n\nIs there any difference between all these \"already\" words, and is there among\nthem a \"universal\" one which can be used in any context?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T19:33:31.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47120",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-22T09:08:11.513",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage",
"adverbs",
"word-usage",
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Is there a universal (regardless of the context) way to say \"already\"?",
"view_count": 338
} | [
{
"body": "The answer would be \"もう\" \nI'm not sure how many contexts it could be for the usage of \"already\" but\nhere's just a few basic examples:\n\n> I already ate = **もう** ご飯食べた\n>\n> Oh, it's already 12? = あれ、 **もう** 12時ですか\n>\n> We're already late = 僕ら、 **もう** 遅れてるんだ\n>\n> I already know that = **もう** 知ってるんだよ\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-22T02:48:46.520",
"id": "47643",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-22T09:08:11.513",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "19952",
"parent_id": "47120",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 47120 | 47643 | 47643 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47153",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "According to JMDict there are so many words for a\n[manager](http://tangorin.com/general/manager) depending on the context. Can\nsomeone provide clarification on the context of each term? What is the most\nappropriate term for a gym manager or a drug store manager? Is the borrowed\nterm マネージャー widely accepted?\n\n> マネージャー\n>\n> 責任者\n>\n> 管理者\n>\n> 支店長\n>\n> 経営者\n>\n> 支配人\n>\n> 店長\n>\n> 社長\n>\n> 課長\n>\n> 主管\n>\n> 主幹\n>\n> 主事\n>\n> 総務\n>\n> 監事\n>\n> 元締\n>\n> 世話人\n>\n> 世話役",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T19:49:31.017",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47121",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T14:28:50.543",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What word to use to refer to a manager at a gym/drug store?",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "I'd say `マネージャー (Manager)` or `店長 (Store Manager)`. All the other words don't\nquite fit (except `支店長 (Branch Store Manager)` or possibly `課長 (Department\nManager)`). \nBasically the list contains lots of various job titles (think \"VP\", \"Head of\nX\", \"Chairman\" etc).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T14:28:50.543",
"id": "47153",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T14:28:50.543",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "47121",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 47121 | 47153 | 47153 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47130",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is more common pronunciation for 本文: ほんぶん or ほんもん? Is it geographically\nspecific?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T20:09:51.403",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47122",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:18:22.610",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-06T20:34:13.760",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"readings",
"multiple-readings"
],
"title": "What is more common pronunciation for 本文?",
"view_count": 116
} | [
{
"body": "What you'll use every day for _text body_ (main part of text) is ほんぶん. The\nreading ほんもん is a jargon among historians (inherited more traditional 呉音\npronunciation).\n\nA similar example is 文書. The daily pronunciation is ぶんしょ, which means\n_document_ , while in paleographic context it reads もんじょ, to mean _manuscript_\nor particularly _epistle_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T01:18:22.610",
"id": "47130",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T01:18:22.610",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "47122",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 47122 | 47130 | 47130 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47124",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I understand that the phrase ごめん、待たせてしまって! means \"I am sorry (and regret) that\nI made you wait\". This statement does not look like a request. Why is a て form\nand not past form た used here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T20:19:39.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47123",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-07T18:17:50.417",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-07T18:17:50.417",
"last_editor_user_id": "3371",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What is て form at the end of sentences when it is not a request",
"view_count": 1308
} | [
{
"body": "This seems to be simply a colloquial rearranging of the usual \"grammatical\"\norder\n\n> 待たせてしまってごめん（ね・なさい）\n\n(see [How do you say thank you for or sorry\nfor?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12529/1628))\n\nThis happens all the time. Parts of the sentence are left out and put in after\nthe more relevant parts have been said. For illustrative purposes one might\ntake a very simple sentence りんご（を）食べたよ and rearrange it to 食べたよ、りんご.\n\n> りんご食べたよ \n> 食べたよ、りんご",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-06T20:30:42.137",
"id": "47124",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-06T20:30:42.137",
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"body": "First, the て form here is the conjunctive form. As in \"I made you wait so...\".\nThis is sort of an inverted sentence. Like if you said \"This is really\ngood...this pizza,\" instead of \"this pizza's really good.\n\nThe 待た is not actually past tense, its 待つ in causative form. The つ becomes た\nand せる is added, so the word is actually 待たせる. Then, in this example, しまう in て\nform is also added on so you get 待たせしまって .\n\nThe causative form of verbs makes the verb mean \"to make\" or \"to let\" someone\ndo that verb. You can read more about them at the link below.\n\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass>",
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| 47123 | 47124 | 47124 |
{
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"body": "I'm doing an example JLPT test, and I came across a sentence which required a\nblank to fill in. The correct version (according to the answer sheet) of the\nsentence is:\n\n少し事情を説明したほうが **よさそう** だ。\n\nNow, another option, which seemed correct to me was:\n\n少し事情を説明したほうが **よそう** だ。\n\nWhy is the 2nd form incorrect? I always thought I can just drop the い and add\nそうです to the stem. Why do I have to transform the adjective into noun here?\nThanks for clearing that for me.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-06T20:48:10.320",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adjectives",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "Why does the い-adjective require -さ conversion to match ～そうです？",
"view_count": 211
} | [
{
"body": "You are right; い-adjectives (except for negative -ない endings) do _not_ take a\nさ before そう.\n\nいい is actually just irregular; it becomes よさそう. That's just the way it is.\n\nHere's a complete list of conjugation rules for the -そう grammar pattern,\nquoted from [Tae Kim's Guide to\nJapanese](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/similarity):\n\n> 1. Verbs must be changed to stem.\n> 2. The 「い」in i-adjectives must be dropped except for 「いい」.\n> 3. 「いい」must first be conjugated to「よさ」.\n> 4. For all negatives, the 「い」must be replaced with 「さ」.\n> 5. This grammar does not work with plain nouns.\n>",
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| 47125 | 47126 | 47126 |
{
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"body": "I cannot differentiate the meaning of 特有 and 固有. The following 2 sentences\nseem to be (roughly) identical in their meaning.\n\n> A: 合気道は日本特有の武道である。\n>\n> B: 合気道は日本固有の武道である。\n\nBoth means:\n\n> _Aikido is a martial art that is peculiar to Japan._\n\n# Question\n\nWhat are the main differences between 特有 and 固有? Please give me some examples.",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "The main differences between 特有 and 固有",
"view_count": 186
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{
"body": "I'd translate like:\n\n> A: 合気道は日本特有の武道である。 \n> _Aikido is a martial art that is **characteristic** to Japan._\n>\n> B: 合気道は日本固有の武道である。 \n> _Aikido is a martial art that is **indigenous** to Japan._\n\n特有 means something X that belongs to Y has unique feature not commonly seen in\nsimilar things that belong to others than Y; thus we can translate it as\n_special_ or _distinctive_. 固有, on the other hand, tells X belongs to Y by\nnature and never to others; thus the translation will be _proper_ or\n_inherent_.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T01:48:31.673",
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"body": "I think the answer of broccoli forest is perfectly correct.\n\nI'll tell you the difference between the two words based on the 漢字｛かんじ｝\n_kanji_ s used in 固有｛こゆう｝ _koyuu_ and 特有｛とくゆう｝ _tokuyuu_.\n\n> 固有 = 固 + 有, and 特有 = 特 + 有\n>\n> * 有 means 存在｛そんざい｝する or 保有｛ほゆう｝する which means \"to exist\" or \"to\n> have/possess\".\n> * 固 has many meanings, but in this case it means 元｛もと｝より _motoyori_ which\n> means \"from the beginning/start\".\n> * 特 means そのものだけ特別｛とうべつ｝/特殊｛とくしゅ｝ which means \"to be special only for\n> it/the thing\".\n>\n\nAs a whole, 固有 means 元｛もと｝より存在｛そんざい｝する or 元｛もと｝より保有｛ほゆう｝する or \"existing/having\nfrom the beginning\", which means \"inherent\", on the other hand, 特有｛とくゆう｝ means\nそのものだけに特別｛とくべつ｝に存在｛そんざい｝する or \"existing/having only for it\", which means\n\"characteristic\".",
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| 47128 | 47132 | 47132 |
{
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"body": "Both seem to mean story so I am wondering what the difference between them is.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T01:26:36.533",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between hanashi and monogatari?",
"view_count": 3721
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{
"body": "Generally, the comment of @Kurausukun to your question is correct.\n\nLiterally, 話｛はなし｝ _hanashi_ is a story, and 物語｛ものがたり｝ _monogatari_ is the noun\nform of 物を語る which means \"to tell something\" or \"to tell a story\".\n\nTo me, _monogatari_ sounds having more meaningful or longer contents of a\nstory than that of _hanashi_ , and thus is more suitable to refer to the\ncontents of a novel.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "はなし（話） is the most basic word for any spoken content, that can be translated\nas _talk_ , _story_ , _rumor_ , _argument_ , _report_ , _discourse_ etc. as\nfar as I can think of off the top of my head.\n\nものがたり（物語） is an old word that means \"story-telling\", and due to long-standing\ntradition 「X ものがたり」 becomes a fixed expression to say \"tale of X\", such as\nカンタベリー物語 _Canterbury Tales_ or 二都【にと】物語 _A Tale of Two Cities_.\n\nはなし has few special meanings, but we specifically refer to an _episode_ of\n[rakugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakugo) by this word (in this case,\nit's usually written in kanji 噺).",
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| 47131 | null | 47135 |
{
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"body": "I'm just beginning to learn Japanese. The grammar and kanji I can follow along\nthanks to similarities with Korean, but the hiragana is confusing the heck out\nof me. There seems to be no pattern at all whatsoever, even in letters that\nlook very similar:\n\nね (ne), れ (re), わ (wa)\n\nこ (ko), た (ta), に (ni)\n\nち (chi), さ (sa), き (ki)\n\nIs there any rhyme or reason to how the hiragana letters are shaped? Or do\nJapanese speakers just memorize them growing up?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T03:43:03.910",
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"owner_user_id": "19951",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Is there any rhyme or reason to hiragana?",
"view_count": 11564
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{
"body": "> Is there any good way to learn the shape of hiragana letters?\n\nYes, there are good ways!\n\n 1. How to learn the shape of hiragana letters easily for non-native learners in English \n<http://mkikuchi.faculty.gatech.edu/WebCTVista/JAPN1001/contents/Lesson02/hiragana/mnemonic-\nhiragana.html>\n\n 2. How to write hiragana letters for non-native learners in English \n<https://yosida.com/en/hiragana.html>\n\n> Is there any reason to how the hiragana letters are shaped?\n\nYes, there is a reason!\n\nKanji is inconvenient to use in daily life because it has a lot of number of\nstrokes/lines. So the hiragana was born by gradually simplifying kanji, and\nthe reading of each hiragana is the first reading of the syllable of the\ncorresponding kanji in old days from which the hiragana was born.\nInterestingly, each hiragana has only its unique reading, but has no relating\nmeaning of the corresponding kanji. You can watch how each hiragana is made by\nsimplifying the corresponding kanji at the following sites:\n\nあいうえお <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlB2JmolzTk> \nかきくけこ <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9lSSieRKkc> \nさしすせそ <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsFPFWefk1M> \nたちつてと <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwsMoEAcxGY> \nなにぬねの <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YJJ1hAd4Zo> \nはひふへほ <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dup4u_TRme8> \nまみむめも <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Pjw8SvWaL4> \nや ゆ よ <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Pjw8SvWaL4> \nらりるれろ <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdzuHp4aFXI> \nわ を ん <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7NtAPnmbHA>\n\nMore precisly, refer to the aritcle\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana).\n\nSomeone said hiragana is still complicated as you said, so katakana was\ninvented after the birth of hiragana by extracting some strokes/lines from\nkanji. Therefore the strokes/lines of katakana are straight like that of\nkanji. I don't explain katakana further.",
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"body": "I assume you mean to ask whether or not there is a pattern so that you can\neasily remember them. As far as I know, the answer is \"no\".\n\nHowever, a little historical context wouldn't hurt. The very short,\nsuperficial story is that hiragana and katakana were derived from the Chinese\ncharacters as simplified writing systems. If you look at the characters from\nwhich they were derived, perhaps it could help them stick in your mind,\nespecially if you can follow kanji. For the benefit of future readers, I also\nmention katakana. Below, I quote from Wikipedia.\n\n> ### [Hiragana: History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana#History)\n>\n> The forms of the hiragana originate from the cursive script style of Chinese\n> calligraphy. The figure below shows the derivation of hiragana from\n> manyōgana via cursive script. The upper part shows the character in the\n> regular script form, the center character in red shows the cursive script\n> form of the character, and the bottom shows the equivalent hiragana. Note\n> also that the cursive script forms are not strictly confined to those in the\n> illustration.\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HlkYU.png)\n>\n> ### [Katakana: History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana#History)\n>\n> Katakana was developed in the 9th century (during the early Heian period) by\n> Buddhist monks by taking parts of man'yōgana characters as a form of\n> shorthand, hence this kana is so-called kata (片, ‘partial, fragmented’).\n>\n> For example, ka (カ) comes from the left side of ka (加, literally ‘increase’,\n> but the original meaning is no longer applicable to kana). The adjacent\n> table shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original\n> Chinese character (used as man'yōgana) eventually became each corresponding\n> symbol.\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wyhTC.png)\n\nFor more historical context, see this related post: [Why was both katakana and\nhiragana created?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4281/why-was-\nboth-katakana-and-hiragana-created)\n\nTo further help the reader, I provide some mnemonic devices in place of a hard\nand fast rule to easily writing hiragana and katakana. Below I have reproduced\njust one set I found at kidspicturedictionarycom: [Hiragana – Katakana Picture\nMnemonics](http://kidspicturedictionary.com/japanese/hiragana-katakana-\nmnemonics/). However, there should be dozens more if you search online.\n\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/V2N7S.jpg)\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xg6oa.jpg)\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmrXK.jpg)\n\nTwo more resources:\n\n 1. Japanese Language Course Support Site at Georgia Tech \n 1. [Hiragana](http://japanese.gatech.edu/WebCTVista/JAPN1001/contents/Lesson02/hiragana/mnemonic-hiragana.html)\n 2. [Katakana](http://japanese.gatech.edu/WebCTVista/JAPN1001/contents/Lesson02/katakana/mnemonic-katakana.html)\n 2. Tofugu.com \n 1. [Hiragana](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/learn-hiragana/)\n 2. [Katakana](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/learn-katakana/)",
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| 47136 | 47141 | 47141 |
{
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"body": "I found the meaning of the phrase in the translated version. But I could not\nunderstand the structure of the sentence. If you have some idea, please toss\nme some hints.\n\nThanks for your reading.",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "how can I analyze \"満ちたりていたりした\" to make sense?",
"view_count": 240
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{
"body": "It may make more sense if it was written like this instead.\n\n> 満ち足りていたりした\n\nIt's just the verb 満ち足りる in て form + いる in たり form + する in past tense.",
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| 47143 | 47146 | 47146 |
{
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"body": "I have a Question -> Response exercise in my textbook. The context is a job\ninterview at a convenience store. The final question from the store manager is\nbelow and I think he/she is saying \"Well then, finally, about the convenience\nstore work please ask anything you like\"\n\nCan somebody translate this for me please? Or confirm I am right?\n\n```\n\n それでは最後にコンビニの仕事について何でもきいてください\n \n```",
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"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "何でもきいてください in an interview",
"view_count": 75
} | [
{
"body": "You're right. Your version is perfectly OK as a first-stage translation. But\nif you were translating this as part of a film script, say, and were trying to\nachieve natural-sounding dialogue, you might consider something like \"And\nfinally, is there anything you'd like to ask me about working in a convenience\nstore?\"",
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| 47144 | 47145 | 47145 |
{
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"body": "I am currently trying to translate the interview from this clip ->\n<https://clyp.it/0ywgfz3q>\n\nMy transcription and translation attempt were\n\n> このHaikyuuの中で出会えた人たちっていうのは = People who met in Haikyuu\n>\n> 今後の、ま、付き合っていく中でも = are people who I will keep company with from now on.\n>\n> ずーっと、あの、一緒に遊んだりとか、こう、ご飯行ったりとか、= We always hang out and go for a meal\n> together\n>\n> そういうことが出来る本当に大切な仲に僕はなれたと思っているので = Being able to do such things is very\n> important to me (I'm not so sure about this translation)\n>\n> 心から、なんか、 **しみじみ** とそういうふうに思うことが出来ますね。> ??????\n\nI got stuck at the last bit cause I'm not sure about **しみじみ**.\n\nAfter some research, it has different meanings based on this website\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/100815/meaning/m0u/>\n\nBut I'm not sure, which one exactly did he mean here.\n\nThank you!",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T12:15:28.900",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of しみじみ in this context",
"view_count": 360
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{
"body": "The しみじみ here is used in the sense of definition #1 in that dictionary (\"to\nthink or feel something deeply or keenly\"), as the other poster has said.\n\n* * *\n\nIt seems that you're not parsing the sentence correctly, I'm afraid.\n\n> このHaikyuuの中で出会えた人たちっていうのは\n\nAs for / Speaking of the people whom I met in Haikyuu,\n\n> 今後の、ま、付き合っていく中でも\n\nwhen / while I keep company with them from now on / in the future as well,\n\n> ずーっと、あの、一緒に遊んだりとか、こう、ご飯行ったりとか、そういうことができる（← modifies 仲）\n\n(... friendship where) we'll always be able to continue doing things like,\nhanging out, or eating out together\n\n> 本当に大切な仲に僕はなれたと思っているので\n\nI think that I could build/develop a truly important relationship/friendship\nwith them (where we'll be able to continue...), so\n\n> 心から、なんか、しみじみとそういうふうに思うことが出来ますね。\n\nI can think/feel that way deeply/keenly from the bottom of my heart.\n\nPutting them all together:\n\n> \"With the people I met in Haikyuu, I think I have built/developed a truly\n> important friendship, where, while I keep company with them from now on / in\n> the future, we'll always be able to continue doing things like hanging out\n> or eating out together, so I can feel that way deeply/keenly from the bottom\n> of my heart.\"",
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| 47147 | null | 47154 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "How would you naturally say that something is \" **under threat** \"? For\nexample:\n\n> * The delivery is **under threat**\n> * The contract is **under threat**\n> * The agreed deadline is **under threat**\n>\n\nThere are verbs like 脅かす｛おどかす｝and 脅迫｛きょうはく｝する, but I think they are used in\ncases of physical danger like natural disasters for example.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T12:27:59.170",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47148",
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"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How to say \"being under threat\"",
"view_count": 447
} | [
{
"body": "How about 「[脅威]{きょうい}にさらされている」, 「[脅]{おびや}かされている」 or 「[危機]{きき}に[瀕]{ひん}している」?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T12:39:25.400",
"id": "47149",
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{
"body": "You can also use 「[危]{あや}ぶまれる」or「[危]{あや}ぶまれている」",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T17:05:21.960",
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| 47148 | null | 47149 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47151",
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"body": "in this sentence \"natte'ta\" is used:\n\n\"tsumetai ame zubunure ni natte'ta watashi ni\"\n\ni don't understand how the word \"natte'ta\" is used or its meaning. How would\nthe word be translated to english and what tense is it in?\n\ni'm really confused about the word",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T13:06:08.500",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"tense",
"sentence"
],
"title": "using \"natte'ta\" in a sentence",
"view_count": 1164
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{
"body": "なってた is the casual abbreviated form of なっていた ([see this\nchart](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18159/5010)). なっていた is the te-form\nof なる followed by the past form of the subsidiary verb いる for denoting\nprogressive/continuous aspect. なる is [this\nなる](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%88%90%E3%82%8B), and here it just means \"to be\".\nSo 私はずぶ濡れになってた literally means \"I was being soaked with rain.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T13:19:53.713",
"id": "47151",
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| 47150 | 47151 | 47151 |
{
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"body": "How would I say 'I traveled from Bristol to London by car'\n\n'私はBristolからLondonまでくるまがいきました'?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T16:16:44.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47155",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "By car, By Train, By Bike etc",
"view_count": 74
} | [
{
"body": "'私はブリストルからロンドンまで車 で 行きました。'\n\n'by' is 'で' in these context.\n\n * By car = 車で\n * By train = 電車で\n * By bike = 自転車で",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T16:37:43.110",
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| 47155 | null | 47156 |
{
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"body": "For example,\n\n> 許して正してください\n\nOr does this make little sense?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T16:38:34.753",
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"owner_user_id": "17667",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form"
],
"title": "Can two requests be made in one sentence using ください?",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "Yes you can join two or more verbs using the te-form and say ください only once.\n\n> * 帰って寝てください。 Please go home and have a sleep.\n> * 食べて飲んで楽しんでください。 Eat, drink and have fun!\n>\n\nHowever, your example 許して正してください makes little sense to me, although it's\ngrammatically correct. What is this sentence supposed to mean? \"Please forgive\nand amend\"?\n\n**EDIT:** 許して正してください makes little sense mainly because 正す lacks an object, and\n許す and 正す do not share the same object (i.e. you want to say \"forgive _me_ \"\nand \"correct _my Japanese sentences_ \"). Using the te-form implies the two\nverbs are performed either in succession or at the same time, as one set.\n\"Forgive-and-correct\" is not one set action. In this case it's better to split\nthe sentence into two: \"間違っても許してください。間違いがあれば直してください。\"",
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| 47157 | 47163 | 47163 |
{
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"body": "I want to translate : I can't wait to go to Japan / I can't wait to be in\nJapan. I mean I already planed to go and I'm going there in two weeks. I'm\nwondering how to express this in Japanese.\n\nIs \" 日本に行くのが待ち遠しい \" correct ? Is \" 日本に行くのを楽しみにしています\" better ?\n\nAlso, does it sound friendly and excited ?\n\nWould it be correct to say : 日本に行くのが待てなーい？\n\nThanks for reading my post. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T17:31:41.377",
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"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Can't wait to go to Japan",
"view_count": 2727
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{
"body": "There is an exact set phrase to translate \"cannot wait to/for\": **待ちきれない**.\n待ち遠しい is as much good but its grammatical equivalent is \"be a long time\ncoming\".\n\n> 日本に行くのが待ちきれない！\n\nwould sound friendly as well as excited.\n\n> 日本に行くのが待てなーい\n\nis... um... yes, perfectly natural, providing you're a teenage girl.\n\nFor the meaning of -きれる, please see: [Compound verb with\nきれる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33938/7810)",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 47160 | null | 47180 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47162",
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"body": "`お前ら二人の故郷も遠のいちまうばっかりだからな`\n\nWhat does 遠のいちまう mean? I'd guess it has something to do with being far away\nbut the grammar is completely incomprehensible to me. Is this literary usage,\nor youth slang, or something else?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T17:40:23.280",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47161",
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"owner_user_id": "3221",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"phrases"
],
"title": "遠のいちまう - what does it mean?",
"view_count": 352
} | [
{
"body": "It's 遠のいてしまう said in the masculine Edo/Kanto accent. 遠【とお】のく is an\nintransitive verb meaning \"to become distant,\" and しまう is a subsidiary verb\nmeaning \"to end up\". This contraction is common in fiction (especially middle-\naged tough guys and delinquent youths use this). No one around me use ～ちまう in\nreality, but I think there are real people who use this actively in Kanto.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [落としちまった - what form is this?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28324/5010)\n * [What does「飛んじまいそうです」 mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28128/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T17:54:28.830",
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| 47161 | 47162 | 47162 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47174",
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"body": "Is 分 a counter after 円 following a number, e.g. 500円分? [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BW1h5.jpg)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T18:31:54.730",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47164",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What does 円分 mean after a number?",
"view_count": 917
} | [
{
"body": "If I'm understanding naruto's link correctly, the 「５００円 **分** 」 here means \"\n**worth of** 500 yen\". From the [linked\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30054/%e5%88%86-in-%e4%bb%8a%e5%9b%9e%e3%81%af%e5%8d%98%e8%a1%8c%e6%9c%ac%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%89%e5%b7%bb%e4%ba%88%e5%ae%9a%e5%88%86%e3%81%8b%e3%82%89):\n\n> 1日 **分** の食料: a day's **worth of** food\n\nTo put it in context:\n\n> 会員専用サービス「ピッとGo」をご利用で電子優待券プレゼント！ \n> _By using our members-only \"beep-and-go\" service, you get an electronic\n> complimentary ticket as a present!_ \n> 免許証情報登録で \n> _By registering your driving license information_ \n> ご利用ごとに、何度でも \n> _Every time you use it, any number of times_ \n> ５００円 **分** （の優待券） \n> _(a ticket) **worth of** 500 yen_",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T00:00:27.680",
"id": "47174",
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| 47164 | 47174 | 47174 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47166",
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"body": "Probably it is more cultural question than the language one, but I can't\nfigure out if ピッとGo is just a name for the Times Car point program and does\nnot mean anything or is a some kind of play of words.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T18:35:33.713",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"culture"
],
"title": "Does ピッとGo mean anything?",
"view_count": 133
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{
"body": "ピッ is a common onomatopoeia that describes a short beep sound. \"ピッとGo\" just\nmeans something like \"Beep-and-go\". I don't think it's a pun for something.\nParticularly, I don't think it's related to _pit_ as in _pit stop_.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T19:25:06.827",
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| 47165 | 47166 | 47166 |
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"body": "I was under the impression that は should be always used in negative sentences.\nIs がない an exception to this rule? Does が add something special to the\nnegation?\n\n> 仕事はありません。\n>\n> 仕事がない。\n\nDo the above sentences have the same meaning?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-07T20:38:05.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47167",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"は-and-が"
],
"title": "Why がない but はありません?",
"view_count": 1027
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{
"body": "I think this が is が for _neutral description_.\n\n * [Can someone explain me the use of は and が in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43213/5010)\n * [Why does 「電話は切れた」 sound more adversarial than 「電話が切れた」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38639/5010)\n\n> neutral description (ga) only works with action verbs, existential verbs,\n> and adjectives/nominal adjectives that represent state change. \"Sentences of\n> neutral description present an objectively observable action, existence, or\n> temporary state as a new event.\"\n\nThis type of が is not limited to がない.\n\n> * あの看板がよく見えない。 I can't see that signboard well.\n> * あれ？ パソコンが動かない。 Oh? This PC doesn't work.\n>\n\nWhen you say 仕事はない, you are saying it more or less as the plain fact that\nholds true for the time being (e.g., you are unemployed). 仕事がない is used when\nyou have realized you have nothing to do for now, or you are _temporarily_\nhaving trouble finding a good job.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T21:18:18.017",
"id": "47169",
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"body": "It might be useful to picture them as being answers to different “questions”:\n\n> Q1. (Is there a job? / Are there any jobs?) \n> A1. 仕事 **は** ない\n>\n> Q2. (What do you not have? / Why are you broke? / Why are you at home?) \n> A2. 仕事 **が** ない\n\nYou would never answer Q1 with A2, and vice versa.",
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| 47167 | null | 47169 |
{
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"body": "I'm wanting to create a bilingual social media account. I'm not sure how to\nsay \"Japanese below\" (as in, under the first part which will be written in\nEnglish) in a grammatically correct way. 「日本語以下」makes the most sense to me,\nbut I'm not sure if that would the correct way to say 'Japanese to follow' in\nthis context. Any insight would be appreciated, thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T21:12:42.080",
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"id": "47168",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How would I say \"Japanese below\"/\"Japanese to follow\"?",
"view_count": 2158
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{
"body": "It was close, but the word order is wrong. \"日本語以下\" means something like \"below\nJapanese\" or \"worse than Japanese.\"\n\nInstead, you can say \"以下日本語\". For readability, you may want to add a comma\nafter 以下 (\"以下、日本語\"). Alternatively you can say \"ここから日本語\" (lit. \"From here,\n(in) Japanese\").\n\nNote that these work only between the English part and the Japanese part,\nbecause 以下 refers to something right after it. If you want to say a similar\nthing before the English part , you can say something like \"日本語版は下にあります\" (lit.\n\"There is a Japanese version below\").",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-07T21:54:27.240",
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| 47168 | 47171 | 47171 |
{
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"body": "I'm a JP>EN translator who mainly works on novels. I've been doing some\nresearch into dialogue attributions, their differences between languages, and\nways to translate them effectively and naturally. I've identified a variety of\ntypes of dialogue attribution in Japanese, and I have some questions for the\nmore difficult ones. I'll be using examples from Miyuki Miyabe's 龍は眠る as she\nis, to my knowledge, a technically proficient writer (although I only own the\nJapanese version and not the English translation to compare with).\n\nAlso, I understand that this is kind of bordering between \"question\" and\n\"discussion,\" so if it's gravely against the rules or something, do what you\nneed to do. A lot of my questions involve whether something is \"acceptable\" or\nsomehow losing meaning.\n\n 1. **Attribution directly after dialogue**\n\n> 「何か轢いたのかな？」慎司は素早く言った。\n\nThis seems easy, but I notice I don't see it very much at all compared to its\ndirect English equivalent. Sometimes I see it with a と in between, sometimes\nnot.\n\n> \"Did we run over something?\" said Shinji quickly.\n\n 2. **Pseudo-attribution directly before dialogue**\n\n> 慎司がちょっと頭を上げて、小声で言った。「モニカっていうんだ」\n\nI call it \"pseudo\" because it's not in the same sentence, but given the two\nfollowing options, combining them with a comma instead of the original period\nseems more natural.\n\n> Shinji looked up a little, then said in a soft voice, \"Its name is Monika.\"\n\nHowever, I have noticed in some cases it can feel better to use the period\nlike the author does. I'm pretty sure doing either is okay in a translation.\n\n 3. **Attribution on the following line**\n\n> 「どうですか？」\n>\n> 慎司が大声で聞いた。\n\nThis is where it starts to get hairy. I personally feel like this is the sort\nof thing that should be combined into one paragraph in English, but is okay in\nJapanese. Is there a general consensus among translators for this? Because\nthis is how I would state it. It just looks more natural to me.\n\n> \"How does it look?\" asked Shinji in a loud voice [loudly].\n\n 4. **Pseudo-attribution on the following line**\n\n> 「まさか。木の枝か何かだろう」\n>\n> そう受け流しながらも、私もなんだか嫌な感じがした。\n\nFor this one I'm going to straight up ask if modifying the paragraph structure\nlike this is okay:\n\n> \"I'm sure it was just a tree branch or something,\" I said, brushing it off.\n> Still, I had a bad feeling about this too.\n\nI don't honestly know--does Miyabe breaking it up like she does carry some\nkind of additional meaning? Would I instead leave it something like:\n\n> \"I'm sure it was just a tree branch or something.\"\n>\n> Though I brushed it off, I had a bad feeling about this too.\n\n 5. **Split lines with actors changing in the middle**\n\n> 「お仕事中に、まことに申し訳ありません」\n>\n> 生駒が口を切ると、川崎は鷹揚な感じで手を上げた。\n>\n> 「かまいません。ちょうど授業のあいだですから」\n\nLiterally translated, this sentence structure--correct me if I'm wrong--almost\nnever comes up in English, but I see it somewhat often in Japanese. And it\nlooks awkward if you keep the paragraphs the same. Below is my personal method\nof translating things like this. Is it okay? Should I not be juggling phrases\naround so much, or is the sacrifice worth it for the sake of good flow?\n\n> Ikoma broke the silence. \"We're terribly sorry for disturbing you during\n> work.\"\n>\n> Kawasaki lifted his hands in a generous way. \"I don't mind,\" he said. \"I was\n> just between classes.\"\n\nI add a \"he said\" in to add sentence variety, since moving both those phrases\nbefore their respective quotations makes it feel pretty flat. Plus, Japanese\ndoesn't have that quick, mid-sentence attribution you see all the time in\nEnglish to break up multiple sentences of dialogue.\n\n 6. **A certain light novel author's method of attribution**\n\nI figured I'd throw this one in because I run into it a lot in a novel series\nI'm translating professionally (and you could probably learn which one from\nthe dialogue) and have difficulty handling it over and over again.\n\n> 「お疲れ様です、警部」\n>\n> 「全く、骨折り損とはこのことだ」\n>\n> 白み始めた空の下で、笑い出すのを堪えていることが丸分かりな部下を叱責するでもなく、千葉警部は他人事の様にぼやいた。\n\nThis is a veritable mess to translate. If I keep the paragraph structure, it\nturns into something like this (dialogue liberally translated):\n\n> \"Nice work out there, Chief.\"\n>\n> \"Man, that was a waste of energy.\"\n>\n> Under a sky beginning to whiten, without scolding his subordinate who was\n> very obviously holding back laughter, Chief Chiba muttered, as though it\n> were someone else's problem.\n\nThe dialogue attribution is technically present--waaaaay at the end of that\nsentence. Is the following structural change considered kosher? Is the\noriginal even considered good writing in the first place?\n\n> \"Nice work out there, Chief,\" said Inagaki as the sky started to brighten,\n> very obviously holding back laughter.\n>\n> Chief Chiba didn't bother to scold him for it. \"Man, what a waste of\n> energy,\" he muttered, as though it were someone else's problem.\n\nThis author does this _all the time_ and it drives me up the wall. Sometimes\nthere's even a _second_ dialogue attribution present in the same sentence,\ntoo, in the middle of all the descriptions. Does anyone have any advice when\nhandling things like this?\n\nPhew. In any case, I apologize for the long-winded question. I enjoy doing\nresearch like this, but I've only been doing this job for a couple years, and\nthese things don't quite make sense to me just yet.",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"dialogue"
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"title": "Japanese dialogue attributions and English ways to translate them",
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"body": "I read your question, then skimmed some Japanese novels, very few English\npaperbacks I have, a translation of an English novel, and finally think I'm\ncoming to understand how interesting your question is.\n\nThough I'll not able to be of much help on how to translate them, let me share\nmy two cents about how these things go on in Japanese from a native speaker's\nviewpoint.\n\nBefore discussing your examples, I'd like to say I don't think such a notion\nof \"attribution\" technically exists in Japanese writing. Authors are usually\nin no hurry to attach some \"said he\" snippets around a dialogue. It's partly\ndue to Japanese word order problem, and as you said, that Japanese lacks a\nshort expression to insert into the middle of a sentence. But what I think\nmost important is that a Japanese dialogue is supposed to manifest basic\ninformation of _who_ said it _to whom_ , _in what manner_ without the assist\nof narrative. The diversity of (pseudo-)pronouns, honorifics, ending\nparticles, and sometimes flexibility of orthography all contribute to\nidentification of the situation, dispensing with frequent use of\n\"attribution\", especially those intermixed with dialogues.\n\nIf you ask what you are seeing in those examples, I'd say they're something\nlike _stage directions_. Average literary passages involving dialogues are\nwritten as if play scenarios with overwhelmingly detailed stage directions,\nand that is standard style of Japanese novels. Dialogues go uninterrupted, and\nfurther descriptions run around them.\n\n* * *\n\n 1. **Attribution directly after dialogue**\n\n> 「何か轢いたのかな？」慎司は素早く言った。\n\nIt probably doesn't affect the translation, but with or without と is a big\ndeal grammar-wise. The passage above has _two_ sentences, where it'd be _one_\nif you insert と after the quote.\n\n 3. **Attribution on the following line**\n\nBreaking lines before and after a dialogue is the standard way we've learned\nin the composition class while in the elementary school. Putting narration and\ndialogue in one line is rather a subtle technique, so to speak.\n\n 6. **A certain light novel author's method of attribution**\n\n> _Is the following structural change considered kosher? Is the original even\n> considered good writing in the first place?_\n\nYes, it's good writing. Otherwise how could he sell over seven million copies?\n(And you're translating this? Wonderful, good luck!) I'm not good enough in\nEnglish to judge the validity of the adaptation, so I'd like only to point out\na grammatical concern, that 白み始めた空の下で \"as the sky started to brighten\" is\nqualifying 千葉警部 in this sentence. I'd visualize a shot centering Chiba who\nstands with his back to the brightening sky from the original passage.",
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"body": "Particle は is often called topic, emphasis, contrast, etc. particle. Can\nparticle は use cases be summarized by a single term\n[disambiguation](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/disambiguation)? If one\ncould think of は as disambiguation particle should one ever need to remember\nall sub-cases?",
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"tags": [
"particle-は",
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Can particle は use cases be summarized by a single inclusive term \"disambiguation\"?",
"view_count": 373
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"body": "I am quoting this passage directly from \"All About Particles\" by Naoko Chino:\n\n> **Note** : _Wa_ has several usages, but its basic function is to set off a\n> topic (e.g. of conversation) from the rest of the sentence, which talks\n> about the topic. Technically _wa_ does not indicate case (subject, object,\n> etc.). However, in practical terms, it often (but not always) comes after\n> the subject of the sentence. See also _-te wa_ (#47) and _to wa_ (#17)\n>\n> 1. Indicates that information is being presented about something that is\n> already known or that has been identified.\n>\n\n>\n\n>> あそこにあかいほんがありますね。あれ **は** 漢字の本です。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Asoko ni akai hon ga arimasu ne. Are **wa** kanji no hon desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> Over there is a red book, right. It's a _kanji_ book. / See the red book\nover there? That's a _kanji_ book.\n\n>>\n\n>> あの大学 **は** 、四谷駅の近くにあります。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Ano daigaku **wa** , Yotsuya-eki no chikaku ni arimasu._\n\n>>\n\n>> That university—it's near Yotsuya Station. / That university is near\nYotsuya station.\n\n>\n> 2. Indicates a topic, which is then identified or explained.\n>\n\n>\n\n>> 明日 **は** 日曜日です。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Ashita **wa** nichiyōbi desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> As for tomorrow, it's Sunday. / Tomorrow is Sunday.\n\n>>\n\n>> 鯨は魚ではありません。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Kujira **wa** sakana de wa arimasen._\n\n>>\n\n>> As for the whale, it is not a fish. / The whale is not a fish.\n\n>\n> **Note** : if _ga_ replaces _wa_ in these sentences, the noun which it\n> follows is no longer being presented as a topic but as the subject of the\n> predicate (see _ga_ , #2, I-2). The switch from topic ( _wa_ ) to definite\n> subject ( _ga_ ) lays the stress on the latter. For example:\n>\n\n>> あさって **は** 日曜日ですね。 \n> 違います。明日が日曜日ですよ。\n>>\n\n>> _Asatte **wa** nichiyōbi desu ne. \n> Chigaimasu. Ashita **ga** nichiyōbi desu yo._\n>>\n\n>> The day after tomorrow is Sunday, isn't it. \n> You're wrong there. _Tomorrow_ is Sunday.\n>\n> 3. In the construction N + _wa_ N + _ga_ , _wa_ indicates a topic (the\n> first noun) about which an aspect or quality (the second noun) is explained.\n>\n\n>\n\n>> 象は鼻が長いです。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Zō **wa** hana **ga** nagai desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> The elephant—its nose is long. / Elephants have long noses.\n\n>>\n\n>> 竹本さんは性格が優しいです。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Takemoto-san **wa** seikaku **ga** yasashii desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> As for Takemoto, her personality is gentle. / Takemoto has a gentle nature.\n\n>\n> 4. Used to show contrast between two items or ideas, both of which are\n> signified by _wa_.\n>\n\n>\n\n>> 漢字 **は** 難しいですが、日本語の文法 **は** あまり難しくないんです。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Kanji **wa** muzukashii desu ga, Nihon-go no bunpō **wa** amari\nmuzukashiku nai-n desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> _Kanji_ are difficult, but Japanese grammar is not very difficult. (笑) <-\n_kakko-warai_ is mine\n\n>>\n\n>> 北海道の冬 **は** 寒いですが、東京 **は** 暖かいです。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Hokkaidō no fuyu **wa** samui desu ga, Tōkyō **wa** atatakai desu._\n\n>>\n\n>> The Hokkaido winter is cold, but [the] Tokyo [winter] is warm. / It's cold\nin Hokkaido in the winter, but warm in Tokyo.\n\n>\n> **Note** : In some cases, only one item or idea is explicitly mentioned. For\n> example, in the following sentence, the implication is that the person might\n> go to a cheaper restaurant.\n>\n\n>> 高いから、あのレストランには行きません。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Takai kara, ano resutoran ni **wa** ikimasen._\n\n>>\n\n>> Because it's expensive, I won't go to that restaurant. / I am not going to\n_that_ restaurant because it's too expensive.\n\n>\n> **Note** : In its contrastive function, _wa_ comes after other particles\n> (e.g., _ni wa_ , _de wa_ ). Two important exceptions are when it replaces\n> _ga_ and _o_ , as in the next example.\n>\n\n>> バターを買いましたか。 \n> マーガリン **は** 買いましたが、バター **は** 買いませんでした。\n>>\n\n>> *Batā o kaimashita ka. \n> Māgarin **wa** kaimashitaga, batā **wa** kaimasen deshita.\n>>\n\n>> Did you buy some butter? \n> I bought some margarine, but I didn't buy any butter. / I bought some\n> margarine, but not any butter.\n>\n> 5. In the forms V- _te wa iru_ (first example below) and V- _masu_ base\n> folowed by _wa_ and _suru_ (second and third examples), _wa_ indicates\n> emphasis. See also _-te wa_ (#47).\n>\n\n>\n\n>> コンピューターを持って **は** いますが、まだ使って( **は** )いません。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Konpyūtā o motte **wa** imasu ga, mada tsukatte ( **wa** ) imasen._\n\n>>\n\n>> I _own_ a computer [I do own a computer], but I haven't used it yet.\n\n>>\n\n>> あの人を知って **は** いますが、あまり話したこと **は** ありません。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Ano hito o shitte **wa** imasu ga, amari hanashita koto **wa** arimasen._\n\n>>\n\n>> I _know_ him, but I haven't spoken to him much.\n\n>>\n\n>> お茶 **は** 飲みましたが、時間がなかったので食事 **は** しませんでした。\n\n>>\n\n>> _Ocha **wa** nomimashita ga, jikan ga nakatta no de shokuji **wa** shimasen\ndeshita._\n\n>>\n\n>> I had some tea, but since there wasn't much time, I didn't eat (have a\nmeal).\n\nI am somewhat unclear as to what you mean by \"disambiguation\" in that context.\nI would tend to call it \"focus\" rather than \"disambiguation\", as that conveys\nthe meanings of both topic, emphasis, and contrast. Hope this helps.",
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"body": "> Can particle は use cases be summarized by a single term disambiguation?\n\nI don't think so. Even though there are many definitions of 助詞 は and it seems\nthey are far from consistent, I think if you want the shortest definition is\nsubject marker. But when I say it's a subject marker, I mean it as semantic\nsubject marker and not syntactic one.\n\nIf you think of a construction like:\n\n私は猫は好きだ。\n\nthe syntactic subject (and the object) can't be determined without the\ncontext(usually this kind of utterance comes from a human point of view). And\nbecause they are semantic subjects, the sentence can be translated into either\n\"As for me, I like cats.\" or \"As for cats, I like them.\"\n\nAs for the topic/focus of conversation marker, it seems the が fits the bill. I\nthink が is not only a semantic subject marker, it's also a semantic object\nmarker. When you say:\n\n私は猫が好きだ。\n\nThis construction implies \"out of all animals/things (I like cats)\" and\ntelling \"it's cat\" is the objective of conversation/sentence.",
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"body": "According to Michiel \"Pomax\" Kamermans in the section titled Essential\nParticles, the particle は should be thought of as disambiguation particle.\n\nQuoted from [chapter 4.2.1.8 — は —\nDisambiguation](https://pomax.github.io/nrGrammar/#section-4-2-1-8-%E3%81%AF_%E2%80%94_Disambiguation):\n\n> As already explained in chapter 2, in the verb particle section, は\n> (pronounced わ) is used to disambiguate statements. Let's look at what this\n> means in terms of what は does, compared to を or が. Imagine that we're having\n> a conversation and we're talking about watching films in the cinema, DVD\n> rentals, and TV shows, and the following sentence is used:\n>\n> テレビ(...)よく見ます。\n>\n> Where for (...) we either find が, を or は. While all three would translate to\n> \"(I) watch TV a lot\", their connotations are very different.\n>\n> 1) テレビをよく見ます\n>\n> When we use を, the sentence is fairly plain information. Whoever of us says\n> it wants to convey that they watch TV a lot, and nothing more.\n>\n> 2) テレビがよく見ます\n>\n> When we use が, the sentence is still plain information, although using が\n> rather than を emphasises that whoever is talking about TV, is talking about\n> TV. This using が as an emphasis marker is a fairly common practice, although\n> you need to know why you're emphasising, of course.\n>\n> 3) テレビはよく見ます\n>\n> By using は, everything has changed. The speaker has indicated that the\n> information in the sentence requires disambiguation in terms of what it\n> applies to. In this case, the \"watching a lot\" only applies to TV. While を\n> and が told us only one thing, namely the plain information that TV was being\n> watched a lot, は tells us two things. First, the basic information, that\n> someone watched TV a lot. However, because the speaker felt they needed to\n> make sure that we know it only applies to TV, it also tells us that it\n> explicitly does not apply to films or DVD rentals.\n>\n> This makes は very powerful, and also makes it very easy to misuse: If you\n> only want to state some information, you should not be using は. However, if\n> you want to make sure that the context for some information is unmistakable,\n> は is exactly the particle you want to use.\n>\n> One very common use of this is in the form of social commentary, by pairing\n> it with verbal て forms, followed by something that represents a negative\n> commentary such as the word いけません, indicating that something \"won't do\", or\n> the word 駄目, indicating something is bad:\n>\n> 今日は、来なくてはいけません。\n>\n> literally: \"(you) not coming over today will not do\".\n>\n> \"(You) have to drop by today.\"\n>\n> 食べては駄目です。\n>\n> literally: \"Eating it is no good.\"\n>\n> \"(You) may not eat this.\"\n>\n> In these sentences, the negative repercussion is explicitly said to apply\n> only in the situations marked by は. Also, because は is used, we know that\n> they don't apply if whatever は is suffixed to doesn't apply.\n>\n> Of course, sometimes it will feel like は isn't doing this strict\n> disambiguation, such as in simple sentences like the following:\n>\n> 今日はいい天気ですね。\n>\n> \"Nice weather today, isn't it?\"\n>\n> 実は、日本語に下手です。\n>\n> \"Actually, I'm horrible at Japanese.\"\n>\n> In both sentences, the は looks perfectly innocent, but it's actually still\n> doing the exact same thing. In the first sentence, the fact that 今日 has to\n> be mentioned means that the situation of good weather is implicitly being\n> contrasted to some previous, poor weather. Similarly, in the second sentence\n> it seems like 実, 'truthfully' or 'actually', is fairly innocent, but the\n> fact that it has been explicitly mentioned and marked with は means that the\n> information that follows only applies in the context of 'true information'.\n> Even when は sounds like it's just sitting in a sentence as a common\n> courtesy, it never loses its additional connotation.\n>\n> So in summary, we can characterise は as: [X]は[Y] → in the context of [X],\n> [Y] applies, and outside the context of [X], [Y] does not apply. Put\n> concisely, は not only tells us the applicable context, but also the\n> inapplicable context.\n>\n> Because of this, you will typically find は referred to as the 'context'\n> particle (or 'topic' particle) in literature, but this is dangerous\n> terminology, as it makes it really easy to forget that in addition to\n> indicate context/topic, it also indicates the inverse at the same time. は\n> never just marks applicable context, it always — always — also gives the\n> inapplicable context simply by virtue of being used. If you don't want to\n> also imply inapplicable context, use が — or を — instead.\n>\n> (Almost) needless to say, this also means you never use は for things you're\n> asking questions about. For instance, in the following example sentences,\n> the first sentence is fine, and the second is very, very wrong:\n>\n> 誰が来ましたか。\n>\n> \"Who came (over)?\"\n>\n> 誰は来ましたか。\n>\n> \"Who, as opposed to someone else, came (over)?\"\n>\n> This second sentence makes absolutely no sense, and you should never ever\n> mark subjects of questions with は. Ever.\n>\n> That said, you can use は in a question to disambiguate just fine, as long as\n> it does not get used for the actual question subject:\n>\n> 最近は誰がよく来ましたか。\n>\n> \"Who's recently been coming (over)?\"\n>\n> literally: \"Lately [rather than during some other time frame], who has come\n> (over)?\"",
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| 47173 | 47639 | 47534 |
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"body": "This is from a JLPT N3 listening comprehension test on Youtube. This is the\ntranscript they give in the answer key.\n\n> M: すみません、カバンを落{お｝としたみたいなんですが。\n>\n> F: 電車｛でんしゃ｝の中｛なか｝じゃないですか？よく忘｛わす｝れる人｛ひと｝がいますから。\n>\n> M: お酒｛さけ｝を飲｛の｝んだのは、電車｛でんしゃ｝を降｛お｝りてからですから。\n>\n> F: じゃ、お酒を飲んだ所じゃないんですか。\n>\n> M: **友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから** 。\n>\n> F: その後どうしました？ ...\n\nI'm not sure I get the last phrase correctly. \"It's because my friend forgot\n(his?) bag and I took care (of it?).\" It doesn't seem to answer the question\nbeing asked (it's the man's bag that is lost, not his friend's). Yet the\npolice officer seems happy with it and continues with another question.",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Help understanding a JLPT N3 conversation (～くらいだから)",
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{
"body": "> 1) F: じゃ、お酒を飲んだ所じゃないんですか。 \n> 2) M: **友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから** 。 \n> 3) F: その後どうしました？ ...\n\nI'm a native Japanese. You need not worry about the interpretation of the\nphrase 2), because it is ambiguous in this context.\n\nIf I make the sentence 2) clearer, I would add the phrase \"違｛ちが｝います。なぜなら\nそこでは、\" to 2) like:\n\n> 1) F: じゃ、お酒を飲んだ所じゃないんですか。 \n> 2)' M: **違｛ちが｝います。なぜなら そこでは、** 友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから。 \n> 3) F: その後どうしました？ ...\n\nEven after this amendment, I think, the phrase\n友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから is still ambiguous because you can't\nclarify who forgot the bag and also who said to whom to pay attention to it.\n\nThen, there may be two possible amendments to clarify the ambiguous phrase\nlike:\n\n> 4) 友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、 **私｛わたし｝が** （友達｛ともだち｝を） 注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから。 \n> 5) 友達｛ともだち｝が **私｛わたし｝が** カバンを忘｛わす｝れて、（私｛わたし｝を）注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "In this phrase, the くらい stands for \"so that\". A direct translation is:\n\n> My friend forgot his bag, so that I was cautious\n\nBut a better one would be:\n\n> As my friend had forgotten his bag, I made sure I did not forget mine.\n\nThus the fact that the friend forgot his bag serves as a justification for why\nthe character wouldn't have forgotten it at the restaurant.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T02:31:18.160",
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"body": "The くらい here is used in the sense of:\n\n> くらい 〘副助詞〙（「ぐらい」とも） \n> ❹ ある事柄が、極端なことであることを表す。「あの温厚な人が大声を出す **くらい** だから、よほど頭に来たんだ」 \n> (明鏡国語辞典)\n\nIt expresses the degree of something is extreme. \"He must have been very\nangry, (because it was so extreme) **to the extent** that such a good-natured\nperson should raise his voice.\" \n→ \" **Even** such a good-natured person as him should raise his voice, so he\nmust have been very angry.\"\n\nIt means \"to the extent that...\" or \"to the degree that...\" I think it can be\nrephrased as ほど, as in あの温厚な人が大声を出す **ほど** だから、よほど頭に来たんだ.\n\nSo here in your example, 友達がカバンを忘れて、注意した **くらい** ですから can be interpreted as:\n\n> 友達がカバンを忘れて、注意した **くらい** ですから (≂ 注意した **ほど** ですから / 注意する **くらい**\n> シラフだったから/しっかりしていたから)、そこで忘れたはずがありません。 \n> \"I couldn't have left my bag there, because I was sober/cautious **to the\n> extent that** I pointed it out when my friend forgot his bag.\" \n> → \"I **even** pointed it out when my friend forgot his bag, so I couldn't\n> have left my bag there.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T05:16:53.570",
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"body": "The idiomatic construction \"Clause A くらいだから Clause B\" is used to state that\nthe fact of A serves as a testament to B, a basis for surmising B, or a\njustification for saying B. The English expressions \" _Given/Since/seeing as_\n(and the like) A, B\", for the most part, will do as a translation though.\nExamples:\n\n> 巨大{きょだい}な雪像{せつぞう}が[1週間]{いっしゅうかん}も建{た}っていられるくらいだから、極寒{ごっかん}である。 ≪The fact\n> that those colossal snow sculptures can stand for a full week testifies to\n> the sheer coldness (of the place).≫\n>\n> “ハルキスト”っていうくらいだから村上春樹{むらかみはるき}のこと大好き{だいすき}なわけじゃん。 ≪Given the label\n> \"Harukists,\" they adore Haruki Murakami, right? ≫\n\nNow to the sentence in question:\n\n> M: 友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから。\n\nWith the above-mentioned pattern in mind, the first thing you notice is, apart\nfrom だから changing to ですから for politeness, that there's no Clause B to be seen.\nBut no worries, this is simply because it is ellipted and implied, and luckily\nfor us, recovering the lost clause (or at least what its main import is) from\nthe context is easy enough; It's something that serves to refute the officer's\nguesswork offering, likewise with M's previous line. So the complemented\nsentence could be any of these:\n\n>\n> 友達｛ともだち｝がカバンを忘｛わす｝れて、注意｛ちゅうい｝したくらいですから、｛それはあり得ません/それは違います/そこで忘れたはずはありません/etc.。｝\n\nAnother point of note is that \"注意｛ちゅうい｝する\" means, among other things, to alert\nsomeone to, or even scold them for, their mistake or misconduct.\n\nSo all in all, M is reasoning that since he is the one who alerted his friend\nto the fact they'd forgotten their bag in the restaurant/bar, the same\nwatchfulness couldn't have failed to fall upon _his_ bag, at any rate not then\nand there, could it?\n\n* * *\n\nIt seems there are more interpretations of the sentence than I would have\nimagined. Mine is the only one that came naturally to me, and, after\nconsidering other possibilities, still seems most natural to me but I'm just\nputting in my two cents' worth.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T09:50:20.987",
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| 47176 | 47183 | 47183 |
{
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"body": "I've been texting with some friends and I asked:\n\n> どんな音楽が大抵聞きますか。\n\nHe replied:\n\n> 音楽は...なんて言ったら良いのか笑\n\nSo what exactly does the ~ったら mean? I've gathered it might mean something like\n'if I say...'\n\nSome examples of using this form would be greatly appreciated.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T02:45:46.900",
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"owner_user_id": "22051",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Conditional Form ~たら",
"view_count": 203
} | [
{
"body": "You're right! Generally XたらY means \"if X then Y.\"\n\nIn this case, ...たら良い literally means \"If... then (things will be good)\" so\nなんて言ったら良いのか means \"Oh, what should I say (in order for the situation to be\ngood)\" or more naturally \"How should I put this.\"\n\nIn the same sense, どうしたらいいのか分からない means I don't know what I should do (= I\ndon't know the thing that, if I do it, things will be good).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T03:06:00.730",
"id": "47181",
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"body": "Normally 'たら' means 'if'.( conditional form) It can be used with ' もし' as\nwell.\n\nEg: _もし_ 私はロボットが持って **いたら** せんたくがべんりになるだろう。 (if i had a robot, cleanings would\nbe easy)",
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| 47179 | null | 47181 |
{
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"body": "I wanted to confirm that I do **not** have an private lesson tomorrow but I'm\nnot sure what to write. Often, negative questions as I write them seem to come\noff as a positive question. Example\n\n```\n\n 5月9日にプライベート・レッソンの予約はありませんでしょうか？\n \n```\n\nThat seems like it's a positive as in\n\n```\n\n I have a private lesson reservation, don't I?\n \n```\n\nWhereas what I want to ask is\n\n```\n\n I do **not** have a private lesson tomorrow right?\n \n```\n\nI end up guessing and wrote\n\n```\n\n 5月9日プライベート・レッソンを予約されてありませんでしょう。\n \n```\n\nBasically I just took the `か` off but something about that doesn't feel right\nor doesn't feel actually polite.\n\nNote I want to effectively say \"I want to confirm there is **NO** lesson,\nright?\" and not \"I want to confirm there _IS_ a lesson, right?\"\n\nThe difference is important because by asking the positive \"There's a lesson\nright?\" it will make people think that I believe there is a lesson and if they\nforgot they'd better rush to get one ready quickly. Where as that is not my\nintention. My intention is to confirm there is **no lesson**.\n\nWhat is the correct way to politely confirm a negative situation?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-08T11:07:48.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47184",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"negation"
],
"title": "Asking politely about a negative",
"view_count": 126
} | [
{
"body": "Natural and polite expression is\n\n```\n\n 5月9日のプライベート・レッスンは[予約]{よやく}されていませんでしょうか？\n \n```\n\nThe last か is required for interrogative sentence.\n\nIt doesn't feel right without the か. (especially in case of politely confirm)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-08T13:21:47.380",
"id": "47187",
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| 47184 | 47187 | 47187 |
{
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"body": "The dictionary definitions appear to be the same though I can only find usage\nof 真実.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T13:04:17.717",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 真（しん）and 真実（しんじつ）？",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "I do know that one difference, at least, is that 真{しん}(の) by itself can be\nused as an adjective to say a \"true (whatever)\". For example, you could say\n真{しん}の勇気{ゆうき} for \"true courage,\" or 真{しん}の満足{まんぞく} for \"true satisfaction.\"\nThis is the way I see 真{しん} being used most frequently (outside of certain\nanime titles like 真{しん}・ゲッターロボ).\n\nEDIT: And according to the comments below, you can use 真実の for this purpose as\nwell. That basically throws any meaningful answer I had out the window. Sorry!\n\n[goo's\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/113262/meaning/m1u/%E7%9C%9F/)\nalso mentions the phrase 真｛しん｝に迫｛せま｝る. It literally means \"approaching truth,\"\nand you can use it to describe something that is very realistic, like a\n真｛しん｝に迫｛せま｝る映画｛えいが｝, or a realistic movie, a movie \"approaching the truth.\" I\nhave seen this in books on occasion. You can't replace the 真｛しん｝ here with\n真実｛しんじつ｝ since it's a fixed expression.\n\nOne of the best ways I've found to get quick usage examples of words is to\nlook them up in Japanese dictionaries, such as goo's (based on Daijisen) and\n[Weblio's](http://www.weblio.jp/) (based on Daijirin). Most of the time\nthey'll have short example phrases for each definition, which can help you get\na feel for how they're used. If you're lucky, goo will even have a thesaurus\nentry for it (which, in this case, it does) that will have even more usage\ntips.",
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| 47186 | null | 47188 |
{
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"body": "Does it describe that reserved sort of smile, when you slightly raise just one\ncorner of your mouth? \nOr a smirk?\n\nOr is it an idiom that shouldn't be taken literally?",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T15:22:38.133",
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"owner_user_id": "22034",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 片頬で笑う?",
"view_count": 102
} | [
{
"body": "片頬 means \"one cheek\" (one of a pair (片) + cheek (頬) = one cheek (片頬)). So,\n片頬で笑う would mean to smile with only one side of your face (which I assume is\nwhat you meant in the first sentence of your question).\n\nI don't think this on its own is an idiom, but after research I did find one\nidiom that contains the phrase:\n[男は三年に片頬笑う](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/260503/meaning/m0u/). It describes\na man who only smiles like this very rarely (i.e. \"once every three years\")\nbecause smiling too much will damage his dignity.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 47191 | 47201 | 47201 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47196",
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"body": "I'm often translating phrases like \"All employees must register,\" or \"All team\nmembers have made efforts to...,\" etc. \nIt's a really basic question and I apologize if it has been addressed before,\nbut I always wonder if I should be saying, 社員全員 / 全員の社員/ 全社員 /各社員 What is the\nmost natural way to express this? Does it depend on the situation?\n\nAnd I guess a follow-up question would be, what exactly is the nuance between\n全 and 各 and in what situations would one be correct and one be incorrect?\n\nI often write 全員の社員 but at best, it seems kind of clunky and at worst, just\ngrammatically wrong.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T15:58:17.597",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"modification"
],
"title": "Using 全員 （All students/All employees, etc.)",
"view_count": 124
} | [
{
"body": "全社員 or 各社員 sounds the most natural to me. Note you can do this with pretty\nmuch any noun, like 全生徒. 全員の社員 sounds redundant.\n\nAs for the difference between the use of 全- and 各-, the basic difference is\nthat 全- means \"all\" and 各- means \"each\", I do believe the nuances of those two\nin English are similar. So you can use 全社員 for something like\n「全社員、会議室に集合してください。」（All employees, gather in the meeting room.） and 各社員 like\n「各社員、デスク周りを綺麗に片付けるように」(All (each) employee, make sure to keep your desk\ntidy.).",
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| 47192 | 47196 | 47196 |
{
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"body": "While stumbling across [Lucky Star episode\n15](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifMy4LvZINk&t=601s) (26-second clip, from\n**8:51 - 9:17** ), I found that there was a scene where the characters were\nwatching a quiz show, where one of the questions asked was on keigo:\n\n> Ｑ：「 **行く** 」の謙{けん}譲{じょう}語{ご}はなんでしょうか。\n>\n> Ａ：正{せい}解{かい}は「 **参{まい}る** 」でした！\n>\n> (The characters were all certain it was **伺{うかが}う** , but they all agree\n> with **参る** later.)\n\nNow, if I am not mistaken, 伺う is used when the act of going to a place\ninvolves the listener (eg. saying はい、うかがいます！ to one's boss, when asked to go\nto him) and 参る is used when the movement is **not** related to the listener\n(eg. not the boss' company, country, home, etc.). I think both verbs are\nhumble forms of 行く.\n\n* * *\n\n**Why, then, is 参る preferred as an answer to 伺う?** Is there a nuance I am\nmissing here?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-08T17:12:23.300",
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"id": "47194",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"keigo",
"anime"
],
"title": "Quiz question on keigo",
"view_count": 619
} | [
{
"body": "While there were many blog entries on keigo usage that said both 参る and 伺う are\n謙譲語 for 行く, all of the dictionaries I checked (広辞苑, 新明解, 大辞林, etc.) agreed\nthat 伺う is a 謙譲語 for **訪問する／訪れる** , not 行く.\n\nSo the quiz segment is technically correct, even though it seems like a lot of\npeople think 伺う is also a 謙譲語 for 行く. This is probably because 参る and 伺う are\noften interchangeable.\n\nIn terms of nuance in usage, I think the more important distinction is:\n\n * 参る humbles yourself in relation to the **listener**\n * 伺う humbles yourself in relation to the **place** you're visiting (or **someone** who is there)\n\nSo you can say 「妹のいる東京に参ります」 but not 「妹のいる東京に伺います」.\n\n* * *\n\nYou can read more on the [two types of\n謙譲語](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E8%AC%99%E8%AD%B2%E8%AA%9E%E2%85%A0%20%E8%AC%99%E8%AD%B2%E8%AA%9E%E2%85%A1\n\"謙譲語Ⅰ 謙譲語Ⅱ - Google Search\"), categorized by who the humbleness is directed\ntoward.",
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"body": "I believe that 伺う means more \"to visit\" than \"to go\". Thus, 伺う is more like\nthe humble form of 訪{たず}ねる.\n\nOf course, \"visiting\" someone/somewhere does necessarily involve changing\nlocations, but because (訪ねる / 伺う) can both be _transitive_ , the emphasis\nseems to be on who/what you are visiting (the direct object).\n\nWith regard to 行く and 参る, both are only _intransitive_. The subject is the\n\"actor\" and he/she is simply going somewhere. The emphasis seems primarily to\nbe the act of \"going\". Perhaps because 参る and 行く are strictly intransitive, is\nfeels like a better fit. And grammatically, it is definitely a better fit.",
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| 47194 | 47197 | 47197 |
{
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"body": "I am reading a little text, and I have some difficulties to understand. My\nJapanese level is far from JPLT5 to give you an idea.\n\nThis is the beginning of the text : (I used google to write so I hope there is\nno mistakes)\n\n> ムスヤさんは写真家です。日本の山の写真をたくさん撮りました。\n>\n> うちはどちらですか。\n>\n> 長野です。長野で日本の古いうちを買いました。畳の部屋はとても便利ですから、好きです。\n> 同じ部屋で仕事をします。食事もします。そして寝ます。ムスヤさんのお国はタンザニアですね。\n\nThis is what I tried to translate from the beginning:\n\n> Musuya is a photographer. He took pictures of mountains from Japan.\n>\n> Where are you from?\n>\n> I'm from Nagano. At Negano I bought an old Japan..\n\nWell obviously something looks to be wrong, I hope he didn't buy a Japanese..\nwell so I suspect `うちはどちらですか。` may means \"where did you buy your camera\" but\nthere is not `買` in the question so I'm absolutely lost.\n\nCan someone help me please. I would be glad.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "What does \"うちはどちらですか\" mean?",
"view_count": 2097
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{
"body": "I'm assuming your text is the same as behind [this\nlink](https://www.koryu.or.jp/taipei/ez3_contents.nsf/15aef977a6d6761f49256de4002084ae/e998ad95446a7680492579df0027274c/$FILE/2010secondary4_ogata3.pdf).\nIt's titled 「日本が好きです」 \"I like Japan\". It is an interview where everything\nafter 「―」 is probably what Musuya says.\n\nThe beginning of your translation was about correct.\n\n> ムスヤさんは写真家{しゃしんか}です。日本{にほん}の山{やま}の写真{しゃしん}を **たくさん** [撮りました]{とりました}。 \n> _Musuya is a photographer. He took **a lot** of pictures of Japanese\n> mountains._\n\nHowever, 「家{うち}」 can mean a home like here or just a house.\n\n> 「 **うち** はどちらですか」 \n> _Where are you from? (Where is your **home**?)_\n>\n> …長野{ながの}で **日本{にほん}の** [古い]{ふるい} **うち** を[買いました]{かいました}。 \n> _...I bought an old **Japanese** **house** in Nagano._\n\nAs you can see, 「日本{にほん} **の** 」 means \"Japanese\" and 「うち」 means \"house\" here.\n\nThe text after 「ムスヤさんのお国はタンザニアですね。」 is probably part of the next question to\nMusuya, and not related to the text before it.",
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| 47199 | 47200 | 47200 |
{
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"body": "What Japanese expression is equivalent to \"to look in the mirror\"? Is it as\nsimple as 鏡を見る or 鏡に見る?",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T01:07:35.500",
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"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "How to say \"to look in the mirror\"",
"view_count": 647
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{
"body": "For \"look in the mirror\" in the metaphorical sense \"reflect on one's own\nconduct\" (with the implication that one will recognise one's wrongdoing and\nresolve to behave better) how about 反省する (はんせいする) ?",
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| 47202 | null | 47207 |
{
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"body": "\"Hyakuman kai no \"Aishiteru\" nanka yori mo\n\nZutto zutto taisetsu ni suru mono ga aru\"\n\nis translated as\n\n\"There’s something much, much more important Than the millionth “I love you”\"\n\nI'm not even close to put this phrase together. Aru is \"there are\" suru mono I\nsuppose is something like \"things to do\" zutto zutto = ? always ? taitetsu =\nimportant\n\nI guess that can be something like \"There are things to do always more\nimportant..\" (probably I misstranslated a lot) . What's indicating the \"ni\" in\nthis line and after \"important\" ?\n\nNow the first phrase is much more difficult:\n\nHyakuman kai no \"Aishiteru\" nanka yori mo\n\nHyakuman = a million, a lot kai = ? no idea what it is here, kai is used for\nmany kanjis and I dont know what it is here . Does hyakuman kai altogether\nmeans a million times? \"aishiteru\" = I love you . \"hyakuman kai no \"aishiteru\"\nperhaps means something like \"a million times of I love you\" ?\n\nnanka = something\n\nyorimo = than\n\nI can't put this line together. Specially what does the nanka is doing here?\nWhat's the most literal translation for the whole 2 lines?",
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"title": "how does this phrase translate this way?",
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{
"body": "The translation you provided is not a literal one, but I think it's correct. A\nmore literal one could go like this:\n\n>\n> [百万]{hyakuman}[回]{kai}[の]{no}「[愛してる]{aishiteru}」[なんか]{nanka}[より]{yori}[も]{mo} \n> _Rather than a million \"I love you\",_\n\n * [百万]{hyakuman}[回]{kai}[の]{no}「[愛してる]{aishiteru}」: A million times \"I love you\"\n * [なんか]{nanka}: things like (this word means that the singer doesn't appreciate the meaningless \"I love you\"'s and wants something else)\n * [より]{yori}[も]{mo}: rather than\n\n>\n> [ずっと]{zutto}[ずっと]{zutto}[大切]{taisetsu}[に]{ni}[する]{suru}[もの]{mono}[が]{ga}[ある]{aru} \n> _there are things I treasure much, much more_\n\n * [大切]{taisetsu}[に]{ni}[する]{suru}: a verb expression meaning \"to treasure\" in _attributive form_ (modifying the following noun, [もの]{mono})\n * [もの]{mono}[が]{ga}[ある]{aru}: there are things",
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| 47203 | 47204 | 47204 |
{
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"body": "Hello Japanese StackExchange. I am humbly asking your help to translate a\ncouple of song titles:\n\nやりかけの人生 (Yari kake no jinsei)\n\nand\n\n夏の初めのイメージ (Natsu no hajime no imēji)\n\nThe artist is \"Kimiko Kasai\" and the album name is \"Tokyo Special\", if that is\nof any help.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"tags": [
"translation"
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"title": "Help translating \"やりかけの人生\"",
"view_count": 126
} | [
{
"body": "やりかけの人生 means \"An Unfinished Life\". \n夏の初めのイメージ means \"An Image of An Early Summer\".",
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| 47208 | 47218 | 47218 |
{
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"body": "私は最後じゃなかったのに、最後の二人の女子たちがレースの途中で走るのをやめて、歩いてゴールインしたので、私があたかもレースの最後のように感じました。\n\nI'm writing a sakubun on when I arrived third to last in a race back when I\nwent to middle school.\n\nIn my sentence I wanted to say: \"Even if I didn't arrive last, since the last\ntwo girls stopped running in the middle and reached the finish line while\nwalking, I felt just like I arrived last\" (meaning: I felt extremely\ndisappointed because my performance was a failure even if I never stopped\nrunning unlike the two other girls).\n\nDoes the sentence I wrote make any sense to you? Did I use のに right? Do you\nhave any suggestions to improve my sentence? Moreover, what is the best way to\nsay \"third to last\"?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"syntax",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Using のに in a sentence, and expressing \"third to last\"",
"view_count": 122
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{
"body": "The way you use のに perfectly fits into this sentence, representing\ndisappointment between the actual situation and your expectation. Your entire\nsentence is very naturally written too.\n\nHowever,\n\n> レースの最後\n\nonly means \"the last phase of the race\", not\"the last one in the race\". You\ncould use ビリ \"the bottom (in a competition)\" or 最下位 \"the lowest in rank\" to\nrefer to the status.\n\n> 私があたかも最下位のように感じました。 \n> 私があたかもビリのように感じました。\n\nAlso, there are many ways of saying \"third to last\", that are applicable in\nthis scene, but each one has its own scope:\n\n> 最後から三番目／三人*目 (for something has the first and the last in order) \n> 下から三番目／三人*目 (for something has the top and the bottom) \n> ビリから三番目／三人*目 (just see above for this) \n> 最下位から三番目／三人*目 (...and this)\n\n(* change the counter according to competitors' identity)",
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| 47209 | 47210 | 47210 |
{
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"body": "I get the gist of this answer, but I fear I might be misunderstanding the very\nlast part of the second sentence:\n\n> 「今週末」と同じ意味なのは「今度の週末」じゃなくて「今週の週末」かな。\n>\n> 今度の週末は次の週末と同じ意味で、日曜日では「今度の週末」は「来週末」 **のことで「今週末」「今週の週末」とは** 違う日を指す。\n\nMy understanding is this:\n\n> \"This weekend\" doesn't have the same meaning as \"this time's weekend\" but\n> instead \"this week's weekend\".\n>\n> 'This time's weekend' is the same as 'next weekend', and on Sunday, [the\n> idea of] \"this time's weekend\" is the same as \"next week's weekend\", so it\n> is different from \"this weekend\" and \"this week's weekend\" because they\n> refer to different days.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
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],
"title": "Help understanding the usage of 「で」 in this clause",
"view_count": 411
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{
"body": "[translation](/questions/tagged/translation \"show questions tagged\n'translation'\")[grammar](/questions/tagged/grammar \"show questions tagged\n'grammar'\")[syntax](/questions/tagged/syntax \"show questions tagged\n'syntax'\")[word-choice](/questions/tagged/word-choice \"show questions tagged\n'word-choice'\")[meaning](/questions/tagged/meaning \"show questions tagged\n'meaning'\") \n\n> 「今週末」と同じ意味なのは「今度の週末」じゃなくて「今週の週末」かな。\n>\n> 今度の週末は次の週末と同じ意味で、日曜日では「今度の週末」は「来週末」のこと **で** 「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う日を指す。 \n> ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ \n> The one that means the same with「this coming weekends」今週末 would be 「this\n> week's weekend」今週の週末 rather than 「next time's weekend」今度の週末.\n>\n> 「next time's weekend」今度の週末 and 「next week's weekend」次の週末 means the same; and\n> in case today is Sunday, 「next time's weekend」今度の週末 skips to (the weekend\n> days of )「next week」来週末; and therefore, it is pointing to a different day\n> from what 「this coming weekend」今週末 and 「this week's weekened」今週の週末 refer to.\n\nで in bold, can be read as 「だから」or 「であるから」 \nTo rewrite in easier-to-read sentences, \n今度の週末は次の週末と同じ意味です。 \nもし今日が日曜日だと「今度の週末」は「来週末」のこと **だから** 「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う日を指す。 \nor \nもし今日が日曜日だと「今度の週末」は「来週末」のこと **であるから** 「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う日を指します。",
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"body": "> 今度の週末は次の週末と同じ意味 **で** 、日曜日では「今度の週末」は「来週末」のこと **で** 「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う日を指す。\n\nThe two で's are both the てform (or the continuative form/連用形) of the copula\n(or the assertive auxiliary) 「だ」. The で's here basically mean \"... is ~~,\nand\". So this sentence can be split into three clauses like this:\n\n> 1. 今度の週末は次の週末と同じ意味だ。\n> 2. そして、 日曜日では「今度の週末」は「来週末」のことだ。\n> 3. そして、(日曜日では「今度の週末」は)「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う日を指す。\n>\n\nwhich would respectively translate to:\n\n> 1. 今度の週末(this/next/coming weekend) has the same meaning as 次の週末(next\n> weekend).\n> 2. And, on Sunday, 今度の週末(this/next/coming weekend) refers to 来週末(end of\n> next week).\n> 3. And, (on Sunday, 今度の週末(this/next/coming weekend)) refers to a different\n> day from 今週末(end of this week) or 今週の週末(weekend of this week).\n>\n\n(#2 and #3 share the same subject.)\n\n* * *\n\n「～～と(は)違う」 means \"to be different from ~~\". So #3 literally means:\n\n> 「今度の週末」は、（「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う）日を指す。 \n> 今度の週末 refers to a day (which is different from 今週末 or 今週の週末).\n\n「今週末」「今週の週末」とは違う is a relative clause modifying the noun 日.\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, by the first sentence they're saying...\n\n> 「今週末」と同じ意味なのは「今度の週末」じゃなくて「今週の週末」かな。 \n> 今週末(end of this week) has the same meaning as 今週の週末(weekend of this week),\n> rather than 今度の週末(this/next/coming weekend), I think.\n\n(They're trying to say 今週末 is [今週]{this week}+[末]{end}, not\n[今]{this}+[週末]{weekend}.)",
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{
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"body": "It's from line 14:\n<https://www.docdroid.net/847v2dg/img-20170413-0001-new.pdf.html> 「 **位置の平等**\n」は難しい。 Literally, I'd translate the stuff in bold as \"The equality of\nsituation\". Does the whole sentence then mean that its difficult to establish\nequality for every situation? In this case, the expression in bold could be\ntranslated as \"situatitive equality\" maybe?\n\nIt's not that this small phrase would be hard for me to understand\ngrammatically, but I feel very unsure about the meaning I should extract from\nit xD",
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"tags": [
"expressions",
"phrases",
"semantics"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「位置の平等」は難しい。",
"view_count": 114
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{
"body": "平等 here is _fairness_. 「位置の平等」は難しい means _It's difficult to position a country\nwhile being fair to every other._\n\nI think the idea that the author tries to convey is a bit strange but why not?\nPeople from the northern hemisphere are those who used maps first and they\nplaced their countries above those of the southern hemisphere. That is not\nfair to those in the southern hemisphere. Why should they be below the\nnorthern hemisphere?\n\nSo to please everybody, why not have North and South swapped around with East\nand West. Then, Africa is above and Latin America is below. That's not fair\neither.\n\nWhat should we do? Nothing. Just accept that a choice of representation has\nbeen done in your stead and lament the fact that 「位置の平等」は難しい .",
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| 47212 | 47213 | 47213 |
{
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"body": "Context: these are thoughts of the one who 冬馬{とうま} is teaching to play the\nguitar.\n\n> だって、心地良いから。 \n> 冬馬が、俺のミスを一生懸命探すのが。 \n> 冬馬が、俺の拙い指の動きを笑うのが。 \n> 冬馬が、俺を[貶す]{けなす}ために、いつも **は** 貧しい **語彙** を、今だけ **総動員する** のが。\n\nThe problem areas are marked **bold**. I understand that the one thinking\nfinds Touma's behavior pleasant (although the actions are not polite...) and\nlists examples of it. I think I understand everything until the last one.\n\n> * 俺を[貶す]{けなす}ために: to speak ill of me\n> * いつも **は** 貧しい **語彙** を: her usually poor vocabulary?\n> * 今だけ **総動員する** のが: \"mobilize\" only for this time?\n>\n\n 1. I don't understand how は changes the meaning of いつも. Is the vocabulary \"poor as usual\" or \"usually poor but not this time\"?\n 2. Related to the previous meaning, can 総動員する in some contexts (maybe even here) mean \"finding nice words\" or is it like the previous sources of pleasure, \"finding especially rude words\"?",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Figurative meaning of 「総動員{そうどういん}する」 with 語彙{ごい}",
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{
"body": "1. This は is an exemplary case of the contrastive は. So it means \"usually, but not this time.\" \"Poor as usual\" would be something like \"いつも通り貧しい\" or \"いつものように貧しい.\" Overall meaning may not change with or without the contrastive は, but it does add nuances and the sentence definitely sounds a lot better for its presence in this case.\n\n 2. \"総動員する\" means \"to mobilize all the personnel of (a unit),\" and on its own does not have anything to do with finding words, whether nice or rude. \"語彙を総動員する\" is indeed a figurative way of speaking, likening your vocabulary to an arsenal or army of words, the entirety of which is mobilized for the purpose of, in this particular case, verbally annihilating your opponent (who, somehow, seems to draw pleasure from it.) \n\n(I should probably add that the phrase can be used in a variety of contexts,\nnot limited to when insulting people. There's [a lot of\nexamples](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%22%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E3%82%92%E7%B7%8F%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%22&oq=%22%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E3%82%92%E7%B7%8F%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1%22&aqs=chrome..69i57.6685j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)\non google.)",
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]
| 47215 | 47226 | 47226 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47232",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I've seen Japanese people write many letters/numbers \"strangely\". The most\ncommon one is D which is written with a stroke like this _Đ_\n\n[](http://www.freejapanesefont.com/yutapon-\ncoding-font-download/)\n\n[](http://www.freejapanesefont.com/yuta-\ncoco-font-download/)\n\nWhy is that? Are there any other letters that are written differently from how\nit's done in Western countries?\n\n# Edit:\n\nIIRC the **number 4** is also written with a longer vertical stroke because I\nremember seeing Japanese people elongated foreign people's number 4 to make it\nclearer. I suppose because they think it's similar to Katakana ム?\n\nNote that **I do know that Japanese people don't write`7` with the horizontal\nstroke like the above font** but with a hook above, because when I first\nlearnt the language my teacher told me that they don't understand what that\nis. I did hear Japanese people asking what that ~~7~~ symbol is, or confirm if\nit's the number 7 when they're familiar with foreign handwriting.\n\nAnd there are non-programming versions without the stroke on 0 as well:\n\n[](https://www.freejapanesefont.com/g7-cute-pop-bold-download/)\n\n[](https://www.freejapanesefont.com/aqua-\nfont/)\n\nMore examples can be found on\n<https://www.freejapanesefont.com/category/handwriting/>",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T16:28:13.477",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"handwriting",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Why is D written as Đ in Japanese handwriting?",
"view_count": 2837
} | [
{
"body": "I am not sure this is concrete enough to be considered an answer, but I will\npost here.\n\nI've never seen this \"D\" before in Japanese fonts; it definitely is not\ncommon.\n\nI assume that it is purely a stylistic choice. Whoever wrote that probably did\nnot know that is a different letter, but only saw it as a \"cool-looking D\".\nKind of like how English speakers playfully use \"я\" in place of \"R\", even\nthough they are completely different letters.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T17:21:17.783",
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"body": "Not sure if that's **the** explanation but I found [this\npage](http://blogs.itmedia.co.jp/yohei/2007/06/post_76a9.html) which seems to\nsuggest adding various strokes to letters to ensure they're not confused for\nother similar-looking (especially to the Japanese eyes) ones, similar to how\nsome fonts use [slashed zero](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashed_zero) to\ndistinguish it from the letter O.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/H77kg.jpg)\n\nBTW, I did a similar thing while at university: in quick handwriting it may be\ndifficult to distinguish m from w or n from u (and especially in [Russian\ncursive](https://russian.stackexchange.com/questions/1552/why-does-\nitalic-%D1%82-look-like-m), ш from т and и from п), so I often added bars\nabove or below those letters in my notes to reduce confusion.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T17:22:04.173",
"id": "47221",
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"body": "You're probably working as programmer or accountant, or you won't actually see\nmany people in Japan write in this style, because those slashes are added to\nreduce misreading possibility in quick handwriting. For what it's worth, I\nrarely write letters like this myself.\n\nHere is a more complete example from [the\nfont](http://net2.system.to/pc/font.html).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VI80L.png)\n\nWho made it is clearly a programmer (see the link). It's their style to put\nslashes on 0, 7, D, O (top bar), and Z to make sure they wouldn't misread the\nsource code (broadly speaking, serifs of I are the same kind).\n\nIf you ask why it's _allowed_ to write letters like this, the reason will be\nthat Japanese are a sort of people who only recognize the [basic\nalphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet), i.e.\n\n> A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z\n\nOf course, Vietnamese people wouldn't please with the use of Đ, as much as\nPolish people frown on Ƶ (they are different letters in their alphabets).\nMoreover, Turkish people wouldn't agree with _i_ being the lower case of _I_\nin the first place. Even not as extreme as this, people write letters [in more\nor less different ways around the\nworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_handwriting_variation). The\nLatin letters' world is diverse.",
"comment_count": 3,
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}
]
| 47216 | 47232 | 47232 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47222",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "One of my dictionaries defines this (actually, 一騎当千のつわもの) as\n\n> a matchless [an extremely mighty] warrior / a warrior who is strong enough\n> to fight against as many as one thousand men.\n\nMy question is why was [当]{あ}てる used as the 「とう」 instead of [倒]{たお}す? Seems\nlike it would have driven the point home a bit more.\n\n(Of course I know speculation is off-topic, so etymological answers are what\nI'm looking for).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T16:49:44.113",
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"id": "47217",
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"owner_user_id": "78",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"definitions",
"kanji-choice",
"yoji-jukugo"
],
"title": "Question about [一騎当千]{いっ・き・とう・せん}",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "Goo dictionary says that 「当千」は「千に当たる」で、千人を敵にできる、千人に匹敵する意.\n\nThat is to say, one person has fighting strength as much as one thousand\npeople have. This means 一人が千人に当たる. This 当たる means 相当する and it would be\nappropriate for \"correspond\" in English words.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-09T17:33:30.403",
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]
| 47217 | 47222 | 47222 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> **森田喬** 「神の眼{め} 鳥の眼 蟻の眼 地図は自分さがしの **夢空間** 」毎日新聞社より、一部を改変して掲載 ([It's from the\n> last, small printed line here in this\n> text:](https://www.docdroid.net/847v2dg/img-20170413-0001-new.pdf.html))\n\nFirst, I can't find entries for the words in bold on jisho.com. I guess they\nare proper-nouns?\n\nSecond, even if I assume that the words in bold are proper nouns, it's still a\nbit problematic for me to get through the sentence.\n\nMORITATAKSHI \"the eye of god, the eye of a bird, the eye of an ant the map is\nYUMEKUUKANs self discovery\" from Mainichi Shimbun, one portion changed\npublication.\n\nI guess the first three expressions mean something like from top-down view to\nbottom-up view. This is the title of an original article where this adapted\nversion is derived from. I also struggle with 「一部を改変して掲載」. I translated a\npassive here, but only because I wouldn't really how else I should express\nthis in English. Does 改変して imply a unspecified subject like in graham healeys\nanswer in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/47099/syntax-of-this-\nsentence?noredirect=1#comment84279_47099)?\n\nAnd if so, is it okay to translate passive here?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "森田喬「神の眼 鳥の眼 蟻の眼 地図は自分さがしの夢空間」毎日新聞社より、一部を改変して掲載",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "1. [森田]{もりた}[喬]{たかし} (Takashi Morita) is, indeed, a proper name. He is the author of this article.\n 2. 「～」毎日新聞社より、 一部を改変して掲載 means _adapted from the article ～ published in the Mainichi Shimbun_. The implied subject is the person who amended the article. So you're right when you translate as a passive. Keeping the active voice would feel awkward.\n\n3.「神の眼 鳥の眼 蟻の眼 地図は自分さがしの夢空間」is the title of the article.\n\n* * *\n\nI may be wrong on the interpretation of the title but I understand it this\nway.\n\nThe enumeration 神の眼, 鳥の眼, 蟻{あり}の眼 talks about the properties of a map. A very\nprecise map gives you 蟻の眼, a big map can give you an overview hence 鳥の眼. As\nfor 神の眼, it leaves place to interpretation but, if you can see all earth in\none sight then you've got the eyes of god-like entity.\n\n自分探し means _find oneself_ , something like an introspection. This expression\nis often seen in 自分探しの旅 (a travel to (re)discover yourself).\n\n夢 here is a synonym for 理想.\n\nAll together, _Maps can either give you the hindsight of God, the overview of\na bird, the details as seen by an ant. Maps are the best place to rediscover\nourselves._ Sure, it is a long title but that's how I see it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-09T19:09:40.117",
"id": "47223",
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{
"body": "As \"bird's-eye view\" is a common phrase, could I suggest \"God's-eye-view,\nBird's-eye view, Ant's-eye view\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-10T08:58:01.363",
"id": "47241",
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| 47219 | null | 47223 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47279",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the sentence わたしが世界で一番愛してる人に。is there a nuance that indicates how many\npeople it refers to? (one or several people).",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-09T19:22:35.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47224",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-05-10T18:41:44.927",
"last_editor_user_id": "21991",
"owner_user_id": "21991",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How many people does わたしが世界で一番愛してる人 refer to?",
"view_count": 253
} | [
{
"body": "[道理百遍義理一遍](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/4216)'s comments above are\nquite right, and the answer below is likely to be merely a restatement of\nthem.\n\nWhen I look at the phrase\n\n> わたしが世界で一番愛してる人\n\nit is actually ambiguous whether the \"人\" here is singular or plural, but\nwithout context, it's much more likely to be \"the person\" because of the\nsuperlative (and probably the nature of love). It can also be understood as\n\"the people I love the most\" naturally with proper context. For example, I\nhave found a blog post where the writer's parents are described this way.\n\nWith the context given in the comment,\n\n> わたしが世界で一番愛してる人に。 …わたしを世界で二番目に愛してくれてる人に\n\nthere is no ambiguity I can come up with; it's singular.\n\n * It is clear from the structure that the two \"人\" here refer to the same object.\n * Thus the entire structure becomes \"To [the one / the people] 1. whom I love the most and 2. whom love[s] me the second most dearly\". There's sadly someone else who the \"人\" loves the most. This is apparently about personal relations and therefore is singular. \n\n* * *\n\n(I had some free time to spend and below is what it brought me; not a serious\nanswer)\n\nGiven some extreme situations, the sentence above could be interpreted as\nplural. Let's pretend you are an ancient spirit, worshiped and beloved by the\nlocal people. You love them back and give them your favour. At one time\nhowever, the people start to believe in something different (imagine\nChristianity or science or whatever) and now you are now second-most beloved\nthing for them. They still worship you but it's more like a tradition than a\nliving faith. Now you can use that expression to refer to the local people.",
"comment_count": 5,
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| 47224 | 47279 | 47279 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47245",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It's the literal translation of this line\n\n> お前を **正しい** と受け入れていた俺の心が弱かった \n> omae o **tadashii** to ukeireteita ore no kokoro ga yowakatta\n\n\"My heart was weak because accept that you are right\" or \"My heart was weak\nbecause accepted that you were right?\" I understand that \"tadashii\" word it's\nin present form, past form it's \"tadashii katta\", right? Or there are any way\nto that word can be in past form in this line without change it?\n\nIt's the line in 28:59 to 29:04 in this video.\nyoutube.com/watch?v=8o01LRQx7wM&t=366s Don't look the subtitules please.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-09T23:20:59.183",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47227",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-11T13:35:50.473",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-11T12:32:07.950",
"last_editor_user_id": "19910",
"owner_user_id": "19910",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"tense"
],
"title": "About \"tadashii\", present or past",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese is just like algebra: \nThe past tense (present tense A + present tense B)= past tense A + past tense\nB\n\nI'll show you an example: 当時｛とうじ｝、お前｛まえ｝が好｛す｝きだと俺｛おれ｝は思｛おも｝っていた。 \nI thought I loved you in those days.\n\n> Is the 正しい a present form in \"お前を正しいと受け入れていた俺の心が弱かった\"? \n> Is the 好きだ a present form in \"当時｛とうじ｝、お前｛まえ｝が好｛す｝きだと俺｛おれ｝は思｛おも｝っていた\"?\n\nYes, 正しい and 好きだ are both expressed in a present form. I'll show you why. \nWe Japanese think \"お前が正しい\" is the present state at the time when 俺の心 accepted\nthe state, because the state is judged not **by the absolute time axis but by\nthe relative axis in Japanese**. \nIn other words, you have to ride on a time machine in Japan to interpret\nJapanese.",
"comment_count": 8,
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| 47227 | 47245 | 47245 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47229",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "皆さん、こんにちは！\n\n日本人は日本語に番号を書くことを学びますなら、\n\nアメリカ風の小数点(1.0)か、ヨーロッパ風の(1,0)を書くことを学びますか？\n\n日本語だけで尋ねてみたいですよ。\n\nでも私の日本語もよくないんで、すみません。:)\n\nありがとう！:D\n\nエディット:今、日本語だけで、英語じゃないです。",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T00:00:13.680",
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"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"numbers",
"symbols"
],
"title": "日本人は日本語で番号を書くなら、アメリカの小数点かヨーロッパのを書きますの？",
"view_count": 212
} | [
{
"body": "日本語学習者です！\n\n英語版ウィキペディアの記事「[Decimal\nmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_mark)」によれば、日本において正しい書き方はアメリカと同じく「1.0」です。\n\n記事にある地図には他の国の書き方も含めています。見てのとおり、イギリスも水色なので他の書き方（1,0）は「イギリス風」ではなく、ヨーロッパ風です。\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lci3A.png)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T00:24:59.643",
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{
"body": "日本語でのアラビア数字の区切りは英語式で、小数点には **ピリオド** 、桁区切りには **コンマ**\nを使います。つまり「十二万三千四百五十六[・]{てん}七八」は、\n\n> 123,456.78\n\nです。\n\n* * *\n\nちなみに、漢数字で書く時は小数点に **中黒** を使います。\n\n> 一二三四五六・七八\n\nまた、桁区切りには **読点** を使います。3桁ずつ区切る人も4桁ずつの人もいます。\n\n> 一二三、四五六・七八 \n> 一二、三四五六・七八\n\n（ごくまれに、アラビア数字でも4桁で区切る人 [12,3456.78] もいますが、忘れて構いません）",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T01:42:21.290",
"id": "47233",
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| 47228 | 47229 | 47229 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47239",
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"body": "This question seems so \"obvious\" that there might be a duplicate but could not\nfind any.\n\nAnyway, while I try to think how to better rephrase the title, let me explain\nbriefly what I mean.\n\nI'll give a simple but I think quite explanatory example. Suppose I'm watching\na movie or an anime without subtitles. As an example let's take one of my\nchildhood favorites: Hokuto no Ken.\n\nAt some point I hear: じんせいのシュウ。\n\nMy question is: how would even Japanese people understand that that: **じんせい =\n仁星**?\n\nI mean, I don't think 仁星 is a \"real word\" (at least not common for sure). So\nhow would anyone be able to grasp the meaning of \"star of benevolence\" from\nthe sound じんせい without an explanation or without looking at the kanji? The\nonly reason I could guess it was because I already knew the story. But how\nwould a native Japanese do?\n\nThere could be of course many more examples like this but I believe this one\nis simple an concise enough to express the whole point.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T00:30:42.297",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"kanji",
"listening"
],
"title": "How do Japanese understand \"non-standard\" words without looking at kanji?",
"view_count": 1704
} | [
{
"body": "The situation is not different from yours. Works rendered from manga or novels\noften don't consider that point and it's not rare that we are not sure what it\nexactly is through entire series.\n\nI believe that original anime series are less likely to suffer from that\nproblem but when I watched Evangelion, I think I missed せんじ (abbreviation for\n戦略自衛隊).",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T06:52:19.880",
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"body": "# 日本語\n\n日本語が理解できると思いますので日本語で回答します。\n\n一般に、また、私も、「じんせい」と聞いて「仁星」を思い浮かべることはできません。私は全く「仁星」という言葉を見たことも聞いたこともなく、自信をもって日本語には無いと思っています。\n若者が「仁星」と理解した理由を想像しますと、唯一の可能性は、「しゅう」という言葉が「じんせい」とともに聞こえてきたからだと思います。 \n私には、その物語を知らないので「仁星」を想起できませんが、もし私が、「じんせい」と「しゅう」を同時に聞いたなら、「じんせいのしゅう」という言葉は日本語にはないので、「人生の終＊＊」か何かの言葉ではないかと考えるでしょう。\n\n私には、あなたと似たような経験がありますのでお話しします。 \n私が大学生のとき、スイスからの留学生がいました。彼は日本語を勉強するために、ラジオの放送を録音して、それを何度も聞いていました。ある日、彼は私に、ある音が理解できないと言いました。それは「きんだい」でした。私は彼が録音したラジオ音声を聞かせてもらって、すぐにそれが「近大」、すなわち「近畿大学」だとわかりました。本当に瞬間にわかりました。そのスイス人は「なぜ？！」って、まるであなたのように本当にびっくりしていました。 \n私は、近畿大学の意味で「きんだい」という発音を生まれて何度聞いたか考えてみました。多分大変少なく、１０度ぐらいかも知れません。２０歳にもならない大学生である私が、１年に数回も聞く単語ではありません。それでも「きんだい」が近畿大学だとすぐにわかりました。\n何故でしょうか。 \n今、手元にあるパソコンで「きんだい」を漢字に変換しますと、「近代」、「近大」、「金大」、「金台」と出てきました。最初の３つは分かりますが、最後の「金台」は漢字を見てもすぐには意味分かりません。多分、金色か金でできた台だろうと想像するだけです。\n重要なのは最初の３つです。スイス人の録音は大学野球の実況かスポーツの解説でした。もう、「近大＝近畿大学」か「金大＝金沢大学」しかありません。近畿大学が金沢大学より多分スポーツでは有名だという基礎知識が私にはありました。すると、「きんだい」という音は「近大」しかありません。 \nでは「近大」が「近畿大学」であることはどうしてわかったのでしょうか。多分、人間が「近代」「近大」「金大」という「言葉を覚えるということ」は、「その意味とともに覚える」のだと思います。ですから「きんだい」という音を「近大」と絞り込んだときには「近畿大学」が同時に頭の中にあるのだと思います。スイス人がびっくりしたのも納得できます。自分があんなに苦労したある音を聞いて、その大学生はその意味を言い当てるのに、１秒も必要としないのですから。 \nこれは、私だけでなく、日本人なら誰でもできると思います。また、各々の国の人も、自分の国の言葉なら同じことができると思います。\n\nさて、話は戻って「じんせいのシュウ」を考えてみます。 \n「じんせい」をかな漢字変換すると、「人生」「尽誠」「仁政」「靭性」「人世」「腎性」「仁成」「人性」「壬生」「神成」「仁正」が漢字として出てきます。一般に、人が言葉で何かを伝えたいときは、音で他人が理解できる範囲内の言葉を使いますので、上記の漢字の中では、「じんせい」は、「人生」と「仁政」しかありません。「人生のシュウ」「仁政のシュウ」。どちらも意味がはっきりしませんが、映画のストーリー（文脈）から、いずれかに絞り込めると思います。私は「シュウ」が何かわかりませんが、北斗の拳を知っている人には「人生のシュウ」「仁政のシュウ」のいずれであるかは分かると思います。「星」は「せい」の発音から比較的早く連想できますが、もし、この映画に惑星の話のようなものがあるのなら、「せい」が「星」であることは確実でしょう。 \nさて、「仁政」が、なぜ「仁星」になるのでしょう。全くの造語です。「仁」がbenevolenceの意味だとはすぐに分かりますが、ストーリー全体でbenevolenceという感じが伝わっておれば、たとえ造語だとしても「じんせい」という言葉を確定するのに迷っている映画の視聴者には、星の話が何となくちらついている状況下で、それが\"star\nof benevolence\"を意味する「仁星」という造語を頭の中で勝手に作り上げてもあまり気にならないと思います。\n\n多分以上のような経緯で同じ映画を見ていた若者が「じんせいのシュウ」が「仁星のシュウ」だとしかも、ほぼ瞬時に理解できたものだと想像します。\n\n* * *\n\n後日談\n\n「仁星のシュウ」をインターネットで探すと、[ここ](http://www.geocities.jp/hokuaniken/sakuhin/yougo/syuyou/syukusei.html)にありました。 \n拳士達の運命を司る宿命の星（複数）を宿星といい、その一つに仁星というのがあります。 \nその仁星は南斗白鷺拳のシュウがもつ宿星であって、「情け、思いやり」の星とあります。 \nこれで、「仁星」も「シュウ」も北斗の拳に出てくる架空の固有名詞だと理解できます。\n\n北斗の拳の物語を知っている人が、「じんせいのシュウ」と聞いたときにそれが「仁星のシュウ」だと思いつくのは、私が想定した頭の動きよりはるかに簡単そうに思えます。\n\n漢字を見なくとも音声だけで何を意味しているかわかる例えとして、漢字を知らない幼児がテレビ番組の中で登場するキャラクターなどの固有名詞を音からだけでも簡単に想起できるのと同じことであって不思議なことでもなんでもないような気がします。\n\n今は、なんだか、ネタが分からない方が良かったような気分です...。\n\n* * *\n\n後日談その２\n\n「きんだい」と「仁星のシュウ」を並べて見ていますと、ふと、外国語を覚える難しさ、あるいはその難しさを克服できるヒントのようなものが浮かび上がってきます。 \nまず、いずれもが固有名詞だということです。さらに「きんだい」の方は、省略形であるということです。\n\n本当に有名な固有名詞は別ですが、一般に固有名詞は辞書には載っていません。載せたらキリがないからだと思います。更にその固有名詞が省略形の場合、ほとんど辞書で見つけることはできず、その意味を確認する方法は普通の単語に比べて極端に少ないと思います。また、実際の生きた教材を使える上級者は別にして、外国語の学習教材、あるいは教科書では、固有名詞はほとんど使われないのが実情です。多分、勝手に載せると差し障りがあるからでしょう。\n\n実生活を通じて言葉を覚えるその国の子どもに対して、学習教材を通じて外国語を覚える学習者にとって、この固有名詞、更にその省略形の存在が障壁の一つとしてあるのではないでしょうか。\n「きんだい」という発音が、固有名詞の「近大」であり、さらに「近畿大学」だという意味の連鎖を記憶する方法を手に入れることは、外国語の学習者にとって欠かせないもののように思います。\n\n# English\n\nI think you can read Japanese, so I'll answer in Japanese.\n\nIn general, for myself included, when I hear \"jinsei,\" I can't come up with\nthe word 仁星. I've never seen nor heard the word 仁星 ever used, and I can\nconfidently say it doesn't exist in Japanese. If I were to imagine a reason\nyoung people understand it as 仁星, I think the only possibility is that they've\nbeen hearing じんせい along with the word しゅう until now.\n\nI don't know the story you're referring to, so I can't \"remember\" the word 仁星.\nBut if I heard both じんせい and しゅう at the same time, I know that じんせいのしゅう isn't\na word in Japanese, so I'd probably think it was something along the lines of\n人生の終＊＊.\n\nI have a similar experience to yours I'd like to relate.\n\nWhen I was in college, we had an exchange student from Switzerland. In order\nto study Japanese, he was recording radio programs and listening to them\nseveral times over. One day, he told me he couldn't understand a certain\nsound. It was きんだい. When he played the recorded radio sound for me, I\nimmediately knew that meant 近大, or 近畿大学. It honestly happened in an instant.\nThe Swiss student went \"How?!\", very surprised, just like you are.\n\nI thought about how many times in my life I've heard the sound きんだい to mean\n近畿大学 in my life. Probably very little, around ten times or so. As a college\nstudent, I wasn't even twenty years old yet, so I might go an entire year\nwithout hearing the word. But I still immediately knew that きんだい referred to\n近畿大学. Why was that?\n\nI just typed きんだい into my computer now and converted it to kanji, and the\nwords 近代, 近大, 金大, and 金台 appeared. I knew the first three, but I didn't know\nwhat 金台 meant right away just from looking at the kanji. I can only imagine it\nmeans a pedestal made of gold, or of a gold color. The first three are more\nimportant. The Swiss student's recording was a sports commentary, maybe of a\nlive college baseball game. At this point, it could only be 近大 for 近畿大学 or 金大\nfor 金沢大学. I had the basic knowledge that 近畿大学 is probably more well-known for\nits sports than 金沢大学. That meant きんだい could only mean 近大. Then how did I know\nthat 近大 meant 近畿大学? I think that when people learn the words 近代, 近大, and 金大,\nthey're learning it along with their meanings. So by the time I narrowed the\nsound きんだい down to 近大, the word 近畿大学 came to mind at the same time. I could\nunderstand why the Swiss student was surprised. It hadn't even taken a second\nfor a college student to guess right about a word's meaning when the student\nhad been struggling so much with it.\n\nI think anyone, not just Japanese people, can do this. And I think people from\nother countries can do the same thing with their own languages as well.\n\nAnyway, back to the point, I thought about じんせいのシュウ.\n\nWhen I convert じんせい from kana to kanji, I get\n「人生」「尽誠」「仁政」「靭性」「人世」「腎性」「仁成」「人性」「壬生」「神成」「仁正」. In general, when someone wants\nto convey information using words, they'll use words that the other person can\nunderstand just by hearing, and of the above terms, only 人生 and 仁政 apply to\nthat. 「人生のシュウ」 and 「仁政のシュウ」. I don't clearly understand the meaning of either,\nbut given the movie's story, I think it can be narrowed down to one of those.\nI don't know what シュウ is, but those who know Hokuto no Ken will know it's\neither 「人生のシュウ」 or 「仁政のシュウ」. I can imagine the kanji 星 when I hear せい\nrelatively quickly, but if this movie is a story about planets, then せい being\n星 is probably certain.\n\nThen why does 仁政 turn into 仁星? It's a completely made-up word. I know right\naway that 仁 means \"benevolence.\" But if the story as a whole conveyed a\nfeeling of benevolence, then even if it is a made-up word, people watching the\nmovie confused as to exactly what じんせい means would think have been hearing the\ntopic of stars come up once in a while, so they probably wouldn't think much\nof it if their brains came up with a made-up word 仁星 meaning \"star of\nbenevolence.\"\n\nI would imagine similar circumstances led the young people watching the same\nmovie to know じんせいのシュウ was 仁星のシュウ, and instantly, at that.\n\n* * *\n\nPostscript\n\nWhen I looked up 仁星のシュウ on the internet, I found\n[this](http://www.geocities.jp/hokuaniken/sakuhin/yougo/syuyou/syukusei.html).\nThe stars of destiny that control the fate of the 拳士達 are called 宿星, and one\nof those is called the 仁星. 仁星 is the 宿星 that Shuu, the user of Nanto Hakuroken\nhas, and is the star of compassion and consideration. With that, I now know\nthat both 仁星 and シュウ are fictional proper nouns that appear in Hokuto no Ken.\n\nWhen someone who knows Hokuto no Ken's story hears じんせいのシュウ, it's probably\nmuch, much easier than how long it took me to guess that it was 仁星のシュウ.\n\nIn terms of knowing what something means just by hearing it and not seeing the\nkanji, I feel like it's the same as when a child who doesn't know kanji can\neasily recall character names and other proper nouns in TV shows, and it\ndoesn't seem very strange to me at all.\n\nNow, I kind of think I was better off not knowing what it came from...\n\n* * *\n\nPostscript 2\n\nWhen I look at きんだい and 仁星のシュウ together, I'm struck by how hard foreign\nlanguages are, and possibly something like a hint that could overcome that\ndifficulty.\n\nFirst is that both are proper nouns. Second is that きんだい is also an\nabbreviation.\n\nProper nouns, very famous ones aside, generally won't be in a dictionary. If\nthey started listing them, it would go on forever. And if that proper noun is\nan abbreviation, you won't be able to find it in most dictionaries, so I think\nthere are far fewer ways to figure out its meaning compared to regular words.\nIf we set aside advanced learners who can use authentic materials, foreign\nlanguage learning materials and textbooks don't have many proper nouns in\nthem. Putting them in would probably be inconvenient.\n\nChildren grow up learning the words of their country through everyday life,\nbut for people learning foreign languages through study materials, I would\nthink proper nouns--and abbreviated proper nouns--are one of the many\nobstacles to them. To me, it seems essential that foreign language learners\nfind a way to memorize this \"chain,\" where you hear the word きんだい, know it's\nthe proper noun 近大, and also know it means 近畿大学.",
"comment_count": 15,
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"body": "It is true that Japanese contains many homophonic words, an unfortunate\nconsequence of retaining the original Chinese readings. This creates many\nsituations in which simply hearing a Japanese word may not be sufficient to be\n100% certain of its meaning. As you said, kanji subtitles would be one way to\ncircumvent the uncertainty, but in the absence of orthographic cues, a\nJapanese speaker must rely on other strategies. In linguistics, this is known\nas inferring meaning.\n\nJapanese speakers infer meaning using a variety of strategies. One strategy is\nto utilize linguistic cues within the sentence itself. For example, using your\nexample of the word \nじんせい, a collocation within the sentence may give a clue to the meaning. So if\nsomeone said 「じんせい を おくる」, a native speaker would immediately recognize this\ncommon phrase and know that the correct word is 「人生」.There are also times\nwhere words comprised of the same kana characters are pronounced with\ndifferent pitch patterns. One common example is「橋」 and 「箸」which tend to be\npronounced differently. So, pronunciation is also a possible clue.\n\nAnother strategy is using context. The context may come from cultural\nknowledge or from something specifically within the story. For example, if the\nword 「じんせい」 was introduced earlier in the story as relating to a certain\nconcept unrelated to its most common usage, then it would be natural to\nassociate a later 「じんせい] with that earlier one. Or a character's name may be\nthe same as an existing word, but in the context of the story it may be\nobvious that the ambiguous word refers to a character in the story.\n\nTo sum up, in the absence of orthographic clues, accurate lexical access in\nthe case of homophonic words can be achieved by a variety of strategies, which\ngenerally include linguistic and/or contextual approaches.",
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| 47230 | 47239 | 47239 |
{
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"body": "Is there a generic formula to express \"to **know** how to do something\"?\n\nI know how to ask a question in the second person \"How do you do something?\",\ne.g.\n\n> How do you write \"Yasuda\" in kanji? 「やすだ」は漢字でどう書きますか。\n\nI also know how to ask\n\n> Can he write \"Yasuda\" in kanji? 彼は「やすだ」を漢字で書けますか。\n\nbut I am struggling to put it in the third person:\n\n> Does he **know** how to write \"Yasuda\" in kanji?",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "How to say \"to know how to do something\"",
"view_count": 2870
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{
"body": "It's あの人は「やすだ」は漢字でどうやって書くか知っていますか？, generally, to know how to do something is\nどう（やって）…するか（を）知っている.",
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| 47234 | 47293 | 47293 |
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"body": "When I say them out loud, it makes sense like someone in english saying\n\"wuuut\" instead of \"what?\", but that mostly applies to written casual\nconversation I guess. Anyway is this correct or is it something else?",
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"tags": [
"words",
"internet-slang"
],
"title": "Are なぬand ぬぬ like slangy/cute ways to say なに？",
"view_count": 316
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{
"body": "なぬ is an exclamation to tell surprise, like \"No way!\" It's probably related to\nなに, but has lost most of its interrogative nuance. It doesn't sound\nparticularly cute, but a bit old-fashioned and perhaps dialectal, thus mostly\nused by a modern speaker to add some comical tone rather than a serious\nsurprise.\n\nぬぬ isn't a meaningful word, instead\n\n 1. a way to spell out grunt, or the sound you utter when you're too shocked to answer anything back. = ぐぬぬ, むむむ, うぐぐ etc.\n\n 2. a way to spell out nasal sound you utter to yourself to show a light doubt. \"uh?\", \"huh?\" = ぬ？, ん？, うん？",
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| 47235 | 47240 | 47240 |
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"body": "何が、ハムレットからの「The lady doth protest to much, methinks」の日本語の対等なの？\n\n私の日本語はよくないなら、すみません。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T03:20:30.607",
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"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
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"title": "何が「The lady doth protest to much, methinks」の日本語の対等なの？",
"view_count": 133
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{
"body": "According to\n[this](http://james.3zoku.com/shakespeare/hamlet/hamlet3.2.2.html) reference:\n\n> 王妃{おうひ}が大{おお}げさに誓{ちか}いすぎるように思いますが。\n\nThis version does not include the word \"doth\", hope it works OK for you anyway\n(apparently not all versions of the Hamlet have it).",
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| 47236 | 47237 | 47237 |
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"accepted_answer_id": "47257",
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"body": "I came across this sentence when reading an essay：\n\n> 「ぢちらしろ、そう何回も声をかけられたんじゃ不快な気分に **なるな** というほうが無理ではないか。」\n\nWhat is the meaning of になるな here? I understand 辞書形＋ない to either mean\n\n(1) Don't do the action of the verb. ie するな！ _Don't do that!_ \n(2) Nothing too specific, just softening a phrase, similarly to how 'la' 'leh'\n'lor' etc are used in Singapore English.\n\nI don't understand the rest of the sentence fully either, but I'm not sure\nwhether in this case the なるな is either case (1), (2) or something else I may\nbe ignorant too.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-10T11:57:54.750",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "「動詞辞書形＋な」はどういう意味ですか。",
"view_count": 828
} | [
{
"body": "> 不快な気分になるな\n\n_don't feel unpleasant_ \nな in the phrase means (1) Don't do the action of the verb. ie するな！ _don't do\nthat!_",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T14:21:38.870",
"id": "47253",
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"body": "It's (1). The な is a negative imperative particle, since ～というほうが無理(= Quotative\nと + 言う方が無理) follows an imperative phrase or sentence.\n\n「Imperative phrase/sentence + というほうが無理（だ）」 is an expression for saying \"(\n_lit_ ) It's unreasonable to tell me/us/someone to do~~.\" i.e. \"You can't\nexpect me/us/someone to do~~!\", implying \"Of course I/we/someone do/can\nnot~~.\"\n\n> 不快な気分になるなというほうが無理ではないか。 \n> ( _lit_ ) It's unreasonable to tell me not to feel disturbed/uncomfortable,\n> isn't it? \n> → You can't expect me not to feel disturbed/uncomfortable, right? \n> Implying: \"(If you keep talking to me / calling me so many times, then) I\n> will feel disturbed, of course! / it's quite natural that I should feel\n> disturbed!\" (≂ 不快な気分になるに決まってるだろう・不快な気分になって当たり前だろう）",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T15:26:35.043",
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| 47246 | 47257 | 47257 |
{
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"body": "I came across this sentence when reading an essay：\n\n> 「ぢちらしろ、そう何回も声をかけられ **たんじゃ** 不快な気分になるなというほうが無理ではないか。」\n\nI'm not sure what the significance of the んじゃ is where it is in the sentence.\nMy grasp of the sentence overall is something like:\n\n> 'If which wherever you go, you get called out to by such a voice, isn't it\n> impossible not to get uncomfortable?'\n\nIs this along the right lines?\n\nSource: そして生活が続く － 星野源 P22",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T12:05:18.733",
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"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does 動詞た形 ＋ んじゃ mean?",
"view_count": 502
} | [
{
"body": "> 声をかけられたんじゃ \n> if I was called out to\n\n声をかけられた **の** では ー＞ 声をかけられた **ん** では －＞ 声をかけられたん **じゃ**\n\n声をかけられたんじゃ is transformed from 声をかけられたのでは through 声かけられたんでは for convenience of\nthe pronunciation.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T14:00:48.233",
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| 47247 | null | 47252 |
{
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"body": "Do native Japanese speakers write 居る or いる？",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T13:01:29.297",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"katakana",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "How do I write the verb \"To be\"? 居る or いる？",
"view_count": 587
} | [
{
"body": "> Do native Japanese speakers write 居る or いる？\n\nI know the use of them is very complicated, but it depends on the phrase like: \n1. 私は家に居る。あなたは外にいる。 \n2. 私の家にいる猫がかわいい。 \n3. 私が家にいる時に電話があった。 \n\nThe use of them is not so strict but roughly: \nthe verb 居る is used in its predicative form to describe somebody is indoors,\nwhile いる is used to describe that somebody or some thing is outdoors, or it is\nalso used when the verb is used in a modifier.\n\nThe kanji 居 originally means _to stay at home_ , so 居る fits to stay indoors. \nAs for the 猫｛ねこ｝ _cat_ , the いる is used in stead of _to be kept as a pet_.\n\nAnd the other reason いる is used in stead of 居る is that 居る looks\nheavy/thick/dense(?) than いる when written in a line of a phrase, so if it is\nnot misread いる is often used in stead.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T13:23:35.627",
"id": "47251",
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{
"body": "When it's used as an ordinary verb (\"to be; to exist; there is\"), いる is mostly\nwritten in hiragana. When it's used [as a subsidiary\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010) (\"is ～ing; have ～ed\"),\nいる is almost always written in hiragana. Today, using 居る would look old-\nfashioned and stiff. Novels 100 years ago tended to use 居る a lot. Unless you\nare interested in creative writing, you don't have to use 居る at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T18:36:41.180",
"id": "47261",
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| 47248 | null | 47261 |
{
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"body": "> 「今から家へ帰るところだけど、晩ご飯の買い物はもう 終わってる？」\n>\n> 「うん、さっきお母さんと電話で話したけど、スーパーによってから帰るって言ってたから、お母さんが買って帰るはずだよ。」\n\nI understand the overall meaning of these sentences, but I'm rather confused\nabout how I should translate によって in this context.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"verbs",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Translating a sentence containing によって",
"view_count": 151
} | [
{
"body": "> スーパーによってから帰る\n\nスーパーに寄ってから帰る _I'll get home after dropping in at the supermarket._",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T13:14:49.050",
"id": "47250",
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| 47249 | 47250 | 47250 |
{
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"body": "Example in English:\n\nYou are on the phone with John, and you know that Mary is in a room with him,\nyou may say \"Can you put on Mary, please?\".\n\nIs there an idiom for this request in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T14:25:58.990",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "How to ask someone in a phone call to pass the phone to someone else?",
"view_count": 931
} | [
{
"body": "We usually say\n\n> メアリーにかわってくれますか。 \n> Can you put Mary on the phone?",
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| 47254 | 47256 | 47256 |
{
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"body": "父は わたし **に/を** 大学へ行かせました。\n\nI'm confused about what particle I should put after わたし.\n\nWhen it is correct to put を (and に) after the doer in a sentence with a\ncausative verb?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-10T14:41:50.603",
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"id": "47255",
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"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"causation"
],
"title": "Causative verbs: when does the doer take を or に?",
"view_count": 152
} | []
| 47255 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47260",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "`～おう` means \"let's do something\", while てしまう seems to mean completion of an\naction (A dictionary of basic japanese grammar). In Nihongo so-matome n3 there\nis this example: `今日は飲んじゃおう!` which they translate to `I'm going to have a\ndrink!`. What exactly does ～てしまおう mean?\n\nI've seen some google results for this question, but they were on reddit and\nfew other websites I can't access from this network.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T17:24:01.970",
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"owner_user_id": "22082",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"て-form"
],
"title": "What does しまおう mean?",
"view_count": 5732
} | [
{
"body": "Just to clarify,「〜おう」is called the volitional form, and though it is often\ntranslated as \"Let's do ~\", it is also used to express individual intention.\nWhen used in the individual context, as far as I understand it, it expresses a\nstrong intention to do/achieve something. You'll often hear it used in male\nspeech and followed by 「ぜ」.\n\nExample: やろうぜ！ I'll do it (for sure)!\n\nCombined with 「〜てしまう」it basically means going all out or doing something\nfully. Here's another example:\n\n私は何もかも言ってしまおう。I will let myself loose.\n\nAnother clarification: while しまおう and じゃおう mean the same thing, they are not\ninterchangeable. They are dependent on the て form that a particular verb\ntakes. For example, 言う becomes 言ってしまおう becomes 言っちゃおう, but because 飲む becomes\n飲んで, and で is a softer sound than て, the conjugation is also softer, hence it\nbecomes 飲んじゃおう, not 飲んちゃおう. However, when using the more polite form, it\nremains 飲んでしまう, not 飲んでじまう. Hope that helps.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T18:29:07.203",
"id": "47259",
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"body": "The te-form is used for stringing verbs together to combine their meanings:\n\n> 飲[む]{L} + しまう→飲[んで]{LL} + しまう→飲んでしまう\n\nしまう usually means \"to complete something\", but what it actually means depends\non context. [In an answer to an earlier\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36672/v%E3%81%A6%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%86-%E4%BB%96%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E6%96%B9%E3%81%8C%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B),\nits combined meaning with 飲む is explained as \"drinking without thinking about\nconsequences\". An example of 〜しまう meaning \"to complete something\" (from\nnaruto's comment):\n\n> 賞味期限が明日だから、今日飲んでしまおう \n> _It'll expire soon, so better drink it all today_\n\nThe volitional form is used to mean things like will, invitation, doubt or\npresumption. Here, しまう is conjugated to the volitional form and because the\nsentence starts 「今日は」, you can guess that it means the speaker's will to do\nsomething.\n\n> 飲んでしま[う]{L}→飲んでしま[おう]{LL}\n\nIf you view 飲んでしまう as \"drink unresponsibly\", then 飲んでしまおう will become \"I'll\ndrink unresponsibly/anyway\".\n\nFor comparison, volitional without 〜しまう:\n\n> 飲[む]{L}→飲[もう]{LL} (I'll drink, let's drink)\n\nIn Japanese, te-form + aux is often contracted when it connects to frequently\nused auxiliary verbs like 〜しまう or 〜いる. 飲ん[でしま]{LLL}う becomes 飲ん[じゃ]{LL}う and\n言って[い]{L}る becomes 言ってる. The contracted form conjugates to the volitional form\njust like the longer one.\n\n> 飲ん[でしま]{LL}おう↔飲ん[じゃ]{LL}おう",
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"body": "First, ～てしまう doesn't so much mean completion as to do something in an\nunrewindable manner.\n\nSecond, volitional forms (～おう) stands for invitation or volition, in other\nwords, it means either \"let's do it\" or \"I'll do it\". (When it's accompanied\nwith sentence ender よ or ぜ, it's invitation only.)\n\nCombination of them expresses encouragement for decision against some\nhesitation. As for your example, 今日は飲んでしまおう implies that you shouldn't care of\nextra problems that could happen after it.",
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| 47258 | 47260 | 47260 |
{
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"body": "> それでもあいつが絶対的[窮地]{きゅうち}に立ったら迷わず[助太刀]{すけだち}に入る事\n\nI know it says something like \"If he gets into a really dangerous situation,\nI'll/We'll be at his side in a second!\"\n\nMy question is, would a more correct translation of this be \"I'll\" or \"We'll\"?\nCould it be either one, depending on context? And could it have a double\nmeaning, depending on the speaker's intention? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T20:09:41.447",
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"owner_user_id": "22083",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"particle-こと"
],
"title": "Is this sentence referring to an individual or a group of people?",
"view_count": 104
} | [
{
"body": "Usually, it means neither. こと like this at the end of the sentence forms a\ncommand, \" _You_ must (be at his side)\".\n\n * [こと as an Imperative](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40951/5010)\n * [What do I do when I encounter \"Written Japanese\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3878/5010)\n\nIn an uncommon context, it is also possible that this こと is just a normal\nnominalizer. \"Being at his side once he gets into ...\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 47262 | null | 47263 |
{
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"body": "is \"koesou\" some conjugation form of the verb koeru? If so, which one? I can't\nfind it in this conjugation table for japanese verbs [conjugation of japanese\nverb\nkoeru](http://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?JapaneseVerb=koeru&VerbClass=2&EnglishVerb=get%20fat,%20grow%20fertile%20/%20cross%20over,%20exceed)",
"comment_count": 4,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "is \"koesou\" some conjugation form of the verb koeru?",
"view_count": 120
} | [
{
"body": "Searching for the lyrics to this song online, it appears to be こえ＋そう. This 〜そう\nsuffix means \"seemingly\" or \"appears to be\". So it would mean \"seems that I\ncan cross over\".\n\nThis 〜そう suffix attaches to the \"stem\" of a verb; that is, the part before the\nます (there are technical names for these parts, but I won't get into that\nhere). So the 〜そう itself is not any conjugation of こえる, just the こえ〜 part.\n\n> (こえる・こえます) → こえ〜 ＋ 〜そう → こえそう\n\nSome other examples of this 〜そう\n\n> * 雨が降りそう → Seems like it's going to rain\n> * 本がテーブルから落ちそう → The book looks like it's gonna fall from/off the table\n> * 食事がおいしそう → The food looks delicious (*you can attach this 〜そう to\n> adjectives as well)\n>",
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| 47264 | 47267 | 47267 |
{
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"body": "As far as I know, the particle \"de\" is used to mean \"at\" or \"in\" , and also\n\"by\" , \"with\", \"within\" , \"by means of\" , and also \"in total\" , \"for\", \"made\nof\", but almost all times I've seen it, it comes after a noun. Then, what does\nit means when it comes after a verb?\n\nFor example in the sentences,\n\n> Hitori de wa, tooi ashita wo\n>\n> Yoake no mama de, koesou de",
"comment_count": 9,
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-で"
],
"title": "what does the particle \"de\" means when it comes after a verb?",
"view_count": 1570
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"body": "What is \"Yoake no mama\"? 夜明けのまま? I can't get the context or meaning.\n\n> koesou de sounds like a short of 越えそうである.\n\nSo this is a part of lyrics of a song from TM revolution? You should have\nwarned that since Japanese lyrics of a pop song often makes little sense even\nfor the native speakers.\n\nIt seems the lyrics in non-romaji are as follows\n\n独りでは遠い明日を faraway tomorrow if it's only me,\n\n夜明けのままで 越えそうで it seems I pass it(tomorrow) while it's still dawn\n\nSemantically that's all. I don't know what it is supposed to mean.",
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| 47265 | 47275 | 47275 |
{
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"body": "Which attributive: きれい or 清潔 sounds more natural to say \"clean hands\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-10T22:31:34.983",
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"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What attributive to use to express \"clean\" in \"clean hands\"?",
"view_count": 75
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{
"body": "清潔 means \"being sanitary/hygienic\" so I think きれいな手 sounds more like \"clean\nhands.\" But, of course, it can mean \"pretty hands\" by context.",
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"body": "This is a line of dialogue Shingeki no kyojin S2 05:\n\n> 自分の体調も把握できねぇやつが、 評価欲しさに来ちゃいけねぇ訓練を受けちまった。\n\nwhat means \"評価欲しさに来る? In general, when 評価欲しさ is used?",
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"title": "what means \"評価欲しさに来る?",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "> 評価｛ひょうか｝欲｛ほ｝しさに来｛く｝る\n\nIn other Japanese it could roughly be said like:\n\n * 評価｛ひょうか｝が欲｛ほ｝しいので来｛く｝る _He has come here because he wants to be evaluated._\n * 認めて欲しいので来｛く｝る _He has come here because he wants to be recognized._\n * ほめて欲しいので来｛く｝る _He has come here because he wants to be praised._\n\n評価 means evaluation. For the person speaking this phrase might think that\nevaluation should be done only by a certain third party, not by the proposal\nof himself/herself for the evaluation. So, the speaker makes fun of him/her or\nmakes a fool of him/her, because of his/her ignorance or rudeness by this\nphrase.",
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"body": "Without the context I'm not sure but it sounds like the speaker is speaking of\nsomeone who came to the training because \"s/he wants a formal record that s/he\ncompleted the training.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T03:19:41.660",
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"body": "> 評価欲しさに来ちゃいけねぇ訓練を受けちまった。 \n> what means \" **評価欲しさに来る**?\n\nYou're not parsing it correctly, I'm afraid. 評価欲しさに modifies 受けちまった, not\n来ちゃいけねぇ. So the phrase you should be looking at is 評価欲しさに訓練を受けた, \"received a\ntraining only for evaluation\".\n\n> 評価欲しさに（≂ 評価が欲しくて/評価されたくて）、｛（来ちゃいけねぇ）訓練を｝受けちまった。\n\nSo the whole sentence means \"Someone who can't even assess/control his own\nphysical condition ended up receiving a training {which he shouldn't have\nparticipated in}, only from a desire to get (favorably) evaluated / just for\nevaluation (or a grade/approval/admiration).\" As you can see, the reason for\n来ちゃいけねぇ (he shouldn't have come) is 自分の体調も把握できねぇ (he is incapable of\nassessing/controlling his own physical condition).\n\n* * *\n\n「XX + 欲しさに」 means \"(only) for XX\", \"(only) from a desire to get/obtain XX.\"\nExamples:\n\n> * 名声 **欲しさに** してはいけないことをしてしまった。 I did something I shouldn't have done,\n> _(only) from a desire to gain_ fame / a reputation.\n> * [金]{かね} **欲しさに** 好きでもない男と結婚する marry a man I don't like _just for_ money\n> * 主役の座 **欲しさに** 監督に[媚]{こ}びを売る butter up the director _to get_ the major\n> role (in a drama or movie)\n>",
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| 47268 | 47278 | 47278 |
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"body": "**【原文】 _Original version_**\n\n各これらの語の特徴はいつからなの？何時代ですの？\n\n第一、「のです」と「なのです」を書いて「んです」と「なんです」を書かなかったことはいつからなの？\n\n第に、「でござる」を書いて「でございます」を書かなかったこともいつからなの？\n\n私の日本語がよくないですと、すみません！\n\n* * *\n\n**Edited version**\n\nI have two questions about the expressions in Japanese:\n\n 1. When were the expressions \"のです\" and \"なのです\" replaced by \"んです\" and \"なんです\" respectively? \n\nSimilarly,\n\n 2. When was the expression \"でござる\" replaced by \"でございます\"?\n\nIn addition to the questions, I'd like to know the characteristic and the\nusage of each expression.\n\nーーーー \n**【編集後】**\n\n日本語の言い回しに関して２つ質問があります。\n\n（１）「んです」「なんです」という言い回しは、いつから「のです」「なのです」に各々取って代わったのですか。\n\n同様に、 \n（２）「でございます」という言い回しは、いつから「でござる」に取って代わったのですか。\n\nまた、各々の表現の特徴あるいは使い方などもわかったら教えてください。",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"etymology",
"contractions",
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "Questions about の→ん contraction, でござる→でございます shift",
"view_count": 448
} | [
{
"body": "**Q1:** **When were the expressions** **\"のです\" and \"なのです\"** **replaced by \"んです\"\nand \"なんです\" respectively?**\n\n**A1** :\n\n[1] how difference use way\n\n**[のです、 んです] vs [なのです、なんです]**\n\n(1) [のです、んです]\n\n**1. verb+の(ん)です**\n\n**2. い adjective+の(ん)です**\n\n(2) [なのです、なんです ]\n\n**1. noun+な(attributive だ)+の(ん)です**\n\n**2. な adjective+な(attributive だ)+の(ん)です**\n\nReference\n\n 1. [What is the meaning of ～んです/～のだ/etc?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5398/what-is-the-meaning-of-)～んです-～のだ\n\n* * *\n\n**Q2** : **When was the expression \"でござる\" replaced by \"でございます\"?**\n\n**A2:** : **でございます used when is you should speak more formal and polite でござる\nto your higher**\n\nand\n\n\"「ござる」は本来「御座有(ござあ)る」で尊敬語でした。\n\n後に丁寧語に使われるようになりました。\"\n\nSource and detail\n\n 1. <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11120077396>",
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"body": "I've often heard it translated as \"Not bad,\" but I haven't able to find\nanything first hand written about its usage as a compliment. Can anyone tell\nme more about it?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T02:45:07.160",
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"tags": [
"slang"
],
"title": "What does やるな mean when it isn't being used to say \"Don't do it\"?",
"view_count": 115
} | []
| 47272 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47277",
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"body": "A quote from\n[80日間世界一周](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%22%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%82%84%E3%81%A8%22):\n\n> 巨大な湖が凍ったら **かくや** という景色だった。 \n> _It seemed like a vast frozen lake._\n\nI'm guessing the [「かく」 is this one](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%96%AF%E3%81%8F),\nbut I don't understand how the 「や」 works. Could this be a set phrase?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"particles",
"set-phrases",
"archaic-language",
"particle-や"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「かくや（という）」",
"view_count": 579
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{
"body": "It's short for\n[かくやあらん](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%96%AF%E3%81%8F%E3%82%84%E3%81%82%E3%82%89%E3%82%93),\nwhich is one of the [fixed expressions from archaic\nJapanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/42724/5010).\n\n * 斯く: \"like this\"\n * や: archaic question marker (eighth definition [here](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%84); grammatical rule [here](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/kobun-adjectives/) and [here](http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa010037.htm))\n * あらん (あらむ in historical kana usage): あり (\"to be\") + [む](http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009010.htm) (\"to seem; should\"). → \"should be; to seem to be\"\n\nSo in modern Japanese, it's このようであろうか or こんな感じだろうか.\n\nかくや is used to give an unrealistic/extreme analogy\n([～もかくや](http://yourei.jp/%E3%82%82%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%82%84), ～ればかくや,\n～ならかくや). Your sentence is a typical example of かくや(あらん).",
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| 47276 | 47277 | 47277 |
{
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"body": "I wish to say:\n\n> He **deals with** clients **about** the overdue invoices.\n\nI tried to express it in next way:\n\n> あの人は顧客 **の** 支払期限が過ぎた請求書 **に対応する** 。\n\nBut I don't like it. I feel like I use the wrong verb and the wrong grammar to\nexpress the idea I need. Could you please help me with any idea?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T08:27:10.020",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "How to say \"Dealing with someone about something\"",
"view_count": 303
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{
"body": "> He deals with clients about the overdue invoices.\n\nYour answer: あの人は顧客 **の** 支払期限が過ぎた請求書 **に対応する** 。 \nMy answer 1: 彼は 顧客 **の** 支払期限が過ぎた請求書 **を処理する** 。 \nMy answer 2: 彼は 支払期限が過ぎた顧客 **の** 請求書 **を処理する** 。\n\nMy answer 2 sounds more natural to me than my answer 1.\n\nThough the position of 顧客 in your answer and my answer 1 may be grammatically\ncorrect, my answer 2 sounds more natural to me than the other.\n\nWhy? \nI don't know the true answer of the position of 顧客.\n\nI think \"overdue\" is more important than \"the client\" in this phrase, so the\nmore important word is put in the more front position than the other; and the\npositioning of them make this phrase sound more natural.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T10:41:09.287",
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| 47280 | null | 47283 |
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"body": "This question will be a bit complicated. Here are two sentences with two very\nsimilar constructions (in bold)\n\n1. 地図は普通、 **北を上にして** [描]{か}かれる。 \"Concerning maps, usually they are drawn while you put north at the top\" (as literal as I could manage, hope its still correct) From Line 7 in this one <https://www.docdroid.net/847v2dg/img-20170413-0001-new.pdf.html>\n\n2. 地図に経度と緯度が使用されるようになって、 **北を上にして** 地図をかくのが普通になった。 Here's my attempt at translation \"Because it has come so far, that on maps longitude and latitude are usually used, it has become usual, that you draw a map while putting north at the top.\" (again as literal as I could manage to set the individual syntactical parts apart as good as possible) From an exercise about the text in 1.\n\n3. So, in 1 things are pretty distinct. The bold part has an adverbial function, right? In 2, things aren't as clear to me because a noun directly succeeds the bold part. I know that this doesn't necessarily mean anything, but it is a position where attributes are very common. An attribute isn't really possible from my perspective because there isn't dictionary form, but て form. Furthermore, at least in a translation which tries to preserve an attributive relation between 北を上にして and 地図, the result feels ungrammatical: \"It has become usual that you draw a you-put-north-top/ _north-put-top_ map.\" The part in italics tries to make things sound at least half-grammatical by translating the unspecified subject into a passive construction. \n\nSo TL;DR: 北を上にして acts as an adverbial in both 1 and 2, right? And: Is there a\ncase, apart from one in which the conjunctive forms form a chain which leads\nup to a dictionary form adjective/verb which modifies a noun, where て form can\nact as a prototypical attribute, like here: よく考える人は効果的な生き方を見つける。",
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"title": "How to interpret Xを上にして constructions regarding a map",
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{
"body": "The pattern A を B にする is very common. (I used to offer my students a small\nprize if they could find two pages of continuous Japanese prose that didn't\ncontain an example.) It means \"make A into B\", \"have A as B\", \"treat A as B\",\n\"regard A as B\", and so on. Here, 北を上にして in both sentences means \"making North\nthe top\", \"having North as the top\", \" treating North as the top\", and so\non.In idiomatic English I think we'd say simply \"with North at the top\".\n\nBearing in mind that the て form is uncommitted as to tense, so that the tense\nof the corresponding verb in an English translation (because English matches\ntenses) will be determined by the tense of the main verb, in this case なった,\nthe second sentence goes like this:\n\n地図に経度と緯度が使用されるようになって\n\nIt came about that lines of longitude and latitude were used on maps, and\n\n北を上にして地図をかくのが\n\ndrawing maps with North at the top [subject, marked with が, of following verb\nなった ]\n\n普通になった\n\nbecame usual\n\nMore idiomatically:\n\nWhen lines of longitude and latitude began to be used on maps it became\ncustomary to place North at the top.",
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"body": "～して literally means \"do ~ and...\" In this case, it's \"put the north at the top\nand (draw the map).\"",
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| 47282 | 47284 | 47284 |
{
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"body": "I was told that is ok to use\n\n> 何でもないが欲しいです。\n\nin an informal setting for \"I don't want anything.\"\n\nIs this correct? And what is an expression I can use in a formal situation?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
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"expressions",
"set-phrases",
"culture"
],
"title": "A formal/informal way to say I don't want anything",
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{
"body": "何でもないが欲しいです would mean 'It's nothing, but I want it.' Honestly it makes very\nlittle sense. You seem to have taken 何でもない as a noun, but really it's a full\nphrase meaning 'It's nothing.' To say you don't want anything, I think 何も欲しくない\nwould work (though I'm probably wrong). It would be a little more natural to\nsay 何も要らない 'I don't need anything', though, I think. Formally you could say\n何も要らないです or 何も要りません.",
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"body": "In formal way: 申{もう}し訳{わけ}ありませんが何{なに}も欲{ほ}しくありません。 /\n申{もう}し訳{わけ}ありませんが何{なに}も要{い}りません。\n\nIn informal way: 何{なに}も欲{ほ}しくない（よ）。 / 何{なに}も欲{ほ}しくないんだ。 / 何{なに}も要{い}らない（よ）。\n\n**Postscript** \n何も要らない is better than 何も欲しくない, which is written in **Nothing at all** 's\nanswer.",
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"body": "If the scenario were saying \"I don't want anything\" in response to someone\noffering you something (food, drink, etc.), you could also use\n\n> （私は）[結構]{けっ・こう}です。 → I'm fine/all right.",
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| 47285 | null | 47294 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47289",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 「地図B」は世界中の **人に平等である** ように作られた。\n\nIn this sentence, the interplay of the part in bold and the rest of the\nsentence is in question.\n\n 1. I learned that NOUN + に + VERB can have the meaning of doing VERBAL COMPLEX as a symbolic action in relation to NOUN, like here: \"田中さんが結婚祝いにこのお皿をくださいました。\" => Tanaka gave us this plate as present for our wedding. \nIn this case 世界中の人 would fill the place of NOUN, then comes に, and then である\nfills the place of VERB.\n\n 2. The use of ように makes things a bit difficult for me. So far, One of the various ways of using ように seems the most probable to me: Verb 1 + ように + Verb 2 => Verb 1 is a means to reach Verb 2, like this: 泳げるように毎日練習しています。(\"I practice every day so that I can swim\")\n\n 3. So the whole sentence would read like this: \"Concerning Map B, it was made so that there is equality for all people in the world.\" \nAnother problem I have is that the \"symbolic action\" character of 平等である isn't\nas clear as I think it should be. Especially if I translate \"...so that there\n**is**...\", the indicative makes it more than symbolic in my opinion. On the\nother hand, even in the phrase in 1, which was taken from my textbook, I do\nhave issues with the description \"symbolic action\". Symbolic actions usually\ndon't have a tangible manifestation, I think. At least not as tangible as a\npresent I can touch and use etc.. But well, maybe I'm just too picky. It's\nhard enough to describe language and it's still a minor issue after all.",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "「地図B」は世界中の人に平等であるように作られた",
"view_count": 207
} | [
{
"body": "you've got the basic idea right. i'd have translated it as \"map B was made to\nbe fair to people throughout the world\".\n\ni think there are two things you are doing that are getting in your way. the\nfirst is that you're trying to be to be too faithful to Japanese grammar in\nyour translation (particularly in the way you're trying to keep \"map B\" as a\ntopic). Secondly, i think you're overthinking this a bit regarding the\nabstractness. (omg. i can't tell you how many times i did something similar--\noverthinking the text--only to kick myself in the end for making it too\ndifficult. i'm not sure how to advise you on this second point other than to\nbe aware you might be doing it. it was a very difficult habit for me to\nbreak.)\n\nIf you're new to reading Japanese, it can help to read on topics you're\nalready familiar with in English (or whatever other language you feel fluent\nin). eventually that's what i did and i found i was much better able to\nunderstand the Japanese since i was already familiar with most of the\nunderlying topics. and after a while i was able to tackle topics that were new\nto me but also of interest.\n\ni apologize for typos. i'm on the road and responding from my cell phone.\nplease feel free to correct.",
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"body": "As for 1, your interpretation is incorrect.\n\nYour interpretation of **に** in \"田中さんが結婚祝い **に** このお皿をくださいました\" is correct. \nBut your interpretation of **に** in \"世界中の人 **に** 平等であるように作られた\" is incorrect.\n\nThe **に** in \"世界中の...\" means \" _for_ \" not \" _as_ \", and **ある** does not mean\n_to exist / there is_ but _so as to be_ in the set phrase **であるように** , then\nthe whole phrase may be translated like: \n地図 _B was made so as to be equal for all people in the world_.\n\nI'll give you some examples using **であるように**. \n- 父{ちち} **であるように** 振{ふ}る舞{ま}え！ Behave so as to be a father! \n- 淑女｛しゅくじょ｝ **であるように** 静｛しず｝かに食｛た｝べなさい。 Eat calmly so as to be a lady.",
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{
"body": "> 「地図B」は世界中の人に平等であるように作られた。 This は is a object marker and 世界中の人に means \"to the\n> people of the world...\" So the sentence is like \"the map B was made to be\n> equal to all the people in the world.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T13:51:54.560",
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| 47286 | 47289 | 47289 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47297",
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"body": "> 長い物には巻かれろ \n> Let _me/it_ be wound on long things\n\nI believe this has a meaning similar to the English \"If you can't beat 'em,\njoin 'em\".\n\nIs my literal translation correct (I suspect not)?\n\nHow do we get from the literal meaning to the figurative meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T17:05:56.230",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Meaning of 長い物には巻かれろ",
"view_count": 268
} | [
{
"body": "According to Weblio, you are correct. Weblio, by the way, is a good place to\nlook up idioms.\n\n<http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E9%95%B7%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E5%B7%BB%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8D>\n\nAs to how you get from literal to figurative meaning, I don't think there's an\nanswer to that. The whole reason metaphors exist is to express ideas non-\nliterally :-)",
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"body": "巻く means \"wind up\", \"bind\"\n\n巻かれる is the passive \"be wound up in\", \"be bound [by]\"\n\n巻かれろ is the brusque imperative of the passive, so it's a forceful instruction,\nthe kind the speaker does not expect to be ignored: \"be wound up [in]!\", \"[let\nyourself] be bound [by]!\"\n\nSo the whole means \"When it comes to something long, [let yourself] be bound!\"\nThat is \"When you're dealing with something that's too long for you to handle,\nyou just have to give in and let yourself be wound up in it\". In other words\n\"If you're dealing with people/circumstances more powerful than you are,the\nonly thing to do is succumb/fall in with their wishes/go over to their side\".\n\nThere is the Biblical expression \"It is hard to kick against the pricks\" (the\nimage is of an ass lashing out with its hind legs against the pricking of its\nmaster's goad - a futile thing for it to do), but this may sound rather\nquaint. A more modern expression would be (I think - I speak as a Brit and am\nopen to correction by native-speakers of US English) \"You can't buck the odds\"",
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| 47295 | 47297 | 47297 |
{
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"body": "I was watching this anime events clip ->\n<https://youtu.be/5y15wDpcwuI?t=6m12s>\n\nand could not understand this particular part.\n\nat 6:12 I think the seiyuu said\n\n> **そうなろう** と思えば、 この世界はどこまでも残酷になれるのだということ\n\nI could not find this word in the online dictionary, so maybe I heard\nsomething wrong or is it possible that it simply mean \"that\".\n\n* * *\n\nAt 6:23 I could not understand clearly what the other seiyuu said?\n\nI believe it is\n\n> 遠い昔に書かれたあるXXX\n>\n> XXX節がある",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T21:17:20.963",
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"owner_user_id": "19458",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does そうなろう mean?",
"view_count": 538
} | [
{
"body": "> it simply mean \"that\"\n\nNo. そうなろうと思えば means \"if (it) imagines(/wishes) (it) could be.\"\n\n> 遠い昔に書かれたあるXXX\n\nIt's very hard to hear the word, but it seems she is saying「絵本に」.\n\n> XXX節がある\n\nこんな１節がある",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T23:18:16.810",
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"body": "そうなろう is そう + なる.\n\nThe verb なる means \"to become\" and it is in \"volitional\" form here. It's a\nlittle hard to translate literally, I think, but \"そうなろうと思えば\" here is like \"If\nyou think things might get like that...\"\n\nAs for the second part, I can't say with 100% certainty that I'm right here,\nbut it sounds to me like\n\n\"遠い昔に書かれた絵本こんな一節（/一説）がある\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T01:49:22.980",
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"body": "そうなろう is composed of:\n\n * そう: \"so\", \"that\"\n * なろう: the volitional form of なる (\"to become\")\n\nそうなろうと思う literally means \"(someone) thinks they want to become so\".\n\nAnd this そう refers to something said after it -- 残酷になる.\n\n> そうなろうと思えば、この世界はどこまでも残酷になれる \n> If this world wishes (to be cruel), this world can be infinitely cruel.\n\nYes this is an example of personification.",
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| 47298 | null | 47309 |
{
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"body": "I'm doing a design for a Japanese restaurant in a mountain town, the name of\nit is Yuki Yama. I'm curious about using ゆきやま vs 雪山 for the Japanese\ncharacters. I'm Chinese so I'm inclined to use 雪山 but I'm unsure about it\nsince ゆきやま is pronounced \"yukiyama\".\n\nThank you for reading this and for providing any help.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T21:46:39.850",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "ゆきやま vs 雪山 kanji for yuki yama",
"view_count": 376
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{
"body": "`ゆきやま` is the **kun-reading** of `雪山`. That is, `ゆきやま` and `雪山` are pronounced\nby Japanese people exactly in the same way. (Well, 雪山 also has a rare on-\nreading, but you can forget this for now.) If you don't know the reading\nsystem of Japanese kanji, please [learn it before\nanything](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#Readings).\n\nBut that does not mean you can use whichever you like. Since you are a\ndesigner, you know that just producing something grammatically understandable\nis not enough. Since this is a proper noun, there is usually only one correct\nway to refer to the name. Visual identity of an organization/product is very\nimportant; `iPhone` is always `iPhone`, not `IPhone` nor `i-phone` nor\n`IPHONE`. Likewise, if the name of the restaurant is `ゆきやま`, you usually\ncannot use `雪山` or `ユキヤマ` (katakana) or `Yuki Yama` (English alphabet). See:\n[Why is Toyota typically written in Katakana?\n(トヨタ)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/31078/5010)\n\nRather than asking here, you have to ask your client, and clarify what is the\nmost formal name of the restaurant, and what are the alternative ways to refer\nto it. Usually your client has his/her own opinion and will tell you which\nthey prefer.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** Oops, maybe your restaurant is located somewhere outside of Japan\nand is mainly targeted at non-Japanese people? Is the real name of the\nrestaurant `Yuki Yama`, and do you just want to add some Japanese characters\nas an decoration? If that's the case, and if even the restaurant owner doesn't\nspeak Japanese well, then you may have to choose between `雪山` and `ゆきやま`. To\nthe eyes of native Japanese speakers, `雪山` would look relatively authentic and\ntraditional, whereas `ゆきやま` would look friendly and casual.",
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"body": "It depends on what you want to convey mostly.\n\nIf it is the sound of yukiyama, 雪山 is not proper, because it might give the\ncustomers confusion, namely how it should be read correctly, but yukiyama,\nYukiyama and ゆきやま are lack of visibility/readability or comprehensibility.\n\nIf it is the shape or image of kanji, 雪山 is the best. \nIf you are greedy, then I would propose 雪山ゆきやま, 雪山 ゆきやま.\n\nLast but not least, I would not recommend Yuki Yama, it looks like two words\nor a set of first name and last name. \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DOGrn.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pK883.jpg)",
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| 47299 | null | 47306 |
{
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"body": "In a the video game Tales of Destiny 2, the character Judas says to the\nprotagonist Kyle:\n\n> おまえがどんな結果を選ぼうと、僕にはどうこう言える義理はない。だが、忠告ならできる。\n\nUnder a rather literal translation:\n\n> Whatever outcome you choose, I have no obligation to say this or that. But I\n> can give you advice.\n\nBut this doesn't seem to make sense. 義理 here appears to have meaning close to\n権利, but the closest I can find in the dictionary is [sense\n2](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/58162/meaning/m0u/), which doesn't really\nseem satisfactory.\n\nHere's the full context:\n\n>\n> また拒絶され、傷つくのが恐いのだろう？…僕も同じだった。傷つくのを恐れ、立ち止まってしまった。そして友や愛する人を失った。最後に僕に残されたのは…自らを隠す仮面だけだった。おまえがどんな結果を選ぼうと、僕にはどうこう言える義理はない。だが、忠告ならできる。…恐れるな、カイル！その先にこそ、おまえの求めるものがある。",
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Help regarding 義理",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "義理 doesn't mean 権利, while 義理 may mean something closer to 義務 (sense 2). In\nthis context 義理 means 道理, 理屈, or more simply, 理由. The basic meaning of the\nsentence is \"There is no reason why I can command you, but I can at least\nadvise.\"",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T23:27:44.293",
"id": "47303",
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{
"body": "> 僕にはどうこう言える義理はない\n\nThis sentence is simply bad Japanese. So you don't have to fret over it. I\nthink it's a cross between どうこう言う立場じゃない and どうこう忠告してやる義理はない.",
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| 47300 | 47303 | 47303 |
{
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"body": "I come across だからって and ってだけで quite often and I understand both of them as\n\"only because\", but I can't grasp the difference in nuance between the two.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T23:03:45.260",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "だからって and ってだけで difference",
"view_count": 733
} | [
{
"body": "Aだからって\n\nBecause someone/something is A\n\n子供だからって相手にされなかった (The condition in this sentence is \"because you are a child\",\nbut it's not necessarily a sufficient condition)\n\nAてだけでB\n\nOnly because of A\n\n子供ってだけで相手にされなかった (The condition of \"being a child\" is sufficient)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-11T23:45:30.373",
"id": "47305",
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"body": "You could maybe say ってだけで is more akin to \"only due to (A) happening, did (B)\nhappen.\"\n\nWhere as だからって is more like \"because of (A), (B) happened.\"\n\nThey basically sort of express the same thing but in a differently nuanced\nway.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T01:35:27.910",
"id": "47307",
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"body": "ってだけで -- colloquial/collapsed way of saying と言うだけで \n(だ)からって -- colloquial/collapsed way of saying (だ)からと言って\n\nThese can often be translated the same way (\"only because...\"), but they are\nnot always interchangeable. For example...\n\n> 〇 美人(だ)｛ **ってだけで** / というだけで｝人気がある。 \n> × 美人だ｛からって / からといって｝人気がある。 \n> (Someone) is popular only because she's pretty.\n\n> 〇 美人だ｛ **からって** / からといって｝、人気があるとは限らない。 \n> ? 美人(だ)｛ってだけで / というだけで｝、人気があるとは限らない。 \n> (Someone) is pretty doesn't always mean she is popular.\n\n～からって / ～からと言って meaning \"only because~~\" is usually followed by a phrase with\na negative meaning, as in the common expressions 「～だからって、～とは限ら **ない** 」,\n「～からといって、～ということにはなら **ない** 」 (so 「美人だからといって人気がある。」 sounds strange).",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T09:33:20.067",
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| 47301 | 47331 | 47331 |
{
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"body": "If I understand right, those 2 are imperative forms of the verb to come. What\nare the differences?",
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"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "来て and 来てくれ differences?",
"view_count": 1646
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{
"body": "This くれ etymologically comes from 呉れる \"to give (something to me).\" So 来てくれ\nliterally means \"give (me) a visit\" or something like that.\n\n来て is merely the imperative form of 来る. (sorry, but it's precisely a 連用形 of\n来る. this one is the only カ行変格活用verb...)\n\nBut in reality both have very little or no difference in meaning or politeness\nlevel.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "Japanese has many levels of politeness etc. and therefore very many ways to\nmake requests.\n\nHere are some in order of politeness.\n\n> こい！ = Come! \n> 来て = Come. \n> 来てくれ = Do me the favor of coming. \n> 来てください = Please come. \n> 来てくれませんか = Could you please do me the favor of coming.",
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"body": "The くれます from くれ indicates the other person is doing you a favour. But as くれ\nis in imperative form, the command is direct, perhaps even abrupt. 来て seems\nsofter to me because it's using the て form to say 'Come', which is softer than\nthe imperative form こい (Come!).",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T04:23:34.500",
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| 47310 | 47313 | 47313 |
{
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"body": "Other than はじめまして, what else can we say at the beginning of our introduction\nwhen meeting someone for the first time? Also, what else do we need to say\nwhen introducing ourselves other than our name that will be considered polite\nby the Japanese people? Can someone give me an example in Japanese of a good\nway of introducing ourselves for the first time?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T03:41:25.420",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"culture",
"phrase-requests",
"greetings"
],
"title": "Other than はじめまして, what can we say in our introduction?",
"view_count": 726
} | [
{
"body": "はじめまして is a good start. This is how you open the conversation. It's roughly\nequivalent to \"How do you do?\" (which people don't really say anymore). You're\nindicating that it's your first meeting, so you are extending a courteous\ngreeting.\n\nUsually, the next step is to say your name: (In my case) ロバートと申します (very\npolite) ロバートと言います/です (a little more casual). Sometimes you can give details\nabout yourself before your name to give the other person a better idea of who\nyou are. オーストラリアから来たロバートです. (I'm Robert; I come from Australia).\nAlternatively, you could say whose friend you are, what you're studying or at\nwhat level, or what section of the company you work in.\n\nAt this point, your partner will introduce themselves.\n\nNow you indicate you hope you can get along in future (roughly the same as\n\"nice to meet you\" in English), and add a bow.\n\n> (どうぞ)よろしくお願いします.\n\nTo be more polite (for instance in business situations) you can say いたします\ninstead of します.\n\nYour partner will return this greeting.\n\nDepending on the situation, you can have more small talk to clarify who the\nother person is or identify yourself more clearly.\n\nThere can be more casual ways of doing this. You could say よろしく instead of\nよろしくお願いします, for instance.\n\nIf you're non-Japanese, typically the other person wants to know where you are\nfrom, how and for long you have studied Japanese, when you came to Japan, what\nyou're doing in Japan and so on. There will usually be a customary compliment\non your Japanese level, which you are supposed to downplay with まだまだです (I'm\nnot quite good at it yet) or some equivalent.\n\nIf you make a mistake in your introduction, Japanese people are generally\nforgiving, in my experience.\n\n(That is usually how it goes from my 1.5 years of living in Japan.)",
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"body": "Though the answer might depend on the purpose you came to Japan, after making\nthe simple self-introduction such as Robert showed, I recommend you to say not\nby yourself but by the interpreter what you noticed at the entrance, what you\nwere interested in on the street, what made you in trouble on the way to here,\nthe place where you want to visit tonight, etc. except what you knew in\npreconceptions before coming to Japan. The newer is the better, and the more\nunpredictable is the better.\n\nProbably there will be various reactions for your additional self-introduction\nlike simple answers, advice, proposals, invitations, etc. from the Japanese\nwho heard it.\n\nI thereby think you may achieve the purpose that you came to Japan for more\nsmoothly, earlier and more efficiently, thanks to the additional self-\nintroduction.",
"comment_count": 11,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T05:20:04.167",
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| 47314 | null | 47318 |
{
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"body": "If I wanted to say that I've been working out as of late, I'd probably write\nsomething like (feel free to correct or suggest):\n\n> 私はこのごろ手慣らしをしている。\n\nWould it be any different if I ｗrote\n\n> 私はこのごろ運動をしている?\n\nI've been told the former sort of translates to 'practice/training' as opposed\nto 'exercise' though I'm not sure if it matters...?\n\nAny suggestions/ideas are appreciated!",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Any Difference Between 手慣らし and 運動？",
"view_count": 79
} | [
{
"body": "You have to use 運動 for this purpose. 手慣らし is incorrect in this context.\n\n手慣らし is made of 手 (\"hand\") and 慣らし (\"accustomization; familiarization\"). For\nexample, 手慣らし is what a professional guitarist who has just bought a new\nguitar will do until he gets comfortable with the new guitar. It's a kind of\n\"training\", but it does not refer to acquiring a totally new skill.",
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"body": "> 私はこのごろ手慣らしをしている。\n\nIf you want to say like _I've been working out as of late_ it does not make\nsense at all. It sounds like doing the calisthenics of the fingers or learning\nhandicrafts.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T04:09:36.100",
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"body": "手慣らし is usually used in the sense of \"to get used to something.\" \ne.g. (買ったばかりの新車を)手慣らしに運転してみる \nTranslating the word as \"to practice or training\" is a bit off.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T04:16:36.003",
"id": "47319",
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| 47315 | null | 47316 |
{
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"body": "> そんな人生から開放される新たなチャンスだと思うことだって、できるはずだ。(『がばいばあちゃん』page 6, chapter 1)\n\nI get the general sense of the sentence. It's saying you can liberate yourself\nfrom _that_ kind of life. The って replaces という. The last part, I guess, could\nbe glossed as, 'That kind of thing [i.e. liberating yourself] has got to be\npossible'. But I'm not sure how the 思うことだって... works exactly. My guess is it\ncomes from 思うことできる (It's possible to think) and the って highlights 思うこと, so\nmaybe you could translate it as,\n\n> Such a thing as thinking there is a new chance to liberate yourself from\n> such a life - it's got to be possible!\n\nHowever, if that were the correct reading, I'm not sure what the だ in the だって\nis doing exactly.\n\nMaybe I hit upon the answer (or an important clue)? The main grammar point\nused is ことできる (is possible). The だって probably means 'even'. So perhaps the\nsentence could be parsed: \"Even thinking there is a new chance of being\nliberated from such a life - that's got to be possible.\" In the next sentence\nthe narrator says something about couples and families talking among\nthemselves about what kind of effort they should make into the future and how\nthis will get rid of the communication gap.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Parsing 思うことだって、できるはずだ",
"view_count": 237
} | [
{
"body": "> そんな人生から開放される新たなチャンスだと思うことだって、できるはずだ。\n\n「そんな人生から開放される新たなチャンスだ」と思うことだって、あなたはできるはずだ。\n\nあなた may even be able to think that そんな人生から開放される新たなチャンスだ.\n\nYou may be able to think that it's a new chance which will release you from\nsuch a (miserable) life.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"body": "I think your guess is right and the key is `思うことできる`. In fact, if you replace\n`だって` with `が` or `は`, the meaning of the sentence becomes clearer IMO:\n\n> XXXと思うことができるはずだ。 \n> thinking XXX should be possible [to you]\n\nPutting back だって makes it into:\n\n> XXXと思うことだってできるはずだ 。 \n> Even (such thing as) thinking XXX should be possible [to you]\n\nOn meanings of だって: [だって (datte)\nmeaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5336/)",
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| 47321 | 47323 | 47329 |
{
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"body": "From what I have been able to find I came up with this:\n\nVerbs ending in:\n\nえる ける せる てる ねる へる める れる げる ぜる でる べる ぺる\n\nいる きる しる ちる にる ひる みる りる ぎる じる ぢる びる ぴる\n\nbut not these verbs:\n\nかえる はしる きる いる はいる\n\nI spent time looking at different web pages on verbs but from what I see none\nof them seem to give a really good way to identify Group 1 and also show all\nthe exceptions. Can someone confirm if the checks I am making are correct or\nlet me know if they are aware of more exceptions that I should take into\naccount?\n\nThanks",
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"tags": [
"verbs",
"godan-verbs",
"ichidan-verbs"
],
"title": "Is this the correct way to identify Group 1 verbs?",
"view_count": 1219
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{
"body": "Yes, group 1 verbs always end in ~iru and ~eru. As you said, いる (要る）as in\n'need' is not group 1, nor are the other words in your list. However, いる (居る)\nas in 'exist' is group 2.\n\nThe other exceptions can be found on this page:\n<http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=Group+1+Verb+Exceptions>. There\nis quite a lot of them. But the examples you gave in your post are the more\ncommonly used ones.\n\nTo repeat what the author says on that web page: There is a rule of thumb for\njudging whether a ~e/iru verb is group one or not. If there is more than one\nsyllable before the ~ru, you look for the expression of the word with its\nkanji, e.g. 嘲る [あざける]. If the ~e/~i syllable is written in kana, it is group\n2. Otherwise, it is group 1.\n\nThe author notes あぶらぎる and まじる are two exceptions to this rule. Also, if the\nword is only written in kana, you can't use the rule to determine which group\nit belongs to - e.g. bibi-ru and nome-ru. One syllable roots are also\nproblematic when using this rule - e.g. he-ru (Group 1) and mi-ru (Group 2).\nふせる could be either group, depending on how it's used.\n\nDoesn't seem like there is a simpler rule. You just learn the exceptions from\nreading, speaking, listening and writing. People will (hopefully) correct your\nmistakes, so you can learn better.",
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| 47324 | 47325 | 47325 |
{
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"body": "I want some help clarifying a passage from がばいばあちゃん, specifically in chapter\n1, page 13.\n\nThe preceding text is about sad events which lead to his father's demise. Then\nit follows:\n\n> 切ない話である。しかし！ _俺は大人になった時、ちょっと待てよと思った。_\n\nAfter that, the narrator tells of how he asked news of his father's condition\nwhen the latter was hospitalised.\n\nI assume the text in _italics_ is addressing the reader. My reading is '[When\nI was writing about this sad story] I was thinking you should hang on for a\nbit until I've grown up [because there are happy events afterwards]'. I guess\nthe ~時...まてよ is telling the reader to wait until the narrator has grown up (in\nthe story).\n\nIs this the correct reading? If someone could clarify or correct me, I would\nappreciate it.\n\n* * *\n\n**Context:**\n\n> 広島にはまだ原爆の放射能がたっぷりと残っていて、とうちゃんは原爆症になってしまったのだ。 \n> ほんの少し、家の様子を見に行っただけだったというのに……。 \n> そんな訳で、俺が生まれた時には、とうちゃんはすでに病床の人だった。 \n> とうちゃんも、そしてかあちゃんもまだ二十代の頃の話だ。 \n> 切ない話である。 \n> しかし！ \n> **俺は大人になった時、ちょっと待てよと思った。** \n> そして、かあちゃんに聞いた。 \n> 「かあちゃん、とうちゃんって俺が生まれた時はもう入院してた？」 \n> 「うん。してたよ。」 \n> 「じゃあ、俺がかあちゃんのお腹の中にできた時は、まだ元気いっぱいやった？」 \n> 「ううん。もう入院してた。」 \n> 「そんなら、一時帰宅とかしたことあったの？」 \n> 「ずっと入院したまんまよ。」 \n> 「あっ、そうか。病室が個室やったんか。」 \n> 「まさか。あの時代の病院は、どこも満員。個室なんか、なかったよ。」 \n> おかしな話である。 \n> しかし、これ以上追求すると、かあちゃんは赤い顔をして、もごもごと訳の分からないことを口走り、どこかへ消えてしまうのだ。 \n> (Source:\n> 「佐賀のがばいばあちゃん」第一章[ｐ１３](http://www.tzone.org/~nori/jse301_302/saga_no_gabai_bachan_01_12_2011_pp_012_013.html),\n> [ｐ１４](http://tzone.org/~nori/jse301_302/saga_no_gabai_bachan_01_13_2011_pp_014_015.html))",
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"tags": [
"translation"
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"title": "Clarifying a passage containing ちょっと待てよと思った from がばいばあちゃん",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "> Is this the correct reading?\n\nNo.\n\n俺は大人になった時、 when I became an adult,\n\nちょっとまてよ \"wait a sec\" (This is an idiomatic phrase/exclamation when the speaker\nfeels something is not correct.)\n\nと思った。 I thought,",
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"body": "In\n\n> 俺は大人になった時、ちょっとまてよと思った,\n\nthe writer is reciting a moment when, after he had grown up, while he was\nreminiscing about or retracing the course of events leading up to his father's\ndeath, he stumbled on some detail thitherto unconsidered that might\npotentially change his perspective on the whole thing, and that made him go,\n\"Hey, waaaaait a second.\"\n\nNow with this understanding does the following literal translation make more\nsense?\n\n> It's a touching story... However! When I became an adult, I thought, \"Wait a\n> sec!\"",
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"body": "> 切ない話である。しかし！ 俺は大人になった時、ちょっとまてよと思った。\n\n（１）「切ない話である。」は「親父｛おやじ｝が死｛し｝に、こうして家族｛かぞく｝がバラバラになるなんて切ない話である。」\n\n（２）「しかし！」は２つの解釈｛かいしゃく｝ _interpretation_ ができる。 \n（２-１）「しかし、ちょっとまてよと思った」 \n（２-２）(納得｛なっとく｝いかない状況｛じょうきょう｝を自分で納得せざるを得｛え｝ないときに吐｛は｝き出す嘆息｛たんそく｝のセリフで意味｛いみ｝としては「本当｛ほんとう｝に！」)「（認｛みと｝めたくはないが、しかし、今さらどうしようもない切ない話だな）本当に！」 \n「しかし！」の前後｛ぜんご｝に余白｛よはく｝があるかどうかでニュアンスは少し異なるが、同じ余白[量]｛りょう｝でも、私は、（２-２）の解釈が正しいと思う。更｛さら｝に、「しかし！」と後続｛こうぞく｝する「俺は...」との間の余白が一つ多いので「しかし！」は「切ない話である。」を修飾｛しゅうしょく｝しているか、関連｛かんれん｝していると解釈するのが正しい。\n\n（３）「俺は大人になった時」は本当に筆者｛ひっしゃ｝ _narrator_\nが大人｛おとな｝になった時である。そして、その時、すなわち大人になった時、「ちょっとまてよと思った。」\n\n（４）「ちょっとまてよと思った」は、「流｛なが｝れていく時間」に対して、「ちょっとまてよと思った」です。 \nすなわち、「今更｛いまさら｝流れを止めらない、また、この瞬間にも流れていく時間」に対して、「ちょっと待てよ、勝手｛かって｝に不幸｛ふこう｝を次々｛つぎつぎ｝と引｛ひ｝き起｛お｝こしていく時間よ、ちょっと待ってくれ、そして、こんな不幸｛ふこう｝な状況｛じょうきょう｝になぜなったのか、少し考える時間をくれ。更には、こんな不幸を次々と引き起こすことをやめてくれないかい」と思ったです。\n\n**Edited:** I changed my interpretation of 「ちょっと待てよと思った」 after I got the text\nbefore and after the phrase.\n\nThough my former interpretation was meaningful and excellent (?), now I would\nadmit and support the interpretation written in the comment by Chocolate to\ngoldbrick's question.",
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| 47327 | 47333 | 47333 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47336",
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"body": "父は私にお土産としてチョコレートをくれた。\n\n\"My dad gave me chocolate as a gift.\"\n\nCan I use として in this context?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
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"title": "Did I use として correctly?",
"view_count": 126
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{
"body": "Correct.\n\nBut if the chocolate is totally appropriate as souvenir, just saying\nお土産にチョコレートをくれた is enough. として can carry a nuance of \"as a substitute\" or \"as a\nthing that it's not intended for.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T11:23:08.367",
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"body": "Looks correct to me. I had a look for similar examples. From\n<http://www.linguee.com/english-\njapanese/search?query=%E3%81%8A%E5%9C%9F%E7%94%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6>\n\n最後に全員で昼食をともにし、記念撮影を行い、Tシャツや子供たちの写真など を お土産として 配 布 し、イベントは終了しました At the end,\neverybody participated in lunch, there was a commemorative photo, T-shirts and\npersonal photos of children were distributed as souvenirs - then the event\ncame to a close.\n\nお土産として here is used in much the same way here: (something) is given as a gift.\n\nThere are other examples there, but that was the closest to your sentence.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T11:29:01.163",
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| 47334 | 47336 | 47336 |
{
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"body": "a. **ゆっくりしていてください**\n\nb. **ゆっくりしていってください**\n\nWhat's the difference between these two sentences? How to translate them?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
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"word-choice",
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"verbs",
"subsidiary-verbs"
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"title": "What is the difference between ～ていてください and ～ていってください?",
"view_count": 683
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{
"body": "いって is in a kind of the future tense, いて is in the present tense. The\ndifference is the person the speaker is talking to is already \"staying\" or,\n\"not staying yet\" or the speaker is not sure whether they will stay.",
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"body": "a. You could say this to a person who is trying to help you. ゆっくりしていてください is a\npolite way to say \"Thank you but you don't have to do that. \"\n\nb. You say ゆっくりしていってください to a guest of your family etc. Let's say the guest is\na colleague of your partner. You intervene their conversation perhaps to say\nhello or to serve some drinks. ゆっくりしていってください means something like \"Have a good\ntime. I won't bother you any more.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T13:03:26.827",
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"body": "> a.ゆっくりして **いて** ください\n\nI believe this is standard\n[-ている](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43190/the-use-\nof-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B) (sometimes called progressive tense), i.e.\n\n> \"Please be relaxed/take it easy\" [and stay that way].\n\n* * *\n\n> b.ゆっくりして **いって** ください\n\n`ていって` has several possible interpretations:\n\n 1. conjugation of -ていく (changing state)\n\n> \"Please relax/become relaxed\"(?)\n\nAlthough i think -ていく is mostly used in descriptions (e.g. `空が明るくなっていく`) and\nnot much in requests so this one is unlikely IMO.\n\n 2. (most likely) conjugation of ‐て行く (do an action and leave/opposite of -て来る): \n\n> \"Please take it easy [before you have to go]\"\n\n 3. conjugation of ‐て言う, but it doesn't really work in this example IMO.\n\n 4. a few more options like 入って,云って,要って but these are even less plausible\n\nFor more info:\n\n * [Difference between -ていく and -てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/676/difference-between-%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%8f-and-%e3%81%a6%e3%81%8f%e3%82%8b)\n\n * [The use of \"ている\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43190/the-use-of-%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%82%8b)\n\n * [What is a subsidiary verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/18952/what-is-a-subsidiary-verb)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T13:11:23.867",
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| 47335 | 47340 | 47340 |
{
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"body": "［彼は］銀行に入って２年目にアメリカの大学に留学しました。\n\nI'm not sure how I should translate this sentence. The text where I found it\ndescribes the life of a japanese guy who graduated from a japanese university\nand then was hired by a japanese firm.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Translating a sentence with the て form",
"view_count": 106
} | [
{
"body": "The key is 2年目 に \"in the second year\". The sentence means \"In the second year\nafter entering the bank, [he] studied at an American university\". I'd go for\nsomething like \"In his second year with the bank he went [presumably was sent]\nto study at an American university\". Possibly even \"He spent his second year\nwith the bank studying at a university in America\".",
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| 47342 | 47344 | 47344 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47346",
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"body": "Is ねえ、ねえ used by males, females or both?",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T19:17:03.240",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"gender"
],
"title": "Is interjection ねえ、ねえ gender agnostic?",
"view_count": 422
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{
"body": "Used by both sexes though it may sound feminine.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "> ねえ、ねえ\n\nIt is an interjection used to presume upon another's love or to flatter a\npartner to attract his/her interest.\n\nIt is often used in the scene like: when the child behaves like a spoilt child\nwho is such as coaxing his/her parent into buying a toy or something like that\nfor him/her; and when a female lover plays the coquette.\n\nSo, it is mostly used by **females** and also used by **children under around\nten years old**.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T07:40:52.463",
"id": "47362",
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"body": "It can be said that women use it more often than men, but there's no clear-cut\ngender nuance in this word, unlike how it may seem in fictional works. I guess\na \"macho man\" wouldn't use it at all, though.\n\nIn order to understand ねえねえ we must first know the usage of ねえ and なあ. They're\nboth the friendliest interjections to draw the hearer's attention, but なあ\ncarries a feeling of \"throwing a word towards the hearer\", while ねえ more like\n\"pulling the hearer to this topic\". In this sense, it's sometimes described\nthat なあ is \"masculine\" and ねえ \"feminine\". This isn't totally wrong, because\nthere _is_ social discouragement against women using なあ (as Standard Japanese)\nin public. (But young girls do use it a lot within their circle. I know.)\n\nComing back to ねえねえ, it's reduplicated form of ねえ. So if ねえ is a \"nudge\", ねえねえ\nis \"nudge-nudge\". Imaginably women would use it more casually when men would\nmake do with just once. However, there are also substantial use cases when\nsomeone has to tell \"you should really listen to me\" in moderate manner,\nregardless of gender.\n\n> ねえねえ、先生後ろいる。 \n> _Hey... the teacher's standing behind you._",
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| 47343 | 47346 | 47346 |
{
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"body": "Google translate shows \"What's new?\" as 新着情報？ Is it a commonly used\nexpression?",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T23:26:19.407",
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"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "How to say \"What's new?\" 新着情報？",
"view_count": 3963
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{
"body": "Commonly used expression, especially on the internet news/blog sites.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-12T23:32:25.567",
"id": "47347",
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"body": "A literal translation of 新着情報 is latest arrival of information, used on\nwebpages, programs and newsletters.\n<http://jisho.org/search/%E6%96%B0%E7%9D%80>\n\nFor casual conversation, there doesn't seem to be a one-size-fits-all\ntranslation. Here are some suggestions:\n\nMy ex-girlfriend (Japanese) taught me the following casual expressions.\n\n> 最近どう？ (How have you been recently?)\n>\n> 良さそうじゃん。(You seem well)\n>\n> 調子どう？ (How are you? Literally: How is your condition?) Though, it might be\n> taken as an enquiry of the listener's health\n\nWeblio has a few more ideas:\n\n<http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/what%27s+new%3F>\n\n> 変わりはないかい。(Literally: Nothing changed recently?)\n>\n> 何か変わりはない？ (Literally: Anything different?)\n>\n> 何か変わったことは？ (Pretty much same as above)\n>\n> 何か変わったことある。(Ditto)\n>\n> なにか変わったことない？ (Ditto)\n>\n> やあ、調子はどう。(Literally: Hey! How are you?/How is your condition?)\n\nThere are other more specific expressions, for instance, how is your business\ngoing? and so forth. They depend on the context.\n\nHowever, it doesn't seem you can use an exactly equivalent expression in\nJapanese - i.e. 'Hey! Great to see you. What's new?' As an illustration of\nthis point, I sat in an English class where the lecturer (who was Japanese)\nhad everyone stand in a circle and pass around a ball. The person throwing it\nsaid, 'Tell me something new and exciting that has happened to you recently'.\nThe person receiving the ball usually had to pause a long time and eventually\ngave an awkward answer. In my English classes, I generally had to give a lot\nof encouragement to get my students to answer a similar question. Answering it\ndidn't seem to come to them naturally.\n\nMore specific questions, however, seem to elicit a prompter response without\nthe awkwardness.\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 元気？ (Are you well?)\n>\n> 今日何してたの？ (What were you doing today?)\n>\n> お疲れ！ (Literally a compliment on their hard work that day. Can roughly be\n> translated as: Hey! Nice job today. You've earned a rest!)\n\nYou have to be careful about not being too casual with strangers and older\npeople etc.\n\nEdit: The difficulty with 'What's new?' is it bundles a greeting and an\nenquiry of news/gossip from the listener. There's no catch-phrase which has\nthe equivalent value in Japanese. If you want to convey something similar, you\nhave to go with whatever expression is appropriate for the occasion, which\ntakes a lot of practice. The same difficulty exists with 'Have a nice day!'.\nThe translation of いい一日を doesn't really work. You would have to use a native\nexpression that doesn't exactly convey the same feeling and is adapted for the\nsituation.",
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| 47345 | 47350 | 47350 |
{
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"body": "「ので」が略せるように、接続助詞の「のに」も略せますか？\n\n「ので」が「んで」か、「なんで」か、「なので」になれるなら、\n\n「のに」も「んに」とか、「なんに」とか、「なのに」になれますか？\n\nこれを思えば、そうですか？\n\nまた、私の日本語がよくなかったら、すみません！",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T02:12:43.627",
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"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"particle-の",
"conjunctions",
"abbreviations"
],
"title": "「ので」のように、「のに」も略せますか？",
"view_count": 215
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{
"body": "言ったので → 言ったんで\n\n言ったのに → 言ったんに\n\nVery colloquial and informal but possible. But you should avoid this if you\nare not very fluent speaker.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T02:34:48.900",
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"body": "ならない。\n\n「のに」も「なのに」も「んに」や「なんに」にはならない。",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T04:45:35.273",
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| 47348 | 47351 | 47359 |
{
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"body": "The Kanji themselves don't suggests gender, besides that 美 is a slightly\nfeminine concept, but I don't believe I've ever heard 美人 referring to a man.\nThe words 美男 and 美女 exist, which suggests to me that 美人 should refer to both.",
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"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Can the word 美人 ever refer to a man?",
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{
"body": "Dictionary says the word was also used to refer to a man:\n\n> びじん【美人】 \n> 美しい容貌の女性。美女。麗人。 〔 **古くは、男子もさした。** 「玉のやうなる美人、…もらひまして聟にいたします／浮世草子・胸算用 2」〕 \n> ([大辞林\n> 第３版](http://dictionary.infoseek.ne.jp/word/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BA%BA-610133#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88))\n\nBut in modern sense it's exclusively used for women and girls.",
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"body": "Here is a quoted text from [this article on\nWikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen):\n\n> The prefix bi (美) more often than not refers to feminine beauty, and bijin,\n> literally \"beautiful person\", is usually, though not always, used to refer\n> to beautiful women**.\n>\n> **Source: Buckley (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture.\n> Taylor & Francis. pp. 188, 522, 553. ISBN 0-415-14344-6.\n\n[Google Dictionary\n(Japanese)](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/184770/meaning/m0u/) includes\nbeautiful men in its definition.\n\n> び‐じん【美人】 の意味\n>\n> １ 容姿の美しい女性。美女。\n>\n> ２ 容姿の美しい男子。\n\nIf you do a google search of 美人, it comes up with women almost exclusively.\nWhich would support the above statement about its mostly referring to women.\nSo, there is evidently a feminine connotation.\n\n[This blog](http://webbinghaus.tumblr.com/post/107853138634/saying-someone-\nlooks-good-in-japanese) also addresses the question:\n\n> There are a few ways to praise someone’s attractiveness in Japanese [...]\n>\n> * 美しい・うつくしい・utsukushii means 'beautiful’ but when used as an adjective it\n> isn’t often used for people. Therefore if you want to say a girl is\n> beautiful it would be more natural to use the noun 美人・びじん・bijin, as in\n> あの子、美人だ！・あの こ、びじん だ！・ano ko, bijin da! 'that girl over there is beautiful!’.\n> Used a lot more in Japanese than in English, so it is probably more\n> naturally said in English as 'she is so hot’ or something similar, but 美人 is\n> neutral and not overtly sexual. This is pretty much the best anyone can ever\n> look.\n>\n> * イケメン・ikemen is the male variant of 美人 but it’s more of a slang term.\n> Guys can be 美人、but in spoken language it is more natural to call them\n> イケメン。This is basically the equivalent of a 'hot guy' [...]\n>\n>\n\nTo sum up the answer on that site: You can refer to both males and females as\n美人 but it's less common with men and you would tend to use a different\nexpression like イケメン.",
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| 47349 | 47353 | 47353 |
{
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"body": "I understand that in these expressions the に isn't a particle (I think it\nindicates the adverbial form of a na-adjective) but I'm not sure what で is:\n\n> 必死 **に** 走る \n> [_run like\n> crazy_](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BF%85%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%AB%E8%B5%B0%E3%82%8B) \n> 必死 **で** 走る \n> [_run like\n> hell_](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BF%85%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%A7%E8%B5%B0%E3%82%8B)\n\nAccording to [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12713/19206)\nit's ungrammatical to use で to make na-adjective adverbial. Still, the English\ntranslation is almost the same but the one with で is stronger.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "Difference between 必死で走る and 必死に走る",
"view_count": 821
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{
"body": "Off the top of my head, it seems that nouns that originally modify a other\nnoun/NP tend to be \"na-adjective\" and always require に when modifying a\nverb/verb phrase. 必死 is a noun on its own meaning \"certain death\" and is not\napplied that rule.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T04:03:42.930",
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"body": "> According to [this\n> answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12712/usage-of-\n> particles-%E3%81%A7-and-%E3%81%AB-with-%E7%9A%84/12713#12713) it's\n> ungrammatical to use で to make na-adjective adverbial.\n\nIf you look at it closely, Earthliŋ said in his answer:\n\n> 的 makes 世界 into a 形容動詞 (\"na-adjective\"), which, when functioning as adverb,\n> turns into ～的に. \n> ～的では is simply ungrammatical.\n\nThe answer didn't say \"～的で is simply ungrammatical\", but it said \"～的では\" is\nsimply ungrammatical.\n\nBut this discovery doesn't seem to answer your question.\n\nSimilar to the word 必死, I found 元気. You can use 元気に走る、元気で走る、元気な姿 just like\n必死に走る、必死で走る、必死な形相｛ぎょうそう｝ _look/expression_.\n\nI think 必死で走る is made by omitting some expressions in the original phrase like\nby omitting **な形相** in 必死 **な形相** で走る. \nThis could be said 元気で走る is made by omitting **な姿** in 元気 **な姿** で走る.\n\nIf so, it is natural that you think 必死で走る seems stronger than 必死に走る, because\nthe latter phrase is a phrase as it is while the former one hides such the\nexpression like 形相 in it.",
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"body": "「必死で走る」「必死に走る」 both sound perfectly fine to me, and I believe these are both\ngrammatically correct.\n\n* * *\n\n> I understand that in these expressions the に isn't a particle (I think it\n> indicates the adverbial form of a na-adjective)\n\nI think you're right. According to 明鏡国語辞典, 「必死」 is a 形容動詞/na-adjective, so it\nconjugates to its 連用形/continuative form 「必死に」 to modify the 用言/conjugatable\nword 「走る」.\n\n* * *\n\n> but I'm not sure what で is... it's ungrammatical to use で to make na-\n> adjective adverbial.\n\nIn 明鏡, 「必死」 is also categorized as a noun. So the で here is a case\nparticle/格助詞, and is used in the sense of:\n\n> で 〘格助詞〙 \n> ❹ 動作を行うときの **様態** を表す。「急ぎ足 **で** 歩く」...「笑顔 **で** 答える」「土足 **で** 上がる」 \n> （明鏡国語辞典）\n\n* * *\n\n> the English translation is almost the same but the one with で is stronger.\n\n「必死に～」「必死で～」 don't really sound different to me... I wouldn't find it wrong if\nthe _crazy_ and _hell_ were swapped :D",
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| 47354 | 47361 | 47361 |
{
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"body": "Why is there a に particle here? I dont see it fitting any of the roles I know\nfor it (indirect object, indicating a source or agent, frequency, a specific\npoint in time, purpose, direction of action, location of existence..)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T04:18:03.407",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Why is に used in the sentence 大ピンチに勝機が見えた?",
"view_count": 111
} | [
{
"body": "> に： the roles I know for it (indirect object, indicating a source or agent,\n> frequency, a specific point in time, purpose, direction of action, location\n> of existence..)\n\nOh, so many and complicated...\n\n大ピンチに in a great pinch (maybe \"source\" or \"indirect or third or fourth\nobject\"? My 2 cents is に is just a に or 助詞, suck it up)\n\n勝機が見えた saw a chance of victory (direct object)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T04:32:02.237",
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"body": "There are two possible interpretations. One is a specific point in time, that\nis, \"in (the moment of) the crisis\".\n\nThe other is a marker to indicate the background for the object in your view.\ne.g. (1) 壁 **に** 模様が見える: a pattern is seen ~~against~~ **on** the wall. (2) 夕日\n**に** 映える雲: clouds that manifest **against** the sunset.",
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| 47356 | 47358 | 47358 |
{
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"body": "あなたが常識だと思っていたこと **で** 、ほかの人におかしいと言われ、不思議だと思ったことがありますか。どんな **こと** ですか。\n\nFirst, here's how I understand this sentence: Have you ever thought that this\nis common sense, or been said by other people that this is strange, or thought\nthat this is strange (or marvelous?) What **situations** are/were these?\n\n 1. I guess this で is a connective form of です?\n 2. I think こと is in a pronominal function here and represents what was described before. \n\nI can't remember having encounter these two points before. I also feel unsure\nabout my translation, because I've never used \"or\" instead of \"and\" or similar\nfor this kind of connection. But with \"and\", while it wouldn't be completely\nwrong, it feels slightly off.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T08:51:26.860",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is this で (in bold) and this こと (in bold)?",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "あなたが常識だと思っていたこと what you have thought is a common sense\n\nで、 regarding (what you have thought is a common sense)\n\nほかの人におかしいと言われ、someone else pointed out that it(the common sense)'s\nstrange/incorrect/wrong and so\n\n不思議だと思ったこと you are mystified/perplexed (by being told it's おかしい)\n\nがありますか。 have you ever experienced that (~を不思議におもった)\n\n> I guess this で is a connective form of です?\n\nI don't know what you mean by \"connective form\" but I guess perhaps right.\n\n> I think こと is in a pronominal function here and represents what was\n> described before.\n\ncorrect.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T09:34:13.563",
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"body": "Try breaking it up into three separate sentences:\n\nあなたが常識だと思っていた You thought it was common sense\n\nほかの人におかしいと言われた You were told by somebody else that it was weird\n\n不思議だと思った You thought that was strange\n\nNow link them together:\n\nあなたが常識だと思っていたことで、ほかの人におかしいと言われ、不思議だと思った It was something that you thought was\ncommon sense and [yet] you were told by somebody else that it was weird, and\nyou thought it was strange [that they would say that]\n\nThe ことがありますか at the end ought to have its usual meaning of \"has it ever\nhappened to you that\", \"have you ever had the experience of\", \"have you ever\".\nIf it does, then this would mean \"Has it ever happened to you that you have\nthought that something was common sense, but somebody else has said to you\nthat it was weird and you have thought it was strange that they should say\nthat?\"\n\nBut given the presence of こと at the beginning of the sentence and in the next\nsentence I suppose it's possible that it has its full meaning here. So it\nmight be \"Is there anything that you thought was common sense but somebody\nelse said was weird and you thought it was strange they should say that? What\nsort of thing was it?\"\n\nThat's my best shot. It seems to me to be a sentence that's not easy to parse.",
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| 47363 | 47367 | 47367 |
{
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"body": "After a discussion on the fact that おり姫 and ひこ星 can only meet once a year:\n\n> 「おり姫なんて、朝から相当おしゃれしてるだろうね」 \n> From morning, princess Ori ????? \n> 「もう大変だろうな、そりゃ」 \n> It's probably really tough.\n\nI can't figure out what 相当おしゃれしてる means. I suspect it's some sort of 敬語 thing\nbut it's beyond me.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T10:02:46.133",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"keigo",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Meaning of 相当おしゃれしてる",
"view_count": 227
} | [
{
"body": "おしゃれ(する) means \"to make up and/or dress up\" している is the present progressive of\nする. 相当 to a great extent\n\n> I suspect it's some sort of 敬語 thing\n\nNo.",
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| 47365 | 47366 | 47366 |
{
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"body": "What makes 飲んだ、and 飲んである different?\n\nDon't they both describe the concept of drinking in the past?\n\nMore generally, what are the differences between the past tense of a verb, and\nthe auxiliary verb ある？",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T20:44:05.020",
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"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "How are 飲んだ、and 飲んである different？",
"view_count": 221
} | [
{
"body": "Where does 飲んである come from? I can't think of any legitimate construction off\nthe top of my head. 飲んでいた？\n\n飲んだ is the simple past of 飲む. 飲んでいた is the past progressive or past perfect.\n\n[Later edit] The context for 飲んである is like 冷蔵庫に入ってる牛乳が飲んであった？\n\nThen this 飲んで is a 連用形 word modifying ある and the subject is 牛乳 (and naturally,\nthe subject of 飲む is someone who drank it)",
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| 47368 | null | 47371 |
{
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"body": "Can somebody provide a explanation of the meaning of the term モロ as used in\nthe phrase 「モロです」? I see references describing もろ/モロ as an adverb meaning\n\"completely\" or \"totally\" but that doesn't seem to be the sense of the word\nbeing used here.\n\nExample sentences gleaned from the web:\n\n1) 「先生! モロです！」 (in reference to an element of a drawing that is mildly\nscurrilous and presumably is unacceptable)\n\n2) 「いきなり異動にモロです！」\n\nFrom the above, I infer that the meaning is something similar to ダメ or いけない\nbut it would be nice to have a more solid definition. My thanks to anyone who\ncan help!",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"slang",
"definitions",
"internet-slang"
],
"title": "Meaning of Japanese slang phrase「モロです」?",
"view_count": 739
} | [
{
"body": "This もろ comes from もろに and it means \"directly\" or \"head-on.\" It's a slangy\nword. More contexts are needed to tell what these example もろ are supposed to\nmean. But the first one sounds like the drawing is exposing something which is\nnot supposed to be exposed (\" _directly_ exposed\").",
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| 47369 | 47372 | 47372 |
{
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"body": "Is term 神経{しんけい}の鈍{にぶ}い commonly used to describe a direct person?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-13T22:09:51.623",
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"tags": [
"terminology"
],
"title": "Is term 神経の鈍い (insensitive) common?",
"view_count": 487
} | [
{
"body": "Do you mean \"honest person\" by \"direct person\"? If so, no. 神経の鈍い means \"dull\"\nor \"slow.\" and it has only negative nuances.",
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{
"body": "I searched for the meaning of \"direst person\"\n[here](https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100709183545AAjIqM7),\nwhere it is written directly as:\n\nI am a very direct person. Tell it like it is, honest, straight to the point.\nI dont mean it in a harmful way and appreciate when others are the same with\nme...\n\nNow I'm thinking about the possible answers as:\n空気｛くうき｝の読｛よ｝めない人、無神経｛むしんけい｝な人、忖度｛そんたく｝しない人｛ひと｝...。\n\nBy the way, 忖度｛そんたく｝ _sontaku_ or 忖度｛そんたく｝する _sontaku-suru_ was a buzz word in\nJapan several months ago.\n\nI don't think a direct person would 忖度｛そんたく｝する _sontaku-suru_ , and he would\nnot like to 空気｛くうき｝を読｛よ｝む _kuuki-wo-yomu_.\n\nAccording to the article\n[here](http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2017/03/23/moritomo-sontaku-in-\nenglish_n_15572790.html) the meaning of 忖度 _sontaku_ is very difficult to\ntanslate into English. In this article there are several minute and careful\ntranslations.\n\nIf you allow me to translate _sontaku-suru_ into English, I would say _to\nstand in the situation of the partner and snuggle up to the feeling of\nhim/her_. So, I said a _direct person_ would not like to _sontaku-suru_.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T06:55:49.593",
"id": "47385",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T07:29:08.377",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T07:29:08.377",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "47370",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> Is term 神経の鈍い (insensitive) common?\n\nFor \"insensitive (person)\", I think 「[無神経]{むしんけい}な（人）」「[鈍感]{どんかん}な（人）」 are\nquite common. 「神経の(orが)鈍い（人）」 or just 「鈍い（人）」 would also be fine. (Some people\nmay use 「デリカシーの(orが)ない（人）」 but this might sound a bit old-fashioned.)\n\n> Is term 神経の鈍い commonly used to describe a direct person?\n\nI don't think so. For \"direct (person)\", I think 「[率直]{そっちょく}な（人）」 or\n「はっきりした（人）」 would be more common.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T10:00:55.880",
"id": "47388",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T10:06:35.850",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T10:06:35.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "47370",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "\"insensitive\" may be not the best translation here.\n\nTaken literally, the expression means \"(someone) with dull/blunt nerves\", i.e.\nsomeone who does not get nervous/excited easily or is not affected by outside\nannoyances.\n\n\"thick-skinned\" may be a better one. If you do pick \"insensitive\", it would be\nin the sense \"unfeeling\". I doubt \"direct\" works at all here.\n\nif you do need a good term for \"direct\", I'd suggest you to make a new\nquestion, explaining what exact meaning of \"direct\" you need and what options\nyou found.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T06:22:23.783",
"id": "47428",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-15T06:22:23.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "47370",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47370 | 47388 | 47373 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47378",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_\\(Japanese\\)) defines 義理 _giri_\nas\n\n> a Japanese value roughly corresponding to \"duty\", \"obligation\", or even\n> \"burden of obligation\". It is defined as \"to serve one's superiors with a\n> self-sacrificing devotion\" by Namiko Abe.\n\nQuestion: I have forgotten the inverse/reciprocal. What is the Japanese word\nfor \"duty\" or \"obligation\" to those who owe you _giri_?\n\n* * *\n\n[Update] It seems like I maybe used the wrong word, or that others are\nmisunderstanding me.\n\nI am thinking of a novel I read about 20 years ago about mediaeval Japan.\n\nWould it be correct to say that a samurai owes his lord giri? If not, what is\nthe word? And, what duty of care/protection, etc, does the lord owe to the\nsamurai?",
"comment_count": 17,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T00:49:55.953",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47374",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T02:26:30.777",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T02:01:33.323",
"last_editor_user_id": "19479",
"owner_user_id": "19479",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "You owe me Giri - what do I owe you?",
"view_count": 365
} | [
{
"body": "As per the questioner's request, I'm putting my response here:\n\n義理 defines a reciprocal obligation. For example, a company looks after its\nworkers, and in return the latter demonstrate their loyalty beyond the\nordinary. 義理チョコ(girichoko) is another example of duty, in this case motivating\na female employee's giving her male co-workers chocolate on Valentines Day, as\nis the custom. If she gives chocolate to someone she has genuine feelings for,\nthis gift is 本命チョコ(honmeichoko). This present isn't simply an expression of\nduty.\n\n先輩/後輩(senpai/kouhai) is another example of duty that exists on both the side\nof the senior 先輩 and junior 後輩. The 先輩 gives protection and helps the 後輩,\nwhile the 後輩 serves the 後輩 in some capacity, in keeping with their inferior\nstatus.\n\nI think the concept you were reaching for in your question is 恩(on). This is\nroughly equivalent to a social debt. It is not necessarily an automatic\nexpression of duty. This comes when someone goes a step further to help\nsomeone. In return, the person receiving the benefit feels a debt of\ngratitude, which can never be repaid, so they are bound to their benefactor.\nThere is a complex web of 恩.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T02:26:30.777",
"id": "47378",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T02:26:30.777",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21868",
"parent_id": "47374",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 47374 | 47378 | 47378 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47379",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm currently reading 灰と幻想のグリムガル (Hai to Gensou no Grimgar) and currently\nhaving trouble with these sentences:\n\n## 1) いたりもする\n\n> 石の前に花が供えられて **いたりもする** 。\n\nWhich I read it as: _Flowers where offered in front of **(some of)** the\nstones._ (For reference there are a lot of gravestones around)\n\nI've read about the use of `~たりする` from Tae Kim but I dont understand it in\nthis sentence in regards to what the `い` and `も` are doing to the sentence.\n\n**Question:** Have I parsed this wrong or have I missed something basic?\n\n \n\n## 2) いそうな\n\n> やたらと身体が大きくて見るからにおっとりして **いそうな** 男が低く唸った。\n\nThe English novel adaption of this is: _An excessively large, but seemingly\nquiet, man let out a low groan._\n\nI understand how it comes about this result, but the **`いそうな`** part kinda\ngets me a little. I know how `そう` works in general but the use of `い` just\nbefore slightly confuses me.\n\n**Question:** Once again wondering if I have missed something here?\n\nMany Thanks,\n\nArchie",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T01:31:46.173",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47376",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T22:40:16.610",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20407",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances",
"definitions",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Some clarification on ~いたりもする and ~いそうな",
"view_count": 548
} | [
{
"body": "> Flowers were offered in front of (some of) the stones. (For reference there\n> are a lot of gravestones around)\n\nCorrect. And if there is one stone, \"sometimes there are flowers in front of\n~\"\n\n> いそうな\n\nas if there is (edit: this いそうな means just \"looking like\" with the な. Is this\nいそう the reason why it's translated as \"seemingly quiet\"?) い is a 連用形 of いる\n\n> 大きくて見るからに\n\n大きくて big and 見るからに obviously, apparently (I wonder whether \"seemingly\" is a\ncorrect translation.)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T02:31:11.440",
"id": "47379",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T22:40:16.610",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T22:40:16.610",
"last_editor_user_id": "22087",
"owner_user_id": "22087",
"parent_id": "47376",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 47376 | 47379 | 47379 |
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