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{
"accepted_answer_id": "47384",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am having a hard time figuring these out, it turns out that I get corrected\nby native speakers a lot, when I use one of them, they will correct me saying\nthat another particle should be used instead.\n\n> 大学に行く時に、もう夜なんだよ。\n>\n> 大学に行く時は、もう夜なんだよ。\n>\n> 大学に行く時には、もう夜なんだよ\n\nAt this point I am completly at lost in how different these should be, one\nguess would be that に should be when I wanna talk what happens in that\n\"moment\" and は when I wanna talk about that \"moment\" directly.\n\nIf my example is bad, please use a better one for exaplining the matter.\n\nps: The only related answer I found was this [What is the difference between\n時に and 時は](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29687/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-%e6%99%82%e3%81%ab-and-%e6%99%82%e3%81%af?s=2|1.9694) but\nit didn't clear out much for me, honestly.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T02:06:56.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47377",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-15T11:27:40.090",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T02:55:30.130",
"last_editor_user_id": "16104",
"owner_user_id": "16104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Difference between 時に、時は、時には",
"view_count": 3072
} | [
{
"body": "> 大学に行く時に、もう夜だったんだよ。\n\nSimply modifying the main part of the sentence by adding the information of\nthe time.\n\n> 大学に行く時は、もう夜だったんだよ。\n\nThe time is the main topic of the sentence.\n\n> 大学に行く時には、もう夜だったんだよ\n\nWhen you leave for the university is the main topic.\n\nI guess in English and many other languages these constructions are same and\nuse other things to make nuances and that is the problem that confuses many\npeople.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T02:43:46.317",
"id": "47380",
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{
"body": "大学に行く時に もう夜なんだ is \"it's when we go to our college that it has already been\nevening\". It's because this sentence lacks topic parts, but nevertheless is an\nindependent sentence (without hidden informations) of statement that expresses\nyour assumption. So, it has to be interpreted as the so-called exhaustive\nlisting が usage.\n\n大学に行くときは and 大学に行くときには can be used similarly but usually, the former is more\nlikely a plain main topic, as _someone_ says, while the latter には version\ntends to convey a sense of concession, that is, \"it will have already been\nevening when we go to our college, no matter how late\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T03:28:06.227",
"id": "47383",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T03:37:26.127",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T03:37:26.127",
"last_editor_user_id": "4092",
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "47377",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "I'll show you the difference by some examples like:\n\n> 1. 大学に行く時 **に** 、雨が降る。\n> 2. 大学に行く時 **は** 、雨が降る。しかし、大学に行かない時は、雨が降らない。\n> 3. （今は雨が降っていないが、）大学に行く時 **には** 、雨が降るでしょう。 \n> ３'.（今は雨が降っていないが、）大学に行く時 **には** 、雨が降るので、傘を持っていかなければならない。\n>\n\nThe sentence example 1 is a normal expression, which means _when I go to\ncollege, it rains_.\n\n**は** in the example 2 is a topic marker, and **大学に行く時** in the former\nsentence is contrasted, in this example, to **大学に行かない時** in the following\nsentence by the use of **は** instead of **に**. The whole meaning of the\nexample 2 would be \" _In contrast to the other case, it rains when I go to\ncollege. But, it would not rain when I don't go there_ \".\n\n**には** in the example 3 is used to give the sentence a certain condition or\nsituation; in this sentence the condition is the time when I depart to\ncollege. The meaning of the sentence example is that \" _As for the time, it\nwill rain when I go to college, (though it's not raining now)._",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T06:01:17.910",
"id": "47384",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 47377 | 47384 | 47383 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47390",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "語は「日本語」とは今日、人が使う語なんです。\n\nだけど、とっくに「日語」とは人が使った語そう。\n\nそうなんで、知りたいいつが「日本語」が使わなくて「日語」が使いました？",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T03:28:04.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47382",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-17T14:27:49.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17968",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "使った「日語」はいつからですか？",
"view_count": 222
} | [
{
"body": "日本語では「日本語」のことを「日語」とは言いません。「日語」は中国語で言う日本語のことです。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T10:48:29.277",
"id": "47390",
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"score": 8
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]
| 47382 | 47390 | 47390 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47392",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I read [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/47387/translate-a-\ncomplex-sentence-with-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8C%E3%82%89) and the first sentence has\nbeen bothering me:\n\n> 1) 今日はお酒を **飲む** ので、私は車で **行かなかった** が... \n> Today I will drink so I didn't go by car, but ...\n\nI would have expected either:\n\n> 2) 今日はお酒を **飲む** ので、私は車で **来なかった** が... \n> Today I will drink so I didn't come by car, but ... \n> 3) 今日はお酒を **飲んだ** ので、私は車で **行かなかった** が... \n> Today I drank so I didn't go by car, but ...\n\nSo, I understand 行く and くる to be motion relative to the speaker's current\nlocation. I think the original sentence is strange because with 行かなかった the\n'going' is finished. The fact that he will later drink alcohol is irrelevant.\nWhereas with 来なかった the 'coming' is complete and he is now **at** the place\nwhere he will drink.\n\nDoes sentence 1) make sense? If so where is the speaker when he is saying it?\nCan you please explain any misunderstanding I have?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T10:39:00.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47389",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T11:08:44.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Confusion about motion towards/away from speaker",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "It's possible if the speaker says it after returning from the place where they\ndrank beer. And I believe the English translation should be \"I didn't go by\ncar (but by another means) because I would drink some alcohol today\".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T11:08:44.077",
"id": "47392",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T11:08:44.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "47389",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47389 | 47392 | 47392 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47394",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I often find a ladder-like practice tool as shown in the following figure in\nmany dojos or sport halls in Japan.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2RQtT.jpg)\n\nWhat is it called? As a bonus, what is it for?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T11:03:57.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47391",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T11:56:28.543",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T11:56:28.543",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"sports"
],
"title": "What is a ladder-like practice tool called in Japanese?",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "I believe these are 肋木 _rokuboku_ \"wall bars\".\n\nAs to what they are for... to climb up and down. More info on\n[Japanese](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E6%9C%A8) or [English\nWikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_bars).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T11:55:10.607",
"id": "47394",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "47391",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 47391 | 47394 | 47394 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47400",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "While watching a video, I came across the quote:\n\n> 違う！キングダムハーツはどんな闇も消し去ることのできる心―光なんだ！\n\nFor 'どんな闇も' I first thought of the literal translation 'also what kind of\ndarkness', but this made no sense in the context since it would add a question\nin a declarative statement.\n\nMy second thought was 'any darkness' to give the translation:\n\n> You're wrong! Kingdom Hearts is a heart that can erase any darkness. It's\n> light!\n\nHowever, I feel like this use of どんな+も with a regular noun is wrong.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T16:37:34.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47399",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T17:28:50.687",
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"owner_user_id": "17667",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of どんな+Noun+も where the Noun isn't a WH word?",
"view_count": 1262
} | [
{
"body": "Your second thought is correct; どんな + noun + も can be used to mean \"any\" or\n\"any kind of\".\n\n> どんな誘惑にも負けません。 \n> I will not give in to any kind of temptation.\n\nYou can use it with both nouns and verbs (in -て form). A common expression\nusing this pattern with a verb is 「どんなことがあっても」, meaning \"no matter what\":\n\n> どんなことがあってもあきらめない！ \n> I'm not going to give up no matter what!\n\nI also think it is more common to see this pattern with -でも rather than just\n-も.\n\n> 安ければ、どんな携帯でもいい。 \n> Any phone is fine as long as it's cheap.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T17:28:50.687",
"id": "47400",
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| 47399 | 47400 | 47400 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47420",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> まる子のタコ風船は、七夕飾りのとがった部分にさわってしまい、ものすごい音ではぜてしまったのだ **から運命とはわからない** 。 \n> Maruko's octopus balloon ended up touching a sharp part of a Tanabata\n> decoration and burst with a tremendous sound, so ????\n\nI'm confused about 運命とはわからない. I thought とは was used when giving a definition.\nSo this would be \"..so Maruko doesn't understand (the definition/meaning of)\nfate\".\n\nI think this translation must be wrong because I don't see how it can be a\nconsequence (から) of the events described.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T17:29:07.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47401",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-15T04:33:47.257",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"particle-と",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Meaning of 運命とはわからない",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "> ～ _だ_ から\n\nbecause ～\n\n(Semantically speaking, saying 運命とはわからない when you merely bursting a balloon a\nbit overblown, it seems to me.)\n\n> 運命とはわからない\n\n運命 is the subject of 分からない and the whole sentence. The と before the は denotes\nsomething like というもの.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:52:19.813",
"id": "47410",
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{
"body": "goo国語辞書 says:\n\n> ###\n> [とは](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/159809/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF/)\n>\n> 2. 定義・ **命題** などの主題であることを示す。…というものは。「友情とは、かけがえのないものだ」\n>\n\nSo とは is not limited to giving a definition, but it can also be used to\npresent a general expected feature of something. (\"～ is always ～\", \"～ is\nsupposed to ～\")\n\nSome examples from BCCWJ:\n\n> * 結婚とはするものだし、両親や親戚も彼女に結婚しろと言っている。 \n> (Marriage is something you (are expected to) do)\n> * 女とは恐ろしいものだ。天性のうそつきの化けものだ、と平太郎は痛嘆した。 \n> (Women are horrible beings)\n> * おぬしもまた、朝鮮へ明へ呂宋へ、その彼方の国々へ兵を挙げるだろう。力とはそういうものだからだ。 \n> (That's what power is (supposed to mean))\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T01:00:55.760",
"id": "47416",
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{
"body": "Here わからない doesn't mean \"someone is not able to understand\" but works as if an\nadjective that means \"not understandable\". So the translation would be like,\n\n> 運命とはわからない \n> _(What) the fate (is) is inexplicable_\n\nThis usage is but an extension of perhaps more familiar wordings as follows:\n\n> 大切なことは目に見えない _what is essential is invisible to the eye_\n>\n> 経済に与える影響は無視できない _the impact to economy is considerable (not negligible)_\n\nAlso, `[story] のだから [comment]` is an idiomatic(?) construction that\neffectively expresses the nuance of \" _[story]_ , which explains how\n_[comment]_ \" or \"considering _[story]_ , it is indeed _[comment]_ \".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T03:16:00.130",
"id": "47420",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 47401 | 47420 | 47420 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47403",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the exact difference between なくては and なくてはいけない?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T17:34:50.080",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47402",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-14T20:13:31.910",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions",
"set-phrases",
"phrases"
],
"title": "Difference between なくては and なくてはいけない",
"view_count": 830
} | [
{
"body": "# なくてはいけない\n\n * なくては (unless) + いけない (not good) = necessary\n * Connects to a verb to mean that you must verb\n\n> 寝{ね} **なくてはいけない** 。 \n> _I **have to** sleep._\n\n# なくては\n\n * Doesn't have いけない\n * Can imply なくてはいけない on its own, usually in the form of なく **ちゃ** : \n\n> 行{い}か **なくちゃ** 。 \n> _I **gotta** go._ (lit: **If I don't** go.)\n\n * Almost always used with a negative verb, but can also work like this: \n\n> 契約{けいやく}を守{まも}ってくれ **なくては困{こま}る** 。 \n> _You **must** keep to your agreement._ (lit: I'll be **troubled if you\n> can't** keep to your agreement.)\n\n * When used with kanji （ **無{な}** くては）, doesnt usually attach _to_ a verb and usually defines _what_ can't be done: \n\n> この辞書{じしょ}が **無{な}くては済{す}まされない** 。 \n> _I **cannot do without** this dictionary._ ~~(it's the truth)~~",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T20:13:31.910",
"id": "47403",
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| 47402 | 47403 | 47403 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "When I checked the entry of 助動詞 「だ」 in the\n[dictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/132198/meaning/m0u/), I found the\nfollowing example sentence:\n\n> 「学生は怠けるべき **で** はない」\n\nDoes the fact that で is in bold mean that で in ではない is actually the 連用形 of\n「だ」?\n\nBut how could this be possible considering the fact that ではない is, in itself,\nthe negative form of である ? Which is what 「だ」 actually comes from ?\n\nAre there 2 ではない ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T21:15:53.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47404",
"last_activity_date": "2020-06-04T07:05:45.497",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-14T21:22:21.603",
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"owner_user_id": "9539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"copula",
"auxiliaries",
"negation"
],
"title": "未然形 of である and 連用形 of だ",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "だ and である are really two forms of the same verb, which is a very odd and\nirregular verb. There's not really a benefit to thinking of them as separate,\nas every other form besides です～であります is shared between the two. Having two\noptions for the shuushikei is only one way this verb is unusual.\n\nIn terms of the mizenkei, I'm not sure it even has one. で is the ren'youkei,\nbut ではない as a unit (sometimes without the は as でない) is the negative form,\nwhich isn't formed off of any mizenkei, it simply is on its own the negative\nform. Etymologically, it is from the ren'youkei + は + ない, much the same way as\nadjectives are topicalised and negated - c.f. 早くはない. (でない, without the topic\nmarker, is formed in exactly the same way as adjective negatives are.) At this\npoint, though, it's basically a unit, and there's no sense in arguing that\nit's still used as a multi-part construction.\n\nTo answer your questions directly:\n\n * Yes, technically, putting で in bold there is demonstrating its use as a ren'youkei, but that's not really a helpful way of thinking about ではない anymore. It probably would have been better to put the whole word ではない in bold.\n * There are not two ではないs, because だ and である are the same verb. ではない is an irregular negative form that's built off a ren'youkei + topicaliser combination, rather than a mizenkei (or an adjective-like plain ren'youkei).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:27:38.103",
"id": "47409",
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| 47404 | null | 47409 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47407",
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"body": "What's the Japanese equivalent of the English conjugation \"~ism\"? Like in\nthings like Capitalism, Socialism, Islamism, Catholicism, Liberalism, Atheism,\netc.?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T21:43:07.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"syntax"
],
"title": "What's the 日本語 equivalent of \"~ism\"? (ex. Capitalism, Catholicism, Marxism, etc.)",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "Doesn't work for all your examples, but would probably be understood. Add\n〜主義{しゅぎ} to the end of the word.\n\n * 資本主義{しほんしゅぎ}: capitalism\n * 社会主義{しゃかいしゅぎ}: socialism\n * イスラム主義{しゅぎ}: Islamism\n * 自由主義{じゆうしゅぎ}: liberalism\n\nBut:\n\n * 無神論{むしんろん} atheism (lit. no god theory/argument)\n * カトリシズム: Catholicism (using the English loan 〜イズム)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:01:07.607",
"id": "47406",
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{
"body": "～主義 and ～論 are good candidates.\n\n * Capitalism -- 資本主義\n * Socialism -- 社会主義\n * Islamism -- イスラム主義\n * Catholicism -- カトリック主義\n * Liberalism -- 自由主義\n * Existentialism -- 実存主義\n * Idealism -- 観念主義\n * Altruism -- 博愛主義\n * Egoism -- 利己主義\n * Atheism -- 無神論\n * Polytheism -- 多神論\n * Relativism -- 相対論\n * Spiritualism -- 唯心論\n * Materialism -- 唯物論",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:02:23.777",
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| 47405 | 47407 | 47406 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47421",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "時間が立てば立てるほど、頑張るのが一番大切なことがわかります。\n\nI want to say something like: The more time passes, the more I understand that\nthe most important thing is working hard.\n\nIs my sentence in any way correct? Did I use ば〜ほど right?\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:11:42.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"words",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Writing a sentence with ば〜ほど",
"view_count": 235
} | [
{
"body": "> The more time passes, the more I understand that the most\n\nI think this translation is perfect. But I think the Japanese part 時間が _立_ てば\n_立てる_ ほど looks and sounds weird and I wonder the 時間 is denoting whether \"the\ntime in your life\" or \"the time your effort is put in\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T23:16:13.267",
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{
"body": "First of all, the kanji you used for 「たつ」is incorrect. The kanji for \"passing\nby\" is 「経つ」.\n\nSecondly, 「時間」refers more to a specific amount of time, where as 「時」(とき),\nrefers more to time in general.\n\nSo I think a better sentence would be:\n\n時が経てば経つほど、頑張るのが一番大事な物だと分かります。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T02:56:20.477",
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{
"body": "> 時間が立てば **立てる** ほど、頑張るのが一番大切なことがわかります。 \n> The more time passes, the more I understand that the most important thing\n> is working hard.\n\nUse the dictionary form (or, the attributive form) [経]{た}つ, as in 経てば **経つ**\nほど, not 経てば経てるほど. ([経]{た}てる is the potential form of 経つ.)\n\n「時間が経てば経つほど、頑張るのが一番大切なことがわかります。」 would make sense, but to sound more natural\n(avoiding using が twice) I think you could say...\n\n> 「時間が経てば経つほど、頑張る｛のが / ことが｝一番大切だと｛わかります / わかってきます｝。」 \n> 「時間が経てば経つほど、頑張るのが一番大切なことだと｛わかります / わかってきます｝。」\n\nAlternatively, you could use 「Verb + につれ(て)」, for example:\n\n> 「時間が **経つにつれ** 、一番大切なのは頑張ることだとわかってきます。」",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T04:33:52.813",
"id": "47421",
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| 47408 | 47421 | 47421 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47415",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In American English \"construction worker\" can refer to any manual labor worker\nat a construction site. Is 土方{どかた} a common term to refer to such person in\nJapan?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T22:58:55.660",
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"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"terminology"
],
"title": "Is 土方 a common term for a \"construction worker\"?",
"view_count": 2460
} | [
{
"body": "[土方{どかた}](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%B9) seems to be [the most\n_searched_\nterm](https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?geo=JP&q=%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%B9%20%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99,%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E5%93%A1%20%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99,%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E5%93%A1%20%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99,%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%20%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99,%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%20%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99)\nused when finding out how much construction workers get paid for their job\n(out of the alternative terms that I found). There is also the family name\n土方{ひじかた}. It can affect the search frequency a bit, but you rarely search a\nfamily name together with [給料](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%B5%A6%E6%96%99).\n\nThe terms 土方{どかた} and [土工](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5)\nare [sensitive](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36225/what-does-\nsensitive-or-sens-mean) when used to refer to a person, and you shouldn't use\nthem in official contexts. Anyway, considering that people commonly use 土方 to\nfind out the average pay of construction workers, it must be very common.\n\nMore neutral alternative words are\n[建設労働者](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85),\n[土木作業員](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5) and\n[建築作業員](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5). There are also more\nprecise words for the exact job, but according to\n[this](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1451026279),\n土木作業員 is used as a general word for all kinds of construction workers.\n\nScreenshot of the Google Trends query used as a source:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jrVyZ.png)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-14T23:15:08.923",
"id": "47412",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "> Is 土方 a common term to refer to such person in Japan?\n\nYes. And there are also self-deprecating words like IT土方....",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-14T23:20:09.870",
"id": "47414",
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},
{
"body": "土方 is a common word, but if you want a neutral term that is usable in news\narticles, essays and such, (建築/土木)作業員 is better.\n\n土方 tends to have a negative/derogatory undertone, and we never see it used in\ngovernment documents and such. Basically I always refrain from referring to\nsomeone as 土方. Some broadcasting companies even have explicitly prohibited it\nas a discriminatory word.\n\n> [日本語俗語辞書](http://zokugo-dict.com/20to/dokata.htm) \n>\n> 土方とは道路工事や治水工事、建築における土木作業員のことである。ただし、土方は差別意識を伴って使われることが多く、土木作業員の中でも特に資格や技術を必要としない部署で働く人や日雇い労働者をイメージして使われることが多い。\n\nRelated: [In what type of social settings could one say\n\"百姓{ひゃくしょう}\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24660/5010)",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T00:32:20.713",
"id": "47415",
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"score": 9
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| 47411 | 47415 | 47415 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was watching last week's ホンマでっか, and there one of the learned panel talked\nabout うんこ (or う◯こ as it was subtitled), and Matsuko Deluxe on the celeb panel\nhectored him with a \"Use うんち at least as it's not so childish!\" (I could very\nwell have these two back-to-front)\n\nSo, the question is which is less childish? WWWJDIC list both as children's\nlanguage.\n\nFor a bonus point, why do even late-night shows use う◯こ and う◯ち in subtitles?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T01:50:47.590",
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"id": "47417",
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"owner_user_id": "5509",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"child-speech"
],
"title": "う◯こ versus う◯ち - which is more childish?",
"view_count": 215
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know what Matsuko actually said, but I would say both words are almost\nthe same in terms of childishness. To me うんこ sounds more explicit and vulgar,\nwhile うんち is a bit more euphemistic, milder or cuter. So \"careful adults\nshould use うんち in variety shows\" is an understandable statement (especially\nwhen it was a women who firstly said it).\n\nThat said, vulgar and direct words are more likely to get a laugh. I think I\nactually hear うんこ more often on TV variety shows. Male comedians on TV almost\nalways use うんこ.\n\nIn scientific or serious settings both words are inappropriate, and you should\nuse 大便/便 (for humans), 糞 (for animals/insects) or 排泄物.\n\nAs for why they were \"censored\", please [read\nthis](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11810/5010). Simply, う○こ would look\nmore funny by emphasizing its dirtiness.",
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| 47417 | null | 47422 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47424",
"answer_count": 8,
"body": "What's the Japanese equivalent of saying \"None of your business\", or \"None of\nyour concern\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T04:59:59.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47423",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 14,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "What's the 日本語 equivalent of saying \"That's none of your business\"?",
"view_count": 11320
} | [
{
"body": "In my feeling and personal experience \"it's none of your business\" is just one\nof those sentences you don't hear that often in Japan most likely because it's\nquite direct and (kind of) offensive. And as you know Japanese people tend to\navoid this generally.\n\nThat being said (and I might be wrong), it doesn't mean there is no way to say\nit.\n\nAccording to\n[weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/it%27s+none+of+your+business) and to a\nnative speaker I just asked to the closest translation is:\n\n> 余計なお世話だ\n\nIn the sample sentences you can also find いらぬお世話だ and 大きに御世話だ **(*)** but the\nfirst one I quoted above is translated as \"none of your business\" also by my\ndictionary as a whole.\n\nProbably another, more literal, way to say it would be: あなたには関係ないことだ。\n\nNot being a native speaker it's hard to say which one of these would be more\nnatural and more commonly used though. As I said I believe the first one, but\nmaybe someone can leave a comment.\n\nPS. Related to what I said in the beginning, it is interesting to notice how\nin Japanese the literal translation is totally different. In fact, literally\nit is like \"(it is) an excess of favor/assistance (on your side)\". If you\nthink about it this is very much in line with the Japanese way of saying\nthings indirectly. They are not telling you that something is not your\nbusiness, they are telling you that you are \"minding too much\" implying\nbetween the lines that.. it's not your business. :)\n\nI thought it could be interesting to add this (personal) interpretation as a\nmore \"cultural\" note.\n\n**(*)** _Note in the comment that at this point it seems unclear if the\ncorrect form is 大きに御世話だ (as in the reference weblio) or 大きな御世話だ (as Naruto\npointed out)._",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T05:09:03.937",
"id": "47424",
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},
{
"body": "Here are a couple common phrases:\n\n余計{よけい} なことするな。\n\n君{きみ}の知{し}ったことじゃないよ。\n\nFor future reference, for common phrases like this, if you go to jisho.org,\nselect the \"Sentences\" tab and plug in the word/phrase, you will typically get\na variety of sentences showing different ways of saying the word/phrase you're\nlooking for.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T05:11:34.777",
"id": "47425",
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{
"body": "> In my feeling and personal experience \"it's none of your business\" is just\n> one of those sentences you don't hear that often in Japan most likely\n> because it's quite direct and (kind of) offensive. And as you know Japanese\n> people tend to avoid this generally. < **from Tommy's answer** >\n\nWe don't say this kind of direct phrase to others usually in Japan, but you\ncan hear the phrase like \"None of your business\", or \"None of your concern\" in\na family.\n\nBoys and girls at a rebellious age sometimes would say towards their parents\n放｛ほ｝っといて！ or 放｛ほ｝っといてよ！when their parents try to be concerned about their\nchildren.\n\n放っといて is pronounced ほっといて _hottoite_ or ほうっといて _hoottoite_ , and formally it\nis said 放｛ほう｝って置｛お｝いて, which means _\"Leave me alone\"_.\n\nEven in Japan, a strong-minded woman may sometimes say flatly or even **with a\npretended gracious manner** to the same sex opponents usually in her work\nplace; 放｛ほ｝っといてくれる, 放｛ほ｝っといてくれますか or 放｛ほ｝っといてください, besides 邪魔｛じゃま｝しないで or\n構｛かま｝わないでくれる meaning _It's none of your business_. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8MukO.jpg)",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T06:54:18.457",
"id": "47429",
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{
"body": "You didn't mention the context, but if you're among close friends (or maybe if\nsaid jokingly at a drinking party to be funny) you could say:\n\nお前関係ないだろ！\n\nOmae kankei nai daro!\n\nA word of caution: under no circumstances should you say the above in a formal\nsituation or when addressing people you are not close to.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T06:57:03.997",
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{
"body": "Generally, I think あなたにはかんけいないです or あなたにはかんけいのないことです are pretty good\nsubstitutes. 余計なお世話 is similar, but in my opinion, it doesn't quite have the\nsame nuance; I feel like 余計なお世話 means something more along the lines of\n\"you're sticking your nose in where it doesn't belong,\" or \"nobody asked you\nto do this, so keep out of it.\" On the other hand, かんけいない really does have a\nsimilar meaning to the English phrase--\"It has nothing to do with you\" is a\npretty literal translation of it, so you can see why it works pretty well. It\nshould go without saying that you should be very careful if you actually plan\nto say these things to people, and you should consider whether or not to say\nthem at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T07:34:41.547",
"id": "47433",
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{
"body": "In Japanese, there is a way to express \"none of your concern\" at _least_\noffensive tone yet send through a strong meaning of not to meddle with\nsomeone's else issue.\n\n> あなたには 関わりのない事です。\n>\n> [The issue] has nothing to do with you;\n>\n> You have no relation with this [issue].\n\nThe word `関わり` means relation or connection (the verb counterpart is `関わる`).\nSo when the word is negated, `関わり` (in relation) becomes `関わりのない` (no\nrelation).\n\nThe sentence can be expressed with neutral or serious tone, depending on the\nspeaker expression and status quo. There are some variations that may be heard\nlikewise.\n\n> あなたとは なんの関わりが ございません。\n>\n> 君とは 関わりのない事だ。\n\nBecause it holds such a strong meaning, the sentence is usually used between\nstrangers and people with relationship gap. One shall _not_ use these\nsentences against good friends.\n\n**References**\n\n * [関わり on Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%96%A2%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A)\n * [係わり・関わり on コトバンク](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BF%82%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A%E3%83%BB%E9%96%A2%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A-226869)\n * [関わり on Weblio辞書](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E9%96%A2%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T08:48:26.013",
"id": "47437",
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{
"body": "Since nobody else has said it yet, I would point out that the word 迷惑 also has\nsome of the implications of the English. Although it's more often used to mean\n\"making a nuisance of yourself\" generically, rather than trying to solve other\npeople's problems specifically.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "Other very modest expressions for the person:\n\nご[心配]{しんぱい}には[及]{およ}びません: It's not the case you mind.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T07:20:16.203",
"id": "47480",
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| 47423 | 47424 | 47424 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47427",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm looking for lists of words/phrases of degree, ordered by how strong they\nare relative to each other.\n\nFor an example in English, I ran across this research recently:\n<http://www.businessinsider.com/quantitative-perceptions-of-probability-\nwords-2017-5>\n\nI was wondering if there are any similar lists for:\n\n 1. Degree... わずか ＜ なかなか ＜ とっても etc\n 2. Amount... すこし ＜ そこばく ＜ たくさん etc\n 3. Frequency... めったに ＜ よく ＜ しょっちゅう ＜ いつも etc\n 4. Severity/strength... やんわり ＜ つよく ＜ たいへん etc\n 5. Surety... たしか ＜ きっと ＜ ひつぜん etc\n\nBy the way, I see a lot of questions about pairs of words on this list, i.e.\n\"is this word more or less on the degree scale than this\"... so if a good\nanswer can be found that has a bunch of examples hierarchicalized, it might\nanswer a lot of future questions all at once. 一石無限鳥 :-)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T05:16:16.757",
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"tags": [
"words",
"expressions",
"linguistics",
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Comparing the \"severity\" of words of amount, degree, etc",
"view_count": 199
} | [
{
"body": "> Degree... わずか ＜ なかなか ＜ とっても etc\n\n**暑｛あつ｝さ/寒｛さむ｝さ** \nAs for the degree of temperature, we say like 少｛すこ｝し暑｛あつ｝い / 少｛すこ｝し寒｛さむ｝い for\n_it's hot a little_ / _it's cold a little_.\n\n> Adverbs to describe the degeree of hotness/coldness are like: \n> **わずか** に ＜ ほんの少し ≒ 気持｛きも｝ち ＜ ちょっと ≒ 少し ＜ 大分｛だいぶ｝ ≒ **なかなか** ＜ いい加減｛かげん｝（に）\n> ≒ 相当｛そうとう｝（に） ≒ かなり ＜ すごく ≒ とても/ **とっても** ≒ うんと ＜ 無茶｛むちゃ｝苦茶｛くちゃ｝（に） ＜\n> 死｛し｝にそうに\n\nHierarchicalized adverbs written in the above list could be applied commonly\nto express the degree of amount, frequency, severity/strength and surety\nexcept for some adverbs. The typical exception is 死にそうに, that is used only in\nseverity or in something like that.\n\nAmount... すこし ＜ そこばく?(← obsolete word) **かなり** ＜ たくさん etc \nFrequency... めったに ＜ よく ＜ しょっちゅう ＜ いつも etc \nSeverity/strength... やんわり? ＜ つよく? ＜ たいへん etc \nSurety... たしか? ＜ きっと ＜ ひつぜん? **確実｛かくじつ｝（に）** ＜ **絶対｛ぜったい｝（に）** etc",
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| 47426 | 47427 | 47427 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47432",
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"body": "今、 **来た** ところなので、まだその話は、 **聞いていません** 。 => \"Because I came around just now, I\ndon't hear that story yet.\"\n\nI'm confused because in the subclause 今、 **来た** ところなので there is past tense,\nand in the main clause there is present tense. I know that in japanese it's a\nbit difficult with tenses for us and that they don't have the same\nunderstanding about tenses like we have in english etc.. But since 聞く doesn't\nseem to represent the result of \"hearing\", e.g. \"knowing\"\n<http://jisho.org/search/kiku> I have trouble interpreting this construction.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T07:16:11.067",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense"
],
"title": "Why is there no past tense in this sentences predicative?",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "It is pretty much the same as in English.\n\n> I just arrived now, so I am not aware of what's going on.(PAST/PRESENT)\n\nOR\n\n> I just got here, so I didn't hear about it yet.(PAST/PAST)\n\nThere are many ways to say what you want.\n\nThe sentence is in the present, but 来たところ is in the past because it explains\nthat his action of arriving here is already over, but the action of hearing\nthe story has yet to come, so not in the past.\n\nIs is also possible to have the verb to hear in the past tense too if you want\nto put emphasis on the fact that you didn't hear it until now.\n\n> この話は、聞かなかった",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T07:27:03.717",
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"body": "This 聞いていません does not use the past tense, but it uses **～ている** , which denotes\nthe continuation of a state that was caused by an action in the past. In\nEnglish this is expressed using [the present perfect\naspect](https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-\ngrammar/verbs/present-tense/present-perfect).\n\nTherefore the most literal translation is not \"I don't hear\" nor \"I didn't\nhear\" but:\n\n> まだその話は、聞いていません。 \n> I **haven't heard** that story yet.\n\nSee:\n\n * [When is Vている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation of state?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)",
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| 47431 | 47432 | 47439 |
{
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"body": "It's an exercise from my textbook where I have to fill in a word from a list.\nThe list is: なる, 渡る, 話す, できる, たいへんな, 降りる.\n\nThe sentence in question is as follows:\n\n> 電車を _______ **としたら** 、ドアが閉まってしまった。\n\nI don't think that と+したら could make any sense here, but my textbook hasn't\ntaught me the word としたら <http://jisho.org/search/toshitara> yet so I can't\nrule it out. That's why I'm asking you what you think.\n\nI would insert 降りる here and translate the sentence as follows: \"If it happens\nthat I exit the train, unfortunately the door will close.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-15T07:44:02.207",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "Is this と (particle) + したら or is it \"としたら\"",
"view_count": 271
} | [
{
"body": "> 電車を「降りよう」としたら、ドアが閉まってしまった。\n\nWhen I was getting off the train, unfortunately the door closed. \nLiterally, when I tried to get off the train, unforfunately the door closed.\n\n降りる must be properly conjugated to 降りよう.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T08:34:19.103",
"id": "47435",
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"body": "降りる is obviously the verb you want, but I think the exercise must expect you\nto put it into the tentative form, 降りよう. 降りようとしたら, \"When I made to get off\",\n\"Just as I was going to get off\", would make sense here. I expect you know the\nrule:\n\n> Tentative form + とする = make as if to do, be about to do, be going to do, be\n> on the point of doing, try [unsuccessfully] to do.\n\nFor example:\n\n> * お風呂に入ろうとすると, \"just as I was about to get into the bath [the telephone\n> rang]\"\n> * 10時になろうとしています \"[Radio announcer] It's just coming up to ten o'clock\"\n> * 窓を開けようとしたが \"I tried to open the window [but it was jammed]\".\n>\n\nSo your completed sentence would mean \"Just as I was going to get off the\ntrain, the door closed\" (or maybe \"the damned door\" to convey the irritation\nexpressed by しまった)",
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| 47434 | 47436 | 47436 |
{
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"body": "I got question like this maybe some math question in japanese\n\n179からある数これを引いたら、残りは12になりました。ある数はいくつですか。\n\nSuppose x is the number that the question ask \nFirst i thought like x - 179=12 \nSomewhat confuse with'これを引いたら’ \nIs this mean there is a number and it is substracted by 179 or the number\nitself 179?? \nParticle を makes 179 like an object.. \nIts ambiguous for me But the correct one is 179-x=12?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T09:09:44.677",
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"id": "47438",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"english-to-japanese",
"mathematics",
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "Problem in understanding math problem in japanese",
"view_count": 245
} | [
{
"body": "> 179 からある数これを引いたら、残りは12。数字はいくらですか\n\nAs narto said in his comment the above sentence or the math problem is very\nclumsy and almost ungrammatical.\n\nI would edit the math problem like:\n\n> 179からある数を引いたら、残りは12になりました。ある数はいくつですか。\n\n179 - X = 12\n\nThis teacher has to learn Japanese before they try to start teaching math!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T09:47:54.547",
"id": "47442",
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"body": "Let me see. \"179 からある数これを引いたら、残りは12。数字はいくらですか\". Let7s translate, saving word\norder.\n\n\"179 from some number this subtract, rest is 12. number what is.\" - Dirty\ntranslation. \"this\" is grammatical error, delete it.\n\nLet's fix word order, add IF we. \"If we subtract some number from 179, rest is\n12. What number?\"\n\nNow to math part :). 179 - somenumber = 12 => somenumber = 179 - 12 = 167.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T09:53:04.020",
"id": "47443",
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"body": "Hmm . . . let's see. It may well be that これ is a typo or an imperfect\nrecollection, but if I had to mount a defence of it, my argument would go like\nthis: in circumstances where it is essential that a text such as a law, for\nexample, should be absolutely unambiguous, it is common to recapitulate\nsubject or object with これ so as to be quite clear, even though the same\npassage without これ would be regarded as acceptable in ordinary expository\nprose. There are numerous examples, for instance, in the Japanese\nConstitution. Here are a couple of reasonably straightforward ones:\n\n前項の目的を達するため、陸海空軍その他の戦力は、これを保守しない\n\nIn order to achieve the object of the preceding section, an army, navy and air\nforce and other war potential - we will not maintain these.\n\n国の交戦権は、これをを認めない\n\nThe right of the state to engage in warfare - we will not recognise this\n\n(Official,translation: In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding\nparagraph, land, sea and air forces, as well as other war potential, will\nnever be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be\nrecognised.)\n\nThe same convention is used in language textbooks to make clear the structures\nof sentences in other languages.\n\nIf it is used in maths problems as well, which would seem likely, I would\ninterpret 179からある数これを引いたら、残りは12になりました。ある数はいくつですか。 as: A certain number, if you\ndeduct this from 179, gives a remainder of 12. How much is this certain\nnumber?",
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| 47438 | null | 47442 |
{
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"body": "What is the difference between '割り引き' and '割引'? Both pronounced as\n'waribiki',meaning 'discount'. \nCan somebody kindly advise, thanks.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T09:28:11.037",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between '割り引き' and '割引'?",
"view_count": 529
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{
"body": "Difference is:\n\n 1. '割り引き' is full form of writing, the most correct one. It used when you have space and time :). \n 2. '割引' is shorter writing. It's acceptable when no time/space available to use form 1 above. \nThey are the same, nobody will care which you use. Everyone will understand\nyou, but in some places form 1 may be better (like Japanese lesson, when\nteacher wants to check you understand real reading on paper). In other places\npeople may want to use shorter form 2. For example, in train, when they have\nno space on indicator, and 2 big letters will fit and can be readable easier,\nthan smaller 4.",
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"body": "**割引** is the orthographically recommended form to represent the _noun_ that\nmeans \"discount\".\n\n**割り引き** is the recommended form to represent the 連用形 of the _verb_ 割り引く \"to\ndiscount\". It's most likely to be used as a part of the polite form e.g.\n割り引きます.\n\nI wrote \"recommended\" because this part of Japanese orthography\n([1](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/okurikana/honbun06.html),\n[2](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/okurikana/honbun07.html))\ntolerates a certain degree of freedom (Japanese orthography isn't technically\ncompulsory either, but it's another problem).\n\n* * *\n\nBelow is the frequency data from\n[BCCWJ](http://pj.ninjal.ac.jp/corpus_center/bccwj/en/) for your information:\n\n * Noun \n * 割引: 1371\n * 割引き: 45\n * 割り引き: 38\n * Verb (連用形-一般) \n * 割り引き: 5",
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| 47440 | 47453 | 47453 |
{
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"body": "All other forms of verbs inherently seem to have some kind of meaning but te\nneeds to be combined with things before it means anything. Does it mean\nanything on its own that makes what it ends up doing with other things make\nlogical sense? Like, why do te kudasai and te iru/aru both use te?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T09:57:59.197",
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"owner_user_id": "20228",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"tense",
"conjunctions",
"auxiliaries"
],
"title": "Does the ''te form'' literally mean something on its own?",
"view_count": 2575
} | [
{
"body": "\"te\" by itself have no meaning. There is canonical word of verbs and if You\nadd te in correct way it changes verb meaning. kaku - to write (canonical)\nkaite - write (in \"You write\", used with friends, family, coworkers,...) kaite\nkudasai - please write (more official form, used with people You don't know\nwell)",
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"id": "47445",
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"body": "In your examples, both the words following te are verbs and te are supposed to\nbe attaching verb phrases before them. 助詞(joshi)/particles(to which te\nbelongs) are grammatical tools and don't have meanings on their own. A meaning\nis made when they are attached to other words and how they are constructed.\n\nOf course, there are exclusions in idiomatic expressions like \"で？ (何？)\", but\nthese should construed as a shortened form of a phrase.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T10:42:50.307",
"id": "47446",
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"body": "Let me divide your question into two separate questions...\n\n> All other forms of verbs inherently seem to have some kind of meaning but te\n> needs to be combined with things before it means anything. Does it mean\n> anything on its own that makes what it ends up doing with other things make\n> logical sense?\n\nWhen spoken, the \"te\" form of the verb (by itself, with nothing following it)\nmeans the same as \"te-kudasai\":\n\n * 電話してください（Denwa shite kudasai）(Please call me.)\n * 電話して（Denwa shite）(Call me.)\n\nUsing \"kudasai\" is much more polite, but the meaning is the same. You will\nnever see the \"te\" form by itself in written Japanese (with nothing following\nit) except if the text is quoting spoken Japanese.\n\n> Like, why do te kudasai and te iru/aru both use te?\n\nA verb's \"te\" form allows it to be combined with other verbs to either\nconjugate the original verb (as in \"te-iru\" and \"te-aru\") or to sequentially\ncombine the verbs (e.g. \"itte-kuru\" means \"go then come back\"). Here \"te\"\nplays a purely grammatical role and has no meaning by itself.\n\nNote that \"te-kudasai\" is a combination of one verb's \"te\" form and [the\nimperative form of the verb\n\"kudasaru\"](http://mc2.civillink.net/bizkeigo/kudasarukudasai.html).",
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"creation_date": "2018-08-29T09:36:33.007",
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"body": "> Does the ''te form'' literally mean something on its own?\n\n## The \"meaning\" of the individual nuts and bolts of a language\n\nIt sounds like you're ultimately asking, _\" what does **て** mean in verb\nconjugations?\"_\n\nThis is a good and valid question. The answer, however, is a bit more complex\nthan the question. :) An analogy would be like asking, _\" what does **the**\nmean?\"_ It does have a meaning, but defining it usefully can be difficult. :)\n\nTo get an understanding of て itself, for me personally, I found it useful to\nunderstand where it came from.\n\n## Origins of ～て: completion of action\n\nIn traditional Japanese grammar, the ～て used as a verb conjugation ending is\ncalled a 助動詞【じょどうし】 or \"auxiliary verb\". Auxiliaries in Japanese generally\nalso conjugate, and て itself started out as a conjugated form of auxiliary つ,\nand the base meaning indicated that \"the action of the verb is complete\".\n\n * You might have run into this same つ as a verb ending in modern Japanese, in expressions like 行【い】き[つ]{●}戻【もど】り[つ]{●} ( _iki **tsu** modori **tsu**_ , \"going and coming back\" as a repeated action: \"going back and forth\"). This same つ reduplicated (doubled up) as つつ is another verb ending that indicates repetition or ongoing action, as in 事情【じじょう】が変【か】わり[つ]{●}[つ]{●}ある ( _jijō ga kawari **tsutsu** aru_, \"circumstances **keep** chang **ing** , circumstances **continue to** change\"). In these constructions, the \"verb completion\" meaning is still there, even though these uses indicate repetition -- one iteration of the action completes, and then the next one occurs in succession.\n\nLooking back at て, this was both the 未然形【みぜんけい】 ( _mizenkei_ , \"incomplete\nform\": basically, \"hasn't happened yet\") and the 連用形【れんようけい】 ( _ren'yōkei_ ,\n\"continuative form\": basically, \"grammatically continues on to some other\nverb\") of つ. The _mizenkei_ isn't relevant here, so we'll ignore that. The\n_ren'yōkei_ is the important part. 連用【れんよう】 ( _ren'yō_ ) literally means 連【れん】\n\"attaches\" to a 用言【ようげん】 \"word that conjugates or inflects\", such as verbs or\nadjectives. In other words, て is the form you need to use when putting another\nverb right afterwards, with that sense of completion. So `[VERB 1]`て`[VERB 2]`\nmeans `[VERB 1]` _and then_ `[VERB 2]`.\n\n### Side note about joining verbs\n\nNote that this ～て + `[VERB]` construction is different from compound verbs. In\ncompound verb formations, you use the same _ren'yōkei_ , but of the verb\nitself, and then you put another verb after that. Compare a couple examples:\n\n * 見【み】て送【おく】る → \"[you] see, and (then) send\", as two distinct actions.\n * 見【み】送【おく】る → \"[you] see-send\", that is, you \"see someone on their way\" as a single action.\n * 食【た】べて終【お】わる → \"[you] eat, and (then) [something] finishes\", as two distinct actions.\n * 食【た】べ終【お】わる → \"[you] eat-finish\" → \"[you] finish eating\", as a single action.\n * 乗【の】って換【か】える → \"[you] ride, and (then) change [something]\", as two distinct actions.\n * 乗【の】り換【か】える → \"[you] ride-change\" → \"[you] change your ride, [you] transfer\", as a single action.\n\n## Related ending ～た: past tense\n\nThat sense of completion that's added by the auxiliary つ is also where we get\nthe modern past-tense ending ～た. Modern ～た is actually a contraction from\nolder ～て (this same て above) + あり (the old copula or \"to be\" verb): put\nsimply, ～てあり shortened to ～たり, and that shortened further to just ～た. The\nbasic idea of original form ～てあり was \"the ～ action has **completed** , and now\nthis **is** the resulting state\" -- or more directly, \"`[VERB]` **-ed is** \".\nAlmost sounds like Yoda.",
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| 47444 | null | 47445 |
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0qirk.jpg)\nSource: [page 32, Ch.82 of よつばと！](http://raw.senmanga.com/Yotsubato!/82/32)\n\nMy translation of the highlighted text bubble is,\n\n> Now, sleep quietly okay.\n\nBut I am confused as to why 寝てろ is used here as opposed to 寝ろ? Is it because\nsleep is a resultant state (something like 知っています or けっこんしています)?\n\nAfter some probing I came across\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14804/how-to-\ntranslate-%e3%81%a6-form-%e3%82%8d) but it doesn't answer the difference\nbetween usage of 〜てろ and 〜ろ form.\n\nWhat I did come to know is, 寝てろ is a compact form of 寝ていろ which is\nimperative/command form of 寝ている. All in all, 寝ていろ is something like a command\nto sleep (or be in state of sleep or keep sleeping?) Why is the progressive\nform used here? What kind of subtlety does it add?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"manga",
"aspect",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "Usage and meaning : 寝ろ vs 寝てろ?",
"view_count": 1290
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{
"body": "> All in all, 寝ていろ is something like a command to sleep (or be in state of\n> sleep or keep sleeping ?).\n\nCorrect. The difference in nuance from 寝ろ is \" _keep_ sleeping.\" It implies\nthat she should keep staying in the bed/sleeping bag and sleeping, and won't\nwake up and make any fuss.",
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"body": "This type of いる is called [a subsidiary\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010), and what it means\nroughly depends on the context and the verb type. For details, see: [When is\nVている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation of\nstate?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)\n\n寝る is an ordinary action verb like 食べる, 走る or 勉強する. It's not an \"instant\nstate-change (aka punctual)\" verb like 知る, 結婚する or 倒れる. This means when 寝て\n(the te-form of 寝る) is followed by いろ (the imperative form of いる), it usually\nmeans the **continuation** of the action (i.e., \"be ～ing\"). So 寝ていろ means \"Be\nsleeping\" or \"Keep sleeping\", while 寝ろ just means \"Sleep.\" or \"Go to bed.\"",
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| 47448 | 47458 | 47458 |
{
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"body": "Kaizo Mario World 3 has a level called `NABANA NO SATO`. I tried to interpret\nit as Japanese, since it's clearly not English and it is in an English version\nso the only logical guess was it wasn't translated from it Japanese original.\nBut I could not make sense of `NABANA` as is in any way. So I guessed it is a\n\"cropped\" `HANABANA`, and so the Kanji are `花々の里`, that is \"Village of\nflowers\". But the level has no flowers. So did I guess correctly? Could the\n\"flowers\" be the munchers of which the level is full? Or is there a way to\nmake sense of just `NABANA NO SATO`, and if so what is the Kanji spelling of\nit?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T16:12:27.380",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Level name: is my completion guess right?",
"view_count": 727
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{
"body": "\"Nabana no Sato\" is the name of a winter illumination resort in Mie Prefecture\n(from Google). However, there doesn't seem to be a direct translation for\n\"nabana\". Considering that the game is a hacked ROM it very well may be that\nthe true or intended level name was just cut off and it could be 花々の里 as your\nintuition says or it could be something else altogether.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T16:28:58.720",
"id": "47454",
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"body": "I think the intended level name was probably meant to be Nabana no Sato,\nreferring to the winter illumination event in Mie-ken that just recently\nconcluded. The Nabana would most probably just be referring to flowers,\nHanabana, as seen from how the winter illumination involved illumination of\nthe flower park, or else having no special meaning at all. If you want to know\nmore about this illumination: [Nabana no\nSato](http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/07/travel/nabana-no-sato-japan-light-\nshow/)\n\nThere is no kanji for this. it is just meant to be なばなの里。",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T16:41:14.737",
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"body": "This is なばなの里 in Japanese\n([source](http://blog.livedoor.jp/musicgamerog/archives/20553918.html)), and\nit seems to refer to a botanical garden located at Nagashima Town, Mie\nPrefecture ([official site](http://www.nagashima-\nonsen.co.jp/nabana/index.html/)). BTW, I believe this garden is not really\nwell-known to Japanese people. And according to [this\npage](http://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%B0%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E9%87%8C),\nなばなの里 was named after\n[三重なばな](http://foodslink.jp/syokuzaihyakka/syun/vegitable/nabana.htm), which\nis the name of a \"local vegetable\" of Mie Prefecture. This なばな in turn is a\nreference to [菜の花](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C%E3%81%AE%E8%8A%B1).\nSo it's short for not 花々 but 菜の花. (We [sometimes drop\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/21166/5010), but omitting the first\ncharacter of 花々 doesn't make sense.)",
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| 47451 | 47462 | 47462 |
{
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"body": "For example, what is the difference between 減少（する） and 削減（する）? Would prefer an\nanswer in English.\n\nAnd also which one is more correct? この株価は３年前からずっと **減少している** or この株価は３年前からずっと\n**削減している** 。\n\nAlso, are there other ways to say reduce or decrease?",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Difference in use of words implying \"decrease\" or \"decline\"",
"view_count": 496
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{
"body": "I believe that 減少 is used to denote something simply getting quantitatively\nsmaller (like weight or money) while 削減 implies some getting-rid-of or\ncutting. In the sentence you gave the thing that is decreasing is a stock\nprice, from which you can't really cut or remove, it just changes in size on\nits own so 減少 is probably more appropriate. If it were something like\nemployees at a company being laid-off, perhaps 削減 would be better.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T17:22:53.690",
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"body": "減少する is usually used as an intransitive verb and means \"get smaller in\nvolume/number\". For example, 日本の人口は、減少している (The population of Japan is getting\nsmaller).\n\n削減する is a transitive verb and means \"cut\", \"reduce\", \"curtail\". For example,\n多くの会社は、人件費を削減したいにちがいない (Many companies must want to reduce labor cost).\n\n下落 and 下がる are appropriate for prices, so この株価は３年前からずっと下落している is natural.",
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| 47459 | 47463 | 47463 |
{
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"body": "> 残念 **でも** しかたない。 \n> _Even_ bad luck can't be helped.\n\nI know でも to mean either 'even..', '..or something', or as separate particles\nで+も. None of these interpretations really seem to fit here.\n\nI'm tempted to go for the で+も option: \"it's bad luck and it can't be helped\".\nBut then I still don't understand what to do with the も.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T19:48:40.677",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-も",
"particle-でも"
],
"title": "Meaning of でも in 残念でもしかたない",
"view_count": 172
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{
"body": "I'd like to have a better sense of the context of this sentence but as it is\nit seems like the speaker is telling the listener something more like\n\n> I'm sorry to say it but it can't be helped\n\nor\n\n> It's unfortunate but can't be helped (despite one's efforts)\n\nIn that case the でも would take on the meaning of \"even\" or \"but\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-15T19:59:59.223",
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"body": "In order to know how to understand it here, you have to understand the\nfunction of the words that are being used in the first place.\n\n「残念」 here acts as an adjective. How can you figure it out? Well you have to\nask yourself those questions:\n\n1) How is it?\n\n2) What is it?\n\nAnd try to answer them yourself. You will see that the answer to the first\nquestion is an adjective, and the answer to the second question is a noun.\n\nSo in your sentence, if we assume that 「残念」 acts as a noun, then the following\n「で」 is without doubt the 連用形 of the 助動詞 (auxiliary verb) 「だ」. As for 「も」 you\nalready know the meaning. So we could interpret it as following:\n\n> 残念でもしかたない。 : Even if/though it is a regret, it can't be helped.\n\nHowever, if we assume that 「残念」acts as an adjective, which is the most likely,\nthen 「で」 is the 連用形 of what we call a 活用語尾 (conjugative suffix). Also, an\nadjective is a qualifier which is used to describe something, so the way you\ntranslate a noun and an adjective will obviously be different. Anyway, you\ncould interpret your sentence as following:\n\n> 残念でもしかたない。 : Even if/though it is unfortunate, it can't be helped.\n\nThe difference may be small, but you can clearly notice how the second\ninterpretation makes much more sense.",
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"body": "> 残念でもしかたない。\n>\n> I know でも to mean either 'even..', '..or something', or as separate\n> particles で+も. None of these interpretations really seem to fit here.\n\nYou can construe this construction as:\n\n残念で(ある） (I'm/It's) regretful\n\nも but\n\n仕方(が)ない (there) is nothing/no way (I can do).\n\nIt's regretful, but it can't be helped.",
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| 47464 | 47467 | 47467 |
{
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"body": "浴衣{ゆかた} is a very common word. Why is it pronounced ゆかた, and why the\ncorresponding pronunciations for the kanji 浴 and 衣 are not listed in 国語辞書?\nPronunciation of 浴 「yù」 is mentioned only in 中日辞書, but I cannot find\npronunciation 「かた」 for 衣 explained anywhere.",
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"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why 浴衣 is pronounced ゆかた, and why pronunciation ゆ and かた for kanji 浴 and 衣 are not listed in 国語辞書?",
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{
"body": "It seems 浴衣 is a kind of 当て字 and originally was a short of 湯帷子(yukatabira).\nIt's also read as よくい(yokui) when it's read by 音読み(on). But I doubt this\nreading is used except for the kinds of bathrobe today.",
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"body": "Well, it's ateji. 浴 (bathing) + 衣 (clothes) = 浴衣 (bathing clothes).\n\nゆかた (the pronunciation itself) is actually an abbreviation for the word\n湯帷子{ゆかたびら}, which of course is a compound of 湯{ゆ} + 帷子{かたびら}. Etymologically,\n帷子 is from 片{かた} + 枚{ひら} (a cognate of 平{ひら}), but its kanji too are ateji.\n\nA 帷子 was an unlined bast fiber worn by the rich in the summer. 湯帷子 was from\nthe Heian era and was used to dry off the body, since bath towels weren't used\nin Japan at the time. By the Edo period, cotton became preferred over hemp and\nramie (the original bast fibers used) because it was softer, more absorbent,\nand was abundant. It was at this point that ゆかたびら was abbreviated to ゆかた and\nwas given its new ateji characters, 浴衣. Nowadays they are used for more than\njust bathing, but that was their original purpose.\n\nSources: [1](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%B8%B7%E5%AD%90),\n[2](http://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-\nand-maps/yukata),\n[3](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B7%E5%AD%90#Japanese),\n[4](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%B8%B7%E5%AD%90#Japanese),\n[5](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B4%E8%A1%A3)",
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| 47466 | 47470 | 47470 |
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"body": "I was wondering what is a suitable verb for \"to offer\" and \"to share\" food.\n\nI know that \"to offer\" has been answered\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25304/to-offer-in-\njapanese)\n\nHowever, according to jisho, 勧める = to offer (wine),\n\nso I'm not sure, if it is just for drink or any food wiil do?\n\nFor example, if I wanna write down that \"I offered a cake to X\" so\n\n> ケーキをXと **勧め** た。\n\n* * *\n\nSimilar for \"to share\", I'm not sure [which\none](http://jisho.org/search/%22share%22) is the best to be used with food.\n\nFor example,\n\n> I shared a cake with X = ケーキをXと **分け合** った。\n\nIs this ok?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Verb \"to offer\" and \"to share\" for food",
"view_count": 3694
} | [
{
"body": "I think you can say 私は木村さんをディナーに誘った -> I invited Kimura san to dinner (though\nthis might not answer your question?).\n\nFor sharing food, I think we can just use シェアする. I may be wrong but as far as\nI know Japanese dont really have a need to tell others that they shared or\noffered food to someone? If its in a conversation, you can just say 食べる? or\nsomething like パンケーキを分けて食べましょうか? when youre trying to offer someone food.\n\nBy the way 分担 is more used for workload.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T01:25:50.097",
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{
"body": "> if it is just for drink or any food wiil do?\n\nYes. But 勧める basically means \"to recommend (sth).\" \"To offer\" can be\ntranslated into Japanese in various ways depending on the context, so more\ncontext is needed. Anyway, I think in many food-serving-context just 出す is\nsufficient if it's not a some kind of special offering to be accepted. e.g.\nパーティーでは様々な珍しい食事が私達に出された。\n\n> I shared a cake with X = ケーキをXと分け合った。\n\nIt's OK. You can also just say 分けた。",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T04:05:18.620",
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| 47471 | null | 47476 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47478",
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"body": "I know there are other questions on this site about が and けど at the end of a\nsentence, but I couldn't find one about interrogative sentences. Context: in a\nmanga, person A said something that his friend (person B) interpreted as a\njoke. The dialogue continues as follows:\n\n> Person A: だって８割はホントだもん。\n>\n> Person B: へぇー ８割本音を言わない男が？\n\nI don't understand the meaning of the second sentence. In particular, I don't\nunderstand why there's a negative verb and the value of が. Was something left\nout? I feel like there could be a じゃなかった after が. Person A in the manga is a\nreserved type, so I thought it could be translated as:\n\n> \"Weren't you the type that doesn't say 80% of his true feelings?\"\n\nIs my guess right?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-が",
"interrogatives"
],
"title": "Value of が at the end of interrogative sentences",
"view_count": 306
} | [
{
"body": "The end of the question was dropped and assumed obvious. \nThis is often the case in Japanese and many phrase parts get dropped all the\ntime.\n\nI don't have enough context to tell you more about your case, but here is an\nexample in English.\n\n> A : 80% of men are perverts! \n> B : WHAT!? 80% of men are? <-the last word, \" **pervert** \", was dropped.",
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"body": "> Person A: だって８割はホントだもん。\n>\n> Person B: へぇー ８割本音を言わない男が？\n\nSo little context to be sure, but my best guess is Person A is arguing what\nthe 男 have said or done is 80% based on reality and Person B jokes by saying\nthe man usually says only 20% of his real thought.\n\nAs for the が, what is supposed to follow it is \"８割はホント(の事言ったの？)\" or something\nlike that.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T04:17:50.867",
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"body": "That が is a subject marker, and the corresponding predicate is omitted.\n\n> A: だって8割はホントだもん。\n>\n> B: へぇー 8割本音を言わない男が（8割もホントのことを言うの／そんなに本音で喋ったの）? \n> The person who doesn't say his true feelings 80% of the time (says that\n> much truth this time)?\n\nBut it would be too wordy if you tried to translate this literally, so your\ntranslation attempt seems fine to me.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T04:18:43.307",
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"body": "> Person A: だって８割はホントだもん。 \n> Person B: へぇー ８割本音を言わない男が？\n\nThe following your guess is not right/correct.\n\n> \"Weren't you the type that doesn't say 80% of his true feelings?\"\n\nAs you guessed **something was left out** in the sentence by Person B. The\nfull sentence might be like:\n\n> Person B: へぇー ８割本音を言わない男が 「 **８割はホントだ」と言うのは疑{うたが}わしいくないか** ？ \n> _Huh, isn't it doubtful that the man who does not say the 80% true\n> intention says \"80% is true\"?_ _Huh, isn't it doubtful that you say \"80% is\n> true\" who usually hide the 80% of your true intention\"?_\n\nIn this context, I think, Person B used **男{おとこ}** in stead of **you**.",
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| 47473 | 47478 | 47478 |
{
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"body": "The phrase in the title, 「隙を与える」, comes from 佐賀のがばいばあちゃん p. 167, ch. 13.\n\nThe full sentence is 「ばあちゃんは、泥棒に改心する隙を与えてるの。」 (I don't have a Japanese IME on\nthis computer. As it's a public computer, I can't install one.) This is quoted\ntext; the speaker is the ばあちゃん in question.\n\nMy reading of the sentence is: I will give the burglar an opportunity to\nchange their mind (i.e. not rob the house).\n\nIs this correct. Does the 隙を与える mean 'give an opportunity'. Please clarify.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Confirm meaning of phrase 隙を与える",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "> 泥棒{どろぼう}に改心{かいしん}する隙{すき}を与{あた}えてるの。 \n> I will give the burglar an opportunity to change their mind.\n\n**Edited:**\n\nClose! \nThe pronoun of the sentence is ばあちゃん, so it would be interpreted like:\n\n> _Granny is giving the thief a chance or an opportunity to mend their ways._\n\n* * *\n\n**Original:**\n\nClose! \nWhy do you think the 泥棒 is the plural form?\n\n_Granny is giving the thief a chance or an opportunity to repent his past._\n\nI think, she can have enough power to change only one man's mind, but not a\ngroup of thieves.",
"comment_count": 11,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T08:17:10.247",
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| 47481 | 47483 | 47483 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47485",
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"body": "The full sentence is: 致命的な矛盾を抱えたまま、穏やかな日々を送ってる。\n\nChecking the dictionary for 致命的 and 矛盾, I only found \"fatal\" and\n\"contradiction\" or \"inconsistency\", resulting in something like: while there\nare fatal inconsistencies, we are living peaceful days.\n\nBut this doesn't really seem to fit in context (this sentence appeared after a\nshort summary of past events, none of which are really \"fatal inconsistencies\"\nor contradictions), so is there something I missed entirely about the meaning\nof this sentence?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T07:43:38.177",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 致命的な矛盾を抱えた",
"view_count": 165
} | [
{
"body": "**致命的な** in this phrase means not _fatal_ but _unrecoverable_ or _unamendable_\n, which could be said **取{と}り返{かえ}しのつかない** or **修復{しゅうふく}のきかない** in this\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "致命的 literally means _fatal_ or _deadly_ , but it often just means _critical_ ,\n_crucial_ (e.g. mistake), etc.\n\nFor example 致命的な失敗 usually means a \"critical mistake\" (e.g. in an exam), and\nit does not necessarily mean a mistake that literally threatens someone's\nlife.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T08:56:47.710",
"id": "47485",
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| 47482 | 47485 | 47485 |
{
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"body": "> そのことで日本のだれに何をいわれようが、女房が宇宙任務を **果たしたこと** には変わりがなかったのだ。\n\nI'm not sure what role こと plays in this sentence. I heard that it sometimes\nmeans like a rule, or something that must be done.\n\nMy nearest guess here as to a translation here is:\n\n> No matter what anyone in Japan would have said, the fact that my wife\n> managed to become and astronaut would not change.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T14:07:48.730",
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"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of こと in the following sentence with 果たしたこと",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "> 宇宙任務を果たしたこと\n\n宇宙任務 sounds a bit weird and ambiguous, but this phrase means \"the fact that\n(she) have completed her space/astronaut's mission.\"\n\nI think the other part of your translation is OK.",
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"id": "47488",
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"body": "> 宇宙任務を果たしたこと\n\nIn this sentence こと is turning the clause into a nominal, making it so it can\nbe used like a noun. So it becomes \"the fact that she completed her space\nmission\" (as was answered earlier).\n\nThere is another grammar form where こと can be used to make a very formal\ncommand or declaration of a rule that is almost always written. Sometimes it's\nwritten on signs like in\n\n> ドアを閉めること。\n>\n> Shut the door (after using it).",
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| 47487 | null | 47488 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47490",
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"body": "It can seem a trivial question but I am quite struggling. I would like to\ntranslate a sentence form like this one:\n\n> _**[noun1]** is more/less **[adjective1]** than **[noun2]** is\n> **[adjective2]**._",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T14:35:27.873",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"syntax",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "How to express a comparison between two elements in two different fields",
"view_count": 304
} | [
{
"body": "You can turn the adjectives into nouns and compare them like such.\n\n> [noun1] **_の_** [adjective1] **_さは_** 、 [noun2] **_の_** [adjective2]\n> **_さより_** ___ 。\n\nFor example:\n\n> ジョンさん **の** [賢]{かしこ} **さは** 、メアリーさん **の** [美]{うつく}し **さより** [印象的]{いんしょうてき}だ。\n>\n> John's cleverness is more impressive than Mary's beauty.\n\nor could be written as:\n\n> ジョンさんの賢さは、メアリーさんの美しさ **を[上回]{うわまわ}っている** 。 \n> ジョンさんの賢さは、メアリーさんの美しさ｛ **に/より** ｝ **[勝]{まさ}っている** 。 \n> ジョンさんの賢さは、メアリーさんの美しさ **より** (も) **[上]{うえ}だ** 。\n>\n> John's cleverness exceeds Mary's beauty.\n\nusing the verb \"to exceed\". This way still shows that the best way to compare\ntwo elements in different fields is to turn them into nouns and use them as\nsuch.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-16T14:51:38.707",
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"body": "I would give you a derivative idea based on the **clever idea** of turning the\nadjectives into nouns before comparing them by **T.Allred** , as:\n\n> ジョンさんの賢さの **程度｛ていど｝** はメアリーさんの美しさの **程度** より（ずっと）上だ/下だ。 \n> The degree of John's cleverness is (much) higher/lower than that of Mary's\n> beauty.\n\nYou can also use 優｛すぐ｝れている/劣｛おと｝っている or 上｛うえ｝である/下｛した｝である instead of 上｛うえ｝だ/\n下｛した｝だ.\n\nIf you use the clever idea more, you can express it in various ways.\n\n> * ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさ（と）を比｛くら｝べると、ジョンさんの（賢さの）方｛ほう｝が（ずっと）上だ/下だ。\n>\n> * ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさとでは、ジョンさんの（賢さの）方｛ほう｝が（ずっと）上だ/下だ。\n>\n>\n\n* * *\n\n**About the use of several similar expressions** :\n\nI'll show you similar expressions sentence 1 to 5. They are divided into three\ngroups: 1, 2-3 and 4-5.\n\n> 1. ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさでは、ジョンさんが上だ。\n> 2. ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさでは、ジョンさんの方が上だ。\n> 3. ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさ **と** では、ジョンさんの方が上だ。\n> 4. ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさでは、ジョンさんの賢さの方が上だ。\n> 5. ジョンさんの賢さとメアリーさんの美しさ **と** では、ジョンさんの賢さの方が上だ。\n>\n\nAmong them, group 2-3 and group 4-5 are common and natural Japanese\nexpressions.\n\nAs for group 2-3 and group 4-5, group 2-3 is more commonly used than group\n4-5, because the latter one is a little tedious.\n\nIn a group 2-3, the sentence 2 is made by omitting と in the sentence 3, and in\na group 4-5, the sentence 4 is made in the same way from the sentence 5.\nThough the sentence 3 and 5 are grammatically more correct and formal, the\nsentence 2 and 4 are more commonly used.\n\nLast but not least, as for the sentence 1, this expression makes sense, but I\ndon't think it is appropriate to use it, because it may induce an unintended\nmisunderstanding. The reason is that originally this expression is given as an\nexample to compare the wisdom of John with the beauty of Mary, but the\nsentence has an implication that all personalities of John are superior to\nthat of Mary, which is not the intention of the speaker.",
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| 47489 | 47490 | 47490 |
{
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"body": "Can anyone please tell me the exact difference between すぐに and すぐさま?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Difference between すぐに and すぐさま",
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{
"body": "* すぐに is far more common. In [BCCWJ](http://pj.ninjal.ac.jp/corpus_center/bccwj/en/) there are more than 13000 examples of すぐに (excluding examples of まっすぐに), while there are only 685 examples of すぐさま.\n * すぐさま sounds more literary and emphatic. In conversation すぐさま is rarely used.\n * This is not a strict rule, but すぐさま tends to refer to something more immediate. For example, 薬を飲めばすぐに効果が現れる can mean the medicine takes effect in a few hours or even days (as long as the speaker feels it's quick), but 薬を飲めばすぐさま効果が現れる would usually mean it takes effect in no longer than an hour.\n * すぐ is also a noun that works as a so-called [no-adjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2770/5010). You can say イベントはもう **すぐだ** , **すぐの** 出発, and so on.",
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| 47495 | 47496 | 47496 |
{
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"body": "The phrase in question comes from がばいばあちゃん p.167, ch. 13.\n\nI think 水を張った大きな箱 means a box filled with water (and tofu, as it says\nelsewhere in the text).\n\nI'm a little confused because I thought 張る is used with 氷 to say 'spreading\nice' or 'forming ice'.\n\nPlease clarify.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Confirm meaning of 水を張った大きな箱",
"view_count": 569
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{
"body": "張る has [27 meanings in this\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/180264/meaning/m0u/).\n\nWhat you already know is this,\n\n> **５** 一面におおう。「池に氷が―・る」\n\nwhile the one you see is this:\n\n> **６** いっぱいにする。「浴槽に水を―・る」\n\nThis usage typically co-occurs with \"water\", but applicable to any (clear)\nliquid.",
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| 47497 | 47499 | 47499 |
{
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"body": "This phrase comes from がばいばあちゃん p. 169, ch. 13.\n\nThe whole sentence reads: 俺が振り返ったのと、おっちゃんが箱の中の豆腐を自分の手で潰したのは、ほとんど同時だった。\n\nThe context for this sentence is the following. The protagonist, 昭広, is told\nby his grandma to go buy some 崩れた豆腐, which is sold at half the price of the\ntofu in good condition. They are very poor, so this is their custom. However,\nwhen he arrives at the shop, all of the tofu is in good condition and it\nappears he cannot buy this half-price tofu.\n\nMy translation of the sentence would be:\n\nJust as I turned it around, the shopkeeper at the same time crushed the tofu\nwith his own hand.\n\nMy question is about the form ~たのと. Is this construction normal. Is the\nreading: When such-and-such had (just) happened. I find it unusual the ~た系 is\nused followed by (explanatory?) particle の. If anyone could clear up this\ngrammar point, it would be much appreciated.\n\nEdit:\n\nHow is this related to 〜たのは? How would you translate/explain this temporal\nclause given this relation?\n\nEdit 2:\n\nThe two の's are nominalisers. The と links the two time events and is not in\nfact temporal と as I first assumed. That's clarified in the comments below :-)",
"comment_count": 8,
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"tags": [
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],
"title": "Clarify 俺が振り返ったのと",
"view_count": 89
} | []
| 47498 | null | null |
{
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"body": "Sorry, but cannot find it. Could you tell what does it mean?\n\nAnd which symbol is correct writing on keyboard?\n\nCan i type it?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7wrD1.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T08:32:48.663",
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"tags": [
"translation",
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],
"title": "What do these Japanese characters mean?",
"view_count": 330
} | [
{
"body": "It is 一 `番` (it is written from top to bottom) it is read \"ichi ban\" and it\nmeans \"number one\" in the sense of \"best\".\n\nCould be also just indicate the number one, but in this case since I see the\nwriting \"Japan\" below it I suppose is from a souvenir and hence the meaning is\nprobably as I said in the beginning.",
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| 47501 | 47503 | 47503 |
{
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"body": "As I pointed in the title. What is the correct answer to 国籍. Is it, for\nexample, Japanese or Japan. I am confused because I found contradictory\ntranslations when I tried to look on the internet. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-17T09:59:50.023",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "\"国籍\" refers to nationality or the country of citizenship?",
"view_count": 624
} | [
{
"body": "国籍 means \"country\", so we say 日本国籍, not 日本人国籍. To have 日本国籍 means \"to be\nJapanese\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T11:43:14.803",
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"body": "According to 国籍法 _Japanese Nationality Act_ , 国籍 refers to Japanese\nNationality.\n\nHere is 国籍法 _Japanese Nationality Act_.\n<http://www.moj.go.jp/MINJI/kokusekiho.html>\n\n> （この法律の目的） (Purpose of This Act) \n> 第一条 日本国民たる要件は、この法律の定めるところによる。 \n> Article 1 The requirements of Japanese citizenship shall be governed by the\n> provisions of this Act.\n\n**English translation of Japanese Nationality Act** \n[http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?ft=1&re=01&dn=1&co=01&ky=%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D%E6%B3%95&page=1](http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?ft=1&re=01&dn=1&co=01&ky=%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D%E6%B3%95&page=1)",
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"body": "国籍 means nationality and it implies that the one who has the 国籍 has a formal\ndocument for it. (籍 originally means \"document\" e.g. 戸籍)\n\nI think a translation like \"the country of citizenship\" is used in a sentence\nlike 国籍は日本です",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T12:10:34.123",
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| 47504 | 47507 | 47507 |
{
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"body": "If I put 許 into a Japanese dictionary I get either the results \"gari\" or \"kyo\"\nfor it alone, which don't seem to be words on there own but there is a meaning\nexplained. Jisho says the kanji means permit or approve, which seems to be\nmore in line with kyo words.\n\nAnywho, it is used for the \"baka\" part in bakari, bakarini and bakaridenaku.\nI've noticed so far in Japanese that a lot of parts of words combine to make\nnew words (sometimes of another word class entirely). Plenty of times the\ncombination seems to make sense. And I wonder if the same goes here. What does\nbakari mean at its core if it has one and why does combining it with these\nother things result in these new meanings?",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T10:37:46.810",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"etymology"
],
"title": "What does \"許り\" (Bakari) mean and what happens when you combine it with ka, ni and denaku (bakarini) (bakarika) (bakaridenaku)",
"view_count": 1079
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{
"body": "`ばか-り` is a rare kun-reading of 許. My IMEs (both ATOK and MS-IME) even refused\nto convert ばかり into 許り. I could barely read it, but I would say you can forget\nthis kun-reading forever unless you're interested in reading historical\ndocuments without furigana. (Note that when jisho.org or similar dictionary\nsites say \"usually written using kana\", it actually means \"almost always\nwritten in kana\".)\n\nばかり is categorized as a **particle** like が, から, こそ. Its base meaning is\n_only_ or _just_. As is the case with all other particles, it's probably\nbetter to learn from example sentences:\n\n * [JGram - ばかり](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=bakari-2)\n * [Learn JLPT N3 Grammar: ばかり](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-jlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A-bakari/)\n * [Definitions of ばかりに, ばかりか, ばかりでなく on jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A)\n\n**EDIT:** \"It actually means 'almost always written in kana' \" was an\noverstatement. There are many words marked as \"usually written using kana\nalone\" that are almost unreadable to average Japanese speakers (for example\n[this](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%9F%8B%E8%9F%80)). But many words marked as\nsuch are actively written using kanji by some. You may have to use a corpus to\ndetermine how frequently each kanji is used.",
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"body": "Your post has the\n[**etymology**](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/etymology)\ntag, and since I'm that kind of word nerd, here it is.\n\n## Derivation of ばかり\n\nThis arose from regular verb はかる, variously spelled in kanji as 計る, 量る, 測る,\n図る, 謀る, or 諮る, with an underlying meaning of _\"to measure\"_. This derived in\nturn from the noun はか with an underlying meaning of _\"measure, amount\"_.\n\nThe meaning of ばかり apparently started from a sense of _\"a full measure of, as\nmuch as..., of this amount\"_ , in keeping with the term's origins. Over time,\nthis positive sense of fulfilling an amount shifted instead to indicating a\nnegative sense of limitation to that amount: from _\"a **full measure** of XX\"_\nto _\" **no more than** XX\"_.\n\nThere was actually a similar shift in meaning in the English term _\"just\"_.\nThis started as _\"right, proper, true\"_ with a positive sense, which is still\nevident when used as an adjective: _\"a **just** law\"_. Over time, this shifted\nto a negative limiting sense when used as an adverb: _\" **just** a law\"_.\n\nOnline references:\n\n * Daijirin entry at [Weblio](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A)\n * Daijisen entry at [goo jisho](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/174835/meaning/m0u/)",
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| 47505 | null | 48845 |
{
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"body": "In this example sentence from the manga Death Note,\n\n\"推理の過程が **どうあろうと** この女の握っている事は真実\"\n\nWhen I looked for the meaning on weblio it suggested どうあっても as meaning the\nsame thing? My Rikaikun doesn't come with an answer for どうあろうと but it knows\nどうあっても, are they roughly the same meaning?\n\nThank you for your help! ありがとうございます！",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T12:58:22.850",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "「どうあろうと」と「どうあっても」 の違いは何ですか",
"view_count": 470
} | [
{
"body": "どうあろうと No matter how (推理の過程) would be\n\nどうあっても No matter how (推理の過程) is\n\nI think the semantic difference is small in the context.\n\n> この女の握っている事は真実\n\nThis part baffles me as to the meaning of the whole sentence. この女 did the\ndetective work?",
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| 47510 | 47512 | 47512 |
{
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"body": "I have encountered a number of passages with 〜けん in 佐賀のがばいばあちゃん. I'm not quite\nsure what it means exactly. I've seen instances where it appears to mean から\nand others where it appears to mean けど. I'm not sure if my interpretation is\ncorrect or not.\n\nThe following are some examples.\n\n> 「そりゃ行きたいけん、お金がなかと」\n\np. 94, ch. 7\n\n\"I want to go [there] but I don't have any money\"?\n\nけん=けど？\n\n> 「明日から、昭広がごはんをたくんやけん、よう見ときんしゃい」\n\np. 28, ch. 2\n\n\"From tomorrow you'll be cooking your own meals, so watch carefully\"?\n\nやけん=だから\n\n> 「先生、すいません。あれは伊勢エビじゃなくてザリガニです。私がこの子に、伊勢エビて言うてたけん.....」\n\np. 57, ch. 4\n\n\"I'm sorry, sir. Actually, it wasn't spiny lobster; it was crayfish. I told\nthis boy it was spiny lobster, though...\"?\n\nけん=けど？\n\nIf someone could clarify the meaning of けん, that would be very helpful.\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T13:13:30.993",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"dialects"
],
"title": "けん in 佐賀 dialect",
"view_count": 740
} | [
{
"body": "Dictionary says:\n\n> 言い切りの形に付いて、理由・原因を表す。ゆえに。から。 〔現在でも中国・四国・九州地方で用いるところがある〕\n\nIt's a well known 方言 word (繋辞/copula?).",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T13:25:12.437",
"id": "47513",
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"body": "A number of online sources\n([1](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%B3%80%E5%BC%81#.E5.8A.A9.E8.A9.9E),\n[2](https://twitter.com/gabai_saga/status/493492905051316224), [3](http://mon-\nhikara.travel.coocan.jp/sagaben.htm),\n[4](https://wiki.chakuriki.net/index.php/%E4%BD%90%E8%B3%80%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89))\nall say that けん is a rough equivalent to から; I found no mention of a けど-like\nmeaning (ばってん should be closer to けど). I think your けど examples can plausibly\nbe reframed as から：\n\n> 「そりゃ行きたいけん、お金がなかと」\n\n行きたいから、お金がないの？ \n“I'd like to go over there, so don't you have some cash?”\n\n> 私がこの子に、伊勢エビて言うてたけん.....\n\n“It's because I told him that it was lobster… (that he made a mistake).”\n\nI can't tell whether that make sense without more context, but you can look at\nthe original text and try to see whether you can interpret the sentences as\nから.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T15:04:07.573",
"id": "47520",
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"body": "けん and its variants are widely used in the western/southern parts of Japan\nincluding Kyushu. I grew up in an area in Shikoku where けん only meant \"～から\n(because)\". Your last two examples look easy and straightforward to me because\nthese けん obviously mean \"because\".\n\n> * 明日から、昭広がごはんをたくんやけん、よう見ときんしゃい。 \n> Akihiro, because you're going to cook rice from tomorrow, you must watch\n> carefully.\n> * 私がこの子に、伊勢エビて言うてたけん... \n> Coz I was telling him it's an 伊勢エビ...\n>\n\n* * *\n\nHowever I was not familiar with the usage of けん in your first example, where\nけん seems to mean \"although\".\n\n> * そりゃ行きたいけん、お金がなかと。 \n> Of course I want to go, _but_ I have no money.\n>\n\nI've found articles that say at least in 宮崎弁, けん is used similarly to ～けど\n([source\n1](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E5%BC%81#.E8.AA.9E.E4.BE.8B),\n[source\n2](http://www.geocities.jp/mnjrh560/m-dic/html/tdv216.html?#13166740688401)).\n\n> はらへった **けん** めしがねえわ \n> 例訳：「腹減った **けど** ごはんがないわ」\n\n佐賀 is not far away from 宮崎, so けん may also mean けど in 佐賀弁.",
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| 47511 | 47521 | 47521 |
{
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"body": "The expression じゅわっと appears in the text of 佐賀のがばいばあちゃん in a scene where the\nprotagonist, 昭広, steals some mandarins from somebody's backyard. He bites into\none and that phrase pops up.\n\nThe full sentence is as follows:\n\n> 口に入れると、じゅわっと甘酸っぱい果汁が広がる。\n\np. 181, ch. 14\n\nMaybe: \"When I put it into my mouth, the sweet and sour juice burst into my\nmouth\"?\n\nI couldn't find a definition of じゅわっと in the dictionary which fits the\nsentence here. The dictionary says it has something that has to do with meat\nthat is cooked to perfection, or something like that. However, I assume a\nmandarin is not meat. Perhaps it refers to the way the liquid bursts into your\nmouth with all the flavour. In context, it seems to suggest something strong\nand refreshing. He is very pleased with the flavour.\n\nPlease let me know the exact meaning of じゅわっと. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"tags": [
"translation",
"onomatopoeia"
],
"title": "じゅわっと for biting into a mandarin",
"view_count": 1343
} | [
{
"body": "It's an onomatopoeia which denotes fine bubbling sounds.",
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"body": "Many onomatopoeia words are not mentioned in dictionaries, invented by mangaka\non the spot, or change their meaning depending on the context/era etc. If you\nread a lot of manga you will eventually figure out \"the rules\" but there are\nsome articles describing the general principles on how these words are\nconstructed that could save you some time. I could find this one from Tofugu\nwhich looks like a decent overview:\n\n<https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/japanese-onomatopoeia/>\n\nCheck also [the linked essay (PDF)\n](https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2010_NaomiSharlin.pdf)\n\nThere is also a section in [_A Dictionary of Basic Japanese\nGrammar_](http://bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/en/id/0454) which is pretty nice\n(but not available online).\n\nAs for the word in question, here's how it feels to me: `じゅ` is the\nliquid/juice spurting out of the fruit and `わっと` is it spreading inside the\nmouth (compare 'じわじわ' and `もわもわ` from Tofugu's page).\n\nSome online onomatopoeia dictionaries:\n\n * <http://thejadednetwork.com/sfx/>\n * <http://mangastudies.com/sfx/>",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T14:43:52.310",
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{
"body": "[じゅわっ on オノマトペ辞典](http://sura-sura.com/archives/2724.html) has relevant\ndefinition for the onomatopoeia. The word can be used to describe juicy\ntexture of food, and the sound of cooking food ingredients i.e. steak.\n\nThe following text have been quoted.\n\n> 「じゅわっ」の意味とは？\n>\n> 1. 食べ物が、香りやうまさを感じさせながら、適度に焼けたり、とけたり、泡立つなどするときの力強い音。\n>\n> 2. 一気に広がってゆくさま。\n>\n> 3. 水分どが一気ににじみ出るさま。\n>\n>\n\nFor users who need to understand urgently, I have also included English\ntranslation for above text as following.\n\n> What is the meaning of \"じゅわっ\"?\n>\n> 1. The vigorous sound of food that gives the feeling of good fragrance or\n> taste while being moderately cooked (burned), melted, bubbled etc.\n>\n> 2. The condition of being spreaded (being filled) all at once.\n>\n> 3. The condition of [certain amount of] liquid (juice) that exude (seep\n> out) all at once.\n>\n>\n\nTherefore, when the protagonist bites into a mandarin, the word aptly\ndescribes the feeling of tasty juice from the fruit that contained in his\nmouth.\n\n> 口に入れると、 **じゅわっと** 甘酸っぱい果汁が広がる。\n>\n> When [I] put inside [my] mouth, the sweet soury juice [from the fruit]\n> **seeps out all at once** and spreads in [my mouth].\n\nIn fact, `じゅわっと` acts as an adverb (*1) that further describes how it spreads\nin the protagonist's mouth. Without the onomatopoeia, the sentence will only\nmention the fact that the juice spreads in the mouth (without any nuance when\nhe bites into the fruit).\n\nDoesn't `じゅわっと` sound satisfying, as if the reader also bites into the juicy\nfruit?\n\n**Remarks**\n\n(*1) `じゅわっと` is the word that modifies the verb `広がる` (spread). Notice that\nthe word is made of `じゅわっ` + `と`, which has the `~と` form that may be used for\nother onomatopoeia as well.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T15:37:48.893",
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"body": "「じゅわっと」 is the image of hamburg, juicy's so on, but 「しゅわっと」 is the image of a\nsoda water.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T07:46:55.847",
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| 47514 | 47522 | 47518 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47519",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The sentence in question is from the text in exercise 8, line 3-5\n<https://www.docdroid.net/RgiQk0x/img-20170517-0001-new.pdf.html>\n\n僕の時計が「7時だよ。おはよう。おきろ」と、起こしてくれるのだが、無意識に止めて、また寝てしまう。\n\nFirst, the と in bold. First I thought it is related to the quotation, but in\ncontext of the whole text this clearly has to be a conditional clause. so the\nと言う was omitted completely here I guess?\n\nSecond, I feel a bit uncertain about the subject of 起こしてくれる in bold. I guess\nit is the alarm clock? It is a transitive verb according to the dictionary,\nand there’s nothing that would make it intransitive here (at least not to my\nknowledge). And if I understand the concept of て-form + もらう、くれる etc.\ncorrectly, then it wouldn’t make sense that the narrator here „gives waking up\nto himself“. There’s also some uncertainty about the tense. 起こしてくれるのだが should\nbe in the past related to 無意識に止めて、また寝てしまう But there is no verbal form\nindicating a past tense. On the other hand, it works just fine to say it in\npresent tense. I just wanted to mention it because it feels a bit off to me,\nso maybe there’s more to this than I see right now.\n\nSo, I would translate the sentence like this: “When my clock says ‘it’s seven\no clock. Good morning. Rise and shine!’, even though it wakes me up, I\nunconsciously turn it off and unfortunately go to sleep again.”",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Questions about 僕の時計が「7時だよ。おはよう。おきろ」と、起こしてくれるのだが、無意識に止めて、また寝てしまう",
"view_count": 230
} | [
{
"body": "My attempt at the translation from yours: “Even though my clock wakes me up,\nsaying ‘it’s seven o clock. Good morning. Rise and shine!’, I unconsciously\nturn it off and unfortunately go to sleep again.”\n\n> so the と言う was omitted completely here I guess?\n\nYes, but と言 _って_\n\n> 起こしてくれるのだが should be in the past related to 無意識に止めて、また寝てしまう\n\nIt's fine in the present or basic tense because it's saying about a habitual\npractice.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T14:43:07.287",
"id": "47517",
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{
"body": "The と you're asking about is in fact a quotation marker of sorts. You can use\nit without 言う or 思う and it will produce the idea of saying something or\nthinking something that adds details or explanation to the main clause. Eg.\n\n> おかしいなあと、ドアをゆっくり開けた\n>\n> Thinking to myself \"Now isn't that strange\", I slowly opened the door.\n\nIn this case it's personifying the clock by giving it some imaginary dialogue.\n\n> 僕の時計が「7時だよ。おはよう。おきろ」と...\n>\n> My clock, saying \"It's seven! Good morning! Get up!\", ...\n\nAs for 起こしてくれる, the subject of the sentence is still 僕の時計 (my clock) so you\nwere right to view the expression as \"my clock wakes me up\" (gives me the\naction of waking me up). This shows a slight but significant amount of\ngratitude.\n\nThe のだ is explaining the situation by telling us readers what circumstances\nthe writer is under, and the が is \"but\".\n\nSo, I believe that your translation is quite accurate.\n\n> “When my clock says ‘it’s seven o clock. Good morning. Rise and shine!’,\n> even though it wakes me up, I unconsciously turn it off and unfortunately go\n> to sleep again.”",
"comment_count": 4,
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| 47516 | 47519 | 47519 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When trying to write in Japanese, I often come across words that have multiple\npossible translations into Japanese, and am unsure which one to use. Though it\nis difficult to make any general rule over what word to pick (as there isn't\nan obvious basis of selection), one particular kind of choice that I often see\nis whether to use lexical or grammatical forms of expression (namely, to form\n漢語 expressions by concatenating words or adding affixes, or to split off words\nand modify them with 文法). This boils down into three main questions, though\nany advice on this general topic is appreciated as well:\n\n 1. When negating 漢語, is there a way to tell whether 「【無・不・非・未】〜」 or 「〜ない」is more commonplace/acceptable/appropriate.\n\n 2. When using 漢語 to modify other 漢語 (e.g. with 「〜的（な）〜」), is there a rule for when to break off and start using particles/okurigana, and when to create a compound (possibly with rendaku) as might be seen with gerund (not sure if gerund really makes sense here, but nominalized verb in case that is clearer) suffixes such as「〜狩り」and 「〜作り」\n\n 3. Is there a rule for determining whether certain jukugo or their naturally alternatives (「血色›血の色」、「天地›天と地」、「星学›天文学」）are more appropriate, or even when the 熟語 version is rare or obsolete\n\nExamples (of the (1) and (2)):\n\n * 【 **無** 関係】vs.【関係 **ない・なし** 】\n * 【宗教的 **な** 意識】vs. 【宗教的意識】\n * 【ケーキ **作り** 】vs. 【ケーキ **を** 作る（こと）】",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T22:57:13.413",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"particles",
"suffixes",
"compounds",
"prefixes"
],
"title": "「~ない」 vs 「無/不/非/未~」, 「的(な)<漢字>」, and general 熟語/漢語 affixes versus grammatical forms)",
"view_count": 648
} | [
{
"body": "Your question is too general and broad. There are rules of thumb but usually\nno written rules.\n\nFor 「【無・不・非・未】〜」 or 「〜ない」, 無 usually means ない(not exists), 不 usually means\n\"not\", 非 usually means \"other than\", and 未 usually means \"not yet/completed\"\n\nFor 【関係ない・なし】【宗教的な意識】vs. 【宗教的意識】, without 送り仮名, usually it tends to sound like\na term, and with 仮名 you can add an extra feel or nuance to it.\n\nFor 3, some words are dialectal/archaic/rare and some words are specific terms\nwhich can't be replaced by other \"equivalent\" compound/word(e.g. 血色 vs.血の色).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T23:41:41.090",
"id": "47528",
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"body": "Your question is too general and broad as is said in _someone_ 's answer, so I\nam going to answer your question only on how to use the prefixal _kanji_ s\n無/不/非/未 adding the meaning of negation to the following kanji word.\n\nThere are a lot of similar questions on the Internet because the question you\nposted is also difficult even to Japanese. So I understand it is a much more\ndifficult problem for non-native Japanese learners who does not have enough\nvocabulary. I would not like to say, because there is not a general rule for\nit, it is the only way that you should learn it one by one to learn the use of\nthem.\n\nAfter I examined some pairs of answer and question on the Internet that is\nsimilar to your question closely, and I extracted some of the answers that I\njudged to be easy to understand and show you them as follows:\n\n* * *\n\n**未｛み｝** is read 未｛いま｝だ～せず, which means \" _it is not yet_ ...\". 未 is used for\nthe thing which has not come out or realized yet, but its realization is\npossible in the future.\n\nExamples: 未完成｛みかんせい｝（未｛いま｝だ完成｛かんせい｝せず。 _it is not yet completed_ ）\n\n未｛み｝了｛りょう｝、未｛み｝刊｛かん｝、未｛み｝決｛けつ｝、未｛み｝解決｛かいけつ｝、未知｛みち｝、未知数｛みちすう｝、未｛み｝定｛てい｝、未｛み｝明｛めい｝、未｛み｝婚｛こん｝、未｛み｝開｛かい｝、未開地｛みかいち｝、未｛み｝遂｛すい｝、\n\n殺人｛さつじん｝未遂｛みすい｝、未｛み｝然｛ぜん｝、未然｛みぜん｝防止｛ぼうし｝、未｛み｝満｛まん｝、二十歳｛はたち｝未満｛みまん｝、未｛み｝熟｛じゅく｝\n\n* * *\n\n**無｛む｝** is read ～なし, which means \"there isn't ...\", \"there's nothing of ...\"\nor \"... doesn't exist\".\n\nExamples: 無｛む｝関心｛かんしん｝（関心｛かんしん｝がない。 _unconcerned_ or _there is not concern to_\n）、 無｛む｝気｛き｝力｛りょく｝（気｛き｝力｛りょく｝がない。 _There is not willpower._ ）\n\n無｛む｝人｛じん｝、無｛む｝力｛りょく｝、無｛む｝口｛くち｝、無｛む｝分別｛ふんべつ｝、無｛む｝用｛よう｝、無｛ぶ｝礼｛れい｝、無｛む｝血｛けつ｝、無血｛むけつ｝革命｛かくめい｝、無｛む｝自覚｛じかく｝、無｛む｝名｛めい｝、無我｛むが｝夢中｛むちゅう｝、無｛む｝言｛ごん｝、 \n無｛む｝条件｛じょうけん｝、無｛む｝声｛せい｝、無声｛むせい｝映画｛えいが｝、無｛む｝学｛がく｝、無｛む｝効｛こう｝、無事｛ぶじ｝、無｛む｝実｛じつ｝、無｛む｝実｛じつ｝の罪｛つみ｝、無｛む｝邪気｛じゃき｝、無知｛むち｝、無｛む｝定見｛ていけん｝、無｛む｝念｛ねん｝、無念｛むねん｝無想｛むそう｝、無｛む｝法｛ほう｝、無法｛むほう｝地帯｛ちたい｝、無為｛むい｝無策｛むさく｝、無｛む｝音｛おん｝、無垢｛むく｝、無｛む｝限｛げん｝、無｛む｝益｛えき｝、無｛む｝根｛こん｝、事実｛じじつ｝無根｛むこん｝、無｛ぶ｝粋｛すい｝、 \n無｛む｝造作｛ぞうさ｝、無恥｛むち｝、無｛む｝能｛のう｝、無｛む｝病｛びょう｝、無視｛むし｝、無｛む｝宿｛じゅく｝、無｛む｝情｛じょう｝、無｛む｝常｛じょう｝、無｛む｝断｛だん｝、無｛む｝欲｛よく｝、無理｛むり｝、無｛む｝援｛えん｝、 \n孤立｛こりつ｝無援｛むえん｝、無期｛むき｝、無｛む｝税｛ぜい｝、無｛ぶ｝愛想｛あいそう｝、無｛む｝意識｛いしき｝、無｛む｝感覚｛かんかく｝、無｛む｝数｛すう｝、無｛む｝頓着｛とんちゃく｝、無｛ぶ｝遠慮｛えんりょ｝、無｛む｝関心｛かんしん｝、無｛む｝縁｛えん｝、 \n無｛む｝敵｛てき｝、無｛む｝論｛ろん｝、無｛む｝謀｛ぼう｝、無｛む｝償｛しょう｝、無｛む｝職｛しょく｝、無｛む｝題｛だい｝、無｛ぶ｝類｛るい｝\n\n* * *\n\nBasically, **不** and **非** have the same meaning. As for their difference, 不\nis used to negate a declinable word (verb / adjective / adjectival noun), and\n非 is used to negate an indeclinable word (noun / pronoun). \nSo 不｛ふ｝ is read ～せず meaning \"do not\" or \"not\", and 非｛ひ｝ is read ～にあらず meaning\n\"non-\".\n\nExamples:不｛ふ｝能｛のう｝（能｛あた｝わず：できない）\n\n不｛ふ｝可能｛かのう｝、不｛ふ｝正｛せい｝、不｛ふ｝公平｛こうへい｝、不｛ふ｝平｛へい｝、不平｛ふへい｝不満｛ふまん｝、不｛ふ｝本意｛ほんい｝、\n**不｛ふ｝用｛よう｝** 、不用品｛ふようひん｝、 **不｛ふ｝要｛よう｝** 、不要｛ふよう｝不急｛ふきゅう｝、不｛ふ｝用意｛ようい｝、 \n不｛ふ｝吉｛きつ｝、不｛ふ｝朽｛ふきゅう｝、不朽｛ふきゅう｝の名作｛めいさく｝、不｛ふ｝合理｛ごうり｝、不｛ふ｝在｛ざい｝、不死｛ふし｝、不老｛ふろう｝不死｛ふし｝、不死身｛ふじみ｝、不｛ふ｝成立｛せいりつ｝、不｛ふ｝当｛とう｝、不｛ふ｝完全｛かんぜん｝、不｛ふ｝見識｛けんしき｝、不｛ふ｝言｛げん｝、不言｛ふげん｝実行｛じっこう｝、不｛ふ｝幸｛こう｝、不｛ふ｝作｛さく｝、不｛ふ｝足｛そく｝、不｛ふ｝満足｛まんぞく｝、不利｛ふり｝、不｛ふ｝良｛りょう｝、不｛ふ｝況｛きょう｝、不｛ふ｝屈｛くつ｝、不｛ふ｝始末｛しまつ｝、 \n不｛ふ｝忠｛ちゅう｝、不｛ふ｝定｛てい｝、不｛ふ｝服｛ふく｝、不｛ふ｝法｛ほう｝、不法｛ふほう｝所持｛しょじ｝、不｛ふ｝明｛めい｝、不｛ふ｝明瞭｛めいりょう｝、不夜｛ふや｝城｛じょう｝、不和｛ふわ｝、不｛ぶ｝格好｛かっこう｝\n\nExamples:非｛ひ｝常口｛じょうぐち｝（常｛つね｝の口｛くち｝にあらず。 _an emergency exit_ , literally _not a\nusual exit_ ）\n\n非｛ひ｝人情｛にんじょう｝、非｛ひ｝力｛りき｝、非｛ひ｝凡｛ぼん｝、非｛ひ｝常｛じょう｝、非｛ひ｝礼｛れい｝、非｛ひ｝行｛こう｝、非行｛ひこう｝少年｛しょうねん｝、非｛ひ｝常識｛じょうしき｝、非｛ひ｝情｛じょう｝、悲｛ひ｝運｛うん｝、非｛ひ｝道｛どう｝、 \n極悪｛ごくあく｝非道｛ひどう｝、非｛ひ｝番｛ばん｝、非｛ひ｝業｛ごう｝、非業｛ひごう｝の死｛し｝を遂｛と｝げる、非｛ひ｝難｛なん｝\n\n* * *\n\n**Difference between 不用 and 不要** \nWhether it is useful/worthy or not: 不用｛ふよう｝⇔入用｛にゅうよう｝/入用｛いりよう｝ \nWhether it is necessary or not: 不要｛ふよう｝/不必要｛ふひつよう｝⇔必要｛ひつよう｝\n\n[Source](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/5084495.html)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T15:15:02.960",
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| 47526 | null | 47528 |
{
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"body": "Aside from levels of formality, is there a difference in the meaning/nuance of\n\n> 今日・今週・今月・今年\n\nas opposed to\n\n> 本日・本週・本月・本年\n\n?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T23:22:39.383",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"time",
"formality"
],
"title": "今(temporal counter) vs. 本(temporal counter)",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think there are differences in the meaning at all. The latter sounds\njust a bit 堅苦しい(stiff/formal).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-17T23:59:29.380",
"id": "47530",
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{
"body": "* 本週 does not exist in the first place. BCCWJ returned virtually zero result, and there is no dictionary entry for 本週.\n * 本月 is very rare. Most examples in BCCWJ are either from legal documents or quotes of old documents. I would say you should avoid using this term altogether unless you are a lawyer.\n * 本年 and 本日 are relatively common and sound fairly formal and stiff. They are almost exclusively found in formal greetings, announcements and such. 今年/今日 are roughly 10 times more common than 本年/本日, according to the corpus. Grammatically speaking, I think there is no difference in usage; both are used either as nouns or as standalone adverbs. See also: [What's the difference between 今日{きょう} and 本日{ほんじつ}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6323/5010)",
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| 47527 | null | 47536 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47531",
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"body": "I am reading a children's book lent by a friend, and I came across a word that\ndid not appear in the dictionary I use (jisho.org) or in any google searches.\nThe word is なくっちゃ。\n\nThe sentence it is used in is: おいしい りんごは らいねんまで またなくっちゃ。\n\nI think it has something to do with receiving again maybe, but that also is a\nbit strange....\n\nThanks for the help!\n\nPS: I don't think また is part of it, but I may be wrong.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-17T23:48:08.513",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "meaning of なくっちゃ",
"view_count": 525
} | [
{
"body": "> またなくっちゃ\n\nIt's a colloquial variation of:\n\n待たなくては(いけない） You have to wait (until~).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T00:04:19.757",
"id": "47531",
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| 47529 | 47531 | 47531 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47537",
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"body": "I think both words would similarly mean 'when'so I would like to know if there\nis any nuance between them and why they are written in different forms.\n\n電源を入れた **とき** (160°C設定もしくは180°C設定 **時** )にランプが赤く点滅します。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T01:39:43.123",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47532",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What is the difference of using とき and 時 in this sentence？",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "設定時 is read as せってい **じ** because 時 follows an on-yomi compound. There is no\nsignificant difference in meaning, but, as usual, on-yomi words sound more\ntechnical and stiff. In this case, I guess the writer simply preferred the\nshorter expression because it was in the parentheses. In addition, although\n電源を入れたとき can be also rephrased as 電源【でんげん】投入【とうにゅう】時【じ】, this may be regarded\nas a bit too stiff in a documentation targeted at ordinary people these days.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T03:01:40.490",
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| 47532 | 47537 | 47537 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47542",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Saying that A leads to B leads to C in one single sentence.\n\nI want to say フィードバックを回収すること **により** 、消費者の気持ちを理解する **ことで**\n、企業はもっといい商品を出すようになる, but i dont know if this is grammatically correct?\n\nPlease also do share if you have any better alternatives, Thanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T06:48:39.963",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "22134",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How do you say A leads to B leads to C in one single sentence?",
"view_count": 139
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, your sentence looks perfect to me. Using ～により or ～ことで twice in a single\nsentence would have made your sentence look clumsy. You did a good job by\nchoosing a different expression.\n\nNote that 回収 usually means collecting something physical. If this sentence\nalso covers online surveys, フィードバックを取得する might be better.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T07:13:22.667",
"id": "47542",
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| 47541 | 47542 | 47542 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47547",
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"body": "If I'm not wrong, そうだ is used when you hear something from someone else and\nyou are trying to relay it forward to another person. For example, you hear\nなつみさん say that 高田さん is sick. So when the teacher asks you wheres 高田さん、 you\nreply: \"高田さんは病気で休んでいる **そうです** \". But what about ようだ? What if you replaced it\nand said \"高田さんは病気で休んでいる **ようです** \"? What difference does it make?\n\nIve also heard that ようだ is used when you notice something. For example, you\nsee your friend 若宮 laughing with your elder brother, and you are shocked. You\nsilently think to yourself: \"若宮さんは兄貴と仲がいい **ようです** ね...\" Similarly, does it\nmake a difference if i replace ようです here with そうです?\n\nAll in all, what are the differences and similarities between ようだ and そうだ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T07:23:38.933",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference between ようだ and そうだ",
"view_count": 1362
} | [
{
"body": "I often had this problem myself when I was translating some manga and\nsometimes I still do. Based on my encounters with these words, I also know\nthat when you use \nそうだ it means that you are talking/relaying about something based on what you\nheard from other sources, just like in your example above \n(You have heard that apparently Takada-san is sick). I would often had\nproblems distinguishing this そう with the one that means \"it appears\", \"looks\nlike\"). \n \nAs for ようだ, I think it's used when **you** are witnessing/observing something\nat the moment, just like you said in your example, you observe your brother\nand friend laughing and they **_look as if / seem like_** to get along based\non what you are seeing and deduce from the event. \nPerhaps you also confused sometimes the そう of hearsay and the one that means\n_\"looks like\"_ such as in the example: \"This dress looks expensive\" このドレスは高そうだ\n(or です depending how polite you want to make the sentence). \nI hope I didn't make things more confusing, but I encountered the same things\nas well and I wanted to share my experience with these structures as well.",
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| 47543 | 47547 | 47547 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47545",
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"body": "I'm hoping you can help out with this sentence **僕がかわりに殴ってやろう** , which I am\nnot sure if I translate properly because of the が particle and also the\nimperative (is that right?) of the verb やる.\n\nIf the sentence had been written like this 僕 **の** かわりに殴ってやろう I think it would\nhave translated like: \"Hit (them) in my place\". Breaking it down in the\nliteral sense, it should be \n\"Do the action of hitting for me\". Is that it? I have encountered the かわりに\nconstruction more with the の particle and because this time it is with the\nsubject marker が, should the sentence be translated as: \"Hit me instead\" ?\nAlso, by having that imperative form, for example, if I would say to someone\n\"Hit me!\" I feel that in Japanese it would sound like \"僕を殴ってやれ！\" (would やろう\nwork as well?) \nAs a command/order towards someone, in a context when you want to sound harsh,\njust having the verb in て form would count as an imperative? I think I heard\nit in anime sometimes. \nI hope I explained right and that you can help me out with a proper\ntranslation. \nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T07:59:55.440",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"particle-が",
"volitional-form",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "How should I translate the sentence 僕がかわりに殴ってやろう",
"view_count": 195
} | [
{
"body": "やろう is the volitional (\"let's...\" or \"shall we/I?\")form of やる. So it's not an\nimperative, but the speaker is proposing an action.\n\nAdditionally, -てやる is a less polite form of -てあげる (do an action to the benefit\nof someone inferior). See [meaning of\n~てやる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4464/)\n\nAnd `が` emphasizes `僕`.\n\nSo, to summarize, the correct translation would be: \"Shall **I** beat [him]\ninstead [of you]?\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T08:19:13.870",
"id": "47545",
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| 47544 | 47545 | 47545 |
{
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"body": "Could someone tell me how I'd say \"bonded joint\"?\n\nThe context that it is pointing to a diagram showing a bike frame has titanium\njoints bonded to it.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T09:20:29.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47546",
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"owner_user_id": "22177",
"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"words",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "The Japanese for \"bonded joint\"",
"view_count": 222
} | [
{
"body": "According to [weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/bonded+joint), the\nJapanese for 'bonded joint' is 接合継手. If you take a look at [this\npage](https://astamuse.com/ja/published/JP/No/2016056840) for 接合継手, you can\ncheck the images to see if they are indeed showing a bonded joint.\n\nMy [linguee search](http://www.linguee.com/english-\njapanese/search?source=auto&query=load%20capacity) for high load capacity\n(which I assume applies to joints) came up with the word 高負荷容量. The English\nsentences suggested the word was being used in the context you want. If you\njust want to refer to the joint itself, the word is 継手.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T14:40:26.603",
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| 47546 | null | 47558 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47550",
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rriaX.jpg)\n\n**tl;dr: What is the kanji after [管理人]{かんりにん}?**\n\nI did not have any problem finding all the other kanji I didn't know, but the\nvery last one after [管理人]{かんりにん} still puzzles me. I tried googling\n[管理人]{かんりにん} hoping to find the same kanji after it. I tried finding it via\nradicals on [Jisho.org](http://jisho.org/) to no avail. It looks a lot like 宀\n+ 王, 宀 + 主, or 宀 + 里 (esp. given the way 理 is written). The only similar kanji\nI found would be [宝]{たから}, which does not make sense to me (or Google\nTranslate: [管理人]{かんりにん}[宝]{たから} = treasure trove).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T11:07:56.483",
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"id": "47548",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"writing-identification"
],
"title": "What's this kanji? 「室」",
"view_count": 342
} | [
{
"body": "It is 室{しつ}, usually \"room\", but also sometimes used in the meaning \"office\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T11:38:13.277",
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| 47548 | 47550 | 47550 |
{
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"body": "I am reading a manga and I'm going to try a bit of context in hopes that you\ncan tell me how some particular sentences sound like, because I do get the\ngist of them but a few things got me stumped. \nThe context is, there is a battle between a boy with a special power and a\ndemon like character. \nThe boy is chanting a spell that goes like this \" **私は法で汝は悪魔\" \n\"歪んでいるのはわかってる**\" \nAs a very rough translation I came up with this \"I [the boy] am (the) law, you\nare a demon.\" \nThe one distorted is clear (or understandable). So, **歪む** means distorted or\ncrooked (as in views, or a crooked mind and this is the meaning that I want to\ngo with, because it describes a character that is evil, the demon). \n \nThe verb seems to show the condition/state of being and because of the の\nparticle that acts as nominalizer, I concluded that makes the whole thing to\nmean \"The one [between the two characters] that is crooked is...(which I\nassume is the demon). But what about the わかってる part? Does it make sense with\nthe following translation? \"I understand what is the distortion\" (The boy\nwants to eliminate the evil one, the crooked being). I went with the words\nclear/understandable to somehow make it as vague as the Japanese version, at\nleast to my understanding). \nWhat about わかってる instead of わかっ **ている** Is the first one just colloquial? (The\nway the characters speak does change quite a lot from impolite to polite)\n\nIt would be a great help if someone can enlighten me with a proper translation\nand more in-depth explanations if possible. Thank you in advance and apologies\nif I made things hard to understand.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T11:28:04.727",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference between わかってる and わかっている , two ている forms in a sentence",
"view_count": 1239
} | [
{
"body": "> \"歪んでいるのはわかってる\"\n\nLiteral translation is like: (I/We) do know/have known that (sth) is\nwarped/distorted.\n\nBut I don't know what it is supposed to mean. If it's a spell, they are often\nsupposed to sound mysterious....\n\n> What about わかってる instead of わかっている Is the first one just colloquial?\n\nYes, but so common that I think it's colloquially more popularly used than いる\nversion.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T12:57:31.527",
"id": "47552",
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{
"body": "Based on my understanding of the context you provided, I would translate the\npassage as follows:\n\n> I am the law. You are a demon.\n>\n> I know/realize (that) you are warped.\n\nAs others have stated, \"わかってる\" is the colloquial speech variation of the full\ngrammatical form, and わかる has a broad range of meanings, only some of which\nactually correspond to the English \"understand\" most commonly listed as its\ntranslation in dictionaries. In practice, most day-to-day situations I hear\nand use it in are closer to \"being aware of\" or \"having knowledge of\" X than\nto \"having comprehension of\".\n\nIn the second sentence, the \"の particle that acts as nominalizer\", as you put\nit, can be translated somewhat heavy-handedly as \"the fact that [you] are\nwarped (distorted)\". The translation using \"you\" assumes he's still addressing\nthe demon in that part of the spell, which seems like a logical continuation\nof the first line.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 47549 | null | 48514 |
{
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"body": "I'm wondering how to construct sentences like: I am better than genji san at\ncooking. In other words, comparison between what people can do.\n\nI'm aware of the noun1 yori noun2 nohouga property desu construction, though\nthat can't be used for people.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T11:58:05.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47551",
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"owner_user_id": "21656",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Making comparison between people (verb)",
"view_count": 227
} | [
{
"body": "Actually, より [can be used with\npeople](http://tangorin.com/examples/%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A).\n\n> 「彼女{かのじょ}はトムより年上{としうえ}だ」 (kanojo ha tomu yori toshiue da)\n\nShe is older than Tom. より marks the thing or person being compared.\n\nYou don't necessarily have to include the のほうが. You can find other comparisons\nbetween people in that link.\n\nAlso, see the JLPT5 grammar flash card for [方\nより](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-japanese-grammar-\nflashcard-17/).\n\nSentence 2 on the card reads:\n\n> 学生{がくせい}より先生{せんせい}の方{ほう}がこの問題{もんだい}を理解{りかい}できる。(gakusei yori sensei no hou\n> ga kono mondai wo rikai dekiru)\n\nTeachers can understand this problem better than students.\n\nThis is a comparison between people using both 方 and より",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T13:06:40.577",
"id": "47553",
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{
"body": "As per your example, your sentence should be like this: \n私はゲンジさんより料理が上手です。With the の方が construction it's mostly used when you want to\ntalk about your preferences, such as 私は犬より猫の方が好きです。 Hope it helps!",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T17:19:27.297",
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| 47551 | null | 47553 |
{
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"body": "So I stumbled upon the following sentence:\n\n> 特に日本人以外の人に日本語を教えてもらっている方に質問です\n\nI was having a problem with translating it because of the parsing, but now I\nkinda get it.\n\nWhat I could translate was **\"Especially, I have a question to people teaching\nJapanese to non-Japanese people\"** , But some people in the chat said it would\nbe\n\n**\"especially I would like to ask people who are being taught Japanese by a\nnon-Japanese person\"**\n\nNow, for it to be being taught, shouldn't I use the passive form of もらう? like\n\n> 日本人以外の人に日本語を教えてもらわれている方 ??\n\nBesides that, I have 2 more questions:\n\n> 1 - Can I interchangeably use もらう and くれる? Yes or no? and why?\n\n(I feel like I can because there is no explicit topic, but i'm concerned that\nusing くれる would flip the meaning from **\"people teaching Japanese to non-\nJapanese people\"** to **\"non-Japanese people teaching Japanese to people\"** )\n\n> 2 - Why would one use 方(kata) here? instead of 人\n\nThanks in advance!!!",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T14:33:18.880",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice",
"passive-voice",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "Usage of 方 to mean person, interchangeability of くれる and もらう and passive form",
"view_count": 297
} | [
{
"body": "To answer your first question:\n\nGiving and receiving verbs can be quite tricky. Let's work through it 少しずつ. If\nthe verb is もらう, then the subject is receiving something (or a verb in this\ncase) from the giver as in\n\n> **[subject(receiver)]** は **[giver]** に **[verb]** ~てもらう\n\nIf we use くれる the roles swap and the idea of the sentence changes too. Instead\nwe would say that the subject is the giver and the indirect object (marked\nwith に) is the receiver.\n\n> **[subject(giver)]** は **[receiver]** に **[verb]** ~てくれる\n\nLet's use 教える. It works well with these verbs.\n\n> 私は日本人に教えてもらった\n>\n> I was taught by a Japanese person\n>\n> 日本人は私に教えてくれた\n>\n> A Japanese person taught me.\n\nIf you were to put もらう into the passive form it would really only be used for\nthe thing that was received (the direct object). In that case the receiver and\nthe received would swap positions.\n\n> ケーキが彼にもらわれた\n>\n> A cake was received by him\n\nBut this is really convoluted and rarely used. A better usage for the passive\nform of もらう is as a descriptive relative clause.\n\n> もらわれたケーキ\n>\n> The cake that was received.\n\nIn the case with this sentence we are using a relative clause but in the\nactive voice (not passive).\n\n> 教えてもらっている方\n>\n> A person who was taught (A person who received the action of being taught).\n\nTo answer the second question:\n\n方 is used to show honor and respect to the person in question. 人 can be used\njust as well but does not show any level of respect. 者 can also be used in\nthat place but has a sense of inferiority (one can use it for themselves to\nshow respect for the listener, just like a humble verb).\n\nIn conclusion\n\n> 日本人以外の人 _(the giver)_ **に** 日本語を教えてもらっている **方** _(the receiver)_\n\nbecomes\n\n> \"People who are taught by non-Japanese people\"\n\njust as those on the chat said.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T15:05:20.500",
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| 47556 | 47559 | 47559 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I am trying to translate the English expression \"left to their own\ndevices\"/\"left to themselves\"/\"in a vacuum\" into Japanese, and the best I\ncould come up with would be something involving 「ひとりで」, but I am trying to\ndescribe a group of people who I am treating as a unit (effectively 一族). Is\nthere any way to say \"alone\" when talking about a group of people (in this\ncase 四人), as in \"without the influences/presence of an out-group\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-18T18:38:31.257",
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"id": "47563",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation",
"idioms",
"plurals"
],
"title": "Equivalent of 【一人で】for a multi-person group unit",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "“独自{どくじ}に” might fit best. Other possibilities are “自分{じぶん}たちの裁量{さいりょう}で” or\n“自力{じりき}で”. If you provide us a whole sentence, it would be easier to answer.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T01:40:36.420",
"id": "47569",
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"body": "After poking around I found this [webpage with a translation of 'left to his\nown\ndevices'](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/leave+a+person+to+his+own+devices).\n\nTo quote the site:\n\n> (助言や援助を与えないで)人を思うようにさせておく\n\nThere are possibly other translations that could be used in context, but that\nseems to be adequate as a general translation.\n\nOther specific examples are:\n\n> あの男は放任しておいたら酒を飲んで死んでしまう\n\nIf left to himself, he will drink himself to death. (Weblio)\n\n> 気ままに園児を遊ばせる\n\nChildren are left to their own devices to play. (Linguee)\n\n> 私をほうっておいて!\n\nLeave me alone! (Weblio)\n\n> ...監督が無いと.../...世話が不行届き...\n\nLeft to themselves (i.e. no supervision). (Weblio)\n\nThe best translation will depend on what fits with the whole sentence.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T02:05:58.277",
"id": "47570",
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"body": "Where ひとりで/1人で works, 4人で also should work. 4人だけで might be better if you want\nto indicate 4人 is a small number. A more generic and neutral expression would\nbe 自分たちだけで, but I'm not sure if this is usable for the sentence you have in\nmind. 孤立して or 隔絶して might be even better in certain contexts (e.g., living in\nan desert island).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T23:49:27.353",
"id": "47597",
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| 47563 | null | 47597 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47567",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Recently came upon sentences where the causative form is used to make a suru-\nverb a transitive one.\n\neg. この城を完成させるのに、...\n\nAre all suru verbs, intransitive by default? If so, does this use of the\ncausative form apply to all suru-verbs?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T19:04:01.487",
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"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Transitivity of suru-verbs and the causative form to turn intransitive suru verbs into transitive ones",
"view_count": 3490
} | [
{
"body": "A suru-verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on the context\nand the usage. In the case with 完成 it can be either one. But according to this\nreference 完成 is most used as intransitive so they use the causative to change\nit.\n[japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27454/9749](http://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27454/9749)\n\nUsually causitvity does not affect the transitivity of a verb but this may be\nan exception.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T19:22:11.163",
"id": "47566",
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{
"body": "**Update to previous comment**\n\nTransitivity/intransitivity is a function of whether the verb takes a direct\nobject or not. So as long as the する verb can take a direct object, it can be\nsaid to be transitive.\n\nHowever, having done a little bit of research on this now, it seems there are\nmany する words that are called \"ergative verbs\", or 能{のう}格{かく}動{どう}詞{し}. Such\nverbs can be both transitive and intransitive, as T.Allred already mentioned.\n完成する would fall into this category. Others would include the following, as per\nJapanese Wikipedia:\n\n「閉鎖する」（「工場を閉鎖する」「工場が閉鎖する」）、「生成する」、「連続する」、「停止する」など\n\nUnfortunately, it seems that the typically straightforward rules of\nconjugation in Japanese fall apart when it comes to transitive/intransitive する\nverbs. Based on everything I've been able to find on the subject, it seems\nthat the best way to determine the status of a する verb is to A) find as many\nsample sentences as you can (via jisho.org, etc) to determine the most common\nusage, or B) rely on an actual comprehensive physical Japanese dictionary, as\nthey apparently make notations regarding the status of each verb.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-18T20:13:34.987",
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| 47565 | 47567 | 47567 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "65904",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "Please tell me how to say\n\n> Please click any (one of the) button on the menu.\n\nI have tried to search translation or grammar about \"any of\" but most results\ncame out to be どれも. It doesn't seems to fit in the sentence. I thought of\nsaying\n\n> メニューのボタンをクリックしてください。どれでもいいです。\n\nBut it seems long and I am looking for a way to say it in a sentence. Any\nadvice?\n\nEdit: \nI really like use of the word 任意. I have not seen any one uses 「任意のボタン」tho.\nWhat do you think about「メニューの任意のボタンをクリックしてください」? Does that sounds right?\n\nEdit: \nHow about どれか一つ or いずれかの",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-19T06:22:58.010",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47571",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How do I say \"any of ~\"",
"view_count": 3108
} | [
{
"body": "Hmm, I remembered another structure although I'm not quite sure it fits well,\nbut what about using どちら? For example I would say something like this:\n\n> メニューからどちらのボタンをクリックしてください。\n\nI know it would mean \"Please click whichever button from the menu.\" With the\nuse of どちら or even どちらでも, it's usually used when you have to make a selection\nbetween two choices (between A and B). As per your example, it is not stated\nhow many buttons there are on the menu, so anyone can click whichever right?\nEither that one or that one.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-19T09:40:49.113",
"id": "47574",
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"body": "Using どちらでも would work well.\n\n> メニューからのボタンをどちらでもクリックしてください\n\nOr, you could use a phrase they use often at ticket machines in train\nstations:\n\n> ご希望{きぼう}のボタンを押してください\n>\n> Please press the desired button.\n\nThen you could change the wording to fit your needs. Eg Using クリック instead of\n押す.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T15:35:19.973",
"id": "47582",
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"body": "Many times you can't do direct translations of English and Japanese. With\nregard to UI design, why are you saying:\n\n\" _Please click any (one of the) button on the menu._ \"\n\ninstead of\n\n\" _Please click a button on the menu._ \"\n\n(1) Why say \"... _any **one of the** buttons_...\" \nClicking more than 1 button is impossible.\n\n(2) informing a user that an active button is not clickable violates UI\nconvention. The non-clickable buttons must be dimmed-out (disabled). Presented\na set of active buttons, the user already knows **any** of them are clickable.\n\nYou are missing the intuitive properties of a GUI interface. A user\nimmediately understands that a collection of active buttons means \" _any one\nof them is clickable_ \".\n\nYou really just need to say \" _Please select a button on the menu._ \". Or\n\n\" _メニューにあるボタンをクリックしてください。_ \"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-20T03:14:55.247",
"id": "47603",
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{
"body": "> Edit: \n> How about どれか一つ or いずれかの\n\nYes, I think they would work. I think you could say...\n\n> メニュー[内]{ない}のいずれかのボタンをクリックしてください。\n\nor maybe...\n\n> ｛メニュー内の or メニューにある｝ボタンを｛いずれか or どれか｝一つクリックしてください。",
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| 47571 | 65904 | 65904 |
{
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"body": "This is actually something I see from time to time :\n\n> もう生きてこの屋敷から出しはしない。\n\nWhy is it \"出しはしない\" instead of \"出さない\" ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T10:02:21.380",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of ～はしない?",
"view_count": 3851
} | [
{
"body": "「...はしない」 is a stressed form of a negative form of a verb, or it just makes\nthe sentence stronger.\n\n**出さない** means in your sentence _I'll not let you get/go out_ , while\n**出しはしない** means _I'll never let you get/go out_.\n\nIncluding your 出しはしない, I'll show you some examples as：\n\n> 出｛だ｝す - 出｛だ｝さない - 出｛だ｝しはしない \n> 食｛た｝べる - 食｛た｝べない - 食｛た｝べはしない \n> 行｛い｝く - 行｛い｝かない - 行｛い｝きはしない \n> 見｛み｝る - 見｛み｝ない - 見｛み｝はしない \n> 聞｛き｝く - 聞｛き｝かない - 聞｛き｝きはしない \n> 話｛はな｝す - 話｛はな｝さない - 話｛はな｝しはしない \n> 触｛さわ｝る - 触｛さわ｝らない - 触｛さわ｝りはしない\n\nI'll show you the way to make this kind of expression:\n\n> 1) think of a ます-form of a verb: \n> 行く ー> **行き** ます \n> 2) omit ます from the ます-form of the verb; which is also called a stem form\n> of the verb: \n> 行き \n> 3) add はしない to it: \n> 行き **はしない** meaning (somebody will) _never go_.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-19T10:21:24.820",
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| 47575 | 47576 | 47576 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47579",
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"body": "I'm currently translating this Japanese article, which used quote from Hamlet\nAct 5, Scene 2.\n\nIn this article, they quoted\n\n> \"来るべきものは、今来なくとも、いずれは来る。\"\n\nso I want to use the actual phrase from Hamlet, but it turns out that there\nare more of this particular phrase.\n\nThe following are the original context and its Japanese translation.\n\n> **If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if\n> it be not now, yet it will come** : the readiness is all: since no man has\n> aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes?\n>\n> **来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。今来れば、後には来ない。後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。**\n> 肝腎なのは覚悟だ。いつ死んだらいいか、そんなことは考えてみたところで、誰にも判りはしない。所詮、あなた任せさ。 (ハムレット、第5幕第2場)\n\nMy problem I'm not sure which line matches with each other. I believe that the\ntranslation has rearranged/reordered these 3 sentences somehow? such that\n\n> 来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。= \"if it be not to come, it will be now\"\n>\n> 今来れば、後には来ない。 = \"If it be now, ‘tis not to come;\"\n>\n> 後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。= if it be not now, yet it will come:\"\n\nor whether it already followed the English order?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T13:03:05.950",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"quotes"
],
"title": "Japanese Translation for Hamlet Act 5, Scene 2",
"view_count": 987
} | [
{
"body": "Here's how I would translate the Japanese version:\n\n> 来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。\n\nThe thing which must come, even if it doesn't come now, eventually it will. \n= _If it be not now, yet it will come_\n\n> 今来れば、後には来ない。\n\nIf it comes now, it won't come later. \n= _If it be now, 'tis not to come;_\n\n> 後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。\n\nIt it's not coming later, it should come now. \n= _if it be not to come, it will be now;_\n\nI tried to line them up with the original English but I'm not really sure it\nworks...",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T14:01:48.180",
"id": "47578",
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"body": "**Given:** \n来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。= If it be now, 'tis not to come; \n今来れば、後には来ない。 = if it be not to come, it will be now; \n_後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。 = if it be not now, yet it will come:_\n\n**You:** \n来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。= \"if it be not to come, it will be now\" \n**今来れば、後には来ない。 = \"If it be now, ‘tis not to come;\"** \n_後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。= if it be not now, yet it will come:\"_\n\n**Me:** \n来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。= if it be not now, yet it will come:\" \n**今来れば、後には来ない。 = \"If it be now, ‘tis not to come;\"** \n後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。= \"if it be not to come, it will be now\"\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tpaOk.jpg)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T14:25:21.217",
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"body": "* **Shakespeare:** _If it be now, 'tis not to come;_\n * **Literal** : If something will happen now, then it cannot happen later (it cannot be delayed).\n * **Figurative:** If my death is supposed to happen now, it will, and I cannot change my fate/destiny.\n * **Japanese sentences above:** most similar to \"B\"\n\n'\n\n * **Shakespeare:** _if it be not to come, it will be now;_\n\n * **Literal:** If something cannot happen later, it must happen now.\n * **Figurative:** If my death is supposed to happen now, it will, and I cannot change my fate/destiny (same figurative meaning as the above, just said differently).\n * **Japanese sentences above:** most similar to \"C\"\n\n'\n\n * **Shakespeare:** _if it be not now, yet it will come:_\n\n * **Literal:** If something doesn't happen now, it will still happen later.\n * **Figurative:** My death will happen, and even if I'm not supposed to die now, I will die when it my death is fated/destined to happen.\n * **Japanese sentences above:** most similar to \"A\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T21:46:06.080",
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| 47577 | 47579 | 47600 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47583",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "\"To get one's panties in a bunch\", from\n[Wikitionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/get_one%27s_panties_in_a_bunch):\n\n> To become overwrought or unnecessarily upset over a trivial matter. [Usually\n> used towards women.]\n\nWhat is the closest Japanese equivalent expression to this? (Hopefully,\nthere's a bit more than just a simple 落ち着いて).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"expressions",
"idioms"
],
"title": "What is the closest equivalent expression to \"don't get your panties in a bunch\"?",
"view_count": 254
} | [
{
"body": "落ち着いて is the most commonly used phrase used to tell someone to calm down.\nHowever, there are several ways to simply state that someone is annoyed or\noverly upset. Eg. いらいら, 怒る{おこる}.\n\nIf someone is getting annoyed over trivial matters you can use the word\n些細｛ささい｝to describe the matter.\n\n> 彼は些細｛ささい｝なことで怒っている\n>\n> He is angry over trivial matters.\n\nThere may be an even closer translation, but this one is pretty close.\n\nYou might be able to extend that to requests.\n\n> 些細｛ささい｝なことで怒らないで\n>\n> Don't get angry over little things.\n\nBut this might not be very natural. Usually if someone were getting uptight\nover little things I would probably tell them (if they were close) something\nlike:\n\n> 些細｛ささい｝なものに過ぎないよ。落ち着いてよ。\n>\n> It's nothing more than a trivial thing. Calm down.\n\nor\n\n> 何もないよ。落ち着いて\n>\n> It's nothing. Calm yourself.",
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"body": "> \" _to get one's panties in a bunch_ \" \n> Hopefully, there's a bit more than just a simple 落ち着いて\n\n**イラっとする、イラつく、ムカつく/むかつく**\n\n_Don't get your panties in a bunch!_ \n**怒らないで！/怒らないでね。/カッカしないで！/カッカしないでね。/イライラしないで！/イライラしないでね。**",
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| 47581 | 47583 | 47583 |
{
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"body": "What is the difference between\n\n> 勉強が終わったとたん、眠くなった。\n\nand\n\n> 勉強をしたとたん、眠くなった。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T16:01:58.193",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Usage of ～とたん and nuances",
"view_count": 566
} | [
{
"body": "> 勉強が終わったとたん、眠くなった。\n\nThis pretty straightforwardly means \"The moment I finished studying, I became\nsleepy.\"\n\n> 勉強をしたとたん、眠くなった。\n\nとたん is \"the moment ～\", and 勉強 is an action that takes some time (typically\nmore than an hour). I wouldn't say this sentence is wrong, but I feel this one\nis a bit clumsy and ambiguous. Anyway it's probably taken as \"The moment I\n_started_ studying, I became sleepy.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T23:31:19.647",
"id": "47596",
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"body": "> What is the difference between \n> 1. 勉強が **終わった** とたん、眠くなった。 \n> and \n> 2. 勉強をしたとたん、眠くなった 。\n\nIf you want to know if the sentence 2 has a similar meaning of 1 and if it is\nmade from the sentence 1 by omitting the phrase 終わった and adjusting the\nsentence a little, **the answer is yes and no**.\n\n**とたん** means like \" _the moment_ ...\", \" _just at the moment_ \", and \" _just\nas_ ...\", so the phrase is in good relations with \" **moment** \".\n\nIf you know this, the sentence 2 could be interpreted in two ways; \none of which is the sentence 1 and the other is the sentence 3 as follows:\n\n> 3. 勉強を始｛はじ｝めたとたん、眠くなった。\n>\n\nIf so, the sentence is **ambiguous** because it has quite different meanings.\n\nOf course I know 勉強した often means 勉強し終わった, like 食べた means 食べ終わった. But,\ngrammatically 勉強した is the past form of 勉強する, and 勉強する is not necessarily meant\nto finish studying or finish learning, but it also means the whole act of\nstudying or learning **for a certain span of time**. And the span of time has\nnot good relations with \"moment\" as is written in naruto's answer.\n\nWith these reasons, although the sentence 2 has the same meaning of 1 to some\nextent, I don't recommend you to use it as the sentence 1.",
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| 47585 | 47601 | 47596 |
{
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"body": "Is there a common Japanese word for a board book? A board book has thick\ncardboard pages instead of paper pages. A board books is usually written for\nvery young children.\n\n(I looked in two different online dictionaries and also tried a Google\nsearch.)\n\nPhoto of a board book:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3sp8c.jpg)",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What is the word for a \"board book\"?",
"view_count": 456
} | [
{
"body": "There is the katakana loan word\n[ボードブック](http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%A5%DC%A1%BC%A5%C9%A5%D6%A5%C3%A5%AF):\n\n> 本の紙が厚紙(ボード)で出来ている本のこと。幼児向けの本に多い。 \n> A book with pages made of cardboard. Usually for babies.\n\nSince they are (almost) always picture books, you could probably also use the\nword 絵本{えほん}, but to describe that it has thick (cardboard) pages, you can use\nthe word 厚紙{あつがみ} like in the earlier quote. I don't think 厚紙{あつがみ}絵本{えほん} is\na common word, but something like\n[here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1319807848)\ncould be used:\n\n> **厚紙{あつがみ}のタイプの絵本{えほん}** を「ボードブック」と言います。\n\nGoogle Images:\n\n * [ボードブック](https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&site=imghp&tbm=isch&q=%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF)\n * [厚紙絵本](https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&site=imghp&tbm=isch&q=%E5%8E%9A%E7%B4%99%E7%B5%B5%E6%9C%AC)",
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| 47587 | 47589 | 47589 |
{
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"body": "I was looking for some second-hand film camera on the internet. And there was\na guy selling one with this condition: シャッター速度はB,１－１/１０００秒が切れます。 What does\n\"切れます\" means in this case? It means the shutter works perfectly or doesn't\nwork? Thank you in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T19:02:26.887",
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"score": 9,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "What does this mean? シャッター速度はB,１－１/１０００秒が切れます。",
"view_count": 686
} | [
{
"body": "Seeing the word 切れます could be concerning as it does mean \"to break/to snap\".\nBut it can also be used to mark an achievement of sorts. Look at this similar\nexample.\n\n> １００メートル、１０秒切れる？\n>\n> 100 meters, will they break 10 seconds?\n\nThe sentence you have is probably describing the cutting edge of the shutter\nspeed on the camera which seems to be 1 to 1/1000 seconds. (see what I did\nthere?) So I think the camera is in good condition.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T19:40:28.087",
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"body": "**シャッターを切る** is a common set phrase that just means \"to _release_ the\nshutter.\" Don't ask me why 切る is used; maybe the third definition\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/58524/meaning/m0u/) is relevant. The\nsentence just says the shutter speed of the camera is \"B, 1-1/1000秒\".",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T22:22:05.447",
"id": "47592",
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"body": "シャッター速度はB,１－１/１０００秒が切れます。 \"The shutter speed is B, can \"cut\" one in 1/1000th\nof a second.\"\n\nHere, 切れます is in the potential form of 切る which means to cut. In this context\nthough, we think about the shutter: The shutter \"closes\" its aperture as\nthough they were several folds constricting, right? So, it is cutting 'light'\nas it closes.\n\nSo, a more \"true-to-English\" translation would be: \"The shutter speed is B,\nand is able to close once in 1/1000th of a second.\"\n\nPretty certain this is referring to the f-Stop setting for B (Bulb) on a\ncamera, and 1/1000th of a second is a pretty fast shutter speed.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-19T22:37:00.460",
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"body": "My take on the translation:\n\n> when the camera mode is set to B (Bulb) you can use shutter settings from 1\n> second to 1/1000 second.\n\nYes, 切れます is the potential form of the verb. Bulb is usually used for long\nexposures, although 1 second is not very long and digital cameras can handle 1\nsecond without the Bulb setting.\n\nAnother guess as to why \"切\" is that frames in film are visually-speaking \"cut\nout\" or carved from the negative once the shutter fires and advances.",
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| 47588 | null | 47592 |
{
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"body": "I'm currently translating this Japanese article, which quoted Hamlet Act 5,\nScene 2.\n\nThe following are the original Hamlet context and its Japanese translation.\n\n> **If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if\n> it be not now, yet it will come** : the readiness is all: since no man has\n> aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes?\n>\n> **来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。今来れば、後には来ない。後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。**\n> 肝腎なのは覚悟だ。いつ死んだらいいか、そんなことは考えてみたところで、誰にも判りはしない。所詮、あなた任せさ。 (ハムレット、第5幕第2場)\n\nIt appears that they reordered/rearranged the sentence. My problem is that I'm\nnot sure which English sentence correspond to the English translation of the\nJapanese one.\n\n**English**\n\n> **Sentence 1** : If it be now, 'tis not to come\n>\n> **Sentence 2** : if it be not to come, it will be now\n>\n> **Sentence 3** : if it be not now, yet it will come\n\n**English Translation from Japanese** (word-by-word)\n\n> **Sentence A:** The thing which must come, even if it doesn't come now,\n> eventually it will.\n>\n> from 来るべきものは、今来なくともいずれは来る。\n>\n> **Sentence B:** If it comes now, it won't come later.\n>\n> from 今来れば、後には来ない。\n>\n> **Sentence C:** It it's not coming later, it should come now.\n>\n> from 後に来なければ、今来るだけのこと。\n\nSome suggest that sentence 3=A, 1=B and 2=C, but I want to try asking in this\nforum.\n\n* * *\n\nThe only reason I decided to ask in this forum, is because I could not even\nmatch English with English(translation). I can simply leave out the detail\nabout Japanese, but I decided not to since I found that it is better to give\nas much detail as possible.\n\nThank you",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Foreign Language Translation for Hamlet Act 5, Scene 2",
"view_count": 42
} | []
| 47599 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47604",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm guessing it's a matter of direct vs. indirect?\n\n> 兄は「１分だけ、くださいね」って \n> My older brother said \"Just a minute, please\"\n\n> 兄は１分だけと言ってた。 \n> My older brother said just a minute.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"spoken-language",
"ellipsis",
"parts-of-speech"
],
"title": "What's the difference between って and って言ってた",
"view_count": 1490
} | [
{
"body": "Both って and と are quotative particles and are grammatically interchangeable.\nWhile the former is colloquial and casual, the latter is not particularly\nformal nor casual (and it's thus \"safer\" while you're a learner). In your\nfirst example, 言ってた is omitted because it can be inferred from the context.\nThis omission can happen regardless of whether it's preceded by って or と.\n\nBy \"direct vs indirect\", do you mean [direct and indirect\nspeech](https://web.archive.org/web/20170721192233/http://www.ef.com/english-\nresources/english-grammar/direct-and-indirect-speech/)? Then that does not\nmatter here. Both って and と are used with or without quotation marks. See [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/30585/5010), too.\n\nTherefore, the following sentences are all valid and equally natural:\n\n> * 兄は「１分だけ、くださいね」と。\n> * 兄は「１分だけ、くださいね」と言ってた。\n> * 兄は１分だけって言ってた。\n>",
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| 47602 | 47604 | 47604 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47610",
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"body": "I came across this phrase in Yotsubato! manga. (ch.82, pg.35)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PiDiN.jpg)\n\nSource: <http://raw.senmanga.com/Yotsubato!/82/35>\n\nWhat does `そうするの` mean here (middle panel)? As far as I can tell, the `の` is\nmost probably an explanatory `の`. I think it means \"yea just like that\" or\nliterally \"to do so\" but the literal meaning somehow doesn't feel right. I\nthink it is most probably \"just like that\" from reading the text bubble that\ncomes before it but I am confused here.\n\nI tried searching `そうするの` on the web but couldn't find much that relates to\nabove context. As a phrase what does `そうするの` mean here? I couldn't find any\nmore examples that use `そうするの`. Any examples would be welcome.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T11:50:24.823",
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"id": "47606",
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"owner_user_id": "18021",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"manga"
],
"title": "What does そうするの mean here?",
"view_count": 1257
} | [
{
"body": "I understand it the same way as you said at first, but I also believe that\nhere, the use of the particle の is used as an emphasis at the end of the\nstatement (in a way I kind of imagine it like a です) and I think it's mostly\nused by girls or children who are more soft spoken. \nThe translation would sound like \"I will do that\" or \"That's what I will do\".\nThen she says \nそれでいい。。。 which would translate like \"It's fine if I do that...\" or \"It's OK\nlike this\". Hope I got the nuances alright and I also hope that it helps!",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T14:29:47.943",
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"body": "The の expresses 命令 (imperative/command). According to\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/171157/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%AE/):\n\n> の \n> 2⃣［終助］活用語の連体形に付く。 \n> ３ 強く決めつけて **命令** する意を表す。「余計なことを言わない **の** 」「遊んでばかりいないで勉強する **の** 」\n\nAnd 明鏡国語辞典 says:\n\n> の \n> ㊁〘終助〙 \n> ❹ 軽く **命じる** のに使う。「さっさと着替える **の** 」「強い子は泣かない **の** 」 \n> ◈(表現) ㊁は多く女性が使う... ④は子供など目下の相手に対して使う。\n\nThis の is a sentence-ending particle (終助詞) expressing a relatively light\ncommand. It's often used by females, normally towards someone who is inferior\nto or younger than the speaker.\n\n> そう。そうするの。 \n> _lit._ \"Yes. Do (it) that way.\"\n\nSo here the girl is talking to her dad a little arrogantly (but that might be\nhow she usually talks to him?)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T14:37:43.240",
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| 47606 | 47610 | 47610 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I tried, but ended up with this:\n\nそれは避けられたかもしれない。\n\nBut, I do not know if it is right to say it that way",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T12:53:57.493",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "22213",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"phrases",
"past"
],
"title": "How do you say: \"it could have been avoided\" The correct way?",
"view_count": 615
} | [
{
"body": "> It could have been avoided. \n> それは避けられたかもしれない。\n\nYou are right.\n\n 1. それは避けられたはずなのに、実際には避けられなかった。 \n 2. それは避けられたはずなのに。 \n 3. それは避けられたのに。 \n 4. それは避けられた **の** かもしれません。 \n 5. それは避けられたかもしれません。 \n 6. それは避けられた **の** かもしれない。 \n 7. それは避けられたかもしれない。 - Your answer \n\nThough sentence 5 and 7 are commonly used, I think, sentence 4 and 6 are more\nnatural than sentence 5 and 7 respectively.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T13:13:41.700",
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| 47607 | null | 47608 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47619",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 目を **輝かせ** てアメを作っていたおじさん。 \n> The man with sparkling eyes who made the sweets. \n> 期待で目を **くりくりさせ** ながら... \n> While wide eyed in anticipation...\n\nBoth these clauses use a causative form of a verb to describe a person's eyes.\n\nIn English when we use caustive to describe a person's expression it means\nthat they deliberately made that expression. Whereas these sentences sound\nlike the expressions are natural/spontaneous.\n\n1) Would these sentences be wrong if I just used the plain form of the verb?\nIf not how would the nuance change? \n2) Is there a way to know when I should use causative for something like this?\nIt's not at all intuitive to me. \n3) What other things can be described by this structure? Is it limited to\neyes, facial expressions, any body gesture, an even wider scope?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T16:18:10.100",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"causation"
],
"title": "Causative verbs in descriptions of people",
"view_count": 366
} | [
{
"body": "Besides 目を輝かせる , a couple more such expressions come to mind:\n\n目を細める \"narrow one's eyes\" (often in a good way - that is, smile kindly, look\nat [a baby] fondly] (ほそめる is one of those causatives made by adding める to the\nroot of an い adjective, in this case ほそい)\n\n耳をすます \"make one's ears clear\" - that is, listen carefully\n\nI don't think any of these suggest the expression is adopted deliberately",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T18:13:19.780",
"id": "47613",
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"body": "1) No. 目を輝かしアメを作る、目をくりくりしながら、both constructions are OK. By the way this くりくり\nusually indicates \"the eyes are moving actively and/or are wide open.\"\n\n2) In my opinion, there are little differences even in nuance, but the\ncausative make the sentence a bit less \"descriptive(I don't know this word\nmake a sense)\". The Japanese causative action doesn't have to be\n\"deliberately\" or not even \"voluntarily\" caused. e.g.\n彼は癲癇(epilepsy)で手足をヒクヒクさせていた。\n\n3) Do you mean the causative by \"this structure?\" If so, everything.\n戦争は多くの難民を発生させた。新情報は会社の新たな行動を控えさせた。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T23:54:22.750",
"id": "47617",
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"body": "1) 輝いた目でアメを作っていたおじさん and 期待でくりくりした目で would be understood, but they are a bit\nless natural.\n\n2) I feel many of them are idioms or established set phrases, so perhaps you\njust have to get used to common ones.\n\n3) It's not limited to facial expressions.\n\n * 口をとがらせて反論する\n * 鼻を膨らませながら怒る\n * 期待に胸を膨らませながら考える\n * 緊張で足を震わせながら報告する\n * [肩を怒らせて](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%82%A9%E3%82%92%E6%80%92%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B-463206)歩く\n * [首を長くして待つ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/62670/meaning/m0u/) (eagerly look forward)\n * 息を弾ませながら話す\n * 汗を滲ませながら走る\n\nThere may be similar actions which are not related to body parts, but such\nactions would probably be expressed with causative forms in English, too.",
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| 47611 | 47619 | 47619 |
{
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"body": "I was reading a manga and encountered 聞かせる in the speech of one character. I'm\nstill not good when it comes to translate sentences with passive and causative\nforms...It helps a bit when I can see the structure like in this basic\nexample, which I hope it sounds alright: \n私は子供にマンガを読ませます. \nIt can translate as \"I make the children read manga\" or \"I let them read\nmanga\", doesn't it? \nI know that causative has this nuance of \"make\" or \"let\", depending on\ncontext, while with \nさせられる the causative-passive form, it has more of the nuance of \"to force\"\nsomeone to do something. \nI have the following sentence which I cannot understand at all because like I\nmentioned above, I'm used with structures, such as the example I provided. \n(As a bit of context for this one, there are two men, one is talking while the\nother listens to his speech)\n\n> 納得できない「理由」を **聞かせる** くらいなら理由などないと言ってくれ。\n\nI am also a bit unsure just what is the meaning of 聞く here, but I'm going with\n\"to ask\". \n\nEven just looking at this part 理由を聞かせる I cannot understand how can it be\ntranslated with the nuance of causative with either \"make/let\". \n \nPlease, I hope someone can help me out with this. Thank you in advance!",
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"tags": [
"causation"
],
"title": "Difficulty of understanding because of the causative form",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "聞かせる is the causative of 聞く \"hear\", meaning \"cause [someone] to hear\n[something]\", that is \"tell [someone something]\". It's common enough to have\nestablished itself as a separate verb with its own dictionary entry. This is a\nbit speculative without a context, but it looks to me as though your sentence\nmeans, in a more-or-less literal version, \"If it comes to about as much as [i\ne no more than] telling me 'reasons' I can't accept, do me the favour of\nsaying there isn't a reason or anything\". More idiomatically: \"If you aren't\ngoing to do any more than give me 'reasons' that are unacceptable, for\nheaven's sake just say you haven't got any reasons\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-20T19:39:49.483",
"id": "47615",
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| 47612 | null | 47615 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47616",
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"body": "My understanding is that both みたいに and 見える means \"look like\" so how can they\noccur in the same sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-20T19:15:15.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47614",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-05-20T19:39:17.983",
"last_editor_user_id": "22216",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Need help with translation of 二つの点がちょうど目みたいに見える",
"view_count": 248
} | [
{
"body": "-みたいに is an adjectival suffix meaning -like in the adverbial form, something close to \"in a _-like way\". 見える is a verb that is modified by ちょうど and 目みたいに.\n\n> * 二つの点が: two dots\n> * ちょうど: exactly\n> * 目みたいに: like eyes\n> * 見える: appear\n>\n\n(The) two dots look just like eyes.",
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| 47614 | 47616 | 47616 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47620",
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"body": "Would the English name \"Cody\" (pronounced normally, k OH - d ee) be translated\ninto katakana as コーディ or コーディー?\n\nI understand the dash is used to elongate vowels so I'm not sure if the \"ee\"\nsound would require it or not.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T00:48:00.603",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"names"
],
"title": "Translating English names to Japanese: to elongate the vowel, or not?",
"view_count": 628
} | [
{
"body": "Both transliterations are fine and natural. You can choose whichever you like\nunless you are a professional writer and have to follow some opinionated\nguideline. But I feel I see the elongated version more often in daily life.\n\nWhen you transliterate Western foreign names, short names usually have a\ntrailing `ー` (e.g., ジョー, ハリー, コナー). If the name is three\n[morae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_\\(Japanese_prosody\\)) long or more\nwithout the trailing `ー`, then the trailing `ー` is often optional (e.g.,\nケネディ/ケネディー).\n\nSee:\n\n * [ブラウザ or ブラウザー? Words borrowed from English which end with -er](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15807/5010)",
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| 47618 | 47620 | 47620 |
{
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"body": "Can anybody translate this kanji I found on a katana I recently bought?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vZCyP.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T09:03:17.483",
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"owner_user_id": "22225",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Unknown katana mei",
"view_count": 214
} | [
{
"body": "「八龍刀」 \nA sword probably made in China. \nThe name means literally _eight dragons sword_.\n\n[Here](http://sekaitouken.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-73.html) is another 八龍刀.\n\nA famous Japanese old legendary talk of **Yamata no Orochi** or _8-branched\ngiant snake_ is right [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamata_no_Orochi),\nand in this article there is [a photograph of a\nsculpture](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8E%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81#/media/File:Sakaiminato_Mizuki_Shigeru_Road_Yamata_no_Orochi_Statue_1.jpg)\nof seemingly eight dragons, not eight giant snakes, but the legendary talk\nprobably has nothing to do with the 八龍刀 _eight dragons sword_ which is shown\nby the questioner.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T09:40:58.353",
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| 47622 | null | 47623 |
{
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"body": "I meet various sentences with adjectives, which version is correct?\n\n> この猫{ねこ}は黒{くろ}です。 (...kuro desu)\n>\n> この猫は黒いです。\n>\n> この猫は黒い。\n\nThanks a lot!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-21T13:48:00.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47624",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "5096",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"adjectives"
],
"title": "Using adjectives in simple sentence (Need です and い-form?)",
"view_count": 461
} | [
{
"body": "> 1. この猫は黒です。\n> 2. この猫は黒いです。\n> 3. この猫は黒い。\n>\n\nIf you want to say \"this is a black cat\", sentence 2 and 3 are possible\nanswers, and the sentence 2 sounds polite.\n\nBy the way, the sentence 1 also makes sense, but it has another interpretation\nthat \"the name of this cat is _kuro_ \". \nIf you want to avoid this kind of mis-interpretation, you could say like\nこの猫は黒色です, but this expression sounds a little bit academic or high-flown, so I\nwould not recommend you to use it in daily conversations.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T14:41:55.440",
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{
"body": "> which version is correct? \n> この猫は黒です. \n> この猫は黒いです. \n> この猫は黒い.\n\nAll three are grammatically correct. \nThe 黒 in the 1st sentence is a noun, and the 2nd and 3rd are using an\ni-adjective 黒い. The です in the 2nd sentence is a polite suffix.\n\n> I meet various sentences with adjectives,\n\nWe have two kinds of adjectives, i-adjectives and na-adjectives, which\nbasically function as a predicate this way:\n\n> この猫は **かわいい** 。-- plain form \n> この猫は **かわいいです** 。-- polite form \n> (かわいい = i-adjective) \n> この花は **きれいだ** 。-- plain form \n> この花は **きれいです** 。-- polite form \n> (きれい = na-adjective)\n\n* * *\n\nNote that Japanese words for colors, such as 黒, 赤, 緑, 紫, 黄色 etc. are nouns and\ncan be followed by the copula だ / です, like this:\n\n> この猫は **黒です** 。-- polite form \n> この猫は **黒だ** 。-- plain form\n\nThe 6 colors 黒, 白, 赤, 青, 茶色, 黄色 have i-adjective alternatives 黒い, 白い, 赤い, 青い,\n茶色い, 黄色い, which can be used this way:\n\n> この猫は **黒いです** 。-- polite form \n> この猫は **黒い** 。-- plain form\n\nincorrect: ×「緑い(です)」 ×「灰色い(です)」\n\n* * *\n\nAs a side note: Only a few words can fit in both 「～～だ/です」 and 「～～い(です)」:\n\n> やわらかだ/やわらかい \n> あたたかだ/あたたかい \n> [真]{ま}っ[白]{しろ}だ/真っ白い \n> [真]{ま}っ[黒]{くろ}だ/真っ黒い \n> 四角だ/四角い \n> 丸だ*/丸い (*丸 is a noun, not a na-adjective, so you can't say 丸な~~.)\n\nFor example, you can say:\n\n> このパンは **やわらかいです** 。このパンは **やわらかい** 。(やわらかい = i-adjective) \n> このパンは **やわらかです** 。このパンは **やわらかだ** 。(やわらか = na-adjective)\n\nFor more on this topic, see: [i-adjectives used as na-adjectives: is there a\ndifference? (e.g. 大きい versus\n大きな)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1853/9831)",
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| 47624 | 47647 | 47625 |
{
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"body": "So I translated \"you can't go home again\" into Japanese, from Google\ntranslate, and the output looks more akin to \"you\"ll never return\"\n\nOutput: もう帰ることはできません\n\nWhy doesn't the sentence make any mention of home (in the sense of a place of\nfeeling at home, not essentially a house)?\n\nIs this translation incorrect?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-21T16:30:52.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47627",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-05-21T18:30:00.607",
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"owner_user_id": "22229",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "translation - how come the word \"home\" isn't in here",
"view_count": 182
} | [
{
"body": "帰る means 'to return to one's home'. 'Return' in a more general sense is 戻る.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T16:39:02.013",
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| 47627 | null | 47628 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I thought that ある was used for ownership and 持つ/持っている meant that you were\ncarrying or holding something.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 私にはコンピューターがある\n>\n> I have a computer\n>\n> 私はコンピューターを持っている\n>\n> I'm holding a computer\n\nTrouble is that the latter is also frequently translated as \"I _have_ a\ncomputer\". I asked a native, and they said that they'll often use 持っている for\nownership even if they're not/can't hold it (e.g. \"車を持っているじゃん？\"). The English\ncourse on Japanese Duolingo does this, and I've seen manga translate it this\nway as well. Is this idiomatic language that English doesn't have one word to\nencapsulate?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T19:39:50.670",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Why is 持っている often translated as \"have\", even though it means carrying?",
"view_count": 116
} | [
{
"body": "From jisho.org:\n\n持つ godan verb with tsu ending\n\n 1. to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry\n\n 2. to possess; to have; to own\n\n 3. to maintain; to keep\n\n 4. to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive\n\n 5. to take charge of; to be in charge of",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T20:04:53.217",
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| 47629 | null | 47630 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47654",
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"body": "何が英語の「need-to-know basis」の日本語訳なの？\n\n私はよくない日本語だと、すみません。",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T21:35:42.330",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How would you say someone's on a need-to-know basis?",
"view_count": 240
} | [
{
"body": "According to the [article here](http://futurus.blog51.fc2.com/blog-\nentry-184.html), there is not an exact Japanese term equivalent to it.\n\nIt says \" _need-to-know basis_ \" is 「need to know\nの原則{げんそく}」（「情報{じょうほう}は知{し}る必要{ひつよう}がある者{もの}にのみ伝{つた}え、知{し}る必要{ひつよう}のない者{もの}には伝{つた}えない」という原則{げんそく}）.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T11:46:21.760",
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{
"body": "Possibly utilizing 知るべき might work in this case to describe the situation. In\nsome cases it might be oversimplified but depending on context it can be used\nwith less problems. However, it works in this sentence:\n\nその情報は知るべき方だけに教えます。\n\nHere, we're identifying a person or group of people who \"ought to know.\" I'm\nsure that this usage could work in other situations.",
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| 47631 | 47654 | 47654 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47637",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've come across プレイガイド and I thought it meant \"playguide\" (which can be found\nis _some_ dictionaries), but it didn't make sense in its context. I looked it\nup and found it meant \"ticket agency\".\n\nHow did it come to this? I can't find a link. Phonetically it obviously comes\nfrom \"playguide\", but I can't find a way for it to slide that much to mean\nwhat it means.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T22:24:05.517",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"katakana"
],
"title": "How come プレイガイド means \"Ticket agency\" and not \"playguide\"?",
"view_count": 771
} | [
{
"body": "~~That's a product name. Basically a ticket vending machine placed at some\nconvenience stores in Japan.~~\n\nEdit: It's actually a 和製英語 (Japanese-made English word), which probably\nintended to refer \"a place where you can buy ticket for you to 'play'\". It\ngenerally refers to a ticket store (vending machine, now) that sells tickets\nfor concerts, amusement parks, etc.\n\nAnother example of wasei-eigo: Salaryman, Skinship..\n\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei-eigo>\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89>",
"comment_count": 4,
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| 47632 | 47637 | 47637 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47634",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that \"I'm tired\" translates to\n\n> 疲{つか}れました\n\nBut how would you say, for example \"PE class is exhausting\" ? 疲れる is\nintransitive, so you can't say something like \"PE class exhausts me\", and\nthere doesn't seem to be an adjective that has a meaning that is similar to\n\"exhausting\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-21T22:24:48.397",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "How would you say \"x is exhausting/tiring\"?",
"view_count": 6561
} | [
{
"body": "One way to say it would be to use the pattern 「Xでへとへとです/になる」, meaning \"X\nexhausts me.\"\n\n体{たい}育{いく}の授{じゅ}業{ぎょう}でへとへとです/になる。",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-21T22:44:39.963",
"id": "47634",
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"body": "It turns out that, in a perhaps surprising display of semantic flexibility,\n疲れる can be used in a sense comparable to \"tiring\" or \"exhausting\". (Though I\nstop well short of calling 疲れる used in this way an adjective.) So you can say:\n\n> 体育の授業は疲れます。(PE class is exhausting.)\n\nTwo of bona fide adjectives you may also consider in this situation are しんどい\nand きつい.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T03:42:09.110",
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| 47633 | 47634 | 47644 |
{
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"body": "I am familiar with the formula: 連用形+に+動の動詞 (行く、来る、帰る、戻る、出かける、出る) which means\n\"moving somewhere with a purpose\", where \"moving\" is a template for going,\ncoming, returning, etc.\n\nE.g.\n\n> 林さんは何をしに来たのですか。Why did Hayashi come?\n>\n> 本を借りに来たんです。He came to borrow a book.\n\nCan a noun+に be used in the same manner to express purpose?\n\nE.g. can 健診に be used as the purpose for the verb いく?\n\n> 林さんは **健診に** 病院に行った。Hayashi went to the hospital for medical examination.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-21T23:30:18.250",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47635",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-22T19:38:43.510",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Can a noun with adverbial particle に be used to express \"going somewhere with a purpose\"?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "The [google\ndictionary](https://www.google.com.au/search?q=%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3&gws_rd=cr,ssl&ei=6TgkWeXoEYi98QXN_4qoCw)\nthat popped up from my google search has 7 definitions. Number 1 seems to be\nthe most relevant to your question.\n\nThe part which relates to purpose is as follows:\n\n> 動詞が表す動作・作用が向かう対象を示す。「山―登る」\n>\n> 《移動に関する動詞と共に使って》 動作・作用による到達点を示す。 「京都―着く」 _[1st]_...\n>\n> 動作・作用の目的とする、もの・ことを示す。「頭痛―きく薬」 _[2nd]_...\n\nAs far as purpose is concerned, に can be used with a verb related to movement\nto show destination or what is attained (1st). (Sorry; my translation is very\nrough). In addition, it can show the purpose of a verb's action or operation\n(2nd).\n\nThe last example sentence reads: \"a medicine that is effective for headaches.\"\nHere the に is clearly used to express purpose.\n\nHope this helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T14:12:09.267",
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| 47635 | null | 47677 |
{
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"body": "What is the function of から in the beginning of the song by 浅川マキ?\n\n> 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗る **から**\n>\n> 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗るのよ",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T00:12:46.173",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"song-lyrics",
"conditionals",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "What is function of から in conditional statement?",
"view_count": 255
} | [
{
"body": "It means because, but to the reason that is pointed out by the \"because\" is\nnot written in this sentence. Probably was mentioned in the previous sentence.\n\n> A:どうしてそんなに早く寝にいくの？ \n> B:夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗る **から**\n>\n> A:Why you go to sleep so early? \n> B: **Because** I ride the earliest train in the morning.\n\nNote that から can also be used to mean **from** or **after/and then** but when\nthis kind is used after a verb, it must be in its て form.\n\n> 乗ってから･･･",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T00:18:40.020",
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{
"body": "Here are the [original lyrics](http://sp.uta-\nnet.com/search/kashi.php?TID=27185):\n\n> 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗る **から** \n> 切符を用意してちょうだい \n> 私のために一枚でいいからさ \n> 今夜でこの街とはさよならね \n> わりといい街だったけどね\n\nThe から in the first line simply means \"because\", and the first line works as\nthe reason for the second line. \" **Because** I will ride the first train when\ndawn breaks, please arrange a ticket (for me).\" or \"I will ride the first\ntrain when dawn breaks, **so** please arrange a ticket (for me).\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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{
"body": "Here are the [original\nlyrics](http://j-lyric.net/artist/a00283c/l004934.html):\n\n【セリフ】 _narrated_\n\n> (1) 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗る **から** \n> (2) 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗るのよ\n\n(3) 夜が明けたら 夜が明けたら\n\n【歌】 _sung_ \n(4) 夜が明けたら一番早い汽車に乗るから \n(5) **切符を用意してちょうだい** \n(6) 私のために一枚でいいからさ \n(7) 今夜でこの街とはさよならね \n(8) わりといい街だったけどね\n\nThe questioner showed only lines (1) and (2) of the lyrics, and asked us the\nmeaning of から in line (1). \nNow we know the answer is line (5), which is the reason of から in line (1).\n\nHow do you guess line (5) by the hint of lines (1) and (2)? \nIt's a very difficult problem.\n\nI think naruto's answer is correct, but stack reader's answer is more than\nthat.\n\nLet's consider the structure of the lyrics. \nI think the normal order of these sentences/lines are as:\n\n(3) 夜が明けたら 夜が明けたら \n(2) 夜が明けたら（私は）一番早い汽車に乗るのよ\n\n(1) 夜が明けたら（私は）一番早い汽車に乗る **から** \n(4) 夜が明けたら（私は）一番早い汽車に乗るから \n(5) **切符を用意してちょうだい**\n\nLines (3) and (2) make one sentence which expresses the strong will of _me_. \nLines (1) , (4) and (5) make another sentence which tells someone else the\nreason why _I_ need a ticket for the train.\n\nThere is the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or\ninfluence people, which is called rhetoric. Hyperbaton and anastrophe are\ntypical terms of rhetoric and they would alter or invert the syntactic order\nof the words in a sentence or separate normally-associated words in order to\nemphasize or make effect in a much greater degree. Usually the rhetoric is\ndone in a sentence, but in these lyrics it is done between sentences, which, I\nthink, is a very high technique of rhetoric. The reason it could achieve this\nhigh technique is that the same phrase as line (4) is placed at line (1) just\nlike laying an underplot there.",
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| 47636 | 47645 | 47645 |
{
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"body": "How do you say that you like to do a verb?\n\nSome sentences i need translating are:\n\n 1. I like to watch TV\n 2. I like to sleep\n 3. I like to eat Pasta\n 4. I like learning languages",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-22T02:23:08.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47640",
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"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "22234",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "I like to do 'Verbs'",
"view_count": 567
} | [
{
"body": "Typically, you turn the verb into a noun using の or こと. Generally, <verb>+こと\nor の means something along the lines of \"the act of doing <verb>\". For\nexample,\n\nテレビを見るのが好きです。 \nterebi o miru no ga suki desu \nI like to watch TV.\n\n寝ることが好きです。 \nneru koto ga suki desu \nI like to sleep.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T02:31:23.310",
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| 47640 | null | 47642 |
{
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"body": "How would a grammatically correct sentence sound if you would want to say\nsomething like this?\n\n> Did A tell you to do/say X?\n\n> AさんはXを言ってって言ったの？\n\nor\n\n> AさんはXをしてって言ったの？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-22T02:27:44.790",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47641",
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"owner_user_id": "19952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "\"Did he tell you to do/say that?\"",
"view_count": 406
} | [
{
"body": "> \"Did A tell you to do/say X?\"\n\nＡさんはあなたにＸをするように言いましたか？ \nＡさんはあなたにＸと/を言うように言いましたか？\n\nYour answers:\n\n> 1. \"AさんはXを言ってって言ったの？\"\n> 2. \"AさんはXをしてって言ったの？\"\n>\n\n * Almost perfect!\n * Usually we omit _you_ , but in this case, _A_ told not _me_ but _you_ , so it's better not to omit _you_ in order to avoid ambiguity in the translation like: \n「ＡさんはＸをしてって **あなたに** / **あんたに** / **お前に** 言ったの？」\n\n * Double quotation marks which mark uttered phrases should be translated into 「」(鉤{かぎ}括弧{かっこ}). As for かぎかっこ, [here](https://yossense.com/blog-parenthesis/) is the way how to use it.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T06:15:03.593",
"id": "47650",
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| 47641 | null | 47650 |
{
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"body": "> さらに冬になれば雪が積もって交通の便が悪いし、暮らすにはいささか苦労が多い **のも** 難点だ\n\nI'm familiar with Vのは → Vのも for multiple nominalized items, but this use of it\nhas me stumped.\n\n\"Because of the transportation issues after the snow piles up, the slight\nhardships: (consists of) many issues\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-22T05:30:56.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47646",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-22T06:23:41.963",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-22T06:23:41.963",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"adjectives",
"particle-も",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Use of Adjective + のも",
"view_count": 2282
} | [
{
"body": "> I'm familiar with Vのは\n\nThen, you understand 暮らすにはいささか苦労が多い **のは** 難点だ.\n\nI think you are familiar with **も** which means _also_ or _too_ in the\nsentences as: \n「町には人 **が** 多い。車 **も** 多い。」 \n_\"There are a lot of people, also a lot of cars in the town.\"_\n\n「町に人が多い **のは** 当然だ。車が多い **のも** 当然だ。」 \n_\"It is natural that there are a lot of people in the town. It is also natural\nthat there are a lot of cars in the town.\"_ .\n\nNow, I think you understand the **のも** in the original sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T06:07:55.667",
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"body": "も in this context simply means \"also\". も can replace some particles such as は,\nを (i.e., のは → のも). And this の is a nominalizer which turns the preceding\nclause into a noun.\n\nThe nominalized part is a bit long: \"冬になれば雪が積もって交通の便が悪いし、暮らすにはいささか苦労が多い\".\n暮らすには苦労が多い literally means \"hardship is abundant to live\".\n\n> さらに[冬になれば雪が積もって交通の便が悪いし、暮らすにはいささか苦労が多い]の **も** 難点だ。 \n> Yet **another** problem is [that snow prevents us from getting around in\n> winter and there are various (other) troubles to live a life].",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T06:10:36.403",
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| 47646 | 47648 | 47648 |
{
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"body": "In his book [A Philosophy of\nLoneliness](http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo26297655.html)\nauthor Lars Svendsen describes two different types of \"being alone\".\n\n_Loneliness_ is used to name the feeling that you are alone, and you feel\ndesperate about this (i.e. you crave some kind of connection with others, and\ncannot get it, either because you are actually alone, or because you cannot\nsomehow reach out to others).\n\n_Solitude_ is instead the \"positive\" side of the same condition: you are alone\nbecause you like being alone (it could just be time you use to pursuit a\nhobby, for example, the classical \"me time\") but you are content if not\ndownright happy being alone.\n\nQuestion: is it possible to express these two different types of \"being alone\"\n(one negative, one positive) in Japanese?\n\n(If at all possible I'd prefer to use Kanji for this: most of my questions\nhere are for possible use of the words in my Shodo practice, but I am also\njust curious about how this can be expressed in the language, no matter how it\nis written).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T06:41:18.527",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-05-22T09:14:20.643",
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"owner_user_id": "1646",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Positive and negative Loneliness",
"view_count": 1486
} | [
{
"body": "**孤高{ここう}** seems the best for **solitude** , but it sounds a little bit\nstoical, and formal as ErikaO says in the comment. \nHow about **悠々{ゆうゆう}自適{じてき} / 悠悠{ゆうゆう}自適{じてき}**? \nI know it is not an exact translation for _solitude_ , but it could possibly\nbe the second best. It has not enough nuance of being alone explicitly than\n孤高{ここう}, but it sounds more gentle than 孤高.\n\n悠々自適 means _living by oneself free from worldly cares_. It could be used in a\nphrase like: \n悠々自適の生活{せいかつ}を送{おく}る or 悠々自適に暮{く}らす _to lead a life by oneself free from\nworldly cares_.\n\n* * *\n\nThere is an\n[article](http://loneliness.hatenablog.com/entry/2015/02/17/172511) on your\ntopic. The writer says there is not an exact Japanese term equivalent to\nsolitude except 孤高 which is not necessarily exact. In this article he shows us\na very interesting fact that the combination of \" _enjoy solitude_ \" hit far\nmore than that of \" _enjoy loneliness_ \" when he searched them on the\nInternet. I think this search result shows us the essential difference between\nthem.\n\nDon't you think to _enjoy solitude_ goes hand in hand with 悠々｛ゆうゆう｝自適｛じてき｝\n_living by oneself free from worldly cares_?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T13:50:28.877",
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"body": "A few thoughts come to mind. Alan Sillitoe's short story \"The Loneliness of\nthe Long-distance Runner\" (which is about the sense of freedom and peace a\nyoung delinquent has when he is allowed out of the reformatory to go cross-\ncountry running, so I'd say it was a positive emotion) is called\n「[長距離]{ちょうきょり}[走者]{そうしゃ}の[孤独]{こどく}」 in Japanese. In Wordsworth's poem \"The\nDaffodils\", the phrase \"the bliss of solitude\" (clearly positive) is\ntranslated both as [孤独]{こどく}の[至福]{しふく} and 一人きりの至福. The phrase 一人ぼっちの夜 in\nSakamoto Kyu's song 「上を向いて歩こう(涙がこぼれないように)」 is clearly negative. \"Carson\nMcCullers's \"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter\", about the ultimate impossibility\nof complete understanding between human beings, is 「愛すれど心さびしく」. I think\nさびしい/さびしさ is always negative.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 47651 | 47655 | 47655 |
{
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"body": "Is \"夛\" an alias for \"多\"? For example, I suppose that \"夛田\" is one of family\nnames in Japan, is it the same as \"多田\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T17:23:14.847",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Is \"夛\" an alias for \"多\"?",
"view_count": 229
} | [
{
"body": "[夛 is a variant of 多.](http://kanji.jitenon.jp/kanjim/6157.html) 音 and 訓's\nreadings are respectively タ and おお・い. So both kanji are same.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T18:30:05.970",
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"body": "While dictionaries say 夛 is a variant of 多, there are virtually no occasion\nwhere they are interchangeable. In fact, I have just learned 夛 is a variant of\n多. (They look so different!)\n\nWhen you construct a normal sentence, you always have to use 多, which is a\nvery basic kanji all children learn at school. If you used 夛い, people would\njust think you made some strange mistake.\n\n夛 is a rare kanji which is found only in some family names. 夛 is not a 常用漢字,\nand it is not even included in 人名用漢字, which means it is illegal to name a new\nbaby using 夛. FWIW, the _only_ person I know who has 夛 in their name is [Ken\nKutaragi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kutaragi).\n\nIn general, you should not change the appearance of kanji used in person\nnames. 久夛良木 is 久夛良木 and not 久多良木. 多田 is not 夛田. For details, see: [Use of 旧字体\nin Japanese names](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30507/5010)",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T05:19:53.657",
"id": "47673",
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| 47658 | null | 47673 |
{
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"body": "> ところが、引き返す **となったとたん** 、痛みがましてきた。 \n> However, just as it became _time to_ go back, the pain increased still\n> further.\n\nI don't understand the grammar of the part in bold. My translation is a best\nguess.\n\nI'm familiar with the use of とたん to mean 'just as', and なる to mean 'become',\nbut I don't know any grammar where と+なる can attach to a verb.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T18:11:08.273",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "Meaning of verb+となる",
"view_count": 643
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation is correct. As for the +となる part, allow me to explain:\n\nNormally, when something becomes something, normally you'd see +になる.\n\nHowever, using +となる implies a finality, as in having FINALLY become that stage\nof change.\n\nThe translation might become more correct if it were: \"However, just as it\n**ultimately** became time to go back, the pain increased still further.\"\n\n...or something to that extent. Hope this helps!",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T20:19:38.463",
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{
"body": "I think this 引き返す is a case of zero-nominalization (discussed here: [Zero-\nnominalisation - Why and\nWhen?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4489/zero-nominalisation-\nwhy-and-when)).\n\nThis means that it works, against all appearances, as a noun phrase, and is\npart of the familiar construction \"NP + と + なる\" (\"become NP\").\n\nHence \" **引き返す** となったとたん\" more or less equals \"as soon as [it] became **that\n[I'm] going back** \". (I'm trying to come up with a natural translation in\ncontext but keep drawing a blank.)\n\nWhereas the parallel of \"it became **time** to go back\" would be \"引き返す **時**\nに/となった\".",
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| 47659 | 47666 | 47661 |
{
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"body": "The いとへん (aka 糸部｛べきぶ｝) has two written forms, one written with three dots on\nthe bottom and one written with a 小 on the bottom. In modern Japanese computer\nfonts (esp. Mincho fonts), the latter form is used. In the K'ang-hsi (康熙)\nDictionary (which is the _de facto_ standard for the Japanese 旧字体), the later\nis treated as the standard writing shape.\n\nThe 当用漢字字体表 also uses the latter form as the standard, but meanwhile it also\nstates that, for the いとへん, 「点画の...方向...必ずしも拘束しないものがある」. (see, e.g., the 文化庁's\npage\n[here](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kakuki/syusen/tosin05/index.html)).\n\nTherefore, could both written shapes of the いとへん be considered equally correct\nin handwriting? Which would be more common, in casual and formal handwriting,\nrespectively?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-22T20:45:36.643",
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"owner_user_id": "19346",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Two shapes of the いとへん",
"view_count": 150
} | [
{
"body": "The \"小\" version is the standard form which is taught at elementary school. The\n\"three-dots\" version is considered equally correct, and is mainly used by old\npeople and by people who are good at cursive scripts (行書) or calligraphy.\nWhile the \"three dots\" version will look beautiful and natural if written by a\ngood writer, I would say ordinary people and beginners should usually use the\n\"小\" version.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 47663 | 47664 | 47664 |
{
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"body": "This is a bit esoteric, but it is something that came up recently when I was\nthinking about how to translate a piece of writing I have been working on for\na while into Japanese. In any case, one of the things that I wanted to refer\nto were \"four swords.\" Now, normally this would be 「四本の剣」or what have you, but\nI was wondering what to do based on the fact that three of them are western-\nstyle double-edged swords (剣{つるぎ}) and one of them is a Japanese-style single-\nedged katana (刀{かたな}).\n\nIs this a case of majority rule, where we white-wash the katana in order to\nconsider the four of them as a group, or is there an obligation to\ndisambiguate, since saying\n\n> この刀は伝説の四本の剣の一本\n\nis slightly confusing/awkward, at least to my eye. Is there any obvious choice\nbetween the two?\n\n* * *\n\nThis is a very narrow question, so I will extend it to:\n\n\"When grouping objects which are described using the same word in English (or\n◯語) but are different words/use different kanji in Japanese, should they be\nsplit or unified based on the majority?\"\n\nThere may not be a clear answer for this case, but it is certainly a more\nuseful answer than my very specific question.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T02:38:26.650",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice",
"terminology",
"plurals"
],
"title": "Referring to Group of Differentiated Objects",
"view_count": 135
} | [
{
"body": "In general, I think ignoring minor items just because they are minor is not a\ngood idea. Whenever you can, you should try to find a generic term which\ncovers everything (3人の男＋1人の女→4人の男女, 5匹の犬＋2匹の猫＋1匹の猿→8匹の動物, ...)\n\nIn this case, there is a word 刀剣【とうけん】, which obviously covers all 刀, 剣, ナイフ\nand such. Of course you can just use unspecific 武器 here and explain them in\ndetail in other sentences. That said, Japanese _katana_ has often been\nconsidered as a type of sword/剣 in many fictional works. Saying\nこの刀は伝説の四本の剣のうちの1本だ doesn't seem that odd to me unless you need\ntechnical/academic strictness.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T03:28:33.410",
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| 47669 | 47670 | 47670 |
{
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"body": "Is there a grammatical (or semantic) reason that explains why the opposite of\n便利（な） is 不便（な）rather than 不便利（な）。 I'm asking because I noticed a similar thing\npossibly occurring with 満足 and 不満 and was wondering if there was some\nunderlying information that could help me better understand Japanese grammar.",
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T04:18:41.960",
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"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "Why 不便 instead of 不便利?",
"view_count": 369
} | [
{
"body": "Many on-yomi kanji compounds were made by combining two kanji with _similar_\nmeanings.\n\n * 満足: 満 ≒ 足 ≒ suffice; satisfy\n * 便利: 便 ≒ 利 ≒ convenience; advantage\n * 明瞭: 明 ≒ 瞭 ≒ clear; visible\n\nThis is because the on-reading of each kanji is [very\nshort](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24376/5010) and people needed two\nkanji to disambiguate. For example, マン by itself is too ambiguous because it\ncan mean _ten thousand_ (万), _chronic_ (慢), etc.\n\nBut if you add 不, two kanji is often long enough and you may no longer have to\nsay two similar kanji. There is no such word as [*]不万 (non-ten-thousand?),\n[*]不慢 (non-chronic?), [*]不勉 (non-study?) or [*]不弁 (non-valve?).\n\n * 不満\n * 不便\n\nFor some compounds, you cannot omit kanji at all (eg 不連続, 不確実). Or omitting\none kanji may change the meaning a bit (eg 不明 = unknown vs. 不明瞭 = obscure).\nBasically you'll have to memorize each word individually.",
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| 47671 | 47672 | 47672 |
{
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"body": "I've been given the following sentences, and I'm supposed to fill in the\nblankets with particles.\n\n 1. Katō-san wa getsu-yōbi ( ) ka-yōbi ( ) Nihon ( ) kaerimasu.\n 2. Atama ga itai desu ( ) netsu ( ) arimasu ( ) kaze da ( ) omoimasu.\n\nHere are my attempts:\n\n 1. Katō-san wa getsu-yōbi **mo** ka-yōbi **ga** Nihon **ni** kaerimasu.\n 2. Atama ga itai desu **o** netsu **o** arimasu **ga** kaze da **o** omoimasu. \n\nWhat particles should I use?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-23T09:38:53.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47675",
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"owner_user_id": "22247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Help with particles",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "> **Question 1: Katō san wa getsu-yōbi (１) ka-yōbi (２) Nihon (３) kaerimasu.** \n> Your answer: Katō san wa getsu-yōbi (も) ka-yōbi (が) Nihon (に) kaerimasu. \n> My answer: Katō san wa getsu-yōbi (か) ka-yōbi (に) Nihon (へ) kaerimasu.\n\n * に in (3) also makes sense, so your answer is correct. \n * You can't depart to Japan at the same time on Monday and also on Tuesday, so (1) couldn't be も. \n * As for (2), if you use が there, then the phrase becomes like \"ka-yobi is going to return to Japan\". It's not ka-yobi but Katō-san that is going to return to Japan. \n\n> **Question 2: Atama ga itai desu (４) netsu (５) arimasu (６) kaze da (７)\n> omoimasu.** \n> Your answer: Atama ga itai desu (を) netsu (を) arimasu ( ~~が~~ か) kaze da (\n> ~~を~~ と) omoimasu. \n> My answer: Atama ga itai desu (＊) netsu (＊) arimasu (＊＊) kaze da (と)\n> omoimasu.\n\nI suggest you first think of a logical English translation for your answer\n_Atama ga itai desu (を) netsu (を) arimasu (が) kaze da (を) omoimasu_ by\nconsulting the following hints:\n\n * Atama ga itai desu ([4]{L}) = I have a headache [and]{LLL} \n\n * netsu (5) arimasu ([ 6 ]{LLL}) = I have a fever, and [therefore]{LLLLLLLLL} \n\n * kaze [da(7)]{LLLLL} omoimasu. = I guess/think [that]{LLLL} I have a cold.",
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| 47675 | 47676 | 47676 |
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"body": "In a video, with the importance of honorific language in Japanese society\nestablished as the topic, one person said to another:\n\n> 社会に出るって、大変ですね。\n\nWhich of the following is a better translation:\n\n 1. When you go out into society, it can be so difficult. \n 2. Going out into society can be so difficult.\n\ncan the Japanese be re-phrased as either of:\n\n 1. 社会に出るのが大変ですね。\n 2. 社会に出ると、大変ですね。\n 3. 社会に出たら、大変ですね。\n\nare either of these the same usage pattern:\n\n 1. 日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ません。( _I can't read the Nikkei yet._ )\n 2. 日経新聞を読むって、困ります。( _When I read the Nikkei, I get frustrated._ )",
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"tags": [
"nominalization",
"adverbial"
],
"title": "Translation of \"社会に出るって、大変です。\"? Same meaning as \"社会に出るのが大変です。\"?",
"view_count": 340
} | [
{
"body": "The usage of the phrase って can take a little getting used to but it's really\njust a shorter version of と言って (\"speaking of\").\n\nThe case of \"社会に出るって、大変ですね。\" the speaker is bringing up the idea of going into\nsociety as a topic of thought or conversation that introduces what he's about\nto say about it (maybe they were just talking about it or he wants to bring it\nup as a new topic of discussion). \"Speaking of going into society, it's tough\nisn't it.\"\n\nBut when you use のが the phrase becomes much more definitive and informational\nby turning the clause into a noun. \"Going into society is hard, isn't it.\"\n\nThe same idea is being conveyed but the first one is much more conversational\nand personal while the latter is more direct and informational.\n\nUsing と and たら turns the phrase into a conditional. \"If you go into society,\nit is hard, isn't it.\" This also gives it a different feeling but has the same\ninformation.",
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"body": "A good way to think about approaching って in this sort of case is to assume\nwhat comes before it is a quotation, as a full sentence if possible. Then, by\nusing って, you're \"speaking of\" it. For example:\n\n社会に出るって、大変ですね。 \n「社会に出る」って、大変ですね。 \nSpeaking of \"Going out into society\", it's tough, isn't it?\n\n日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ません。 \n「日経新聞を読む」って、まだ出来ません。 \nSpeaking of \"Reading the Nikkei newspaper\", I still can't do it.\n\n日経新聞を読むって、困ります。 \n「日経新聞を読む」って、困ります。 \nSpeaking of \"Reading the Nikkei newspaper\", it troubles me.\n\nOf course, I'm adding in the quotation brackets for clarification here, and\ncolloquially speaking there are better ways of phrasing the translation that\nresults from this, but this way the meaning might be clearer to see.",
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"body": "I think \"When you go out into society, it can be so difficult\" focuses \"after\ngoing out into society\" and \"Going out into society can be so difficult\"\nfocuses \"the moment to go out into society\". Am I right?\n\n社会に出るって、大変ですね can mean both meanings but I think it seems to focus \"after\ngoing out into society\". 社会に出るのが大変ですね focuses \" the moment to go out into\nsociety\".\n\n社会に出ると、大変ですね and 社会に出たら、大変ですね focus \"after going out into society\"\n\nI think 日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ません and 日経新聞を読むって、困ります are unnatural. There may be some\nunnatural words which follow って. They would be translated as 日経新聞がまだ読めません and\n日経新聞を読むと、イライラする.\n\nHowever I think 日経新聞を読むって、楽しい makes sense. In this case, \"When I read the\nNikkei newspaper, I am fun\" and \"Reading the Nikkei newspaper is fun\" are\nalmost the same meaning, aren't they?",
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"body": "> 社会に出る **って** 、大変ですね。\n\nThe って is used in the sense of:\n\n> って \n> ㊁〘副助〙 \n> ❶ 軽い **詠嘆** を込めて、（引用する気持ちで）題目を取り上げる。・・・というのは。「別れるとき **って** いつもこうだ。」「おれ\n> **って** 、何てばかなんだ。」 \n> （明鏡国語辞典）\n\nThe って is used to introduce a topic (as if quoting it) with a light\n_exclamation/admiration_. It can be rephrased as ～というのは.\n\n> Which of the following is a better translation: \n> 1. When you go out into society, it can be so difficult. \n> 2. Going out into society can be so difficult.\n\nI think #2 is closer to the original Japanese. More literally, \"Speaking of\ngoing out to society/the world, it is tough, right?\" I think you could\ntranslate it as \"To be a working member of society is so tough!\"\n\n> can the Japanese be re-phrased as either of: \n> 社会に出るのが大変ですね。 \n> 社会に出ると、大変ですね。 \n> 社会に出たら、大変ですね。\n\nI'd rephrase it as 社会に出る **というのは** 、大変ですね。 or maybe 社会に出る **のは** 大変ですね。\n\n> are either of these the same usage pattern: \n> 日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ません。(I can't read the Nikkei yet.) \n> 日経新聞を読むって、困ります。(When I read the Nikkei, I get frustrated.)\n\nThese Japanese sentences don't sound very natural to me, I'm afraid. \nI think you could use this って more like this way:\n\n> 日経新聞を読むって、難しいです。/ 大変です。(Reading the Nikkei is difficult.) \n> 日経新聞を読むって、イライラします。/ 苦痛です。/ しんどいです。(Reading the Nikkei is\n> frustrating/painful.)",
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"body": "Literal translations:\n\n> 社会に出るって、大変ですね。 _\" Going out into society\", it's (something) tough, isn't\n> it?_\n>\n> 社会に出るのが大変ですね。 _It's tough to go out into society, isn't it?_\n>\n> 社会に出ると、大変ですね。 _When you go out into society, it's tough, isn't it?_\n>\n> 社会に出たら、大変ですね。 _Once you go out into society, it's tough, isn't it?_\n\nWhether you can rephrase or not depends on context.\n\n* * *\n\n> 日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ません。 _\" Reading Nikkei\", it's still impossible (to people)._\n>\n> 日経新聞を読むって、困ります。 _\" Reading Nikkei\", it has trouble._ (??)\n\nThe problem on the first sentence is that, as you can see, this construction\ntells general trait of, or those which can be attributed to the content before\nって. You cannot put _your_ quality in its place.\n\n> cf. 地震予知って、まだ出来ません。 _\" Earthquake prediction\", it's still impossible._\n\nIf you really want to convey your idea through this construction:\n\n> 日経新聞を読むって、まだ出来ない **ん** です。 _\" Reading Nikkei\", it's **what** (I) still\n> can't._\n\nFor the second one, you have a misunderstanding on the meaning of 困る.\n\n> 日経新聞を読むって、もどかしい (felt impatient)／つらい (painful)／しんどい (toilsome)です。",
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| 47678 | 47697 | 47697 |
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"body": "So I was trying to translate this song (full lyrics:\n[反芻の印象](http://vocaloidlyrics.wikia.com/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8A%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1_\\(Hansuu_no_Inshou\\)))\nand I came across this phrase that I believe has omitted words:\n\n> 特急列車は相も変わらず閑古鳥\n\n\"The limited express is, as usual, a cuckoo\", would be my literal translation.\nAs this doesn't make any sense, I would think that 閑古鳥 is just a shortened\nform of the idiom 閑古鳥が鳴く (\"business is slow/ (a store is) empty\", is basically\nhow my dictionary gives it), so I would think that \"The limited express is, as\nusual, empty,\" would be the translation. Is that correct? I was unsure about\nthe omitted words.\n\nHowever, the next line of the song is\n\n> 星座の光 線路の隙間に茂る雑草\n\n(Under the light of the constellations, the spaces between the railroad tracks\ngrow thick with weeds) and I would think it is possible that 閑古鳥 goes with\n星座の光, though it does seem to be in a different phrase. Still, I thought this\ncould be a possibly, since the omitted words bother me. Thank you for your\nhelp!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "A possible series of omitted words in 「特急列車は相も変わらず閑古鳥」",
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{
"body": "I'm all with your first interpretation - that the \"閑古鳥\" is a reduced form of\nthe idiomatic expression, and therefore does not refer to the bird itself.\nIt's the most likely and natural one. Your translation seems spot-on.\n\nAs for the alternative reading, I personally don't see how 閑古鳥 and 星座の光 can be\nlinked.\n\n(My overall impression of the whole lyrics is that they are highly cryptic in\nsome places, using and connecting words in an unconventional way, and\nfragmented in others, dropping a slew of images and ideas without obvious\nrelation, though there are sporadic moments of relieving clarity here and\nthere. The style is much different from how we recount a story or describe\nthings and thoughts in practical, everyday communication, as is expected of a\npiece of poetry.)",
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"body": "I think 閑古鳥 links with 線路の隙間に茂る雑草. It's mean trains rare to run on the\nrailroad tracks, since few passenger use this line, trains don't come very\noften.\n\n星座の光 links with 特急列車, probably it comes from Japanese famous juvenile\nliterature 銀河鉄道の夜(English title is \"The Night of the Milky Way Train\"). When\nit comes to limited express and the constellations, many Japanese associate it\nwith that story.",
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"body": "I was translating a song (full lyrics:\n[http://vocaloidlyrics.wikia.com/wiki/反芻の印象_(Hansuu_no_Inshou)](http://vocaloidlyrics.wikia.com/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8A%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1_\\(Hansuu_no_Inshou\\))\n) and found this phrase which I am very confused about: 「お切らせ願います。」 \"Please\nmake (let) it cut\" is what it literally means, I think. In the song, they're\non a train, and the conductor/some official said this; the only thing I think\nthat this could mean is something like \"Tickets please!\" as in, to hold out\ntheir tickets so that they can be punched (cut). I feel like this is reaching\ntoo far, though.\n\nCan someone tell me what this expression means in this context? Thank you!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Strange phrase? 「お切らせ願います。」",
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"body": "I looked over the lyrics, and I think it's a matter of perspective:\n\n通過駅に佇む影法師 \nAt the station where trains don't stop, a halted silhouette \n \n座席の向かいは鈍色シート \nA dark gray sheet where the seat is. \n \n「お切らせ願います。」 \n\"I want you to rip me up.\"\n\nI am assuming that the context here is that the sheet is asking to be torn,\nmaybe it's text written on it, or maybe it looks as if it wants to be ripped\nup. Thinking of お切らせ in the causative honorific form of 切る (to cut, rip, etc.)\nand 願います as to wish, it's basically being asked to be torn. That's what I was\nable to interpret, anyway.",
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"body": "I don't know this song, but 「お切らせ願います。」is a sentence you could hear on some\ntrains such as shinkansen although I'm not sure is widely used anymore.\n\nIt is a polite way the person in charge uses to ask you for the ticket so that\nhe/she can \"cut it\" (I think nowadays they \"punch it\" putting a hole on it).\nAs far as I know one reason for doing this is that some stations (usually\nsmall ones in the countryside) do not have gates or staff to check the\ntickets.\n\nI am not sure if the expression uses 切る for some historical reasons (like\nmaybe in the past they used to cut it).\n\nSo the sentence can be loosely translated as \"please show me your ticket\". In\nthe context of the song though I am not sure what's the exact meaning. It\ncould be just a \"pause\" indicating that at some moment some asked for the\nticket, but depending on the rest of the lyrics could be as well a figurative\nway to indicate something else. I am not sure but the other answer seemed a\nbit too far off.\n\nPS: Below I cut and paste a comment from a user on [this\nwebpage](http://moon.ap.teacup.com/deka2/487.html). From it you can have an\nidea of the situation and regular use of such a sentence (although it seems\nthey are discussing keigo here):\n\n> 私が高校のころ、名古屋ではまだ誰でも標準語をしゃべれるわけではなかったので、敬語・丁寧語の類では笑えないものがありました。\n> 市バスの車掌さん（なつかしい！）が「 **切符をお切らせいたします** 」なんて言うもんだから、切符を切らせてもらえるのかと思ったら「\n> **お切らせ願います** 」の間違いだったとかね。",
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"body": "Interesting, I initially thought お切らせ願います was a typo for something, but this\nseems to be an actual phrase that was used by train/bus conductors until the\n1960's (the middle Showa era). So it fits very well with the nostalgic lyrics\nof this song.\n\n> *\n> 〔昔は〕「切符を切ります」「乗換を切ります」〔今は〕「切符をお切らせ願ひます」「切符を切らせていたゞきます」「乗換をお切りいたします」「乗換を切らない方は\n> **お切らせ願ひます** 」 ([浅野信『巷間の言語省察』,\n> 1933](http://kotobakai.seesaa.net/article/8174255.html))\n> * 早速で恐れ入りますが只今御乗車の方は乗車券の **お切らせを願います** ([中村メイ子『田舎のバス』,\n> 1955](http://j-lyric.net/artist/a053b62/l0204ae.html))\n> * (interview with a retired conductor)\n> シミューレータで「乗車券をお持ちの方はお求めください」と言っているが、お求めではなく **お切らせ願います** 。」 ([しでんの学校\n> 横浜市電車掌さん・運転士さんにお話を聞く会](http://c5557.photoland-\n> aris.com/0001/sidennogakkou-160917.htm); 横浜市電 was taken off in 1972)\n> *\n> 当社にはピーク時の昭和41年ごろ、1500人もの女性車掌が活躍していた。中卒者が多く、白い襟に濃紺の制服、制帽姿の彼女たちは腰のベルトに革カバンを吊り下げ、両切りパンチを片手に『乗車券を\n> **お切らせ願います** 』と、揺れ動く車内を巧みにバランスをとりながら動き回って乗車券を発売したり、乗客を誘導整理した。([北海道バス協会,\n> 北海道のバス事業の歴史](http://www.hokkaido-bus-kyokai.jp/rekishi/reki13.html))\n>\n\n* * *\n\n`お/ご + noun + 願います` is a way of politely asking something. We still commonly\nhear ご確認願います, ご承知願います, お伝え願います, お声がけ願います, etc.\n\n切らせ is the masu-stem of 切らせる (\"to let someone cut\"; see: [masu-stem as a\nnoun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010)), so お切らせ願います literally\nmeans \"Please let (me) cut (your ticket)\".\n\nUntil around 1990, conductors of express trains checked the ticket of each\npassenger and [physically \"clipped\" it](http://kotarobs.blog.so-\nnet.ne.jp/2009-05-05). Physical clippers has been completely replaced by\nrubber stamps and electric devices, but we still hear 切符を切る as an idiom that\nmeans \"issue/check a ticket\" (eg 交通違反の切符を切られる = \"to get a traffic ticket\").\n\nWe no longer hear お切らせ願います in Japanese trains and buses. But judging from the\nexamples above, お切らせ seems to have included not only checking/clipping tickets\nbut also selling/issuing tickets on board.",
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"body": "Is there a Japanese equivalent to English's 'Can I go to the bathroom' vs.\n'May I go to the bathroom'? You know, a disagreement over whether to use a\nphrase that feels correct(and I'd argue is correct) vs. a phrase that is more,\nyou know, \"Politically Correct\" in a way.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Is there a Japanese equivalent to English's \"'Can I go to the bathroom' vs. 'May I go to the bathroom'\"?",
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{
"body": "There is an expression that has annoyed me for these past several years.\n\nThat is an expression 「 **これでよろしかったでしょうか** 」 which means \" _Was this all right\n(for you)?_ \" and is often said to me as a customer by a salesclerk in a store\nor a shop at a checkout counter. \nIt was the time of the payment in a supermarket several years ago that I heard\nit for the first time. Because I never talked with the salesclerk before then\nin the supermarket, I felt a sense of incongruity when I was asked by the\nphrase as 「これでよろしかったですか？」 or \"Was this all right?\" in a past tense.\n「これでよろしいですか？」 or \"Is this all right?\" was the phrase I expected instead.\n\nIn the case when you should logically use the present tense in English, I know\nwell that the past tense like \"I would ...\" is usually used to soften a\nphrase, but I didn't think we used Japanese in that way.\n\nAfter the first experience, it seems that I would hear the expression more and\nmore often. I continue feeling the similar sense of incongruity up to the\npresent, but the expression seems to be becoming recognized to soften the\nphrase in the same way as English.\n\nTirous, was this all right?\n\n* * *\n\nProbably apart from the questioner's topic I found some examples of seemingly\nor logically contradictory Japanese expressions,\n[here](http://ch.nicovideo.jp/egweb/blomaga/ar89387),\n[here](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E3%81%91%E3%81%AF%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E7%82%BA%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A)\nand [here](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/8233035.html), which are like:\n\n * 反則｛はんそく｝勝｛が｝ち 【反則｛はんそく｝負｛ま｝けの対戦者｛たいせんしゃ｝？】 \n * 立派｛りっぱ｝な犯罪｛はんざい｝ 【どんな犯罪{はんざい}ですか？】 \n * 体｛からだ｝をお厭{いと}いください 【「厭｛いと｝う」は本来｛ほんらい｝、嫌{きら}う、いやがるの意味｛いみ｝】 \n * 感謝｛かんしゃ｝の言葉｛ことば｝もありません 【大変｛たいへん｝感謝｛かんしゃ｝しているときに使｛つか｝う】 \n * いい加減｛かげん｝ 【間違｛まちが｝って「中途｛ちゅうと｝半端｛はんぱ｝」「無責任｛むせきにん｝」「手抜｛てぬ｝き」の意味｛いみ｝で使｛つか｝われている】 \n * 適当｛てきとう｝ 【本来｛ほんらい｝「適切｛てきせつ｝」の意味｛いみ｝だが、「いい加減｛かげん｝」の誤用｛ごよう｝と同｛おな｝じ類｛たぐい｝の誤用｛ごよう｝】 \n * ウソをつけ！ 【「ウソをつくな！」 _Don't tell me a lie!_ の意味｛いみ｝で使｛つか｝われている】 \n * 生｛い｝きている化石｛かせき｝ 【化石｛かせき｝は生｛い｝きていない】 \n * カラーワイシャツ 【colored white shirt】 \n * ピンクの白衣｛はくい｝ 【ピンク色｛いろ｝の看護婦｛かんごふ｝さんの制服｛せいふく｝】 \n * 情｛なさ｝けは人｛ひと｝の為｛ため｝ならず 【\" _Kindness is never lost_ \" is misinterpreted as \" _Kindness never do others good_ \".】 \n * もっとも好｛す｝きなことの１つ 【「最{もっと}も」は最初{さいしょ}から１つしかない】 \n * 炎天下｛えんてんか｝の下｛もと｝ 【「下｛した｝の下｛した｝」はどこ？】 \n * 全然｛ぜんぜん｝大丈夫｛だいじょうぶ｝ 【「全然｛ぜんぜん｝駄目｛だめ｝」なら正｛ただ｝しい使｛つか｝い方｛かた｝】 \n * 後｛あと｝で後悔{こうかい}する 【後悔｛こうかい｝は前｛まえ｝にはできない】 \n * 元旦{がんたん}の朝｛あさ｝ 【正｛ただ｝しくは元日{がんじつ}の朝｛あさ｝。「元旦｛がんたん｝」は「元日｛がんじつ｝の朝｛あさ｝」のこと。】",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-24T05:46:07.830",
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{
"body": "A bit of an aside, this happens often when using 尊敬語, albeit in reverse --\nusing でございます on a phrase in 丁寧語 form structure/vocabulary doesn't always make\nthe phrase more polite, it might actually make it less polite.\n\nLikewise with mixing between 丁寧語 and 尊敬語: Here, the preference is to stick\nwith what you know fully, and stick to one mode of speech. Changing the level\nof politeness mid conversation might leave a sour taste (for example,\nswitching mid conversation from 丁寧語 to 尊敬語 might make the other person feel\nmocked, while the inverse might make the other person feel like you've lost a\nlevel of respect, which is equally degrading). Of course, the exception is at\nthe request of the other person.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-25T00:13:53.263",
"id": "47716",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 47693 | 47694 | 47694 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Please write the phrase in hiragana or romaji. All answers are appreciated :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T09:59:26.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47701",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-24T11:38:38.403",
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"owner_user_id": "22258",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"phrases",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How do you say \"Everyone in my family is Chinese\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 672
} | [
{
"body": "It's 私の家族は みんな 中国人 だ/です or so. みんな is an adverb here. When 私 is already a\ntopic, it's usually omitted i.e. （私は）家族はみんな中国人です.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T11:38:38.403",
"id": "47705",
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| 47701 | null | 47705 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47704",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> あなたのこと、そんなでもなかったんだよ…っ\n\nIt would clearly refer to the person she's talking to. It would be something\nlike that she doesn't have that kind of feeling about him but I'd like to make\nsure and know if the ... changes the meaning there.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T11:15:58.323",
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"id": "47703",
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"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "あなたのこと、そんなでもなかったんだよ",
"view_count": 96
} | [
{
"body": "I think it means \"I didn't like you very much\". Probably, そんなでもなかった in this\nsentence means そんな好きでもなかった.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T11:34:33.993",
"id": "47704",
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| 47703 | 47704 | 47704 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47707",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In the sentence\n\nそのアリスの謝罪は、 あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた、 本当にアリスらしい、偽悪の言葉だったけど。\n\nIs her apology false? My understanding is that her apology (unilaterally\ninterpreted) were words of falsehood",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T14:17:26.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47706",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T14:52:53.237",
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"owner_user_id": "19329",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Is the apology truthful or not?",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "From the sentence only, I understand that the apology was\n\n * [Too focused on \"アリス\"'s own point of view only, disregarding others](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88)\n * Very アリス-like\n * [pretense **of evil**](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%81%BD%E6%82%AA) (not falsehood)\n\nSo depending on what \"アリス\" usually means when she says bad things, this is\nprobably an instance of that.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-05-24T15:18:42.987",
"id": "47707",
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},
{
"body": "> そのアリスの謝罪は、 あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた、本当にアリスらしい、偽悪の言葉だったけど。\n\nGrammatically, そのアリスの謝罪 is the subject (marked with は) and 偽悪の言葉だった is the\npredicate. あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた and 本当にアリスらしい are modifiers that modify 偽悪の言葉. So\nbasically the sentence says アリスの謝罪は偽悪の言葉だった, \"Alice's apology was (comprised\nof) false-and-evil words.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T02:45:49.363",
"id": "47719",
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{
"body": "> (1) そのアリスの謝罪は、 あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた、 本当にアリスらしい、偽悪の言葉だったけど。 \n> Is her apology false?\n\nMy answer is No, in other word Alice's intention of apology was true.\n\nIf I parse the given sentence (1), it will become like:\n\n> (2) [そのアリスの謝罪は]【the apology of Alice】、 + (3) [あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた]【seized with\n> too one-sided interpretation】 + (4) [本当にアリスらしい]【seemed to be really of\n> Alice】 + (5) [｜ 偽悪の言葉だった ｜]【a phrase of pretending to be bad】 + (6) [ けど\n> ]【though】。\n\nPhrase (3) and (4) are modifiers, so sentence (1) becomes essentially (2) +\n(5) + (6) as:\n\n> (2) [そのアリスの謝罪は]【the apology of Alice】、+ (5) [｜ 偽悪の言葉だった ｜]【a phrase of\n> pretending to be bad】 + (6) [ けど ]【though】。 \n> (7) [そのアリスの謝罪は]【the apology of Alice】、[｜ 偽悪の言葉だった ｜]【a phrase of pretending\n> to be bad】 [ けど ]【though】。\n\nEssentially, sentence (1) and (7) have a same meaning, except for the case the\nomitted modifier (3) and (4) would change the essential meaning; which I tell\nyou later on.\n\nSentence (7) could imply the sentence \"the intention of her apology was true\"\nsyntactically and also semantically.\n\nI'll tell you why: \nSyntactically \"(6) けど though\" at the end of the sentence apparently reverses\nthe whole meaning of sentence (1) and (7), which could possibly give the\nanswer to the question.\n\nAnd,\n\n> (8) [アリスの謝罪の言葉は]【The phrase of Alice's apology is】 [偽悪の言葉だった]【that of\n> pretending to be bad】 [けど]【though】 [彼女の謝罪の心は本当だった]【the intention of her\n> apology is true】。 \n> (8)' [彼女の謝罪の心は本当だった]【The intention of her apology is true】。\n> [アリスの謝罪の言葉は]【The phrase of Alice's apology is】 [偽悪の言葉だった]【that of pretending\n> to be bad】 [けど]【though】。 \n> (9) [アリスの謝罪の言葉は]【The phrase of Alice's apology is】 [偽悪の言葉だった]【that of\n> pretending to be bad】 [けど]【though】 [彼女の謝罪の心は嘘だった]【the intention of her\n> apology is false】。\n\nSemantically, sentence (8) is far more effective in the sense of a drama or a\nnovel than sentence (9). \nOf course a rhetorical technique of anastrophe (syntactically correct order of\nsubject, verb and object is changed) is used to express (8) as (8)'.\n\nBy the way, I don't think sentence (9) make sense.\n\nLet's consider whether the omitted modifier (3) and (4) would change the\nessential meaning of (1) or not.\n\n★ As for the modifier (3) [あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた]【seized with too one-sided\ninterpretation】, it has two possible interpretations from a standpoint of the\nway of modifying.\n\nCase 1: Modifier (3) modifies アリスらしい in the other modifier (4)\n[本当にアリスらしい]【seemed to be really of Alice】. In this case the relating phrases\nmake a new modifier as:\n\n> (10) 本当に、あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われたアイスらしい （偽善の言葉だった）\n\nModifier (10) doesn't seem to change the meaning of sentence (1).\n\nCase 2: Modifier (3) simply modifies (5) 偽悪の言葉だった as:\n\n> (11) あまりにも一方的な解釈に囚われた （偽善の言葉だった）\n\nThis case also doesn't seem to change the meaning of sentence (1).\n\n★ As for the modifier (4) [本当にアリスらしい]【seemed to be really of Alice】, it\nmodifies and makes a phrase as:\n\n> [本当にアリスらしい]【seemed to be really of Alice】[｜ 偽悪の言葉だった ｜]【a phrase of\n> pretending to be bad】\n\nThis seems nothing to do with changing the meaning of (1).\n\nWith these consideration, the answer of the question is No or Alice's\nintention of apology was true; that is said at the beginning of the answer.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T10:53:28.777",
"id": "47730",
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| 47706 | 47707 | 47707 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Another がばいばあちゃん question. One sentence ends in もんじゃない which I understand as,\n「〜すべきではない（忠告など）」. But it's strange the verb preceding it should be in past\ntense.\n\nHere is the sentence in context.\n\n> 困ったことに、小学校に入る頃になると、俺はチョロチョロと夜中に家を抜け出しては、かあちゃんの店にでかけて行くようになったのだ。\n>\n> さっきも書いたように周りはスラム街である。\n>\n> そんなところを、ちっこい俺がチョロチョロやって来るのだから、 **かあちゃんも心配でたまったもんじゃない** 。\n\nI assume the translation would be something along the lines of: \"As I came to\nsuch a place and darted around, mama got terribly worried - a thing that was\nregrettably no good for her.\"\n\nIt would good if I could understand how past tense verbs can be used with\nもんじゃない.\n\nThanks in advance.\n\nEdit:\n\nI think I have answered my own question and have given an explanation below\nwith the appropriate translation of the passage in question.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T15:24:56.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47708",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T12:17:35.800",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "21868",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "母ちゃんも心配でたまったもんじゃない",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "The expression たまったもんじゃない is [similar to たまらない but\n_stronger_](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%82%E3%82%93%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84).\n\nSo the translation would be something like:\n\n> When I entered primary school, a new trouble developed. I used to sneak out\n> of the house at night and scurry through the streets on my way to her shop.\n> As I mentioned earlier, the area around my house was a slum. Knowing this\n> was no place for a little boy, Mama got worried sick and couldn't take it\n> any longer.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T17:23:24.410",
"id": "47710",
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| 47708 | null | 47710 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "47712",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "More specifically, is there a historical reason why some katakana characters\nlook similar to the hiragana ones, as the question suggests?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T19:45:23.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47711",
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"owner_user_id": "21836",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Why does the katakana ラ look similar to the hiragana う?",
"view_count": 20984
} | [
{
"body": "It is just a coincidence. As you (probably) know, both hiragana and katakana\ncame into existence as shorthand for kanji. Here's the graph shown on\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana). So you can see that ラ and う\nare derived from different kanji and just so happen to look similar.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/NofYJ.png)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T19:56:05.010",
"id": "47712",
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"owner_user_id": "78",
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"score": 10
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| 47711 | 47712 | 47712 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I was translating a song (full lyrics here:\n[反芻の印象](http://vocaloidlyrics.wikia.com/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8A%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1_\\(Hansuu_no_Inshou\\)))\nand there is an onomatopoeia in the middle which I don't understand. It's らん.\nIt repeats multiple times (you can hear it in the song on Youtube,\n[【初音ミク】反芻の印象【オリジナル曲】](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8nWZSiQd48), at\n[1:00](https://youtu.be/M8nWZSiQd48?t=59s)) and I don't know what it's trying\nto mimic. I can't find what it could mean anywhere, and I don't know what it\ncould be besides that. The song is about trains, so I'm assuming the sound\neffect is related to that, but really I have no idea what it's supposed to\nsound like, even after listening to it over and over.\n\nAdditionally, the line after that in the song is:\n\n> 裂けて 避けた\n\n(I tore it up and avoided it?) which I'm quite sure is a pun, which is why I'm\nhesitant to translate it as written, especially since it doesn't really make\ncontextual sense. (As the next lyric is 鈍行列車 点いて 消える きまぐれ信号, the slow train\nlights up (the night) and then vanishes, a whimsical signal - that makes sense\ntogether, but not with 裂けて 避けた.) Is this just a weird line, or is there some\nmeaning to these words, especially put together, that I'm not seeing?\n\nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T21:18:06.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47713",
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"owner_user_id": "19870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"meaning",
"onomatopoeia",
"puns"
],
"title": "Sound effect らん with unknowing meaning, and meaning of pun 裂けて 避けた",
"view_count": 346
} | [
{
"body": "Based on my judgement alone, I would say\n\n * らん＝ラン \"run\"\n * 裂けて 避けて is not a pun, merely a lyrical/rhythmic device\n * 「鈍行列車 / 点いて 消えて きまぐれ信号」= \" **normal train** / a capricious light/signal that lights up and goes out\" (the bold is for emphasis since 鈍行 and 列車 both mean \"normal/slow train\")\n\nI have no real basis for this, just instinct (not a native speaker so that\nisn't much to go on).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T21:57:40.710",
"id": "47715",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-24T21:57:40.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21802",
"parent_id": "47713",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The somewhat monotonous tone of this らん reminds me of the sound of Japanese\n[踏切 (railway crossing)](https://youtu.be/roQX6xtuvIw) since this is a song\nabout trains, but its sound is usually カンカン. I'm not sure if it's really\nrelated. らんらん, ラララ, ルルル and so on are often used as a meaningless phrase in\nsongs, so it can be simply meaningless. ([遠い日々](https://youtu.be/V9d-1XuqGCM)\nfrom _Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind_ is a famous song which only says\nらんらん.)\n\nAs for the \"裂けて 避けた\" line, I think it's a relative clause that modifies 鈍行列車.\nPlease notice nouns come _after_ the corresponding verbs on each line of that\nstanza. 鈍行列車 is a local train as opposed to express ones. So the literal\ntranslation would be \"A local train which was torn and avoided\". I'm not 100%\nsure, but my best guess is that this refers to [a passing\nloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_loop) (or\n[待避線](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%85%E9%81%BF%E9%A7%85) in Japanese),\nwhere a railroad is \"torn\" (branched) and express trains \"avoid\" local trains.\nThe following three lines seem to be also about a passing loop or a siding\n(signal light, railway switch, curved and aligned railroads). 使い捨て is \"single-\nuse\" or \"disposable\", but here it seems to refer to an old siding which is\nrarely used.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T02:21:54.270",
"id": "47718",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T03:39:20.343",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-25T03:39:20.343",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "47713",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 47713 | null | 47718 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I may just be misunderstanding the etymology of certain words, but I think of\ncertain jukugo e.g. 「大学生」as being derived from patterns like 「大 **学** の **学**\n生」, where there is a kanji-level shiritori, leading to a single occurrence of\noverlapping kanji when the two are merged. Is this merely a misconception on\nmy part, where in fact it is properly treated as 「（学）～生」applied to 「大学」; or is\nthis actually valid?\n\n* * *\n\nIn general, is there a [name for the] phenomenon where jukugo consisting of\nseveral atoms have certain kanji elided (*but not as in the case of 「東京大学＞東大」)\n?\n\nOther examples that I would tentatively cite as possible examples of this\nunverified pattern would be cases where duplicated/overlapping kanji are\nelided, such as:\n\n * 「新入部員」(new club member) = 「新 _入_ 」+「 _入_ **部** 」+「 **部** 員」 (newly enter + enter a club + club member) \n * If this is not the case, would it be 「新-」+「入部」+「～員」, or something between the two?\n\nor cases where non-overlapping kanji are elided such as in\n\n * 「 **入院** 」=「[病] **院** に **入** ること」, as opposed to 「×入病院」?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-24T21:38:25.380",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47714",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T12:26:46.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21802",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"compounds",
"morphology",
"linguistics"
],
"title": "Analyzing breakdown of jukugo",
"view_count": 520
} | [
{
"body": "I've never thought about the structure of a _jukugo_ before, but I find it\nvery interesting.\n\nAs for 新入部員, I think another interpretation like: 「新入」 _newly\nentered/entering_ + 「部員」 _club member_.\n\nI searched for something relating to this topic on the Internet, and I found\nsome of them [here](http://neccoya.com/Japanese/kanji/kanji302.html).\n\nBut I couldn't find the article that explains the way of making _jukugo_ by\neliding _kanji_ s; I would call it an \" ** _Eliding Technique_** or _Shritori\nTechnique_ \" only in this answer.\n\nBased on your Technique I recalled several _jukugo_ s like\n営業部部長⇔営業部長、横浜市市長⇔横浜市長、町内会会長⇔町内会長.\n\nAs for 営業部部長 and 営業部長, both mean a general manager of the sales department. We\nusually use 営業部長 based on your Technique but we use formally 営業部部長. When you\nwrite 営業部部長, I recommend you to write it as 営業部 部長 by inserting a space\nbetween the two words. So are the other examples other than the combination of\n営業部部長 and 営業部長.\n\nThere are various commentaries and opinions, for example, [right\nhere](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11163386521)\nabout the difference between 営業部部長 and 営業部長, but I understand both phrases\nhave the **same meaning** and are used **as the same meaning** commonly.\n\nIt is obvious that these opinions on the Internet couldn't explain rightly the\ncases of 横浜市市長⇔横浜市長、町内会会長⇔町内会長.\n\nAs for 営業部部長, in general, 営業部 is the name of an organization and 部長 is the\nname of the position/post of the organization.\n\nAs the combinations of organization names and the posts of the organization\nare almost eternity and there are a lot of examples where the last _kanji_ of\nthe organization name and the first _kanji_ of the post name are same, there\nmay be very many same cases that are managed by your **_Eliding Technique_**.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T05:14:25.423",
"id": "47723",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T05:23:02.567",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-25T05:23:02.567",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "47714",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The simple answer is: The assumption is incorrect. The merger of words does\nnot happen in the way you described. There are a huge number of patterns for\nforming jukugo, some historical, some current and many not very logical, but\nthe one shown I never encountered.\n\nIn the case of 大学生 we know its ethymology.\n\n学生 is the older word, commonly used at least since mmiddle Chinese. 大学生 was\ncreated at the end 19th century in Japan when an equivalent for \"universtiy\nstudent\" was needed. 大学 on the other hand is a shortening of 大学校 to 大学。Where\n学校 is the older word (and used since middle Chinese).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-21T12:26:46.380",
"id": "54654",
"last_activity_date": "2017-11-21T12:26:46.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26563",
"parent_id": "47714",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 47714 | null | 54654 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I want to say that I have a philosophy test today: きょうは哲学のテストにする is that OK?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T03:35:20.437",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "47720",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T05:45:15.107",
"last_edit_date": "2017-05-25T04:34:52.080",
"last_editor_user_id": "1805",
"owner_user_id": "22272",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "philosophy's test",
"view_count": 94
} | [
{
"body": "Assuming you are a student, I would use the very 受{う}ける or if it is formal\n受験{じゅけん}\n\n> きょうは哲学のテストを受ける。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T04:35:01.470",
"id": "47721",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T04:35:01.470",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"parent_id": "47720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "You can write:\n\n今日は哲学のテストがあります。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T04:39:32.167",
"id": "47722",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T04:39:32.167",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22248",
"parent_id": "47720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "If you are a student of a school, 哲学の「テスト」が「ある」 is used commonly when the test\nwill be done there, but 哲学の「試験」を「受ける」 is used to get something like a\ncertification or an entrance permit.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-05-25T05:45:15.107",
"id": "47724",
"last_activity_date": "2017-05-25T05:45:15.107",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "47720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 47720 | null | 47722 |
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