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{
"accepted_answer_id": "48291",
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"body": "Could you help me understand what is handwritten in this image? It is taken\nfrom a manga about boxing.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VOnxU.jpg)\n\nMy attempt:\n\n> 左ボディ→左アッパー右フック \n> 上(?)の打ち分け \n> オー(?)ックス(?)コンビネーション \n> を得意とする サンデーパンチ",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-10T23:56:51.883",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Help understanding this handwritten Japanese sentence",
"view_count": 184
} | [
{
"body": "左ボディ→左アッパー右フック \n上 **下** の打ち分け \nオー **ソド** ックス **な** コンビネーション \nを得意とする サンデーパンチ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-11T00:51:08.207",
"id": "48287",
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"body": "I believe in “上(?)の打ち分け” the (?) is 下 as in “上下の打ち分け”",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T00:51:59.197",
"id": "48288",
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"body": "> * 「オーソドックスなコンビネーションを得意とする」\n> * 「上下の打ち分け」 : 「左ボディ→左アッパー」\n> * 「 **サンデーパンチ** 」(止{とど}めの一発{いっぱつ})は「右フック」 \n> 止めの一発 means a punch that is thrown to gain a knockout.\n>\n\n * He is good at basic boxing combinations. / He is good at boxing combinations sticking to the basics. \n * Throwing punches high and low, or Going up and down: A left-hand body blow to A left uppercut \n * His **Sunday punch** is a right hook!\n\n**Sunday punch** : ＜US English＞ the most powerful and effective punch of a\nboxer, especially the punch used in trying to gain a knockout\n\n**サンデーパンチ** : [san-dê panchi] <日本語 Japanese> その選手が最も得意とするパンチのこと。 the punch\nthat a boxer is good at most\n\n[Reference](https://www.expertboxing.com/boxing-basics/how-to-box/7-basic-\nboxing-combinations): How to Box > 7 Basic Boxing Combinations\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/sDZoG.jpg)",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T06:22:40.957",
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]
| 48286 | 48291 | 48287 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48295",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> **才能があろうがなかろうが** 、そんなもん他人が決める事じゃない。どこの部に所属するかなんぞ俺が決める事だ\n\nI'm asking about the bolded clause. This is casual dialogue, in case there's\nany confusion about that.\n\nI don't normally put Japanese through Google Translate, but I did so here and\nthe clause was translated to \"Whether there is talent or not,\"... Why is that?\nI'd love to know the grammar rules behind this. Thanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T06:53:39.793",
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"last_editor_user_id": "10859",
"owner_user_id": "22505",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-が",
"volitional-form",
"dialogue"
],
"title": "What are the grammar rules behind this clause, 「才能があろうがなかろうが」?",
"view_count": 1133
} | [
{
"body": "ある means to have. なかる means to not have. Then あろうう is like shall have and なかろう\nis like shall not have. Then the whole thing あろうがなかろうが sounds like \"whether\nthey have it or not\". The whole thing roughly translates to \"whether they have\nthe talent or not is not for others to decide. Things like club membership are\ndecided by me\". Sounds like the context is a highschool or something.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T08:08:52.240",
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"body": "According to 明鏡国語辞典, the が is a conjunctive particle (接続助詞), and it expresses\n逆接の仮定条件 (contradictory hypothetical condition? \"even if~\"/\"no matter~~\") when\nattached to the volitional auxiliaries 「う・よう」「まい」.\n\nExamples:\n\n> * 人が何と言お **うが** 、私はやる。（言おうと(も)） \n> No matter what others may say, I'll do it.\n> * 私がどこに行こ **うが** 、君には関係ない。 (行こうと(も)) \n> No matter where I go, it's not your concern.\n> * どこにい **ようと** (も)、いつもあなたを想っています。 \n> No matter where I might be, I'll always be thinking of you. \n> ～と and ～が have the same meaning and are interchangeable in most situations,\n> but ～が can sound a bit stronger and is more often used for sentences with a\n> negative or decisive nuance, eg 「あなたには関係ない」「私の勝手だ」「絶対～～する」.\n>\n\n* * *\n\n> 「volitional form A (～う/よう) + が/と + volitional form B (～う/よう) + が/と 」\n\nThis is a fixed construction for saying \"(Regardless of) Whether A or B\"\n(「たとえAしたとしてもBしたとしても」 in a less literary way).\n\nIn this formula you use two different verbs/adjectives, which are ある and ない in\nyour example. 「あろう」 and 「なかろう」 are the volitional forms of 「ある」 and 「ない」,\nrespectively.\n\n「才能があろうがなかろうが」 here in your example literally means \"(Regardless of) Whether\nthere is talent or there isn't\", i.e., \"Whether I have talent or not.\" ＝「才能があろ\n**うと** なかろ **うと** 」.\n\nExamples:\n\n> * 結婚し **ようが** 、一人でい **ようが** 、私の勝手でしょ。(結婚しようと一人でいようと) \n> Whether I get married or stay single, it's none of your business.\n> * 雨が降ろ **うが** 風が吹こ **うが** 、私は行く。(雨が降ろうと風が吹こうと) \n> Whether it rains or blows, I'll go.\n>\n\n* * *\n\nYou could also rephrase your example as 「才能があろうが **あるまいが** 」「才能があろうと **あるまいと**\n」, repeating the same verb 「ある」:\n\n> 「volitional form (～う/よう) + が/と + **negative volitional (～まい)** + が/と」\n\nYou use this structure to mean \"(Regardless of) Whether ~~ _or not_ \"\n(「～ても～なくても」 or 「たとえ～たとしても～なかったとしても」 in a less literary way).\n\nIn this formula you repeat the same verb, first time in the affirmative\nvolitional form (～う・よう) and the second the negative volitional form (～まい).\n\nExamples:\n\n> * 君が気に入ろ **うが** 気に入る **まいが** 、これが僕のやり方だ。(気に入ろうと気に入るまいと) \n> Whether you like it or not, this is the way I do it.\n> * 信じ **ようが** 信じ **まいが** 、これは真実なのだ。(信じようと信じまいと) \n> It's true, whether you believe it or not.\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T08:38:02.597",
"id": "48295",
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"body": "> 才能があろうがなかろうが \n> - Whether there is talent or not, \n> - Whether I'm talented or not,\n\nThis is a phrase using the volitional to express **a lack of relation**.\n\nAs for the theme, I found a very simple and easy explanation\n[here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/volitional2) on the\nInternet, so I quoted it as it is including examples with some editing.\n\nBasically, we can use both volitional and negative volitional forms to say it\ndoesn't matter whether something is going to happen or not. This is done by\nattaching 「が」 to both the volitional and the negative volitional form of the\nverb that doesn't matter.\n\n> Using the volitional to express a lack of relation \n> •Attach 「が」 to the volitional and negative volitional form of the verb. \n> Examples \n> 1. 食べる → 食べ **よう** 、食べ **まい** → 食べよう **が** 食べまい **が** \n> 2. 行く → 行 **こう** 、行く **まい** → 行こう **が** 行くまい **が**\n\n## Examples\n\n1.あいつが大学に **入ろうが入るまいが** 、俺とは関係ないよ。 \nWhether that guy is going to college or not, it has nothing to do with me.\n\n2.時間が **あろうがあるまいが** 、間に合わせるしかない。 \nWhether there is time or not, there's nothing to do but make it on time.\n\n3.最近のウィルスは強力で、プログラムを **実行しようがしまいが** 、ページを見るだけで感染するらしい。 \nThe viruses lately have been strong and whether you run a program or not, I\nhear it will spread just by looking at the page.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T12:19:47.983",
"id": "48300",
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| 48292 | 48295 | 48295 |
{
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"body": "The definition of this seems to be \"in all directions,\" but I was wondering\n\"why\" this was the case. I'm guessing 四方 has to do with the four cardinal\ndirections, but I'm not sure what 八方 represents. Thanks for the help!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T08:19:17.183",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Explanation of 四方八方",
"view_count": 92
} | [
{
"body": "It simply [includes the four intermediate\ndirections](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/177871/meaning/m0u/%E5%85%AB%E6%96%B9/)\ntoo as a kind of emphasis.",
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"body": "Is there a colloquial phrase in Japanese that would be the same as or similar\nin meaning to the English phrase \"caught red handed\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T11:07:59.153",
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"id": "48297",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-11T13:59:22.203",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"slang",
"colloquial-language",
"phrases",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Japanese equivalent of \"caught red handed\"?",
"view_count": 1021
} | [
{
"body": "The idiomatic part \"red-handed\" can be translated with 現行犯(で).\n\nFor \"catch\" you use an appropriate form of 捕まる・捕える or 逮捕（する） or 取り押さえる.\n\nFor example,\n\n> 被疑者を現行犯で逮捕した。 \n> We caught the suspect red-handed.\n\nThere also appears to be a compound noun 現行犯逮捕（する） for \"being caught in the\nact / red-handed\".",
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| 48297 | null | 48304 |
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"body": "> マリコの部屋へ 電話をかけて \n> 男と遊んでる芝居 続けてきたけれど\n\nMy translation would be something like:\n\n> I called the place of Maiko to talk about the boy that I am playing around\n> with\n\nIs my translation of playing around with correct? Also, it refers to just one\nman, right?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-11T11:50:01.963",
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"id": "48299",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "「マリコの部屋へ 電話をかけて 男と遊んでる芝居 続けてきたけれど」",
"view_count": 156
} | [
{
"body": "> マリコの部屋へ 電話をかけて 男と遊んでる **芝居** 続けてきたけれど\n\n中島みゆきの「悪女」の出だしの歌詞ですね。\n歌詞全体をどう解釈するか[話題](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1417112029)になっている歌です。 \nIt is the start line of the lyrics of \"悪女 _akujo_ \" by a famous singer-\nsongwriter Miyuki Nakajima. How you interpret the whole lyrics is a\n[topic](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1417112029)\nalso in Japan.\n\n**芝居** in the given sentence is meant by the definition 1, not by 2 in the\nfollowing list.\n\n> 1. **to play a trick; to put up a false show; to deceive someone**\n>\n> 2. to put on a play; to present a play; to give a play\n>\n>\n\nSo, 「男と遊んでる芝居」means 「男と遊んでる **振り** _**making a pretense of** playing around\nwith a man_」.\n\n> Is my translation of playing around with correct?\n\nYes, she pretends to \"play around with a man\", but actually she is not playing\naround with any man.\n\n> it refers to just 1 man, right?\n\nYes and No. It might refers one man, **his boyfriend** , but at the time she\nis calling Mariko she is not playing around with him as you know.\n\nLast but not least, I posted my answer under the condition that I read only\nthe phrase given by the questioner without reading the lyrics written by\nMiyuki Nakajima. \nHowever, the interpretations of the first line of the lyrics by the people who\nhave read the whole of them seem to be **totally different** from that of me. \n[Here](http://komachi.yomiuri.co.jp/t/2007/0123/116443.htm?o=0&p=2) is a\nvariety of interesting interpretations. \nI recommend that you would make use of them for the training of your\nimagination after having read the whole of the lyrics. \nI would suggest that you guys would answer the question only from the\nstandpoint of how to interpret the \"芝居\" in the given phrase under the\ncondition of not having read the whole of the lyrics.",
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| 48299 | 48303 | 48303 |
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"body": "What are the differences between 風俗 and 売春?\n[jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%A3%B2%E6%98%A5) simply defines the\nformer as \"sex service\" and the latter as \"prostitution\", but I'm not sure how\ndifferent \"sex service\" is from \"prostitution\" when both of these forms of\nservices seem to involve women giving physical sex service directly to\ncustomers. Does it have anything to do with the involvement of coitus (vaginal\nor anal penetration)? How are they defined by law? Which one is illegal?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T12:28:53.030",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"law"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 風俗 and 売春?",
"view_count": 341
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{
"body": "There is a distinct difference in Japanese law. The Prevention of Prostitution\nLaw of 1956 (売春防止法) defines 売春 as \"engaging in sexual intercourse with all and\nsundry [不特定の人］in return for reward or the promise of reward\". The courts have\nconsistently interpreted \"sexual intercourse\" (性交) to refer to complete\nheterosexual intercourse involving penetration of the vagina by the penis, so\nno homosexual act or heterosexual act that does not involve such penetration\nis included. This is why it is pretty nearly impossible for the police to\nprosecute under this law - it's perfectly legal to offer, and even advertise,\nany services short of full (heterosexual) sex. And since such transactions\nusually take place behind closed doors, who's to know what goes on?\n\n風俗, on the other hand, has a much wider application. The 風適法 (Law Regulating\nEntertainment Businesses) includes under the head of \"entertainment\nbusinesses\" (風俗営業) bathhouses, massage parlours, cafes, coffee-shops,\ncabarets, pachinko parlours, amusement arcades and so on. In other words,\nplaces that might be on the fringes of the sex industry or might otherwise\ntempt young people into undesirable habits. (The law is specifically intended,\naccording to its preamble, to protect the moral well-being of the young.)\n\nI'll leave comments on the use of these two words in general speech to native\nspeakers, but my guess would be that 風俗 would be more casual and would refer\nto a wide range of relationships involving sex, while 売春 would refer only to\nsexual services provided for reward in cash or kind by professionals.",
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"body": "As I slowly try to learn more grammar and less \"1001 survival phrases in\nJapanese FREE!,\" I started wondering about **abbreviations** in the language.\n\nFrom what I have read so far, contractions and word-shortening happens in a\nmuch different way than it does in English. It seems long words almost become\nportmanteaus? I wasn't able to find any information on how common things such\nas **高校** (for 高等学校) or **スマホ** (for スマートフォン) are used/when they are\nappropriate.\n\nThis question started with me wondering whether Japanese has anything similar\nto the English \"cont.\" or \"cont'd\"\n\n(I'm from Canada so I'm not sure how these abbreviations are done in\nU.S/EU)... but then I also started wondering about \"Mrs.\" and \"can't/won't\"\nand well... \"etc.\" :)",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T14:40:34.363",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage",
"abbreviations"
],
"title": "Abbreviations (etc.)",
"view_count": 473
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{
"body": "Your question is very broad, but I can try to address it a little.\n\nfirst, 高校 - if you look at the kanji, they literally mean high and school. as\nopposed to 高等学校, where the kanji mean high, level, learning, school. So the\nabbreviation makes sense. A similar abbreviation is 自動販売機 (vending machine)\nwhich abbreviates to 自販機. If you look up the meaning of the kanji you will see\nhow this works. There are tons of words like this, but I am not aware of any\nrules or patterns for them.\n\nI am also not aware of any abbreviations for cont'd/Mr/Mrs etc... likely\nbecause they are already short, さん、さま、くん etc.",
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"body": "> It seems long words almost become portmanteaus? I wasn't able to find any\n> information on how common things such as 高校 (for 高等学校) or スマホ (for スマートフォン)\n> are used/when they are appropriate.\n\nSome may become almost portmanteaus, as you pointed out, but there's no strict\nrule. In general, commonly used words that take a relatively long time to say\nget an \"optional evolution\" of a phonetically easier abbreviation.\n\nAs far as usage, there's nothing wrong with using the full version of a word\nif in doubt. Abbreviated versions are generally used in colloquial settings\nsuch as among friends, when you ask questions to store clerks while shopping,\nor in ads, for example.",
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"body": "In any language, hit count on Google search is a good indication of how common\nan expression is. For example, 高等学校 hits about 24 million times, while 高校 hits\n114 millions (when search preference is on the Japanese). Here it's clear that\n高校 is much commoner in general usage.",
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"creation_date": "2018-04-19T09:20:15.150",
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"body": "I think there is no formal research about abbreviation of Japanese\nvocabularies; however some people who are involved into Japanese language\neducation for non-native speakers seem to have tried to explain how Japanese\nnative speakers make abbreviations for Japanese words.\n\nI found some articles:\n\n * [日本語{にほんご}の短縮形{たんしゅくけい}について](http://blog.livedoor.jp/takeshielsas/archives/30047896.html)\n * [短縮形{たんしゅくけい} ウィキペディア](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E8%AA%9E)\n * [Japanese abbreviated and contracted words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_abbreviated_and_contracted_words)\n\nPlease read them for further information.\n\nThe following description is merely an explanation from my personal\nobservation so there should be some points to be corrected.\n\nUsually Japanese words are abbreviated into four syllables. If it is\nimpossible to abbreviate into four syllables by some reason, then try three\nsyllables. Finally if it is also impossible to abbreviate into three\nsyllables, then abbreviated it into two syllables.\n\nI listed up some examples below :\n\n * **Words which are abbreviated into four syllables**\n\n * 吉野家{よしのや}の牛丼{ぎゅうどん} → よしぎゅう\n * ポケット・モンスター → ポケモン\n * 鋼{はがね}の錬金術師{れんきんじゅつし} → ハガレン\n * こちら葛飾区{かつしかく} 亀有{かめあり} 公園前{こうえんまえ} 派出所{はしゅつじょ} → こち亀{かめ}\n * ベルサイユのバラ → ベルバラ\n * 魔法少女{まほうしょうじょ}まどか☆マギカ → まどマギ\n * 黒子{くろこ}のバスケ → 黒{くろ}バス\n * 魔女{まじょ}の宅急便{たっきゅうびん} → 魔女宅{まじょたく}\n * 東京電力{とうきょうでんりょく} → 東電{とうでん}\n * **Words which are abbreviated into three syllables**\n\n * アイスコーヒー → アイコ\n * コストパフォーマンス → コスパ\n * 軍用手袋{ぐんようてぶくろ} → 軍手{ぐんて}\n * マクドナルド → マック\n * **Words which are abbreviated into two syllables**\n\n * 新世紀{しんせいき}エヴァンゲリオン → エヴァ\n * リプライ → リプ\n\nNote that yo:on 拗音{ようおん} ( a kana letter which is followed by a small kana\nletter such as じゃ／じゅ／じょ) are considered as one syllable.\n\nAs you can notice, most words are abbreviated into four syllables. It is\nunclear even for me when it should be abbreviated into three or two syllables\nand why. (I am actually a native Tokyo dialect speaker but I also cannot tell\nwhy and how).\n\nThe way how to decide four, three or two syllables to abbreviate may be out of\nsocial coincidental occurrence or it has some benefits when they make rhyming\ncatch phrase etc. which reason is not clearly defined.\n\nFor example, マクドナルド(McDonald) could be abbreviated into four; it could be\nマクドナ, but there is no one to call it like that. In fact, マクドナルド is abbreviated\ninto three in 関西(West Japan) districts as マクド. In Tokyo, it is usually\nabbreviated as マック.\n\nGenerally the words which consist two or more clauses are get abbreviated by\ntaking two syllables from each word's head and bring them into the abbreviated\nword. For example:\n\n 1. ポケットモンスター\n 2. ポケット モンスター\n 3. ポケ モン\n 4. ポケモン\n\nThere are a lot of exceptions in it: for example, the word サラリーマン has two\nparts of clauses as サラリー／マン , but it does not come into サラマン or something, it\nis usually abbreviated as リーマン which forms an irregular abbreviation.\n\nBut in most case, I think it is enough to know the way how four syllable\nabbreviations are achieved.",
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"body": "My grammar book says I can use the と particle to mean 'and'. It continues to\nsay that I can use the particle to indicate doing an action with someone else.\n\n> Eg: 友達と話した\n\nThe topic particle is not mentioned if it were included. Would it be 友達と私は ?\n\n> 友達と私は話した\n\nI know that order in the sentence doesn't really matter but does it matter in\nthis case? Like do I treat 友達と私は as one noun?\n\nThe book I use is Japanese Grammar Guide by Tae Kim.",
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"tags": [
"particle-と"
],
"title": "How is the と particle used here",
"view_count": 219
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{
"body": "They are both separate nouns, but you can construct the sentences like your\nexamples with no problem.\n\nHowever, there's typically not a need to say 私 unless you have an explicit\nneed to point out it was _definitely_ you that your friend was speaking with.\n\nFor example, if somebody asks what you were doing, if you said 友達と話した, it is\nobvious that you are speaking about yourself and your friend.",
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"body": "I know this was already answered, but I'd like to expand a bit more:\n\nThe と particle in this kind of case can be thought of as an appending\nparticle. When you think of it in this way, 'and' and 'with' are both\nappending words in English.\n\nSome examples of both usages and how they correlate. First, as 'and':\n\n> 私{わたし} **と** 友達{ともだち} = My friend **and** I \n> 電車{でんしゃ} **と** 車{くるま} = Trains **and** Cars\n\nNow, as 'with':\n\n> 私{わたし}は友達{ともだち} **と** 会{あ}いました = I met **with** my friend. \n> 友達{ともだち}はお父{とう}さん **と** ケーキ屋{や}に出{で}かけました = My friend went out to a cake\n> shop **with** her father.",
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| 48308 | 48378 | 48378 |
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"body": "First of all I wish to say: \"I forgot about eating steak.\" Is it possible to\nuse を in this sense:\n\n> ステーキを食べるのを忘れた。\n\nIs this correct and if so does it translate to what I want to say?",
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"tags": [
"particle-を"
],
"title": "can を particle be used twice",
"view_count": 159
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{
"body": "Generally を cannot be used twice in the same sentence, but here ステーキを食べる is a\nrelative clause nominalized by の. So, the two を are not in the same sentence.",
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| 48309 | 48314 | 48314 |
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"body": "I was watching the news > [link](http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5jzoqy) and\nI think the MC said\n\nat 1:23\n\n> 先週オープンしたアミューズメントパーク「トンデミ」大人も子供も汗だくで楽しめる **その正体に注目**\n\nAccording to Jishou, 正体 = true character; true form; true colors; true\ncolours; identity. Thus I was confused how to translate this.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T17:14:20.070",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does その正体に注目 mean in this context?",
"view_count": 114
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"body": "The announcer is essentially saying, \"Let's take a look at the nature [of this\nplace].\" In more colloquial English we'd say, \"Let's see what this place is\nlike.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T20:09:27.040",
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"body": "My translation would go like this:\n\nThe eye-catching characteristic features of the amusement park \"Tondemi\"\nopened last week where both adults and children can play in sweaty fun.\n\nOR\n\nThe amusement park \"Tondemi\" just opened last week where both adults and\nchildren can play in sweaty fun. Its characteristic features are eye-catching",
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| 48310 | null | 48313 |
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"body": "> a) ２つの事件で１３人が亡くなって、５２人がけがをしました。 \n> In the two events 13 people died and 52 people were injured.\n>\n> b) 彼女はけがをした \n> 1) The girl was injured \n> 2) The girl injured herself\n\nThe meaning of a) is unambiguous -- a third party was responsible for causing\nthe injury.\n\nIn b) I don't know which of my two translations is correct. Can they both be\nvalid? Is it just context dependent?\n\nThe reason for my confusion is that I would expect sentences like a) to be\nwritten in passive form: ５２人はけがをされました。 Presumably if I wanted to explicitly\nsay who did the injuring it would have to be in passive form?\n\nI'm further confused because ５２人 is the subject (が), so this definitely makes\nit sound like the 52 people are doing the injuring, i.e. they injured\nthemselves, which, from the context, is clearly wrong.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Meaning and use of けが (injury)",
"view_count": 511
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"body": "けがをする means to be injured.\n\nけがをさせる means to cause injury to someone else.\n\nDon't be deceived by the English grammatical construction that translates the\nJapanese.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T19:55:43.110",
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"body": "> b) 彼女はけがをした\n\n「けがをする」に対｛たい｝して「けがをさせる」という日本語があるのは承知｛しょうち｝しています。 しかし、「彼女は **自分で転｛ころ｝んで**\nけがをした」や「彼女は **後｛うし｝ろから押｛おさ｝されて**\nけがをした」という表現｛ひょうげん｝はありますが、文法的｛ぶんぽう｝には正｛ただ｝しいのでしょうが「お前｛ま｝が急｛きゅう｝に俺｛おれ｝を押｛お｝して俺｛おれ｝にけがをさせる」という表現｛ひょうげん｝は普段｛ふだん｝あまり使｛つか｝ったり聞｛き｝いたりしません。これは犯罪｛はんざい｝です。また、「大｛おお｝きな木｛き｝が倒｛たお｝れてきて（私が）けがをする」という表現｛ひょうげん｝はありますが、「木｛き｝が倒｛たお｝れてきて私にけがをさせる」という擬人法｛ぎじんほう｝的｛てき｝な表現｛ひょうげん｝あるいは翻訳｛ほんやく｝のような表現｛ひょうげん｝もほとんど目｛め｝にしません。\n\nこれは「けがをする」という表現｛ひょうげん｝に対｛たい｝する原因｛げんいん｝や責任｛せきにん｝の把握｛はく｝あるいは追及｛ついきゅう｝に対する両｛りょう｝言語｛げんご｝、さらにはその言語｛げんご｝（/言葉｛ことば｝）を使｛つか｝う人々｛ひとびと｝の認識｛にんしき｝に差｛さ｝があるためだと思います。\n日本人は「けがをする」ことには関心｛かんしん｝があっても、何｛なに｝が原因｛げんいん｝でけがをしたかには英語を使｛つか｝う人ほど関心｛かんしん｝がないので、言葉｛ことば｝を２[種類]｛しゅるい｝用意｛ようい｝してこなかったのかなとあらためて思｛おも｝います。\n\nどうしても原因｛げんいん｝を明確｛めいかく｝にしたいときには、「彼女は **自分｛じぶん｝で転｛ころ｝んで** けがをした」や「彼女は\n**後｛うし｝ろから押｛お｝されて**\nけがをした」という具合｛ぐあい｝に、原因｛げんいん｝に相当｛そうとう｝表現｛ひょうげん｝を追加｛ついか｝するような気｛き｝がします。\nこうしてみると、日本人は、原因｛げんいん｝が自分｛じぶん｝であっても他人｛たにん｝であっても、「けがをする」という現象｛げんしょう｝だけに着目｛ちゃくもく｝しているように思｛おも｝います。\n\n> b) 彼女はけがをした\n>\n> 1) The girl was injured\n>\n> 2) The girl injured herself\n\n日本人にとって、「b)\n彼女はけがをした」という表現｛ひょうげん｝は、「けがをした」という原因｛げんいん｝に無関係｛むかんけい｝な表現｛ひょうげん｝なので、それに対する英語が1)\nなのか2) なのかは、前後｛ぜんご｝の情報｛じょうほう｝がなけれが判断｛はんだん｝できないと思｛おも｝います。\n\na)\nの表現｛ひょうげん｝に対しても、原因｛げんいん｝は外部｛がいぶ｝からだということは明白｛めいはく｝ですが、「５２人がけがをしました」はごく自然{しぜん}日本語ですが、「５２人はけがをされました」あるいは「５２人はけがをさせられました」という表現は不自然{ふしぜん}です。 \n同様{どうよう}の表現として、「５２人は負傷{ふしょう}しました」というのがありますが、「５２人は負傷させられました」は不自然ですので、使いません。\n\n# English\n\n> b) 彼女はげがをした\n\nI know there is an expression \"けがをさせる\", that is a causative form of \"けがをする\".\nBut I've rarely heard or used the expression \"お前が急に俺を押して俺に **けがをさせる** \" though\nit must be grammatically correct, while we think the expression like \"彼女は\n**転んで** けがをした\" or \"彼女は **後ろから押されて** けがをした\" is a natural Japanese. The action\nof the phrase \"お前が急に俺を押して俺にけがをさせる\" is considered to be a crime. We might say\n\"大きな木が倒れてきて（私が）けがをする\", but we seldom see the phrase \"木が倒れてきて私にけがをさせる\", because\nit sounds unnatural or sounds like the personification of a tree that attacked\nto injure me or it sounds a literal translation of English phrase.\n\nThe reason why we feel like this is that there must be, I think, big\ndifference between the two languages and further more between the two people\nwho use these languages on the matter of how much they would mind the cause or\nresponsibility for the result of \"けがをする\". We Japanese would mind the\nphenomenon of \"けがをする\", but I guess we would less mind the cause of \"けがをする\"\nthan the natives of English would do, so we have not needed to prepare two\nkinds of expressions of how to \"けがをする\". Even though, if we want to make clear\nthe cause of \"けがをする\" we would say like \"彼女は **自分で転んで** けがをした\" or \"彼女は\n**後ろから押されて** けがをした\" by adding the phrase that could express the cause of\n\"けがをする\".\n\nJudging from these things, we Japanese seem only to place importance on the\nphenomenon of \"けがをする\", whether the cause of \"けがをする\" is done by themselves or\nby others.\n\n> b) 彼女はけがをした\n>\n> 1) The girl was injured\n>\n> 2) The girl injured herself\n\nWe Japanese couldn't specify which one of 1) and 2) means \"b) 彼女はけがをした\",\nbecause we consider the phrase has nothing to do with the cause of the injury\nunless otherwise we get the context of the phrase.\n\nAs for the phrase a), we know clearly that the accident was caused by the\nothers but we think \"５２人はけがをされました\" and \"５２人はけがをさせられました\" are unnatural even if\nthey have passive forms, while we think \"５２人がけがをしました\" is a very natural\nJapanese.",
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"body": "## Grammatical difference between English and Japanese\n\nI know there still remains uncomfortable feeling in the questioner, G-Cam and\nmany English speakers even after having read my previous answer. So I'm going\nto answer the question from the other standpoint.\n\nI'll show you some examples having the same grammatical construction between\nEnglish and Japanese.\n\n> Subject – Verb – Object Subject – Object – Verb\n>\n> 1. I catch a cold. 私は 風邪｛かぜ｝を 引｛ひ｝く。\n>\n> 2. I shed my blood. 私は 血｛ち｝を 流｛なが｝す。\n>\n> 3. I shed tears. 私は 涙｛なみだ｝を 流｛なが｝す。\n>\n> 4. **私は けがを する** 。\n\nWe have the same grammatical construction in the fourth example just as in the\nrest three in Japanese. But you have not the same grammatical construction in\nthe fourth one in English. Here is the answer of the original question! You\nuse a so-called reflexive verb \"to injure\" here instead of a normal transitive\nverb that takes a direct object unlike subject.\n\n[Here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verb) is an explanation of a\n**reflexive verb** as: \nIn grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the\nsame as its subject, for example, \"I wash myself\". More generally, a reflexive\nverb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented\nsyntactically by the subject and the direct object). For example, the English\nverb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself. In a wider\nsense, the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a\nreflexive pronoun, regardless of semantics; such verbs are also referred to as\npronominal verbs, especially in grammars of the Romance languages.\n\nI think it is reasonable you feel uncomfortable to use けがをする for \"they\nare/were injured\" in the sentence \"５２人がけがをしました\" caused by or in the traffic\naccident.\n\nIf you want to be comfortable with using an expression for けがをする in English,\nyou have to invent new expressions without using a reflexive verb like:\n\n * I experienced injuries.\n * I caught injuries.\n * I developed injuries.\n * I threw injuries.\n * (I sustained injuries.)\n\nOf course I know these newly and forcibly coined phrases but the last one are\nfunny, but I hope you feel the difference of nuance of the expressions in two\nlanguages that are shown in the original question.",
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| 48311 | 48322 | 48322 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48332",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 家で一人で勉強するよりはと通信制の高校をすすめた。\n\nDoes は like summarize the first sentence and と means \"from\"? Is there a\ndifferent way to construct that part?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-11T23:21:52.733",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "What do は and と stand for here?",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "文の区切りは｢～するよりは、〇〇とすすめる｣ですね。 ここでの‘’と‘’の使い方ですが、例として｢俺はこの商品が高いと聞いたよ｣\nつまり、ここでは｢って聞いたよ｣と同じ使い方ですね。 そんな感じです。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"id": "48320",
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"body": "As I understand, よりは is also a set unit of particle as よりも, for examples:\n\n今年の夏は涼しいというよりは寒かった。This summer was cold rather than cool.\n\nその本よりももっと大切なものがあります。There's a more precious thing than that book.\n\nHowever, when I googled on internet, I found most native writers simply drop\n“は”from the unit. Or should I say より in itself is a set unit too.\n\nAll three units よりは, よりも, and より convey the meaning of “in comparison to”. Of\ncourse, there might be some slight differences in nuance that I’m not aware\nof.\n\nNow, about the sentence in question “家で一人で勉強するよりはと通信制の高校をすすめた。”, I highly\nsuspect there is a common omission, which is 思って or 言って. Inserting this\nmissing block back to the sentence, I believe everything is becoming as clear\nas daylight.\n\n“家で一人で勉強するよりはと思って、通信制の高校をすすめた。”",
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| 48315 | 48332 | 48320 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48357",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 学校は創立一年目にして、なんと天文部が存在していたんですよ\n\nin the first year the school was established, (なんと?) the astronomy club\nexisted.\n\nwhat purpose is it serving here?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"interjections"
],
"title": "Use of なんと to begin a phrase, but not as a question",
"view_count": 7342
} | [
{
"body": "The following information I found in _A Dictionary of Advanced Japanese\nGrammar_ by Seiichi Makino and Michio Tstsui (2008). All credit for this\nanswer goes to them if I have understood its contents correctly.\n\nThe grammar なんと (and its colloquial version なんて) means: What; How ~! What a(n)\n~!; so.\n\nUsage of this grammar is a little advanced, as you may need a little bit of\nexperience with a native speaker of the language to adequately learn the\nnuances of the structure.\n\nThere are three ways to form a sentence using なんと。They are as follows:\n\n * なん｛と/て｝+ Verb (Where the verb is a form of communication, like 言う or 書く)\n * なん｛と/て｝+ いう + Noun\n * なん｛と/て｝+ {Adj(i) infinitive /Adj(na) inf./Noun な}んだろう。\n\nHere are a few example sentences using the なんと grammar:\n\n**なん｛と/て｝ + Verb**\n\n> うちにホームステイしている留学生がテレビを観ていると「今なんと言った？」「英語だとなんと言いますか？」と質問の連続だ。\n>\n> When the foreign student staying with us watches TV, he keeps asking\n> questions like \"What did he say?\" or \"What is that in English?\"\n\n**なん｛と/て｝+ いう + Noun**\n\n> なんという人か名前を忘れたけれど、なかなか魅力的な女性に出会った。(I met a very charming lady, although I've\n> forgotten her name.)\n\n**なんて + {Adj(i) infinitive /Adj(na) inf./Noun な}んだろう。**\n\n> なんと親切なんだろう。(How Kind he/she is!)\n>\n> なん｛と/て｝ひどい話なんだ！(What a horrible story!)\n\n**The Result?**\n\nSo if I were to take a whack at translating your sentence above, I would\ntranslate it as something like this:\n\n> Considering that the school is in its first year since foundation, **what\n> an** astronomy [department](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%83%A8) they have!\n\nThe bold part represents what なんと would be translated into in English.",
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"body": "According to 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> なんと【何と】 \n> 〘感〙強い驚きや感動の気持ちを表すときに発する語。「なんと、できたではないか。」\n\nThe なんと in your sentence is a 感動詞(interjection), not a 副詞(adverb). It is\nuttered to express one's surprise or amazement. This なんと cannot be rephrased\nas なんて, and can mean \"Believe it or not\", \"To my surprise\", \"Surprisingly\nenough\", etc.\n\nExamples from Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary:\n\n> その時部屋に入ってきたのは、 **なんと** 私の妻であった。 \n> The woman who then entered the room was -- why! -- my own wife! / Who\n> should then enter the room but my own wife! \n> 借金が積もり積もって、 **なんと** １０万円になった。 \n> The debt went on increasing, reaching at last a surprising amount of\n> 100,000 yen.",
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| 48316 | 48357 | 48357 |
{
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"body": "This is an extract from a piece of fiction:\n\n> 基本的に『除隊』は『レベル・ゼロ』という特殊牢送りを指す『The Tower』において、彼が職を辞すには正式に引退する必要があったのだ。\n\nI am having a bit of trouble understanding what \"送りを指す\" means in this context\nand it's not a phrase I've come across yet in my studies. How is it being used\nhere?\n\nFrom my attempt at a translation, I think it would be something like:\n\n> Basically, as for a \"discharge from military service\" it was necessary to\n> officially retire in order to quite his job at \"The Tower\" [送りを指す] which is\n> special prison called \"Level Zero\".\n\nSo what could the 送りを指す mean?\n\nTo me the best I can think is:\n\n> Selected to be sent\n\nWhich doesn't seem to fit in the sentence at all. I think there's a\npossibility it's some sort of set phrase that can't be translated too\nliterally since I've seen a lot of that in Japanese. But if someone could\nclarify that would be awesome, I'm really curious about what the extract is\nactually saying!",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax",
"set-phrases",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Meaning/usage of \"送りを指す\"?",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "まず、日本に住んでいて‘’特殊牢送り‘’という言葉を使った事がありません。 タイピングで変換にすら出てきません。\n\nちなみに、使い方は‘’牢送りを指す‘’ではなく単に‘’指す‘’ですが、｢〇〇を指す｣という感じで使います。\n\n英語だと、「If you say \"boot\" in the southern US, it refers to the trunk of a car.」\n「アメリカの南部では「boot」と言ったら、車のトランクのことを指す。」みたいな感じで使います。",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T09:34:23.987",
"id": "48328",
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"body": "> 特殊牢送りを指す\n\nThis is parsed as others said as: \n特殊牢送り + を + 指す\n\n指{さ}す is a verb that means _to indecate or mean something_.\n\n特殊{とくしゅ}牢{ろう}送{おく}り is a combined noun made of 特殊牢{とくしゅろう} and 送{おく}り. \n特殊牢{とくしゅろう} is a contraction of 特殊{とくしゅ}な牢屋{ろうや}, where 特殊な meanas _specil_\nand 牢屋 means _jail/prison_ \", so 特殊牢 means _a specila jail_.\n\n**ＡＡＡ送{おく}り** means _to be sent to ＡＡＡ_ , where ＡＡＡ is a special place which\nusually, but not always, has a nuance of the last place after being given a\ndecision.\n\n特殊牢送りを指す means, as a whole, _it/this/that indicates to be sent to a special\njail_.\n\n## Examples of ＡＡＡ送{おく}り:\n\n * 検察{けんさつ}庁{ちょう}送り to be sent to Public Prosecutor's Office\n * 東京{とうきょう}送りの品{しな} goods to be sent to Tokyo\n * 爆殺{ばくさつ}奈落{ならく}送りの術{じゅつ} martial arts like killing with a bomb that sends someone to hades\n * 異界{いかい}送り to be sent to the underworld/ spirit world\n * 黄泉{よみ}送り to be sent to the world of the dead",
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"body": "> 基本的に『除隊』は『レベル・ゼロ』という特殊牢送りを指す『The Tower』において、彼が職を辞すには正式に引退する必要があったのだ。\n\nSee the other answer for what 特殊牢送り means. Here, 送り itself means the action of\nsending (see [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010)).\n牢屋送り is a relatively common set phrase meaning _imprisonment_. Everything\nbefore \"The Tower\" is a relative clause that modifies \"The Tower\". So the\nwhole sentence means:\n\n> In _The Tower_ , where \"discharge\" basically meant being cast into a special\n> prison called _Level Zero_ , he had to officially retire in order to quit\n> his job.",
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| 48317 | null | 48352 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48329",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In [RADKFILE](http://nihongo.monash.edu/kradinf.html), the only radical 暇{ひま},\n霞{かすみ} and 蝦{えび} share is 又. It doesn't have anything for the two other\ndistinct parts of 叚.\n\nI haven't seen the parts in other kanji, except that the left one looks a bit\nlike 尸 with two additional strokes and the top right one looks like the\nkatakana コ ([which was derived from\n己](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Katakana_origine.svg)).\n\nWhat are they?",
"comment_count": 5,
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"radicals"
],
"title": "What are the left and top right part of 叚（暇{ひま}・霞{かすみ}・蝦{えび}…）?",
"view_count": 521
} | [
{
"body": "# 叚\n\n[Here](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%9A) you can find the meaning or\nthe relating information.",
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"body": "As snailplane said, RADKFILE is not a source of information on the history of\nkanji components, their hierarchical decompositions, or their original\nrationale.\n\nThe origin of 叚 is unclear. Its old meaning is \"false\", \"provisional\", and 又\nis [a pictograph for the right hand, often grasping\nsomething](http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?submitButton1=Etymology&characterInput=%E5%8F%88)\n(indicating tool use, actions, etc.):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkETQ.gif)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JXdWv.gif)\n\nYou can see in [the early forms of\n叚](http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%8F%9A)\nthat コ probably comes from another hand, facing the other way (the kind that\nin most kanji resulted in a ヨ shape):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/NWije.gif)\n\nThe left side seems like some sort of cover or container with horizontal\nmarkings inside. According to Tōdō's interpretation this could be showing the\nact of \"hiding\" items, related to them being \"false\". Sears thinks it's \"a\nhand with a flint knife striping a skin off an animal\", but that feels like a\nstretch to me; though other people (like Harbaugh) also connect the left part\nto an altered \"skin\" (皮). Shirakawa thinks it's an unpolished jewel cut off\nfrom a mountain, but Shirakawa is insane and basically always wrong. In\nsummary, there seems to be no consensus.\n\nSince all of 暇蝦霞假瑕葭遐碬豭赮騢 are pronounced カ (with 蝦霞碬赮騢 also sharing ゲ and 假碬豭\nケ), the common presence of 叚 in them is certainly for phonetic reasons.\n\n(All images from Sear's [Chinese Etymology](http://www.chineseetymology.org/)\nwebsite.)",
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"body": "The original meaning is not universally agreed upon, but the structural\ncomposition is not ambiguous. The earliest form of 「叚」 is comprised of 「石」 on\nthe left and [「又」](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=20) on\nthe right.\n\n`[西周](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) \n[金](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bfdw4.png) \n盠尊 \n[集成6013](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=6013&jgwfl=)`\n\n> Please refer to [What is the etymology of the kanji\n> 石?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/65938/what-is-the-\n> etymology-of-the-kanji-%e7%9f%b3/65940#65940) for a more detailed overview\n> of「石」. Key points:\n>\n> * 「石」was originally a picture of stone chimes.\n> * 「口」was not present originally, being added as a [distinguishing\n> component](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/45298/is-there-a-\n> difference-in-drawing-between-the-mouth-and-enclosure-kanji-\n> radic/60353#60353) to mark the name of a region.\n> * What looks like a cover「厂」in later forms was a graphical reduction of\n> the stone chime shape.\n> * The two horizontal marks that appear in some forms are _decorative_\n> (Chinese: 飾筆), and don't contribute to any semantic or phonetic function\n> (decorative marks are also seen in modern forms of many characters\n> like「魚」and「甚」).\n>\n\n`[春秋](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) \n金 \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iQkdC.png) \n曾伯陭壺 \n[集成9712](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=9712&jgwfl=)``[秦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) \n[簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wBHxS.png) \n秦律十八77 \n[睡虎地秦簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts)``今 \n[楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rneYz.png) \n \n`\n\nAfterwards, [「刀」](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=14) was\nadded to the top-right. The modern form of 「叚」 should be seen as composed from\n「石」 (left, inherited from a form with decorative marks and no 「口」 ), 「刀」 (top\nright), and 「又」 (bottom right).\n\n* * *\n\n## References:\n\n * 林義光《文源》\n * 何琳儀《說文準聲首輯佚》\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)",
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| 48321 | 48329 | 48329 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48330",
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"body": "I'm currently practicing to use japanese adjectives by writing down sentences\nwith antonym pairs, and I came up with the following sentence.\n\n\"My room isn't dirty, but it isn't clean as well.\"\n\nUnfortunately I find it difficult to find an appropiate grammatical structure\nwhich can be used to translate this sentence. I have been looking around the\ninternet for a bit, but I can't seem to find a satisfactory answer. The\nclosest I got to an answer was\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6623/how-to-say-also-or-\ntoo) post, but it isn't really usable in this context. Can somebody help me to\nfind an suitable grammatical pattern for this particular sentence?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T08:03:16.353",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "How would you say \"Something isn't X, but isn't Y as well.\"",
"view_count": 1267
} | [
{
"body": "A fancy way to say it could be :\n\n> ...汚いわけではないけど、きれいでもないです。 \n> It's not that it's dirty, but it is not clean either.\n\nA more simple way :\n\n> ...きれいでもない、汚いでもない。 \n> It's neither clean nor dirty.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T08:09:34.627",
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"score": 3
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{
"body": "There are some phrases. For example, \"Aではないが、Bでもない\", \"Aではない、でもBでもない\",\n\"AでもBでもない\".\n\nYour sentence is translated like \"汚くないが、きれいでもない\", \"汚くない、でもきれいでもない\",\n\"汚くもきれいでもない\", etc.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-12T10:51:49.797",
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"body": "I would go with 「～ないけど、～でもない/～くもない」. Works in the majority of cases:\n\n部屋はきれいじゃないけど、汚くもない。 \nMy room is not clean, but it isn't dirty either.\n\n外はうるさくないけど、静かでもない。 \nOutside is not loud, but it isn't quiet either.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T00:54:54.003",
"id": "48349",
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"score": 2
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| 48324 | 48330 | 48330 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48341",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to say I am learning, but not in a study/classroom/teacher kind of way,\nbut dictionary definitions have me confused.\n\n * 習う → to learn (to take classes in) \n * 覚える → to memorize/remember, (to learn?) \n * 学ぶ → to study? take classes in something? \n * 勉強する → to study \n\nUntil now, I've been using 習う、but based on how frequently 日本人 use 覚える、I just\nfeel like that's probably the one to go with...but I don't know. The other two\nare definitely not what I want.\n\nexample sentence:\n\n> 私は仕事で色んなことを覚えてる。勉強になる。 \n> I am learning various things at work, its quite informative.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T12:56:37.070",
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"owner_user_id": "22318",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Best word choice \"to learn\"",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "Well\n\n習う: is learning but the real meaning is closer to: to be taught by a teacher,\nso you are learning.\n\n覚える : is Memorize/learning, but here is the catch, the meaning is that you\nmemorize something because you did it again and again, you didn't have to\nreally study to learn it, you just repeat it again and again.\n\n学ぶ : Means deep learning, eg studying japanese but not N5 or N4 something more\nadvanced like >N3, we use manabu to express that we are really deep into\nstudying\n\n勉強する: Also means to study, eg studying for an exam, studying not very deep,\njust studying for passing a test of completing something",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T15:45:48.260",
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| 48333 | 48341 | 48341 |
{
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"body": "I am currently reading a short Japanese novel targeted at learners of\nintermediate levels, entitled 野菊の墓. In this novel, multiple times a character\nis named only by お増{ます}。Based on the below examples I believe that this\ndesignates a specific character, probably the family servant/maid but looking\nfor it in either the jisho dictionary or the goo dictionary did not yield more\nresults that the typical \"increase, multiply\" sense of 増す。\n\nExamples (taken verbatim):\n\n> ぼくの家には、母とぼく、兄と兄の妻、家の仕事をするお増{ます}~\n>\n> ぼくはかばんを一つ持って、民子｛たみこ｝とお増{ます}と一緒に舟の乗り場へ行った。\n>\n> きっと兄の妻やお増{ます}は、母やぼくたちがいないところで~\n\nIs my understanding correct? What is the exact sense of お増? Is it a common\nword? Is it associated with a particular politeness level and/or era?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T13:48:54.040",
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"owner_user_id": "3614",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Who does お増{ます} designate?",
"view_count": 187
} | []
| 48334 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48340",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "十中八九 is one of my favorite phrases. I don't use it that much, but it is still\none of my favorites all the same. Almost every dictionary I have used\ntranslates it as \"nine times out of ten,\" which I think is wrong, since the\nkanji for 八 is also in it. The only exception is jisho.org, [which says it's\neight or nine times out of\nten](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AB%E4%B9%9D), which I'm\nassuming is more correct. In a cruel twist of irony, however, even the example\nsentence on jisho.org ignored the 八 kanji!\n\nSo is the gap in translation here due to the fact that in English we say 9\ntimes out of 10, where the Japanese say 8 or 9 times out of ten? In other\nwords, is the difference between these phrases cultural?\n\nI can't help but think of the Dragon Ball Z translation where the Japanese\n\"八千以上!\" is translated to English as \"It's over 9000!\" However, I doubt that\nthere's a connection in these two cases.\n\nAlso, am I correct in understanding 十中八九 as \"Out of 10, 8 or 9 (times)?\" I've\nnever been 100% confident on how to break it down.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T14:19:26.220",
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"owner_user_id": "22352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"culture"
],
"title": "How does 十中八九 break down to mean 9 times out of 10 when there is 八 in the phrase?",
"view_count": 781
} | [
{
"body": "Goo dictionary and my dictionary also explain it as \"8 or 9 times out of ten\".\nI think we usually think so.\n\nAs for Dragon Ball, I have no idea why \"八千以上\" is translated as \"It's over\n9000!\". The translator may have added some power.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-12T15:41:03.547",
"id": "48340",
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{
"body": "I think your interpretation is correct. At the most basic interpretation, 十中八九\n\"Within 10; 8, 9.\" 9 times out of 10 might be a basic extrapolation on a\nphrase that is more likely to mean \"a vast majority of the time\"\n\nAside from this, Japanese tend to use two numbers in sequence when they are\nreferring to approximations (think 二三日 for \"a couple of days\" or \"several\ndays\")",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T21:36:32.157",
"id": "48346",
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"score": 2
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| 48336 | 48340 | 48340 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48339",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have recently reached the の particle in my grammar book and it really\nconfused me.\n\nQuestion #1: When we attach の to a verb clause like this,\n\n> 毎日勉強するの大変\n\ndoes it mean I'm talking about the act of studying everyday and that it\nclassifies as hard, and if so, can this form only be used for dictionary form\nverbs?\n\nQuestion #2 : When I'm using の for explanation. This sentence was present in\nmy book:\n\n> その人が買うんじゃなかったの?\n\nFirst of all, why is there another の at the end of the sentence? Isn't it\nalready conjugated as ん? The main question here is: what is the difference\nbetween that sentence and this one?\n\n> それ人が買ったんじゃない?\n\nIf I got it wrong and they're not different could someone tell me what they\nmean? I know I'm asking a lot and I'm really sorry for that, but both\nquestions got me confused. I'd appreciate any help.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T14:32:19.520",
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"owner_user_id": "22413",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "What does the conjugations of んだ do?",
"view_count": 266
} | [
{
"body": "To answer Question #1:\n\nI think there's a mistake in that sentence. It seems like you'd want to say\n\n> 毎日勉強するの **が** 大変\n\nwhich would be translated as\n\n> Studying everyday is hard.\n\nIn this case the の is turning the clause 毎日勉強する into a nominal so it can be\nused like a noun. \"Studying every day\".\n\nTo answer Question #2:\n\nI think you understand the のだ explaining form very well. And, it would make\nsense to find it strange to see んじゃなかった and の in the same sentence but the\nfact is that the の is performing a different function each time it's used.\n\n> ~ んじゃなない\n\nis a common expression used to emphasize something that is clear to the\nspeaker or seeks agreement from the listener in the form of a rhetorical\nquestion. So\n\n> その人が買うんじゃなかった?\n\nbecomes\n\n> Wasn't that person going to buy (it)?\n\nAdding a の at the end more explicitly asks for an explanation from the hearer\ninstead of just a yes or a no.\n\nThe sentence you made is definitely correct but has sort of a tense switch\n\n> その人が買ったんじゃない?\n>\n> Didn't that person buy (it)?\n\nThe original sentence (from the book) makes it seem like someone was planning\non buying something but the speaker thinks that person might not have and they\nwould like an explanation. Your sentence makes it seem like the speaker\nthought that the person had already bought something but just got information\nto make him think it didn't happen after all.\n\nHope that answers your question.",
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| 48337 | 48339 | 48339 |
{
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"body": "I have been studying the adverbs and in the grammar book they said that there\nare some negative adverbs that means that when you use it the next verb must\nbe in negative form, for example:\n\n * > あまり わかり **ません**\n\n * > ぜんぜん 出来 **ない**\n\nBut I found the expression **ぜんぜん違う** shouldn't it be **ぜんぜん違わない**? how do I\nknow when to put the verb in a positive form or in a negative form?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T19:26:18.727",
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"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Why in the expression \"ぜんぜん違う\" the verb is in positive?",
"view_count": 639
} | [
{
"body": "The 違う is already negative. It means \"to differ\" (to _not_ be the same) as\nopposed to \"to be the same\". わかる and 出来る are positive. It's in the meaning.\n\n> ぜんぜん違わない\n\nWould mean \"completely not wrong\" (which is weird to me but I'm no expert)\n\nThey probably call them negative adverbs because of the vibe they give when\nsaying them, but if you look in the dictionary their original non-contextual\nmeanings are positive. That's why you must add a negative meaning to them.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T20:03:55.050",
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"body": "「全然」has two definitions:\n\n 1. not at all (with negative verb)\n\n 2. wholly, entirely, completely \n\nTherefore, it's meaning is based on whether the verb that follows it is in the\naffirmative or the negative. I'm guessing about 99% of the time you will see\nit used in conjunction with a negative verb, but every once in awhile you will\nsee it used in the affirmative.\n\n「全然違う」is one example, as is 「全然大丈夫」(I'm/It's totally fine), which is more like\na set phrase. You will also occasionally see something like 「全然だめになった」(It was\ncompletely spoiled/ruined), which is similar to 「全然違う」in that 「だめ」already has\na negative connotation and so to add a negative verb on top of it would make\nit a double negative, thus reversing the meaning.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T20:32:28.353",
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"body": "The standard answer is that 全然 is most naturally paired with negatives, and 絶対\nwith positives. However, modern Japanese has seen more usage of 全然 as meaning\nboth \"not at all\" and also \"completely, absolutely,\" replacing 絶対, and vice-\nversa. The end result is that in most cases, using 全然 or 絶対 yields the \"same\"\nmeaning, but the context is such that you'd typically want to use 全然 for\nnegatives, and for positives where the affirmation is negative, such as 全然大丈夫\n\"It's completely alright\" (colloquially, \"It's not a problem at all\"), and 絶対\nfor stronger positive affirmations. 絶対大丈夫 comes off way stronger than 全然大丈夫,\ndespite the fact they mean basically the same thing. It's a way of downplaying\nyour tone.",
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| 48342 | 48344 | 48344 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I read about kenjougo\n([here](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Grammar/Honorifics) and\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese#Humble_language))\nand understood that it is a type of honorific speech used to lower your rank\nbelow the person you are speaking to when you describe the actions of yourself\nor somebody within your in-group, be it your family or company.\n\nThe words I'm interested in:\n\n * Husband/wife: 愚夫・愚妻\n * Son/daughter: 愚息・愚女\n * Siblings: 愚兄・愚弟・愚姉・愚妹\n\nConsidering that humble speech is used when lowering your rank below somebody\nelse, using the prefix 愚 when talking to somebody within your in-group can\nprobably only be an insult. However, when the person in question hears you\nrefer to them with 愚○, even in a situation that requires humble speech,\ndoesn't that sound rather insulting as well?\n\n 1. Is the humble prefix 愚 usually used for family members in situations requiring humble speech or is it mainly used to make fun of family members?\n 2. Is there some other less \"insulting\" way to humbly refer to your in-group members?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-12T23:27:02.840",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"honorifics"
],
"title": "The humble （謙譲語） prefix 愚 when used to refer to own family members",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "You wrote \"when talking to somebody within your in-group can probably only be\nan insult\", but it's not.\n\nBeing spoken to with humble speech per se means it's no longer the in-group\n**in its own** relationship (in other words, it can in another relationship).\nWhether one belongs to the in-group or out is relative and depends on cases.\nSo it still works as a humble speech, though, of course, since it's abrupt and\nunusual to use humble speech among close relationship, it would sound joking.\n\nSo, nobody takes it as an insult as long as they have common sense, though 愚◯\nseries are a dated expression anyway.\n\nAs for paraphrases, I come up with せがれ for your son but I don't for the rest.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T02:05:30.663",
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"body": "As you can imagine, 愚 is basically a offending kanji. While 愚○ may be\ncategorized as humble expressions, they actually sound \"strong\", and few\npeople use them on the daily basis. If your family member did something wrong\nand you have to apologize formally, maybe you can use one of them. When you\ntalk about your family member with your boss, usually you can safely use plain\nexpressions like うちの姉, うちの妻, うちの息子, or such. 家内 is another common humble\nexpression to refer to your wife.\n\nBut that does not mean using 愚○ is an insult. Everyone understands they are\nhumble expressions. If I saw my father talking with some high person and he\nsaid うちの愚息 to refer to me, I would only feel he is being really polite. (Well,\nmy father has never talked that way, anyway...)",
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| 48347 | 48350 | 48350 |
{
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"body": "\n\nI usually don't have trouble identifying kanji what with all the helpful\ndictionary apps available. But this one really has me scratching my head.\n\nI tried to find this character by building it up with radicals, unfortunately\nthe closest I came to is 鎚 which of course has a different radical on the left\n('gold' whereas the one in my image has the 'thread radical') Initially I\nthought maybe 鎚 is an alternative way to write this mystery Kanji, but I\nlooked it up in a reliable dictionary and it doesn't list any alternatives. So\ncan anyone help identify this kanji? Thanks in advance!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T03:17:43.390",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Help identifying a kanji character",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "Both Jisho and [漢字辞典オンライン](http://kanji.jitenon.jp/kanjij/4794.html) have it\nunder 糸.\n\n> * [[縋]{すが｝りつく](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%B8%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8F)\n>\n> 1. to cling to; to depend on; to embrace; to hug\n> * [縋](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%B8%8B%20%23kanji) \n> cling, hang on, depend \n> Kun: すが.る \n> On: ツイ\n>\n>\n\n(Jisho)",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T03:26:08.913",
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| 48353 | null | 48354 |
{
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"body": "Do both of these mean \"sold out\"? What is the difference, if any? And how\nmight these be used differently in sentences?\n\nFor example, if I were to ask a convenience store clerk if a certain\ncampaign/item was still in stock and I wanted to ask, \"is this sold out?\"\nwhich one would I use?",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 売り切り and 完売?",
"view_count": 3227
} | [
{
"body": "売り切 **れ** and 完売 roughly mean the same thing, \"sold out\". We commonly see both\n売り切れ and 完売 on a signboard. When asking a store clerk, you can say either\nXは売り切れですか or Xは完売ですか. The difference is not large, but 完売 sounds more\ntechnical because it's a [Sino-Japanese\nword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary). 売り切れ is\nprobably more common in speech.\n\n売り切 **り** means [something\ndifferent](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E5%88%87%E3%82%8A). Its\nmeaning depends on the context, but the basic underlying meaning is \"once\nwe've sold it, that's the end\". For example, 売り切りの商品 means an item that won't\nbe restocked. 売り切りのゲーム refers to a package game as opposed to an online game\nwith monthly billing system. It can also refers to bargain/sale/clearance.",
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{
"body": "\"売り切れ\" and \"完売\" are basically same which means to be \"sold out\".\n\nThe subtle differences are like:\n\n 1. \"売り切れ\" is a Japanese native word, while 完売 is a 漢語 (Chinese loanword). \n\n 2. \"売り切れ\" is a pure Japanese native word, so it is used for both the written language and the spoken language, but \"完売\" is frequent mainly by the written language.\n\n 3. \"売り切れ\" is used in the case when products or goods are sold out and could not be supplied for the time being. On the other hand, \"完売\" is often used to the sold out situation of something that are never supplied such as tickets of the performance of the specific date and time, or such as the products of the bargain sale the amount of which is limited.\n\n 4. Because the amount of the target product of \"完売\" is limited and the amount is usually announced beforehand, the customers relatively persuade themselves even if the sellout occurs.\n\n 5. An extra answer: \nThere is a word \"品切れ\" that is similar to \"売り切れ\". I'll show you the difference\nbetween them. Both of them mean that the products or goods are sold out at the\nplace where they are sold. The difference lies in the state of stock of them\nin the backyard, which is a room of a store or restaurant not open to\ncustomers (often storage room). \"売り切れ\" means there is not any goods in stock\nin the backyard, and as for \"品切れ\", there are goods in stock but the power to\nsupply them to the place where they are sold is not sufficient.\n\nSource:\n[1](https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/%E5%AE%8C%E5%A3%B2-vs-%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E5%88%87%E3%82%8C.3022916/),\n[2](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1418931064),\n[3](http://lineq.jp/q/46170370)",
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| 48356 | 48358 | 48358 |
{
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"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example, in 売り切れ, do the り and れ have a particular name? I found\n\"okurigana\" on wikipedia, but does that apply to grammatical suffixes only or\ndoes apply in these cases where it's mixed in the middle with kanji too?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T12:11:36.423",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kana"
],
"title": "What are the kana between kanji called?",
"view_count": 442
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, you're essentially right. 送【おく】り仮名【がな】 is the name for kana used in\nconjugations of verbs and adjectives. There might be another name I'm not\naware of, but I haven't heard of one just for kana in between kanji.\n\nSee [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okurigana) for more about 送り仮名.\n(Sorry, I entirely forgot you said you had already seen Wikipedia already.)\nAnyhow, 送り仮名 does not concern kana that just happen to be in between kanji.\nThose would either be particles or other words entirely.",
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| 48360 | null | 48361 |
{
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"body": "I am going to leave Japan soon and I need to say farewell to many people. One\nof the people I know is a little girl who is about 6 years old. She is very\ncute and very close to me during the time I stay here in Japan. Now, I want to\nwrite a letter to her to say goodbye as well as to tell her to be healthy,\nthat I will remember her for a long time. I am really not sure how to write it\nproperly in this case. Because I think I should use informal Japanese, just\nlike a brother talking to his sister. I have learned Japanese for a while but\nmostly in formal and respectful forms like masu, desu.\n\nCan you give me some guidelines for writing this letter? How should I express\nmyself in the letter (boku, ore, watashi?), how should I mention her (anata,\nA-chan)? What useful phrases I can use here?",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"written-language"
],
"title": "Farewell letter in Japanese to a little sister",
"view_count": 1351
} | [
{
"body": "I think that you should feel free to write however you like or just the same\nway you spoke to her while you were with her. Children are used to being\nspoken to in plain form for the majority of their early childhood but I would\nneed a native to clarify when they start using and understanding polite forms\nregularly.\n\nTo me, it would make sense to refer to yourself as 'boku' and use her name\nfollowed by '-chan'.\n\nSome good phrases are \"お元気でね\" (Take care) and \"Aちゃんのことをわすれないよ\" (I won't forget\nabout you).\n\n(Basically any phrase ending in 'ne' or 'yo' works nicely when talking with\nchildren)",
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"body": "I think children of about six years old can't read kanji, so you should write\nthe letter in hiragana.\n\nIf you are female(male), you should use ～のおねえさん(～のおにいさん) when you explain\nyourself. For example, if you are from the U.S, you can say アメリカのおねえさん(おにいさん).\nYou can call her (first name)ちゃん. And you shouldn't use difficult words. If\nyou draw some easy pictures in the letter, she may be pleased.\n\nFor example,\n\n> (First name)ちゃんへ\n>\n> ～のおねえちゃんは、じぶんのおうちにかえるね。～ちゃんとあそべてとてもたのしかったよ。またあそぼうね。げんきでね。バイバイ。\n>\n> ～のおねえさんより",
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| 48362 | null | 48365 |
{
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"body": "So if I'm trying to say \"I found more than 50 unfamiliar words\" how would I\ncount words?\n\nMy attempt: 意味の分からない言葉を50回も初めて見た。\n\nAs you can see, I counted how many times I saw an unfamiliar word, rather than\nthe words themselves. Is my sentence okay, and can anyone tell me the word to\ncount more than ten words?\n\nPS Sorry if this is a dumb question, it's my first time. This website seems\nreally sophisticated and I do not want to bug my Japanese friends. Google\nsearching wasn't helping me much, either.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"counters"
],
"title": "How to count the word 言葉?",
"view_count": 583
} | [
{
"body": "「言葉」is more like \"language\" or \"phrase\". If you want to talk about individual\nwords, a better term is 「単語{たんご}」. Furthermore, the counter for words is\n「語{ご}」.\n\nSo, one way you could say what you're trying to say would be:\n\n知{し}らない単語{たんご}を50語{ご}以上{いじょう}見{み}つけました。\n\n(「以上」means \"more than\". )\n\nHope that helps.",
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| 48364 | 48369 | 48369 |
{
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"body": "Under which circumstances 楽しい can turn into 楽しき?",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T16:39:22.140",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "I-adjective with -き, what does it mean?",
"view_count": 79
} | []
| 48366 | null | null |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to create a business pamphlet in Japanese for a local business\ncalled Donut Day and I'm wondering how to list their Open hours in full\nsentences for a school project.\n\nIn english I would do something like\n\n> Open\n>\n> Donut Day is open on Monday - 7am to 5pm\n>\n> Donut Day is open Tuesday through Saturday 6am to 5pm\n>\n> Donut Day is open on Sunday 6am to 3pm\n\nSo my question is, how do I say that Tuesday through Saturday part? I googled\na bit but couldn't find any answers that seemed reasonable that I could verify\nin any way with my level of comprehension.\n\nHere is my attempt -\n\n> 営業中\n>\n> ドーナツデイ は 月曜日 に 午前 7時 から午後 5時 まで 開いています。\n>\n> ドーナツデイ は 土曜日 から 土曜日 まで午前 6時 から 午後 5時 まで 営業しています。\n>\n> ドーナツデイ は 日曜日 の 午前 6時 から午後 3時 まで 営業しています。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T18:25:44.450",
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"id": "48368",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "20351",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"time"
],
"title": "How to group days of the week together",
"view_count": 104
} | [
{
"body": "Important points to list their Open hours:\n\n 1. If **Donut Day** is the name of the shop or something like that, you should not use ド-ナツ デイ in the line to tell the Open hours. It sounds a special day for sale.\n\n 2. We usually use **24-hour clock** system on a signage.\n\n**Original**\n\n> Open \n> Donut Day is open on Monday - 7am to 5pm \n> Donut Day is open Tuesday through Saturday 6am to 5pm \n> Donut Day is open on Sunday 6am to 3pm\n\n**Your attempt**\n\n> 営業中 \n> ド-ナツ デイ は 月曜日 に 午前 7時 から午後 5時 まで 開 いています \n> ド-ナツ デイ は 土曜日 から 土曜日 まで午前 6時 から 午後 5時 まで 営業しています \n> ド-ナツ デイ は 日曜日 の 午前 6時 から午後 3時 まで 営業し ています。\n\n**My attempt as common Japanese sentences**\n\n> 営業時間 \n> ドーナツ・デイは、月曜日は、午前７時から午後５時まで営業しております。 \n> ドーナツ・デイは、火曜日から土曜日までは、午前６時から午後５時まで営業しております。 \n> ドーナツ・デイは、日曜日は、午前６時から午後３時まで営業しております。\n\n**My attempt for a business pamphlet**\n\n> ドーナツ・デイの営業時間は下記のようになっております。 \n> 月曜日 ：午前７時から午後５時 \n> 火曜日から土曜日：午前６時から午後５時 \n> 日曜日および祝日：午前６時から午後３時\n\n**My attempt for a signage**\n\n> 営業時間 \n> 月曜 ：7:00-17:00 \n> 火曜～土曜：6:00-17:00 \n> 日曜・祝日：6:00-15:00 \n> ドーナツ・デイ",
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| 48368 | null | 48376 |
{
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"body": "According to [JMDict](http://tangorin.com/general/%E4%BA%88%E7%B4%84) 予約 is\ntranslated as\n\n 1. reservation; appointment; booking; advance order\n 2. contract; subscription; pledge\n\nNone of the meanings above seem to make sense to one of the function labels on\na washing machine.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "What is a meaning of 予約 on the washing machine?",
"view_count": 700
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{
"body": "On Japanese washing machines the 予約 is designed to set a timer for the washing\nmachine to start. For example, if you don't want wet clothes to be in the\nmachine while you're at work you can put clothing in there, set a 予約 timer for\na an hour before you return and then it won't start the cycle until then.",
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| 48370 | 48371 | 48371 |
{
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"body": "I have a quick question about a piece of dialogue I'm confused about:-\n\n> 誰かが止めようと思って止まる程に小さな流れでもない\n\nI think it probably translates to something like \"It's not even a small set of\nevents someone can try to stop.\"\n\nI read that 止める means \"to stop something or someone\", whereas 止まる means \"to\nstop\" more generally, but if my translation is accurate, why is there a need\nto use both 止める and 止まる in the same clause? My guess is \"止めようと思って止まる\" could be\nan expression that has a broader meaning.\n\nI hope someone can shed some light on this for me, thanks!",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"止めようと思って止まる\"?",
"view_count": 274
} | [
{
"body": "Try reading this with a comma between 誰かが止めようと思って and 止まる程. \nAdditionally, as if there were quotations around 「誰かが止めよう」. \nSo:\n\n「誰かが止めよう」と思って、止まる程に小さな流れでもない。 \nI thought that someone should stop it, but it wasn't such a small course that\nwould go so far as to stop.\n\nI think this translation of mine has some slightly poor word choice, but going\non the meaning of 程 as 'limit' or 'extent' I'm translating 止まる程 as meaning \"to\ngo so far as to stop\".\n\nPlease note that the quotations and the comma are for the sake of grouping a\nthought and giving pacing that might ease the understanding, but how it is\nwritten is correct.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-13T20:31:33.343",
"id": "48373",
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"body": "> 誰かが止めようと思って止まる程に小さな流れでもない\n\nThis phrase seems to imply certain big movement you can't stop, even if you\ntry to stop, as the stream of a river.\n\nI think the parsing of the phrase is as:\n\n-（その川の流れは、）小さな流れでもない \n_the movement of the stream is not small_ \n-（その川の流れは、）止まる程に + 小さな流れでもない \n_the movement of the stream is not so small as to be stopped_ \n-（その川の流れは、）誰かが思って + 止まる程に小さな流れでもない \n_the movement of the stream is not so small as to be stopped as someone\nthinks_ \n-（その川の流れは、）誰かが + 止めようと思って + 止まる程に小さな流れでもない \n_the movement of the stream is not so small as to be stopped as someone thinks\nto try to stop it_\n\n> 1. 止めようと思って止まる\n> 2. could be an expression that has a broader meaning.\n>\n\nAs you guess, we often use **ＡＡＡと思ってＡＡＡとなる程ＢＢＢでは（/でも）ない** like phrases to\ndescribe the enomous degree of ＢＢＢ like:\n\n * 動かそうと思って **も** 動かせない程 [重たい]{LLL} 物だった\n * 動かそうと思って動かせる程 [軽い]{LL} 物で [は]{L} **なかった**\n * 解こうと思って **も** 解けない程難しい問題である\n * 解こうと思って解ける程簡単な問題では **ない**\n * 走ろうと思って **も** 走れない程足が重たかった\n * 走ろうと思って走れる程足は軽くは **なかった**\n * 逃げようと思って **も** 逃げられない程塀は高かった\n * 逃げようと思って逃げられる程塀は低くは **なかった**\n * 入ろうと思って **も** 入れない程警戒が厳重である\n * 入ろうと思って入れる程警戒が甘くは **なかった**\n\nWe also use phrases like:\n\n * 動かそうにも動かせない程重たい物だった\n * 解こうにも解けない程難しい問題である\n * 走ろうにも走れない程足が重たかった\n * 逃げようにも逃げられない程塀は高かった\n * 入ろうにも入れない程警戒が厳重である",
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"body": "In fact, there are two clauses in 誰かが止めようと思って止まる, with て as the conjunctive.\n止めよう and 止まる each are part of the separate clauses.\n\nThe preceding (subordinate) clause 誰かが止めようと思(う) consists of the subject 誰か\n(\"somebody\") and the verb phrase 止めようと思(う) (\"tries to stop\"), where the\nimplied object of 止める is the 流れ (\"flow\").\n\nThe conjunctive て in this case expresses cause-and-effect relationship, like\n\"because\".\n\nIn the following (main) clause 止まる, there's an implicit subject of the verb\n止まる, namely 流れ.\n\nPutting it all together, 誰かが止めようと思って止まる can be translated to:\n\n> the flow stops because somebody tries to stop it\n\nIf we join it with the rest of the sentence, the translation may look like\nthis:\n\n> It is not so small a flow that it stops just because someone tries to stop\n> it.\n\nIn case the translation is unclear, the sentence means that the flow (whatever\nthat refers to) is so forceful and overwhelming that some casual attempt by a\nsingle person or a few people to stop it wouldn't remotely be able to match\nit.",
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| 48372 | null | 48377 |
{
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"body": "I know that 'ありのままで' means something like 'as I am', but how would one go\nabout understanding the bits and pieces of the phrase, such as 'あり' and what\nits function in the phrase is? Thank you for your help.",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"phrases"
],
"title": "Understanding 'ありのままで'",
"view_count": 4686
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{
"body": "> Why \"ari no mama de\" is something like \"as I am\"?\n\n**_ari no mama de_** is **ありのままで**. ありのまま is a set phrase which means そのまま, so\nありのままで is そのままで or \" _as it is_ \" or \" _Let it be_ \".\n\nI heard that ありのままで is translated for \"Let it go\", not for \"as I am\", \"as it\nis\" or \"Let it be\".\n\nThere is a [story](http://kiwi-english.net/1408) about the translation of\n「ありのままで」.\n\nThe possible translation for \" _Let it go_ \" is not \"ありのままで\" which is\nequivalent to \" _Let it be_ \", but 「もう忘れたら？」,「もう気にするのやめたら？」 or 「もう手放したら？」. \nBut the translator thought the movement of the mouth of \" _Let it go, Let it\ngo_ \" is similar to that of \"ありの～、ままで～\" when someone sings the phrases of the\nlyrics. So he/she decided to translate it as it is, even if there might be a\nslight difference in the meaning.",
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"body": "* **Ari あり** : The masu-stem of ある (\"to exist\", \"to be\"). [The masu-stem of a verb sometimes works as a noun.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010) So here あり means \"(your) being\", \"current existence\", etc.\n * **No の** : The particle that connects two nouns. You must be familiar with this.\n * **Mama まま** : A noun that means \"the status like before\", \"the same manner\", etc. It's almost always modified by another clause or attributive. See: [Learn JLPT N3 Grammar: まま (mama)](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-jlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE-mama/)\n * **De で** : A particle that marks a condition. \"in ～\"\n\nSo they amount to something like \"in the same manner as you are (now)\" or \"as\n(it) is\". Basically ありのまま is a set phrase that [works as a single no- or na-\nadjective](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%9C%89%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE).",
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"body": "Yesterday my Japanese teacher told me that I should ask my language partner to\ncorrect all my mistakes (and not leave some for the sake of politeness).\n\nSo now I want to write to that person:\n\n> My teacher said [You need to ask your partner to correct all your mistakes].\n\nI am having issue translating the part where I quote my teacher.\n\n> 私の先生は「あなたはあなたのパートナーにあなたの間違いを訂正して欲しいが必要です」といいました。\n\nI came up with this. I didn't found a way to say \"ask him to do it\" but I\nfound people using 欲しい instead. I also found a post that suggests using 必要です\nfor something really necessary when I use \"need to/have to\". But is 「必要です」 too\nstrong a word?",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Telling someone to ask/demand an action \"Ask your ... to ...\"",
"view_count": 258
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{
"body": "First, here is a translation of your sentence to help you understand.\n\n> 私の先生は「あなたはあなたのパートナーにあなたの間違いを訂正して欲しいが必要です」といいました。 \n> My teacher said \"You, by your partner, want to fix your error is needed\"\n\nThe first あなた is redundant.\n\nThe following :\n\n> 訂正して欲しい : wants someone to fix \n> が必要です : is needed\n\nWould make more sense this way :\n\n> 訂正してもらう : to receive someone's correction \n> 必要があります/ことが必要 : there is a need to / is needed\n\n欲しい is a desire, and saying that your desire is needed does not make much\nsense. Also note that saying that it is needed for your partner to fix your\nmistakes seems a bit over the top. Unless your partner has a contract and is\ngetting paid by your teacher. It might be better to say something like \"if\npossible, it would be best if ...\". Which can be said in the following way.\n\n> 出来れば、訂正してもらった方がいいです。\n\nSo in the end you would get something like this.\n\n> 私の先生は「（出来れば）あなたのパートナーにあなたの間違いを訂正してもらった方がいいです」といいました。",
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| 48382 | 48383 | 48383 |
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"body": "TDL舞台に誘拐ミステリー⁉︎／噂、デマが飛び交って大騒ぎ\n\nThis is a headline from an article. How would you translate the whole\nheadline? I don't know how I should translate the て from of the verb 飛び交う.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"syntax"
],
"title": "translating a headline, て form",
"view_count": 107
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{
"body": "Kidnap Mystery on TDL Stage! Rumours and False Stories Run Rampant: Massive\nConfusion\n\nLiterally \"Rumours and deliberate falsehoods run rampant/fly around and [there\nis] massive confusion\". The verb following 大騒ぎ is omitted to save space -\nstandard practice in newspapers.",
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| 48384 | 48385 | 48385 |
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"body": "仏教絵画 and 仏画 each have their own Wikipedia article, which is an almost sure\nsign that they are different concepts.\n\n[仏教絵画](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB):\n\n> 仏教を題材とした絵画である。寺院の壁画、絹、紙、板に描いた絵画、版画等を含む。\n\n[仏画](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E7%94%BB):\n\n>\n> 広義には、仏教絵画全般を指し、仏伝、本生譚、浄土変相図（当麻曼陀羅など）、来迎図、二河白道図、六道絵などの仏教説話画、祖師絵伝、絵巻、祖師図、禅宗僧の肖像画でいう頂相、一般僧の肖像画なども含む。\n\nI still don't clearly understand how they differ. Can you enlighten me?\n\nFor instance, when given a particular painting, on what criteria can I declare\n\" _This painting is 仏画 but not 仏教絵画_ \", or the opposite?",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"religion"
],
"title": "Difference between 仏教絵画 and 仏画",
"view_count": 158
} | [
{
"body": "仏教絵画 is self-explanatory; any painting that's related to Buddhism.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for 仏画, Wikipedia says:\n\n> 仏画（ぶつが）とは、広義には、仏教絵画全般を指し、 (中略) 狭義には仏教、特に密教系宗派の礼拝・儀式で使用される絵画。\n\nデジタル大辞泉 says:\n\n> 仏教絵画。狭義には礼拝の対象とされる仏や菩薩【ぼさつ】などの画像をいう。\n\nブリタニカ国際大百科事典 says:\n\n> 普通は礼拝の対象とされる仏教諸尊の絵像や曼荼羅図をさすが，広義には仏教的な主題をもった絵画全般をいう。\n\n百科事典マイペディア says:\n\n> 仏像彫刻に対し，礼拝の対象となる仏教尊像の画像と修法の本尊である曼荼羅【まんだら】図をさす。広義には仏教絵画の総称\n\n大辞林 第三版 says:\n\n> 仏の姿を描いた絵。また、仏教に題材をとった絵画。\n\n日本大百科全書 says:\n\n>\n> 仏教絵画のことで、広義には仏教の宗教活動のために描かれた仏教を主題にした絵画の総称。狭義には仏教彫像（仏像）に対応する意味に用いられ、礼拝の対象となる仏教の尊像を表した画像をさす。\n\nSo 仏画 in the broader sense is a simple equivalent of 仏教絵画, but it sometimes\nspecifically refers to a painting of (human-shaped) Buddha which is meant to\nbe worshiped.\n\nI think 仏画 is a relatively uncommon word, and 仏教絵画 or 仏教画 is usually used to\nobjectively refer to Buddhist paintings in general in fine art and\narchaeological contexts. From what I understand, all 仏画 are also 仏教絵画 by\ndefinition, but not vice versa. I feel [portraits of\nmonks](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8) are safely called\n仏教絵画, but calling them 仏画 sounds a bit profane to me. A\n[地獄絵図](https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=sfp_as&aq=-1&oq=&ts=1248&p=%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84%E7%B5%B5%E5%9B%B3&meta=vc%3D)\nis safely a 仏教絵画, but I personally hesitate to call it a 仏画.",
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"body": "Just trying have some fun with Japanese grammar, but the sentence in the title\nhas me stumped. I just don't understand Japanese particles enough to even know\nwhere to begin. Here is my best attempt at something resembling this sentence,\nbut its gotta be wrong, so please help understand how to construct this\nsentence in the best way.\n\n> I think that she thinks that I think she is dumb \n> 私は彼女が私は彼女がバカとおもうとおもっているとおもう。(LOL, there is just no way...)",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
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"title": "I think that she thinks that I think she is dumb",
"view_count": 4326
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{
"body": "Nice challenge! I really had to think about this one.\n\nThe only way I could do it without the sentence being super clunky was to use\nsynonyms for think. So I used 意見｛いけん｝(opinion), and 思う。 I'm not 100% convinced\nthat it means exactly what I have translated it as (or if its 100%\ngrammatically correct for that matter), but this is what I came up with:\n\n> 私の意見ですけど、彼女の思いでは私が彼女を馬鹿{ばか}だと思うと考えているかな。\n>\n> This is my opinion, but she seems to think that I think she's dumb.\n\nI have found that in situations like this, using synonyms helps make the task\nof translation considerably easier at times.",
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"body": "How about \"私は、彼女が、私が彼女を馬鹿だ(と思う)と思っていると思う\"?\n\n\"I think that she thinks that\" is translated as \"私は、彼女が(を)～と思うと思う\" and \"I\nthink she is dumb\" is translated as \"私は彼女は馬鹿だと思う\", so it would be translated\nas \"私は、彼女が、私が彼女を馬鹿だ(と思う)と思っていると思う\".\n\nMy other idea is \"私が彼女が(を)馬鹿だと思うと彼女が思っていると私は思う\".",
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"body": "How about...\n\nI think she is dumb. \n彼女のことをバカだと僕は思っている。 \n↓ \nShe thinks that I think she is dumb. \n彼女のことをバカだと僕が思っていると彼女は思っている。 \n↓ \nI think that she thinks that I think she is dumb. \n彼女のことをバカだと僕が思っていると彼女が思っていると僕は思っている。 \n↓ \nX thinks that I think that she thinks that I think she is dumb. \n彼女のことをバカだと僕が思っていると彼女が思っていると僕が思っているとXさんは思っている。 \n↓ \nY thinks that X thinks that I think that she thinks that I think she is dumb. \n彼女のことをバカだと僕が思っていると彼女が思っていると僕が思っているとXさんが思っているとYさんは思っている。 \n↓\n\n... and it can go on and on...",
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| 48387 | 48390 | 48390 |
{
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"body": "> そしてその後部座席は水に冷たく濡れていたのである。\n\nI was reading a story when I found this sentence. Why did the author use the\nadverb 冷たく? When I translate can I just skip it?",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "The adverb 冷たく in そしてその後部座席は水に冷たく濡れていたのである",
"view_count": 115
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{
"body": "The story was a horror story, and the sentence was a punch line, wasn't it.\nJapanese people feel chilly when listening to horror stories, and to emphasize\nit, the author used 冷たい (chilly or cold; adverb form 冷たく) in the line, I\nthink.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-14T15:23:27.783",
"id": "48392",
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"body": "Simply put, you shouldn't skip descriptive words like adverbs and adjectives.\nAdverbs, like this one you're asking about, add to the atmosphere and\nenvironment in the story much like how adverbs and adjectives add detail to a\nstory in English. They're crucial in fully understanding what happened, as\nwell as why people do what they do.\n\n冷たく is the adverb form of\n[冷たい](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%86%B7%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84), [which was formed by\nreplacing the い with a く](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/adgobi.html). If you\nclicked on the link for 冷たい, you would find that it meant cold, chilly, icy,\nor freezing. The second definition (coldhearted, unfeeling) doesn't really\nwork here.\n\n冷たく is modifying the verb\n[濡れる](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%BF%A1%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B), which was conjugated\nto 濡れていた, or translated into English as \"(something) was wet.\" Put together,\n冷たく濡れていた means that \"(something) was cold and wet.\"\n\nBy now, you probably know that the (something) that I referred to in the last\nparagraph is the 後部座席{こうぶざせき｝ (back seat), so without further ado, let's\ntranslate that sentence.\n\n> そしてその後部座席は水に冷たく濡れていたのである。\n>\n> Then the back seat became cold and wet from the water.\n\nSo can you skip the adverb in translation? Sure, **but you miss information**.\nI don't know the context of the sentences before this particular sentence, so\nI am going to assume that they drove off a bridge into a body of water (river,\n瀬戸内海、etc.) What if the passengers were so cold that they could not move, and\nended up drowning? What if the desperation of the passengers was dramatically\nincreased because of the cold water? If you don't explain that the seats were\ncold as well as wet, you could miss out on why the passengers reacted the way\nthey did. I highly recommend that you avoid skipping translation on adverbs.\nThey are just as important in English as they are in Japanese.",
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| 48391 | 48394 | 48392 |
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"body": "Ive seen 立ち上がる＆乗ってあがる before,yet I can't tell the difference between them and\n立つ｜乗る。\n\nFor example 早速立ち上がれ！（Hurry and stand up!)\n\nエレベーターに乗ってあがる (=I take the elevator and go up.).\n\nI haven`t seen any other usage for てあがる。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-14T15:51:06.157",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"compounds"
],
"title": "How should てあがる be used？",
"view_count": 457
} | [
{
"body": "The suffix ～上｛あ｝がる here implies something rising. Sometimes it is used with\nother words that may mean directly to rise or to stand for the sake of\nemphasis on the rising motion rather than the act of physically moving to\nelevate.\n\n> 立｛た｝つ = to stand up \n> 立｛た｝ち上｛あ｝がる = to rise up\n\nFor comparison, think of the use of 上｛のぼ｝る as well:\n\n> 立｛た｝ち上｛のぼ｝る = to rise up in a climbing fashion\n\nCompound verbs such as these add color to phrasing that wouldn't be described\nsolely by using only one of the parts of the compound. Think of what comes to\nmind as you read these sentences:\n\n> 空｛そら｝に立｛た｝ち上｛あ｝がった花火｛はなび｝がきれいにパッとしました。 \n> The firework that rose up into the sky made a pretty flash.\n>\n> 花火｛はなび｝が空｛そら｝に立｛た｝ち上｛のぼ｝って行｛い｝きました。 \n> The firework climbed up to the sky.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-14T22:00:45.023",
"id": "48398",
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{
"body": "First, let's make a clear distinction between `te-form + 上がる` and `masu-stem +\n上がる`. The former is just two verbs combined using the te-form. 乗って上がる is not a\nset phrase but just consecutive two actions, エレベーターに乗る and 上がる.\n\nThe latter form is called compound verbs. Just as in English you can join a\nverb and an adverb to describe a distinct action (e.g,. \"carry out\", \"take\noff\"), in Japanese you can join two verbs and mean something different. The\nJapanese language has tons of compound verbs, and there's even [a dedicated\ndatabase site for compound verbs](http://vvlexicon.ninjal.ac.jp/en/). 上がる\nafter the masu-stem is roughly similar to \"`verb` + up\" in English. 立つ means\n\"to stand\" whereas 立ち上がる means \"to stand up\". 燃える is \"to burn\" and 燃え上がる is\n\"to flame up\". `masu-stem + 上がる` also often means \"finish ～ing\". Some verb\npairs are unpredictable; for example\n[盛り上がる](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%9B%9B%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B)\nmeaning \"to get excited.\" Use the \"Search by V2\" function of the lexicon above\nto find lots of examples. There is no such word as 乗り上がる in Japanese, but\nthere is\n[乗り上げる](http://jisho.org/word/%E4%B9%97%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B).",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T18:25:24.337",
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| 48393 | null | 48415 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48402",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was reading a story and I found this sentence (in the previous part of the\ntext the author wrote that a taxi driver had found someone and he had picked\nhim up):\n\nところが、しばらく走っているうちに、車の中がなんとなく寒くなってきた。\n\nFirst of all I don't understand the meaning of しばらく.\n\nAnother structure that I don't understand is なってくる. Why did the author put くる\nafter なる?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-14T20:18:30.723",
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"id": "48397",
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"owner_user_id": "18269",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"verbs",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "I don't understand the meaning of しばらく in this sentence",
"view_count": 288
} | [
{
"body": "Also, regarding ～てくる, think of くる metaphorically. My grammar book defines it\nas \"come to ~, get to ~; a change that takes place over time.\"\n\nHere's another useful explanation:\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/teform>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-14T23:31:19.713",
"id": "48400",
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{
"body": "I'm sure OP can look up things in a dictionary by him/herself.\n\nWhile the usage may be slightly different to how you would normally see it\nused (しばらく待ってください！ or しばらくの間使えないよ！ etc), the meaning here too is that of a\nsomewhat short time span.\n\n\"However, while/after driving for some time, the inside of the car became\n(gradually) colder.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T01:46:45.380",
"id": "48402",
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| 48397 | 48402 | 48402 |
{
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"body": "I don't know a lot of kanji, sorry.\n\nI saw someone write, 初めまして、おびびです but I can't seem to figure out what obibi\nmeans. Can someone please explain.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T02:40:27.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48403",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-15T02:43:20.120",
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"owner_user_id": "22556",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "What does おびび mean?",
"view_count": 156
} | [
{
"body": "In a phrase:\n\n> 初めまして、〇〇です\n\n〇〇 is expected to be a name, nickname, or some other proper noun by which that\nperson wants to be called/associated with.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T02:43:20.120",
"id": "48404",
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| 48403 | null | 48404 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48410",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "A taxi driver picks a girl up. He is driving. Unintentionally he looks at\nrearview mirror and he doesn't see anybody. Then I found this sentence:\n\n> おや? と思って振り返るとちゃんといるのです。\n\nWhen I have read it I have understood that he is driving, he sees that nobody\nis there, he turns to the back seat but the girl is there. However, it doesn't\nmake any sense to me. At the end of the story the author says that he was\nafraid but he continued to drive and when he stopped the girl was not there.\n\nCan somebody explain this sentence to me?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T09:53:45.520",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48405",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"sentence"
],
"title": "「おや? と思って振り返るとちゃんといるのです。」",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "The pivot point is と, \"when\"\".\n\nLiterally: \"When, thinking 'What on earth?', he turned round, she was there\nsure enough\"\n\nMore idiomatically: \"'What the..?' he thought, and turned to look. There she\nwas all right.\"\n\nちゃんと means right, proper, neat, tidy, precise, accurate. I'd say the sense\nhere is \"and no mistake\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:30:58.600",
"id": "48409",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20069",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "This story is a horror story. \nI suggest that this girl was a **ghost**.\n\nDon't you feel horrible to know the following series of phenomena?\n\n1) A taxi driver picked up a girl. - **She was there**. \n2) While he drove for a while, he found that the girl was not reflected in a\nrearview mirror where she should be. - **She wasn't there**. \n3) He turned to the back seat but the girl was there. - **She was there**. \n4) He continued to drive and when he stopped the girl was not there. - **She\nwasn't there**.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:36:35.673",
"id": "48410",
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{
"body": "This would be a terrible story. What the author want to say is that the girl\nis a ghost.The driver couldn't see her in the rearview mirror but when he\nturned to the back seat, the girl was there. However when he stopped, the girl\nwas not there. The girl sometimes could be seen or sometimes could not be seen\nlike a ghost.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:39:58.640",
"id": "48411",
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| 48405 | 48410 | 48409 |
{
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"body": "I am writing a speech, and it is a speech presentation. I was wondering if I\nshould be using です/ます form, or である form which is used in formal essays?\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T09:54:02.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"formality"
],
"title": "In a speech, should です/ます be used, or である form?",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "In a speech presentation we use です/ます form without fail.\n\n[Here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ScZikw3GPk) is an example of \"a good\npresentation\". She is giving a presentation using です/ます form.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:06:47.983",
"id": "48407",
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"body": "Further to mackygoo's answer, using the である style is very formal, masculine\nand (I'd say) old-fashioned. It's used most in speeches in the Diet. If you\nwant to see some examples turn on the broadcast of parliamentary proceedings.\nIt used to be used in the Imperial Army and Navy up to 1945. I doubt that the\nmodern SDF use it.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:41:18.597",
"id": "48412",
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| 48406 | 48407 | 48407 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "\n\nIts a paper stroke hanging below a iron bell\n\nThe hiragana transelates to no furin but i cant find the translation or\nmeaning for the top two kanji",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:23:43.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48408",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"calligraphy"
],
"title": "What does this wish stroke mean?",
"view_count": 756
} | [
{
"body": "「趣味{しゅみ}の風{ふう}りん」 _a wind-bell as a hobby_ \nThis phrase seems only a sales message, not someone's wishes. The main purpose\nof the hanging is to have the bell ring by the wind's breeze, not to write\nwishes on it.\n\nI'll tell you about the characters written on the hanging. \nThere are roughly three styles of script to write _kanji_ s in handwriting,\nespecially by a writing brush: they are 楷書体 ( _kaisho-tai_ ) style, 行書体 (\n_gyohsho-tai_ ) style and 草書体 ( _sohsho-tai_ ) style.\n\nThe characters on the slip of paper hanging are written in: \n**趣** ： _kanji_ in 行書体 ( _gyohsho-tai_ ) style \n**味** ： _kanji_ in 行書体 ( _gyohsho-tai_ ) style \n**の** ： _hiragana_ \n**風** ： _kanji_ in 草書体 ( _sohsho-tai_ ) style \n**り** ： _hiragana_ \n**ん** ： _hiragana_\n\n**楷書体( _kaisho-tai_ )** [Regular\nscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) (traditional Chinese:\n楷書; simplified Chinese: 楷书; pinyin: kǎishū; Hepburn: kaisho), also called 正楷\n(pinyin: zhèngkǎi), 真書 (zhēnshū), 楷體 (kǎitǐ) and 正書 (zhèngshū), is the newest\nof the Chinese script styles (appearing by the Cao Wei dynasty ca. 200 CE and\nmaturing stylistically around the 7th century), hence most common in modern\nwritings and publications (after the Ming and gothic styles, used exclusively\nin print).\n\n**行書体( _gyohsho-tai_ )** [Semi-cursive\nscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-cursive_script) is a cursive style\nof Chinese characters. Because it is not as abbreviated as cursive, **most\npeople who can read regular script can read semi-cursive**. It is highly\nuseful and also artistic.\n\n**草書体( _sohsho-tai_ )** [Cursive\nscript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive_script_\\(East_Asia\\))\n(simplified Chinese: 草书; traditional Chinese: 草書; pinyin: cǎoshū), often\nmistranslated as grass script (see Names below), is a style of Chinese\ncalligraphy. Cursive script is faster to write than other styles, but\ndifficult to read for those unfamiliar with it. It functions primarily as a\nkind of shorthand script or calligraphic style. **People who can read standard\nor printed forms of Chinese may not be able to comprehend this script**.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/W4ggL.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/P0SyC.jpg)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T10:50:47.753",
"id": "48413",
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| 48408 | null | 48413 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48438",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was watching the news -> [link](http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5jzoqy)\nand I believe the narrator said\n\nat 3:03\n\n> 実に大人気無い。\n\nThe first translation that pops up in my mind is \"really childlish\" or\n\"immature\".\n\nHowever, I'm not sure if this is what the narrator really meant??? For me,\nit's a pretty harsh word to describe a person, especially the one you aren't\nclose with.\n\nHence I was wondering what did the narrator actually want to imply in this\nvideo? and Is there a better English translation that are more align to what\nshe really meant?\n\nor is it that these words just are not as harsh for Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T18:58:20.453",
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"id": "48416",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation of 実に大人気無い in this video?",
"view_count": 145
} | [
{
"body": "Yes. According to imiwa dictionary 大人気｛おとなげ｝ない translates to \"immature,\nchildish.\" Listening to the video, she is most certainly saying this and it\nfits in the context.\n\nAs for harshness, I would not know, but I assume that it's fine if this host\nis saying it on a television show.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T20:10:40.763",
"id": "48423",
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"body": "Yes, the narrator said 実に大人げない.\n\nThe beanstalk in the video is obviously targeted at kids. The implication of\nthis phrase is that the male adult should have given the child the chance to\nwin (or at least the chance for the kid to try to win) because it's a variety\nshow on TV. Of course it's said as a joke (so calling this corner ガチンコ勝負 was a\nkind of joke, after all)\n\n未熟だ would have sounded harsher, but 大人げない is often used this way, to playfully\nrefer to such \"abuse of the power of adults\". Here are [some funny 大人げない\nexamples](https://curazy.com/archives/165666). I'm afraid I don't know which\nEnglish phrase best matches this, but maybe something like \"You've tried too\nhard (when you're with kids)\" work.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T04:18:57.387",
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| 48416 | 48438 | 48423 |
{
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"body": "> もしつごうよかったら、どこかゆうめいなところをあんないしてあげてくれませんか.\n\n 1. In the above sentence if both もし and たら translate to \"if\", why are they both used?\n\n 2. Does あげてくれませんか mean \"Won't you do it for me\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T19:26:21.367",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48417",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-15T23:01:28.967",
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"owner_user_id": "22458",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "もし and たら. verbs of giving and receiving",
"view_count": 1166
} | [
{
"body": "もし is a word used to make the if-statement softer and more hypothetical. It's\nmost like saying \"if, by any chance, ...\"\n\n> もしよかったら、案内｛あんない｝してくれますか？\n>\n> If it's alright, could you show me around?\n\nIt's just as correct to say よかったら by itself in this sentence but in the\ncontext of a request the もし makes it seem like you're showing more\nconsideration and understanding that your request might not be granted.\n\nIn the case of a statement it makes the situation seem more hypothetical.\n\n> もしないなら、私と話してください\n>\n> If (in the off chance) it's not there, talk to me\n\nTo answer the second question: to say あげてくれませんか would be to say \"would you do\nthat for someone else?\"\n\nThe あげる is for an action being done towards someone away from yourself. The\nくれませんか is to ask someone to do something for **yourself** (so it might be a\nlittle confusing).\n\nIn the end, this speaker is asking someone to give a tour of a famous place to\nsomeone else but only if it's convenient.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T19:34:29.437",
"id": "48418",
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{
"body": "してあげませんか can't mean \"won't you do it for me\", only \"won't you do it for\nhim/her/them/some other person. So あんないしてあげませんか would mean \"won't you be kind\nenough to show him/her/them round?\". あんないしてあげてくれませんか would mean \"won't you do\nme the favour of doing them the favour of showing them round?\" So this\nsentence means \"If it's convenient, would you, as a favour to me, do them the\nkindness of showing them round some famous places?\" Maybe this would convey\nthe feeing: \"If it's not too inconvenient, could I ask a favour? Would you\nmind showing them round some of the famous sights?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T19:58:57.733",
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| 48417 | null | 48418 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48421",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I googled them, they share the very similar meaning and it confused me\n\nいつも always/ forever\n\n度でも endless times/ forever\n\n何でも how many times/ many times, you can not only use in question, but also non\nquestion sentence to express many times",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T19:43:10.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48420",
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"owner_user_id": "22567",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "what are the differences between いつも、度でも、何でも",
"view_count": 58
} | [
{
"body": "You're correct on the first one. いつも means \"always\".\n\nI think you meant to say 何度｛なんど｝も. This means that something has or will\nhappen \"many times\". It's as if the speaker can't count how many times it has\nor will occur.\n\n何でも actually doesn't have to do with time at all but rather means \"anything\".\nIt is similar to いつも, where there's a question word and も to mean \"any---\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T19:49:22.287",
"id": "48421",
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| 48420 | 48421 | 48421 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48426",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "What is the significance of the usage of の in these nominals?\n\n 1. 東京からの手紙\n\n 2. 東京から手紙\n\nThe latter is how I was taught to formulate this nominal form, but I came\nacross a source that uses the first form. I'm unsure if there is nuance I am\nmissing, or if these are just different ways of saying the same thing.\n\n**EDIT:** This is from the textbook (\"Basic Connections: Making Your Japanese\nFlow\", pg. 21) which brought this to my attention:\n\n\"When の follows a noun and a particle, it is generally not translated. Note\nthat a phrase with a particle or with a -て form is considered to be a noun\nphrase.\"\n\nI don't know from the examples how the -て form factors into this, as it only\nuses から, まで and へ.\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T20:43:47.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48424",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "When の follows particles",
"view_count": 349
} | [
{
"body": "Why the の is not translated has more to do with English grammar than Japanese\ngrammar.\n\nConsider the following two sentences in Japanese:\n\n> (A) 友達から手紙はぬすまれた。\n>\n> (B) 友達からの手紙はぬすまれた。\n\nThe first one can be translated \"The letter was stolen from my friend\".\n\nThe second one can be translated \"The letter from my friend was stolen.\"\n\nThe の allows 友達から to modify 手紙, otherwise there is nothing to connect the two\n--essentially 友達からの is a relative clause modifying 手紙. Without the の, 友達から\ncannot be construed as modifying 手紙.\n\nIn English we can get away with saying \"The letter from my friend\" and\neveryone understands that we mean \"The letter which is from my friend\". If you\nspeak (or read) French, you'll be aware of the degree of parsimony English can\nget away with and expect to still be understood. Similarly in Japanese, if we\nwant a _prepositional phrase_ to modify a noun, we have to create a relative\nclause. (I wrote _prepositional phrase_ in italics because I think it's a bad\nidea to conflate Japanese particles with prepositions in English; they don't\nreally behave the same way though they are often similar.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-15T22:40:09.133",
"id": "48426",
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{
"body": "I'm curious where or from whom you learned that 東京から手紙 is the nominal form of\nthis phrase, as から alone does not function to do that. Which is to say, there\nis actually a significant distinction between the two phrases. Specifically,\n東京から **の** 手紙 (the/a letter from Tokyo) is a noun phrase, whereas 東京から手紙 (From\nTokyo a letter...) is a prepositional phrase and thus needs a verb (and\npossibly a subject) for it to make any sense.\n\nSo while you can say:\n\nこれは東京からの手紙です。 This is a letter from Tokyo.\n\nYou cannot say:\n\nこれは東京から手紙です。\n\nAgain, this is because から does not produce the nominal form. The correct usage\nwould be in conjunction with a verb as follows:\n\n東京から手紙が来ました/届きました。A letter came/arrived from Tokyo.\n\nOf course, you can use the nominal form to say basically the same thing:\n\n東京からの手紙が届きました。A letter from Tokyo arrived. (Same meaning but with a slight\nnuance)\n\nSo in short, the two phrases are not, in fact, interchangeable.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T22:48:35.117",
"id": "48427",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-15T23:22:50.027",
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{
"body": "There are several interpretations for the の particle. Here, the の particle\nplays the role of issuing correspondence. Oftentimes we can say that it\ndemonstrates correspondence by belonging, but in this case we can also say\nthat it demonstrates correspondence by origin.\n\n> 友達{ともだち}の本{ほん} = My friend's book \n> Conceptually speaking: \"The book that belongs to my friend\" \n> or in other words: \"The book that corresponds to my friend\"\n\nWith this kind of contextualization, think of the English pattern \"The X that\ncorresponds with/came from/belongs to\" and it should make sense why that\nworks. If what precedes it is treated as a (thing/complete thought) \"noun\":\n\n> 東京{とうきょう}からの手紙{てがみ} = The letter from Tokyo \n> 盗{ぬす}んだ宝石{ほうせき}の泥棒{どろぼう} = The burglar that stole the jewels \n> 魚{さかな}が嫌{きら}いの猫{ねこ} = The cat that dislikes fish \n> 自由{じゆう}への旅{たび}立{だ}ち = The journey (that is) towards freedom",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T00:13:35.510",
"id": "48431",
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| 48424 | 48426 | 48426 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48433",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The verbs 急ぐ{いそぐ} and 急かす{せかす} both seem to mean _to hurry_. Is there any\ndifference between them?\n\nAlso, Jisho.org says that 急ぐ can be both intransitive and transitive, but\ndoesn't mention the transitivitiy of 急かす at all, which I find particularly\nweird (for all other verbs I've seen on Jisho, their transitivity was always\nmentioned). Is 急かす transitive or intransitive (or both)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T22:01:29.760",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances",
"verbs"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 急ぐ{いそぐ} and 急かす{せかす}?",
"view_count": 567
} | [
{
"body": "According to Weblio, 急かす is a transitive verb, with 急く being the intransitive\nform. As far as the difference in meaning, there doesn't seem to be any,\nthough I would venture to guess that 急ぐ is the more common usage.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T23:08:49.707",
"id": "48430",
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},
{
"body": "急かす【せかす】 is transitive, and usually takes a person as an object.\n\n> * 彼を急かした。 I hurried him. / I made him hurry.\n> * そんなに(俺を)急かすなよ。 Don't rush me so much.\n>\n\n急ぐ【いそぐ】 is usually intransitive, but it also sometimes takes [を as a location\nmarker](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3243/5010). 急ぐ also has a\ntransitive usage, and when 急ぐ is transitive, it takes an inanimate object.\n\n> * 私は今、急いでいます。 I'm in a hurry now.\n> * この道を急ぎましょう。 Let's hurry in this way.\n> * プロジェクトの完成を急ごう。 Let's hurry to complete the project.\n>\n\nEtymologically, I believe 急かす【せかす】 is one of the causative forms of 急く【せく】,\nwhich is another rare intransitive verb meaning _to hurry_. It's the same as\nthe \"shortened causative form\" explained\n[here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass), but 急かす is far\nmore common in 急く today. 急く is found almost only in [this\nproverb](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%80%A5%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF%E4%BA%8B%E3%82%92%E4%BB%95%E6%90%8D%E3%81%9A%E3%82%8B).\nI think you can regard 急かす as a separate (transitive) verb.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T01:53:26.300",
"id": "48433",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 7
}
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| 48425 | 48433 | 48433 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A friend recently wrote (in response to a compliment):\n\n嬉しい！嬉しく **てに** やけてしまいました。\n\nI understand the meaning entirely, but it's the first time I've come across て\nform followed immediately by に。A quick search of sample sentences on\nJisho.org, as well as a peek through my grammar book, revealed nothing. Is\nthis a common (or even grammatically correct) usage?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T23:00:59.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48428",
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"owner_user_id": "19784",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"usage",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Use of て-form + に",
"view_count": 68
} | [
{
"body": "You're not parsing it correctly, I'm afraid. It's 「嬉しくて、にやけてしまいました。」（にやける = to\ngrin, smirk）",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-15T23:05:57.547",
"id": "48429",
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| 48428 | null | 48429 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48435",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I saw this question, [How is おい\nused?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30236/how-\nis-%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84-used), but I don't think this would be a duplicate of\nany existing question yet.\n\nThere, they say that おい is a curt \"hey\" or \"yo\" that can come across strongly.\nBut since I'm still fairly new to Japanese, the most memorable instance of おい\nI can recall is [Link's little\nsister](http://i2.cdnds.net/13/32/618x347/gaming-legend-of-zelda-wind-walker-\nhd-screenshot-6.jpg) from The Wind Waker.\n\nSimilarly, I'm most familiar with ねえ from\n[music](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-rwuVQJHcE) (this is just my favorite\nartist and one of his songs that uses ねえ). It seems to just mean \"hey\" like it\nwould in English.\n\nHowever, it'd be nice to have a contextual contrast of how these are actually\nused beyond anime, music, and video games. Could you explain what their\ndifferences are?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T02:29:06.647",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48434",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-16T02:40:42.960",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between おい and ねえ?",
"view_count": 1301
} | [
{
"body": "Stopping a total stranger in the real world using おい is out of the question,\nas I mentioned in the existing answer. In fiction, you may often see tough\nguys and impertinent characters use おい as the very first word they utter.\n\nBut when it comes to おい used between friends or family members, that's another\nstory. It's more like \"wait\", \"hey\" or \"come on\" used when someone said\nsomething funny. おいおい sounds like \"come on\" or \"gimme a break.\" It may still\nsound a bit tomboyish for a fictional girl.\n\nAnd a loud おーい used to attract attention from a distance is not particularly\nimpolite, either. That's just \"hey\" or \"hello\". You can say \"おーい、誰かいるか！\"\n(\"Hello! Is anybody there!?\") looking into a deep and dark well.\n\nI don't know how the little sister usually speaks. If you can cite the exact\nline including おい, I may tell which kind of おい it is.\n\nねえ as an interjection tends to be preferred by females and children, and it\nmeans \"listen\" (as the starter of a conversation), \"please\", or \"yeah\" (as a\nsign of agreement). It's never used to stop a person on the street. I can't\nthink of a situation where ねえ and おい are interchangeable.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T03:13:44.457",
"id": "48435",
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}
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| 48434 | 48435 | 48435 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48444",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is it natural to say “さんかいの工スカレ一タ一でおります”??\n\nMy concept is there is individual escalator for every floor. Now I am on 3rd\nfloor and take it down to any lower floor I want. So, I use の to indicate I am\ntaking the 3rd floor eacalator and going down. Only focus the “down” action,\nnot indicating which floor I'm going.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T03:15:21.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48436",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-16T08:25:39.930",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-の"
],
"title": "さんかいの工スカレ一タ一でおります",
"view_count": 95
} | [
{
"body": "I'd suggest you say 三階【さんかい】 **から** エスカレーターで下【お】ります。 (から ≒ \"from\")\n\n三階のエスカレーター is not entirely wrong, but it sounds odd to me because escalators\nare placed _between_ floors, not at individual floors.\n\nIf you want to specify the destination floor, you can use both に and へ to mark\nit. (e.g, 三階から一階にエスカレーターで下ります)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T03:51:15.700",
"id": "48437",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-16T03:51:15.700",
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{
"body": "> さんかいの工スカレ一タ一でおります or 三階｛さんかい｝のエスカレーターで下｛お｝ります\n\nBasically, I think, Naruto's answer is perfect. \nWe could use 三階からエスカレーターで下ります in your case.\n\nAnyway we usually simply say エスカレーターで下ります omitting 三階から, because the floor\nwhere you are now is useless in the conversation.\n\nBut, we also use 三階 **の** エスカレーターで下ります. It doesn't sound odd if you know the\nproper case where it is used. \nI'll show you the cases where we use it.\n\n 1. We also use commonly 三階 **の** エスカレーターで下ります, when the escalator service is available only on some floors including the 3rd floor. In this case, the phrase implies 三階で利用｛りよう｝できるエスカレーターで下｛お｝ります or 三階で乗｛の｝れるエスカレーターで下｛お｝ります。 \nFor the same reason, we use 三階 **の** エレベーターで下｛お｝ります. As you know, elevators do\nnot always stop at every floor, especially in a large building or like that.\n\n 2. When you have several ways available on the 3rd floor besides the escalator to go downwards, you usually say 三階｛さんかい｝ **の** エスカレーターで下｛お｝ります or simply エスカレーターで下｛お｝ります. This is especially useful to the partner waiting for you on the lower floor. By this phrase, the partner could get information about where he/she should wait for you. In this case, 三階｛さんかい｝ **の** エスカレーターで下｛お｝ります implies 三階｛さんかい｝ **の** エスカレーターを利用｛りよう｝して下｛お｝ります. \nWe also say 三階 **の** 階段｛かいだん｝を使｛つか｝って下｛お｝ります\n\nAs a whole, the difference between 三階からエスカレーターで下ります and 三階のエスカレーターで下ります is\nlike:\n\n * 三階からエスカレーターで下ります: _I'm going to take the escalator to go downwards from the 3rd floor._\n\n * 三階のエスカレーターで下ります: _I'm going to take the escalator accessible from the 3rd floor to go downwards._",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T07:33:25.120",
"id": "48444",
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| 48436 | 48444 | 48437 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 1. こども **が** ねて いますから、しずかに して ください。\n>\n> 2. こども **は** ねて いますから、しずかに して ください。\n>\n>\n\nI know that the 2nd one is incorrect. But why? To my understanding, が is used\nto emphasize the subject we can hear or see, while は is rather for emphasizing\nthe subject with description or judgement. So it seems that both are correct\nto me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T06:30:19.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48440",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-17T01:08:11.040",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"particle-が",
"は-and-が"
],
"title": "こども \"が\" ねて いますから",
"view_count": 196
} | [
{
"body": "As far as I know, it is usually never technically incorrect to replace one for\nanother, but the emphasis will be different and so will the meaning.\n\nUsing は in your example, would give me this impression.\n\n> Maybe YOU are not sleeping, but THE KIDS are, so calm down!\n\nWith the が the emphasis on comparing the sleeping people and the non sleeping\npeople is gone, and it becomes much more like a factual statement, which is\nusually what you wish to say.\n\n> [just so you know] the kids are sleeping so please don't make too much sound",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T07:07:22.823",
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"body": "A useful rule to follow is this:\n\nは indicates that what precedes it is the topic of the whole of the rest of the\nsentence up to the next full stop\n\nが marks the subject of the next verb that is in a sentence-ending form (and of\nany intervening verbs in non-sentence-ending forms) but not of any subsequent\nverbs in the same sentence.\n\nIn other words, は lasts for the whole sentence, but が is 'used up' by the next\nsentence-ending form, so any subsequent verb in the same sentence must have a\ndifferent subject.\n\nTry it out on these two:\n\nこどもがねていますから \"The child is asleep, so . . .\" (こども is now used up, so the next\nverb will have a different subject)\n\nしずかにしてください \". . . please be quiet\" (subject is obviously the person addressed)\n\nこどもはねていますから \"The child is asleep, so . . .\" (こども will be the topic/subject of\nthe next verb so that verb can't be a request such as しずかにしてください: sentence 2\nis therefore invalid. The sentence could perhaps conclude with something like\nないていません, giving \"The child is asleep, so it isn't crying\")\n\nThe sentences traditionally used in Japanese school textbooks to illustrate\nthis point are:\n\nとりはなくときくちをあけます \"When birds sing they open their mouths\" (とり is the subject of\nboth verbs: \"Birds [topic] - when they sing they open their mouths\"\n\nとりがなくときくちをあけます \"When birds sing I open my mouth\" (Subject とり marked with が is\nused up by verb なく, so あけます must have a different subject, and in the absence\nof a new subject being provided we fall back on default \"I\".)\n\nConsider also these examples:\n\nちちはびょうきになったから、いそいでかえった \"My father, because he fell ill, hurried home\"\n\nちちがびょうきになったから、いそいでかえった \"Because my father fell ill, I hurried home\"\n\nおとうとはらくだいしたからだいがくをやめた \"My younger brother failed his exams so he dropped out\nof university\"\n\nおとうとがらくだいしたからだいがくをやめた \"My younger brother failed his exams, so I dropped out\nof university \"",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T17:43:15.543",
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| 48440 | null | 48443 |
{
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"body": "Is it natural to say the meaning of “while the rain just stopped, it rains\nagain now” in Japanese as below?\n\nあめ が ちょうど ていしして、いま は ふたたび ふりましています。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T06:36:09.480",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "あめ が ちょうど ていしして",
"view_count": 73
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{
"body": "First, for rain you should use 止む｛やむ｝ instead of 停止｛ていし｝。 \nAlso, I would use ばかり instead of ちょうど. \nふりましています is probably just a mistake, you should write ふっています.\n\nI would say something like\n\n> 雨｛あめ｝が止んだ｛やんだ｝ばっかりなのに、再び｛ふたたび｝降り｛ふり｝始めました｛はじめました｝。",
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"body": "Preface: I only have a very basic understanding of Japanese writing (and\nvirtually zero actual vocabulary), and this is my first time posting here, so\nplease bear with me.\n\nI'm trying to translate [some handwritten\ntext](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fLi68.jpg) I saw on a decorative print (linked\ninstead of embedded because it is a massive vertical image), and I'm having\ntrouble figuring out some of the characters (not the translation, I understand\nthis is not the site for that).\n\nI managed to clumsily handwrite characters 2 through 9 into Google Translate:\n\n花九九年肖二ナ日\n\nThis translates to \"Flower of 1992\", which makes sense, since the print is of\na flowering cherry tree branch, and could have reasonably been printed in\n1992. However, I cannot even begin to decipher the first character (as the\nstrokes blur together), and I can't seem to get the last 4 characters right.\n(The 3rd and 4th characters from the bottom look like they might be 王金, but if\nI add those to the translation, it becomes 花九九年肖二ナ日王金 - \"Flower of 1999 Ninja\nking money\")\n\nThe characters in the red square at the bottom completely baffle me. I'm\nguessing they're kanji, or maybe some decorative variant.\n\nAgain, I'm not asking for a translation, just the Unicode equivalent of these\nhandwritten characters. Any help would be greatly appreciated.\n\n**Edit:** [Here's the entire print](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FzqBo.jpg), in\ncase it helps.",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "Need help transcribing handwritten characters",
"view_count": 348
} | [
{
"body": "Leaving the first character aside, I can read everything else.\n\n花九九年八月二十日王金龍画\n\nMy rough translation: Flower August 20 1999, king gold dragon drawing\n\nAs for the red characters, they are probably seal script from the stamp of the\nname of the person who made it.\n\nAs far as I can tell, the first character has the tree radical on the left,\nbut that is true of many names for flowers so not sure how much you can get\nfrom that. A native with experience in calligraphy might be able to tell you\nwhat it is.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T11:51:32.213",
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{
"body": "> 梅花九九年八月二十日 王金龍画 王金龍印 \n> August 20, plum blossoms 99 - drawn by 王 金龍 - a seal/stamp of 王 金龍\n\nThis slip seems to be a part of a drawing/painting or a tag for it, because 画\n_drawn by_ is used instead of 書 _written by_.\n\nIt seems that he drew this painting of plum blossoms in 1999, but it is not\nthe formal way because there is no space between 梅花 and 九九年.\n\n王 金龍 drew this slip. The last red square figure is a seal/stamp to certify the\ndrawer is 王金龍 himself.\n\nJudging from the stroke order of 王, 王 金龍 is a Chinese but not a Japanese.\n\nI am sorry to say, but his calligraphy is poor.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DWkc2.jpg)",
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| 48445 | 48447 | 48447 |
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"body": "Speaker A tells speaker B that he feels like he's seen her before, speaker B\nresponds with:\n\n> あんたアレでしよ？哲也兄がこっちで舎弟にしたっていう\n\nAnd speaker A replies:\n\n> 哲也兄！ ？ っていうか俺そういう扱いなの！？舎弟って、俺あのハゲに兄貴分らしい事何一つされてないんですけど！？\n\nWhat I'm confused about is why does speaker A call Tetsuya \"哲也兄\" - Tetsuya nii\nwhen the 兄 suffix is used for older brothers but then she says Tetsuya is her\nyounger brother \"舎弟\", there's something I'm misunderstanding here but I can't\npinpoint what. My best guess is that I'm probably misinterpreting 舎弟, which\ncould have another meaning that's not in a dictionary and doesn't literally\nmean younger brother?\n\nI would be grateful if someone could point out and explain where I'm going\nwrong, thank you!",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"syntax",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "What is \"舎弟\" supposed to mean in this context?",
"view_count": 343
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{
"body": "You seem to have missed several points.\n\n * Despite what jisho.org says, AFAIK 舎弟 is never used to refer to one's blood-related younger brother in modern Japanese. Here 舎弟 means someone's subordinate/disciple/pupil/follower/etc. It's mainly regarded as gangster jargon today, although it may be more like a casual [弟分](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BC%9F%E5%88%86) in this context.\n * You seem to have failed to recognize the [`～にする` construction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32807/5010). (～を)舎弟にする means \"to take on someone as a disciple\".\n * Speaker A said \"哲也兄!?\", but that does not mean he _calls_ Tetsuya that way. Speaker A just repeated in a surprised tone what speaker B said.\n\nMy translation attempt (although not literal):\n\n> B: あんたアレでしよ？ 哲也兄がこっちで舎弟にしたっていう \n> B: So, you're the person Tetsuya-nii took on as a disciple here. \n> B: Oh, I think I know you. Tetsuya-nii said he took on you as a disciple in\n> this place.\n>\n> A: 哲也兄!? \n> A: (You said) Tetsuya- _nii_!? (i.e., Wow, is Tetsuya your older brother?)\n>\n> A: っていうか俺そういう扱いなの!? \n> A: Wait, is that the way I'm supposed to be treated!? (i.e., Do you mean\n> someone said I am a disciple of Tetsuya?)\n>\n> A:\n> 舎弟って、俺あのハゲに[兄貴分](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%85%84%E8%B2%B4%E5%88%86)らしい事何一つされてないんですけど!? \n> A: What the heck is \"disciple\"? That bald bastard did nothing for me like a\n> leader!",
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"body": "This sentence has some yakuza(Japanese Mafia) terms.\n\nYakuza treat their member as a family, so they use family words like 弟、兄, etc.\n\n舎弟 is like a young brother for superior yakuza, 舎弟 call his superior yakuza 兄貴\nor ～兄.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T15:18:51.453",
"id": "48453",
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"body": "To interpret the OP's question, I perfectly agree with Yuuichi Tam's\nunderstanding of the background of the given phrases.\n\nYuuichi Tam said:\n\n> This sentence has some yakuza (Japanese Mafia) terms. Yakuza treat their\n> member as a family, so they use family words like 弟、兄, etc. 舎弟 is like a\n> young brother for superior yakuza, 舎弟 call his superior yakuza 兄貴 or ～兄.\n\nIn my understanding, 舎弟 is a younger brother-in-yakuza's-law just like to say\na younger brother-in-law who is not related by blood. Same as 舎弟, 兄 or 兄貴 is\nan elder brother-in-yakuza's-law in the given phrases.\n\nIn my answer I am going to call 哲也兄 \" _ **the boss Tetsuya**_ \" instead of \" _\n**the elder brother-in-yakuza's-law Tetsuya**_ \", and am going call 舎弟 \" _\n**an underling**_ \" instead of \" _ **a younger brother-in-yakuza's law**_ \".\n\nI'm going to tell another reason why 兄 in 哲也兄 does not imply a real brother of\nthe speaker B later on.\n\n> あんたアレでしよ？哲也兄がこっちで舎弟にしたっていう\n\nThis phrase is an inversion of\n\n> あんた（は）、哲也兄がこっちで舎弟にしたっていうアレでしょ？\n\nこっちで implies こっちで勝手に, and こっちで literally means _**here**_ and acutually it\nmeans _**from 哲也兄's side**_ , and 勝手に means _(to do something) without one's\npermission_. \nアレ is literally _**that**_ , and in this phrase, it implies _**the man on the\ntopic**_. \nAs a whole, the given sentence could be interpreted like: \n_Are you the man whom 哲也兄 **boss Tetsuya** made his 舎弟 **underling** by\nhimself without your permission?_\n\n> 哲也兄！ ？ っていうか俺そういう扱いなの！？舎弟って、俺あのハゲに兄貴分らしい事何一つされてないんですけど！？\n\nis roughly devided into two phrases:\n\n> 1. 哲也兄！ ？ っていうか俺そういう扱いなの！？舎弟って、\n> 2. 俺あのハゲに兄貴分らしい事何一つされてないんですけど！？\n>\n\n哲也兄！ _What!? Is Tetsuya my boss!?_ \nっていうか is と言｛い｝うか _if I say in other words_. そういう points to 舎弟って（＝ 舎弟という） in\nthis phrase.\n\nThe phrase 1 is interpreted like:\n\n> 哲也「兄」とは何ですか！ 哲也から俺を見ると、俺は哲也の舎弟という扱いなの！\n\n_What!? Is Tetsuya my boss!? He takes me for his underling!_\n\n> 俺あのハゲに兄貴分らしい事何一つされてないんですけど！？\n\nハゲ is a word to be used to insult a person who is bald. In this phrase Tetsuya\nseems bald. The whole meaning of 2 is like: \n_I haven't been given anything that seems a favor from a boss from the bald\nbastard, (so I wouldn't like to consider Tetsuya is my boss)_.\n\n### The final answer:\n\nI think Tetsuya is not the speaker B's or her older brother but is also her\nboss or something like that, because the speaker A called Tetsuya ハゲ in her\npresence. You can't insult a _**yakuza**_ in the presence of his real sister\neven if the speaker A does not accept himself as an underling of Tetsuya.",
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| 48448 | null | 48449 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48452",
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"body": "I'm travelling through Japan and I've been asking cool people I meet to sign\nmy shirt in Japanese. I've been saying this:\n\n> sain shitemoratte ii desu ka?\n\nAnd they always ask \" _sain?_ \" and laugh then realise I mean my shirt.\n\nIs the \" _shitemoratte_ \" bit accompanied with me pointing to the shirt? Or\ncan I just point to my shirt and say \" _sain ii desu ka?_ \"\n\nHow would I say\n\n> I am travelling Japan asking cool people to sign my shirt, is it okay if you\n> sign it too?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T14:42:44.450",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Asking someone to autograph your shirt",
"view_count": 1145
} | [
{
"body": "If they're confused, you maybe could be more specific:\n\n> 僕のティーシャツにサインしてもらってもいいですか？（Boku no tiishatsu ni sain shite moratte mo ii desu\n> ka?) Could you sign my shirt?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T15:05:19.330",
"id": "48451",
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"body": "I'm not sure how much you have learned about Japanese grammar but I think it\nwould be helpful to breakdown your phrasing a bit just so you know what you're\nsaying. The \"sain\" is a loan word from English and it's what they use when\nsigning a document. The \"shitemoratte\" means someone doing something for you.\nThe \"ii desu ka\" means \"is it alright?\"\n\nThere are many ways to ask someone to do something for you in Japanese but if\nyou don't feel like memorizing many phrases what you have works just fine. You\njust don't have an object in your sentence so people probably don't know that\nyou're referring to the shirt. You could say:\n\n> Kono shyatsu ni sain shitemoratte ii desu ka.\n>\n> Could you sign this shirt for me?\n\nAs for the phrase you wanted to say, you could say:\n\n> 日本で旅しながら、色んな人にこのTシャツにサインしてくれるようにお願いしています。サインしてもらっていいですか？ \n> (Nihon de tabi shinagara ironna hito ni kono shatsu ni sain shite kureru\n> you ni onegai shiteimasu. Sain shite moratte ii desu ka?)\n>\n> As I'm traveling Japan, I'm asking people to sign this shirt. Will you sign\n> it, too?\n\nIt's a little long, but it gets the message across.",
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| 48450 | 48452 | 48451 |
{
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"body": "> もう20年にもなろうか。伊勢崎の人で覚えている人があろう。\n\nIs the author doing hypothesis by using the form that I have marked? This is\nthe opening sentence of a ghost story which is set in Isezaki.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T16:38:47.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48457",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-16T16:51:44.377",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18269",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"volitional-form",
"pragmatics"
],
"title": "Volitional form",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "The \"volitional\" う/よう has several meanings. Here, these なろう and あろう express a\n**guess** of the speaker (i.e., \"it seems ～\", \"I think ～\", \"look like ～\").\nBasically they mean the same thing as もう20年にもなるだろうか and 覚えている人があるだろう,\nrespectively. This usage is uncommon in spoken Japanese, but not rare in\nliterary and stiff sentences. You may have seen [`adjective +\nかろう`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3300/5010) before, which is\nessentially the same pattern.\n\nAs for the second sentence, ある is an old-fashioned and stiff way of saying いる.\nIn archaic Japanese ある was safely used for people (e.g., 人あり in archaic\nJapanese = 人がいる in modern Japanese). Normally this sentence should be written\nas 覚えている人がいるだろう or 覚えている人がいよう.\n\nReferences:\n\n * [What Does the \"Volitional\" Really Mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36505/5010)\n * [Advanced Volitional](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/volitional2) (see the last section)",
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| 48457 | 48458 | 48458 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48465",
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"body": "The protagonist of the story is a taxi driver who picks up a girl. She asks\nhim to bring her to Isezaki and then the author writes:\n\n> それは **願ったりだと** 乗せて夜の道を走った。\n\nWhat kind of form is the one in bold?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T19:20:46.253",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48460",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"syntax",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "What is 願ったりだと?",
"view_count": 240
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{
"body": "願ったり is a part of the set phrase\n[願ったり叶ったり](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%A1%98%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%E5%8F%B6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A).\nSometimes the latter half of this set phrase is omitted, and that doesn't\nchange the meaning. The following だ is a copula, and と is [a quotative\nparticle which is not followed by a\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/45089/5010).\n\n> 「それは願ったり(叶ったり)だ」と(思って)、(彼女を)乗せて夜の道を走った。 \n> Thinking \"that's exactly what I hoped\", he picked her up and ran down the\n> road at night.\n\nThe driver thought he was lucky maybe because he wanted to go to Isezaki\nanyway even without a customer.\n\nThese たり in 願ったり叶ったり are explained\n[here](http://www.punipunijapan.com/japanese-grammar-tari-tari/). I think the\nphrase literally means \"things like wishing and coming true.\" Well, since it's\na set phrase it may be better to memorize it without thinking too much. There\nare a few set phrases that look similar:\n[似たり寄ったり](http://jisho.org/search/%E4%BC%BC%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%E5%AF%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A)\n/\n[踏んだり蹴ったり](http://jisho.org/search/%E8%B8%8F%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8A%E8%B9%B4%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T21:27:32.027",
"id": "48465",
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{
"body": "This 願ったり is a shortened form of the expression 願ったり叶ったり, which may translate,\nrather literally, to \"You wished for it, and it has come true for you.\" The たり\nhere is an auxiliary indicating a completed action.\n\nThe だ is the copula, and the と is the quotative particle.\n\nThe usage of 願ったり叶ったり is pretty much consistent with it's literal meaning; You\nmay say this when your wishes, expressed or unexpressed, come true:\"That's\nexactly what I wished/hoped for!\" But, in a slight departure from the\noriginal, it can also be used when things are in accordance with your\nwishes/preferences without a prior act of actual wishing (whether expressedly\nor internally). You can say「願ったり(叶ったり)だ。」when situations, conditions, offers,\netc. simply suit you very well.\n\nIn context, the 願ったりだ may signify a) that the specific situation, or some\naspects of it, is what the driver has been wishing for, or b) that he's just a\ntaxi driver who is happy to have found a customer.\n\nPossible translations:\n\n> a) Thinking, \"That's what I've been wishing for!\" he picked her up and drove\n> through the night.\n>\n> b) Thinking, \"That's exactly what I want to do!/Suits me very well!\" he\n> picked her up and drove through the night.",
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| 48460 | 48465 | 48466 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48463",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "If someone asks me, \"どこに行くの?\", and I have a certain place in mind, but I don't\nwant to say the whole thing, \"図書館に行く\", can I just say the location instead,\nomitting the verb?\n\n> 図書館だ would be good enough? Or somehow the に particle must stick in?\n\nCan someone Clarify..?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T19:58:18.357",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Omission of verbs into state of being",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "Like **A.Ellett** said in the comments, you can just say 図書館 but 図書館に sounds\nmore natural to me. It's like the difference between saying \"The library\" and\n\"To the library\". 図書館だ does sound awkward.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T20:05:49.937",
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"body": "図書館だ isn't natural. You can say 図書館に and 図書館へ but I think just saying 図書館 is\nmore natural.\n\nWhen someone asks you, \"どこに行くんですか？\", 図書館です is natural. If you are asked in\npolite form, you should reply in polite form.\n\n図書館だよ and 図書館よ are also used but 図書館よ would be usually used by females.",
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"body": "The other answers address the main issue. But I would like to point out what\nmakes 図書館だ sound unnatural or odd.\n\nThe question being asked is どこに行くの, which means \"Where are you going?\" To\nanswer 図書館だ would be like responding to that question in English, \"It's the\nlibrary.\" Any native speaker of English would understand what you meant, but\nmight possibly think you weren't a native speaker of English. Likewise in\nJapanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T00:03:37.510",
"id": "48468",
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| 48461 | 48463 | 48463 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48467",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the previous part of the text the author says that a taxi driver picked up\na young girl. While he was driving, he looked at the rear mirror but he could\nnot see the girl. Then there is this sentence: おや、変だぞと振り返ると乗っている。 What does it\nmean?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-16T21:19:09.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48464",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "I don't get the meaning of this sentence おや、変だぞと振り返ると乗っている。",
"view_count": 100
} | [
{
"body": "[This is very similar to a question you asked the other\nday](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/48405/4875). So, I will assume\nyou're having difficulty parsing the complexity of the grammar.\n\nFirst let's break the sentence down into its three main parts:\n\n> おや、変だぞ\n>\n> Whoa! That's strange!\n>\n> 振り返る\n>\n> Looking to the back (technically, \"turning back\")\n>\n> 乗っている\n>\n> She was riding [there].\n\nIf you can see the meaning of those three parts, then all you need to figure\nout next is the nature of the two と's, which function quite differently\ngrammatically here. But they're the glue that join these parts together into a\nmeaningful unit.\n\nThe first と is quotative. The implicit verb omitted here is おもって, \"thinking\".\nSo the first portion can be translated (a bit freely)\n\n> Thinking to himself, \"whoa, that's weird!\"\n\nThe second と is a conditional, which here means \"when\" or \"upon\".\n\n> When he looked in the back (or, upon looking in the back seat)\n\nAnd then you're just left with,\n\n> There she was (technically, she was riding [in the back seat])\n\nI'll presume that he's picked up his fare (the young lady) and then he doesn't\nsee her in the rearview mirror. At that point, the sentence should make quite\nreasonable sense. (I fill in a few details that are either suggested by the\nJapanese or suggested by implied context.)\n\n> \"Whoa! That's weird. [I thought just picked up a passenger]\" But, as soon as\n> he looked in the backseat, there she was.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-16T23:46:50.870",
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| 48464 | 48467 | 48467 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48471",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Google translates `六等星の夜` to `night of a million stars`. But shouldn't a\nmillion stars be `百万星`? Moreover google translates `六等星` as `six stars`. Is\nthis a translation error? If not, can anyone explain why?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T03:08:11.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48469",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does 六等星の夜 mean?",
"view_count": 574
} | [
{
"body": "六等星【ろくとうせい】 is definitely \"a star of the sixth\n[magnitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_\\(astronomy\\))\" or \"6th\nmagnitude star\", not \"six stars\" nor \"million stars.\" So it's an error made by\nGoogle Translate.\n\n[Google Translate recently started to use a neural\nnetwork](https://research.googleblog.com/2016/09/a-neural-network-for-\nmachine.html). It works excellently for many common sentences, but I feel it\nalso makes terrible mistakes like this one when it encounters relatively rare\nwords. From my experience, it's especially bad at dates and numbers.\n\nBy the way, 百万星 doesn't sound natural to me, either. You usually have to use の\nand say 百万個の星, 百万の星々, etc.\n\n**EDIT:** I've found that there is one (and only one) fantranslation of the\nsong that actually uses _Million Stars_. I believe it's a human error, but\nthere is a small chance that Google automatically \"learned\" it as a\ntranslation of the title of this song.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T03:25:34.960",
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| 48469 | 48471 | 48471 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Sometimes I get to talk with Japanese users on social media sites and one\nthing that I say to them quite a lot is:\n\n> \"Please forgive my Japanese, I'm still learning\" or \"it's not very good\".\n\nI just want to know if I am expressing myself well enough if I say:\n\n> 私の日本語をゆるしてください。まだ勉強していますから。\n\nDoes it sound ok? I would really like to know better expressions. For example,\nat some point I asked this:\n\n> \"Could you understand what I wrote about? My Japanese is not that good, thus\n> it might sound weird.\"\n\nIn Japanese I translated like this:\n\n> 書いたのが理解できますか。私の日本語はまだ上手ではないからちょっと変かもしれないけど。\n\nI don't know if 書いたの is a good choice... What do you think? Could you give\nsome examples that sound nicer?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T03:11:45.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48470",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-17T10:40:01.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "22175",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"english-to-japanese",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How to express that I'm still learning Japanese?",
"view_count": 13473
} | [
{
"body": "The 1st one sounds pretty good to me. The only thing I feel a bit weird is\n「私の日本語」. It would sound better if you have some adjective to explain your\nJapanese. Also, 勉強中 is usually used for \"I'm learning\". So, my answer would\nbe;\n\n> 私の[拙]{つたな}い日本語をお許し下さい。まだ[勉強中]{べんきょうちゅう}なものですから。\n\nBut, I personally feel, if you say this, I don't believe it because it is too\ngood :)\n\nFor the 2nd one, \"書いたの\" sounds a bit casual to me, so if you are talking to\nyour friend, it is good. If you are talking to someone who you don't know\nwell, I would say \"私の書いたことが理解できますか\". The 2nd part looks perfect.\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T04:33:36.340",
"id": "48472",
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{
"body": "> * \"Please forgive my Japanese, I'm still learning\" or \"it's not very\n> good\".\n> * 私の日本語をゆるしてください。まだ勉強していますから。\n>\n\nTo improve your translation in Japanese, I'll tell you the important points as\nfollows:\n\n * Even if your Japanese is poor, it's not your Japanese but you that needs to ask for someone's forgiveness, so 「日本語が下手｛へた｝な私を許｛ゆる｝してください」 is better than 「私の下手｛へた｝な日本語を許｛ゆる｝してください」. \n * Usually we Japanese say the cause or the reason at first before saying the conclusion, so 「日本語を勉強中ですから / 日本語が下手｛へた｝ですから、私を許｛ゆる｝してください。」 is better than saying 「私を許｛ゆる｝してください、日本語を勉強中ですから / 日本語が下手｛へた｝ですから。」.\n\nMy attempts are:\n\nいま日本語を勉強中ですので、少し下手｛へた｝ですがお許｛ゆる｝しください。or \nいま日本語を勉強中ですので、少し下手｛へた｝ですが許｛ゆる｝してください。 \nLiterally, the Japanese will be like: どうぞ私の（下手｛へた｝な）日本語を許｛ゆる｝してください。まだ勉強中です。\n\n> * \"Could you understand what I wrote about? My Japanese is not that good,\n> thus it might sound weird.\"\n> * 書いたのが理解できますか。私の日本語はまだ上手ではないからちょっと変かもしれないけど。\n> * I don't know if 書いたの is a good choice... What do you think?\n>\n\nA. Ellette said 書いたもの is better than 書いたの, but I could understand your attempt\nin Japanese very clearly. Very good!\n\nAs I said above, it's better to say the reason or cause at first like: \n私の日本語はまだ上手ではないからちょっと変かもしれないけど、書いたものが理解できますか。\n\nMy attempt is: \n日本語はまだまだですのでちょっと変かもしれませんが、書いたもの理解できますか。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T05:55:32.213",
"id": "48473",
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| 48470 | null | 48473 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48481",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found this sentence:\n\nだが変だなあと気になりだした。\n\nI got the meaning of the first part, but I don't get the exact meaning of\n気になりだした.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T10:00:45.110",
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"id": "48475",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does 気になりだす mean?",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "I think it comes from 気になる which means to worry. In Japanese it is common to\ncombine two verbs to form a new one. 着る(to wear) + 替える(to switch/replace) =\n着替える(to change clothes). The preceding verb must be changed to the verb stem\nbefore being attached to the other verb. 気になる = 気になり. Then the verb だす is\nattached. If it's correct then it should mean... To start worrying. I'm still\nlearning so I cannot guarantee my validity.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T11:18:42.917",
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| 48475 | 48481 | 48481 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48479",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "確かに、女にもてるのもいいが、じらされる方はたまったもんじゃねぇ\n\nI think the first part says something like, it is certainly nice to have a\ngirlfriend/wife but I can't figure out the rest. Please help...",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T10:19:38.057",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "I am trying to figure out what this sentence means but can't figure out part of it",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "> 確かに、女にもてるのもいいが、じらされる方はたまったもんじゃねぇ\n\n * 女にもてる: to be popular among women \n * じらす: to tease (a person) \n * じらされる方 is じらされる側: the side that is teased \n * たまったもんじゃねえ is 堪｛たま｝ったものじゃない or 堪｛たま｝らない, which is 我慢｛がまん｝できない/耐｛た｝えられない: can't stand (some situation)\n * ***some situation** in _can't stand some situation_ might be 待たされること _to be kept waiting_. \n\nThe whole meaning is like: \n_It is certainly nice to be popular among women but I who am teased can't\nstand being made to wait_.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T11:12:41.107",
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| 48477 | 48479 | 48479 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48482",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "とっさにシートに **触ってみたら** 、ぞっとする程冷たかった。\n\nDoes the structure in bold mean: \"I have immediately tried to touch the seat\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T10:56:20.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48478",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "I have a doubt about the use of ～てみる",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "I would not translate the structure in bold (触ってみたら) that way.\n\n> とっさにシートに触ってみたら、ぞっとする程冷たかった。\n\nFirst off たら is indeed a conditional and it's key to understanding the\nconstruction as a whole.\n\nThe latter part means \"it was cold enough to make me shiver.\"\n\n * ぞっとする = [to shiver](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9E%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B).\n * [程]{ほど} is an expression of degree\n * 冷たかった = it was cold.\n\nThe left hand part means \"when i tried to touch the seat\"\n\n*シート = either seat or sheet * 触る (here conjugated as 触って) = to touch * ~てみる is a helping verb that means to \"try\"\n\nI'd actually say とっさに = for a brief moment applies to the entire construction.\n\nSo then we get \"when I tried to touch the sheet/seat for a moment it was cold\nenough to make me shiver\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T11:37:15.213",
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| 48478 | 48482 | 48482 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48485",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A man is driving home a woman. At a certain point he does not see her in the\nrearmirror of his car. He discovers that the woman has vanished. Then he\nwrites this: **葉が震え** 、もう後を向く気がしなかった。\n\nHas the expression in bold a particular meaning? I know it only as \"leaves\ntremble\" but here it does not make sense.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"translation",
"meaning"
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"title": "I don't understand the expression 葉が震える",
"view_count": 101
} | [
{
"body": "It is a typo for **歯が震え**.(歯 and 葉 have the same pronunciation \"は\")\n\n**歯が震える** ( _lit._ [one's] teeth tremble) is used when you feel horror and are\nfrightened.(or it is so cold that your teeth chatter.)",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T13:26:54.360",
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| 48483 | 48485 | 48485 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48511",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I asked a similair question already, but wasn't satisfied with the answers,\nmostly due to my poor wording.\n\nI want a word that means to learn. Not \"to study\" \"to memorize\" \"to be taught/\nlearn from a teacher\". A word that basically means \"to absorb information\"\nfrom, work, life, nature, etc.\n\nFrom research I feel like its either 覚える (both memorize/learn) or 修学する but I\nhave rarely heard the latter used, so I would be inclined to use 覚える。\n\nWhat is the word I am looking for?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T13:22:57.760",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "\"learning\" in a general sense",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "I think 覚える isn't a word you want. I suggest a word 学ぶ. You can say\n自然から学ぶ、人から学ぶ、人生から学ぶ, etc. They mean \"to absorb information from ～\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T13:39:37.070",
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{
"body": "**学び取る** (学ぶ + 取る) is close to what you want. It means to get information\nwithout being taught, and it doesn't mean to study. For example, you can say\n「仕事で色々な事を学び取る」 but 「日本語を学び取る」\n\n**覚える** is natural but ambiguous, so **学び取る** is closer to _the_ word.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T16:18:03.040",
"id": "48494",
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"body": "As Yuuichi Tam said, the most obvious answer is 学ぶ. Is there any reason you'd\ndiscarded it from your list of options?\n\nTwo other possibilities that come to mind are 学習(する) and 取得(する).\n\nMy wife often uses the first one when talking about our daughter, generally to\ncomplain that she's not learning (variants of 学習しない or 学習が遅い), in reference to\nrepeatedly behaving in a way that she should realize would make mommy angry.\n\nThe second is one I often see in more formal context, and it tends to refer to\nlearning through a combination studying and practice, and acquiring\nexperience, with a focus on learning by doing aspect.\n\nJust remembered one more as I typed learning by doing: 身につける is also often\nused in that context.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 48484 | 48511 | 48486 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48489",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "真冬みたいなふっかふかのコ一ト\n\nIs the coat described above a winter coat?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T14:58:17.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "I don't understand the premotification of the noun コ一ト",
"view_count": 71
} | [
{
"body": "> 真冬みたいなふっかふかのコ一ト Is the coat described above a winter coat?\n\nYes, you are correct.\n[Here](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8B%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&hl=ja&rlz=1T4MEIW_jaJP596JP596&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6pZ22msXUAhXGkpQKHY0ZCHcQ_AUIBigB&biw=1154&bih=525#hl=ja&tbm=isch&q=%E5%86%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&spf=1497713667947)\nis your coat. \n**ふっかふかの** コート is **ふかふかの** コート a **_fluffy** coat_.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T15:39:17.663",
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| 48487 | 48489 | 48489 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "A group of friends are talking about how each member of their group is getting\nmarried one by one. One of the group says the following line of a still single\nfriend who has just had a woman flirt with him:\n\n> 兄ちゃんに色目使ったって、相手にされないよ、どうせ\n\nIs the translation:\n\n> She is making amorous glances at brother but he still does not have a\n> partner.\n\nHow do you tell when 相手 is partner or opponent?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T15:01:14.253",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How do you tell when 相手 is partner or opponent?",
"view_count": 3107
} | [
{
"body": "This is more of a piggyback to @YuuichiTam's comment that 相手 isn't always a\n\"someone\". 相手にしない / 相手にしない is more of a (defiant) attitude.\n\nSo the translation would be more along the lines of:\n\n```\n\n \"She's making amorous glances at him, but he's not giving in.\" or, \n \"She's making googly-eyes at him, but he's not having it.\"\n \n```",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-16T01:20:51.853",
"id": "50407",
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{
"body": "`相手` is neutral so it can be used to both refer to friendlies and foes. It's\nlike saying \"the other\", so you'll have to rely on context.\n\n`相手にする` is a set phrase, literally translated \"consider as counterpart\". It\nmeans people (or animals) engage with another, who is trying to engage. For\nexample you'd say: `母犬が子犬の相手をしている`, or `子犬は遊びたがっているが、母犬が相手にしない`. It can also\nbe used in an unfriendly context, e.g. `反乱軍は投石を行なったが、政府軍の装甲車は相手にもせず進軍を続ける`",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-10-14T13:31:02.900",
"id": "62188",
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| 48488 | null | 62188 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49084",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am wondering how ル (original form of a verb) and タ work when it comes to a\nstatus verb. For example:\n\n> 絵を目立つ場所にかける\n\nI think 絵を目立った場所にかける is natural, because I often see 青目をしたお人形, 優れた人になりたい,\n際立った特徴 and so on.\n\nFrom what I know, for the verb like 切る and 出会う, which can be done in one-\nsecond (瞬間動詞？) the difference between ル-form and タ-form is clearer than the\nverb which emphasizes status... (that's more similar to the difference between\n完了 and 未然), the problem is, for the status verb, how I can know when should I\nuse タ when to use ル？\n\nWhere can I get more 文献 relating to the topic? What keywords should I search\nfor?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T15:43:07.083",
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"id": "48490",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-24T07:52:00.580",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "22588",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"tense",
"attributive"
],
"title": "the difference between ル and タ when the verb shows status",
"view_count": 197
} | [
{
"body": "> > 絵を目立つ場所にかける (the original text)\n>\n> However, from my point of view 絵を目立った場所にかける is natural... Because in\n> Japanese, I often see 青目をしたお人形, 優れた人になりたい, 際立った特徴 and so on.\n>\n> 切る and 出会う (瞬間動詞)、 the difference between ル-form and タ-form is clearer \n> (that's more similar to the difference between 完了 and 未然)\n>\n> for the status verb, how I can know when should I use タ when to use ル？\n\nI like the way you put them; た is about completion (完了), and る is the basic\nverb form (未然).\n\nI feel that 目立つ場所 in 絵を目立つ場所にかける is saying somewhere the picture **will**\nstand out if it's hung there. If it's 絵を目立った場所にかける, it says (someone) hangs\npictures somewhere prominent.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-05T22:16:01.750",
"id": "49084",
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| 48490 | 49084 | 49084 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "これ結構がちかもやで\n\nI was reading a text and I stumbled upon this... What does 結構がち mean? I know\nthat ーがち means \"to be apt to...\" and so on, but I don't know how to translate\n結構 here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T15:45:39.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48491",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-17T17:09:15.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "meaning of 結構がち",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "This がち doesn't mean \"to be apt to...\" but serious. It can be rephrased as 本気,\n真剣.\n\nThis 結構 means \"rather, quite\". So this phrase means \"This may be quite\nserious\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T16:16:34.550",
"id": "48493",
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| 48491 | null | 48493 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48495",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I've been studying for the inevitable JLPT N4 exam, and came across a\ngrammar question I didn't understand at all. I mean, I do understand every\nindividual word, but as it often happens with Japanese, I don't get the whole\nmeaning. The question is:\n\n明日は仕事を守れるかどうかが不安だった。しかしいまは、命を守れるかどうかが不安だ。\n\nThanks in advance for explanation - what those sentences mean, and what does\n「かどうか」mean in this context. Since normally it means 'whether or not' from what\nI know. Is this some uncommon usage of that expression, or is it just me not\ngetting the rest of the sentence right?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-17T15:50:00.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "What does this usage of 「かどうか」mean?",
"view_count": 1041
} | [
{
"body": "These two かどうか actually mean \"whether or not ～\" or \"if ～\". Examples are found\n[here](https://web.archive.org/web/20180803033315/http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=kadouka).\nIn case you don't know about embedded questions, [please learn embedded\nquestions first](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13034/5010). And \"～が不安だ\"\nmeans \"I'm worried about ～.\" If you're familiar with the \"～が好きだ\" pattern,\n\"～が不安だ\" should look similar. The sentences in question are the combination of\nthe elements above.\n\n> 明日は仕事を守れるかどうかが不安だった。しかしいまは、命を守れるかどうかが不安だ。 \n> (In the past,) I was worried about whether or not I can keep my job\n> tomorrow. But now I'm worried about whether or not I can protect my life.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T16:32:18.610",
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| 48492 | 48495 | 48495 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48547",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Those these seem to come up all the time, for the most part I'm unclear as to\nhow to differentiate them. Per the title, what are the subtleties in use and\nmeaning between: 特殊, 格段, 特段, 特別, and 別段?\n\nThank you!",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T16:39:46.457",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What are the subtleties in use and meaning between: 特殊, 格段, 特段, 特別, and 別段?",
"view_count": 331
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{
"body": "# Edited\n\n> **特殊, 格段, 特段, 特別, and 別段**\n\nI think my previous answer was inadequate, so I carefully examined various\nmaterials and dictionaries and thought about the answer, but by this answer I\nthought I could not solve the questioner's problem and I decided to stop the\nwork.\n\nAfter that, I thought about the way to explain subtle differences between the\nfive words of similar meanings given by the questioner to those who are not\nJapanese native who are studying Japanese.\n\nFirst, I looked up the meaning of five words in an English dictionary and\nJapanese dictionaries. From the meanings of Japanese dictionaries and example\nsentences, I could understand the difference between the five words in\nJapanese. However, it is almost impossible to distinguish between the meanings\nof each other from the meanings in English. Every word has the meaning of\n\"special\". I could understand the reason that the questioner wanted to know\nthe subtle difference in meanings between them.\n\nI thought about how to grasp the difference between these words if we are\nJapanese. \nFirst of all, we first check the sound by looking at these words. Next, we\nsuppose some possible words from the sound, then narrow down the words by\nlooking at the kanjis of each word. \nAs an answer to the questioner, I thought, the analogy of narrowing down the\npossible words by the kajis is effective.\n\nAll five words given are made up of two kanjis. If I separate all the kanjis\nconstituting the five words apart, I could get five different kanjis.\nCombining the five kanjis by 2 characters gives a total of 20 different words.\nOf these words, 13 are meaningless combinations, and only 7 are left as\nmeaningful words. The questioner found out five of the seven meaningful words.\n\nFirst, I looked up the meanings of five individual kanjis in a kanji\ndictionary. Next I looked up the composition of the kanjis of seven words and\ngave it a drawing shown below. Since all the words have the meaning of \"\n_special_ \", I named the title of the drawing \" **Members of the Special\nfamily** \". Next I imagined the meaning of each of the seven words from the\nmeaning of the kanjis constituting each word and wrote them in the drawing.\nLastly I added the meanings in English that I looked up in the dictionary\nbefore.\n\nFrom the meanings in English it is difficult to distinguish between the\nmeanings of the words of each other, but from the meanings I imagined, the\nmeaning of the nuance may be felt a little by native Japanese as me.\n\nAlthough the result is not sufficient, I felt that such a probing method may\nbe meaningful for knowing the similar words' differences.\n\n## [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ugwVH.jpg)\n\n# Original\n\n[Here](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5) is a table of\nthe synonyms of 「特別」 classified according to the meaning. If you have enough\ntime, you could know which word is used well by checking the frequency of each\nword on the Internet.\n\nFor example:\n\n特別 879,000,000 hits \n格段 21,700,000 hits \n格別 16,400,000 hits \n特殊 622,000,000 hits",
"comment_count": 0,
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},
{
"body": "In daily language, **特別** is the word with broadest meaning that is\napproximately same range as English _special_. 特別 can replace any other word\nyou've mentioned in most settings (unless there's predefined terminology),\nonly with possibly less exact and/or apposite feeling.\n\n**特殊** suggests that something belongs to a rarer type/class rather than one-\noff uniqueness. The word carries an overtone that you're trying to categorize\nit. The word also sometimes stands for euphemism of unlaudable quirkiness.\n\n**格段** means either:\n\n * \"of distinguished level/rank\"\n * \"by far / great amount more X\"\n\n> 燃費が格段に向上した。 _Its fuel efficiency has greatly improved._\n\n**特段** and **別段** specifically refer to that treatment or consideration is\nspecial. You can read the 段 as \"case\", so that they mean \"of special case\" and\n\"of separate case\". 特段 sounds like needing more carefulness than 別段. It should\nbe noted that they may be more seen as a part of idiom \"not particularly\".\n\n> （特段／別段）の定めがない限り _unless otherwise specified_ \n> （特段／別段／特別）異状は見当たらなかった。 _I found nothing particularly unusual._\n\n* * *\n\n**BONUS** \n**特異** : peculiar, singular \n**格別** : exceptional \n**別格** : in a class by its own",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T16:48:15.027",
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| 48496 | 48547 | 48508 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I just have a quick question about some vocabulary, I've come across the\nphrase \"斬った張った\" in the following:\n\n> 彼女や一郎{いちろう}の一族は栗沢川{くりざわがわ}で毎日斬った張ったを繰り返しており\n\nHowever, I've never seen the that phrase before, I couldn't find it in my\ndictionary either. I can take a guess at what it might mean from \"斬\" which\nrefers to killing but I'd like to hear from someone who is more knowledgeable\non this than I am since I want to know exactly what the sentence says, thank\nyou!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-17T22:12:49.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48499",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-18T04:10:36.240",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"definitions"
],
"title": "Definition of \"斬った張った\"",
"view_count": 166
} | [
{
"body": "You can find it\n[here](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%88%87%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E5%BC%B5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F)\n\nI will parse the phrase:\n\n> 斬っ: 連用形 of [斬る](http://jisho.org/search/%E6%96%AC%E3%82%8B) (cf.\n> [促音便](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24033/19441))\n>\n> 張っ: 連用形 of [張る](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8B)\n>\n> た:archaic form of [たり](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A)\n\nSo, It literally means \"slashing and strike\" and by extension it means\nviolence.\n\nIn this sentence 切った張った shows that 彼女や一郎の一族 is so barbaric.",
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{
"body": "斬る is slashing, 張る in this context is slapping (cf\n[張り手](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8A%E6%89%8B)). 斬った張った (or 切った張った)\nis a bit dated set phrase that acts as a noun meaning such savage actions. It\nworks also as a so-called no-adjective meaning _violent_ , _savage_ , _bloody_\n, etc. Monolingual dictionaries have an [entry for\nthis](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%88%87%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E5%BC%B5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F-480487).\nThe context is lacking, but perhaps they are training hard at the riverside.\nIt doesn't necessarily refer to physical violence, and you can say things like\n株取引は切った張ったの世界だ.\n\nTa-form are used to express the action is completed (aka perfect aspect), and\nthey're just there to add vividness and good rhythm. A similar set phrase is\n[惚れた腫れた](http://zokugo-dict.com/30ho/horetahareta.htm) which means \"love\naffairs\", 勝った負けた which means \"winning and losing\" or \"gamble-like.\"",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T04:10:36.240",
"id": "48503",
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| 48499 | null | 48503 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "地のままの自分でいればいい Ji no mama no jibun de ireba ii.\n\nWhat does this mean? ji is oneself, jibun is myself, as for ireba I understand\nit is to accept (verb ireru)and \"ba\" is the conditional \"if\".\n\n\"地のままの自分\" self in the same state myself \"いればいい\" is ok to accept so the final\ntranslation is \"IT is ok to accept myself as I am\" IS this translation\ncorrect?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T00:28:14.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48501",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Meaning of 地のまま",
"view_count": 891
} | [
{
"body": "The translation isn't far off the mark, but you got two points wrong.\n\n・The 地 (\"earth\") here means something (or a state of being) that is natural,\nunvarnished, unadorned. Hence 地のままの自分 = \"one's self as it is natural\"; \"one's\nnatural self\".\n\n・いれば is a conditional form of いる (\"to be\"), not いれる.\n\nA literal translation:\n\n> If one is his/her natural self, it's fine.\n\nPragmatically speaking, what/who the subject of 自分のままでいる is and to whom 自分\nrefers depend on the context -- on who is addressing this sentence to whom (if\nanyone). Also dependent on the context is what sort of communicative purpose\nit has. It can be a general statement of an idea (\"It's good if people are\ntheir natural selves.\") or it can be a piece of advice to an angst-ridden\nfriend (\"Just be who you are. It's okay.\"), or it can be about the speaker\nthemselves (\"I can be the natural me ,and it'll be alright.\"). A good\npractical translation should take all these factors into account, and it\ncannot be done without context.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T05:02:05.307",
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"body": "I think all of your partial interpretations are correct except for ireba.\n\n**_ireba_** is to stay, exist, be (verb **_iru_** 居る), but not **_ireru_**\n入れる.\n\nThe phrase could be said for everybody including you and me according to the\ncontext.\n\nSo, the whole translation is like: \n- _It is ok to be yourself as usual yourself._ \n- _It is ok to be yourself without pretension._\n\n**_地｛じ｝_** in 地のまま is **_素性｛すじょう｝_** _one's true nature_ in this phrase. \n**_地｛じ｝_** is neither _earth_ nor _ground_ , but is **_素地｛そじ｝_** _material_\nbefore being colored or decorated to [look better]{LLLLLLLLLLL }, and the\nmeaning of **_素性｛すじょう｝_** _one's true nature_ has come from the meaning of 素地.",
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{
"body": "What's the provenance of this? \"It would be good if you were to remain your\nown true self\" looks as though it might be a translation of Polonius's words\nto Laertes in Hamlet: \"To thine own self be true [and it shall follow as the\nnight the day thou canst not then be false to any man]\" By the way, perhaps\nit's worth reiterating that である= \"is\"/ でいる= \"continues to be\", \"goes on\nbeing\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T13:05:00.113",
"id": "48513",
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| 48501 | null | 48506 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48560",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In relation to the Classical Japanese orthography what are the **Long vowel\n(長音 Chōon) rule** and the **Palatalized long vowel (開拗長音 Kaiyōchōon) rule**?\n\nWhat would be some examples of them?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-18T10:22:52.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48509",
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"owner_user_id": "19511",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What do the Long vowel rule and Palatalized long vowel rule represent?",
"view_count": 136
} | [
{
"body": "「古典的仮名遣い」あるいは「歴史的仮名遣い」と言われるものの質問と判断しました。 百人一首など日本語の古典や和歌を読むときに必要ですね。 \n_I judged it as a question of what is said to be \"classical kana orthography\"\nor \"historical kana orthography\"_. _It is necessary when reading Japanese\nclassics and Japanese poetry such as **Hyakunin Isshu**_.\n\n文献としては、 \n読み物として[ここ](https://sfmurasamekai.wordpress.com/2011/05/23/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3%E3%81%84%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9/)にありますが、ご希望の[ルール](http://www.geocities.jp/nm3032nakatsu/koten/kt01.html)については、こちらの方がまとまっていると思います。 \n_As a\nreference,[here](https://sfmurasamekai.wordpress.com/2011/05/23/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3%E3%81%84%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9/)\nis one as a reading material, but I think [this\none](http://www.geocities.jp/nm3032nakatsu/koten/kt01.html) is gathered neatly\nas the rule of your choice_.\n\nルールを抜き出すと次のようになります。 \n_I extracted the rule. It becomes as follows_ :\n\n> **歴史的仮名遣い** → **現代仮名遣い** **例** \n> **Historical kana** → **Modern kana** **Example** \n> **orthography** **orthography**\n>\n> * 「ぢ」→「じ」 はぢ→はじ 恥\n> * 「づ」→「ず」 めづらし→めずらし 珍し\n> * 「む」→「ん｣ かむなづき→かんなづき 神無月\n> * 「ゐ」→「い」 ゐなか→いなか 田舎\n> * 「ゑ」→「え」 こゑ→こえ 声\n> * 「を」→「お」 をかし→おかし 可笑し\n> * 「くわ」→「か」 くゎがく→かがく 科学\n> * 「ぐわ」→「が」 ぐゎん→がん 雁\n> * 語頭以外のハ行→ワ行 つはもの→つわもの 強者、いふ→いう 言う、にほひ→におい 匂い\n> * ｢ア段の音＋う（ふ）｣→｢オ段＋う｣ かうべ→こうべ 首/頭\n> * ｢イ段の音＋う（ふ）｣→｢イ段＋ゅう｣ きふ→きゅう 急\n> * ｢エ段の音＋う（ふ）｣→｢イ段＋ょう｣ てふてふ→ちょうちょう 蝶々、けふ→きょう 今日\n>",
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| 48509 | 48560 | 48560 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48515",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "驚いた私は、話をわかる限り聞いたので、報告します。\n\nHow would you translate this sentence? I'm not sure about the meaning of 限り.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T13:01:39.297",
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"id": "48512",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Translating a sentence with 限り",
"view_count": 131
} | [
{
"body": "限り means \"limit\". Following a verb it has the sense \"within the limits of\n[whatever the verb means]\", \"so far as . . .\" For example: 僕が知っている限り means \"so\nfar as I know\". Here, わかる限り means \"so far as I understand\". The whole would\nmean \"I was surprised, and I heard/listened to what was said so far as I\nunderstood it, and so I report it [now]\". Note that を marks 話 as object of\n聞いた, not of わかる.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T13:17:49.667",
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| 48512 | 48515 | 48515 |
{
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"body": "I know how to say \"I want\" using たい after a verb, but how a say just \"I want,\nI don't want\" without a verb? Using just たい Or たいくない? And in the past?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:11:06.940",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to say \"I want; I don't want\" without a verb?",
"view_count": 3875
} | [
{
"body": "You can say it using the word ほしい. For example:\n\n> 新{あたら}しい車{くるま}がほしい。 \n> I want a new car.\n\nほしい conjugates the same way as a normal i-adjective:\n\n> ほしかった \n> ほしくない \n> ほしくなかった\n\nBTW, I don't know if it was just a typo but it should be たくない not たいくない for\nthe negative form.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:33:45.737",
"id": "48520",
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{
"body": "〜が欲しい - I want ... \n〜が欲しくない - I don't want ... \n〜が欲しかった - I wanted ... \n〜が欲しくなかった - I didn't want ...",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:40:09.130",
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| 48517 | null | 48520 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48523",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Three sentences from the same news article on NHK 'Easy News':\n\n> 子どもたちは幼稚園の中にいたため、けが **など** はありませんでした。 \n> Becuase the children were in the nursery they weren't injured _or anything_ \n> しかし、門の近くには、子どもを迎えに来た家族 **など** が大勢いました。 \n> However, there were a lot of families _and others_ who had come to collect\n> children near the gate. \n> 警察は爆発の理由 **など** を発表していません。 \n> The police did not announce the reasons _and so on_ for the explosion.\n\nThis article seems to use など almost obsessively (and is no different from many\nother articles I have read on the NHK site).\n\nAs you can see from my very childish translations I have great difficulty in\ntranslating など. Most of the time it seems completely unnecessary. I feel that\nI'm either somehow missing the nuance of など or there is a better translation\nthat I'm not aware of.\n\nIs など used naturally in these sentences? Can you help me understand how など\nadds useful information to these sentences?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:18:33.137",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48518",
"last_activity_date": "2019-12-05T17:00:27.267",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"reading-comprehension",
"particle-など"
],
"title": "Towards a better understanding of など",
"view_count": 466
} | [
{
"body": "It seems to me that you have a perfectly good understanding of など. Generally,\nI would say that など doesn't need to be translated in the English every time it\noccurs: it sounds a lot more natural in Japanese than its translations do in\nEnglish. Each language is picky about different things; Japanese is picky\nabout the particularity of things and hearsay in a way that English just\ndoesn't seem to care.\n\nNevertheless, the quotes you're providing from the NHK page do seem to be\noverdoing the use of など in my opinion. But that could be just a consequence of\nthose pages being \"easy\" Japanese.\n\nIf you look at [this Fukushima paper's\narticle](http://www.fukuishimbun.co.jp/articles/-/206037) or [this Asahi\narticle](http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK6H73R3K6HUHBI02J.html), you'll see a\ndifferent reporting style. The Asahi link (the 2nd link) does use など, but what\nis more notable is the use of the pluralizing ending ら in both articles where\nthe \"Easy News\" uses など: notably 親ら in the Fukushima article and 迎えに来た保護者ら\nfrom the Asahi site vs 家族など in the Easy News. (And, just the meaning of these\nphrases \"parents\", \"guardians\", \"family\" shows the range of possibilities that\ncan be extrapolated from など.) The NHK site, which is designed not just for\nforeigners but a younger Japanese audience, perhaps is avoiding this reporting\nstyle because they might feel it's more complex.\n\n(Incidentally, this perhaps also shows why ら isn't really a plural in the\nsense of \"s\" in English. The comparisons here show how ら is much more like など\nthan anything else, essentially meaning \"and other _things_ that are easily\nfall under this category\".)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"id": "48523",
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{
"body": "I agree with A. Ellett first two statements: your understanding of など is fine,\nand it's an expression that often does not need to be translated into English.\n\nIt sounds more natural in Japanese because (as one of my Japanese co-workers\nput it), there's a certain degree of cultural reluctance to making definite\nstatements, which leads to a tendency to use など extensively.\n\nI work as a technical translator, and am regularly confronted with long\nsentences that sometimes use など at least three or four times. My main\nstrategies for dealing with it are (in no particular order):\n\n * Ignore it\n * Use expressions like \"such as...\" or \"including...\"\n * Use a variation such as apples, pears, and _other fruits_ if I can find a generic term for whatever things are getting など-ed\n * Use (e.g., A, B or C) if they're parenthetical (either literally or in terms of significance)\n * Use _any_ or one of its compounds (as in your \"or anything\" in the first sentence). \n\nThe actual approaches I use at a given time is heavily dependent on the flow\nof the text and how I've dealt with the ten instances of など in the two\nprevious sentences! :)",
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| 48518 | 48523 | 48523 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48541",
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"body": "For すっきり,\n[Jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%99%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A) gives\nsix possible translations that don't seem to have much common ground, so I\nhave a hard time forming a general idea of what the word means, or knowing\nwhich meaning to pick when seeing the word in the real world. Can somebody\nhelp?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:29:27.793",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48519",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Different meanings of すっきり?",
"view_count": 374
} | [
{
"body": "I think it depends on context what you want to say...\n\nTake a look on examples:\n\n> うっとうしい梅雨期に、すっきりしない話で恐縮ですが、少しの間お付き合いください。 \n> I'm ashamed to tell such a muddled story in this dreary, rainy season, but\n> please bear with me for a while.\n>\n> まさかオレがごねずにすっきり起きると思っていなかったに違いない。 \n> Certainly she wouldn't have dreamt that I would get up promptly without\n> grumbling.\n>\n> コートを探してます。背が低いので、丈は短めで、なるべくすっきりしたデザインのものを。 \n> I'm looking for a coat. I'm short so the length should be on the short\n> side, and as refined a design as possible.\n>\n> それからすっきりきれいにしてくれ。 \n> Then clean it really well.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T15:42:36.277",
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"body": "Based on the\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/118789/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%99%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A/)\nlink provided by Ataraxia and the\n[Jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%99%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A) entry,\nhere's my attempt to answer my own question:\n\nThe general meaning of すっきり is something like \"a state where all\nbad/unnecessary/superfluous/etc. things have been removed\". Specifically, it\ncan mean one of the following, depending on context:\n\n 1. feeling refreshed; feeling fine; feeling clear-headed - with respect to one's head, feelings, mood, etc.\n\n> 一杯のコーヒーを飲んだら頭がすっきりした。 \n> A cup of coffee cleared my head.\n\n 2. clearly; plainly; distinctly - e.g. sentence, article, writing style\n\n> 「すっきり（と）した文章」 \n> a clear writing style\n\n 3. shapely; neatly; refinedly - e.g. clothes, posture\n\n> コートを探してます。背が低いので、丈は短めで、なるべくすっきりしたデザインのものを。 \n> I'm looking for a coat. I'm short so the length should be on the short\n> side, and as refined a design as possible.\n\n 4. completely; thoroughly - reaching a state where nothing remains\n\n> それからすっきりきれいにしてくれ。 \n> Then clean it really well.\n\n 5. not at all (with negative sentence); not even slightly - e.g. \"I don't know him at all\". Basically, the opposite of #4.",
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| 48519 | 48541 | 48522 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I hope this doesn't count as one of the は/が difference duplicates (that isn't\nwhat I'm asking), but I'm slightly confused about how to think of the は\nparticle. I've heard it called the \"topic marker\", but I've also read a\nseparate explanation about it being an \"emphasizer\" that connects\nsubject/predicate: [An historical grammar of\nJapanese](http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalgramma00sansuoft#page/258/mode/2up).\n\nIs this a better way to think of it? Which is closer to how it's used in the\ncolloquial/modern grammar?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Is \"は\" really a \"topic marker\"?",
"view_count": 1441
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{
"body": "Yes, thinking of は as a topic marker is a good stepping stone to learning the\npurpose that は really serves in the Japanese language. I have also heard that\nが is an emphasizer. In truth, depending on the usage, they are both types of\nemphasizers because they call attention to the sentence subject or\nconversation topic. How you think about them depends on how far you are in\nyour study of the Japanese language. If you have not yet had an epiphany about\ntheir meanings then I would say you should continue to think of は as a topic\nmarker. I will try to elaborate though.\n\nWhen you use は, you are calling into existence the notion of something - it\nmay be a sentence subject or conversation topic - and subsequent statements\nand perhaps even an entire conversation will revolve around that thing. In\nthis sense, は is both a sentence subject and conversation topic marker.\nGetting more complex, as it tends to be in real Japanese conversations, you\ncan use multiple instances of は or start invoking が to add emphasis and\ncontrast.\n\nThis probably makes little-to-no sense without an example, so check this out\nand assume this is a full conversation from start to end - if it helps, think\nlike two friends walked into a pet shop and started talking. I don't think you\nwould ever find this explanation in a book, and I am not going to explain\nevery bit of grammar in detail, but I think this should help.\n\n> Person A: 犬は可愛いです。 \n> (ひらがな: いぬ は かわいい です。) \n> (Romaji: inu ha kawaii desu.) \n> (English: Dogs are cute.)\n>\n> * Here, は is both a conversation topic and sentence subject marker. Dogs\n> are the topic in the conversation, and dogs are also the subject in this\n> sentence.\n>\n\n>\n> Person B: いや、私は猫が可愛いと思います。 \n> (ひらがな: いや、わたし は ねこ が かわいい と おもいます。) \n> (Romaji: iya, watashi ha neko ga kawaii to omoimasu.) \n> (English: Nah, I think cats are cute.)\n>\n> * Person B disagrees with Person A. To do this, they set the sentence\n> subject to themselves (私は) and they are stating something that contrasts\n> with Person A so they use が to do that (猫が). The topic of the conversation\n> remains dogs, but with this sentence cats are also added to the list of\n> conversation topics. If you didn't say it like this and randomly start\n> talking about cats, then you would be considered rude for starting a\n> different conversation.\n>\n\n>\n> Person A: でも、私は、犬は一番可愛いと思います。猫が可愛いと感じたことはありません。 \n> (ひらがな: でも、わたし は、いぬ は いちばん かわいい と おもいます。 ねこ が かわいい と かんじた こと は ありません。) \n> (Romaji: demo, watashi ha, inu ha ichiban kawaii to omoimasu. neko ga\n> kawaii to kanjita koto ha arimasen.) \n> (English: But I think dogs are the cutest. I never felt that cats were\n> cute.)\n>\n> * Person A is going to acknowledge Person B's opinion but be a little\n> obstinate. To show that, they start by saying でも, then set the sentence\n> subject back to themselves (私は) and then refer to the conversation topic of\n> dogs again (犬は) and share the opinion that dogs are the cutest (一番可愛いと思います).\n> They even go so far as to clearly state their opinion of cats (猫が) in\n> contrast to their opinion of dogs by stating they never felt cats were cute\n> (可愛いと感じたことはありません)\n>\n\nAs a side note, in Japanese culture, in addition to it being rude to start new\nconversations without continuing one started by someone else, Person A and\nPerson B would not outwardly disagree with each other this much unless they\nwere close friends. Otherwise they probably wouldn't become closer friends\nafter this exchange. We don't care about Person A and Person B's relationships\nhere, though. We just want to look at different usages of は and が as well as\nthe interplay between the two.\n\nIf I were to give some advice, it would be that in Japanese you have\n\"conversation topics\" and \"sentence subjects\". は and が are used to identify\nboth, which is confusing. Try to identify and distinguish between the two. In\nsome cases は and が can even mark the sentence subject and conversation topic\nat the same time, such as in the first sentence by Person A above.",
"comment_count": 9,
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"body": "> Is “は” really a “topic marker”?\n\nYes, it is. \n_A Japanese subject_ (主語{しゅご}) _is not necessarily the action maker_ , but is\nactually purely 'subject'; it's always the topic/theme to us, native Japanese\nspeakers.\n\n_Cf:_ An English subject is also not an action maker when the verb is a link\nverb like _is_ or _seem_. However, the grammar term 'subject' seems to have\nbeen defined as the action maker of the verb.\n\nは is considered as 係助詞{かかりじょし}; it determines the ending (main) verb (phrase).\nSome linguists consider it as 副助詞{ふくじょし} from the perspective of its\ncomplementing (adverbial function to) the verb. \n(が is considered as 格助詞{かくじょし}, the case marker, and is good for being used in\nmodifying clauses. が also makes a sentence without any は, but は is the one to\ntalk about _general ideas_ ; が introduces a happening, and sometimes it\ndoesn't make any difference whichever is used.)\n\n> I've heard it called the \"topic marker\", but I've also read a separate\n> explanation about it being an \"emphasizer\" that connects subject/predicate:\n\nThe particle は has a sense of _comparing_ , while が has a sense of exclusion,\nbut emphasis actually can be done by any particle.\n\nI think, as a native speaker, I should confirm that the example sentences in\nJapanese brought up by @Structure are all perfectly natural.",
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| 48524 | null | 50555 |
{
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"body": "I'm having issues understanding だろう. I thought it meant \"probably\" or \"maybe\n\", as in:\n\n> 彼はたぶん行きたくなかっただろう \n> Perhaps he didn't wanted to go / he may not wanted to go\n\nbut then it may mean \"will not\"? Like this example..\n\n> 私はあなたと結婚しないだろう。 \n> I will not marry you\n\nAnd then there's another meaning... would?\n\n> 未来はもっと仕事が増えるだろう \n> In the future work would increase even more\n\nAnd also would have been....?\n\n> 彼も行きたかったろう \n> He would have liked to have been there.\n\nI found this examples online, but I'm not sure when to tell which is which. Am\nI missing something?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-18T23:01:47.510",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "だろう probably / will not / would?",
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{
"body": "Think of だろう as adding a dimension of speculation to the previous statement.\nAs such you might choose to translate it as \"perhaps\", \"possibly\",\n\"may/might\", or other similar expressions in English which create a sense of\nuncertain surmising about things.\n\n彼はたぶん行きたくなかっただろう translates into \"Perhaps he didn't want to go\". Here both the\nたぶん and だろう add the sense of speculation.\n\n未来はもっと仕事が増えるだろう could also be translated as \"In the future, work will perhaps\nincrease more.\"\n\nIn 私はあなたと結婚しないだろう we have a slightly different situation. But to just say\n結婚しない would come across as very rude and possibly mean-spirited. Here it feels\nto me like だろう softens the blow and throws things back into the realm of\nspeculation, \"I'm probably not going to marry you\" where you don't means\n\"there's a small chance that I might marry you\". This is what great Harlequin\nnovels are made of, right? Someone is being very polite to avoid flat out\nsaying, \"no\", only for the other to flat out ignore the softened blow and\nstill pine away.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T00:10:14.807",
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| 48525 | 48526 | 48526 |
{
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"body": "I'm confused about the use of ゆえ in case it is followed by の instead of に.\n\nIn the second case I know that ゆえ indicates a consequence, a sort of \"Some\nstate/condition ゆえに some consequence\".\n\nHowever, the following sentence (coming from an exercise book for N1) confuses\nme:\n\n> 男女平等といっても、女性[...]の差別はまだ残っている。\n\nThe possible answers to pick from were たる、ゆえ、なり、こそ, and the correct one would\nbe indeed ゆえ (at first I mistakenly chose たる thinking of \"being a woman\", but\nnow I realize probably that would not work because of how the sentence\ncontinues from there).\n\nAnyway, I can't understand why ゆえ is correct. Could someone explain if in this\ncase (that is, followed by の) ゆえ has a different interpretation? How would you\ntranslate the sentence above in the most literal way? Thank you.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T02:15:37.717",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particle-に",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "On the use of ゆえ - Difference between ゆえに and ゆえの",
"view_count": 1533
} | [
{
"body": "Since の comes right after it, the blank has to be a noun that connects to the\nnoun 女性, that is, among the choices, ゆえ or なり (apart from a set phrase [verb]\nから こその). With them, the sentence will be, respectively,\n\n * …女性ゆえの差別はまだ残っている: Discrimination because of being a woman still remains.\n * …女性なりの差別は残っている: Discrimination in a unique manner to women still remains. \n\nThe latter could be interpreted as almost the same as the former, but it's\nmore likely to mean that \"women can still discriminate someone in their own\nway\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T07:22:53.433",
"id": "48533",
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"body": "## Edited:\n\nAs goldbrick says, you seem to have misunderstood the meaning of 「ゆえ」 in\n「ゆえに」. It doesn't indicates a consequence, a sort of \"Some condition ゆえに some\nconsequence\", but it indicates **some condition that leads to some\nconsequence**.\n\nI think you misunderstand the phrase as \"some condition, ゆえに some consequence\"\njust like \"some condition, よって some consequence\" but the correct\ninterpretation should be \"some condition ゆえに, some consequence\" just like\n\"some condition なので, some consequence\". \n**Watch the correct position of a comma precisely!**\n\n* * *\n\n## Original\n\n> I'm confused about the use of ゆえ in case it is followed by の instead of に.\n\nGroup 1 は、意味（差別の内容）が、Group 2 に比べて明確です。 Group 2 では、意味の確定度合いが低いので、いろいろな解釈が生じます。 \nThe meaning or the contents of discrimination of Group 1 is clearer compared\nto that of Group 2. In Group 2, since the degree of determination of the\nmeaning is low or the degree of ambiguity of the meaning is high, various\ninterpretations will occur.\n\n例えば、極端な例ですが、2-2 は、2-3 の文で「首相が」と「男性が女性より不利になるという」を省略しているとも解釈ができます。 \nFor example, although it may be an extreme example, the sentence 2-2 can also\nbe interpreted omitting \"首相 _prime minister_ \" and \"男性が女性より不利になるという _men are\nmore disadvantageous than women_ \" in the sentence 2-3.\n\n文章は、特殊な場合は別ですが、受け取る側でいろいろな解釈の余地がない方がよい文章だと思います。 \nI think a sentence is, aside from special cases, better to have less room for\nvarious interpretations on the receiving side.\n\nこの説明で、「ゆえの」と「ゆえに」の違いが分かりますか？ \nI hope you will get the difference by the explanation.\n\n## Group 1\n\n1-1 男女平等といっても、女性ゆえの差別はまだ残っている。 \n1-2 男女平等といっても、 **女性ゆえの差別** は、まだ残っている。\n\nEven if we say gender equality, **discrimination because of a woman** still\nremains.\n\n## Group 2\n\n2-1 男女平等といっても、女性ゆえに差別はまだ残っている。 \n2-2 男女平等といっても、 **女性ゆえに** 、差別はまだ残っている。 \nEven if we say gender equality, discrimination still remains **because of a\nwoman**.\n\n2-3 男女平等といっても、 **首相が** 女性ゆえに、 **男性が女性より不利になるという** 差別がまだ残っている。 \nEven if we say gender equality, the discrimination **of that men are more\ndisadvantageous than women** still remains because of **the prime minister\nbeing** a woman.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"body": "The simple answer is ゆえの modifies a noun and ゆえに modifies a verb and an\nadjective. ゆえ means because (of).\n\nSo 女性ゆえの差別 means \"discrimination because of a woman\". 女性ゆえに差別はまだ残っている is\ntranslated as \"the discrimination remains because he is female but I feel this\nis a bit unnatural.",
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T08:16:40.243",
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"body": "I think you got the meaning of\n[ゆえ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/224827/meaning/m0u/) backward: It does\nnot mean _consequence_ , but _reason/basis_. The word's direct attachment is\nto what comes before it, not to what follows. This might be the root of your\nconfusion.\n\nQuite naturally, the ゆえ's meaning (i.e. that of _basis/reason_ ) is the same\nboth in the (conjunctive-)adverbial (X)ゆえに and in the adnominal (X)ゆえの.\n\n> X ゆえに Y = On the basis of X, Y.; Because (of) X, Y. (E.g. 女性ゆえに差別を受ける。→\n> \"Becasue of/On the basis of (being) a woman, one receives discrimination.\")\n>\n> X ゆえの Y = X-based Y; Y by reason of X (E.g. 女性ゆえの差別 → \"womanhood-based\n> discrimination/discrimination by reason of womanhood\")",
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| 48528 | 48538 | 48538 |
{
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"body": "So I get that 見つける takes an object and 見つかる doesn't, but can anyone tell me if\nthere are any major differences between 答えを見つけた and 答えが見つかった\n\nIf I came across an answer by chance, does the second sentence do a better job\nat expressing that?\n\nAnd also: 答えが見つけられた\n\nWhat is different between sentence 2 and 3? (And aren't they both passive?)\n\nThank you :D And sorry if duplicate or dumb question",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-19T03:43:21.937",
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"tags": [
"nuances",
"passive-voice",
"transitivity"
],
"title": "Nuances? 見つける vs 見つかる",
"view_count": 3982
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{
"body": "I think you seem to notice that 見つける is a transitive verb and 見つかる is an\nintransitive verb.\n\nA subject is omitted in 答えを見つけた, for example、彼が答えを見つけた(He found the answer.).\nOn the other hand, 答え is a subject in 答えが見つかった.\n\n答えが見つけられた(The answer was found) is passive form of 答えを見つけた and it has a nuance\nlike \"by someone\", but we don't use it often. Both 答えが見つけられた and 答えが見つかった seem\nto be translated as \"The answer was found\".",
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| 48529 | 48532 | 48532 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48534",
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"body": "I was reading an answer on [Yahoo!\nChiebukuro](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1195558141)\nabout _Nichijou_ series. In the answer, the poster quoted an excerpt from a\nlight novel _Nichijou no Shousetsu_. It's about a tale of\n_[Momotaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D)_ being played by\n_Nichijou_ characters.\n\n> さて、さるをお供にしたももたろうが、元気良く鬼が島に歩いて行くと、その途中で、今度は犬が現れました。 \n> 「……!」 \n> 「……!」 \n> **しかも、戦っています。** \n> **しかと、戦っています。** \n> いぬ役の校長先生が、役をほっぽり出して、 **しかと戦っています** 。校長先生、出番ですよー! \n> [中略] \n> **「な、なんでしかと戦っているのー!?」** \n> このおじさんが校長先生だと知らないももたろうは、あわてるばかり。 \n> たしかに、街中で **いぬとしか** **(1)** **が戦っていたら** 、誰だってびっくりします。\n\nI could understand the overall meaning, but having a doubt on bolded sentence.\nWhen I was reading it the first time, I translated the bolded sentence as:\n\n> 然も【しかも】、戦っています。 \n> Moreover, he is fighting.\n>\n> 確と【しかと】、戦っています。 \n> Certainly, he is fighting.\n\nHowever, when I reached (1), I realized that I might be mistranslating しか\nsince 鹿【しか】 (deer) was more likely.\n\nIn the end, I translated them as\n\n> 然も、戦っています。 \n> Moreover, he is fighting.\n>\n> 鹿と、戦っています。 \n> He is fighting with a deer.\n\nOne thing that made me doubtful was, as far as I know, there was no deer in\n_Momotarou_. However, I heard that there are alternative versions with\ndifferent companies, so it might be just another variation that _Nichijou_\ncreated.\n\nAlso, I didn't translate しかも as 鹿も because it's the first time the deer was\nintroduced, and there was no fighting introduced beforehand (in this excerpt).\n\nAm I correct in translating those sentences? (I realized that the redacted\nexcerpt might remove some important context, but it's beyond my control)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T04:39:36.507",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"homophonic-kanji"
],
"title": "Doubt when translating しかも and しかと in this excerpt",
"view_count": 109
} | [
{
"body": "I think your translation is good.\n\nI think this was played on a street where there were deers because the content\nsays that いぬ役の校長先生が、役をほっぽり出して、しかと戦っています(The school headmaster is fighting with\na deer, forgetting his part as a dog) and 街中で(on a street). This 鹿 would not\nbe related to the content of Momotaro.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T07:38:02.687",
"id": "48534",
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| 48531 | 48534 | 48534 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 子供が店に入った **きり** 姿を消した。\n\nWhat does きり mean in this context? How would you translate this sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T09:42:59.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48537",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-03-12T23:43:33.367",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words",
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Translating きり in a sentence",
"view_count": 86
} | []
| 48537 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Ok, so I found this phrase in regards to a profile of a character and there's\na list given with his abilities and such. The first thing in that list was\nthat it said that the character has good reflexes, followed by this: 足が遠い.\nWhat I could understand was that, literally, his legs reach far? Does it imply\nthat I dunno, he is flexible? I don't think it's similar to 長い, right? It\nsounded quite peculiar to me and I couldn't find some examples in sentences,\nexcept for this other phrase 足が遠のく which it looked similar, but it has another\nmeaning.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T13:53:53.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48543",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "足が遠い does it have the following meaning?",
"view_count": 437
} | [
{
"body": "Ok, that expression have various meanings for what I've read, It can means\nthat \"you are far (from home)\", meaning that you are travelling or living\nabroad, maybe in a tour. It can also means that you are distant of yourself or\ndistant of someone.\n\nSo It maybe sounds weird because it does not make any logic in our own\nlanguages, let me show you some other examples:\n\n> 背が高い (せがたかい): (My back is tall) ► I'm tall\n>\n> 体が痛い (からだがいたい): My body hurts (This one is not always use in the literal\n> way, sometimes you use it when you feel bad)\n\nSo as you can see in Japanese some expressions doesn't mean the literal\ntranslation in our languages.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T04:24:26.100",
"id": "48557",
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| 48543 | null | 48557 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48545",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> ウソかホントかは **別として** 、聞いたことあるその話。\n\nCould someone help me translate this sentence? I tried but it sounds horrible,\nI don't know what is best way to translate 別として here. Thank you!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T14:40:50.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48544",
"last_activity_date": "2020-03-15T13:58:10.903",
"last_edit_date": "2020-03-15T13:58:10.903",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "20522",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Translating 別として",
"view_count": 335
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation is really close! You should probably be able to understand it\nif you took a look at the meaning of 別として\n[here.](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%88%A5%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6) If not,\nthe rest of the stuff I've written below should help you get the meaning in\nrelation to how the grammar is working here.\n\nThis is a great sentence for learning the uses of か as well, and I think that\nis important to understand how the first part `ウソかホントかは` works before we get\nto the 別として part. If you feel like you have a good understanding of\n`ウソかホントかは,` go ahead and skip the next paragraph, which I am including for\ncontext for the rest of my translation.\n\n`ウソかホント` can be roughly translated as `lie or real` (i.e. `true or false`) The\nsecond か here makes it an embedded question. The part that gives this away is\nthe は, which is the particle that every Japanese learner spends days trying to\nlearn.\n\n[別として](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%88%A5%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6) is defined\nby jisho.org to mean: `\"other than; except for; aside from; apart from; save\nfor.\"` The way I personally understand the usage in your sentence is\nsomething to the effect of `\"Regardless of whether or not this is true...\"` A\nliteral translation here would be something like `\"Apart from the question of\nif it's a lie, or real ... \"`\n\nThe following would be my translation of your sentence:\n\n> ウソかホントかは別として、聞いたことあるその話。\n>\n> Setting aside whether it's true or false, I have heard that story (as well).\n\nI put the (as well) in parenthesis because while the sentence never directly\nsaid it, it seems like it is being implied.\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T15:23:44.790",
"id": "48545",
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"owner_user_id": "22352",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 48544 | 48545 | 48545 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48548",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm reading a story about a taxi driver picking up a young girl. He is driving\nwhen he notices that the girl has disappeared. However, at a certain point he\nhears her voice telling him to change his destination. At this point I found\nthis sentence: **もう声が出ず体でうなずいて** 真っ直ぐ前だけ見て走らせた。 What does the part in bold\nmean?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T16:40:06.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48546",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-18T22:06:23.150",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18269",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "I don't understand this sentence もう声が出ず体でうなずいて",
"view_count": 1959
} | [
{
"body": "Lets break this down, and see what we can get out of this sentence.\n\n**声が出ず** : You're going to find a really good grammar here ～ず。 If you want to\ndo some research, look [here.](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/negverb2.html)\nSimply put, it is a grammar where you do something without doing something\nelse. This portion translates to `without using his voice`\n\nHere's another example of ～ず usage:\n\n> 忘れずにやりました。(I did it without forgetting)\n\n**もう** : This is probably one of the most important parts of the sentence. As\nyou'll see discussed in the comments below, もう changes the meaning of 声が出ず\nfrom `without using his/her voice` to `unable to use his/her voice.`\n\n**体{からだ}で** ： Literally translates as \"with the body.\"\n\n[**うなずいて**](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%A0%B7%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6): This is a\nconjugation of うなずく、whose translation can be found\n[here.](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%A0%B7%E3%81%8F) However, you'll also find\nthat うなずいて also has a [definition\nlisted](http://jisho.org/word/%E9%A0%B7%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6) on jisho.org.\nCompounded with 体で we get: `Nodding with his/her body.`\n\nOk, now lets put it all together:\n\n> **もう声が出ず体でうなずいて** 真っ直ぐ前だけ見て走らせた。\n>\n> **Unable to speak, he/she nodded with his/her body,** and ran straight\n> forward not looking left or right.\n\nI want to add an appendage that 前だけ見て means `only looking forward.` In\ntranslating that to English, I changed it to `without looking left or right.`\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T17:53:13.693",
"id": "48548",
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},
{
"body": "Literally, \"His voice no longer came out and he nodded with his body [only]\".\nPresumably he is so scared by hearing her voice after she has disappeared that\nhe cannot speak, only nod. I'd suggest \"His voice failed him. He could only\nnod silently. He drove on with his eyes fixed straight ahead\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-19T18:03:42.893",
"id": "48549",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20069",
"parent_id": "48546",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 48546 | 48548 | 48548 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48553",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I just learned the word 大学 and wanted to try to put it into a sentence. My\nreasoning is that nani means what, namae means name, kimi no means your and\ndaigaku means university, although im not so sure that this is how I would ask\nit or if it is even correct. Could someone please help me with this? I'd like\nto know 1. If i used the particles correctly and 2. If the question makes\nsense, if not could you please show me how to say it and explain it? Thank you\nfor your help c:",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T00:00:45.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48552",
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"owner_user_id": "22617",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"questions"
],
"title": "Does 「何は名前は君の大学か？」 mean \"What is the name of your university?\"",
"view_count": 676
} | [
{
"body": "> 君の大学の名前は？\n\nis the way to say it. It is short for: `君の大学の名前は何ですか`",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T00:18:04.023",
"id": "48553",
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{
"body": "While in English we rearrange entire sentences to make them questions, in\nJapanese you typically put the question word where the answer would go and add\nthe question particle か. So, for example, \"My university's name is Harvard\"\nwould be\n\n> 僕の大学の名前はハーバードです。\n\nAnd so to make the question \"What is your university's name?\" we swap 僕 for 君\n(i.e. \"me\" for \"you\") and ハーバード for 何 (\"Harvard\" for \"what\"), and add the\nparticle at the end to get\n\n> 君の大学の名前は何ですか。\n\nAlthough in most contexts we can probably just ask \"What is your university?\",\nor\n\n> 君の大学は何ですか。\n\nAnd if we're being super casual and the context is already understood, then it\ncan be shortened all the way to \"Your university is ...?\"\n\n> 君の大学は？\n\nEDIT: As Chocolate points out, even my suggested option is not really what\nyou'd say in Japanese. It's more likely that you'd ask _where_ the person's\nuniversity is:\n\n> 君の大学はどこですか。\n\nor even\n\n> 大学はどこ？\n\nsince in context you don't even need to use the pronoun 君. And it's probably\nmore likely that you'd ask something along the lines of \"Which university _do\nyou go to_ \", i.e. you'd use a sentence like one of the following:\n\n> どこの大学に行ってるんですか。 \n> なんていう大学に行ってるの。\n\nBut, I would guess that the grammar in those sentences is a little past what\nyou're studying at the moment, so for now I think it's fair enough to say that\nmost of the above would be _understood_ by a Japanese speaker, but some of\nthem sound more natural than others.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T00:42:02.787",
"id": "48554",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "This is a compliment to previous answers:\n\nPlease remember that while English operates on the Subject-Verb-Object\nsentence structure order, Japanese operates on the Subject-Object-Verb order.\nThis changes in which order you organize a sentence. See the following\nexamples:\n\nEnglish, Subject- _Verb_ - **Object** order:\n\n> The name of my university _is_ **Tokyo University**.\n\nJapanese, Subject- **Object** - _Verb_ order:\n\n> 僕｛ぼく｝の大学｛だいがく｝の名前｛なまえ｝は **東京大学{とうきょうだいがく}** _です_ 。\n\nEnglish has a tendency of rewriting the SVO general form when phrasing\nquestions to an OVS form:\n\n> \"The name of your university _is_ **what**?\" becomes \n> \" **What** _is_ the name of your university?\"\n\nJust something to be aware of when arranging sentences. :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-21T21:40:54.040",
"id": "48619",
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]
| 48552 | 48553 | 48554 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48556",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I found this example in a japanese textbook:\n\n * > 外を歩いている人はみんな傘をさしています: Everyone is using umbrellas outside.\n\nWhy is を in that sentence?, and because it is a japanese textbook I doubt that\nit is inconrrect, shouldn't be like this?\n\n * > 外に歩いている人は傘をさしています",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T04:09:08.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48555",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-20T04:48:03.200",
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"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Why is the particle を used in this sentence?",
"view_count": 813
} | [
{
"body": "Verb of movement can take を to express the idea of moving about within that\nspace. So here, 外を歩いている expresses the idea of \"walk around outside\". In a\nsimilar vein 空を飛ぶ means \"to fly through the sky\".\n\n外に歩く isn't quite grammatical in the sense which you seem to have in mind;\ninstead it means \"to walk toward the outside\". It would be better to say, 外で歩く\nbut it doesn't have quite the same feel as 外を歩いている. 外で歩く seems to suggest that\nthere are other places where you could have chosen to walk--maybe you're at a\nconvention and you could walk inside the convention center or outside. But,\n外を歩いている carries a connotation of walking about outside with perhaps no\nparticular destination in mind.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T04:17:21.290",
"id": "48556",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-20T04:58:39.603",
"last_edit_date": "2017-06-20T04:58:39.603",
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{
"body": "There are no methods to distinguish exceptions, or how to distinguish between\n\"Nを\" and \"Nに\" clearly.\n\n外を歩く： \"他に働きかける\"動詞に接続 Walk in the outdoor space. * 頂上を目指す * 人を愛する\n\n外に歩く: \"他に働きかける\"動詞に接続 but 方向性が見られる場合がある Walk in the direction of the outdoor\nspace. * 写真に撮る * 図に表す\n\n<http://www.geocities.jp/niwasaburoo/06hogo.html#6.2>",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T04:49:30.060",
"id": "48558",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "22621",
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}
]
| 48555 | 48556 | 48556 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48571",
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"body": "I am confused with the phrase 攻めを自重 in the following sentence\n\n> ただ「攻め」を自重しながらも、独特のハイトーンはしっかりと響かせていた。\n\nThe sentence is taken from Asahi Simbun article\n<http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK6M45BZK6MPTQP00F.html?iref=com_alist_photo>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T11:40:51.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48561",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-21T03:48:31.753",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9576",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 攻めを自重?",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "> 熱唱した舞台も広いフィールドのど真ん中で、「方々まで走り回りたかったが、あまり遠くまで行くと戻ってこられなくなる」。\n> **ただ「攻め」を自重しながらも、独特のハイトーンはしっかりと響かせていた** 。\n\nこの文脈から判断すると、「攻め」とは、舞台を下りてフィールドを走り回ることを指し、「自重する」とは、本当は走りたかったが走らずに舞台にとどまって歌ったことを指します。\n\n_Judging from this context_ , \"攻め\" _refers to step down from the stage to the\nfield to run around there_ , _and_ \"自重する\" _refers to that he really wanted to\nrun around the field_ , _but he patiently stayed on the stage and sang without\nrunning around_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:45:37.517",
"id": "48564",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-20T13:04:02.813",
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{
"body": "mackygooさんに先手を取られた！全く同感です。\n\nTo expand a little more, I think I'd describe 自重{じちょう}する in this context as\n\"exercise self-restraint\".\n\nSo overall, something along the lines of: \"While restraining himself from\noverly bold behavior, he nevertheless made his unique high pitch singing\nreverberate throughout the stadium.\" And here I didn't even know デーモン閣下 could\nsing.\n\nThat having been said, I don't think you're likely to come across 自重{じちょう}する\nvery often, although figurative usages of 「攻め」to refer to bold, daring,\nproactive, or even agressive behaviors, attitudes, or approaches come up a\nlot.",
"comment_count": 1,
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{
"body": "I would also add that the writer of this article probably want to allude to\nthe fact that デーモン閣下 has deep connection to sumo, as 「攻め」also refers to a sumo\nstyle (attacking/aggressive); I also notice that when I looked up 攻め in my\nmain Japanese-English dictionary (Kenkyusha 5th ed.), 2 out of 4 example\nsentences are sumo-related. The title of the article is less subtle about it:\n\"相撲じゃないけど… デーモン閣下、パールボウルで熱唱\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-21T03:48:31.753",
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| 48561 | 48571 | 48571 |
{
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"body": "When talking with a friend in Japanese, they said \"行ってないです\", they cannot\nexplain why it's different from \"行きません/でした\". \n\nAs far as I'm aware, I'm not sure what the difference would be in terms of it\nmeaning \"I did not go\" or \"I have not been\".\n\nI understand that the 'te' form can modify a sentence to extend it or\nconjugate to てもいい etc, but in this context, what difference does it make\nbetween the two? There's been a couple of times like this I haven't understood\nthe 'te' form fully. Any help would be much appreciated! :)\n\nThanks very much, \nMat.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T11:50:19.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax",
"politeness",
"て-form"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 行きます and 行ってきます (ました、ません etc)?",
"view_count": 3418
} | [
{
"body": "Great question!\n\n行ってくる、or more commonly 行ってきます is actually a really common phrase. The most\ncommon usage is when individuals leave their home, but I have (on rare\noccasion) heard it used when people leave a gathering to go somewhere else.\n(i.e. party to work) If you look at the translation on jisho.org, you will\nfind the [following\ndefinition:](http://jisho.org/search/%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B)\n`I'm off; see you later.`\n\nAccording to [this answer,](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/677/22352) we\nfind that 行ってきます has an implication of going, then coming back. This is why\nyou see it most commonly used when an individual leaves home for school/work.\n\n行きます by contrast is simply translated as `I'm going.`\n\nI want to make a note here: 行ってきます may seem to be related to the baseーて＋くる\ngrammar structure. Since the くる in 行ってきます is actually [implying\n_motion,_](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/677/22352) it is **not**\nrelated. Baseーて＋くる means: `came/got to be` I personally understand it as\n`started to (verb),` but that translation has some issues. If you're\ninterested in learning about the Baseーて＋くる grammar, take a look at [this\nquestion,](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/22352) as well as this\n[website.](https://www.renshuu.org/grammar/82/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8B) I\nsuggest that you take some time to study it when you get the chance.\n\nBack on topic-- In short:\n\n> 行ってきます\n>\n> **Literally:** I go and come back.\n>\n> **In natural English:** I'm off, see you later!\n\nFinally:\n\n> 行きます\n>\n> **Literally:** I'm going.\n>\n> **In natural English:** I'm going.",
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| 48562 | null | 48573 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48576",
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"body": "I'm studying for the JLPT and had a practice question regarding the correct\nusage of the word `キャッチ` (pick which one of the following sentences uses the\nword correctly):\n\n> 1) 防犯用センサーにひっかかって店員に **キャッチ** された。\n>\n> 2) カメラで奇跡の瞬間を **キャッチ** する。\n\nThe book's answer key claims that #2 is correct and that #1 is incorrect. The\nreasoning given is because the correct word to use for sentence #1 is `捕まる`.\nHowever, the two words appear to be very closely related and I don't see how\none is obviously right compared to the other. Is the only difference between\n`キャッチ` and `捕まる` the passive/activeness of the words?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:09:05.743",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "Usage of キャッチ vs 捕まる",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "This is one of those tricky things with near synonyms. There will be cases\nwhere you can use one or the other, and the main difference will simply be one\nof register.\n\nIn this case, I get the sense (based on how I've come across the words being\nused in day-to-day life here in Japan) that the first one is wrong because\n\"キャッチ\" is (almost) never applied to people, while 捕まる is usually applied in\nreference to catching someone, especially if some form of wrongdoing is\ninvolved.\n\nThe police will 捕まえる criminals, but I don't think it can キャッチ them.\n\nHere, a shoplifter (presumably) ran afoul of a theft prevention sensor,\nresulting in getting 捕まる'd by the staff.\n\nThe only instance of キャッチ I've read about for people involves taxi drives\nusing to refer to getting a passenger. Usually, it's used for physical objects\nor more abstract concepts, as in キャッチ a ball, or キャッチ information.",
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| 48563 | 48576 | 48576 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48581",
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"body": "I think all three expressions are used to show my requests to someone who are\nsuperior than me. However I am wondering if there are any nuance differences\nin these expressions. For example:\n\n> (1) もっとはっきり書いてください。\n>\n> (2) もっとはっきり書いてくださいますか。\n>\n> (3) もっとはっきり書いてくださいませんか。\n\nI can feel that it is more polite to say (3) or (2) than (1). But am I\ncorrect?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:49:08.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48565",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "What's the difference among ~てください, くださいますか, and くださいませんか?",
"view_count": 1371
} | [
{
"body": "The nuances of these requests are not far from their English counterparts,\nactually.\n\n> もっとはっきり書いてください。\n>\n> Please write more clearly.\n\nThis is a direct request, but isn't rude by any means.\n\n> もっとはっきり書いてくださいますか。\n>\n> Would you write more clearly (for me)?\n\nThis, just like in English, is less direct and therefore showing a bit more\nrespect to the listener.\n\n> もっとはっきり書いてくださいませんか。\n>\n> Wouldn't you write more clearly (for me)?\n\nIn this form it feels more like an invitation than a question but is very\nsimilar to the previous.\n\nIn most cases I would use the first. It has a pretty broad usage. If I were\nfeeling the need to be more polite (maybe I'm speaking to a teacher I don't\nknow well) then I would use the second. If I were inviting a superior to do\nsomething for me or come somewhere I would use the third. Knowing which one to\nuse often comes down to having lots of practice with social situations and a\ngood grasp on context.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T15:35:41.340",
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| 48565 | 48581 | 48581 |
{
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"body": "Why is なさい used in ごめんなさい when it is usually used as a command form?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:49:19.320",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48566",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "Use of なさい in ごめんなさい",
"view_count": 1052
} | [
{
"body": "免 is a somewhat old word meaning 'forgiveness'. There is a polite command form\nthat goes お・ご～なさい, such as in おいでなさい or ご覧なさい. If you apply this to 免, you get\nご免なさい, literally 'please forgive me'. This command form is also seen in\nおやすみなさい and おかえりなさい.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:54:08.203",
"id": "48569",
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{
"body": "Nothing at all's answer is fine the basics, but it could be misleading\ndepending on how much Japanese you are planning to learn.\n\nご/おV-stemなさい is a polite command conjugation of the verb\n[なさる](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8B).\n\nなさる is the keigo equivalent of する (meaning it is respectful). Conversely, いたす\nis the self-humbling form.\n\nSo by using なさる you express respect for the person you are talking to and by\nusing ご/おV-stemください you express it politely.\n\n免ずる means to forgive and this is then conjugated to mean \"please forgive me\"\nby using a polite and respectful command conjugation.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T15:13:35.197",
"id": "48578",
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| 48566 | null | 48569 |
{
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"body": "This is from the opening of an episode of Sazae-san:\n\nKazuo is buying a necktie for his father (who is bald)\n\n> store clerk: 父の日の贈り物ですか？ \n> Kazuo: ええ。 \n> store clerk: どんなタイプの方かしら？ \n> Kazuo: あの すらっとした ロマンスグレーで…。 \n> store clerk: 重役タイプの方！じゃあ これが ぴったりですわ。 \n> Wakame (Kazuo's sister): お兄ちゃん。 \n> Kazuo: 僕にだって 見えってものがあるさ。\n\n(video is on Youtube here: <https://youtu.be/erVOfNcVbyY?t=415>)\n\nI don't understand the meaning of Kazuo's last sentence. My best guess is \"As\nfor me, there's something to see\", which is obviously wrong. Also, why did he\nsay the necktie is for ロマンスグレー (middle-aged or old man with gray hair) when\nhis father is bald (bald on top, with black hair on the side)?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T12:51:04.440",
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"owner_user_id": "4295",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"anime"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of \"僕にだって 見えってものがあるさ\"?",
"view_count": 135
} | [
{
"body": "The comment from Dim should help you figure it out, but I'll just point out\nthat most of the translations in the link he helpfully provided have a more\nnegative connotation in English than 見栄 by itself has in Japanese.\n\nHere, Kazuo is essentially saying that even he has standards in terms of the\nkind of impression (of his father) he wants to present to other people.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T13:16:05.430",
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| 48567 | 48572 | 48572 |
{
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"body": "I want to make the following sentence:\n\n> the book has \"english book\" written on it\n\nIs it\n\n> この本は「英語の本」と **書きます**\n\nor\n\n> この本は「英語の本」と **書いてあります**",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T13:31:35.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48574",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-06-20T15:06:21.803",
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"owner_user_id": "22630",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "kaite arimasu or kakimasu?",
"view_count": 1471
} | [
{
"body": "I'm going to tell you which one is right, and a little bit of why, but if you\nwant more detail, comment on this answer, let me know, and I will edit it.\n\n> この本は「英語の本」と書きます。\n\nThe subject of this sentence is 本. What about the book? Well, when we see\n`「英語の本」と書きます.` ~と書く can be written as `to write ~.` Compounding this together,\nwe get something to the effect of `The book is writing \"English Book.\" That's\nnot quite right.\n\n～と書いてある means something to the effect of `already been written.` If you want\nto get a better understanding of what it means, study the\n[Base～て＋ある](http://www.tanos.co.uk/jlpt/skills/grammar/sentences/?grammarid=526)\ngrammar, and you'll get a better picture.\n\nI'm going to make a small change to the second sentence (in bold.)\n\n> この本 **には** 「英語の本」と書いてあります。\n>\n> \"English Book\" is written on this book.\n\nIn short, your second attempt was better, with minor changes. Nicely done!",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-06-20T13:51:28.880",
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"body": "> * the book has \"english book\" written on it\n> * ”この本は「英語の本」と書きます” or ”この本は「英語の本」と書いてあります”\n>\n\nBoth expressions are unnatural.\n\n> この本には「英語の本」と書いてあります。\n\nThis expression is also inadequate. Because it is unknown where \"英語の本\" is\nwritten only by this expression. In other word, it is unclear whether it is\nwritten just on the cover or somewhere in the body.\n\nOn the other hand, the given sentence has \"on\" not \"in\" that implies clearly\nthat 「英語の本」 is written on the cover of it. Also for this reason, the above\nexpression in Japanese is inadequate.\n\nIf you hear this phrase, you will have a series of conversations like the\nfollowing until you reach the conclusion.\n\n> A: この本には「英語の本」と書いてあります。 \n> B: どこに？ \n> A: 表紙に。 \n> B: う～ん。本の題名が「英語の本」なんだ。\n\nI know following expressions are different from the English expression posted\nby the questioner, but the natural expressions in Japanese are as follows:\n\n 1. いい本があるよ。 \n 2. どの本？ この本。\n 3. 何の本？ 「英語の本」だよ。\n 4. 題名は？ 「英語の本」だよ。 \n 5. 「英語の本」って表紙に書いてあるの？ うん。 \n 6. ということは、その本の表紙には「英語の本」って、本の名前/題名が書いてあるのか。\n\n> 7. そうだよ。この本には表紙に「英語の本」と書いてあります。 \n> （or そうだよ。この本の表紙には「英語の本」と書いてあります。）\n>\n\nEven after these conversations, \"この本には「英語の本」と書いてあります\" sounds unnatural or\nunconfortable.",
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| 48574 | null | 48580 |
{
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"body": "覇王色の覇気 < this Literal translation means Haki of the Color of the Conquering\nKing.\n\nI am looking for the proper vertical translations of\n\nConquering King \nConqueror's Will/Spirit \nWill/Spirit of a Conqueror \nKing's Will/Spirit \nWill/Spirit of a King",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T15:56:07.733",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48582",
"last_activity_date": "2018-12-21T09:01:10.223",
"last_edit_date": "2017-06-20T16:32:44.967",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the proper kanji for \"King's/Conqueror's will\" or \"spirit\" vertically?",
"view_count": 807
} | [
{
"body": "Because \"覇王色の覇気\" is a concrete phrase in the actual Japanese story, I\nunderstand and answer your question where you want to get an appropriate\ninterpretation in English for the phrase.\n\nMy answer for **覇王色の覇気** is:\n\n> ## Will/Spirit of King's/Conqueror's aura.\n\nIf you really looking for the proper vertical translations of \n- Conquering King \n- Conqueror's Will/Spirit \n- Will/Spirit of a Conqueror \n- King's Will/Spirit \n- Will/Spirit of a King \n\n> They are **覇王** for the first one and **覇王の覇気** for the rest.\n\nI'm sorry to say but there are no other options.\n\nThe meanings of individual words in the dictionary are as follows. The italic\nis my poor translation.\n\n[覇者｛はしゃ｝](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A6%87%E8%80%85-114245#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89) \n<デジタル大辞泉> \n１ 徳によらず、覇道（武力や策略）によって天下を治める者。 \n_Those who rule the world by arms and/or strategies, not by virtue_.\n\n[色｛いろ｝](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%89%B2-32548) \n<デジタル大辞泉> \n４ ㋑それらしく感じられる趣・気配。「秋の色の感じられる昨今」「敗北の色が濃い」 \n_Feelings or signs that seem like someone/something_.\n\n[覇気｛はき｝](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A6%87%E6%B0%97-599919#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89) \n<デジタル大辞泉> \n２ 人の上に立とうとする強い意志。野心。野望。 \n_Strong will or ambition to stand on people_.\n\n<大辞林第三版> \n⓶ 覇者になろうという気持ち。人に勝ってのし上がろうとする野望。野心。 \n_Will to be a \"覇者 conqueror\". Ambition to overcome opponents and try to stand\non them_.",
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| 48582 | null | 48588 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "48594",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "A dictionary lists 最高 as being both a no-adjective and na-adjective. I've also\nseen other examples of this. However, is there a difference between using it\neither form since they're both attached to nouns?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T19:13:37.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "48585",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-15T14:56:51.813",
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"owner_user_id": "17667",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "Is there a difference between 最高の and 最高な?",
"view_count": 2468
} | [
{
"body": "I found the following in _A Dictionary of Advanced Japanese Grammar:_\n\n> No-adjectives are just like nouns in terms of their syntactic rules (e.g.\n> they require _no_ when they modify nouns), but they cannot be marked by case\n> particles such as _ga_ and _o._ In other words, they are not nouns. The only\n> syntactic difference between _na_ -adjectives and _no_ -adjectives is that\n> _na_ -adjectives take _na_ before nouns whereas _no_ -adjectives take _no._\n>\n> However, some words can take either _na_ or _no,_ as shown below:\n>\n> 特別｛な/の｝治療｛ちりょう｝(special treatment)\n>\n> 様々｛な/の｝衣装｛いしょう｝(various costumes)\n\nSo in short, the meaning of the adjective does not change between the use of な\nor の。 Directly answering your question, 最高の and 最高な have the same meaning, and\nthe usage is the same as well. However, if there are nuances on when to use な\nover の, I don't know them. I suspect that only those who have studied Japanese\nfor a long time would know the nuances, if there are any.\n\nBelow, I will include a few attached pictures where I found this information.\nIt's an interesting and fantastic read when studying adjectives!\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xVG8F.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pCZQS.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-20T23:23:38.593",
"id": "48587",
"last_activity_date": "2017-10-15T14:56:51.813",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "22352",
"parent_id": "48585",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "Basically you should stick to 最高の～. Personally I feel 最高な～ sounds slightly\npeculiar.\n\nIn BCCWJ, there are 2410 examples of `最高の`, and only less than 20 examples of\n`最高な + noun`. As for the meaning, I see no difference. All the examples of\n`最高な + noun` in BCCWJ seemed safely interchangeable with `最高の`.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-21T05:54:53.550",
"id": "48594",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-21T05:54:53.550",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "48585",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "Based on [this\npaper](http://petit.lib.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/G0000006y2j2/file/18338/20110328161801/C060034000009.pdf),\nwhich is about differences in the use of language between native speakers and\nChinese students of Japanese, it appears to be a prime example of how language\ngradually changes over time.\n\nI don't have time to read the entire paper, but the section relevant to this\nquestion mentions that \"最高の\" is the one listed in Japansese dictionaries\n(国語辞典) and the more natural of the two. It also states:\n\n>\n> 同調査における「最高」の選択傾向でも、母語話者100名中「最高な(5名)」「最高の(80名)」「最高な/の(両方・15名)」のように、使用が分かれる結果であった。\n\nIt then goes on to note that between those who use \"な\" and those who swing\nboth ways, one out of five native speakers consider \"な\" acceptable, and may be\ninfluencing such usage among non-native learners.\n\nI only skimmed through very briefly, but I didn't see any mention of\ndifferences in meaning or nuance between the two.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-21T08:55:32.207",
"id": "48602",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-21T08:55:32.207",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "22424",
"parent_id": "48585",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "To complement the existing answers:\n\n * When modifying nouns, some words normally only take の (like 病気), some only な (like 静か), and some accept both (like 特別).\n * Among the ambivalent words, some have a preference (最高の is _much_ more frequent than 最高な, while イレギュラー prefers な to の); others vary a lot between な and の (随分、 ダメダメ、オリエンタル、ルーズ).\n * Also, in some words the choice of particle (that is, the choice between noun and adjective forms) does matter for the meaning: 平和な国 \"a peaceful country\" vs. 平和の国 \"The Country of Peace\". For others, it doesn't seem to affect it clearly: 真っ黒な靴 = 真っ黒の靴 = \"pitch-black shoes\". According to Satoshi Uehara な makes it feel more like a matter of degree, a gradable 'quality'; while の makes it feel more like a binary, on/off 'thing'. I think it's a pretty subtle effect.\n\nSources: Uehara's _Syntactic Categories in Japanese_ ; and the Japanese\nwikipedia as a corpus.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-06-21T09:23:51.003",
"id": "48604",
"last_activity_date": "2017-06-21T09:23:51.003",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "622",
"parent_id": "48585",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 48585 | 48594 | 48587 |
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