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{
"accepted_answer_id": "49146",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I wanna say \"I think that for Brazilians, studying English is easier than it\nis for Japanese\"\n\nI know how to make simple comparisons like\n\n> お寿司の価格の方がラーメンより高い\n\nbut I am having trouble coming up with that sentence, specifically because the\nonly place I can check if it is right is Google translator, but I know it is\nnot reliable... my attempt is:\n\n> ブラジル人にとって英語を勉強する方が日本人にとってより簡単だと思うよ\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T16:58:36.250",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49142",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-07T20:18:50.780",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-07T19:38:13.407",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "How to say \"I think studying English is easier for Brazilians than for Japanese\"",
"view_count": 1007
} | [
{
"body": "how about something like\n\n> ブラジル人の方は日本人より英語をならうのが簡単です。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T18:23:53.220",
"id": "49145",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-07T18:23:53.220",
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"owner_user_id": "4875",
"parent_id": "49142",
"post_type": "answer",
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},
{
"body": "I think your attempt is a literal translation. I translate it as\nブラジル人が英語を習得する(覚える)方が日本人より簡単だと思うよ.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T18:28:13.933",
"id": "49146",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-07T18:28:13.933",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "> I wanna say \"I think that for brazilians, studying english is easier than it\n> is for japanese\"\n>\n\n>> ブラジル人にとって英語を勉強する方が日本人にとってより簡単だと思うよ\n\nI think it's a good try, but a little confusing. \nIt's easier to understand if it's like this:\n\n> **1** 英語の勉強 **は** ブラジル人にとって **の方が** 日本人にとってより簡単だと思うよ。\n\nSee it's more similar to you sample sentence:\n\n> （ふつう **は** ）お寿司の価格 **の方が** ラーメンより高い\n\nThis can be also like this:\n\n> **2** ブラジル人 **が** 英語の勉強を **する** の **は** 日本人が英語の勉強をするより簡単だと思うよ。 \n> or \n> **3** ブラジル人 **が** 英語を勉強 **する方が** 日本人が英語を勉強するより簡単だと思うよ。\n\nI find when I see the sentence starts with ブラジル人 **にとって** , I expect it to be\nfollowed by **～は**. In other words, I seem to expect **～にとって** to be a\n_modifier to the theme_ of the sentence.\n\n> ブラジル人 **にとって** 英語を勉強すること **は** 、日本語を勉強するより簡単だと思うよ。 [Comparing studying\n> English and studying Japanese, both for Brazilians]",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T19:52:44.003",
"id": "49147",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-07T20:18:50.780",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-07T20:18:50.780",
"last_editor_user_id": "22422",
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "49142",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 49142 | 49146 | 49145 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49151",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "しかもこんなオマケまで見られるんなら、ほんと、子供の頃にも遊びに来るんだった **なって**\n\nFurthermore, if i were able to see this kinda of bonus (sunset) , honestly, i\n(should have?) came here to play when i was a kid.\n\nThere is an entry for なう meaning \"to do\" as a suffix, but how does it convey\nthe meaning that i think it conveys in this sentence?\n\nshould have = んだったなって ?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T23:13:33.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49149",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T19:11:13.217",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T19:11:13.217",
"last_editor_user_id": "22422",
"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "（来る）んだったなって = should have (come)?",
"view_count": 432
} | [
{
"body": "> > しかもこんなオマケまで見られるんなら、ほんと、子供の頃にも遊びに来るんだった **なって**\n>\n> Furthermore, if i were able to see this kinda of bonus (sunset) , honestly,\n> i (should have?) came here to play when i was a kid.\n>\n> should have = んだったなって ?\n\nAs A.Ellett says, it's だったなと[おもう]. \nIt's a contraction of 遊びに来るのだったなと（思う）. It's the same as 遊びに来ればよかったなと思う, so you\nguessed right and it's saying \"I should have come to play here when I was a\nkid.\"\n\nAnd we never really say these, but I think this の is representing もの,\n'things'. \n来るんだったな（＜来るのだったな＜来るものだったな＝来るべきものだったな＝）来ればよかったな",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T00:20:47.813",
"id": "49151",
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}
]
| 49149 | 49151 | 49151 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Seems like a very simple question, but Im not sure of the best way to ask this\nconversationally.My understanding is if your asking over a specific period\nlike a week or month, and taking \"buy that\" as an example its good to say\n月かんかい買う？１週間なんかい買う？\n\nBut without that period marker what would be a natural way to ask, how often\ndo you buy that? my guess yesterday in conversation was それは何頻度で買うの？ But it\nseemed pretty unclear to the native speaker 相手.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-07T23:55:56.013",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49150",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T00:51:28.717",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"conversational"
],
"title": "Best way to simply ask \"how often do you\"",
"view_count": 4625
} | [
{
"body": "> \"how often do you\" -- the best way to ask this conversationally. if your\n> asking over a specific period like a week or month, and taking \"buy that\" as\n> an example its good to say 月かんかい買う？１週間なんかい買う？ But without that period marker\n> what would be a natural way to ask, how often do you buy that? my guess\n> yesterday in conversation was それは何頻度で買うの？ But it seemed pretty unclear to\n> the native speaker 相手.\n\nmm.. Maybe we start it by asking それ、よく買うの？, still sounding pretty direct\nthough, a little attenuated than どのくらいの頻度（ひんど）で買うの？\n\nI think if I have a need to ask that, I'd rather directly ask それ、週にどのくらい買う？,\nand this can mean either the amount or the frequency.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T00:51:28.717",
"id": "49152",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T00:51:28.717",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "49150",
"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 49150 | null | 49152 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50223",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> しかし着いて早早、私はお箸売り場でうずくまってしまうのだった。全然 **しっくり** 来ない。 \n> = I arrived too early at the place selling chopsticks, and ended up\n> squatting outside. Completely .... not come?\n\nI went there at the wrong time? I didn't go appropriately? What's the meaning\nof the second sentence here?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T00:52:27.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49153",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-10T00:04:40.500",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T05:16:17.990",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to use しっくり",
"view_count": 308
} | [
{
"body": "> しかし着いて早早、私はお箸売り場でうずくまってしまうのだった。全然しっくり来ない。 \n> = I arrived too early at the place selling chopsticks, and ended up\n> squatting outside. Completely .... not come?\n>\n> I went there at the wrong time? I didn't go appropriately? What's the\n> meaning of the second sentence here?\n\nFrom this alone, I can't tell everything, but it says as soon as (～して早々)\narriving, the speaker would crouch down at the place.\n\nThis 全然しっくり来ない here doesn't really make clear sense to me either, but this 来ない\nnever means an actual action of anyone. It's saying that it['dummy' it]\ndoesn't come well at all. Maybe trying to say s/he doesn't feel well.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:16:42.280",
"id": "49164",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T05:24:07.463",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T05:24:07.463",
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"parent_id": "49153",
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{
"body": "\"しっくり来る\" and \"しっくり来ない\" are both set phrases having quite opposite meanings.\n\n**しっくり** is an adverb that has a nuance particular to Japan, and it has a\nmeaning that the feeling is exactly fitting to the state which was expected in\nadvance. \nSo **しっくり来る** literally means _it comes nicely_ so it means _I'm comfortable_\nor _I feel comfortable_. We usually don't use kanji for しっくりくる and しっくりこない.\n\n\" **全然しっくり来ない** \" in the context is something like\n\"何て言ったらいいかわからないが、こんなんじゃない。不愉快だ。 _I don't know what to say, but this is totally\ndifferent from what I have expected. So I feel uncomfortable_.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T05:11:53.390",
"id": "49172",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T09:44:20.920",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T09:44:20.920",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
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{
"body": "しっくり by itself is an adverb meaning something like \"nicely\", \"perfectly\",\ndescribing how something fits well with something. But it's almost always used\nin combination with 来る, anyway.\n\n～(と)来る after certain adverbs is something like \"comes off to me as ～\",\n\"strikes me as ～\", \"It occurs to me that ～\", etc. It's the fifth definition of\nデジタル大辞泉:\n\n> ５ 何かによって、ある反応・感覚・感情が起こる。「ぴんとくる」「胸にじんとくる温かい言葉」\n\nSo しっくりと来ない literally means \"it does not strike me as perfect\" or something\nsimilar. It's a set phrase, and possible translations would be \"I feel\nsomething is wrong\", \"I somehow feel uneasy\", \"It's kinda out of place\", \"It\nseems a bit off\", etc. As mentioned in the comment, the cause of such a\nfeeling is not mentioned in your excerpt.\n\n～て早々【そうそう】 means \"No later than ～\", \"As soon as ～\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-10T00:04:40.500",
"id": "50223",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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}
]
| 49153 | 50223 | 49172 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "What would be the counter for train stations?\n\nFor example, \"two more stops\" would be 後駅を **二つ**...? It seems a bit\nunnatural.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T01:10:35.860",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49154",
"last_activity_date": "2018-08-16T12:19:40.677",
"last_edit_date": "2018-08-16T12:19:40.677",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"counters"
],
"title": "How do you count train stations?",
"view_count": 1737
} | [
{
"body": "you can say things like:\n\n * ２個{こ}先{さき} \n * ２つ先\n * となりのとなり\n * あと二駅{ふたえき｝\n * つぎのつぎ",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T01:16:37.943",
"id": "49155",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T09:45:50.647",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T09:45:50.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "1805",
"owner_user_id": "1805",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
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| 49154 | null | 49155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> ずるいずりい、うちのほうが上やったのに上やったのに\n\nTaking 「やった」 as 関西弁の「だった」, does this basically mean:\n\n> [Not fair! I was above you.. I was above you...]\n\nor does わたしは「X」のほうが上です。 have another meaning?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T01:27:18.427",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49156",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T05:09:20.710",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T05:09:20.710",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"dialects",
"conversational",
"casual"
],
"title": "What does 上 mean here?",
"view_count": 117
} | [
{
"body": "> > **うち** のほうが上 **やった** のに上 **やった** のに\n\nYes, this **やった** is the 関西弁 meaning **だった**. **うち** is also typical in 関西弁\nmeaning わたし. It appears to be saying \"That's not fair. I was the one above\n(someone).\" And repeating the last part showing the feeling of resentment.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:41:00.017",
"id": "49165",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T02:41:00.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "49156",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 49156 | null | 49165 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49160",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> うち、あんたなしじゃあ生きていかれへん体になってしもうたんや。\n\nMy unsure translation: \"House （うち）, I become（なってし **もう** ？？） a body（体） who\ncan't go on living（生きていかれへん） without you（あんたなし）\".\n\nwhats going on with the なってしもう？ Is it a casual/conversational version of\nなってしまう? Also what's that たん doing in there?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T01:32:57.040",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49157",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T05:33:10.380",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T01:50:38.340",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "16132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"dialects",
"conversational",
"casual"
],
"title": "what does なってしもう mean?",
"view_count": 448
} | [
{
"body": "I believe you're translating a bit of Kansai dialect there.\n<http://hougen.u-biq.org/osakaben.html>\n\nうち means \"I\" in this context, and yes, according to the page above, しまう\nbecomes しもう with Kansai dialect. -ない also becomes -へん.\n\nYour translation isn't too far off. I think it would roughly be, \"I've become\nsomeone who can't live without you.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T01:55:44.037",
"id": "49160",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T01:55:44.037",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "It's typical Kansai dialect speech.\n\n * うち: female, casual first person pronoun (= あたし)\n * あんた: second person pronoun (= あなた; not the same connotation as Tokyo あんた)\n * いかれ(る): potential form of 行く \"go\", corresponding to 行ける in today's Tokyo\n * へん: verb negation (= -ない)\n * しもうた: past/perfect of しまう (= しまった)\n * や: copula (= だ)\n\n> うち、あんたなしじゃあ生きていかれへん体になってしもうたんや。 \n> = あたし、あなたなしじゃ生きていけない体になってしまったんだ／しまったの。 \n> = I've become such a woman who can't live [keep on living] without you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:06:36.553",
"id": "49162",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 49157 | 49160 | 49162 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I'm experiencing a little confusion with the verb form meaning \"to want\", and\nam a little confused as to how to say \"would like to\" instead. In Japanese,\nare the two meanings combined into the ending 〜たい? I've had language partners\nbefore say, for example, 「東京に行きたいと思う」and this was translated to, \"I would like\nto go to Tokyo\" by our messenger's in-app translator. Is this also acceptable\nto say?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:11:42.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49163",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T04:24:31.880",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "22852",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "〜たいと思う -- What does this mean?",
"view_count": 2764
} | [
{
"body": "> ～たいと思う \n> I'm experiencing a little confusion with the verb form meaning \"to want\",\n> and am a little confused as to how to say \"would like to\" instead.\n>\n> In Japanese, are the two meanings combined into the ending 〜たい?\n>\n> I've had language partners before say, for example, 「東京に行きたいと思う」and this was\n> translated to, \"I would like to go to Tokyo\" by our messenger's in-app\n> translator. Is this also acceptable to say?\n\nIn Japanese, ～たい alone is too bare and sounds too abrupt or too decisive. It\ncan be a good style for such as an enthusiastic speech.\n\n～たいと思う is the little more attenuated version of the same thing.\n\nThe most normal way to say the same thing **_to talk to someone_** is\n～たいと思います.\n\nYour app translation of 東京に行きたいと思う is acceptable when you are talking to your\nclose friend or family. Otherwise, you should say\n東京に行きたいと思います／思っています／行きたいのですが… etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:57:39.860",
"id": "49167",
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{
"body": "It basically means \"I think I will ~\"\n\n店に行きたいと思います。 / I think I will go to the store.\n\nThe result is a more polite/roundabout way of expressing one's intent to do\nsomething.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-08T04:24:31.880",
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}
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| 49163 | null | 49167 |
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"accepted_answer_id": "49170",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Whenever I see _vegetable_ translated, it seems to always be as 野菜{やさい}. But\ndoesn't 菜 by itself mean vegetable? If so, why add the extra character?\n\nI've noticed this in a couple of other cases as well, such as 言語{げんご} being\nused for _language_ even though 語 by itself also means language (such as in\n日本語).\n\nAre these combinations done just for historical reasons, or is there a logic\nbehind this that I'm missing?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T02:43:34.910",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49166",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T03:03:26.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "18224",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"etymology",
"compounds"
],
"title": "Why is vegetable 野菜 and not just 菜?",
"view_count": 618
} | [
{
"body": "Well, this isn't totally a Japanese problem, but a nature of Chinese\nvocabulary.\n\nYou said \"菜 by itself mean vegetable\", but more exactly speaking, 菜【さい】 means:\n\n * \"edible plant\": 菜食, 山菜, 菜園 etc.\n * \"dish (cooked food other than grain)\": 主菜, 惣菜, 前菜 etc.\n\nA single kanji is often polysemous, and the most of those kanji are only\nviable within compounds, being interdependent with other characters to specify\ntheir meanings.\n\nIn modern Japanese, 野菜 is the only way to refer to \"vegetables\", and 菜 doesn't\nexist as an independent word.\n\nSimilarly, 語 only roughly means \"act of speaking\", that is \"language\" (日本語,\n英語...), \"word, term\" (語源, 敬語...), or \"speech, talk\" (私語, 落語...). 語 does have a\nstandalone usage, but it's linguistic term of \"word\", instead of \"language\".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T03:48:57.427",
"id": "49170",
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}
]
| 49166 | 49170 | 49170 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49169",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So 「バスに乗って、会社に行きます。」means \"I go to work by bus.\" Yet, 「バスで会社に行きます。」also means\n\"I go to work by bus.\"\n\nDo these two sentences convey the exact same meaning, or is there some kind of\nnuance that exists when using で instead of te form (for this kind of situation\nin general)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T03:19:18.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49168",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-10T20:32:22.800",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "20603",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"て-form"
],
"title": "When to use te form vs. で",
"view_count": 1353
} | [
{
"body": "> 1. 「バスに乗って、会社に行きます。」\n> 2. 「バスで会社に行きます。」\n>\n\nIndeed, the two sentences virtually mean the same thing, but I can't\ngeneralize anything here. # **1** literally says \"I get on a bus, **and** go\nto the office,\" and the # **2** literally says \"I go to the office **by**\nbus.\"\n\nテ形 (te-form) is the form to continue the sentence. て is like conjunction\n'and'. \nで has many usages, but basically indicates a means, like the preposition 'by'.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T03:41:07.410",
"id": "49169",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Those are practically same sentences. But in theory latter could mean that you\nare driving the bus by yourself. That is something you can know from the\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-10T20:25:39.947",
"id": "50266",
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}
]
| 49168 | 49169 | 49169 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49175",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In a bit old Japanese, the phrase:\n\n> 草鞋{わらじ}を召{め}されなば\n\nmeans \"if you (talking to a superior) put on the straw sandals\" (I assume from\nthe context).\n\nWhere does the conjugation ～なば of 召される come from?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T05:16:24.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49173",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T11:47:58.117",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"keigo",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What is the way 召されなば is conjugated?",
"view_count": 106
} | [
{
"body": "> 草鞋を召され **なば**\n\n召されなば＝召す＋される[敬語]＋な[完了の助動詞]＋[ば](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/172830/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%B0/)[条件の接続助詞]\n\nThis な should be 未然形 of ぬ.\n\n[なば](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/164643/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%B0/)\nis treated as a compound word in the linked dictionary page, and means \"having\ndone (something) ~\".\n\nI'm no good at old Japanese, but I think it says that when (someone) has put\non (grass/straw) sandals, in polite language.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T06:04:40.343",
"id": "49175",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 49173 | 49175 | 49175 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "49181",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I was having a chat conversation and used the word to comment on a profile.\nThe person chatted that there are different words used depending on where the\nperson is from, so if a person is from the Sendai metropolitan area, tonai is\nnot used. Please advise.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T12:07:39.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49177",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T12:35:33.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "18435",
"owner_user_id": "18435",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Is tonai (都内）only used for the Tokyo metropolitan area specifically?",
"view_count": 1166
} | [
{
"body": "> Is tonai (都内）only used for the Tokyo metropolitan area specifically?\n\nYes. We have only one [都]{と} in Japan: [東京都]{とうきょうと}. \n[都内]{とない} _lit._ within the prefecture of Tokyo ⇒ in/within Tokyo\n\nCompare: \n[道内]{どうない} -- in/within Hokkaido (北海道) \n[府内]{ふない} -- in/within Osaka or Kyoto (We have two 府's: 大阪府 and 京都府) \n[県内]{けんない} -- in/within the prefecture (other than the four above)\n\n> if a person is from the Sendai metropolitan area, tonai is not used.\n\nNo, 都内 isn't used to refer to 仙台 or 宮城. \nSendai ([仙台]{せんだい}) is in Miyagi Prefecture ([宮城県]{みやぎけん}). You'd say 宮城県内 to\nmean \"within Miyagi Prefecture\" and 仙台市内 to mean \"within Sendai City\".\n\n[市内]{しない} -- in/within the [市]{し}/city \n[町内]{ちょうない} -- in/within the [町]{まち/ちょう}/town \n[村内]{そんない} -- in/within the [村]{むら}/village",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T13:32:06.867",
"id": "49181",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-09T06:24:30.047",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "> Is tonai (都内）only used for the Tokyo metropolitan area specifically?\n\nI do have that impression, however literally wherever inside [Tokyo\nMetropolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan#To) （東京都）, one\nof Japan's forty-seven prefectures, should be 都内, and the dictionary page\nlinked up there says this word especially points to the twenty-three wards,\nwhich include a wider area than the metropolitan area, encompassing the area.\n(I find we have also the word 東京都区内 to especially point to the area inside the\ntwenty-three wards.)\n\nI'm failing to find a page that specifically says so, but I believe it's\ncalled 都 because it's the location of the capital of Japan.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-08T14:22:17.987",
"id": "49183",
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{
"body": "Yes, because 都【と】 always refers to the prefecture-level administrative unit\n_metropolis_ , whose only instance is the 東京都 \"Tokyo Metropolis\" (capitalize\nboth) among 47 prefectures in Japan.\n\nBut note that in some unofficial context, 都内 could specifically mean the\neastern 23 special wards (= 23区内), which is the central urban area of Tokyo.\nThis usage reflects the fact that 東京都 was formed by the merger of then urban\n東京市 (Tokyo City) and suburban 東京府 (Tokyo Prefecture):\n\n>\n> 「東京都内」や「都内」という場合には多摩地域や島嶼も含めた東京都全域を指すが、かつては特別区の対語として多摩地域を「都下」と呼称されることがあった。同義で使用される「県内」「県下」や「府内」「府下」などとは意味が異なり、東京府時代に「東京市内」「東京府下」として使用された呼称が、1943年（昭和18年）7月の東京市・東京府の合併による東京都発足の際にそのまま「特別区内（23区内）」と「東京都下」に呼び変えられたことで起こったもので、慣習的な表現である。\n> (「[多摩地域](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F#.E9.83.BD.E5.86.85.E3.83.BB.E9.83.BD.E4.B8.8B)」)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-09T15:26:59.643",
"id": "50204",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
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}
]
| 49177 | 49181 | 49181 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am confused by this sentence in my textbook and I hope somebody will help\nme.\n\n> (talking about the host family, specifically the mother/wife) \n> 外国人登録をする時もいっしょについて来てくれました\n\nI think this is saying the wife in the host family helped with the alien\nregistration. But the pattern does not translate well to me.\n\n> At the time of doing the alien registration, together we...\n\nThen I think it is strange because について is to highlight the subject, and\nthen...\n\n> 来てくれました\n\nI appreciated her coming?\n\nI would say:\n\n> 外国人登録をする時は お母さんといっしょに会社に行きました。助けてよかったです。\n\nbut perhaps this describes a different situation. Perhaps she met him at the\noffice to do alien registration.\n\nCould somebody break down the textbook sentence please? I am finding it uses\nodd patterns to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T12:22:17.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49178",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T18:17:58.433",
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"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "「外国人登録をする時もいっしょについて」 Why ついて?",
"view_count": 195
} | [
{
"body": "> > (talking about the host family, specifically the mother/wife) \n> 外国人登録をする時もいっしょについて来てくれました\n>\n> I think it is strange because について is to highlight the subject, and\n\nAs any particle is, when について is used to mean 'about/regarding', it should be\nplaced _right after_ the word that it's indicating: ex. あの事件について, 次の集会について,\netc.\n\nIn this case, it's NOT talking ABOUT いっしょ.\n\nIt might seem redundant, but we just often say いっしょについて行く or いっしょについてくる.\n\nHere いっしょ becomes an adverb with the help of に. \nついて行く is used as one compound verb.\n\nAnd you are right that this くれ of くれました is expressing the speaker's gratitude.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T16:39:51.977",
"id": "50183",
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{
"body": "It's not as easy to tell in the original sentence since `ついて` is written in\nhiragana, but `付いて来る` is a phrase meaning \"to accompany\".\n\n> 外国人登録をする時もいっしょに付いて来てくれました \n> (My host mother) accompanied me to the alien registration.\n\nThe `くれました` is the `-てくれる` pattern which means \"to do the favour of doing X\".\nIt essentially indicates that this is a favour that they did for you and that\nyou appreciate it (much to the same effect as the `助けてよかったです` in your version\nof the translation, but nicely packed into one sentence), and also helps to\nimply that the subject/topic of the sentence is you, the speaker.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-09T19:17:47.213",
"id": "50211",
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"owner_user_id": "1575",
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| 49178 | null | 50211 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can somebody explain も here to me please? And why it is not の?\n\n```\n\n 私も暇な時、犬といっしょに近所を散歩します\n \n```\n\nI know it is used to mean with or also (私もです - me too), but the above to me\nwould be 私の暇な時 showing possession. Or is も meaning \"when\" somehow?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T12:29:32.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49179",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T13:07:42.550",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T13:02:22.750",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Why も in 私も暇な時、犬といっしょに・・・",
"view_count": 79
} | [
{
"body": "Parse it this way:\n\n> 私も｛暇な時、｝犬といっしょに近所を散歩します。\n\n私 is the subject of the main clause 犬といっしょに近所を散歩します. \n暇な時 is a subordinate clause.\n\n\"I also take a walk in my neighborhood with my dog {when I have free time}.\"\n\nThe も means \"also/too\", as in \"I take a walk too, just as someone else does.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T13:07:42.550",
"id": "49180",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 49179 | null | 49180 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50182",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When do you use の to join nouns and colours? I know that green pencil is\n緑{みどり}の鉛筆 【えんぴつ】but I'm not sure if it's the same for other colours or\nadjectives.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T14:21:16.183",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "49182",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-08T15:29:12.557",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-08T14:25:35.443",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "22859",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "When do you use の to join nouns and colours/adjectives?",
"view_count": 771
} | [
{
"body": "> When do you use の to join nouns and colours/adjectives?\n\nAdjectives are made to modify a noun, so they don't need の: ex. 高い空. \nNouns basically need の to be connected to another noun: ex. 今日の天気.\n\nFor colours, it's something hard to tell if we don't know, but [this\npage](https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2145197788402587901) is affirming that we\nhave only limited colours that can be used as adjectives. \nOnly four of い type: 赤い, 青い, 白い, 黒い, and two of ～色い type: 黄色い, 茶色い. \nEx: 白い雲, 茶色い写真, etc.\n\nOther colors are nouns and always need （色）の to connect to another noun. \nEx: 緑の, 緑色の, ピンクの, ブルーの, 黄金色の, etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"id": "50182",
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| 49182 | 50182 | 50182 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> A) 日曜日にはどんなことをしていますか。 \n> What sort of things do you do on Sundays? \n> 音楽を聞く **とか** 、本を読むとかしています。 \n> I do things like listen to music and read books.\n>\n> B) ニューヨークではどんなことをしましたか。 \n> What sort of things did you do in New York? \n> *ミュージカルを見る **とか** 美術館に行くとかしました。 \n> I did things like watching musicals and going to museums.\n\nAccording to \"A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar\" response A) is correct\nbut response B) is wrong. I should use たり instead.\n\nThis book, and other references, vaguely talk about 'specific' versus\n'general' situations to decide which form to use, but I can't understand what\ntheir talking about. Both A) and B) look like the same usage to me. I can't\nunderstand why B) is wrong.\n\nHow do I know when to use とか and when to use たり?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-08T16:56:31.157",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50184",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-09T02:38:50.950",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "とか～とかする versus たり～たりする",
"view_count": 1504
} | [
{
"body": "Your doubt is no wonder to me. I agree with you. \nTo me, 音楽を聞くとか、本を読むとかしています is just as good as ミュージカルを見るとか美術館に行くとかしました.\n\nとか basically sounds more informal than ～し **たり** ～し **たり** する.\n\nIf they are 音楽を聞い **たり** 本を読ん **だり** しています and ミュージカルを見 **たり** 美術館へ行っ **たり**\nしました, they sound more decent.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-08T18:29:22.190",
"id": "50185",
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"body": "This is perhaps a question best left answered by a native speaker. While I\nwill nevertheless give it a try, I won't try to answer the question more\ngenerally, but rather just specifically to the two sentences you provided.\n\nConsider the first question,\n\n> A) \n> 日曜日にはどんなことをしていますか。 \n> What sort of things do you do on Sundays? \n> 音楽を聞くとか、本を読むとかしています。 \n> I do things like listen to music and read books.\n\nThis is definitely a general question about your habits, not a one time\nincident. Though I suspect that here using the たり..たり..する construct might be\npermissible:\n\n> 音楽を聞いたり、本を読んだりしています。\n\nHowever, situation B is rather different. It's asking about a particular trip\nwhen you went to New York.\n\n> B) \n> ニューヨークではどんなことをしましたか。 \n> What sort of things did you do in New York? \n> *ミュージカルを見るとか美術館に行くとかしました。 \n> I did things like watching musicals and going to museums.\n\nIf you answered this way, I have a feeling that it's so not much\n_ungrammatical_ as it is _perplexing_. The person asking the question would be\nright to wonder: \"How is it they don't know what they did on their trip?\"\n\nTo answer as:\n\n> ニューヨークではミュージカルを見たり美術館に行ったりしました。\n\nThis sounds much more definite.\n\nTo my ears, the ...とか...とかする construct is listing possibilities, not concrete\noccurrences whereas ...たり...たりする has a more definite and concrete feel. If\nyou're enumerating examples of things you know you did or (and here's where\nI'm hazarding a guess) things you're definitely planning to do, then the\n...たり...たりする is more appropriate.\n\nSo for example, I suspect that both of the following situations below are\nacceptable with only a subtle difference in meaning.\n\n> Person A: 来週ニューヨークに行くんですよね。どういうことするんですか。 \n> Person B: ミュージカルを見るとか美術館に行くとかするかなと思ってます。\n\nOr,\n\n> Person B: ミュージカルを見たり美術館に行ったりするつもりです。\n\nThe difference between these being, that in the first case, you're merely\nlisting possibilities. If you don't do one of the things mentioned, no big\ndeal, it wasn't a definite thing. But I think in the second instance, if you\ndidn't go to any museums, then your friend might be right to ask you on your\nreturn from New York, \"what happened? Why weren't you able to visit museums?\"\n(That's of course assuming that they remember perfectly word for word what you\nsaid and how you said it.)\n\nSo, that's my gut feel about it. I'd love to hear from the native speakers\nwhat they think. Of course, feel free to downvote if I've got this completely\nwrong, but at least point out where I'm getting it wrong.",
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| 50184 | null | 50185 |
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"body": "I realized when looking for the kanji for chopsticks that you can actually\nfind 2 versions of the 箸 kanji (see for example [箸\n(Jisho)](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%AE%B8%20%23kanji) or [箸\n(Jitenon)](http://kanji.jitenon.jp/kanjie/2087.html)). Namely, there is\nsometimes a little stroke above the 日 part of the kanji. Whether or not this\nstroke is present seems to depend on the font used, maybe it is just a mistake\nimplemented in some fonts.\n\nDoes anyone has information about that? Is there a right and a wrong way to\nwrite this kanji?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-08T21:24:44.243",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"homophonic-kanji",
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "Differents ways to write 箸",
"view_count": 308
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{
"body": "> I realized when looking for the kanji for chopsticks that you can actually\n> find 2 versions of the 箸 kanji Is there a right and a wrong way to write\n> this kanji?\n\nIt says there are at least two variations. The one with the dot in the middle\nis the normal one, but it's also accepted without the dot as 異体字. (ref:\n[漢字辞典オンライン | 箸](http://kanji.jitenon.jp/kanjie/2087.html))\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WYW7p.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DTaim.jpg)",
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"body": "# 日本語\n\n質問者の提供した質問は「正字体」と「異体字」に関するものである。\n同じ意味を表す漢字（厳密には漢字以外にひらがな、カタカナ、英数字、記号も含むので「文字」とすべきであるが、便宜的にこの回答では「漢字」という）の「字体」が異なること、すなわち、本来同じ文字として分類すべき異なる「字体」に関する質問である。\n\nなお、「字体」とは[ここ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93)では、「図形を一定の文字体系の一字と視覚的に認識する概念、すなわち文字の骨格となる「抽象的な」概念のことである。」とある。素人にはわかりずらく、丁寧に説明するほど説明がむずかしくなり、また不要な意見が噴出しそうなので省略する。\n\n同じ意味を表す漢字が何種類も存在するのは特に情報交換において不自由である。\n情報交換では、実際の字体ではなく、該当する漢字に対するコードを交換し、双方で変換テーブルに従ってエンコード、デコードして字体を再現する。\nこれは、データ量を減らすのが主たる目的である。\n\nこの変換テーブルとして、日本で基本となるのが、日本工業規格で定めたものである。\n\n使用される漢字の頻度に応じて、ＪＩＳ第１水準漢字、第２水準漢字のように定められている。 ＪＩＳ第２水準漢字で約６０００数百文字が対象になっている。\n\n歴史的にみると、漢字の活字が開発されるまでは、文字の記録は手書きである。公文書である戸籍も手書きであった。このために、本来同じ字体であるべき文字ですら、届け出者の記憶違い、書き間違い、また、役所での受付者の転記間違いを含めて、字体の異なるいわゆる「異体字」が新たに生じ、結果として多数存在することになった。たとえ転記間違い、記載間違い等であっても、一旦正式書類として受け付けられ登録されると、本来の字体と異なっていても認めざるを得ない。主にこのような歴史的背景から、人名に関する異体字が多数存在することとなった。「渡辺」の旧字体である「渡邊」の「邊」には異体字が数十文字あるというのも有名である。\n\nこのような異体字に対してもすべてコードを割り当てる作業が絶えずなされており、第３水準漢字、第４水準漢字と次々と規格（コード表）が作られている。膨大な調査と丁寧な作業とで支えられている規格である。\n\n漢字を使う中国や台湾、日本等を含む漢字圏での国境を越えた情報交換を意図した「国際符号化文字集合」の作業はもっと厄介である。漢字を使う中国や台湾、日本等を含む漢字圏の国では、作業開始の時点で個々の国の「正字体」が相互に微妙に違う上に、日本同様にそれらの国個々の事情に応じて異体字が発生するので、本来同じ意味の漢字に対して異なる字体が一国内で考える以上に多数存在し、すべての字体にコードを割り当てることの困難さが生じている。具体的には特に中国において、アルファベットなどに比べて書く速度が極端に遅くなる漢字の弊害を回避する目的で、文字の部首の簡略化を含めて新しい字体を国策として作ったことは広く知られている。更に必要に応じてこの簡略化手法を利用した異体字が意図的に絶えず作られている。中国において異体字が意図的に作られ、加えられる代表的な例が、人名や地名である。本来昔からの「正字体」で個々に運用されていた画数の多い漢字が、何らかの理由で情報交換の場に登場するようになると、その漢字の表記の効率を上げるために、新たな簡略化された字体を生み出す。これが、最初の「正字体」に対して異体字となる。端的には、無名（有名でないという意味）の土地に大災害が発生したり、無名の人が政府の要人になると、「異体字」が生まれることになる。\n\n# English\n\nI am asking for an English translation. Thank you in advance.\n\nRoughly, as for the two _kanji_ s, one is an orthographic character and the\nother is its variant. In order to encode Kanjis to realize interoperability in\nthe information and communication era, this kind of problem has occurred when\nonly one kanji out of ones with the same meaning was assigned as the\northographic character correspending to the specific code and the others were\nleft.\n\nThe main reason for the occurrence of variant characters was that the\nhandwritten kanji characters were accepted at the government office and\nformally registered. A typical example is \"family register 戸籍｛こせき｝\", that is\nwhy the variant characters are the most popular in person names, though 箸 is\nnot applied to this case.",
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"body": "I want to make sure I'm interpreting the following sentence properly:\n\n>\n> 「三倍の代金を払ってコーヒーを買うくらいなら、水道の水を飲んでいた方がましだ」と言ったマンフレッドがもしもまだベルリンにいたら、また口{くち}喧{げん}嘩{か}になっていたかもしれない。\n\nTo give some context, in the previous sentence, the narrator remarks that it\nis regrettable that the main character, Mamoru, did not go to the expensive\ngrocery store the day before since it was the only one that was open. In the\nsentence I'm attempting to understand, 「マンフレッド」refers to Manfred, ostensibly\nMamoru's former lover.\n\nAnyway, my initial rough translation was:\n\n> If Manfred -- who once said, \"If you're paying three times the price for\n> coffee, you ought to be drinking tap water\" -- were still in Berlin, we\n> probably would have gotten into another argument.\n\nThis immediately made no sense to me, but after thinking over it for awhile,\nit occurred to me that what it might actually mean is:\n\n> If Manfred -- who once remarked, \"If the water is three times the price of a\n> cup of coffee, you ought to be drinking it from the tap\" -- were still in\n> Berlin, we probably would've gotten into another argument.\n\nThe second sentence makes much more sense to me, but also implies that the\nauthor is potentially talking about the store selling expensive bottled water\ndespite not saying that explicitly.\n\nAny help clarifying the meaning would be appreciated. Thanks.",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
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"title": "Help parsing a sentence",
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{
"body": "Your first interpretation is correct.\n\nI suspect it was because of Manfred that Mamoru didn't go to the store, and\nthere were no other store open, and the incident might have caused their\nargument. Then I think the story makes sense. No?",
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"body": "Coffee (and probably other items too) in that expensive grocery store costs\nthree times as much as in other stores that were not open on that day. So\nMamoru didn't go to that store and now his fridge is empty. He is thinking:\n\"Manfred once said 'I'd rather drink tap water than buy the expensive coffee\nfrom that store' (when other stores were closed before), so if he were still\nhere, we would have gotten into another argument if I had bought, or tried to\nbuy coffee/groceries from that grocery store yesterday.\"",
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"body": "So I'm reading part of a book, and one of the characters says this;\n\n> 「不細工な皮で包みやがって」\n\nWhen I tried to translate it and understand what it means, it didn't make too\nmuch sense to me \"Hiding behind ugly skin\" (?) leading me to believe this may\nbe some sort of metaphor?\n\nContext: character A is going towards B, about to launch an attack on him.\nCharacter B is defending himself behind a barrier he built using the lifeforms\nhe created. I believe it is character A who then says the above line before\naiming to attack B in order to make his barrier disappear.",
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"meaning",
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"title": "”不細工な皮で包み…\" is this a metaphor?",
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{
"body": "# 日本語\n\n「ぶさいくな」と「～やがって」の意味｛いみ｝は知｛し｝っているとして回答｛かいとう｝します。\n\nＡの攻撃｛こうげき｝をかわす目的｛もくてき｝でＢが作｛つく｝ったバリアーが結構｛けっこう｝丈夫｛じょうぶ｝で効果的｛こうかてき｝にＢを守｛まも｝っているので、Ａはそれを、最終的｛さいしゅうてき｝には破｛やぶ｝る（攻略｛こうりゃく｝する）のかもしれないが、攻略｛こうりゃく｝にてこずっている悔｛くや｝しさとバリアーがよくできていることへの皮肉｛ひにく｝を込めて「不細工な」と形容｛けいよう｝している。また、Ｂが作｛つく｝ったバリアーはこれまでにＡが知｛し｝っている類｛たぐい｝のものでないので、適切｛てきせつ｝な名称｛めいしょう｝が浮｛う｝かばずとっさに「皮｛かわ｝」と表現｛ひょうげん｝した。\n\n日本語｛にほんご｝の背景｛はいけい｝知識｛ちしき｝として：\n\n「皮で包む」の意味｛いみ｝は「獣｛けもの｝の皮で包む」とは違｛ちが｝って、日本語では「木｛き｝の皮で包む」、「竹｛たけ｝の皮で包む」、「餃子｛ぎょうざ｝の皮で包む」など「～の皮で包む」の表現｛ひょうげん｝は何｛なに｝かを包むときに昔{むかし}から普通｛ふつう｝に使｛つか｝われてきました。なかでも、捨｛す｝ててよい\n(disposable)、薄｛うす｝い包装｛ほうそう｝材｛ざい｝として竹の皮は良｛よ｝く使｛つか｝われてきました。\n\n「獣｛けもの｝の皮で包む」というような使用例はほとんどありません。\n\n少｛すこ｝し詳｛くわ｝しく説明｛せつめい｝すると、 \n「[竹の皮](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E7%B5%8C%E6%9C%A8&hl=ja&rlz=1T4MEIW_jaJP596JP596&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2kJ_m0vvUAhXExbwKHWhiBagQ_AUIBigB&biw=1353&bih=661#hl=ja&tbm=isch&q=%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%9A%AE&spf=1499584315081)」は正確｛せいかく｝に言｛い｝うと筍｛タケノコ｝の皮だが、入手｛にゅうしゅ｝が簡単｛かんたん｝なこと、丈夫｛じょうぶ｝なこと、防水｛ぼうすい｝効果｛こうか｝が高｛たか｝いこと、腐敗｛ふはい｝防止｛ぼうし｝に役｛やく｝立｛だ｝つことなど多｛おお｝くの長所｛ちょうしょ｝があることから昔｛むかし｝から大変｛たいへん｝多｛おお｝く使｛つか｝われてきた。\n\nまた、「木の皮」は正確｛せいかく｝には、木の皮ではなく、枌｛へぎ｝、枌｛そぎ｝あるいは[経木｛きょうぎ｝](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E7%B5%8C%E6%9C%A8&hl=ja&rlz=1T4MEIW_jaJP596JP596&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW7KSm1fvUAhXFWrwKHa4eAWkQ_AUICigB&biw=1353&bih=661)と言｛い｝われるもので、スギやヒノキ等｛など｝の材木｛ざいもく｝を紙｛かみ｝のように薄｛うす｝く削｛けず｝ったもので、吸水｛きゅうすい｝性｛せい｝が高｛たか｝く、香｛かお｝りが良｛よ｝く、丈夫｛じょうぶ｝なので、食品｛しょくひん｝を包｛つつ｝むのに使｛つか｝われてきた。\n\n# English\n\nI will answer the question on the assumption that you already know the meaning\nof \"ぶさいくな\" and \"～やがって\".\n\nBecause the barrier made by B was quite durable and effectively defending B\nfor the purpose of avoiding the attack of A, A couldn't break it easily. So,\nWith the regret that A could not break it and the irony to the fact that\nbarrier was well created, A said it was \"不細工 _ugly_ \". Also, since the barrier\nmade by B was not a kind that A knew before, an appropriate name was not found\nso A promptly expressed it as \"皮\".\n\nAs tha background knowledge, unlike \"to wrap something in the leather of a\nbeast\", \"皮｛かわ｝に包｛つつ｝む\" in Japanese is the expression \"to wrap something in a\nskin\", that has been used regularly since long ago when wrapping something\nlike \"to wrap something in a tree skin\", \"to wrap something in a bamboo skin \"\nor \"to wrap ingredients in a _gyoza_ skin\". Among them, a bamboo skin has been\nwidely used as a thin and disposable wrapping material.\n\nThere are few use cases of expressions such as \"to wrap something in the\nleather of a beast\".\n\nExplaining in a bit more detail, \" **竹｛たけ｝の皮｛かわ｝ _a bamboo skin_** \" is\nprecisely \"筍｛たけのこ｝の皮｛かわ｝ _[a skin of bamboo\nshoot](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E7%B5%8C%E6%9C%A8&hl=ja&rlz=1T4MEIW_jaJP596JP596&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2kJ_m0vvUAhXExbwKHWhiBagQ_AUIBigB&biw=1353&bih=661#hl=ja&tbm=isch&q=%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%9A%AE&spf=1499584315081)_\n\", and since it has many advantages such as easy to get, durable, high\nwaterproof effect, and useful for preventing food going bad, it has been used\nquite a lot.\n\nAnd, \" **木｛き｝の皮｛かわ｝** \" is not a tree skin, but is wrapping materials called\n枌｛へぎ｝, 枌｛そぎ｝ or\n[経木｛きょうぎ｝](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E7%B5%8C%E6%9C%A8&hl=ja&rlz=1T4MEIW_jaJP596JP596&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW7KSm1fvUAhXFWrwKHa4eAWkQ_AUICigB&biw=1353&bih=661),\nthat is made of timber of like cedar or cypress by scraping it thinly like\npapers. It has been used to wrap food because it has water absorbency, has\ngood aroma and is hard to tear.",
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"body": "特にメタファーなどはないと思います。「a barrier he built using the lifeforms he\ncreated」が実際どのくらい「不細工」なのかはわかりませんが、それを指して、侮蔑的に・さげすんで「不細工な皮」と言っていて、文字通り「不細工な皮で（自分を）包みやがって！」あるいは「不細工な皮に隠れやがって！」と言いつつ、「こんなもの剝いでやる！」「こんなもの、破ってやる！」といったような気持ちだと思います。\"What\nan ugly skin you're hiding yourself behind!\" という感じだと思います。",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T08:18:27.133",
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"body": "「手さぐり」という章を読んでいる最中、ややこしい助詞の用法にあいました。\n\n> （前略）\n>\n>\n> 目の見えない人は手さぐりで歩む。一歩一歩が慎重である。謙虚である。そして一足歩むために全神経を集中する。これほど真剣な歩み方は、目の見える人にはちょっとあるまい。\n>\n> 人生で思わぬケガをしたくなければ、そして世の中でつまずきたくなければ、この歩み方を **見習うが** いい。\n>\n> （後略）\n\n「が」という助詞は、一般的に **名詞** につくと思いますが、どうしてこの「が」は **動詞** についているでしょうか。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T07:27:43.140",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"verbs",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "どうしてこの「が」は動詞に付いていますか。",
"view_count": 40
} | []
| 50195 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50221",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The grammar dictionary\n[どんなときどう使う日本語表現文型辞典](https://books.google.co.jp/books/about/%E6%96%B0%E8%A3%85%E7%89%88%E3%81%A9%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%86%E6%97%A5.html?id=Kq0Yt_ZbligC)\ndefines がてら in the following way:\n\n> 1. Accomplishing two objectives via one action. Can also mean to produce\n> two results by doing a single action.\n> 2. Verbs of movement, such as 歩くor 行く, often follow.\n>\n\nIt also gives the following example:\n\n> ② 散歩がてら、ちょっと郵便局まで行ってきます。\n\nThe sentence ② is basically consistent with the example given in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28667/difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8C%E3%81%9F-and-%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%82%89),\nand the explanation given in [the\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/28670/11104): \" _the phrase\n散歩がてら立ち寄った公園 would make more sense because stopping at a park is done while on\nthe walk._ \"\n\nIt is also consistent with the explanation given in [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/5928/11104): \" _運転(し)がてら食事する --\neating along the way driving (after having driven half way)_ \"\n\n* * *\n\nNow, the problem is that the same dictionary gives also another example:\n\n> ④ 駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は 運動がてら歩くこと にしている。\n\nand I see it as contrary to the above.\n\nWalking is neither done in the middle of an exercise; nor is exercising the\nmain action here (as we are talking about the station, then the action of\nmoving towards the station should be, no matter what).\n\n* * *\n\nWhy isn't the example written in the following way:\n\n> 駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は 歩くことがてら運動 にしている。\n\nWould there be a difference in meaning? What would be the meaning then?\n\nEven if, for some reason, it doesn't sound right for a native speaker, please\nexplain what meaning it would convey.\n\nDoes it matter that the predicate is making decision (にする) here?",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the main action with がてら (in the given example)?",
"view_count": 432
} | [
{
"body": "\"運動がてら歩くことにしている\" is OK but I prefer 歩きがてら運動することにしている.\n\n歩くことがてら is simply ungrammatical and 運動することにしている means \"I am scheduled (at my\nown will) to exercise myself\" while 運動にしている means \"I make it into exercise\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T15:49:31.607",
"id": "50205",
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"body": "> 散歩 **がてら** 、ちょっと郵便局まで行ってきます。\n>\n> 駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は 運動 **がてら** 歩くこと にしている。\n\nIt's a kind of long walk that it takes 30 min to the station, but it makes a\ngood exercise, so the speaker chooses to walk when the weather is good. The\nspeaker is talking about **_walking_** to the station. The がてら phrase is an\nadverbial phrase; the sentence stands without it.\n\nIf it's 駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は歩きがてら運動することにしている, it's talking about the\n_exercise_ done by the long walk. Here I find the adverbial phrase is\nsomething more important than a mere modifier; you can't omit 歩きがてら.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T17:25:52.193",
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"body": "According to 明鏡国語辞典, 「～がてら」 can mean either 「～のついでに」 or 「～を兼ねて」.\n\nAnd it gives two examples:\n\n> A: 「駅に行きがてら郵便局に立ち寄る」 \n> B: 「散歩がてら買い物に行く」\n\nThe がてら in A means のついでに. I think the one in B can be interpreted as either\nのついでに or を兼ねて.\n\nA: \"I drop by at the post office along the way to the station.\" \nB: \"I go shopping while taking a walk.\" OR \"I go shopping and it also/partly\nserves as a walk.\"\n\nSo I think your sentences:\n\n> ② 散歩がてら、ちょっと郵便局まで行ってきます。 \n> ④ 駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は運動がてら歩くことにしている。\n\nThe がてら in ② can be either 「を兼ねて」 \"partly for the purpose of~~\" \"which also\nserves as~~\" or 「のついでに」 \"while doing~~\" \"along the way\". The one in ④ is used\nin the sense of 「を兼ねて」.\n\n> 「駅まで３０分ほどかかるが、天気のいい日は（駅まで）歩きがてら運動することにしている」\n\nI think it would mean \"I (regularly/usually) get some exercise while walking\nto the station.\" (but it doesn't sound very natural to me...)",
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| 50198 | 50221 | 50221 |
{
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"body": "ok to make it short; my senpai called me tennen; I am forgetful person and I\nalways do a lot of mistakes so I assume he means I am stupid based on its\ndictionary meaning but according to my other coworker it is not that bad\ncompared to being called あほ or バカ so I am still confused.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T10:26:22.380",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"etymology",
"expressions",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What does it mean when a Japanese called you 天然？",
"view_count": 13526
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{
"body": "> 天然\n\nI think it describes a person or person's character that the result of acting\nwithout intended attempt is out of common sense of ordinary people; especially\nwhen the result is biased to the heartwarming or acceptable side.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T14:00:25.787",
"id": "50201",
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"body": "天然 can mean \"natural\", but in this case it's \"airhead\" as a shortened version\nof 天然ボケ \"natural fool\". It just means that you're not actually dumb or\nsomething, but maybe exhibiting a careless nature? Something akin to a lot of\n\"oh yeah...\" moments.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T20:52:08.657",
"id": "50270",
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"body": "I remember the meaning of 天然 described to me as a person who makes silly\nmistakes by my teacher. An example would be a person who looks themselves out\nof their car or apartment regularly.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T20:22:45.223",
"id": "50295",
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"body": "I think 天然 roughly means \"naive\".\n\nCalling someone 天然 is not offensive; 天然 is not offensive word",
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"creation_date": "2019-10-16T08:51:33.220",
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| 50199 | null | 50201 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50202",
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"body": "> わたしにはわたしとしての考えがあります。\n>\n> I have my own way of thinking.\n\nI knew に has some basic usage in:\n\n 1. Location of Existence\n 2. Direction and Destination\n 3. Destination\n 4. Result of Change\n 5. Object of Verb\n 6. Source\n 7. Specific Time\n 8. Notion of Per\n\nBut I couldn't figure out the use of \"に\" in this sentence.\n\nCan the literal translation of the above phrase be: \"To me, I have my own way\nof thinking\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T13:32:29.997",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Function of に in this phrase?",
"view_count": 77
} | [
{
"body": "> わたし **に** はわたしとしての考えがあります。\n\nThe に is closest to #1 on your list: Location of existence.\n\nAccording to 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> に〘格助詞〙 \n> ① (1) ㋐ 存在の場所や **所有する者を表す** 。「机の上に本がある」「母は家にいる」「彼 **に** は子供が3人いる」「彼女 **に**\n> は責任感が欠けている」\n\nThe に indicates the location of existence or the possessor/owner of something.\n\nSo your sentence would _literally_ translate to: \"In me, my own idea exists.\"\n⇒ \"I have my own idea.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 50200 | 50202 | 50202 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50206",
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"body": "> 彼は、どうも彼女に会いにこの展望台を訪れているようです\n\nIt seems that he visited the lookout to meet her\n\nIn terms of どうも, the person in question has already visited her several times\nand there really isn't much difficulty in doing so. So the somehow/no matter\nwhat definition is hard to apply here.\n\nthank you",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T15:13:22.777",
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"id": "50203",
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"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of どうも in this sentence",
"view_count": 1010
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{
"body": "That どうも or どうやら are a kind of adverbs called 呼応の副詞 (guiding adverb), which\nalone doesn't really work but leads a certain type of predicates according to\neach word, in this case, conjecture through observation like …ようだ or …らしい.\n\nEven without どうも, the meaning of the sentence doesn't change.\n\nもし, なぜなら, 決して or so are this kind too.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T16:09:07.087",
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| 50203 | 50206 | 50206 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "53003",
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"body": "I found this sentence:\n\n> ２人が亡くなっているのが見つかりました。 \n> Two people were found dead.\n\nand thought the structure was a bit strange. If I had to say this I would have\ntried:\n\n> 亡くなっている人が2人見つかりました。\n\nSentences like this don't appear in a Google search so I conclude that I must\nbe wrong. Why?\n\nAlso I wasn't sure if the original sentence was \"two people were found dead\"\nor \"two people were found dying\". Is the sentence ambiguous?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T18:24:21.587",
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"id": "50208",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"counters"
],
"title": "Counting objects modified by relative clauses",
"view_count": 174
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{
"body": "> ・２人が亡くなっているのが見つかりました。\n>\n> ・亡くなっている人が2人見つかりました。\n\nYou are right. \nI feel the original should have said at least 二人の人が (sometimes redundancy is\nsmoother and more preferable) or 二名が because as it is, it sounds like the two\npeople were previously talked about while then it's more correctly something\nlike ふたりが, or その二人が.\n\nThe use of the Arabic numerals feels a little too much like counting numbers.\nYour version is correct.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T19:52:54.747",
"id": "50215",
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"body": "There is nothing grammatically wrong with either of these sentences. They just\nhave a different meaning:\n\n> ２人が亡くなっているのが見つかりました。\n\nThe object of the verb 見つかる is a nominalised verb なくなっている.\n\nWhat had been found? The fact that the two were dead.\n\nIt's likely a sentence taken out of a longer piece, for example: \"Neighbour\nreported that Mr. Tanaka and his wife were not seen for three weeks\". The\npolice was trying to establish what happened to the them. It was found out\nthat the two are dead. So the report continues with: \"The two were found\ndead\".\n\n> 亡くなっている人が2人見つかりました。\n\nIn this sentence the object of みつかる are the two people themselves.\n\nWhat had been found? Two people who happened to be dead.\n\nAgain, it fits another report for example police entered a house and found two\ndead bodies (they were not trying to discover what happened with someone). The\nreport says: \"two dead people were found\".",
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"body": "# 日本語\n\n> (0) Two people were found dead. \n> (1) ２人が亡くなっているのが見つかりました。 \n> (2) 亡くなっている人が2人見つかりました。\n\n * 前後の文脈がない限り、与えられた英文(0)の日本語訳は(1)が自然です。\n * (1)はreporterの報告、(2)はprotagonistの文のようだとのコメントがありますが、その解釈は違うと思います。後で、その理由を説明します。\n * 大きな災害や惨事があった時のレポートの代表例は次のようです。「現在のところ、死亡２名、重症３名、軽傷４名との報告が上がっております。」明らかにこれは報告文ですが、「現在のところ、２名死亡、３名重症、４名軽症との報告が上がっております。」とはなりません。前者は(2)のパターンのようであり、後者は(1)のパターンのようです。\n * (1)の文を聞いた人は、それで文の意味を理解し、納得してそれ以外の情報を必要としません。一方、(2)の文を聞いた人は、亡くなった人のことは分かったが、それ以外の例えば負傷した人に関する報告はないのかと報告の続きを待ちます。何故でしょうか。\n\n結論として、(1)は帰納法的な説明文です。一方(2)は演繹的な説明手法です。 \n言い換えますと、(1)は、何の前提もなく「偶然２人が倒れているのが見つかり調べたらいずれも死んでいた。それ以外に死んでいる人がいるかどうかは関係ありません。」というようなニュアンスです。一方(2)は、「大きな人的損害が想定できる状況下で、全容を調べたら、現在のところ、死んでいる人は２名だった。それ以外に重症の人は３名、軽傷の人は４名、無事避難できた人は多数」というようなニュアンスです。\n\n> Also I wasn't sure if the original sentence was \"two people were found dead\"\n> or \"two people were found dying\". Is the sentence ambiguous?\n\n(1)や(2)を文の形だけから判断すると進行形\"two people were found\ndying\"ととらえられる可能性はあるが、文脈から判断してそのように理解されることはない。従って曖昧な文ではない。\n\n(1)を\"two people were found dying\"という意味の進行形で表現すると次のようになる。\n\n> ２人がまさに亡くなろうとしているときに見つかりました。\n\n# English\n\n> (0) Two people were found dead. \n> (1) ２人が亡くなっているのが見つかりました。 \n> (2) 亡くなっている人が2人見つかりました。\n\n * Unless there are contexts before and after, (1) is natural as the Japanese translation of the given English sentence (0).\n * There is a comment that a sentence (1) is like a reporter's report and a sentence (2) is like a protagonist's expression; but I think these interpretations are incorrect. I'll explain the reason later on.\n * A representative example of a report when there was a big disaster is as follows. \"現在のところ、死亡 _death_ ２名、重症 _serious case_ ３名、軽傷 _minor injury_ ４名との報告が上がっております\" However, there is generally no report like \"現在のところ、２名死亡、３名重症、４名軽症との報告が上がっております.\" \nThe former seems to be the pattern of (2), the latter seems to be the pattern\nof (1).\n\n * Those who heard or read the sentence of (1) understand the meaning of the sentence so that they do not need any other information. On the other hand, the person who heard the sentence (2) knows of the person who died, but waits for the following report to see if there is any other report on the injured person and the like. Why?\n\nIn conclusion, (1) is an inductive explanatory statement. On the other hand,\n(2) uses a deductive explanatory method. \nIn other words, (1) has a nuance that \"Two people were found by chance lying\non the ground and they were judged dead when they were examined. It did not\nmatter whether there were any other people dead besides that.\" Meanwhile, (2)\nhas a nuance that \"when they investigated the full picture of the disaster\nunder the condition where big human damage were assumed, currently there are\ntwo people who are dead. Other than that, there are three seriously injured\npeople, four are slightly injured and there are many people who could safely\nbe evacuated.\"\n\n> Also I wasn't sure if the original sentence was \"two people were found dead\"\n> or \"two people were found dying\". Is the sentence ambiguous?\n\nJudging (1) or (2) only from the form of the sentence there is a possibility\nthat they can be regarded as a progressive form having the meaning of \"two\npeople were found dying\", but judging from the context they couldn't be\nunderstood like that. \nTherefore they are not ambiguous.\n\nIf you express (1) in a progressive form, it would be like:\n\n> ２人はがまさに亡くなろうとしているときに見つかりました。",
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| 50208 | 53003 | 53003 |
{
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"body": "Why is it used this way instead of は for example?",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T18:28:44.867",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "私まで嬉しい is translated as \"I am happy\", what function of まで is this?",
"view_count": 346
} | [
{
"body": "> 私まで嬉しい is translated as “I am happy”, what function of まで is this?\n\nThis まで is used in the same sense as 雨が降りだして **風まで** 出てきた, or **私まで**\nしかられるなんて.\n\nThe speaker is saying \"I am happy though I have not much to do with it\". There\nare other people directly involved with the incident they are talking about.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T00:32:21.483",
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"body": "The まで means \"even\".\n\nAccording to 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> まで ㊁〘副助詞〙 \n> ❶ 極端なものを例示して、他はましてと暗示する。「君 **まで** 僕を疑うのか」「親に **まで** 見限られるとは」\n\nIt is used to show an extreme example, implying that some other thing(s)\nis/are much more so.\n\n> 私 **まで** 嬉しい。 \n> \" _Even_ I am happy (as well as someone. / and others are much more so).\" \n> (It's closer to 私 **も** 嬉しい \"I'm happy, too\" than 私 **は** 嬉しい \"I'm happy.\")\n\nAn example from Shogakukan's Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary:\n\n> 老人 **まで** 踊っている。 **Even** old people are dancing.",
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| 50209 | null | 50234 |
{
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"body": "In anime paper humans are shown frequently. When there is bad weather, people\n(in anime) do some angels (I think) from paper and post it on the window. What\nis it called?",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T19:08:11.100",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What are paper humans called?",
"view_count": 1341
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{
"body": "I think you might be looking for the word [teru teru\nbōzu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teru_teru_b%C5%8Dzu).\n\nFrom English Wikipedia:\n\n> A teru teru bōzu (Japanese: てるてる坊主, lit. \"shine shine monk\") is a small\n> traditional handmade doll made of white paper or cloth that Japanese farmers\n> began **hanging outside of their window by a string**. In shape and\n> construction they are essentially identical to ghost dolls, such as those\n> made at Halloween. This talisman is supposed to have magical powers to\n> **bring good weather and to stop or prevent a rainy day**. Teru is a\n> Japanese verb which describes sunshine, and a bōzu is a Buddhist monk\n> (compare the word bonze), or in modern slang, \"bald-headed\"; bōzu is also\n> used as a term of endearment for addressing little boys.",
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| 50210 | 50212 | 50212 |
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"body": "This is a two-part question.\n\nFirst of all, I'm trying to determine the meaning of 「幼児じみた」in the following\nsentence:\n\nスプーンを四十五度の角度でお碗{わん}にすべりこませ、大きく口を開ける時のマンフレッドのどこか **幼児じみた** 仕草{しぐさ}を思い出した。\n\nIt seems like it could mean either \"childish\" or \"childlike\", but since the\nformer has a negative connotation, I want to make sure I'm understanding the\nnuance.\n\nSecondly, what exactly is the purpose of 「どこか」just prior to 幼児じみた?\n\nThanks for the help.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T19:35:23.307",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Childish or childlike?",
"view_count": 588
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{
"body": "> > どこか幼児じみた仕草しぐさを思い出した。\n>\n> It seems like it could mean either \"childish\" or \"childlike\", but since the\n> former has a negative connotation, I want to make sure I'm understanding the\n> nuance.\n>\n> Secondly, what exactly is the purpose of 「どこか」just prior to 幼児じみた?\n\nYes, the word 幼児じみた means childish and is rather disapproving. Especially, 幼児\nis a small child, aged like around two to five. If it meant approvingly\nchildlike, we have other expressions such as 幼児らしい.\n\nどこか is, as literally means somewhere, used when you can't really pinpoint\nwhere it is, but you find something to someone or something. I'd say it's\nactually closer to somewhat or somehow.",
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"body": "Apparently, in \"The Structure of the Japanese Language\" chapter 8 page 119,\nKuno asserts that the following is grammatical:\n\n> John wa Tokyo ni ni wa itta ga, Osaka ni ni wa ikanakatta\n\nI have a few questions. Firstly, what triggers this duplication? Secondly,\nwhat difference would it make if we were to replace にには with には? Kuno does not\nreally go into too much detail with regards to this particle duplication\nphenomenon; however, he provides quite a few examples of this phenomenon, but\nnothing more than that. I have not seen or heard this type of construction\nbefore, but I would appreciate any leads (perhaps a relevant paper) greatly.\n\nUpdate: Kuno says that the presence of は triggers the duplication (?)",
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"tags": [
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "\"...there is a very peculiar phenomenon of particle duplications in Japanese\" (Kuno 1973)",
"view_count": 267
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{
"body": "> > John wa Tokyo ni ni wa itta ga, Osaka ni ni wa ikanakatta\n>\n> =Firstly, what triggers this duplication? Secondly, what difference would it\n> make if we were to replace にには with には?\n>\n> Update: Kuno says that the presence of は triggers the duplication (?)\n\nThese constructions make sense to us and are used to especially emphasise the\npart right before it. I can't tell if there is a pattern, but we use this type\nof construction when we feel the need for it. I think that we like to avoid\nthis in formal writing though.\n\n～にには行ったけど、～あなたののはあるけど. \nIt's even possible without は: あなたのことをを話してるのよ, 東京にに行ったんだよ.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T23:51:58.503",
"id": "50222",
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| 50216 | null | 50222 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50218",
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xNhmQ.png)\nI've got a problem with translation of #8 and #9. I'm not confident if\nrecognised #9 correctly and if these kanji go together of separately.\n\nThey may mean \"Seems like understood\" but please correct me if I'n wrong.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T21:01:08.620",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji"
],
"title": "約 得 recognition and translation",
"view_count": 103
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{
"body": "You recognized #8 correctly, but #9 is actually 納.\n\nThe word is read [納得{なっとく}](http://jisho.org/word/%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%97) and I\nthink it's something close to a \"sound effect\" of the character realizing that\nsomebody knew 和重 (Kazushige?).",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-09T21:37:26.940",
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| 50217 | 50218 | 50218 |
{
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"body": "In the following sentence, what exact conjugation is 言う?\n\n> 何を言われようと気にしない.\n\nI know that 言われる is the passive, but I have no idea what the よう(と) means.",
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"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "What does 言われよう mean?",
"view_count": 71
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| 50224 | null | null |
{
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"body": "I'm wondering how to ask a superior what the appropriate dress code is, for\nexample: \"what is the _appropriate_ attire to wear on my first day? (of work\netc).\"\n\nAny help would be greatly appreciated! Thank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T01:29:11.417",
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"id": "50228",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Word for \"appropriate\" as in dress code etc",
"view_count": 751
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{
"body": "> Word for “appropriate” as in dress code etc.\n\nHow about [適切]{てきせつ}な, ふさわしい, as in 「適切な[服装]{ふくそう}」「ふさわしい服装」\n\n> \"what is the appropriate attire to wear on my first day? (of work etc).\"\n\nI would say: \n「[初日]{しょにち}はどんな服装が｛よい・よろしい・ふさわしい・適切｝でしょうか？」 \n「初日はどんな服装で行けばよいでしょうか？」\n\nIn case you want to sound a bit more casual: \n「初日はどんな[格好]{かっこう}で行けばいいですか？」",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T01:58:29.800",
"id": "50233",
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"body": "If you are looking for the natural/formal way a Japanese person would ask it\nwould be:\n\n> 服装{ふくそう}の[決まり]{きまり}はありますか？ \n> _fukusō no kimari wa arimasu ka_",
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"creation_date": "2019-01-03T16:23:23.513",
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| 50228 | null | 50233 |
{
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"body": "The word _composition_ has several meanings in English, and from looking at\ndictionary entries, it seems it also can be translated several different ways\nin Japanese.\n\n**When referring specifically to composition in the context of visual arts,\nwhat term would be used in Japanese?**\n\nSurprisingly, [the Wikipedia entry for\ncomposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_\\(visual_arts\\))\ncurrently has no Japanese translation.\n\nThe closest word I am aware of in Japanese is [合成]{ごうせい}, but to me that feels\ncloser to \"composite\". The idea of combining in the sense of layering data\nmore than in the sense of layout or balancing of visual elements.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T01:30:42.937",
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"id": "50229",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"definitions",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "How to say \"artistic composition\"?",
"view_count": 533
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{
"body": "I believe the word is\n[構図【こうず】](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/73648/meaning/m0u/).\n\n> **１** 絵画・写真などで仕上がりの効果を配慮した画面の構成。コンポジション。「構図がいい写真」「斬新な構図」\n\nIt specifically gives a translation \"composition\".\n\nAlso I think you can use the broader concept\n[構成【こうせい】](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/73648/meaning/m0u/), which is not\nlimited to visual arts.\n\n> **２** 文芸・音楽・造形芸術などで、表現上の諸要素を独自の手法で組み立てて作品にすること。「番組を構成する」\n\n**EDIT** \n構図 refers to the \"result of composition\", for the \"act of composition\" you\nshould use 構成 or\n[配置](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/173997/meaning/m1u/%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/).",
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| 50229 | 50232 | 50232 |
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"body": "I hear this a lot in song lyrics, and I just can't figure out what a \"hot\nchest\" is supposed to mean.",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of the expression 熱い胸?",
"view_count": 684
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"body": "As for the definition 胸, it means chest is partially correct. To tell you the\ntruth, 胸 has various meanings besides chest. \nIn my dictionary, 胸 is defined as: \n1. the chest, the breast, the bosom \n2. the breasts \n3. the heart, the lungs \n4. one's heart, one's mind \nIn the case of 熱い胸, 胸 means neither some organ nor part of the body, but the\nplace where man's feeling is supposed to exist.\n\n\"熱い胸\": \nLiterally the phrase means _the hot heart_ , and it means _elevated emotions_. \nIn the site shown by binom's comment, there is a sentence \"胸が熱くなる\", that is a\nsentence closely corresponding to \"熱い胸\", which means \"someone is moved by\nsomething so they become in the state of elevated emotions.\"",
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"body": "昨夜スーパーへ買い物しに行きました。\n\nI understand the purpose of the \"ni\" particle, but why does it need the \"shi\"?\nDid I miss something?\n\nThanks.",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "What's the purpose of \"し\" after \"買い物\" in this sentence?",
"view_count": 835
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"body": "> What's the purpose of “し” after “買い物” in this sentence? \n> 昨夜スーパーへ買い物しに行きました。\n>\n> I understand the purpose of the \"ni\" particle, but why does it need the\n> \"shi\"? Did I miss something?\n\nIt doesn't need, and must be colloquial, but not wrong. We say 買い物をしに行く,\n買い物しに行く, or 買い物に行く. This し is just the conjugated version (連用形) of する. And に\nis a particle to show a purpose of the action expressed by the following verb.\n\n * 食事しに行きませんか？ ＝食事に行きませんか？\n * 宿題しに友だちがもうすぐ来る。(I find this one is not very natural without this し.)",
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"body": "\"に for purpose\" can be used in two ways:\n\n * `masu-stem of any verb` + に \n\n> 泳ぎに行く, 食べに行く, 見に行く, 発表しに行く\n\n * `noun part of suru-verb` + に \n\n> 観劇に行く, 食事に行く, 発表に行く\n\nThe masu-stem (aka pre-masu form) of 買い物する is 買い物し, so that's where the し came\nfrom. When you say \"in order to (verb)\" using a suru-verb and に, ○○に and ○○しに\nare usually interchangeable.\n\nに has many other roles, including as a destination marker (e.g., 学校に行く). ○○しに\nis unambiguous and preferred when the word it modifies is remote.\n\n> * 買い物しにスーパーに行きました。\n> * [?] 買い物にスーパーに行きました。 (understandable, but clumsy)\n>",
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"body": "I use anime as a sort of playing ground to help my vocabulary construction and\nrecognition. However, I often find confusion as a result of English\ntranslations. May I have some help distinguishing the functions and contexts\nof these following kanji/words?\n\n心 (can specifically mean \"heart\", but sometimes may connote \"mind\", \"spirit\",\nor \"soul\");\n\n霊 (will this only ever mean \"spirit\", or does it have other connotations?);\n\n魂 (seems to connote \"soul\", but also seems to imply one's state of mind);\n\n精神 (this appears to paint the concept of \"mind\" with very broad strokes,\nambiguous enough to imply any of the key words I have listed so far).\n\nAs far as English goes, I consider the heart to be the figurative center of\none's emotions and passions, the mind to be the figurative center for thought\nand logic, the spirit to be what animates the body, and the soul to be the\nliteral combination of one's body and spirit. But how might we classify the\nfunctions of these Japanese words?",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "Mind, Heart, and Spirit",
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{
"body": "心, just like the word \"heart\" in English, has a variety of meanings. However,\nthose meanings don't all overlap with \"heart\". I think your best choice is to\npick up a dictionary that will list example sentences. There are quite a few\nidioms formed around 心: 心が動く, 心にかける, 心に留める, 心を合わせる and many more.\n\nI would recommend that you memorize a lot of these so that when you hear them\nyou don't need to think about them _literally_. Gradually, you'll develop an\nintuition about what 心 means in a particular context: particularly if you try\nto avoid the temptation of translating everything you hear into an English\nequivalent, but instead try to understand Japanese on its own terms.\n\nRegarding the other words you listed:\n\n * 霊 can mean spirit or soul. But it can also have a bit of a spooky feel about it: it is after all the second character in the word 幽霊{ゆうれい}\n * 魂{たましい} does also mean \"soul\". Personally, I feel it has a more solid feel to it than 霊. 魂 feels somehow discrete and 霊 feels more diffuse. But really, even in English, people are invariably going to disagree about what the difference is between _spirit_ and _soul_. You can do a google search on 魂と霊の違い. The first hit is a Christian perspective; the second hit looks to be a bit less religiously biased. But either way, it seems that even in Japanese the distinctions here are hard to pin down.\n * 精神 is rather different from the two above. It tends to be used more abstractly as in 時代の精神. But overall, I'd say that 精神 has more of a clearly psychological meaning than any of the others do; yes, psychology is 心理学{しんりがく}, but what I'm saying is that carries more of a contrast of _mind_ vs _body_. However, 精神 is most definitely not going to mean \"spirit\" in the sense of a _spook_.\n\nNevertheless, there is a great deal of potential overlap in these words.\n\nRegarding the difference of \"mind\" and \"heart\" in English, I would agree with\nyour last paragraph, \"heart to be the figurative center of one's emotions and\npassions, the mind to be the figurative center for thought and logic.\" That\ndistinction isn't that clear cut in Japanese; in fact, I believe it's more of\na distinction made in Western European linguistic spheres; take Sanskrit,\nthough an Indo-European language, it has as with Japanese some ambiguity to\nit. I wonder to what extent Enlightenment Age philosophers such as Kant\nimpacted our thinking about this in the West to localize emotions to the heart\nand rationality/logic to the mind.",
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"body": "What is the difference in カタカナ between ー and ッ? They both seem to indicate a\npause of sorts, but ー only appears in カタカナ, but not in ひらがな.\n\n宜しく御願いします！",
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"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "Difference in Katakana Characters",
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{
"body": "In katakana, the 「－」is not a pause, but rather an elongation of the vowel\nsound. Lets take my last name (Smart) as an example. In Katakana, it is\nwritten as スマート。Writing this in roman characters it would be \"su ma a to\"\n(spaces added to correlate with the katakana characters.)\n\nThe katakana 「ッ」functions the same as other 「っ」characters in Japanese. There\nis a short pause followed by a _slight_ emphasis of the consonant of the next\ncharacter (don't over emphasize it). Lets look at my first name as an example.\nAlex, my first name, is written as アレックス。In roman characters it would be \"a re\nkku su\". (Double consonant 'k' notates pause and _slight_ emphasis)\n\nJust to be clear about the pause, its very short, to the point of being almost\nnonexistent. This is something that you'll get accustomed to as you practice\nwith native speakers.\n\nThat being said, 「－」and 「ッ」are NOT interchangeable. My last name, cannot be\nwritten as スマット。In this case, you would not elongate the 'a' in 'ma', and your\nresulting sound would be \"su ma tto.\" Though the sound is somewhat similar,\nthere is a significant difference between the two pronunciations.\n\n> but ー only appears in カタカナ, but not in ひらがな.\n\nIn formal writing, you would be correct! Japanese words with foreign origins\nare written in katakana, and often, there are elongated sounds that happen. My\nlast name (Smart), as discussed before, is one of those cases. This is why you\nsee 「－」 in katakana so often.\n\nIn words of Japanese origin, you do get elongated vowel sounds, but the\nelongation is notated differently. The city of 大阪 is a great example, spelled\nas おおさか、the 'o' gets elongated. Another example of this is 今日【きょう】、notice that\nthe 'o' is once again elongated, but this time it is followed by an う。Finally,\n来週｛らいしゅう｝has an extended 'u,' and just as previously noted it was elongated by\nthe う。\n\nThat should cover the vowel elongations for formal writing, but in informal\nwriting, sometimes different vowel sounds are elongated. To understand that, I\nrecommend that you read [this\nquestion.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/47970/22352) **EDIT:** You'll\nalso find [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15062/22352)\ninteresting as well.\n\nHope it helps.",
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"body": "Having studied Japanese for two years so far, there are many instances of\nvocabulary that I have learned but for which I know [the 書き方 of] only some of\nthe kanji that make up the word. Is there any convention for writing parts of\na word, that would normally be written in kanji if known, in kana (either 片仮名\nor 平仮名)?\n\nTo provide an example, for the word 「濁{だく}点{てん}」, the second character 「点」is\nlearned much earlier than the first character 「濁」. If I were to try to write\nthis on paper (as opposed to on a computer, where kana->kanji conversion is\nmostly automatic), my instinct is to write the kanji that I know and leave the\nrest in hiragana, rendering this word 「だく点」. Of course, depending on situation\nthere is the option of looking in a dictionary, but even then for some kanji\nthe 書き方 is hard to intuit (such as in the case of kanji like 「鬱」where some of\nthe radicals are uncommon in low-mid level kanji, have high stroke counts, or\nare otherwise difficult to write from first principles).",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"orthography",
"kana",
"handwriting"
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"title": "Writing jukugo where only some kanji are known",
"view_count": 219
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{
"body": "# 日本語\n\nこの日本語での回答は、私の英語力不足のために多々誤訳があり、英訳でこの回答を読む人に私の回答の趣旨が正しく伝わらないことを懸念して、回答内容に疑義が生じた場合に、本来の回答の趣旨を確認していただくためのものです。\n\n質問者の質問を正確に理解しているか確認するために、以下に質問の日本語訳を載せます。\n\n>\n> これまで２年間日本語を勉強してきて、かなりの語彙が増えてきました。しかし、全部を漢字で書けるかとなると話は違います。一つの単語でも漢字で書けるところとそうでないところがあります。そこで質問ですが、\n> **本当なら漢字で書くべき部分** を平仮名とか片仮名とかで書くというようなことは日本でも行われていますか。\n>\n>\n> 「濁点」という単語を例に挙げると、２番目の「点」は、「濁」よりもずっと早く覚えられます。仮名漢字変換がほとんど自動的に行われるコンピュータではなく、これを手書きしようとすると、私が漢字を知っている部分だけを漢字で書き、残りを平仮名にすると、「だく点」のようになります。もちろん、状況によっては辞書を見るということもできますが、それでも漢字によっては見ただけで書き方が難しいと直感でわかる場合もあります（「鬱」のような漢字の場合、初中級レベルの漢字にはない部首もあり、画数も多く、どこから書き始めるかも困難です）。\n\n次の部分は英訳にはありませんが、私が回答をする上で大切だと考えた部分です。\n\n「書き物」は目に見える文字列を通じて他人に自分の意図をきちんと伝える道具としての役割があります。そこでは、抑揚や間（ま）が使える話し言葉と違う配慮が必要かと思います。私が使った「きちんと伝える」とは、誤解なく伝えるという意味はもちろんですが、読む人の読み易さも含んでいます。英語と違って単語と単語の間にスペースを置かない日本語では、幸い、ひらがな、カタカナ、漢字等の複数種類の文字を適宜使えますので、これらの字種を必要に応じて切り替えることは読み易さを向上さす上で欠かせません。特に漢字の場合には、他の字種と違って表意文字としての機能もありますので、その働きは書き物として大変大きいものがあるように思います。今回の質問者の趣旨を客観的に見ますと、本来漢字で表すべきところの一部を仮名で代用できるかというものです。質問者が日本人でないことを考慮しての回答もありますが、\n**日本人からの質問に対する回答としても問題ない内容であるべきだ** と判断し回答することにしました。\n\nnarutoさんが質問者へのコメント欄で紹介した記事の内容を見ました。\n\n大変良く書かれておりますが、結果としてどの表現が許容されるかの判断が曖昧です。また、例えば辞書を引くことができないようなとき、どのように対処するのが次善の策になるのかというような具体的方法の提示がありません。それは本来漢字で書くべきところの一部を仮名で代替することが、本来その漢字が果たしていたどの機能を失うことになるのか視点が薄弱だからと判断しました。\n\n「み力的」と「魅りょく的」の例がありますが、「その衣装は魅力的」という文章で置き換えてみるとすぐにわかります。「その衣装はみ力的」「その衣装は魅りょく的」。字種の切り替えの位置の大切さがどれだけ読み易さに貢献しているか、また、「魅りょく的」はあっても「み力的」はないことも分かります。拠（よんどころ）無い事情があって、どうしても「魅」の字を書けず恥を忍んで、「その衣装は『み力的』」とすれば、何故『み力的』と書くのかと怪訝（けげん）に思われますが、意図した意味は伝わり、その場は何とか凌（しの）げるような気もします。\n\nここで、本来の回答に戻ります。\n\n確かに、[ここ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19491/can-i-insert-\nhiragana-in-words-i-only-know-partially-how-to-\nwrite)には、漢字ですべてを書くことなく部分的にひらがなを書くことができる例があります。\nしかし、その単語や熟語のすべてを漢字で書くより、部分的にひらがなを用いることが一般的に受け入れられている場合にのみの説明として理解する必要があります。\n\nあなたが一部の漢字を知らないあるいは思い出せない場合は、辞書やインターネット上で調べて、すべて漢字で書くことが普通です。\nたとえあなたが日本人でないことを承知している相手に何かを書く場合であっても、あなたが知っているところだけを漢字で書き、残りの部分を仮名で書くことは、十分な対処方法だとは思われせんので、私は勧めません。 \nしかし、自分だけのメモのように他人に見せる必要がない場合は、いちいち辞書を調べず、漢字がわからないところはひらがなで書くということは我々でも普通にしています。\n\n憂鬱の鬱ような極端な例を根拠に、あなたが本来するべき対処方法を見失わないでいただきたいと思います。 \n憂鬱の場合は、カギ括弧「」を使って「ゆううつ」あるいは「憂うつ」と、また濁点の場合は「だく点」と書き表すことで何らかの理由があってそうしていることを伝えることができるように思います。\n\nあなたの質問とは離れますが、普通の日本人でも、コンピュータでのかな漢字変換を使わなければ、憂鬱という漢字を手書きで書くことはできません。コンピュータを使用する場合での話ですが、たとえばある単語はひらがなで書くことが普通であっても、英語とは異なり、日本語には単語と単語の間にスペースがないために、その単語をひらがなで書いてしまうと、前後に存在するひらがなと区別することは難しくなることがあります。このため、その単語を敢えて難しい漢字で書くことがあります。この場合、あなたの質問とは逆の条件になりますが、憂鬱（ゆううつ）のようにカッコでふりがなを書いて、あなたが書いた難しい漢字を読む人に読む上で困らないような配慮が必要です。今後あなたが努力をすることで、「憂鬱」を簡単に書けるようになるときが来ると思います。そのとき、このような配慮をしていただければと思います。\n\n# English\n\nCertainly, there are examples\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19491/can-i-insert-\nhiragana-in-words-i-only-know-partially-how-to-write) that you can write\npartially in _hiragana_ without writing all in _kanji_. However, you need to\nknow that it is accepted only when writing _hiragana_ in part is more popular\nor commonly accepted than writing all in _Kanji_ for the word or the _jukugo_.\n\nIf you do not know or remember the partial _kanji_ , it is common for Japanese\nto look it up in a dictionary or on the Internet and write it all in _kanji_\ns. Although it may be accepted even if you write the _jukugo_ partially in\n_kanji_ s and the rest in _kana_ s to a person who knows that you are not a\nJapanese, it seems an inadequate solution and I'll not recommend it.\n\nHowever, if you need not to show to other people such as a memorandum of\nunderstanding, we usually write in _hiragana_ instead of unknown _kanji_\nwithout examining the dictionary.\n\nDo not lose what you should do by an extreme exception such as 鬱 in 憂鬱. In the\ncase of 憂鬱, I think that you can write it 「ゆううつ」or 「憂うつ」and 「だく点」for 濁点 by\nusing _kagi_ brackets 「」to tell you know the expression having some reason.\n\nApart from your question, even ordinary Japanese people can not write 憂鬱 in\nkanji by handwriting except writing using kana-kanji conversion on computers.\nIn the case of using a computer, even if writing in hiragana is ordinary for a\ncertain word, unlike English, Japanese has no space for each word, so it is\nhard to be distinguished from hiragana existing before and after if the word\nis written in hiragana. Because for this reason, it is sometimes happen to\nwrite it in difficult kanji intentionally. In this case, it is a condition\nopposite to your question, but it is kind to write furigana with parentheses\nlike 憂鬱（ゆううつ）so that people who read the difficult word you wrote will not\ncause hardship in reading it. This kind consideration is desirable in the\nfuture when you can easily write 憂鬱 after your hard efforts and practice.",
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"body": "A man and a woman who had undergone hardship together as children before being\nforced to part meet again and remember their last words to each other.\n\nThe woman says:\n\n> 生きてて良かったって、心の底から思える瞬間って、どんな感じかしら？\n\nI think the first part of the sentence\n\n> 生きてて良かったって\n\nmeans\n\n> “It’s good to keep on living”\n\nthe って here being a quotative particle since 生きてて良かった was the last thing the\nman said to the woman. (Please correct me if I’m mistaken).\n\nThe second part\n\n> 心の底から思える瞬間って\n\nconfuses me. What is the function of the って here? It doesn’t seem like a\nquotative particle. I guess it translates to something like:\n\n> a moment that seemed to come from the bottom of your heart.\n\nAnd I think the last part\n\n> どんな感じかしら？\n\ntranslates as:\n\n> Was that your feeling, I wonder?\n\nSo, I think the meaning of the sentence (idiomatically) is something like:\n\n> You said, “It’s good to keep on living”, like you really believed it. Was\n> that what you were feeling, I wonder?\n\nIs this correct and what is the function of って in the second part of the\nsentence?",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-って"
],
"title": "Confused about って in this sentence",
"view_count": 1720
} | [
{
"body": "> 生きてて良かったって、心の底から思える瞬間って、どんな感じかしら？\n>\n> I think the first part of the sentence means “It’s good to keep on living”\n> the って here being a quotative particle since 生きてて良かった was the last thing the\n> man said to the woman. (Please correct me if I’m mistaken). The second part\n> 心の底から思える瞬間って confuses me. What is the function of the って here?\n\nYour understanding of って is correct. Both って here are used in the same way.\nIt's just the sentence is basically saying 生きてて良かったと思える瞬間 というのはどんな感じかしら？ The\nwhole thing is something thought by the speaker. The 心の底から is an adverb to\n思える.\n\n> 〔［生きてて良かった］って、｛心の底から｝思える瞬間〕って、どんな感じかしら？",
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"body": "> 生きてて良かった **って** 、心の底から思える瞬間 **って** 、どんな感じかしら？\n\nThese two って's are not the same.\n\nThe first って is a quotative particle. From\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/147762/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> って \n> ［格助］ \n> １ 引用する語、または文の下に付いて、次に来る動作・作用の内容を表す。…と。「金を貸してくれ **って** 頼まれた」「読書しろ **って**\n> 言われた」\n\nThe って is a quotative particle and means と. The two example sentences given in\nthe dictionary can be rephrased as 「金を貸してくれ **と** 頼まれた」「読書しろ **と** 言われた」. って\nis more colloquial than と.\n\nAnd the second is a binding particle (係助詞). From the same dictionary:\n\n> って \n> ［係助］ \n> １ ある事柄を話題として取り上げて示す意を表す。…は。…というのは。「あなた **って** 親切な人ね」「彼 **って** だれのこと」\n\nThe って is used to introduce something as a topic. Means ～は or ～というのは. The\nexamples can be rephrased 「あなた **は** 親切な人ね」「彼 **というのは** だれのこと」. って is more\ncolloquial than は or というのは.\n\nSo your sentence can be rewritten as:\n\n> 『生きてて良かった*』 **と** 、心の底から思える瞬間 **というのは** 、どんな感じかしら？\n\n_lit._ Speaking of the moment when you can feel \"I'm lucky to be alive\" from\nthe bottom of your heart, how would it feel? / what would it be like? \n⇒ I wonder what the moment would be like when you can feel from the bottom of\nyour heart \"I feel lucky to be alive. / Thank God I'm alive.\"\n\n*The た in ～～よかった here is the modal た, explained here: [Usage of plain i-adjectives or た form (悪かったｖ悪い、良かったｖいい etc）](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/21377/9831)\n\n* * *\n\nBreakdown:\n\n> 生きてて -- _lit._ I'm alive (and) → to be alive \n> 良かった -- (I find it) good. \n> って、-- quotative \n> 心の底から -- from the bottom of your heart \n> 思える瞬間 -- the moment you can feel \n> って、-- topical \n> どんな感じかしら？ -- What would it be like?",
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| 50246 | 50251 | 50251 |
{
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"body": "\"Pan\", in both Japanese and Spanish means bread. Is this purely coincidental,\nor do they have the same origin?",
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"tags": [
"etymology",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Is the Japanese word \"pan\" (パン) related in its origins to the Spanish word \"pan\"?",
"view_count": 29305
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{
"body": "According to jisho.org [**パン**](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3) has\nits origins from the Portuguese word “pão”, and was originally written as 麺麭\nor 麪包 before being written as パン like it is today.\n\n> Is this pure coincidence or do they have the same origins?\n\nSeeing as how both Spanish and Portuguese are Latin-based languages, I think\nit's not a stretch of the imagination to say that the origins are related.\n\n**EDIT:**\n\nUsing the information from the comments below, I have an updated etymology for\nyou.\n\n1) _Panis_ is the Latin word for bread. The Spanish _pan_ , the Portuguese\n_pão_ and French _pain_ derive from this Latin root. (@ToddWilcox)\n\n2) パン was introduced to Japan by Portuguese Missionaries. (see answer below,\nas well as [this Wikipedia\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin)\ncompliments of @leoboiko)",
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"body": "This is not _pure_ coincidence, but the Japanese did not get the word パン from\nSpanish, but rather Portuguese. The _coincidence_ part is that Spanish and\nPortuguese are very closely related languages and share a huge volume of\ncognates.\n\nIt's not happenstance that things worked out this way, and I think it's\ninteresting to understand a bit of the historical background that led to why\ncertain words were _imported_ as opposed to others.\n\nFirst, remember a bit of interesting history of how the Catholic Church\ndivided the entire world between Spain and Portugal. Japan fell within the\ndomain of Portugal and I believe that the Portuguese were the first Europeans\nto _wash_ up on Japan's shore during the Age of Exploration in the 1550's. The\nDutch also came along shortly there after (about half a century later).\n\nJapan had a long period of isolation following fears of what might happen if\ntoo many Christians started coming into the country: remember this was also a\ntime of religious wars being waged between nations and forms of Protestantism\nand Catholic Church in Europe.\n\nThen beginning in Meiji, the Japanese began to import many more foreign words.\nFrom German, an extensive vocabulary related to the sciences (particularly\nmedicine); from English vocabulary related to business (and I think politics).\nThough, these were hardly hard and fast rules, after all, バイト <- アルバイト has its\norigins in the German _Arbeit_ (though I believe that word was borrowed when\nboth Japan and Germany were Axis nations.",
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"body": "Pan comes from the Portuguese word pão for wheat bread specifically and bread\nin general. The coincidence part is due to the fact the portuguese traders and\nthen Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries were the first europeans to contact\nJapan in the 16th century. I don't have the time to confirm but I believe the\nportuguese had a trade monopoly with Japan for about 100 years and in that\ntime their must have been cultural and knowledge exchange including the\nadoption of new vocabulary.",
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"body": "The most common theory is that パン originated from the Portuguese pão because\nPortugal traded with Japan in the 16th century. But, as somebody else already\npointed out, this does not explain the パン pronunciation because pão (with a\nnasal sound) is closer to パウ than パン. Macao, which also traded with the\nPortuguese around the same time, call bread 包 (pronounced \"pao\"). What if パン\nmay have actually originated from the Spanish pan, which has the exact same\npronunciation? This is actually possible as the Spanish also regularly visited\nJapan from the Philippines. History tells us that bread was first called 波牟\n(pronounced \"pan\" not \"pamu\") during the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573-1603).\nThis was decades after the Spanish missionary Francis Xavier visited Japan in\n1549. Both Portuguese and Spanish Christian missionaries helped spread the\nconsumption of bread through the ritual of the Eucharist, so I guess we're\nnever going to know the correct answer to the question. Note that this was\nbefore Christianity was prohibited by Hideyoshi in 1612. (Reference: Feeding\nJapan: The Cultural and Political Issues of Dependency and Risk, edited by\nAndreas Niehaus and Tine Walravens)",
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| 50252 | 50253 | 50253 |
{
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"body": "I have come across this grammar a lot lately:\n\n> 連用形+ゆる\n\nFor example, in [this\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/13938/why-did-asahi-\nshinbun-write-%E5%AD%90%E3%81%93%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82-instead-\nof-%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%9B%E3%81%93%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82-in-this-\nheadline#comment30088_13940),\n\n> 文語と現代語を交じたる文はインターネットで **見ゆる** なあ\n\nI've also heard しゆる. Judging from the context I think that this grammar is\nsimilar to the potential form. So 見ゆる is basically 見える and しゆる is できる.\n\nAm I right? How do the two grammars differ?",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T17:33:50.937",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"classical-japanese",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "What is this 連用形+ゆる grammar? How is it different from the potential form?",
"view_count": 316
} | [
{
"body": "見ゆ is an archaic ヤ行 verb meaning 見える in modern Japanese. 見ゆる is the\nattributive form (連体形) of 見ゆ.\n\n * [古文単語「みゆ/見ゆ」の意味・解説【ヤ行下二段活用】](http://manapedia.jp/text/4191)\n\nIn modern Japanese, there is no verb that ends with ゆ, but in archaic Japanese\nsome verbs ended with ゆ.\n\n * [燃ゆ](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E7%87%83%E3%82%86) (=燃える in modern Japanese)\n * [覚ゆ](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A6%9A%E3%82%86) (=覚える in modern Japanese)\n\nEtymologically, yes, ゆ was an archaic auxiliary verb which was used similarly\nto れる/られる. See [ゆ (as a 助動詞)](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%86) in a\n古語辞典.\n\n見ゆ is still occasionally used in titles and such\n([example](https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00Y9J5OCW)), but 見ゆるなあ sounds to me\nlike a strange mixture of modern and archaic Japanese.",
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| 50255 | 50259 | 50259 |
{
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"body": "In short, what I mean is, how can I mention about one certain thing (not one\nthing in amount) in Japanese?\n\nFor example \"one morning\" in the following sentence:\n\n> As Gregor Samsa awoke _**one morning**_ from uneasy dreams he found himself\n> transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.\n\nI come across some usages like \" **ある** X\". For instance:\n\n * One morning -> **ある** 朝\n * One day -> **ある** 日\n\nIs this **ある** may be what am I looking for?",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 14,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"prefixes"
],
"title": "How to speak about \"one\" thing in Japanese?",
"view_count": 2570
} | [
{
"body": "I'd say \"yes\" to your final question.\n\nYou can definitely say something like ある朝 or ある朝のこと as a general way of saying\n\"one morning\".",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T18:20:04.240",
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"body": "> > As Gregor Samsa awoke **_one morning_** from uneasy dreams he found\n> himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.\n>\n> One morning -> ある朝\n>\n> Is this ある may be what am I looking for?\n\nI can confirm it is the one, as a native speaker.\n\nThe kanji version is 或る, but more often it appears in ひらがな: ある人が…, ある時,\nあるところにおじいさんとおばあさんが, etc.\n\nWe also sometimes say とある: とある日曜の午後 (with rather a feel of popular\nliterature).\n\n某｛ぼう｝ is yet another possibility, in the same manner: ex. 某日｛ぼうじつ｝,\n某会社社長{ぼうかいしゃしゃちょう}, 某ファーストフード店｛てん｝, etc.",
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"body": "The other answers give good insight into Japanese, but in the particular\nexample of Kafka's _Metamorphosis_ I can also confirm that ある朝 is the\npreferred translation of \"one morning\":\n\n> **ある朝** 、グレゴール・ザムザが気がかりな夢から目ざめたとき、自分がベッドの上で一匹の巨大な毒虫に変ってしまっているのに気づいた。\n>\n> **One morning** , as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he\n> discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug.\n>\n> <http://bilinguis.com/book/metamorphosis/jp/en/c1/>",
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| 50257 | 50261 | 50261 |
{
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"body": "> A: おかああさん？\n>\n> B: はーい\n>\n> ホッとする。同時に拍子抜けする。なんだ居るのかと胸をなでおろしたあとで、 **居るなら居ると言ってくれればいいのにと誰にともなく唇をとがらせる** 。\n\nMy translation is \"...if you're here, I wish you would say 'I'm here'...\"\n\nI don't understand after のに…\n\nともなく means \"doing something without thinking\", correct?\n\nPlease help me understand this!",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "I need help with this sentence! 居るなら居ると言ってくれればいいのにと誰にともなく唇をとがらせる。",
"view_count": 250
} | [
{
"body": "With some punctuation:\n\n> 「居るなら居ると言ってくれればいいのに」と、誰にともなく、唇をとがらせる。\n\n * Here のに is used as a sentence-end particle. Your translation of this part is fine. See: [What does のに mean at the end of this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42408/5010)\n * と is a quotative particle. Here 思って or something similar is [omitted](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/45090/5010) after it.\n * 誰にともなく/誰にでもなく is a set phrase meaning \"to no one in particular\". `interrogative + ともなく` is a common pattern. You may have seen [どこからともなく](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%93%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F) (=\"out of nowhere\") before.\n * 唇を尖らせる/口を尖らせる is an idiomatic phrase, \"to pout\", \"to shoot out the lip\".\n\nWithout 誰にともなく, the sentence would mean the speaker actually said\n「居るなら居ると言ってくれればいいのに」 to their mother. 誰にともなく implies that the person only\nthought this (or said this in a small voice to themselves).",
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| 50260 | 50262 | 50262 |
{
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"body": "As I understand it, something like 帰るところだ usually means you are in the process\nof going home, say on the train. But ところ often has the meaning of \"just about\nto do something.\"\n\nDoes something like 帰るところだ also have this meaning? e.g. Can you say it if you\nare still in the office and about to leave in a couple minutes?\n\nIf so, my main question is I'm wondering if ところ always has this ambiguity (at\nleast from the English perspective) between meaning both \"in the process of\ndoing\" and \"just about to do\"? Or is it something special to motion verbs and\nother verbs that are sometimes called _stative verbs_?\n\nWhat I mean by _stative_ is 帰っている does not mean \"is in the process of going\"\nit means \"went home and is now there.\" I'm wondering if ところ just seems to have\ntwo meanings in English because when you sitting on the train going home you\nare still \"just about to go home\" from the perspective of Japanese because 帰る\nis stative and you haven't completely arrived yet.\n\nBasically I'm wondering if this is correct:\n\n雨が降るところだ = \"It is just about to rain.\" (NEVER \"It is in the process of\nraining.\")\n\n雨が降っているところだ = \"It is in the process of raining.\"\n\n帰るところだ = \"I'm just about to go home (at the office).\" OR \"I'm in the process\nof going home (on the train).\"\n\nAnd I would guess 帰っているところだ sounds strange and doesn't make much sense(?)",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
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],
"title": "Motion verbs and ところ",
"view_count": 445
} | [
{
"body": "ところ means \"just about to do something\" or \"in the process of doing something\"\nlike you where thinking.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T20:16:37.040",
"id": "50265",
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"body": "When it's **するところ** , it means \" ** _about to do_** (something).\" \n**したところ** means someone **_has just done_** something. \n**しているところ** means someone **_is doing_** something. \n**していたところ** means someone **_has been doing_** something.\n\nLiterally, ところ means 'place', but it's also used for a figurative place as\n[this dictionary\npage](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/158611/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D/)\ndefines it as\n\n> **2** 抽象的な場所。\n>\n\n>> オ ちょうどその所「さっき着いたところだ」\n\nAlso [this\npage](http://www.nihongokyoshi.co.jp/manbow/manbow.php?id=941&TAB=1) puts it\nas\n\n> **形式名詞**\n>\n> 「こと・の・ **ところ** ・ほう・わけ・はず・つもり」など、\n>\n\n>> 今テレビを見ているところです。\n\nNow\n\n> Does something like 帰るところだ also have this meaning? e.g. Can you say it if\n> you are still in the office and about to leave in a couple minutes?\n\nYes, you can say that when you are still at the office but about to go home.\n\n> And is the reason that 帰るところだ can be interpreted as \"in the process of going\n> home\" because motion verbs don't complete until you reach the destination?\n\nTheoretically, yes. But if we are just in front of our home, then we probably\nchoose a different expression such as 今もう家の前にいるんだ or もう今家に着くところなんだ.\n\n* * *\n\n[replying to additional request from the OP]\n\n> 雨が降るところだ = \"It is just about to rain.\" (NEVER \"It is in the process of\n> raining.\")\n\n雨が降るところだ is an unusual thing to say. To mean \"It is just about to rain,\" we\nlikely say 雨が降りそうだ.\n\n> 雨が降っているところだ = \"It is in the process of raining.\"\n\nThis is not bad, however we more likely say 雨が降っている.\n\n> 帰るところだ = \"I'm just about to go home (at the office).\" OR \"I'm in the process\n> of going home (on the train).\"\n\nYes, these are correct.\n\n> And I would guess 帰っているところだ sounds strange and doesn't make much sense(?)\n\nDoesn't sound so bad if you are on the train, but if you are still at the\noffice, it does sound strange.\n\n> What I mean by stative is 帰っている does not mean \"is in the process of going\"\n> it means \"went home and is now there.\"\n\nRight. I am aware that Japanese continuation form ている is actually more of\n**_state_** than progression. I find that is why we need ところ to make it\nprogressive.\n\n> I'm wondering if ところ just seems to have two meanings in English because when\n> you sitting on the train going home you are still \"just about to go home\"\n> from the perspective of Japanese because 帰る is stative and you haven't\n> completely arrived yet.\n\nI think 帰る itself is not necessarily stative. The form ている makes it stative.",
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| 50264 | 50268 | 50268 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50272",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "そんなメアを飛鳥がカメラ **に** 何度も収めている。\n\nAsuka _gathered(?) many (photographs) of Mare via his camera_ ??\n\nAside from the odd use of 収める, why did they use に over で in this sentence?\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T20:55:03.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50271",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Usage of に in this sentence",
"view_count": 167
} | [
{
"body": "I think this may be similar to how in English we can say we \"caught\" something\nin our camera. The idea being that the film is in the camera and film captures\nthe image. In this case, に makes sense as the location of where the image is\n(as opposed to how the image was captured).\n\nThere is an on-line thesaurus for which a web search of\n[写真に収める](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E3%81%AB%E5%8F%8E%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B)\nshows up. \nAnd [this web\nsite](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1166036041)\nexplains as follows:\n\n> 私は写真に収める＝写真を撮る。 \n> カメラに収める＝カメラの中に入れる。 \n> という印象を持ちます。 \n> しかし、カメラに入れるということは 写真を撮ることだと容易に想像出来るので、 \n> どちらでもよいように思います。",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T21:05:40.767",
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"body": "The reason why に is chosen is because of the verb 収める, which in this case can\nmean to \"store\". Going with the sense of storage, it can be thought of in the\nsense of Asuka storing pictures **into** the camera. This gives the direction\nthat に requires.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T21:19:32.940",
"id": "50273",
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"body": "I think you're confusing the direction particles **に/で** that express\ndirection:\n\n> 大学に行っている (daigaku ni itteiru) I am going to college.\n>\n> あの店で働く (ano mise de hataraku) I work at that store.\n\nNow the に particle you have in your sentence is the **indirect object marker**\n, you seem to already know the **direct object marker を**... For instance:\n\n> あなたは彼女に何をしている？ (anata wa kanojo ni nani wo shiteiru?) what are you doing to\n> her?\n\nYou are doing something (何) that's why を marks 何 with the verb している, but that\naction is done to someone, therefore the indirect object 彼女 which have to be\nmarked with に.\n\n> そんなメアを飛鳥がカメラに何度も収めている。 (Sonna mea wo Asuka ga kamera ni nando mo osameteiru)\n> Asuka have many picture of such mare in the camera.\n\nif you used で it would sound like \"by camera\", \"with the camera\" so you'd need\na different verb, and of course you'd be using a different particle, not the\nindirect object marker!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-10T21:19:47.047",
"id": "50274",
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| 50271 | 50272 | 50272 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50277",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I'm reading the One Punch Man manga to learn some vocabulary. I have the\nPortuguese translation and I compare it with my translation.\n\nBut I read something that I think is wrong in the Portuguese translation or I\nlost the Japanese way of expression:\n\nA little context. So this guy is a genius and everyone praises him.\n\nThe next text is:\n\n> しかし彼が 常日頃吐き出す思想について 認める者は誰一人いなかった。\n\nI translated like \"he doesn't care about people ideas.\"\n\nThe Portuguese translation is like \"people don't agree with his ideas.\"\n\nI'm lost.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-10T23:08:15.460",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"parsing",
"reading-comprehension",
"は-and-が",
"subordinate-clauses",
"modification"
],
"title": "A complex structure: Xが～するYについて、～する者は",
"view_count": 230
} | [
{
"body": "> しかし彼が 常日頃吐き出す思想について 認める者は誰一人いなかった。 \n> The portuguese translation is like \"people doesn't agree with his ideas\"\n\nThe translation is correct.\n\n> I translated like \"he doens't care about people ideas\"\n\nIt's\n\n> しかし［《 **彼が** {常日頃} **吐き出す** 》思想について］ **認める 者は** {誰一人} **いなかった** 。\n\nThe main clause is 認めるものは誰一人いなかった。\n\n彼が常日頃吐き出す思想について is an adverbial phrase to 認める; and this 認める is an adjective to\n者.\n\n* * *\n\nWhen you see **が** , try thinking of it as an **_alarm_** for you to know the\nexistence of a **_subordinate clause_** or a modifying clause.\n\nI can't generalize here, but at least I can tell you that _the sentence\nsubject could be indicated later in the sentence with は_.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T01:00:53.720",
"id": "50277",
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]
| 50275 | 50277 | 50277 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50279",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 記憶を刈るという部分がメアを彷彿と **させる**\n\nthe part (of the story) where memories were reaped, resembles Mare.\n\n> ファインダーを覗いてレンズをあちこちに **巡らせる** が、円盤の光は影を潜めている。\n\n(operating a camera) while he peeked at the finder and looked around with the\nlens, the disk's light had vanished.\n\n> メアの頭を巣にしていたドラゴン（？）が、翼を **はためかせて** 浮遊した。\n\nthe dragon (?) nesting on Mare's head flapped it's wing and floated.\n\nIs there some additional purpose of the causative form beyond making/allowing?\n\nthank you",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T00:30:30.237",
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"id": "50276",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of the causitive form without an obvious source of causation",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "I find all your sentences normal causative.\n\n> 記憶を刈るという部分 **が** メア **を 彷彿とさせる**\n\n部分が is the cause and **makes** メア reminded.\n\n> ファインダーを覗いてレンズ **を** あちこちに **巡らせる** が、円盤の光は影を潜めている。\n\nThe cause is not written here, but is the same as the subject of 覗いて. That\nsomeone **makes** the lens go around.\n\n> メアの頭を巣にしていたドラゴン（？） **が** 、翼 **を はためかせ** て浮遊した。\n\nドラゴン is the cause, and **makes** its own wings flap.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T02:04:55.870",
"id": "50278",
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{
"body": "> 記憶を刈るという部分が[人々に]メアを彷彿とさせる\n\nThe \"source of causation\" is 記憶を刈るという部分. The agent (\"causee\") is unspecified,\nbut it's \"generic you\" (one/you/people/人/人々/etc). 彷彿(と)する means \"to have\n(something you've seen before) in mind\", \"to imagine (something) vividly\". The\nsentence literally means \"The memory-reaping part makes people imagine メア,\" or\nless literally, \"The memory-reaping part reminds us of メア.\"\n\n> [彼は]ファインダーを覗いてレンズをあちこちに巡らせる\n\nThe \"source of causation\" is the user of the camera, the implied subject of\nthe sentence. The agent is レンズ. 巡る is an intransitive verb meaning \"to move\naround\". The causative part literally means \"[He] makes the lens move around\".\n\n> メアの頭を巣にしていたドラゴン（？）が、翼をはためかせて浮遊した。\n\nThe \"source of causation\" is 'ドラゴン(?)', and the agent is 翼. はためく is an\nintransitive verb meaning \"to flap\". The causative part literally means \"The\ndragon made the wings flap\". English _flap_ works both transitively and\nintransitively, but はためく is only intransitive, so you'll need はためかせる.\n\nIn case you're not sure why the agent is marked either by に or を, please read\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/33515/5010). The point is that\n彷彿(と)する is transitive, but 巡る and はためく are intransitive.",
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| 50276 | 50279 | 50279 |
{
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"body": "I know that the particle の can be used for linking several nouns together or\nto indicate possession. However I have seen several cases where the の is\ndroped. Like for example 未来日記. My question is when to and not to use the\nparticle no?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-11T06:10:09.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50281",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles",
"nouns"
],
"title": "When to and not to use the particle の to link to nouns?",
"view_count": 89
} | [
{
"body": "From what I've seen, if its unambiguous it can be dropped. This rule applies\nto most particles. You hear native speakers do it all the time.\n\nやまださん(が)くるの？\n\nIs Yamada coming?\n\nI can't think of too many instances where の is dropped off the top of my head\nbut I its pretty common.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T06:25:54.167",
"id": "50283",
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| 50281 | null | 50283 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50287",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that 記号 is translated as 'symbol' or 'code' while しるし is 'mark' or\n'sign' but I can't seem to figure out when to use the appropriate one.\n\n地図にたくさん記号がある。\n\n地図にたくさんしるしがある。\n\nWhat's the difference between these sentences?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-11T06:14:42.797",
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"tags": [
"definitions",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 記号 and しるし？",
"view_count": 428
} | [
{
"body": "If you look up [記号](http://jisho.org/search/%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7) and\n[しるし](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%97%E3%82%8B%E3%81%97) in a dictionary,\nthere are some overlapping meanings such as the\n[case](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/41802/%E6%81%A5%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A-%E3%81%AF%E3%81%98%E3%81%97%E3%82%89%E3%81%9A-versus-%E5%8E%9A%E9%A1%94%E7%84%A1%E6%81%A5-%E3%81%93%E3%81%86%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E3%82%80%E3%81%A1)\nbetween them, but there are apparently different ones. In particular, \"しるし\"\nhas a broader meaning than \"記号\" and it has a meaning of abstract nuance.\n\nFrom another point of view, the essential difference between \"しるし\" and \"記号\" is\nthat \"しるし\" is a sign or mark additionally written on or attached to something\nas the proof of confirmation or for later use or convenience, while \"記号\" is a\nwritten sign or mark to be used as a substitute or symbol of an already\nexisting entity. \nTherefore, the former is dynamic and the latter is static.\n\n「しるし」と言｛い｝えば[日本人]｛にほんじん｝が最初｛さいしょ｝にイメージするのは、「記号｛きごう｝」ではなく「目印｛めじるし｝」です。目印｛めじるし｝のために、木｛き｝の枝｛えだ｝を折｛お｝る「枝折（しおり）」という言葉｛ことば｝は[姥捨て山/姥捨山(うばすてやま)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubasute)の[話]｛はなし｝の中｛なか｝に出｛で｝てくる母親｛ははおや｝である老婆｛ろうば｝が自分｛じぶん｝の死｛し｝の間際｛まぎわ｝まで息子｛むすこ｝を思｛おも｝う[愛情]｛あいじょう｝の[表現]｛ひょうげん｝として有名｛ゆうめい｝です。本｛ほん｝に挟｛はさ｝む「栞（しおり）\n_bookmark_\n」も、語源｛ごげん｝は「枝折（しおり）」です。なお、[姥捨て山]｛うばすてやま｝の話｛はなし｝はノーベル賞｛しょう｝をとったアインシュタインが日本｛にほん｝を訪問｛ほうもん｝した時｛とき｝に、「[仏｛ほとけ｝さまとは何｛なに｝か](http://www.koumyouji.com/houwa/31.htm)」と仏教｛ぶっきょう｝の高僧｛こうそう｝に尋｛たず｝ねた答｛こた｝えの中｛なか｝にも出｛で｝てきます。\n\nTalking about \"しるし\", the first thing we Japanese image is not a \"記号｛きごう｝\" but\na \"目印｛めじるし｝ _marker_ \". For markers, the word with \"枝折｛しおり｝\" meaning snapping\ntwigs by the aged mother who comes out in the story of \"[姥捨て山]｛うばすてやま｝ a\nmountain for _[ubasute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubasute)_ or abandoning\nan old woman\" is famous. \nThe story of 姥捨て山 is roughly like this: \nIn one Buddhist allegory, a son carries his mother up a mountain on his back.\nDuring the journey, she stretches out her arms, catching the twigs and\nscattering them in their wake, so that her son will be able to find the way\nhome.\n\nA poem commemorates the story: \nIn the depths of the mountains, \nWhom was it for the aged mother snapped \nOne twig after another? \nHeedless of herself \nShe did so \nFor the sake of her son\n\n\"栞｛しおり｝ _bookmark_ \" that is put between pages of a book to mark a place in it\nalso has the same ethymology as \"枝折｛しおり｝\".\n\nIn addition, the story of [姥捨て山]｛うばすてやま｝ also appeared in the\n[answer](http://www.koumyouji.com/houwa/31.htm) by a high priest of Buddhism\nwhen Einstein who got the Nobel prize visited Japan and asked \"What is\nBuddha?\" \nThe priest answered \"She is Buddha.\"",
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"body": "**記号** (\"symbols\") on a map typically look like this (See [List of Japanese\nmap symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_map_symbols)):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Q4deC.png)\n\nWe also have 数学記号 (math symbols), 星座記号 (zodiac symbols),\n[錬金術記号](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AC%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7)\n(alchemical symbols) and so on. So each 記号 has been designed by someone and\nhas its own relatively complex meaning.\n\nOn the other hand, a **印【しるし】** (\"mark\") on a map is usually something like\nthis:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9fLp7.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4Omfr.png)\n\n印 is just a _mark_ ; it's an indicator that tells something noteworthy is\nthere, but it may not convey something more complicated than \"No\", \"Look\",\n\"Important\", etc. Common 印 Japanese people use are 矢印 (やじるし; arrow), 丸印\n(まるじるし; circle), バツ印 (ばつじるし; cross), 星印 (ほしじるし; star). Its shape is often\nunimportant when it's used merely as a 印.\n\n**EDIT:** A 印 doesn't even have to be drawn on paper or a screen. A stone\ndropped on the ground can [work as a\nmarker/印](http://darksouls3.wiki.fextralife.com/Prism+Stone).",
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| 50282 | 50287 | 50287 |
{
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"body": "> 昨日はひどい雨 **で** 雷も落ちて、大変でした。\n\nI would translate it like this:\n\n\"Concerning yesterday, there being terrible rain and thunder dropping it was\nterrible.\"\n\nIn this case I assumed that で represents the connective form of です/だ.",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is this で a particle or the connective form of copula? Or something else?",
"view_count": 226
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{
"body": "You're right. Literally, \"Yesterday, it was terrible rain and there were claps\nof thunder and it was awful.\" Since the basic sentence is 昨日は大変でした, you could\nmake \"yesterday\" the subject of \"was awful\" in an English translation:\n\"Yesterday was awful - there was terrible rain and claps of thunder\".",
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| 50288 | 50289 | 50289 |
{
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"body": "太郎くんはお化けの話を聞いたあと、夜一人でトイレに **行け** なくなりました。\n\nThe problem in this sentence is the predicative. なくなりました should literally\ntranslate into \"became weeping\". But I'm thoroughly clueless about this いけ\nbefore that. I can't even say what form this shall represent.",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is this いけ",
"view_count": 1405
} | [
{
"body": "泣く【なく】 (to weep) is not relevant.\n\n> 太郎くんはトイレに行けなくなりました。 \n> Taro became unable to go to the toilet.\n\n * 行く: \"to go\"\n * 行ける: \"to be able to go\" ([potential form](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/potential) of 行く)\n * 行けない: \"not to be able to go\", \"to be unable to go\" (negative potential form)\n * 行けなく: (continuative/adverbial form of 行けない, which connects to ～なる)\n * ～なる: \"to become ～\" (see [Using 「なる」 with i-adjectives](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/surunaru.html#part3))",
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| 50290 | 50291 | 50291 |
{
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"body": "一年は十二ヶ月があります.\n\nI'm trying to say \"a year has 12 months\" or \"there are 12 months in a year.\"\nIs the above sentence correct?",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "How to say \"a year has 12 months\"?",
"view_count": 1406
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{
"body": "You can simply say:\n\n> 一年は十二ヶ月です。\n\nWith あります, we natives definitely say it **without が**.\n\n> 一年は十二ヶ月あります。\n\nEven though 「～ **には** ～ **があります** 」is a basic correct structure, when it comes\nto **amount/number** of something, we seem to definitely prefer it without が,\n:\n\n> 一年には十二ヶ月あります。\n\nI find we definitely say it with が when talking about the seasons:\n\n> 一年には四季があります。\n\nIt's possible to say:\n\n> 一年には季節が四つあります。[But never ~~四つがあります~~ ]\n\n* * *\n\n[Replying to additional request]\n\n> Could you explain why we don't say 一年は四季です or 一年には12ヶ月があります (even though\n> 一年は12ヶ月です and 一年には四季があります both mean \"A year has ~~\") ?\n\nI believe it's because **だ・です・である** are to **_describe the subject_** , and\nalso it's because we treat the words of **_amount/number_** as if they are\n**_adverbs_**.\n\n> 一年は四季です\n\nI don't say this is wrong, but I think you feel as though you're reading a\nmetaphor.\n\nI believe you don't have any problem with\n\n> 一年には四季があります,\n\nbut I know you won't say\n\n> ~~一年には四季あります~~\n\nHere, we see that we don't treat 四季 in the same way as １２か月 or １０kg. We say\nこの箱は１０kgあります, but we never say この箱は１０kgがあります。(I'm already getting used to\n１年には１２か月があります, however) １年には１２か月あります sounds just the right.\n\nWe say \n会議は明日です。 \nBut we don't say \n会議は明日がです nor 会議は明日にです。 \nIt's because the words like 明日 or 去年 or 当日 are acting like adverbs in this\nusage.\n\n> _Ref:_\n> 名詞でありながら、文中であたかも副詞的なものとして機能する場合がある。例えば「昔・昨日・来年」「以前・以後・後日」などは、そのまま（つまり格助詞を伴わないで）文末の述語を修飾することができる。さらに「子供が３人遊んでいる」「夏休み中に小説を10\n> 冊読んだ」の中の数量名詞も、その働きは副詞的である。(Source: [日本語教師のページ |\n> 名詞の副詞的用法](http://www.nihongokyoshi.co.jp/manbow/manbow.php?id=930&TAB=1))",
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| 50292 | 50293 | 50293 |
{
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"body": "Inquiring about whether i'm interpreting the following correctly, and what\nだって/って is abbreviated from in these sentences\n\n> 誰だって知られたくない過去ってあるし、俺だってそうだから\n\n_Anyone has things in the past that they don’t want to be known, I am the\nsame._\n\n誰だって = 誰でも? = no matter who/anyone\n\n過去ってある = 過去___? = speaking of 過去, it exists\n\n俺だって = 俺___? = I ... too\n\n> それだけじゃない、ほかの星座の神話だって有名なものだったらロマンチックに語ることができる。\n\n_Not only that, if it's other famous constellational legends , i'm also able\nto romantically recite them._\n\n神話だって有名なもの = 神話という(の)有名なもの？\n\n> オレ、ミステリーとの遭遇なんて夢物語だって心のどこかで思ってたんだよ\n\n_For things like mysterious encounters, deep down I thought it was just a\ndream_\n\n夢物語だって = 夢物語だと？= used just as a quote for 思って?\n\n> ばいばいだって\n\n_It’s saying bye-bye ( refering to a pet)_\n\nばいばいだって = ばいばいだといって？\n\n> メアだって自分で自分の名前つけたんだろ\n\n_Mare, you gave yourself a name didn't you?_\n\nメアだって = メア(というの)は? = = speaking of you, mare\n\nBut then what's the difference between using メアって and メアだって?\n\nCompared to something like 新種のほ乳類 **って** ほかに比べると格段にめずらしいらしい\n\n_(speaking of) a new mammal species, compared to (discoveries of ) other kinds\nof new species, it's much more rare._\n\nIs the choice between って and だって somewhat arbitrary in this usage?\n\nSorry for the long post, but i've been itching to get this ironed out for a\nwhile. Thank you.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-って"
],
"title": "Clarifications on だって and って contractions",
"view_count": 1191
} | [
{
"body": "だって and って are _colloquial_ expressions.\n\n> **だって 1** \n> [係助詞] （断定の「だ」＋とて） \n> 「でも」に似るが、語調がより強い。「鯨だって人間の仲間だ」 \n> 〔[デジタル大辞泉 | だって |\n> **2**](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/137401/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/)〕\n\n * 誰 **だって** 知られたくない過去 **って** あるし、俺 **だって** そうだから \n\n誰だって＝誰でも、誰にも \n過去ってある＝過去だってある＝過去もある \n俺だって＝俺でも、俺にも、俺も\n\n * ［ほかの星座の神話 **だって** {有名なものだったら}］{ロマンチックに}語ることができる。\n\nほかの神話だって語ることができる＝ほかの神話(で)も語れる\n\n * メア **だって** 自分で自分の名前つけたんだろ 〔＝メアも〕 \n\nIt seems\n\n**だって＝でも** , **も** , or **にも** \n**って≒は** ： メアって天才。／メアって天才？！／メアって天才！！ \n知られたくない過去 **って** あるし＝知られたくない過去 **は** あるものだし\n\n* * *\n\n> **だって 2** \n> [終助詞] 引用句に付く。「欲しいくせに、いらないだってさ」 \n> 〔[デジタル大辞泉 | だって |\n> **3**](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/137401/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/)〕\n\n★Often the verb is the one that requires a certain particle: \n**と思う, と言う, という** ＝って思う, って言う, っていう.\n\n * オレ、［ミステリーとの遭遇なんて夢物語 **だ** ］ **って** {心のどこかで} **思ってた** んだよ \n\n＝夢物語だと思っていた\n\n * ばいばい **だって**\n\n(likely) = ばいばいだと（誰かが言った／誰かに言われた）。",
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"body": "> 誰 **だって** 知られたくない過去 **って** あるし、俺 **だって** そうだから \n> 誰だって = 誰でも? = no matter who/anyone \n> 過去ってある = 過去___? = speaking of 過去, it exists \n> 俺だって = 俺___? = I ... too\n\nRight.\n\n誰だって means 誰でも. \"No matter who\" → \"anyone\".\n\nThe って in 過去って means は・というのは. \n「知られたくない過去 **は** ある」「知られたくない過去 **というのは** ある」 \n_lit._ \"Speaking of 知られたくない過去, it exists.\"\n\nThe だって in 俺だって means \"also/too\" or \"even\".\n\n* * *\n\n> それだけじゃない、ほかの星座の神話 **だって** 有名なものだったらロマンチックに語ることができる。\n>\n> 神話だって有名なもの = 神話という(の)有名なもの？\n\nYou're not parsing it correctly. ほかの星座の神話だって continues to ロマンチックに語ることができる, not\n有名なもの.\n\nほかの星座の神話 **だって** （有名なものだったら）（ロマンチックに）語ることができる。\n\nThe だって means \"even\" or \"also\".\n\nLiterally, \"Adding to that, I can _also/even_ （romantically） recite other\nconstellational legends, （if they are famous）.\"\n\n* * *\n\n> オレ、『ミステリーとの遭遇なんて夢物語だ』 **って** 心のどこかで思ってたんだよ \n> For things like mysterious encounters, deep down I thought it was just a\n> dream \n> 夢物語だって = 夢物語だと？= used just as a quote for 思って?\n\nCorrect. The って is quotative. It's a colloquial variant of the quotative と.\n\n* * *\n\n> ばいばいだって\n\n\"(They said / I heard) Good bye.\"\n\nRegarding this, you can refer to [this\nthread](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/43241/9831).\n\n* * *\n\n> メア **だって** 自分で自分の名前つけたんだろ \n> Mare, you gave yourself a name didn't you?\n>\n> メアだって = メア(というの)は? = = speaking of you, mare\n\nNo. The だって means \"also.\" \n\"Mare _also_ named herself, right?\" \nor \"Mare, you _also_ named yourself, right?\" (speaking to Mare)\n\n* * *\n\n> Compared to something like 新種のほ乳類 **って** ほかに比べると格段にめずらしいらしい\n>\n> (speaking of) a new mammal species, compared to (discoveries of) other kinds\n> of new species, it's much more rare.\n\nYou're right. The って is a topical marker. It's a colloquial variant of\n「は」「というのは」.\n\n* * *\n\n> Is the choice between って and だって somewhat arbitrary in this usage?\n\nI don't think it's arbitrary... You can't rephrase them as 「メア **って**\n自分で自分の名前つけたんだろ」「新種のほ乳類 **だって** ほかに比べると格段にめずらしいらしい」",
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| 50294 | 50298 | 50298 |
{
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"body": "From what I understand, **the hiragana characters above should make the word\njidoushiya** , but **for some reason it is actually jidōsha**.\n\nWhy did the word change this way even though the characters are:\n\n> **じ** → ji, **ど** → do, **う** → u, **し** → shi and **ゃ** → ya?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"orthography",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Why is じどうしゃ (jidoushiya), jidōsha instead?",
"view_count": 579
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{
"body": "The small ゃ is different to the larger や. When using the smaller ゃ after a\ncharacter in the i-line, it modifies the sound before it;\n\nSo, しや='shiya' but しゃ='sha' Similarly, りや='riya' but りゃ='rya'\n\nAs for the ō, this is a notation which refers to an extended sound. Following\nお with う extends the sound to be twice as long, and this can be written either\nas 'ou' or 'ō' depending on personal preference.\n\nEdit: this shows all the ways you can modify characters in this way in\nhiragana: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Y3WYy.jpg)\n\nYou can also do similar things with katakana such as ティ='ti' because this\nisn't normally a sound you can make in Japanese. These can usually be guessed,\nthough.",
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"body": "The combined form is said as 拗音 (yō-on), as contracted form which special mora\n(syllable) formed by palatalized sound. Unlike chō-on (長音 = long sound) which\ncounts as 2 moras, even written with 2 letters (the second one is smaller form\nof ya, yu or yo) it considered as single mora.\n\n自動車 (jidōsha) as example word consists of 4 moras, all of them are on-readings\nfrom their respective kanji:\n\n * 自 (ジ/じ) => daku-on (濁音), 1 mora\n * 動 (ドウ/どう) => daku-on + chō-on, 2 moras\n * 車 (シャ/しゃ) => yō-on, 1 mora\n\nNB: Katakana form \"ティ\" (ti) doesn't considered as yō-on even using similar\nconstruction, it is part of additional letters specially created to form\nEnglish or foreign loanwords/gairaigo (外来語).\n\nReferences:\n\n[Hiragana chart](http://japanese-lesson.com/characters/hiragana/index.html)\n\n[Katakana chart](http://japanese-lesson.com/characters/katakana/index.html)",
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| 50297 | 50299 | 50299 |
{
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"body": "Does anyone have suggestions for a mnemonic or other memory device for the\ndifferent verbs meaning \"to wear\" in 日本語?\n\n```\n\n かぶる (kaburu) - hat / headwear\n 着る (kiru) - Tops / jackets and all-over clothes\n 履く (haku) - Bottoms and shoes\n かける (kakeru) - Glasses and sunglasses\n つける (tsukeru) - Perfume / cologne\n \n```",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"mnemonics"
],
"title": "Mnemonic to remember different \"to wear\" verbs",
"view_count": 3532
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{
"body": "* **Headwear** : [_kaburu_ sounds a bit like English \"cover\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3558/78).\n * **Tops** : Traditionally, upper-torso coverings in Japan were robe-like, where the hems of the two sides \"cut across\". This helped me remember when I was studying, as \"cut\" in Japanese is the other _kiru_. :)\n * **Bottoms and footwear** : One of the other _haku_ verbs in Japanese is 掃く \"to sweep\", a bit like the sweeping motion of pants as you pull them on. Alternatively, think about the verb _hiku_ , \"to pull\", perhaps adding in the あ from the idea of \"pulling **on** \".\n * **Glasses** : You _kakeru_ something when it **catches** on something else, like a lock **catching** on the doorframe to keep a door shut, or a wall hanging **catching** on the hook when you hang it up. Glasses similarly **catch** onto your ears.\n * **Perfume** : _tsukeru_ can be thought of as **sticking** something into or onto something else. I find this one might be easier to remember if you think about dabbing scent with a finger, as opposed to using a spray bottle, since you physically **stick** the scent onto your body.",
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"body": "Some of the literal definitions of かける are \"to hang\", \"suspend\", or \"hook\".\nThis should be easy to remember for glasses (easier, I think, than thinking of\n\"catching\").",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T16:50:29.023",
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"body": "For those that know what a [kimono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono) and\n[hakama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakama) (a kind of traditional lower-\nbody garment) are, you can see how they match with kiru and haku to clarify\nthose two verbs.\n\nJust adding to the answer, it was great already (and the first search hit).",
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"creation_date": "2020-09-10T03:13:03.290",
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| 50300 | 50305 | 50305 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50313",
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"body": "Trying to say \"LAX is the 4th busiest airport in the world\" and that \"Narita\nis the 5th\".\n\nCouldn't find any info online about superlatives with ranking so if there's\nsome site detailing this grammar, I'd love to see it too!",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T22:59:22.510",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Superlatives: How do I say \"X is the nth most [adjective]\"?",
"view_count": 290
} | [
{
"body": "> Superlatives: How do I say “X is the nth most [adjective]”?\n\n'The most' is commonly expressed as 最も{もっとも}, or more plainly 一番{いちばん}:\n最も簡単{かんたん}な方法{ほうほう}, 日本で一番、高い{たかい}山{やま}は富士山{ふじさん}です. Also we have expressions\nlike 最高{さいこう} (the highest), 最大{さいだい} (the biggest), etc: 最高記録 (the best\nrecord).\n\nThe second is 二番目{にばんめ}: クラスで二番目に背{せ}が高い.\n\n> Trying to say \"LAX is the 4th busiest airport in the world\"\n\nLAX（ロサンゼルス空港）は世界で **四番目に** 繁華{はんか}な空港｛くうこう｝です. I think this 繁華な is the word\nfor it, meaning the busiest/the most bustling airport. Or also you can say\nsomething like LAXは世界で **第４の** 利用者数{りようしゃすう}を誇る{ほこる}空港です, meaning the airport\nis proud to have the 4th biggest number of users in the world.\n\n> and that \"Narita is the 5th\".\n\n次｛つ｝いで成田｛なりた｝は世界で **第５の** 空港です。(Narita comes next and is the fifth airport in\nthe world.)\n\nI feel the style of 第４, 第５ is slightly more nice and businesslike.",
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| 50301 | 50313 | 50313 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50310",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm kind of lost with the phrase うがった見方 used in NHK's special news program\nsubtitles. They were showing U.S. President Trump speaking about his Russia\nties allegations. The voice commentary was トランプ大統領はロシア疑惑に対して否定を繰り返しています and\nthen the program proceeded to show Trump's explanation along with Japanese\nsubtitles:\n\n> There's been no collusion, no obstruction. \n> And virtually everybody agrees to that.\n>\n> 共謀はなかった 誰もそう考えている\n\nThe above is shortened, but the subtitles clearly echo Trump's words. Then:\n\n> Whole thing is ridiculous if you want to know the truth from that\n> standpoint.\n>\n> うがった見方をしているだけだ \n> ばかばかしい\n\nばかばかしい again is a direct quotation, but but what is うがった見方をしているだけだ supposed to\nmean here?\n\nIt doesn't seem like a translation of \"if you want to know the truth from that\nstandpoint\" (and shouldn't it end with で to connect to ばかばかしい?).\n\nIs still a translation of Trump's words or is it a description of his conduct?\n\n[うがった見方](http://eow.alc.co.jp/sp/search.html?q=%E3%81%86%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E8%A6%8B%E6%96%B9&pg=1)\nis translated as \"penetrating remark\" -- I can't see that relate either to\nTrump's conduct directly, nor to what he was talking about. Does it have\nanother meaning?\n\n* * *\n\nBesides, does うがった見方 have to be true? Or can it be used just for any\n\"spiteful\" or \"touching\" remark?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T23:00:44.723",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of うがった見方",
"view_count": 871
} | [
{
"body": "穿つ【うがつ】 literally means _to gouge_ or _to dig_. according to a dictionary,\n穿った見方/穿った考え方 is originally a positive expression (\"deep/insightful thoughts\").\nBut I believe it's now usually used to refer to a skeptical and cynical way of\nthinking. It's \"deep\" in a sense, but it may be wrong.\n\nSome dictionaries still say such a negative meaning is a misuse, but according\nto 文化庁's survey, the majority of people believe 穿った見方 is a negative\nexpression, regardless of age.\n\n>\n> [平成２３年度「国語に関する世論調査」の結果の概要](http://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/tokeichosa/kokugo_yoronchosa/pdf/h23_chosa_kekka.pdf)\n> (PDF)\n>\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/L81yZ.png)\n\nSo うがった見方をしているだけだ in this context means \"They are being too skeptical\" or\n\"People are overthinking it\". In other words, it says that people are seeing\nthe problem from a wrong standpoint.\n\nYou can also use this expression as a hedge, like so:\n\n> 穿った見方をすれば、それは意図的なものかもしれない。 \n> _I may be overthinking it, but_ it may be intentional.",
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| 50302 | 50310 | 50310 |
{
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"body": "I want to say **\" I want to see A doing this\"** to my Japanese friend,\n\nI know that\n\n> これ = This\n>\n> やっている = doing\n>\n> 見たい = want to see\n\nbut I'm not sure how should I put them together?\n\nI tried researching online and came up with\n\n> Aさんがやっているを見たい。\n\nbut I don't think it is correct...\n\n**Edit** YES the suggested question has a clear answer. Nevertheless, if you\nare looking for a way to construct such sentences, you would not really search\n\"How to use の?\" since it would imply that you know the nominaliser is required\nin the first place? In this case, I think the question that should be\nconsidered duplicate should be like \"How to use の in the sentence?\"",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "How to say \"I want to see A doing this\"?",
"view_count": 560
} | [
{
"body": "You can say \"Aさんがこれをやっているのを見たい\"\n\nI want to see A = Aさんを見たい doing this = これをやっている A doing this = Aさんがこれをやっている",
"comment_count": 8,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T00:06:44.603",
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{
"body": "I think you could use ところ: AさんがXをやる/やっているところが見たい.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T06:00:28.220",
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| 50304 | null | 50307 |
{
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"body": "Recently I came across this exchange:\n\nPerson A: Ja ne.\n\nPerson B: Mata aou.\n\nPerson C: Ja ne. Mata itsuka.\n\nReal casual till that last line. I've been told that \"itsuka\" is a way to\nexpress uncertainty.\n\n1. Does this make the exchange bittersweet, despite the casual tone of both speakers? \n\n2. Can 'mata itsuka' be used in casual Japanese? \n\n3. Does it infer that the speakers will or will not meet again?\n\nThanks in advance~!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-11T23:24:39.770",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"usage",
"phrases",
"greetings",
"casual"
],
"title": "Can \"mata itsuka\" be used in casual conversation?",
"view_count": 2067
} | [
{
"body": "Whether the exchange is bittersweet or not will depend on them and their\nrelationship.\n\nBut yes, it is usable, although I never really had the chance to hear it\nmyself. It does show a rather high level of uncertainty. It can be used when\nyou don't know if you will ever meet again, or if the next time you meet is\nsimply not decided yet and might not be soon.\n\nまたいつか (used after high school reunions and such.)\n\n> If the opportunity ever arises, let's meet again.\n\nまた今度 (used for people you meet on a daily/weekly basis)\n\n> See you next time!",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 50306 | null | 50309 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50314",
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"body": "I am wondering how I express my feelings about an action that has already\noccurred/been performed.\n\nFor example, how would I state the following:\n\n * I am happy to have returned home.\n * I am sad that I missed the train.\n * I am upset that I finished the apples.\n\nMy best guess for the first example is the following: \n帰った【かえった】ことが嬉しい【うれしい】。\n\nHowever, I am unsure about my usage of こと. If it is correct are there other\nways of writing this kind of sentence that I should be aware of?\n\nI know that の is also used for verb nominalisation but as far as I could find\nonline that would be wrong since the two actions are being performed at\ndifferent points in time, right?",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T01:32:22.493",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"past"
],
"title": "How to express feelings about a performed action?",
"view_count": 376
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, your use of ～た + こと construction is correct. You can express the\nsentiment about an event that happened in the **past** at the moment of\nfeeling.\n\n * 家に帰れ **た［こと／の］** がうれしい。 \n*Equivalent of \"happy that --\" is typically expressed with potential form, especially for the action of yourself.\n * 電車を逃【の】がし **た［こと／の］** が残念だ。\n * りんごを全部食べてしまっ **たこと** にうろたえている。\n\nHowever, the sentiment toward **what has (just) happened** is simply described\nwith the successive function of te-form.\n\n * 家に帰れ **て** うれしい。\n * 電車を逃がし（てしまっ） **て** 残念だ。\n * りんごを全部食べてしまっ **て** うろたえている。",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T03:15:57.677",
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{
"body": "> How to express feelings about a performed action?\n>\n> I am happy to have returned home. \n> I am sad that I missed the train. \n> I am upset that I finished the apples.\n\n帰ったことが嬉しい is not wrong, but we don't really say it.\n\nI think what you are looking for is ～ **して** よかった, or ～ **できて** うれしい. \nThis is the way we say it.\n\n帰れて良かった, literally saying \"It's good that I've been able to have come back.\"\n\n電車に乗り遅れて悲しい。乗れなくて残念。It seems it's always natural to say ～して悲しい, ～してがっかり,\n～できなくて残念。\n\n食べてしまって自分が腹立たしい。 \nmm.. more realistically, it might be 食べてしまった。悲しい。",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T03:22:56.233",
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| 50312 | 50314 | 50314 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50321",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Why in this image ノ is written in katakana and not in hiragana? [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/loeP8.png)",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-12T07:07:04.307",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 16,
"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "Why is this written in katakana instead of hiragana?",
"view_count": 4818
} | [
{
"body": "の in traditional proper nouns are commonly written in katakana.\n\n * [壇ノ浦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura)\n * [三ノ宮駅](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannomiya_Station_\\(JR_West\\))\n * [鬼ノ城](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_castle)\n * [沖ノ鳥島](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinotorishima)\n\nPractically, this can help people notice that this の is part of the proper\nnoun and not the ordinary particle.\n\nHistorically, hiragana were not much preferred in proper nouns and official\ndocuments anyway. Meiji Constitution published in 1889 looked [like\nthis](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95#/media/File:Meiji_Kenpo02.jpg).\n(See: [Orthography at the turn of the previous\ncentury](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14848/5010)) There were many\n[katakana-only person names](http://en.rocketnews24.com/2013/09/19/why-old-\njapanese-women-have-names-in-katakana/) and place names in the old days. For\nthe same reason, I would hardly expect hiragana in nameplates of real temples.\nAlthough this 火ノ寺 seems to be the name of a fictional temple, I can say this ノ\nadds an old and authentic look to the name.",
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{
"body": "It is a very difficult question even for Japanese.\n\nI couldn't guess the reasonable reason why it was written as \"火ノ寺\" specially\ninstead of the ordinary way as \"火の寺\", though の and ノ are interchangeable as is\nsaid in Tetsuya Yamamoto's comment for your question.\n\nSo at first, I thought that someone wrote it merely a choice to made their\nwork stand out from other similar works; I know this is not a smart answer.\n\nNext I searched for \"火ノ寺\" on the Internet.\n[Here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Naruto_characters#Asuma_Sarutobi)\nand\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARUTO_-%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88-%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)\nit was.\n\nIt turned out to be a proper noun appeared in _The Naruto_ (Japanese: ナルト)\n_manga_ and anime series that is a genre of _ninja_. In addition, there were\nother similar expressions using ノ instead of の like \"木ノ葉 _Ko-no-ha_ \" and\n\"木ノ葉丸 _Ko-no-ha Maru_ \", they were all proper nouns.\n\nIt happens that in naruto's answer there is a reasonable explanation that ノ\nare often used in traditional proper nouns, and I think it is a pretty\npromising answer. However, I considered the reason further.\n\nIf you are interested in knowing about _ninja_ and know it well, I think that\nyou know to call a **woman _ninja_** \" **くノ一** **_ku-no-ichi_** \". When you\nbreak down a _kanji_ character \"女\" into strokes, it will become \"く, ノ and 一\n_ku_ , _no_ and _ichi_ \".\n\nI would like to think that ノ in \"くノ一\" inspired the author who considered the\nproper nouns in his _managa_ like \"火ノ寺 _Hi-no-tera_ \", \"木ノ葉 _Ko-no-ha_ \" and\n\"木ノ葉丸 _Ko-no-ha Maru_ \".",
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| 50317 | 50321 | 50321 |
{
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"body": "For more context, see the full text here:\n<https://www.docdroid.net/RdEh6ZK/img-20170712-0001-new.pdf>\n\nTaken from line 3: すると、一人の男が「そんな物、怖がって **どうするんだ** 。...」といばった。\n\nOn jisho, どうする translates into \"what to do about it\"\n<http://jisho.org/search/dousuru> I feel rather unsure about the\nimplementation of this meaning here. I'd translate the sentence like this:\n\n\"Hereupon, one of the men bragged: \"Such things, being afraid what to do about\nit?...\"\n\nI think this phrase goes in the direction of \"Such things, why bother with\nbeing afraid?\" or \"such things, what do you do about feeling afraid\". The\nlatter would imply a question about what they do to cope with it. I would say\nthat the first of the two interpretations is probably more fitting here, but\nas I said, I don't really know what to do with this どうする here.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"set-phrases",
"rhetorical-questions"
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"title": "How does どうするんだ function here?",
"view_count": 1629
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{
"body": "The guy is basically bragging that he is not scared of that \"thing\", and in a\nway mock everyone who is scared.\n\nThe どうする might not be easy to understand. It technically means,\n\n> \"what you gonna do about it\",\n\nbut the meaning is more something like,\n\n> \"how can you keep on going(living your life etc...) if you can't handle\n> this\". \n> \"What are you gonna do if you can't even handle that\". \n> \"If you can't manage that much, there is nothing you can do(you are doomed\n> to failure/mediocrity)\"\n\nAnother easy way to understand might be to see it like this.\n\n> Oh no what shall we do!",
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"body": "It's a rhetorical question (修辞疑問文/反語表現). It's a question in form, but\npractically serves as an emphatic statement, with no answer or reply expected.\n\n「～～して/でどうする(んだ)？」 as a rhetorical question emphatically asserts 「～～しても意味がない」\n\"There's no point...\", 「～～する必要はない」 \"There's no need to...\", or 「～～するな」\n\"Don't...\" etc., depending on the context.\n\n> そんな物、怖がって **どうするんだ** 。\n\ncan mean/imply \"There's no point feeling scared of such a thing\"\n「そんなものを怖がっても意味がない」, \"There's no need to be scared of such a thing\"\n「そんなものを怖がる必要はない」, etc.\n\nExamples:\n\n> * そんな[意気地]{いくじ}のないことで **どうする** \n> Don't be so wet! (from Weblio例文辞典)\n> * そんな[狭]{せま}い[了簡]{りょうけん}で **どうする** \n> Have done with such a narrow view! (from Weblio例文辞典)\n> * [靴]{くつ}なんか持って **どうすんのさ** ！靴下も！ \n> Come on just leave your shoes and socks! (from \"Spirited Away\")\n>",
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{
"body": "# 日本語\n\n> そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ\n\n質問者も出典を明らかにしておりますが、これは、古典落語の有名な演目の一つである「[まんじゅうこわい](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%93%E3%81%98%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%82%8F%E3%81%84)」の中にでてくるセリフです。\n\n> **【編集による追記】** \n>\n> 「怖がる」という行為と、怖がる対象である「そんな物」との関係は相対的である。相対的な関係であるので、「行為」と「対象物」とのいずれか片方だけ大きさあるいは程度を変えるか、両者ともに大きさを変えて「どうするんだ」との意見を述べることが可能である。 \n>\n> 先に考えた「例示外挿法」と「不用物例示法」の２つに分ける方法は、対象物に着眼した考え方であるが、行為、ここでは「怖がる」という行為の正当性のみに判断の視点を移して「どうするんだ」と意見を述べることもでき、この場合は上記の２つの分類が「そういう行為（怖がるという行為）をすることが正当であるための条件を問う」という視点に統合できることが分かる。\n>\n> ここで、行為の正当性の条件を問うことを基準に考える統合型を新たに加えるために、前の回答を編集する。\n>\n>\n> なお、他人の行動を見てなんらかの判断する場合にも、判断する人の性格により、対象となる事象を中心に物事を見るタイプの人と、人の行動には一定の規範があるという前提で物事を見るタイプの人（「べきである」という考え方の人）がいるので、どちらの見方が正しいとは言えない。結果として、「そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ」いう意味も視点を変えると自ずと解釈（行間に含まれる発言者の意図）が異なる。\n\n質問者の挙げた例題、またChocolateさんが回答の中で挙げた例題をよく見ると、「～して（または\n～で）どうする」という表現の用法または意味は１つではなく、次のように大きく２つに分類できることが分かります。\n\nグループ１\n\n例示されている事象・事物は、行動を引き起こす条件である。\n\n * そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ。\n * そんな意気地のないことでどうする。\n * そんな狭い了簡でどうする。\n * そんなところで躓（つまづ）いてどうする。\n\nグループ２\n\n例示されている事象・事物は、行動の対象物である。\n\n * 靴なんか持ってどうすんのさ！\n * 【地震の揺れが収まった屋外での会話】枕なんか持ち出してどうするんだ。\n\nいずれも対象者の行動を非難するか揶揄（やゆ）していますが、揶揄した理由がグループ１では、「対象者がとった行動がそれをするのに値しない対象物に対してであったので、今は目の前にないが、本当にその行動をするのに値する対象物が現れたときに、対象者に対してそのときは『どうするのだ』と言い、こんな程度の低いものに対して今からそんな行動をとっていては早すぎるし、先が思いやられるね」というような意味合いです。 \nいい表現方法がないので、私は「 **例示外挿法** 」とでも便宜的に呼びます。 質問者が提示した「そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ」はこのグループに入ります。\n\n> **外挿** （がいそう、英: **extrapolation** 、 **補外**\n> とも言う）とは、簡単な日本語がありませんが、ある既知の数値データを基にして、そのデータの範囲の外側で予想される数値を求めること。\n> またその手法を外挿法（補外法）といいます。\n\n一方グループ２は、「対象者がとった行動そのものがそれをするのに値しない、あるいは役に立たないことを揶揄しており、例示外挿法と違って、その値しない行動そのものに対して「どうするんだ」と言っております。」「例示外挿法」に対して「\n**不用物例示法** 」とでも呼びたいと思います。\n\nいずれも、対象者の現在取った行動に対しての評価ですが、評価尺度の基準は話者の基準あるいは、対象者、話者を含めた会話が成り立っている環境でのものですが、対象者の成熟度によって基準は変わります。\n\n例えばアルピニストが十分な装備をしてこれから出発しようというときに、家の前の縁石に躓（つまづ）いて転びそうになったら、「\nそんなところで躓（つまづ）いてどうする。」となります。\nこれは、「こらから険しい岩山を踏破しようとする人が、そんな低い縁石で躓いていたら、本当の岩山に遭遇したらどうするのだ」という意味を含んでおります。「どうする」は縁石から外挿した転んでも致し方のない険しい岩山を想定しての表現です。\n\n一方、よちよち歩きの幼児が同じ縁石に躓いて転んだ光景では、縁石の高さ（険しさ）がその幼児が転んでも正当化される基準を満たしておりますので、「\nそんなところで躓（つまづ）いてどうする」という表現は使えません。\n\nグループ２の例文を見ますと、現在の事象を外挿することなく、事象そのものに対する対象者の行動が「意味がない」「役立たない」と揶揄されていることが、グループ１と比較すると明瞭でしょう。\n\n「靴なんか持ってどうすんのさ！」は、「なんの役にも立たない靴なんか持って何に使うつもり？」と言う意味であり、「枕なんか持ち出してどうするんだ。」は、「家の権利書や貯金通帳ならわかるが、一銭の値打ちもない枕なんかを持ち出して何をしようとしているの（あるいは、何の役に立てようとしているの）？」というような意味です。\n\n最初の質問にある「そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ。」は、「 **そんな** （しょうがない/つまらない） **物** （を） **、怖がって**\n（いては、本当に怖いものが来たときは） **どうするんだ** 」という意味で「そんな」から「本当に怖いもの」を外挿しております。\n\n「そんな意気地のないことでどうする。」は、「日本を背負って立つと宣言したお前が、一人で行くのは怖いよと言っているようでは、お前の宣言するような大事な局面を前にしたらお前はどう行動するつもりだ」と窘（たしな）めており、目の前の少しは怖いかもしれない事象から誰もが怖気（おじけ）づくような「大事」を外挿しております。\n\n「そんな狭い了簡でどうする。」は、外挿で想像できるものは誰もが認める高僧や聖人のような寛大な人あるいはその人の慈悲に満ちた寛大な行動ですが、それを目指している駆け出しの修行者が我が子のちょとしたいたずらを顔を真っ赤にして怒っている現実の振る舞いを見た先輩修行者から発せられた言葉のような気もします。\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/myjX0.jpg)\n\n* * *\n\n## 【べき論統合型】\n\n結果として、Chocolateさんの回答にあるrhetorical question (修辞疑問文/反語表現)に近いものかなと思う。\n\n * **そんな物、怖がってどうするんだ。** そんな物つならないものを怖がって何をするつもりだ。それは違うだろう。怖がる **べき** ものは（怖がっても正当化できる（致し方のない）ものは）、もっと違うもの（怖いもの）だろう。\n\n * **そんな意気地のないことでどうする。** （こんなちっぽけな局面で）そんな意気地のない行動をとってどうするつもりだ。それは違うだろう。意気地のない行動をとる **べき** ものは（意気地のない行動をとっても正当化できる（致し方のない）ものは）、もっと違う局面（大事な局面）だろう。\n\n * **そんな狭い了簡でどうする。** そんな狭い了簡でどうするつもりだ。それは違うだろう。狭い了簡である **べき** ものは（狭い了簡と言われても正当化できる（致し方のない）ものは）、相手がもっと酷（ひど）い（相手の了簡がもっと狭い）場合ぐらいだろう。 \n\n * **そんなところで躓（つまづ）いてどうする。** そんな（簡単な）ところで躓（つまづ）いてどうするつもりだ。それは違うだろう。躓（つまづ）く **べき** ものは（躓いても正当化できる（致し方のない）ものは）、もっと違うところ（もっと険しいところ、もっと段差のあるところ）だろう。 \n\n * **靴なんか持ってどうすんのさ！** 靴なんか（役立たないもの）を持ってどうすんのか。それは違うだろう。持つ **べき** ものは（持っても正当化できる（咎（とが）められないものは）、もっと違うもの（役立つもの、価値のあるもの）だろう。\n\n * **【地震の揺れが収まった屋外での会話】枕なんか持ち出してどうするんだ。** 枕なんか持ち出してどうするのだ。それは違うだろう。持ち出す **べき** ものは（持ち出しても正当化できるものは）、もっと別のもの（家の権利証や貯金通帳のような値打ちのあるもの）だろう。\n\n# English\n\n> **そんな 物、 怖がって どうするんだ**\n\n有名な落語のセリフですね。 \n_It is a line of a famous Rakugo, isn't it?_\n\n> **そんな** （しょうがない/つまらない） **物** （を） **、怖がって** （いては、本当に怖いものが来たときは） **どうするんだ** \n> _What are you gonna do, what if really scary things come to you who is\n> scared of such a trivial thing like that?_\n\nThe lines continue as follows:\n\n俺が本当に怖いのは、饅頭｛まんじゅう｝だよ。 \n_What I am really scared of is a manju._\n\n俺を本当に怖がらせたいのなら、饅頭をもって来い。 \n_Bring me a manju if you wanna make me really scared._\n\n**Manju** is a Japanese steamed bun with a bean‐jam filling; It is very\ndelicious.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/myjX0.jpg)",
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| 50318 | 50319 | 50320 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I would like to understand the meaning of the first part of this sentence, I\nget parts but not the whole thing.\n\n> このままだと自分だけじゃなくてこの世界壊れるだろう。\n\nI get that この世界壊れるだろう means this world will break.\n\nI think まま means as it is, so このまま is something like \"as this is\". I don't\nreally know about だと, I assume だ is です and と connects is to the other part of\nthe sentence. 自分だけ means only oneself but I'm confused about じゃなくて, is this\nlike じゃない but for some reason conjugated with くて at the end? How does that\nchange the meaning of じゃない?\n\nI think it means something like \"as this is the world will break\" but I don't\nreally know how と自分だけじゃなくて works here.",
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"tags": [
"translation",
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"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "このままだと自分だけじゃなくてこの世界壊れるだろう",
"view_count": 534
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{
"body": "I believe either が or も is missing after 世界. If you're sure you've copied this\nsentence correctly, perhaps it's a simple typo in the original text.\n\n> このままだと自分だけじゃなくてこの世界 **も** 壊れるだろう。 \n> If this goes on, not only me but also this world will break.\n\n * **このままだと** : \"If this goes on...\", \"At this rate...\", \"If nothing is done...\" \n * このまま: \"the same state as this/now\". See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/48381/5010).\n * だ: \"is\" (copula)\n * と: conditional と. \"when\", \"if\". See [this](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals).\n * **自分だけ** : \"only me\"\n * **AじゃなくてB** ≒ AではなくてB: \"not A but B\" \n * じゃ is colloquialism for では.\n * なくて is the te-form of ない. You can also use the ku-form (なく) here.\n * **AだけじゃなくてB** ≒ AだけではなくてB ≒ AだけでなくB: \"not only A but also B\". See [this](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-jlpt-n2-grammar-%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F-dake-de-naku/) and [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/8280/5010).\n * **も** : \"also\"\n * **壊れるだろう** : \"... will break\". Note that 壊れる is an intransitive verb and never takes を. The transitive version is 壊す.\n\nSo let's get used to this \"not (only) A but (also) B\" pattern, which is very\nuseful and important!",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-12T17:09:38.070",
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"body": "You are really close, so lets try to break it down for you.\n\nHere's your sentence:\n\n> このままだと自分だけじゃなくてこの世界壊れるだろう。\n\nI'm going to break it down from left to right.\n\n**このままだと:** このまま translates to `in this state,` so good job on the translation\nhere. だ is the plain form です、so you're correct here. The と、however, is where\nour translations will differ. This と is actually translated to `if,` ([see\nthis link](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals)) so this\nphrase translates to something to the effect of `if this is the current\nstate.`\n\n**自分だけじゃなくて:** The main grammar here is found at the end, `じゃなくて.` You're\nright to say that this is a conjugation of じゃない. When ending a verb (to be in\nthis case) with a 〜て, you give the impression that there is more to the\nsentence. For sake of simplicity, lets just describe this as an compound\nparticle (and/but in particular). Really, you're creating a compound sentence.\n([see this link](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/compound)) This\nphrase will be something to the effect of `not just me, but`\n\n**世界も壊れるだろう:** (notice the addition of も) This is as you translated, so I\nwon't beat a dead horse. `The whole would would break also.` The also in this\nsentence comes from も。\n\nSo, lets translate the sentence as a whole.\n\n> If this is the current state, not just me, but the whole world will break\n> also.\n\n(I realize @Naruto already posted a great answer, but I figured I'd finish my\nanswer anyway since I was already really close.)",
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"body": "I encountered the following as I was reading chapter 29 of the manga\n**かぐや様は告らせたい** (images of the section are linked below if it matters). The\nlines are stated by a very cynical, depressive type character who has a\nirrational and jealous hatred toward members of sports clubs.\n\n> あぁほんと・・・\n>\n> 全員 死なねー\n>\n> かな・・・・\n\nI would have translated this to something like: **Yeah, really...I wonder if\nthey're all not dead..**\n\nNow, I sincerely doubted that that was correct since it didn't make any sense\nat all so I consulted the fan translation:\n\n> Yeah... Maybe... They should all just die...\n\nThis translation makes more sense to me and I assume it is a valid\ntranslation.\n\n**Could someone please explain the grammar (although I'm certain there is some\nslang involved) that caused 死なねー (死なない presumably) to be given a positive\nmeaning?**\n\n[Japanese panel](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xHq5H.jpg) \n[English panel](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1e5WK.png)",
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"tags": [
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"translation",
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"title": "～ないかな (Negative Verb Form with Positive Translation)",
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{
"body": "This ねー is ない as you've correctly guessed. かな is [usually \"I wonder\n～\"](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=kana), but (ない)かな often\nexpresses one's _wish_. 全員死なねーかな means \"I wish they all die.\"\n\n> ### [かな](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/43373/meaning/m0u/)\n>\n> ３ （「ないかな」の形で） **願望** の意を表す。「だれか代わりに行ってくれないかな」「早く夜が明けないかな」\n\nThis translates to a positive English sentence because ～ないかな is essentially a\nrhetorical question like \"Why not ～?\". You can choose whichever fits better in\nthe context, between \"I wish ～\" or \"I wonder (if) ～\". See [this related\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4045/5010), too.\n\nSome more examples:\n\n> * 空を飛べないかな。\n> * どこかに1億円落ちてないかな。\n> * はやくクリスマスが来ないかな。\n>",
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"body": "Sorry, I discord about the wish. It's not an resolute wish. It's more like \"if\npossible, it would be great\"\n\nThere are 2 meanings for this construction ～ないかな, \"I think ... not ...\"\n(negative opinion) and \"I wonder...\" (desire) \nIt also depends on the construction before:\n\n * 私、空を飛べないかな \nI wonder if I can fly\n\n * 私は、空は飛べないかな \nI think I can't fly",
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"body": "> 部屋の外にも結構エクソの気配があるが……大半が死に損ないだなこりゃ。\n\nWith my best attempts I arrived at the following translation:\n\n> There are considerable signs of Exos outside the room too…but most of\n> them(?) have escaped death.\n\nWhilst the \"escaping death\" part makes sense in the context (context here is\nan \"エクソ\" waking up in a strange hospital room after a battle and saying the\nabove sentence whilst looking around the unfamiliar room) I don't understand\nthe need for the conjunction (が) the way I interpreted the sentence in my\nhead.\n\nI mean, to me if the sentence was actually \"There are considerable signs of\nExos outside the room too… most of them have escaped death.\" With no が/but it\nwould make sense to me.",
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"title": "部屋の外にも結構エクソの気配があるが……大半が死に損ないだなこりゃ",
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"body": "You have _parsed_ this sentence perfectly; that が after ある is \"but\". What\nactually confused you is the connotation of the noun 死に損ない.\n\nAs an auxiliary verb, [`masu-stem +\n損なう`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/34160/5010) means \"to fail to ～\".\nFor example \"電車に乗り損なう\" means \"to fail to get on the train\". Literally, 死に損ない\nis closer to \"someone who failed to die\" rather than \"someone who escaped\ndeath\" or \"survivor\" in the positive sense. In other words, 死に損ない refers to a\nuseless person who should've died long before, or someone who has lived too\nlong. Naturally, it's a derogatory term like \"dotard\".\n\nIn this context, 大半が死に損ないだ means \"most of them are already half-dead\"\n(presumably due to the battle). 結構エクソの気配がある is a bad thing to him, but\n大半が死にぞこないだ seems to be good news to him -- since perhaps he's trying to escape\nfrom the room. That's why the two clauses are connected using the が.",
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"body": "The following sentence was spoken by a poor black man (American) who has\nexperienced racism his entire life and is fed up to the teeth about it.\n\n> この国じゃ、肌が黒いってだけで、自由に呼吸することも、歩き回ることもできねぇ\n\nParsing the sentence:\n\n> この国じゃ = In this country\n>\n> 肌が黒いってだけで = only if (your) skin is black\n>\n> 自由に呼吸することも、歩き回ることもできねぇ = (you are) not (?) able to breathe freely and walk\n> around.\n\nIs it correct to translate this as: In this country, if your skin is black,\nyou can’t walk around or breathe freely.\n\nSpecifically:\n\n 1. Is ね a negative particle here (shortened from ない) – or does the sentence mean something else entirely? If yes, how do you tell?\n\n 2. Does ことも have the same meaning as explained in the answer here: [Combination of verb + ことも](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/41955/combination-of-verb-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82)",
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"title": "Is the ね here a negative particle?",
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"body": "> 1. Is ねぇ a negative particle here (shortened from ない) – or does the\n> sentence mean something else entirely? If yes, how do you tell?\n>\n\nFirst, notice that I made a small change to your question (added ぇ). You are\ncorrect to understand this as a negative. This happens a lot, especially in\nanime. The first thing that comes to mind is Goku, in Dragon Ball Z. He uses\nthis form a lot.\n\nThere's a bigger picture here, and it happens with adjectives that end with い。\nAs an example, I'll use すごい and やばい。\n\n> すごい！ー＞ すげぇ！\n>\n> やばい！ー＞ やべぇ！\n\nYou'll notice that it's the same formation with ない as well.\n\nOccasionally, this structure is used because there is more feeling behind what\nis being said. In other words, you're showing more emotion. Imagine that\nyou're going on vacation to a dangerous place. Not knowing the severity, a\ngood response from a friend would be `やばい,` but if you said you were going to\nNorth Korea, you would get `やべぇ` as a response.\n\nUsing this structure to show more emotion isn't always the case, as some\npeople just use it to be super casual too. Like I said before Goku in Dragon\nBall Z is a good example of this, especially when he's talking to his wife or\nKame-san.\n\nKeep in mind that _this is considered slang_ , so I would recommend not using\nthis conjugation in formal situations. You can use it with your friends, or in\ninformal environments without offending people, or sounding too casual.\n\nSee this [answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/41414/22352) for more\ninformation about this structure and its formation.\n\n> How do you tell?\n\nIt's quite easy actually. ない becomes ねぇ or ねー, and the rest of the verb\nconjugation is the exact same.\n\n* * *\n\n> 2. Does ことも have the same meaning as explained in the answer here:\n> [Combination of verb +\n> ことも](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/41955/combination-of-\n> verb-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82)\n>\n\nYes, with one small difference\n\nこと in the question is the noun form. It is literally translated as things. こと\nin this case is a nominalizer. It turns 'verb', to 'the thing of verbing'. For\nexample:\n\n> 歩く (to walk)\n>\n> 歩くこと (the thing of walking)(this is a noun)\n\nThis difference in こと, however does not change how も affects the sentence.\n\nも in this case is just as explained in that answer. To quote the author of\nthat answer: `The 「も」 simply suggests that there are other things (besides\nwhat the listener wants to know**) that the speaker will be\nexplaining/teaching for the listener later on.`\n\n**I would also add that in this case, this includes things that have not been\nlisted yet. In short, we have non-exhaustive list here.\n\n* * *\n\nFinally, I'll end with a translation (you pretty much had it.)\n\n> この国じゃ、肌が黒いってだけで、自由に呼吸することも、歩き回ることもできねぇ\n>\n> In this country, you are not free to do breathe, walk around, etcetera, just\n> because your skin is black.\n\n**Note:** `... you are not free to ...` should literally be translated to `...\nyou cannot freely ...` I changed it to be more natural in English.",
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"body": "Siri asked to set a timer responds with:\n\n> １分セットしました。そわそわしてしまいます。\n\n 1. Is the latter part correct (I assume so)?\n\n 2. If it means \"I'm all nervous\" (I guess the English counterpart is \"Ok, it's set. And the suspense is killing me\") -- why isn't it simply そわそわしています?\n\n 3. My dictionary of grammar lists two usages of てしまう: (1) to express regret; (2) to express doing something to the end -- the latter is explicitly mentioned to be possible in future tense, but the example given is to complete a certain action before another one starts (先に食事をしてしまってください).\n\nHow is てしまう used here? It's a state + しまう. Are there more examples of this\nusage (maybe I'm missing some common form which I did not pay attention to\nwhen spoken by humans)?",
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"title": "Siri says そわそわしてしまいます",
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"body": "> Siri asked to set a timer responds with:\n>\n\n>> １分セットしました。そわそわしてしまいます。\n\n>\n> Is the latter part correct (I assume so)? \n> (......) why isn't it simply そわそわしています?\n\nWithout further context, そわそわします is the natural expression. We need more\ncontext to know the need to say してしまう. However, it's subjective. It's the\nmatter of what the speaker feels.\n\nYou can think of てしまう as て終{しま}う. It's about completion/perfect aspect.\nBecause of this sense of completion, it's also used to express a feeling of\nregret. In Japanese, we use tense forms regardless of time; we don't\ndifferentiate verb forms depending on past, present, or future, but rather if\nit's completed or not. We differentiate tense by other expressions or by the\ncontext. So, you can use てしまう for a future event as well.",
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"body": "1. Yes, it's correct.\n\n 2. そわそわしてしまいます sounds more natural than そわそわしています here; the latter is like just describing your state rather objectively (\"I'm being restless\" -- or, it could also sound like \"I look restless\"), whereas the former is more like \"I can't help feeling restless (because of that).\" \"It makes me feel restless (regardless of whether I like it or not).\" \n\n 3. I think ～ています or ～ちゃう has a few more meanings. The ～てしまう here means \"can't help ~~ing.\" \n\nAn example from Shogakukan's Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary:\n\n> 今日結果がわかると思うと **そわそわしてしまう** 。 \n> I _can't help being on tenterhooks_ when I think that I'll find out the\n> results today.\n\nThe dictionary also gives \"restless\", \"fidgety\", and \"in a state of nervous\nexcitement\" as translations of そわそわ.\n\nA few examples of this てしまう:\n\n> * イライラしてしまいます。 I can't help feeling irritated.\n> * ～～と思ってしまいます。 I can't help but think...\n>",
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"body": "> そわそわしてしまいます。 Is the latter part correct (I assume so)?\n\n質問の意味が「Siriの応答をあなたが正しく聞き取ったのか」なら、たぶん正しく聞き取ったでしょう。\n「Siriの応答は正しいか」なら、Siriの設計者に聞いてみなければわからない。しかし、十分あり得ます。一般に「そわそわする」とは、\n**慣れないこと、あるいは自信のないことに対して落ち着かない様子**\nを表します。ここで、Siri設計者がこの表現を使ったのは、通常ならタイマーはもっと長い時間（数十分とか数時間とか）を設定するのに、この度は１分という短い時間なので、誤差を入れると、「１分経過を正確に伝えられるか、緊張するなぁ」という人間っぽい気持ちを表現したかったからだと想像します。しかし、これではSiri側の気持ちは表せますが、Siriにタイマーをセットした人には、本当に大丈夫かなという不安が残ります。たぶん私なら、「お任｛まか｝せください。でも緊張するなぁ。」とでも応答するように設計するでしょう。\n\n> If it means \"I'm all nervous\" (I guess the English counterpart is \"Ok, it's\n> set. And the suspense is killing me\") -- why isn't it simply そわそわしています?\n\n「そわそわしています」は現在進行形だが、Siriの応答は「１分経過を正確に伝えられるか、緊張するなぁ」という「ちょっと困った状態に **なった**\n」ことを表現したいので、「しています」ではなく「してしまう」を使っている。辞書の説明にある(1) to express regretに近いが、\"It is\na bit embarrassing that I got into such a state\"というような意味かと思います。決して(2) to\nexpress doing something to the endではありません。\n\n> How is てしまう used here? It's a state + しまう. Are there more examples of this\n> usage ;\n\n「困ったなぁ」という状況 It is a bit embarrassing that I got into such a state\nに近い表現の例としては、\n\nそんなに見つめられると、\n\n * 恥ずかしくなってしまいます。\n * 困ってしまいます。\n * 恥ずかしいので、黙ってしまいます。\n * 恥ずかしいので、うつむいてしまいます。",
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"body": "I am trying to complete my understanding of adjectives, and I came across this\nexample phrase from the wasabi-jpn guide:\n\n髪がきれいな女性 - A woman with beautiful hair.\n\nI would have thought this would mean something like \"as for the hair,\nbeautiful woman\" since the きれいな女性 part acts as one unit connected by the な\nmeaning 'beautiful woman', and then the 髪 acts as the focus of the clause\nsince it's got the が marker.\n\nI'm not sure what I should be searching for/reading up on to understand this\nbetter, and the related questions all seem to be constructed slightly\ndifferently, so any help would be appreciated.",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Understanding adjectives with noun phrase eg 髪がきれいな女性",
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"body": "> 髪がきれいな女性 - A woman with beautiful hair.\n\nI feel this translation is good.\n\n> \"as for the hair, beautiful woman\"\n\nThis might be 髪は、きれいな女性.\n\nBoth は and が indicate the topic/theme of the predicate/verb, but while は is\nmore for the whole sentence, が is good for modifiers.\n\n> 髪がきれいな女性\n\nFor us native speakers, it's the same as 髪 **の** きれいな女性. \nIt works with が because of the same reason that an adjective completes a\npredicate: あの人は髪 **が きれい** ; きれいな takes が to indicate the subject. So, it's\nparsed this way:\n\n> ［髪がきれいな］女性 ＝ ［髪のきれいな］女性\n\nSo, grammatically, it's closer to _A woman whose hair is beautiful._",
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"body": "I was reading a passage from a novel and this exchange between two characters\ncame up;\n\n> Character\n> A「もうほっといてもいいのに、レミーって時々ゆーじよーとか大事にするよねぇ？それとさ、部隊の残党を助けてるのって、半分は手駒にする為じゃなくって、あの療養所の人達への恩返しだったりしちゃうー？」\n>\n> Character B ( aka レミー)「知らねーな。足手纏いになりそうな奴らをあの連中に押しつけてるだけだ」\n\nI think I have a general idea of what they're saying: A seems to be lightly\nteasing B saying B considers friendship as something important despite telling\npeople to back off (もうほっといてもいいのに) and that they're gathering some of the 部隊\nsurvivors as a repayment (in good will?) to the people in an infirmary.\n\nBut the 奴らをあの連中 part is in B's dialogue is particularly confusing. \"I don't\ncare. Those guys who are likely to be an obstacle をあの連中に押しつけてる\" I'm at a total\nloss as to how exactly one would parse this. I would simply expect a verb to\nfollow the を and not something like あの連中, so I would like someone to explain\nhow B's dialogue would be constructed into a sentence in English and why あの連中\nimmediately follows the を in this sentence.",
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"tags": [
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"syntax",
"parsing"
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"title": "Confused by \"~奴らをあの連中~\" in this sentence",
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{
"body": "You're halfway to the right answer when you say you'd expect a verb to follow\nを. The thing is that the verb is there, it's just being modified first:\n\n> {あの連中に}押してつけてる = \"pressing on that group (or lot/gang) of people\"\n\nFor completion's sake, I might look at this sentence to mean:\n\n> 足手纏いになりそうな奴らをあの連中に押しつけてるだけだ \n> All they are doing is being burdensome by pushing the lot of them.\n\nEDIT: This newer translation might flow better in terms of meaning.",
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"body": "I can't give you a thorough explanation, but I will try to break it down for\nyou. You would parse this sentence like this:\n\n> 足手纏いになりそうな奴らを / あの連中に / 押しつけてるだけだ\n\nTo make it easier for you to understand, you can rearrange this like the\nfollowing:\n\n> あの連中に / 足手纏いになりそうな奴らを / 押しつけてるだけだ\n\nI would need more context to be sure of the meaning, but from what you have\nprovided, I assume they are delivering the survivors to the infirmary? Also, I\ncouldn't tell if you knew what 押しつける means by your question, so I'll go ahead\nand explain that as well.\n\n> 知らねーな: While 知らない can mean \"I don't care\", here it's a little more natural-\n> sounding to localize it to \"Whatever\" or \"Like it matters\". \n> 足手纏いになりそうな奴ら: 足手纏いに / なりそうな / 奴ら = burden / likely to become / people =\n> people who are likely to become a burden あの連中に: to that group \n> 押しつけてるだけだ: 押しつけてる / だけ / だ = push onto / only / (copula) = (someone) is\n> just pushing (something) onto\n\nPutting the sentence together, (someone) is pushing 足手纏いになりそうな奴ら onto あの連中.\n(someone1) is pushing [people who are likely to be a burden] onto [that\ngroup]. By context (since this is his response to A's remark), I gather that\nthe someone1 = B.\n\nAnd to sum it up into a localized version:\n\n> Whatever. All I'm doing is forcing those who'll just drag me down onto those\n> guys.\n\nOr with more literary freedom:\n\n> Whatever. All I'm doing is unloading extra baggage onto them.\n\nThis sentence structure cannot be recreated in English due to the nature of\nEnglish sentence structures. The case markers に and を show the roles of the\nnouns, so it is possible to swap their order without changing the meaning of\nthe sentence. The reason why あの連中に is placed later is to put more stress on\n足手纏いになりそうな奴ら; that is the focus of the sentence, as opposed to あの連中. B wants\nto make it clear to A that these survivors are just extra baggage to him.",
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"body": "I was just wondering if anything like the english expression \"sth is love, sth\nis life\" exists in japanese.\n\nPreferably as close as it gets to the english wording.\n\n* * *\n\n**Edit** It seems like my question wasn't clear enough so i'm going to try and\nclarify with an example:\n\nSome people say for example \"Stackoverflow is love, stackoverflow is life\" to\nexpress how much they like stackoverflow.",
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"title": "Phrase like \"sth is love sth is life\"",
"view_count": 186
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"body": "This likely will not fit into Japanese culture very well, but a direct\n(literal) translation would be something to the effect of:\n\n> ___は愛｛あい｝であり、命｛いのち｝である。\n\n* * *\n\nLets break it down.\n\n**__** : is the noun in question.\n\n**は** : subject marker\n\n**愛｛あい｝** : Love\n\n**であり** : This is a conjugation of である, a somewhat archaic form of the 'to be'\nverb. The Base II conjugation is for paring with ます、but this conjugation\nwithout ます can also mean that your thought isn't finished, and that there is\nmore to follow.\n\n**命｛いのち｝** : Life\n\n**である** : Plain form to be verb. This is somewhat archaic in nature, so it\ngives this phrase a proverb type feel to it. Honestly, in my opinion である\nsounds much cooler than です。Anyway, I say this is somewhat archaic because である\nis still widely used today in various circumstances. Using it to end a\nsentence, however, is not common. If you were to use it to end a sentence, you\nwould be speaking in an older style, hence the reason it's somewhat archaic.",
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"body": "> Phrase like “sth is love sth is life” \n> \"Stackoverflow is love, stackoverflow is life\"\n\nAs in English, in Japanese also the subject comes first, but the verb comes at\nthe end of the sentence.\n\nWe don't have any space in between words, but each word is connected by a\nparticle.\n\nWhen talking about a general idea, the particle **は** indicates the theme\n(subject) of the sentence, at the same time connects it to the next word.\n\nSo, for example,\n\n> スタック・オーバーフロー **は** 愛{あい}、スタック・オーバーフロー **は** 命{いのち}",
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"body": "Trying to ask `\"Which number president is Donald Trump\"` and then `\"Donald\ntrump is the 45th President of the U.S.\"`\n\nI think the first could be `どちらの大統領はXですか？` but it sounds too simplistic?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-13T22:47:17.600",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "How do I ask and say \"X is the nth president\"",
"view_count": 154
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{
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"body": "Is this a natural combination of phrases when asking for help when you are\nlost somewhere?\n\n> 道に迷ってるんですけど、お手伝いできますか？\n\nMy gut feeling is the \"お手伝いできますか\" part is awkward and sounds like a literal\ntranslation from \"Can you help?\" in English.\n\nWould it be more natural to replace this with \"手伝ってもらえませんか？\"\n\nAlso, I feel the \"お手伝い\" form is typically used when you are helping someone\nelse, as in ”お手伝いしましょうか”. How natural is it to use this form when requesting\nsomeone's help?\n\nUpdate: corrected typo in the original phrase that Chocolate pointed out.",
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"tags": [
"politeness",
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"title": "\"お手伝いできますか？\" used to ask for help",
"view_count": 3902
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{
"body": "お手伝いできますか sounds more like \"Can I help you?\"\n\n手伝ってもらえませんか？ would be fine for asking for help, but in your particular\nsituation I'd go for:\n\n> 道に迷ってるんですけど、ちょっと教えてもらえますか？ \n> 道に迷ったんですけど、ちょっと教えてもらえませんか？ \n> 道に迷ってしまって・・・ちょっと教えてもらってもいいですか？ etc...",
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"body": "手伝う means **_doing_** something to help somebody do something. \nIn Japanese, 教える means not only teach but also **_tell_**.\n\nSo, likewise, when you need a help doing your homework, asking to 手伝う turns\nout to be cheating, and so you usually ask someone to 教える something you have a\nproblem with: 教えてください, 教えてもらえますか, 教えていただけますか, etc.\n\nSo, at work or at home doing house chores, when you ask co-workers or family\nmembers for help, the word is 手伝ってください, 手伝ってくれませんか, or casually 手伝ってね, or in a\nlittle commanding tone with still casual air, suitable to talk to your kids,\n手伝ってちょうだい.",
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"body": "> 先に問いに対する答えを **明確にした方がよりわかりやすい** 回答になると思います。 このお話は、『饅頭こわい』ですか？\n> ([context](https://www.italki.com/notebooks/817607))\n\nI feel a bit unsure about the sentence as a whole, but I struggle the most\nwith the part in bold. I have quite some trouble with 明確にした方. Especially 方\ngives me a headache since I'm a bit clueless on how to meaningfully interpret\nit in context of the phrase it is embedded into. I think I might have seen a\nsimilar construction elsewhere. The fact that it's followed by が and then\ndirectly by より makes the riddle even harder for me. Unless for the case that\nより means \"from\", I only know it in context of comparisons.\n\nIn these contexts it usually doesn't directly succeed the subject marker. It\nshould look more like this: この饅頭はそのチョコレートよりおいしい。=> \"These manju are more\ndelicious than that chocolate.\" (I hope I did this correctly, I'm terrible at\ncomparisons.) It could as well be 方が, as in そうしたほうがいいです. But then the\nfollowing より still irritates me.\n\nMy translation so far looks like this:\n\n> The answer regarding the question before the **made precise manner がより**\n> becomes an easy to understand reply I think. Is this the \"I fear manju\"\n> story?\n\nAs you can see I cant get through that middle section of the sentence. It\ndoesn't even begin to make sense. I might know the 明確にした方 from similar\nstructures like\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/46543/feeling-unsure-\nabout-the-connection-of-the-two-sides-of-the-\ncomma/46547?noredirect=1#comment83264_46547) 「地図は普通、北を上にして掛かれる」",
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"title": "明確にした方がよりわかりやすい",
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"body": "There are two parts in the expression:\n\n> 明確にした方が よりわかりやすい\n\n* * *\n\nLet's start with what you specified you already knew:\n\nThe first one is what you think it is:\n\n> It could as well be 方が, as in そうしたほうがいいです.\n\nそうしたほうが is roughly \"doing it would (be)\" or \"doing it this way would (be)\".\n\nThe second one is also what you think it is:\n\n> It should look more like this: この饅頭はそのチョコレートよりおいしい。=> \"These manju are more\n> delicious than that chocolate.\"\n\nIf you leave only よりおいしい, you have \"more delicious (than)\", \"tastier (than)\".\n\nThe trick here is that より serves two functions: \"than ...\" and \"more ... /\n...-er\". Without the preceding part it still retains the latter (makes the\nadjective comparative).\n\nNow if you combine the two things, you come up with \"doing it this way would\nbe tastier\", which has a strange meaning, but serves the purpose of showing\nthe structure.\n\n* * *\n\nBack to the original example:\n\n～を明確にした方が by analogy to そうしたほうが translates to \"making ... clear would be\"\n\nよりわかりやすい by analogy to よりおいしい translates to \"easier to understand\"\n\nIf you combine the two parts from the phrase in question, you'll end up with:\n\n> making ... clear would be (or \"make it\") easier to understand\n\nWhich still requires some polishing to fit the context, but is already pretty\nunderstandable, isn't it?",
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| 50359 | 50361 | 50361 |
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"body": "I will post an ad about an item for sale. I mention everything about the item\nin English, but at the end of the ad I want to say, \"It's ok to reply in\nJapanese.\"\n\nIs it proper grammar to say \"返信は日本語でも大丈夫です!\" if an ad is posted online and you\nare referring to people responding to the ad?",
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"title": "I want to mention that replying in Japanese is ok",
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{
"body": "**ご返信** は日本語でも大丈夫です！ sounds much better. However, 返信 means an answer to spoken\nor written communication. It is not used to \"answer an ad\" (that would be\n応募する). お問合せ (enquiry, question) is a better call here: お問い合わせは日本語でも大丈夫です!",
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"body": "How proper do you want it to be?\n\nI think it would be understood, but it is a little odd. It feels like you're\nsaying it's okay to send the reply using Japanese.\n\nReferring to the [question on 返信 vs.\n返事](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/17359/word-difference-\nquestion-reply-%E8%BF%94%E4%BA%8B-vs-%E8%BF%94%E4%BF%A1)、 返信 is about a\ncommunication activity, not about the information itself.\n\nI think I'd use a bit of honorific and stick with 返事〜\n\n> 日本語でもご返事していただけます。\n\nBut even that depends on context.\n\n(yabut)\n\nSee this:\n\n<https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1210045367>\n\n「返事していただけます。」 would probably more than polite enough, but, after talking with\nmy daughter, I am convinced that 「返事」 is even more out of place than 「返信」。 If\nI understand this correctly, 「返事」 would be appropriate when you pretty much\nexpect an answer from the reader, as in, say, an on-line-quiz.\n\n(end yabut)\n\n(additional information)\n\nGiven that this is a classified ad, if you are worried that an all-English ad\nwill scare away some potential buyers, Ben's suggestion about 「お問い合わせ」 is\nquite workable. Also, you could simply leave out the implicit verb for\ncontacting and say, 「日本語で大丈夫」 or 「日本語でも、どうぞ。」。\n\nIt may feel a little abrupt, but the Japanese people who are reading your ad\nin English will, on the contrary, feel it a little odd if the last sentence\nonly is in perfect Japanese.\n\n(end additional information)",
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"body": "Yes, it is absolutely proper. (if original word \"reply\" is appropriate for\nyour ads)\n\nFor ads, there is a commercial expression.\n\n> 日本語対応可能です。\n\nBut I like your original sentence :)",
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"body": "I have some confusion I want to clarify. I understand that to combine\nadjectives we need to use で for な adjectives and て form of い adjectives. So\nI'm pretty sure that these sentences below are correct:\n\n> 暖かく **て** おいしいです - It's warm and delicious. \n> きれい **で** 有名な彼女 - A beautiful & popular girl.\n\nWhat I want to clarify is...\n\n 1. I wasn't sure how to combine い and な adjectives together... Can I do this?\n\n> 暖かく **て** きれい **で** 有名な人です - A warm, beautiful and popular person.\n\n 2. Since な adjective is basically a noun, could we use と to combine them?\n\n> あの彼女はきれい **と** 有名です - That girl is beautiful and popular.\n\n 3. I wasn't sure if this is correct:\n\n> 高く **て** おいしくなかったです - It was expensive and didn't taste good.",
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"tags": [
"adjectives"
],
"title": "About combining adjectives",
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"body": "1. Yes, you can combine both types of adjectives like that.\n\n 2. No, you can't. You have to use で.\n\n 3. Yes, that's a correct sentence. When you join two _verbs_ using -て, ない may be applied to the two verbs as a set (see [the discussion here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30515/5010)), depending on the context. I don't think the same thing happens for two _adjectives_. Nevertheless, while this sentence makes sense as-is, I feel it's safer to add a comma after the first adjective.\n\n> 高くて、おいしくなかったです。",
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"body": "Based from the findings:\n\n 1. 暖かくてきれいで有名な人です combines both i-adjectives & na-adjectives. To apply this rule, just think which one is going first (i.e. i-adjective, so that 暖かい becomes 暖かくて).\n\n 2. あの彼女はきれいと有名です is incorrect usage of \"と\" because combining both na-adjectives requires \"te-form\" (picking きれいで and dropping -な at first adjective) instead of \"と\" particle which only used for _nouns and noun phrases_. So then the correct sentence should be あの彼女はきれいで有名です。\n\n 3. 高くておいしくなかったです indeed is a right sentence. The first i-adjective (高い) & second i-adjective (おいしい, using negative past form ーなかった) joined together, requires first adjective to be transformed into ーくて form (i.e. 高くて). This similar construction apply for 面白い, 暑い & other i-adjectives.\n\nHowever there is one exception when combining i-adjectives: いい related suffix\nreplaced with よくて because derived from 良い & following same conjugation with\nit, e.g. かっこいい => かっこよくて.\n\nExample: あの彼女は、お金持ちで、かっこよくて、有名です。 => That girl is rich, handsome & popular.\n\nNB: かっこいい is abbreviated form of two words merged in one: 格好 & いい. On the\nother hand, we know that 嫌い is another exception which this word derived from\n嫌う, and it follows na-adjective rules (嫌いで, not 嫌い + くて).",
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"body": "> 暖かくておいしいです - It's warm and delicious. \n> きれいで有名な彼女 - A beautiful & popular girl.\n\nThese are grammatical. (Just 彼女 is a pronoun for a known girl though.)\n\n> **1.** I wasn't sure how to combine い and な adjective together... Can I do\n> this? \n> **温** かくてきれいで有名な人です - A warm, beautiful and popular person.\n\nIt's grammatical. The Japanese and English versions exactly say the same\nthing.\n\nBut because of the word 有名, I tend to expect it to explain the reason of being\nfamous like 温かくてきれい **なことで有名な人です**. \nAnother example for you: 静かで真面目で落ち着いた人です.\n\n> **2.** Since な adjective is basically a noun, could we use と to combine\n> them? \n> あの彼女はきれいと有名です - That girl is beautiful and popular.\n\nIt's ending up saying \"She is the beauty and fame itself\" because you treated\nthem as nouns. \nI tend to expect it something like these:\n\n> きれい **だと言われています** or きれい **だということで有名です。**\n>\n> 温かい **と言われています** or 安い／おいしい **ということで有名です。**\n\n-\n\n> **3.** I wasn't sure if this is correct \n> 高くておいしくなかったです - It was expensive and didn't taste good\n\nIt's good, but a trick to make it smoother is ありません. \n高くておいしくないです >> 高くておいしくありません。 \n高くておいしくなかったです >> 高くておいしくありませんでした。",
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| 50368 | 50370 | 50370 |
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"body": "I am trying to describe the action of screaming in excitement, kind of like a\nstereotypical fan-girl. But I'm concerned that the translations I'm finding\nare more along the lines of screaming in terror or pain, which is not at all\nthe connotation I want to convey.\n\nSome of the words I've found are:\n\n * 泣【な】き叫ぶ【さけぶ】：to cry and shout; to scream\n * 叫ぶ【さけぶ】：to shout; to cry; to scream; to shriek; to clamor\n * 喚く【わめく】：to shout; to cry; to scream; to shriek; to yell; to exclaim\n\nAlthough these don't seem like happy or excited emotions. The closest I have\nbeen able to find is ブヒる which is apparently manga slang for fan-girl\nsquealing but that sounds more offensive and lesser known than what I'm aiming\nfor. Especially since it's derived from the Japanese \"oink\" sound.\n\nCan the above words be used for excited screaming or am I right in that I\nshould be using different words?\n\nFor clarity, I am trying to describe a person as screaming in excitement.",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "How to describe screaming in a happy/excited sense?",
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{
"body": "> I am trying to describe the action of screaming in excitement, kind of like\n> a stereotypical fan-girl.\n\nI think you are going to have to use an adverbial phrase. \nI don't think 泣き叫ぶ works, but it could be like 歓喜{かんき}のあまり叫{さけ}び声{ごえ}をあげる.\n\nIf it's a little kid I think it's キャッキャッと はしゃぐ／はしゃぎ回{まわ}る*／大{おお}はしゃぎする. It has\na pleasant tone, quite a typical expression though. (*回る for running around\nthe place.)\n\n歓喜{かんき}に喚{わめ}く sounds like more loud and noisy. Typically it's わーわー(と)わめく.",
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"body": "How about:\n\n> 「キャーキャー[言]{い}う」 or 「[黄色]{きいろ}い[歓声]{かんせい}をあげる」\n\nBoth are typically used to mean \"to fangirl\", \"(for fangirls/girls) to\nscream/shriek\" \"(for fangirls/girls) to exclaim in delight / let out a cheer\".",
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"body": "**わいわい** 騒{さわ}ぐ is used for excited cheering/screaming - also, **がやがや**",
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| 50372 | 50380 | 50380 |
{
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"body": "I have embarked on a project of translating a novel I am writing into Japanese\nin parallel with writing it, and one of the hardest parts for me (in\ncontemplation, I haven't really gotten that far) is figuring out **what\npronouns are appropriate** for the various characters I am developing. I was\nwondering whether anyone could give me a rundown on what a person's choice of\nfirst- and second-person pronouns says about them and their relationship with\nthe person they are addressing.\n\nThe setting makes it a bit difficult, because while the main characters are\nhigh school students, the 'fantasy' nature of the work means that primordial\nquasi-deities, hundred-million-year old demons, several-hundred-year old elven\nroyalty and aristocracy, and such are not uncommon. For a very small number of\ncharacters, I have a clear idea of what pronouns they might use, but I don't\nhave enough experience to decide on many others.\n\nThis might be a bit niche, but really I am looking for a guide on archaic and\nmodern Japanese pronouns and the association they have with characters and\nsituations.\n\n(I probably won't go so far as to have dialogue in Classical or dated\nJapanese, but that is a possibility as this project unfolds.)",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"pronouns",
"first-person-pronouns",
"second-person-pronouns"
],
"title": "Pronoun collocations",
"view_count": 343
} | [
{
"body": "> **what pronouns are appropriate** for the various characters I am\n> developing.\n>\n> what a person's choice of first- and second-person pronouns says about them\n> and their relationship with the person they are addressing.\n>\n> the main characters are high school students, the 'fantasy' nature of the\n> work means that primordial quasi-deities, hundred-million-year old demons,\n> several-hundred-year old elven royalty and aristocracy, and such are not\n> uncommon.\n>\n> I am looking for a guide on archaic and modern Japanese pronouns and the\n> association they have with characters and situations.\n\nI've found **[this page](http://mag.japaaan.com/archives/15080)** has a\nconvenient historical chart for first-person, and also Wikipedia talks about\nit more in detail: [**this page for\n一人称**](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E#.E5.A6.BE.EF.BC.88.E3.82.8F.E3.82.89.E3.82.8F.EF.BC.89),\nand **[this page for\n二人称](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E#.E5.8F.A4.E8.AA.9E.E3.83.BB.E5.8F.A4.E9.A2.A8)**.\n\nThe most primitive form for the first-person seems to be あ, but this might\ncause a problem of not being understood by us native speakers. I think for\nyoung characters, われ is good for boys, and わらわ for girls, although われ for both\nboys and girls seems to be more accurate.\n\nIf the high school students you mean they are modern people, then you know\nthat, 僕 or 俺 for boys and 私 for girls.\n\n> primordial quasi-deities, hundred-million-year old demons, several-hundred-\n> year old elven royalty and aristocracy,\n\nFor these... For example, I see that _Kenji Miyazawa_ made an old female snow\ndeity call herself あたし, in [his short-story,\n水仙月の四日](http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000081/files/1930_9724.html) written in\nthe early 20th century.\n\nFor the second-person, they are more likely called by the proper names or the\nnicknames, except adults from the perspective of children; they might use such\nas じじ, ばば to call their grandpa and grandma.",
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"body": "The pronoun associations you're looking for—old men use _washi_ , tomboys use\n_boku_ and so on—are more a trope of fiction than of real life (to an extent,\neven things like \"women's speech\" are more a prescription or ideal than an\naccurate description of real-world speech patterns). Luckily, someone has been\nstudying _exactly_ those tropes: Satoshi Kinsui, who calls it **役割{やくわり}語{ご}**\nor \" **role speech** \". Take a look at this example (from [this Japan\nFoundation\npage](https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/reserch/201302.html)):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AHgLW.png)\n\nCan you connect the characters above to the speech patterns below?:\n\n 1. おれは、この町が大好きだぜ。\n 2. あたしは、この町が大好きなのよ。\n 3. わしは、この町が大好きなんじゃ。\n 4. ぼくは、この町が大好きさ。\n 5. わたくしは、この町が大好きですわ。\n\nIt's not the kind of thing they teach you in Japanese classes, and again, it's\nnot representative of real life; but if you've been reading manga or playing\nvideogames, it will sound incredibly familiar and quite self-evident.\n\nSo I recommend you look for Kinsui's work, starting from\n[wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E8%AA%9E) or [his\nwebsite](http://skinsui.cocolog-nifty.com/sklab/). If you have access to\nJapanese sources, try to get some of the material published on _yakuwari-go_.\nConsulting Kinsui's [〈役割語〉小辞典](http://amzn.asia/2UOMlrP) I can find, for\nexample, that the pronoun _nanji_ :\n\n * Was originally a respectful second-person pronoun.\n * By Heian it was already in use for people of equal or lower standing.\n * After the feudal era, widely used for lower standing.\n * In _Taketori Monogatari_ , used by the Emperor to address the Old Man (he includes the exact quotation).\n * After Meiji, becomes associated with the voice of God in religious texts, especially the Christian Bible. (Also with sample quotations.) Thought to be chosen by translators due to sounding classical at the time. Examples can also be found of people using it to address God, so perhaps at first more a matter of elevated textual style than _yakuwari_.\n * In novels, found connected specifically to Bible quotations in Nakaishi's 『死刑囚と其裁判長』 (1922), to things like marriage ceremonies etc.\n * In manga, found in the literal voice of God in _Black Jack_ (1974). \n * In many fantasy/RPG-like settings, used by characters in a divine or cosmic position of absolute authority, such as creator-gods. (There's an illustration from the big reveal at the end of CLAMP's _Rayearth_ ; a character who just revealed themselves to be a creator-god starts using the pronoun _nanji-ra_ ).\n * Also used by characters such as sages or saints whose role is to guide the protagonist, especially when extremely old. (The _yakuwari_ pronoun is therefore tagged 老人語 and 神様語).\n * Often associated with Western-style fantasy, but not exclusively; there are examples of it being used by Eastern-type Gods and Buddhas.\n * Finally, used by characters who hold some sort of divine or otherwise special power, in things like magical incantations etc. The example is magical girl Sakura, of card-capturing fame: 「汝のあるべき姿に戻れ。クロウカード！」\n\nI'm posting a summary of the entire entry because I want to give a sense of\nhow extensive is Kinsui in laying out fictional patterns of language and their\nassociations. If you're interested in the topic, I highly recommend this\nauthor. See [here](http://skinsui.cocolog-\nnifty.com/sklab/files/JASS19kinsui_paper.pdf) for an introduction which lists\nsome pronouns; if you're unsure about the connotations of any of them, you\ncould try looking'em up on [nicopedia](http://dic.nicovideo.jp/), or just\ngeneral web searches (the keyword 役割語 is your friend).\n\nThat being said, the most natural way of learning these tropes is to expose\nyourself to them. If you want to write fantasy, why not binge on fantasy\nnovels or manga? High-school students interacting with elves etc. is an entire\nsubgenre (including e.g. the aforementioned _Rayearth_ ), and if you like\nlight novels, there are more of them than anyone could possibly handle. Go\nread stuff you like, and take notes on which pronouns are used by which kind\nof character when addressing who—and not only pronouns, but also verb\ninflections and such. You'll not be procrastinating, it's research!",
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| 50373 | 50392 | 50392 |
{
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"body": "Oh dear. I know much this site hates these sorts of things. Sigh. Here I go.\n\nOK. I have a mug which a friend gave to me many long years ago. They weren't\nJapanese; they just thought it was a nice mug and figured I could read it.\nWhich at the time, I couldn't. Here are four pictures showing the written\ntext.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cW4Ge.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bexKu.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2Yn4T.jpg)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4cWvU.jpg)\n\nI can actually read most of this: 仲よきことは？しきかち。\n\nI have some guesses for the kanji I can't read: 美しい or 楽しい. In fact, a web\nsearch brings up the following\n\n> 仲よきことは美しきかな\n\nBut I'm not sure that that character really looks anything like 美. I'm just\nguessing at 楽.\n\nWhat say you all?",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-14T20:48:26.787",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Deciphering a kanji from a mug",
"view_count": 211
} | [
{
"body": "Here, I may as well add this as an answer now.\n\n「仲よきことは美しきかな」 is almost certainly what it is. This appears to be a well-known\nphrase, and it matches this print I have (although it's preceded by 「いつの日も」) .\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/D2FzU.jpg)\n\nSometimes the 「かな」is written with the kanji 哉. Also, as pointed out by\n@chocolateさん, the [な on your cup is a\n変体仮名](http://www.benricho.org/kana/na.html) which is why it's kind of looks\nlike ち.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T17:37:11.130",
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"body": "If their the \"printed\" form (I don't know the japanese word for it) you can\nuse [辞書{じしょ}](https://www.jisho.org) to either try to draw it or pick out\ncomponents. I don't know if it can identify calligraphy like that though.",
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| 50377 | 50401 | 50401 |
{
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"body": "恭悦至極に存じたてまつり I read this in manga before. Does it say Yasushi Takamori\nfestival?\n\nI don't understand て in this sentence.",
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"creation_date": "2017-07-14T21:20:56.083",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "て in 恭悦至極に存じたてまつり",
"view_count": 278
} | [
{
"body": "「存じ + [奉]{たてまつ}り」\n\nThe て is part of the word 「[奉]{たてまつ}る」. From\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/137716/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> たてまつる【奉る】 \n> 1⃣［動ラ五（四）］５ （補助動詞）動詞の連用形に付いて謙譲の意を添え、その動作の及ぶ相手を敬う。…申し上げる。…さしあげる。「御神体を移し\n> **たてまつる** 」「よろしく願い **たてまつり** ます」\n\nHere it's used as a humble subsidiary verb (謙譲の意の補助動詞). 「存じ(る)」 is the humble\nlanguage (謙譲語) of 「知る」「思う」. Here it's used as the latter. In other words,\n「～～に存じたてまつる」 is the humble form of 「～～に思う」.\n\n「[恐悦]{きょうえつ}[至極]{しごく}」 means \"extremely and humbly delighted\". 「恐悦」= \"humbly\ndelighted\", 「至極」= \"extreme\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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"body": "> 恭悦至極に存じたてまつり（そうろう）\n\nThis is an extremely polite expression of gratitude. It sounds like around the\nEdo era. \nThe て is part of the verb 奉る{たてまつる}. Since たてまつり is the conjugated form to\nconnect to another conjugating word, here そうろう must be missing.\n\n> 恭悦{きょうえつ}＋至極{しごく}に＋存{ぞん}じ＋奉{たてまつ}り＋候{そうろう}\n\n恭悦至極に = being at the highest point of delight \n存じ（連用形）＜存じる＝存ずる＝ think \n奉り（連用形）＜奉る[補助動詞] 謙譲語[The Humble Language]＝申し上げる \n候 [補助動詞 helping verb] ＝ございます [adds an extra sense of profoundness]",
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| 50378 | null | 50381 |
{
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"body": "あなた can be written in kanji as 貴方. However, I noticed that no combination of\nthe readings of those two characters is at all similar to the pronunciation\nthey produce together - this is the first time I've seen this.\n\nHow common is it that words ignore kanji readings in this way, and why does it\nhappen?",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"multiple-readings",
"irregularities-exceptions"
],
"title": "Exceptions to kanji readings",
"view_count": 582
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{
"body": "_As the comments start to get confusing I decided to answer this question._\n\n## TL:DR;\n\nFirst, 貴方 is **NOT** 当て字 but 熟字訓。\n\n_When you see a word that doesn't fit any pronunciation of the 漢字 while\nwithout 振り仮名, it will be a result of 熟字訓。_\n\n=======================================================\n\n# Point！：\n\n熟字訓 can be understood as means common words kunyomi。\n\nThey are **MULTIPLE** 漢字 （instead of a single kanji, in that case it will be\n訓読み） that are too commonly used to represent a **japanese word^** so the two\nbond strongly together。\n\n**I WOULD SAY THE FOCUS IS MORE ON THE KANJIs**\n\n例：昨日＝きのう vs. 昨日（音読み：さくじつ）、眼鏡＝めがね vs. (訓読み：まなこかがみ)\n\nThe thing a bout 熟字訓 is that they always follow Chinese grammar (漢語文法)、fits\nthe meaning、and _**pretty much everyone knows them**_ 。\n\nIf a Japanese sees 昨日 he knows it is actually きのう (the converse is true) and\nfor most of the time きのう should be written as 昨日。\n\n**If the pronunciation cannot be known at first glance it is most likely to be\n宛て字。**\n\n_^Do you know？：Japanese don't have their own words, they created one very\nlately which is still a modification of 漢字_\n\n* * *\n\n# Point！：\n\n当て字 literally means \"the right words(漢字)\"\n\n_People use it because they want to sound cool。（Yep, I am not joking。）_\n\n例：\n\nドイツ <- Boo~ not cool. ｜ＶＳ｜ ->OMG yesyes Deutchland!!-> 独逸\n\nクラブ <- Meh. ｜ＶＳ｜ ->倶楽部 yes mate!! lets go party at the club!\n\nHonourable mention： 兎に角＝とにかく by 夏目漱石 a famous writer.\n\n**As we can see the 漢字's meaning are disregarded but just to match the\npronunciation of the word, in a narrow sense thats what 当て字 is。**\n\n# However,\n\nin a board sense 当て字 can also mean literally \"the right words(漢字)\"。\n\nPeople can decide whatever they thing the corresponding 漢字 should be, and\nagain usually to sound cool and show off. _（ Thats the whole point of using 漢字\nisn't, or why bother learning the thousands of different 漢字s？藁Wwww）_\n\nSome example of these will be,\n\n例： [接吻]{キッス}・[頁]{ページ}・[牛乳]{ミルク}・[憂鬱症]{ヒステリー}・[夜露死苦]{よろしく}・[ＬＯＬ]{ワロタ}<-I made\nthat up .......\n\nHonourable mention：[寿限無]{寿限無五劫の擦り切れ海砂利水魚の水行末雲来末風来末パイポパイポのシューリンガンシューリンガンのグーリ}\n\n(The above is a famous 落語 about a ridiculously long name, which is just a joke\nbut it shows that anything can be a 当て字。藁Wwww）\n\nAnd you will probably see more like this if you read japanese [ＣＯＭＩＣ]{manga}\nor [nOvEl]{light novel}。<- A demonstration of 当て字 in English。\n\n===============================================================\n\nI hope you all feel 100% clear about the concepts mentioned here after reading\nthis!\n\nSorry for my poor English.",
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| 50383 | 50397 | 50397 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50385",
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"body": "In the context of one being aware of something deep down but choosing to\nignore it or lie about it to themselves. Example sentence:\n\n> At the back of his mind he knew that his words would never reach her. [But\n> still he stood in front of her grave and spoke as if she could hear.]\n>\n> ＿＿＿＿＿彼の言葉は彼女に届くことがないと分かっていた。\n\nI was googling `心の後ろに` and `心の裏に`, and while they seemed to be valid phrases\nthey weren't actually used in this context. What would be the right way to say\nthis?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T02:36:30.100",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"phrases",
"word-requests",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "What is the Japanese equivalent of \"at the back of one's mind\"?",
"view_count": 287
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{
"body": "The most common way to say this is\n[内心【ないしん】](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%86%85%E5%BF%83)では. 心の奥では and 心の奥底では also\nwork. You need で instead of に. The contrastive は is optional but it's usually\nused in this context.\n\n> 内心では、彼の言葉は彼女に届くことがないと分かっていた。 \n> 心の奥では、彼の言葉は彼女に届くことがないと分かっていた。 \n> 心の奥底では、彼の言葉は彼女に届くことがないと分かっていた。\n\nThere is not much difference, but the latter one is the most emphatic, and\nthus probably implies you are scarcely aware of your inner thoughts.\n\n心の裏では exists, but it's relatively uncommon, and sounds as if you were actually\nthinking of something bad.",
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| 50384 | 50385 | 50385 |
{
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"body": "> そのときの俺は、子供なりのつたない言葉で、自分まで父親を見捨てるわけにはいかない、とかなんとかのことを言った。\n\nAt that time, in a childish way, I said something along the lines of I can't\nabandon my father.\n\nNormally まで is following some action or description, but in this case:\n\n自分 _まで_ 父親を見捨てるわけにはいかない = I can't abandon my father _(i'm not such a person)\n?_",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "interpretation of 自分まで",
"view_count": 164
} | [
{
"body": "Let's break the sentence into parts:\n\n> 自分まで父親を見捨てるわけにはいかない\n\nSentence structure: [subject] + [まで] + [noun] + [を] + [ru-verb] + [わけ] + [に] +\n[はいけない (changed to はいかない)]\n\n自分 (jibun) = [noun] oneself (including myself), this subject has similar trait\nlike 私 has\n\n[まで (made)](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7) = [particle]\nuntil, up to, even (when used after a subject)\n\n父親 (chichi oya) = [noun] father\n\nを (o) = direct object/straightforward particle\n\n見捨てる (misuteru) = [transitive -ru verb] abandon, leave\n\nわけにはいかない (wake ni haikanai) = [particle] strong (or \"extreme\") version of\nーてはいけない used with -ru verb, means something that must not be done at all\n\nNote that \"まで\" in \"自分まで\" here doesn't used to mention \"until myself\", it's\nmore proper with \"even myself\", or just simpler \"myself\". So that the sentence\nliterally have this meaning:\n\n> (Even) myself must not leave my father (at all times).\n\nTo fit with situation in entire sentence, it modified to this form:\n\n> I can't abandon my father (at all).",
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| 50386 | null | 50390 |
{
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"body": "So I watched this video, and found it very helpful.\n\nI researched a bit more and cleared up why they were saying で was to be used\nas a particle after a place, instead of に like I'd thought, which was because\nboth can be used, but they are used in different contexts.\n\nThroughout this little research I did, I had a hard time understanding where\nadjectives were supposed to fit still.\n\nWas there something really obvious I missed, and could you help explain to me\nwhere adjectives should go?\n\nI've never learned another language before so I'm trying multiple approaches.\nI apologize if this is a ridiculous question but if I could get some help I'd\nappreciate it. Thanks in advance.\n\n(Video: [Uki Uki Japanese Lesson 17 - Basic Sentence\nStructure](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6cb17mZ0dw&list=WL&index=57&t=347s))\n\nEdit: I've also just taken a look at\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/20922/japanese-grammar-\nstructure-order?rq=1) article, and seen that they always go before the noun,\nand also that the Japanese sentences are flexible, but is there any basic rule\nof thumb where you should have your adjectives in front of any of the other\nsentence components?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Where do adjectives fit in the sentence structure?",
"view_count": 1933
} | [
{
"body": "> where adjectives should go.\n>\n> that they always go before the noun, and also that the Japanese sentences\n> are flexible, but is there any basic rule of thumb where you should have\n> your adjectives in front of any of the other sentence components?\n\nAdjectives or adverbs anything modifies something come right before the word\nit modifies: あかい{red} ぼうし{hat}, わたしの{my} ともだち{friend}, はやく{fast} はしる{run}.\n**[the 'fast' is meant to be an adverb]**\n\nThe video seems not to get into the placement of adjectives, but it has this\nsentence:\n\n> ちちは ははのたんじょうびに えきのちかくで きれいなバラを かいました。\n\nHere ははの (Mother's) is **modifier to** たんじょうび (birthday) . \nMore in detail, [〔はは{mother} + の{of}〕 + たんじょうび{birthday}] + に{on}\n\nLikewise, [〔えき{station} + の{of}〕 + ちかく {near}] + で{at}\n\nきれいな{beautiful} + バラ{roses} + を{object marker} + かいました{bought}.\n\nIt might be hard to see what I'm doing here, but I hope it can help you in\nsome way.",
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| 50389 | 50391 | 50391 |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to translate the actor's speech from [this\nclip](https://youtu.be/KKD6OwbpbN4?t=54s).\n\nNow I got stuck at 0:54 where he said\n\n>\n> もう本当に今回やっぱ縁下(えんのした)として、元々やっぱ原作って前も言ったように描かれていない部分がすごい多いんで、その分、やっぱり、皆をどうやってサポートしようかな、\n> **どうやって皆を立てたい、立てれるとこ立てようかな** とかすごい考えた時に、まあ本当に微々たる所でやってくしか無いんだなと思って\n\nI was wondering about the meaning 立て in the above sentence. I did look up the\ndictionary and the reason I thought 立て = to stand is because they are the\nstage actor, so they need to think about how they should stand on the stage.\n\nAt first I thought he meant\n\n> 皆をどうやってサポートしようかな、どうやって皆を立てたい\n\n= How should I support everyone?, How I want everyone to stand?\n\n> 立てれるとこ立てようかな とかすごい考えた時に\n\n= Where can everyone stand?\n\nand I couldn't grasp the meaning of the rest.\n\nAccording to the comment below, I assume that 立て here do not mean \"to stand\",\n\nand each of them probably has a different meaning?\n\nbut there are several meanings on both\n[Jishou](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A6) and on\n[weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A6%E3%82%88%E3%81%86)\nI still could not make any senses out of these meaning, which is why I decided\nto reach out for help.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 立てる in どうやって皆を立てたい、立てれるとこ立てよう",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "The 立てる here means \"to make (someone) look good\".\n\n> 皆をどうやってサポートしようかな、どうやって皆を立てたい\n\nどうやって皆を立てたい is ungrammatical. I think he meant to say どうやって皆を立てようかな \"How can I\nmake others/everyone look good?\" or maybe どうかして皆を立てたい \"I want to make\nothers/everyone look good in some way\".\n\nAs you know, どうやって～～ようかな means \"I wonder how I should/can...\" \"How can/should\nI...?\"\n\n> 立てれるとこ立てようかな とかすごい考えた時に\n\n立てれるとこ is a colloquial, collapsed form of 立て **ら** れるとこ(ろ). \n立てられるところ = The part (in them) that I can make look good (立てられる modifies ところ.) \nThe られる is potential.\n\n> 『皆をどうやってサポートしようかな、どうやって皆を（立てたい→立てようかな）、立て（ら）れるとこ（を）立てようかな』とかすごい考えた時に...\n\n_lit._ When I thought/wondered hard \"How can I support them, how can I make\nthem look good, how can I make the part (in them) that I can make look good\nlook good\"... \n→ When I really thought/wondered \"How can I support them, how can I make them\nlook good, how should I make them look good when I can / as much as I can\"...",
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| 50393 | 50409 | 50409 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50396",
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"body": "Looking for a translation for \"hail\" in Japanese, I stumbled upon two possible\nwords with a peculiar distinction being made on the size of the hail balls:\n\n * [雹]{ひょう} (esp. hail balls 5mm or greater)\n * [霰]{あられ} (esp. hail balls under 5 mm)\n\nIs this distinction really being made, or is one of these two words (almost)\nnever used ? Could you maybe provide me with some examples if there are some\nadditional subtleties.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T13:07:21.923",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Hail [雹]{ひょう} -vs-[ 霰]{あられ}",
"view_count": 1283
} | [
{
"body": "> 雹 [ひょう] (esp. hail balls 5mm or greater) \n> 霰 [あられ] (esp. hail balls under 5 mm) \n> Is this distinction really being made, or is one of these two words\n> (almost) never used ? Could you maybe provide me with some examples if there\n> are some additional subtleties.\n\nThe size of the frozen substance from the sky, we don't know, but I think\nwe've been differentiating them by how strong they are, and how the word\nsounds like; 霰{あられ} sounds lighter like the cute tiny baked riceballs for\nsnacking, and 雹{ひょう} sounds stronger to us in some reason.\n\nBut when an established dictionary defines something, we can expect it to have\nbeen officially defined by somewhere has the authority.\n\nThere's also 霙{みぞれ}, and it's said that it's a mixture of rain and snow. I\nrelate it with shaved ice with sweet syrup, and these applications of the word\nare both so true to me that I wonder which use came to the world first.",
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| 50394 | 50396 | 50396 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50403",
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"body": "I am translating some manga pages and I came across this line that one\ncharacter says: \n他人のフリ. \nTo give you some context, there are 3 characters, lets just simply call them\nA, B and C. \nA and B start to behave weird and attract the attention of onlookers and C\nhears comments from them. C goes into another direction, with an embarrassed\nlook on his face and has a thought bubble that says 他人のフリ, twice. \nI really think that line can translated as the following: \"Pretend you don't\nknow them/ I don't know those people.\" (referring to A and B). \nThat's what I got, given the situation. \nLiterally the sentence would mean \"behavior of other people\", right? Please I\nwould appreciate an opinion, and hopefully someone can tell me that it can\nhave the nuance of what I stated above. \nThank you very much!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T18:52:30.627",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"words"
],
"title": "Can this sentence 他人のフリ be translated like this?",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "> 他人のふり \n> C goes into another direction, with an embarrassed look on his face and has\n> a thought bubble that says 他人のフリ, twice. \n> I really think that line can translated as the following: \"Pretend you\n> don't know them/ I don't know those people.\" (referring to A and B). \n> That's what I got, given the situation.\n\nYou are right on that.\n\n> Literally the sentence would mean \"behavior of other people\", right?\n\nI think I have to agree with you. At least to me it's more like etymologically\nthan literally though. It's always hard to put what it is, but ふり is just\nnothing else but ふり to us Japanese. I guess it's also to do with that 振る舞い is\nso just 'behavior' to us. In fact, 自分のふりをする is a very unusual thing to say,\nmaybe a word of someone who is aware of being in identity crisis or something.\nBut ふりをする is a verbal phrase always means to pretend something or someone\nelse.",
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| 50402 | 50403 | 50403 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "How do I say that a when concerned with noun1, more of a verb is done than\nconcerned with noun2?\n\nFor example, more barbequing is done in South African cuisine than British\ncuisine. Or; South African cuisine has more barbequing than British cuisine.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T21:16:20.307",
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"tags": [
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"title": "A is concerned more with verb than B",
"view_count": 99
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{
"body": "> A is concerned more with verb than B \n> For example, more barbequing is done in South African cuisine than British\n> cuisine. Or; South African cuisine has more barbequing than British cuisine.\n\nWhether the structure of AよりBのほうが can be used as the subject of a verb? \nSurely, yes.\n\nWhen taking the cooking method as the subject, it could be something like \nより多{おお}くのバーベキューによる調理{ちょうり} **が** 南{みなみ}アフリカの料理{りょうり}において **より**\nイギリス料理においてなされる, but we probably prefer to say something like \nバーベキューによる調理 **は** イギリス料理 **よりも** 南アフリカの料理 **のほうが多い。**\n\n★ **も is optional.**\n\nWhen taking the cuisine as the subject, it might be something like \n南アフリカの料理 **は** イギリス料理 **よりも** バーベキューによる調理 **が多い。** \nAlso you can say something like \n南アフリカの料理はイギリス料理 **に比{くら}べて** バーベキューによる調理が多い。",
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| 50404 | null | 50408 |
{
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"body": "I was reading upon Japanese writing system history and found out there were\nseveral attempts to abolish the use of 漢字 in favor of kana or romaji, e.g.\n[after the WWII](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5520/9222). All of those\nfailed, and the only big thing which happened to Japanese writing system since\nthe adoption of Han characters is the invention of kana. However, I couldn't\nfind information about any attempts to construct alternative writing systems,\nanalogous to Hangul in the Korean language.\n\nThe main problem with kana/romaji approach is homophonic 漢字 and words. I can\nsee why this could prevent the adoption of kana/romaji-only writing with\nadditional spaces b/w words: it may be [enough for video\ngames](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23282/9222) but is problematic for\nnews, scientific, and legal documents.\n\nThe other thing which strikes me is that hiragana and katakana do not exactly\nmatch the phonetic structure of the language. For example, the word 漢字\nconsists of 2 syllables \"kan+ji\", but in kana, it is written as \"かんじ\", which\nis 3 _mora_ s. In Hangul, each symbol encodes exactly one syllable, which\nseems to the language phonetic system much better. This makes me think that\nJapanese can be encoded in a similar way. This may be just my personal quirk,\nbut I feel like many 音読み kanji _should have been_ a single kana character,\ne.g. \"かん\", \"ほん\", etc. (However, I _do_ understand why it is not so, so don't\nbother explaining this.)\n\nAll this makes me wonder if the invention of kana was the one and only attempt\nto address the problems related to the use of 漢字. **Are there any\nacademic/historic attempts to invent something akin to Hangul for the Japanese\nlanguage?** If there are, how do they address the homophony problem?\n\nRelated question on linguistics.SE: [Why was Korea able to remove kanji but\nJapan wasn't when both languages use\nhomophones?](https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/q/3831/13240)\n\n* * *\n\nTo clarify: I'm not saying or implying that 漢字 is a bad thing which should be\nreplaced. I'm just curious if there were any \"creative\" attempts of doing that\nsince obviously there are supporters of such ideas even among Japanese people.\n\nAlso, I'm not saying that Korea did a better job (compared to Japan) by\nintroducing Hangul, either. Hangul is used as an example only. No comparison\nintended aside from purely scientific.",
"comment_count": 15,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-15T22:45:38.280",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"orthography",
"history",
"homophonic-kanji",
"language-reform"
],
"title": "Academic/historic attempts to create an alternative writing system similar to Hangul?",
"view_count": 1356
} | [
{
"body": "You said \"hiragana and katakana do not exactly match the phonetic structure of\nthe language,\" but that's not true. The Japanese language is [mora-\nbased](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/30039/5010), and only trained\npeople who study foreign languages recognize the concept of syllable. Everyone\nbelieves 天文台 (てんもんだい) has six \"sounds\" here in Japan, not three. And that's\nwhy it's straightforwardly six characters in kana.\n\nKanji were only \"borrowed\" from China. The Chinese language is syllable-based\n(correct me if I'm wrong), but ever since kanji came into use in Japan,\nJapanese people have understood their readings with the Japanese mora-based\nbrains. There is no wonder old Japanese people used two characters to describe\nan on-reading of 石 (せき), 活 (かつ), etc; they simply felt there were two\n\"sounds\".\n\nEven if you created different phonetic characters for different possible on-\nreadings ([a few hundred different characters would be\nrequired](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/24378/5010)), you still cannot\nwrite many native Japanese words like さむらい, よろこぶ, わたくし,\n[やまたのおろち](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13804/5010), etc, with fewer\ncharacters. And daily conversations are largely based on such native Japanese\nwords.\n\nHentaigana were abandoned, but the number of hiragana/katakana currently in\nuse is small enough to remember, and I'm not aware of previous serious\nattempts to reorganize them (aside from ローマ字).",
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{
"body": "There's no point in creating syllabic alphabets because Japanese phonology\nconsists of mora, instead of syllable. That's why you use moraic alphabets,\nthat is, kana.\n\nThrough centuries, some nationalists have insisted abolishing kanji and\nfailed, as you say. The reason I think is not homophones but inconvenience for\nloosing productiveness for technical terms or variety of expression.\n\nWe want to educate our medics or engineers with our own language. I don't\nunderstand why we have to bear inconvenience of expressing [shogi\nnotation](https://shogidb2.com/games/23723fd3cc9a8ba55174a525f605c66e907d2bfc)\nwithout kanji, for example.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T04:22:26.380",
"id": "50411",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "50405",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 50405 | 50410 | 50410 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50413",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In English, we often use \"would\" to directly make the sentence hypothetical,\nbut how would you do this in Japanese? I only know how to use conditionals for\nthis, but It doesn't give me the same feeling...\n\nFor example:\n\n> You would make a good actor.\n>\n> 役者になったら、上手と思う。\n>\n> (If you were to become an actor, you would be good at it.)\n\nExample 2:\n\n> This sort of thing would be popular in Canada.\n>\n> カナダにあったら、こんな奴は人気だ。 (If this was in Canada, it would be popular.)\n\nCan you see what I mean? I can't get the same meaning from Japanese...\n\nHow would I go about expressing these example sentences?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T05:13:09.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50412",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-07T20:41:36.317",
"last_edit_date": "2017-08-07T20:41:36.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "16159",
"owner_user_id": "22318",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Can you speak hypothetically without conditionals",
"view_count": 324
} | [
{
"body": "I believe using one of the forms だろう or でしょう would convey the idea that you\nwant.\n\n> You would make a good actor \n> 上手な役者になるでしょう。\n\nand\n\n> This sort of thing would be popular in Canada. \n> こんなやつはカナダに人気でしょう。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T05:27:29.363",
"id": "50413",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "> In english we often use \"would\" to directly make the sentence hypothetical,\n> but how would you do this in Japanese?\n>\n> You would make a good actor. 役者になったら、上手と思う (If you were to become an actor,\n> you would be good at it) \n> This sort of thing would be popular in Canada. カナダにあったら、こんな奴は人気だ (If this\n> was in Canada, it is popular)\n>\n> I can't get the same meaning from Japanese...\n\n**For the conclusion clause:** だろう／でしょう adds the sense of _assumption_. I find\nthese are closer to English 'will' (でしょう is polite). These can be used in the\n_conclusion_ clause but not a grammar requirement. For the uncertainty of\n'would', we say かもしれない.\n\n**For the premise clause:** When we especially have a need to say it's\n_hypothesis_ _**contradicts an actual fact**_ , we do that by adding some\nexpressions. For example,\n\n> **もし万一** 、役者になる（ような）ことが **あったとしたら** ／ **あるとしたら** 、いい役者に **なる** と思うよ。\n\nThe above sentence means that it's very rare case but still possible. Here, なる\nfor the future. Both **あった and ある works for the future** in the premise\nclause.\n\n> **もし万一** 、役者になる（ような）ことが **あったとしたら** 、いい役者に **なった** ／ **なってた** と思うよ。\n\nThis is for the past. So, it's something about **no longer possible.**\n\n_Cf:_ In Japanese, we use the helping verb た not only to express the past but\nalso the sense of completion in any tense. Not like English has the past tense\nform and the perfect form separately.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T06:00:51.547",
"id": "50414",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T20:40:03.597",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 50412 | 50413 | 50413 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was involved in a talk about certain company's future and a colleague wrote\nthis in the middle of discussion:\n\n> ここまで会社{かいしゃ}の経営{けいえい}が **あまりに順風満帆{じゅんぷうまんぱん}** 過ぎ{すぎ}でした。\n>\n> 本業{ほんぎょう}も、副業{ふくじょう}も果たして{はたして}、これからどうなってしまうのだろうと、正直心配{しょうじきしんぱい}でなりません。\n\nI tried to translate what he had written and getting this meaning (edited as\nChocolateさん suggested):\n\n> Up to this point the company is running well. I'm really worried, wondering\n> 'what will ever become of both our main business & side business' (in the\n> future).\n\nI'm in doubt for usage of the bolded part in first sentence, since literally\n\"順風満帆\" has \"smooth sailing\" meaning which usually maritime-related (if the\nterm separated to 2 kanji groups, \"順風\" has \"favored wind\" meaning but \"満帆\"\ndoesn't showed up anything relevant).\n\nWhat I want to ask for:\n\n 1. What is the exact purpose behind usage of \"あまりに順風満帆\" term to tell about business condition of a company (i.e. running well)? \n\n 2. Are there another words, phrases or terms which similar or equally matched meaning with bolded structure in daily usage?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T07:28:37.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50417",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-16T12:14:15.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "18259",
"owner_user_id": "18259",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"kanji",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of 「順風満帆」 used in business context?",
"view_count": 227
} | [
{
"body": "順風満帆 means, as you have found out, \"smooth sailing\". It holds the exact same\nmeaning as in English, meaning \"easy progress\", so I'm not sure what you are\nconfused about here.\n\n> 1) What is the exact purpose behind usage of \"あまりに順風満帆\" term to tell about\n> business condition of a company (i.e. running well)?\n\nあまりに～すぎる is a phrase that means \"too much\" \"excessively\". So あまりに順風満帆すぎ means\n\"too 順風満帆\" = \"too smooth\" (in the sense that he was expecting it to be harder\nand therefore is worried something is wrong).\n\n> 2) Are there another words, phrases or terms which similar or equally\n> matched meaning with bolded structure in daily usage?\n\nWhile you can take out the あまりに part since you have ～すぎる afterwards, leaving\nit in stresses the fact that things were very, very easy.\n\nFor words to replace 順風満帆, you could use one of the following:\n\n> ・順調{じゅんちょう}: smooth, going w/o a hitch \n> ・予定通{よていどお}り: as planned \n> ・上手{うま}く行｛い｝く：things going well\n\nAnd lastly, here is my take on the sentences you have, put together. This is\nheavily localized and not a word-for-word translation. Note what I did to the\nあまりに順風満帆すぎ part to help stress the point.\n\n> So far, business has been smooth. Too smooth. I just can't help but be\n> worried about what's going to become of both the main business and side\n> business in the future.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T19:01:26.647",
"id": "50469",
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"owner_user_id": "9508",
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}
]
| 50417 | null | 50469 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Would this be the correct way to ask in Japanese?\n\n```\n\n \"コージュロイズボンは何の音をするのですか\"\n \n```",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T09:33:34.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50418",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T10:57:50.867",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-16T10:00:20.543",
"last_editor_user_id": "20056",
"owner_user_id": "20056",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"onomatopoeia",
"sound-symbolism"
],
"title": "What is the Japanese (onomatopoeic) sound that corduroy pants make?",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "> \"コージュロイズボンは何の音をするのですか\"\n\nI would say...\n\nコーデュロイパンツは **どんな** 音 **が** ｛しますか / するんですか / するのですか｝？",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T10:57:50.867",
"id": "50419",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T10:57:50.867",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
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"score": 2
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| 50418 | null | 50419 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "51775",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "That comes from Ranma 1/2. Ranma asked Akane to wake up him up, and she did\nthat by throwing water on him. He then said:\n\n> 何しやがるんだ！ \n> _What the hell are ya doing!_\n\nWhen she left, he then thought out loud\n\n> くそー アカネの奴。 まったく可愛くねー 起こし方しやがって！ \n> _That damn Akane, waking me up in the uncutest way ever!_\n\nI know \"yagaru\" is an unpositive version of \"morau, kureru\".\n\nYet, I'd instead say\n\n> おい、何しやがる｜しやがった！ \n> ったくアカネの奴、全然可愛くねえ起こし方しやがった。\n\nPeople said this \"tte\" makes the sentence more emotive. Can you guys explain\nthis further, any give more examples of how to use it?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/d3CtJ.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/l5RLmm.png)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T12:08:51.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50420",
"last_activity_date": "2020-08-12T16:42:34.010",
"last_edit_date": "2020-08-12T16:42:34.010",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "What is this て-form at the end of a sentence: 「まったく可愛くねー起こし方しやがって！」",
"view_count": 695
} | [
{
"body": "It is merely a omitted form of some sort of longer sentence like:\n\n○○（し）やがって（、嫌いだ・困る。）<-omitted\n\n* * *\n\nAdded:\n\nし is the 連用形 of する，て can be understood as a 接続助詞。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-26T15:24:10.923",
"id": "51774",
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},
{
"body": "> まったく可愛くねー 起こし方しやがっ **て** ！\n\nIn colloquial speech, the te-form of a verb at the end of a sentence can\nexpress 非難 (reproach/criticism/condemnation) or 不満\n(complaint/dissatisfaction).\n\nExamples:\n\n> 「太郎ったら、また脱いだものほったらかしにし **て** ！」 \n> 「もう、ケンカばっかりし **て** ！いいかげんにしなさい！」 \n> 「どいつもこいつも、俺をバカにしやがっ **て** ！」\n\nAs a side note, the て-form at the end of a sentence can also express\n命令/依頼(command/request), 釈明(explanation), 感嘆(exclamation), etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2017-07-26T16:35:31.603",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 50420 | 51775 | 51775 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50432",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As like this 泣きわめかれた。 I know it has to do with crying.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7x6O.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T13:45:17.197",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50421",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T14:17:19.270",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T01:41:44.430",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"suffixes",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "How to use わめかれた？",
"view_count": 402
} | [
{
"body": "\"泣きわめかれた\" is the passive form of \"泣きわめいた\" that is the past tense of \"泣きわめく\".\n\"泣きわめく\" is a word that \"泣く\" and \"わめく _yell, shout, scream_ \" are combined, so\nit represents more intense than each of them. \"泣きわめく\" is defined as _to bawl\none's head off_ , _to bawl one's eyes out_ and _to cry out_ in my dictionary.\n\n**Edit:** According to the comments to my answer, there seems to have been\nsome misinterpretation for the context or the situation of the manga story.\nI'll clarify the situation.\n\nThere were two characters and a dog in the story. They were Yamazaki-kun and a\nwoman with glasses, and a dog named John kept by her. Yamazaki-kun and she\ndrank with other peers last night. She drank too much and seemed to lose her\nsanity.\n\nShe forcibly brought Yamazi-kun to her home thinking Yazaki-kun was her dog\nJohn. She took Yamazaki-kun for her dog, so she let the dog (actually\nYamazaki-kun) make various kinds of tricks like **[お手]{te}** or\n**[お座り]{suwari}** that are very ordinary tricks taught to dogs in Japan.\n\nWhen Yamazaki-kun was about to leave her home, she cried out to the dog\n(actually to Yamazaki-kun). Perhaps she cried out like \"Hey John, do not get\nout or where are you going?.\"\n\nYamazaki-kun heard her **cry out 泣きわめく**. So the author wrote that Yamazaki-\nkun **was cried out 泣きわめかれた** in a passive form and in a past tense.\n\nIt's a very simple phrase if you think it in Japanese not in English.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T15:15:15.637",
"id": "50422",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T12:00:37.023",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T12:00:37.023",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "50421",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "To reply to [this comment by\[email protected]](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/50421/how-to-\nuse-%e3%82%8f%e3%82%81%e3%81%8b%e3%82%8c%e3%81%9f#comment88170_50422), 泣きわめかれた\nis Suffering Passive (迷惑の受身), a kind of Indirect Passive (間接受身).\n\n泣きわめく is a compound verb (複合動詞) made of 泣く \"cry\" + わめく \"yell\", as the other\nposter said.\n\n泣きわめく is an intransitive verb and doesn't take a direct object (～～を). It\ndoesn't take an indirect object (～～に), either. This kind of verbs cannot be\npassive in Direct Passive structure, but can be passive in Indirect\nPassive/Suffering Passive structure.\n\nIndirect Passive expresses that an action of the agent (動作主; marked by ～に)\naffects/influences the subject of the sentence in some way. 泣きわめかれた\nmeans/implies \"(Someone) wailed and it affected me in some way\". Here in your\ncontext it means \"You wailed (and it annoyed me / it detained me)\".\n\nExamples of Suffering Passive:\n\n> * 子どもに **泣かれた** 。 \n> A child cried (and it bothered me.)\n> * 妻に **死なれた** 。 \n> My wife up and died on me.\n> * 夜中に上の階でピアノを **弾かれた** 。 \n> Someone played piano on the upper floor in the middle of the night (and it\n> bothered me).\n>\n\nNote that these can't be directly transformed into the active voice; we don't\nsay 子どもが私を/に泣く, 妻が私を/に死ぬ, etc.\n\nFor more about 迷惑の受身, See [Wikipedia 日本語の受け身-間接受身-\n迷惑の受身](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B).\n\nThis thread would also be of help: [How to interpret indirect\npassives?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15933/9831)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T00:21:36.837",
"id": "50432",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T14:17:19.270",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T14:17:19.270",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "50421",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
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| 50421 | 50432 | 50432 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "いっせのせでふみこむゴウライン。\n\n\"Isse no se de fumikomu gourain\"\n\n*gourain here means _goal line_\n\nThe translation for the sentence above is \"(All) together (now), make a break\nfor the goal line.\" My confusion is in the first half. What does isse mean? Is\nit a variable form of issho? A verb maybe? The verb 'issu' doesn't exist\nthough. Does it only mean what it means coupled with \"no se\"? What does _that_\nmean? If you can help, it'd be much appreciated.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T17:13:01.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50423",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-06T10:17:13.730",
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"owner_user_id": "23989",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translation Question—isse?",
"view_count": 1624
} | [
{
"body": "I believe いっしょ and いっせいのせ are somewhat different. いっせいのせ has a meaning of\ncoming together as a team and working in concert (as one unit) together. I\ndon't believe いっしょ has the same connotation of an almost _coordinated_ effort.\nFurther, it appears that いっせのせ is just a variant pronunciation. At any rate,\nyour translation seems good to me. I might just have said it as, \"the whole\nteam together makes a break for the goal line\" or rather, since I don't know\nthe context, \"a goal line which the whole team makes a break for\" (technically\nmore correct).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T17:57:48.607",
"id": "50425",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "いっせのせ is more like \"on three\" when doing countdowns in the English language.\nIt is not rare in Japan to do countdowns with the phrase \"せーの\" to time actions\ntogether.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-08-03T06:12:18.410",
"id": "51984",
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{
"body": "I'd hazard a guess that it comes from 一斉（いっせい）, which is used to mean\n\"everyone together, at the same time\". Quick search turned up that the idiom\nused can be quite different from place to place, and the OP's version is most\ncommonly found in 関東. Over in 関西 apparently いっせーので is used, while in other\nplaces, the entire phrase is foregone for such phrases as さんのーがあ、はいっ(九州)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-08-06T01:15:34.430",
"id": "52037",
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{
"body": "> いっせいのせ is written as \"一斉のせ\" which is explained in other answers.\n\n\"一斉{いっせい}のせ\" is a shout when doing something together, where the former \"一斉の\"\nis a shout for preparation and the last \"せ\" is a signal that will be the\ntiming to start the action together. The function of \"一斉の\" is same as \"Get\nset!\" in \"On your mark! Get set! Go!\" \"Go!\" or the sound of a pistol\ncorresponds to the last \"せ\". \nThe last \"せ\" comes from the syllable of \"せ\" in \"一斉{いっせい}の\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Zs6iK.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-08-06T06:06:41.623",
"id": "52042",
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"score": 0
}
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| 50423 | null | 51984 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50426",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I often hear this from animations and read it among users when making jokes on\nthe internet, but I wonder exactly: what's the difference between yamero and\nyamete?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T17:48:28.250",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50424",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T00:23:37.190",
"last_editor_user_id": "23990",
"owner_user_id": "23990",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Difference between yamero and yamete",
"view_count": 91337
} | [
{
"body": "Of the two **やめろ (yamero)** is the bossier one. **やめて (yamete)** comes across\na bit softer; it's basically **やめてください (yamete kudasai)** minus the ください\n(kudasai). **やめろ (yamero)** is actually the imperative form of the verb, hence\nthe pushy sense it can give off.\n\n**やめて (yamete)** sounds like something a girl might say, but certainly isn't\nrestricted to girls; **やめろ (yamero)** sounds like something either guys would\nsay to each other, or someone (anyone) might say to someone who's really not\ngetting the idea that they need to stop.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T18:04:08.590",
"id": "50426",
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"parent_id": "50424",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 13
}
]
| 50424 | 50426 | 50426 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50429",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The only thing I remember is that the て form may mean \"and\" but and in this\ncontext have no sense.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eKyAt.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T20:06:14.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50427",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T22:24:18.050",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "19322",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Which use of the て形 is used in this picture?",
"view_count": 116
} | [
{
"body": "In this context, it means something along the lines of \"so difficult\". So the\nfirst part of the sentence reads,\n\n> My studies for school are so difficult, I'm frustrated.\n\nI'll leave for you to figure out which verb to use.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T20:46:42.193",
"id": "50428",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T22:24:18.050",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-16T22:24:18.050",
"last_editor_user_id": "4875",
"owner_user_id": "4875",
"parent_id": "50427",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "> > 学校の べんきょうが むずかしく **て、** （......）います。\n>\n> The only thing I remember is that the て form may mean \"and\" but and in this\n> context have no sense.\n\nThe use of て is not limited to mean 'and'. \nIn this case it's used to indicate the _**reason**_ of the conclusion of the\npredicate.\n\n> **2** 原因・理由を表す。…ので。…ために。「頭が痛くて寝ていた」（[デジタル大辞泉 | て |\n> **１-2**](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/148945/meaning/m1u/%E3%81%A6/)）",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T21:14:55.290",
"id": "50429",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-16T21:14:55.290",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "50427",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 50427 | 50429 | 50429 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50442",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 秋ほどひっそりとはしておらず、冬よりは華やかではない、可憐な夜空。\n\n[current subject is the spring sky]\n\n_(the spring sky) is not quiet to the degree the fall (sky) is, ..._\n\nI was told that if you have an adv-to and want a noun describing/sentence\nending phrase, you add the generic verb する. Can you just stick a は in the\nmiddle of that?\n\n秋ほどひっそりと(contrastive は)しておらず ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T23:15:31.357",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50430",
"last_activity_date": "2022-03-09T01:50:33.620",
"last_edit_date": "2022-03-09T01:50:33.620",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は",
"negation",
"scope"
],
"title": "Parsing of ひっそりとはしておらず",
"view_count": 276
} | [
{
"body": "> I was told that if you have an adv-to and want a noun describing/sentence\n> ending phrase, you add the generic verb する.\n\nSure, you can do that. \nひっそりと生活{せいかつ}する。 \nのんびりと散歩{さんぽ}する。 \nと is optional. (I feel this と adds somewhat explanatory sense as の does.)\n\nSimpler verbs can be also used this way: ひっそりと暮{く}らす, のんびりと歩{ある}く, ひっそりとする,\nのんびりとする.（Again, と is optional.）\n\n> Can you just stick a は in the middle of that? \n> 秋ほどひっそりと(contrastive は)しておらず ?\n\nI feel the negative expression requires the は. It's just to add a slight bit\nof the sense of emphasis though, it's surely smoother with は. \nひっそりとは生活しておらず、 \nひっそりとは暮らしておらず、 \nひっそりとはしておらず、",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T01:27:14.583",
"id": "50437",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T04:49:58.590",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T04:49:58.590",
"last_editor_user_id": "22422",
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "50430",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "You're right that the は is the contrastive は. Here it indicates the scope of\nnegation. In other words, the ～～と **は** していない is 部分否定(partial negation), not\n全否定(total negation).\n\nHere it negates _秋ほど_ ひっそりとしている, not just ひっそりとしている.\n\n秋ほどひっそりと **は** しておらず -- partial negation \"Not so quiet as autumn\" \nひっそりとしておらず -- total negation \"not quiet\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T05:42:55.850",
"id": "50442",
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"parent_id": "50430",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 50430 | 50442 | 50437 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50438",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The sentence\n\n> Ashita **wa** ame ga furu deshou\n\nuses a \"wa\" after _ashita_. But the sentence\n\n> Ashita kaerimasu\n\ndoesn't. Why is that? Is it being omitted or would it be wrong to say\n\n> ashita **wa** kaerimasu\n\n?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-16T23:22:29.183",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50431",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T14:49:43.530",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-16T23:48:09.450",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9878",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Why is \"ashita kaerimasu\" not \"ashita wa kaerimasu\"? is the particle wa being omitted or is it not necessary?",
"view_count": 1436
} | [
{
"body": "> **あした{ashita}は{wa}** あめ{ame}が{ga} ふ{fu}る{ru}で{de}しょう{syou}。\n\nIt has は because あした is the theme/subject of the predicate/sentence.\n\n> **あした** 、かえり{kaeri}ます{masu}。\n\nHere, あした is an adverb. It's just saying 'when.'\n\nIf you say\n\n> あした **は** かえります\n\nあした becomes the theme/subject of the sentence. You can say this, too. It's no\nproblem. Just it sounds like comparing with something, maybe comparing with\nきょう (today), or きのう (yesterday).\n\n* * *\n\n[Reply to additional request]\n\nあした、かえります sounds simple; ex. \"I'll be/go/come back/home tomorrow.\"\n\nあしたはかえります most likely does not say someone or something named あした goes back.\nThe action maker of かえります is someone you can tell from the context. It could\nbe \"(Sorry that I couldn't leave here by now, but) I'll come back tomorrow\" or\n\"(I enjoyed the sightseeing today.) Tomorrow, I'm going home.\"",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T01:56:05.457",
"id": "50438",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T14:49:43.530",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-17T14:49:43.530",
"last_editor_user_id": "22422",
"owner_user_id": "22422",
"parent_id": "50431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "First thing you should know: \"は\" particle is a topic-marker particle used to\nform a statement. The comprehensive usage already explained\n[here.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-wa-%e3%81%af-and-ga-%e3%81%8c)\n\nGiven first example you have:\n\n> 明日は雨が降るでしょう (It will rain tomorrow)\n\nHere a noun (雨) and particle-が is used, then 明日 is a subject of the sentence\nwhich has particle-は before the noun as topic marker.\n\nAnd the second example:\n\n> 明日帰ります\n\nHere \"明日\" used as adverb, there is unnecessary to use another \"は\". But if you\nwant to place \"明日\" as a subject (i.e. for emphasis), you can add particle-は\nbetween the subject & verb:\n\n> 明日は帰ります\n\nBoth are having same \" _I will return tomorrow_ \" meaning. However the former\nstructure is more often used, especially when combined with other subject:\n\n> パブロは明日帰ります。(Pablo will return tomorrow)\n\nHere are some adverbs which have similar traits like 明日 or 昨日 (kinō,\nyesterday):\n\n> * 去年 (kyonen)\n> * 去月 (kyogetsu)\n> * 一昨日 (ototoi)\n> * 来週 (raishū)\n> * 来月 (raigetsu)\n> * 来年 (rainen)\n>",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T02:12:29.420",
"id": "50439",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T02:12:29.420",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18259",
"parent_id": "50431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 50431 | 50438 | 50438 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "50436",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "A powerful man who is pursuing Tomoko has helped her brother who thanks him\nprofusely. He says:\n\n> 知子の頼みだ。私に、できないことなどない\n\nMy translation:\n\n> 知子の頼みだ\n\nIt was at Tomoko’s request.\n\n> 私に、できないことなどない\n\n?\n\nHow do you translate the last sentence? Is it:\n\nThere is nothing I cannot do (like it is boastful)\n\nor\n\nThere is nothing I would not do (for Tomoko)\n\nor something else entirely?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T00:24:37.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50433",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T01:22:43.177",
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"owner_user_id": "22593",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Question about: できないことなどない",
"view_count": 112
} | [
{
"body": "It seems like you basically got it:\n\n> できないことなどない. \n> There isn't really anything I can't do.\n\nI added \"really\" to convey the idea there from など.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T00:37:56.683",
"id": "50435",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T00:37:56.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4875",
"parent_id": "50433",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The sentence literally means \"There is nothing I cannot do (for Tomoko).\"\n\nIn this context, of course he basically wants to say \"I want to do anything\nfor Tomoko,\" and not \"I am omnipotent like God.\" Still, the sentence is a bit\nexaggerated, and only very proud and powerful men would say something like\nthis.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T01:22:43.177",
"id": "50436",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-17T01:22:43.177",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 50433 | 50436 | 50436 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I was watching Hunter x Hunter episode 142, and at one point one of the\ncharacters is about to shoot a bunch of coins at the other, and he asks 君に渡すのは\n何枚でしょう, which is correctly translated as \"how many am I going to give back to\nyou?\". After he shoots them though, he answers his own question saying 答えはお死枚,\nwhich is translated as \"enough to kill you\". I've never seen a counter like 枚\nbe used in this way, but a part of me suspects this is a pun on 四枚, but the\nfact that he shoots far more than four coins leads me to believe this is\nfalse. Can someone explain what's going on here?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T04:54:34.040",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "50440",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-22T00:08:00.827",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "23998",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"counters",
"puns"
],
"title": "is お死枚 a pun on 四枚?",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "> Maybe a pun for おしまい（お終い）? – Chocolate\n\nIt is indeed a pun but not for お四枚.\n\nFor further information, this is a kind of\n[[当て字]{あてじ}](http://hey%20are%20very%20ordinary%20tricks%20to%20be%20taught%20to%20dogs%20in%20Japan.)\n.\n\nAmong the heavy metal music circle, motorcycle gangs or even ordinary\nyoungsters in Japan, this kind of [当て字]｛あてじ｝ are often used as a kind of\nfashion or materials for designs. They would represent ordinary words with\nsimilar pronunciation but usually unpleasant, creepy or grotesque kanjis like:\n\n * **聖飢魔Ⅱ** sei-ki-ma-tsu (Ⅱ is two similar to _tsu_ in Japanese) 世紀末｛せいきまつ｝ the end of the century, a Japanese heavy metal band \n * **夜露死苦** yo-ro-shi-ku よろしく Nice meeting you. \n * **夜露死苦尾寝骸死魔酢駄個裸** yo-ro-shi-ku-o-ne-gai-shi-ma-su-da-kora よろしくお願{ねが}いしますだコラ Hey, please remember me. Hey, please help me. Hey, please treat me well. \n * **愛離我闘** a(?)-ri-ga-tou ありがとう Thank you! \n * **氣魔愚隷** ki-ma-gu-re きまぐれ whim, whimsy \n * **仏恥義理** butsu-chi-gi-ri ぶっちぎり off the charts, landslide, overwhelming, outright, resounding, sweeping, runaway \n * **栖威邪苦** su-i-ja-ku 衰弱｛すいじゃく｝ breakdown, collapse, consumption, weakening, debility \n * **愛羅武勇** ai-ra-bu-yuu アイラブユー I love you! \n * **鬼流汰威無** ki-ru-ta-i-mu キルタイム kill time \n * **出羅苦栖** de-ra-ku-su デラクス deluxe \n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/NooBP.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-17T11:07:57.260",
"id": "50451",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-22T00:08:00.827",
"last_edit_date": "2017-07-22T00:08:00.827",
"last_editor_user_id": "20624",
"owner_user_id": "20624",
"parent_id": "50440",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "I think to further explain Chocolate and mackygoo's conclusions:\n\n> 答えはお死枚\n\nIf a counter for flat-objects such as coins or paper is 枚, you'd quantify as\n一枚, 二枚, 三枚, 四枚(read as よんまい!), 何枚, etc.\n\n(お)死枚 can then be, as a quantifier, \"enough for death.\"\n\nThat, and, お終い is a way of expressing \"ending\" someone.\n\nHence, the pun: \"The answer is 'enough to kill/end you'\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-21T22:27:49.207",
"id": "50604",
"last_activity_date": "2017-07-21T22:27:49.207",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "21684",
"parent_id": "50440",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 50440 | null | 50451 |
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