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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "“For each apple, I will give you an orange” could be translated as:\n\n> リンゴ１つ **につき** ミカンを１つあげます。\n\nThe sentence becomes a bit awkward when “apple” is modified with “you give\nme”.\n\n> もらう (or もらった) リンゴ１つにつきミカンを１つあげます。[a bit awkward]\n\nI might rephrase it to something like this.\n\n> もらう (or もらった) リンゴの数だけミカンをあげます。 \n> I will give you as many oranges as apples I am (or have been) given.\n\nThe following sentence with ごと is grammatical.\n\n> リンゴを１つもらう **ごと** にミカンを１つあげます。\n\nHowever, it sounds as if you are given one apple at a time on multiple\noccasions and you will reward the giver with one orange on every such\noccasion.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-09T04:56:31.740", "id": "87001", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-09T04:56:31.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86994", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "窓を閉めてください is perfectly correct and natural as the translation of \"Please close\nthe window.\" If there is no other context, there is nothing wrong with your\ntranslation.\n\n窓は閉めてください is also a perfectly grammatical sentence, but its meaning is\ndifferent, because 窓 is now _topicalized_ using は. Note that は is a _topic_\nparticle, and it can replace both が and を. In other words, 窓 is still the\ndirect object of 閉める, but を is \"masked\" by the topic marker は. Since 窓 is\ntopicalized, this sentence is now about the window itself; the speaker wants\nto state a fact, a rule or something regarding this window. A very literal\ntranslation is \"As for the window, please close [it]\". A sentence like this\nimplies you have to always close this window (e.g., at the end of a day), and\nyou have to remember this as a rule.\n\nTo summarize, if the original English sentence is a simple one-time request,\n窓を閉めてください is correct. If the original English sentence is presented as a rule\nto remember, 窓は閉めてください is also correct.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-09T06:56:23.047", "id": "87003", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-09T06:56:23.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "### What does するがり mean?\n\nIt appears that you've mis-parsed the sentence. It's not:\n\n> ふたむかし前の漫画に登場 **するがり** 勉少年や...\n\n... but rather:\n\n> ふたむかし前の漫画に登場する **がり勉** 少年や...\n\nThe term がり[勉]{べん} comes from:\n\n * The root がり of the adverb がりがり, usually referring to chewing something hard, but also used in a way similar to the English expression \"to get one's teeth into something\": in other words, \"ignoring other things and focusing solely on one activity\".\n * The first half 勉【べん】 of the term 勉強【べんきょう】 (\"studying\").\n\nPut together, がり[勉]{べん} refers to someone who has their nose firmly in their\nbooks, someone studying very hard to the point of neglecting other things.\n\n### What does がんこ mean?\n\nがんこ is also spelled 頑固, and means \"stubborn\", as you guessed. Additional\nsenses include \"persistent, obstinate, mulish, tenacious\", etc. Both kanji are\npart of the 常用【じょうよう】 ( _Jōyō_ ) list, so I surmise that the author spelled\nthis term in hiragana here simply to break up the text, so it wasn't just a\nlong string of kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T23:59:47.023", "id": "87000", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T23:59:47.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86998", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "First of all, there are no punctuation marks in the original Japanese, which\nmakes it difficult to follow the meaning of the text as it is, and makes it\ndifficult for beginners to read. In addition, words that can be taken to have\nmultiple meanings in hiragana should be written in kanji.\n\n>\n> 何故なら、波希（なぎ）が愛用しているその眼鏡といえば、太い黒縁の四角いセルフレーム。例えるなら、ふた昔前の漫画に登場する、ガリ勉少年や下町の頑固親父がかけていそうな代物である。\n\nThe following are some of the more difficult words to find here.\n\nNagi(literally: wave for hope)...a character in the story.\nCellframe...plastic-made frames.(etymology is celluloid-made frame) Twenty\nyears time ago...a long time ago. In other words, it was about 20 years ago.\nStudying head...person who studies diligently or abnormally hard, regardless\nof the test (etymology is \"to study so hard that you write scratching your\npencil\"). Stubbornness...hard and be obstinate personality and nature.\nStubborn father...A father or middle-aged man with a personality who\nstubbornly refuses to change his attitude or thoughts (a father from the\nShowa(literally: clearly peace) era or an old-fashioned craftsman may be\naddressed).\n\n> Because the glasses that Nagi loves to wear are square cellframes with thick\n> black rims. To put it another way, they look like the kind of glasses that a\n> studying hard boy or a stubborn father in the downtown area would wear in a\n> manga from twenty years time ago.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-09T10:50:30.243", "id": "87004", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-09T18:22:05.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-09T18:22:05.637", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "45215", "parent_id": "86998", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "First of all, I can confirm that 「苑」 is indeed very commonly used in the name\nof Yakiniku restaurants. Just from memory I know of at least 2 such places.\n\nAs was mentioned by @aguijonazo in a comment to the question, the reason for\nthis seems to stem from Korean culture. The [link he\nposted](https://ameblo.jp/k-714-yamasiina/entry-12341486340.html) explains\nthat Koreans opening Yakiniku shops in Japan in the 50s wanted them to become\nbeautiful/nice (立派) places, just like gardens/parks (苑).\n\n> 店が『苑』のように立派な場所になるように\n\nA user on a Chiebukuro [post I\nfound](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1032579210)\nclaims that the word 「苑」 carries the connotation of a place where the nobility\ngathers.\n\n> 貴族達が集う場所\n\nThis may be another reason why Koreans chose to use the Kanji 「苑」 in the name\nof their BBQ restaurant.\n\n### Side note\n\nIn the first of the aforementioned sites it is also claimed that Korean BBQs\nin the USA often have the word \"Garden\" in their name - I am not American and\ncannot comment on the veracity of that, but maybe someone else can?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T00:09:59.070", "id": "94103", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T00:09:59.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18881", "parent_id": "87007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "That's a tough one...\n\n * Enjoy the sound and rhythm that the words carry\n * Enjoy the sound and rhythm of words\n\nDo they make any difference to you? If they do, perhaps there is some extra\ninformation.\n\nMaybe it helps the reader understand リズム is also an attribute of 言葉, by\nplacing some distance between 言葉 and 音. (言葉の\"音の響きやリズム\", not \"言葉の音の響き\"やリズム)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T07:45:39.417", "id": "87022", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T07:45:39.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45229", "parent_id": "87009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "何者か meaning \"someone\" is not particularly literary, but it _is_ stiff and\nformal, and typically used in criminal or military contexts. It usually refers\nto an unidentified criminal, intruder, attacker, etc., who is considered\nharmful. Obviously, ordinary people don't often get the chance to use 何者か in\neveryday conversations.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-10T09:59:17.653", "id": "87014", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-10T10:07:03.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-10T10:07:03.343", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87010", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It's bodybuilders' slang. Japanese bodybuilding fans somehow use [unique ways\nof praising someone's muscles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKAIpQ37MP0),\nand キレてるよ is one of the most common. This キレてる describes a well-developed and\n\"separated\" muscle with little subcutaneous fat, such as six-pack abs. I think\nthis is from [カット](https://bodymakingtips.com/2017/05/30/bodybuilding-\nwords/#i-2), another term that refers to beautiful separation of muscles after\nlosing subcutaneous fat.\n\nSee:\n\n * [キレてる (きれてる)とは【ピクシブ百科事典】](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%81%A6%E3%82%8B)\n * [A video of real competition](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmS2Fmn0BZo) (You can hear キレてるよ yelled by the audience)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-10T09:46:31.417", "id": "87013", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-10T10:27:18.600", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-10T10:27:18.600", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "[隙]{すき} usually refers to a gap for someone to take advantage of. Unlike\n[隙間]{すきま}, it is rarely used to mean a gap in space. In this particular\ncontext, it refers to some gap period during which something was not done, for\nexample, someone was not paying attention to something when they were supposed\nto be. To understand what exactly その refers to, we would need to know what was\nsaid before that line.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-10T13:27:29.737", "id": "87017", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-10T13:27:29.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87015", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, this usage of Vて＋しまう conveys the regret and/or lack of intention\nsurrounding the circumstance - specifically, that the pitcher threw the ball\nin a way that it hit the batter, rather than in a way that allowed the batter\nto strike the ball. So, I think your understanding is correct.\n\nHowever, how you translate it is a question of your purpose (e.g. to\nentertain, to inform, to persuade), and your audience (e.g. assumptions about\ntheir skills and knowledge, how formal you need to be with them, etc.), and\npersonally \"hit by pitch\" only adds to my confusion as someone who is only\nfamiliar with baseball in passing. I'd therefore consider a different\ntranslation for a novice audience like me (noting that how you make it sound\nnatural in English will depend also on what else the text talks about),\nperhaps something like:\n\n> \"Moreover, in Japanese professional baseball, when a pitcher's throw\n> unintentionally hits the batter, he/she takes off his/her hat and\n> apologises. Could we not say that this too is another form of [the]\n> heartfelt courtesy [shown in various settings within Japanese society]?\"\n\nwith bits in brackets are inferred from what I'm guessing the rest of the text\ntalks about.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-10T13:31:26.570", "id": "87018", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-10T13:42:22.703", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-10T13:42:22.703", "last_editor_user_id": "33435", "owner_user_id": "33435", "parent_id": "87016", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Perhaps even without those options, many native speakers can instantly give\n人懐っこい or 人見知り(を)しない as the most natural expression which fits in that blank.\n人懐っこい is such a common adjective to describe a friendly baby who smiles\ninstead of crying when held by a stranger. 人懐っこい is also commonly used to\ndescribe a friendly animal. This is a rather simple vocabulary question, so\nyou have to memorize it.\n\nほがらか doesn't match the definition in that sentence, and it's usually not used\nto describe a baby whose personality is not formed yet. I feel someone who is\nほがらか is usually at least three years old. We don't use ほがらか to describe an\nanimal, either.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T14:16:18.710", "id": "87027", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T14:16:18.710", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87023", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "None of your examples makes sense. 降ってきた would be understood as meaning it has\nbegun to rain. 降ってくる sounds like something will come down.\n\nI would say:\n\n> ７月１日で２ヶ月間降った (or 降り続けた) ことになる。\n\n* * *\n\nIf you need to add the _progressive_ aspect, the following would do:\n\n> ７月１日で２ヶ月間降っている (or 降り続けている) ことになる。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T16:24:56.497", "id": "87029", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T16:49:42.767", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-11T16:49:42.767", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87028", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "That いい感じ has little to do with comfort or a good feeling. いい感じに作用した simply\nmeans it worked (on the body) nicely, or in a positive way. It’s not much\ndifferent from いいように作用した, except it’s colloquial.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T17:41:12.970", "id": "87033", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T17:41:12.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That 編入する is intransitive and the subject is 真那.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T17:28:24.260", "id": "87032", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T17:28:24.260", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87031", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The と笑ってた is the quotative と + the action of having laughed.\n\nSo, this henchman named Bucks is saying his boss laughed while saying \"さすがは\n司祭を破門されるだけのことはある\"\n\nThe がな is equivalent to けど＋な. You can see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/41790/meaning-\nof-%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AA-at-the-end-of-this-sentence) answer for more details.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-11T23:42:54.760", "id": "87036", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T23:42:54.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "87034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "が and を are simple case particles. When they are used with nuanced particles\nsuch as しか, ばかり, も and さえ, these **replace** が/を. You **must** say just しか\ninstead of がしか or しかが even if this marks a subject. They sometimes replace and\nsometimes follow に/へ. They never replace から/まで/etc.\n\n * 自転車 **が** あります。 There are bikes.\n * 自転車 **しか** ありません。 There are only bikes.\n * 本 **を** 読みます。 I read a book.\n * 本 **しか** 読みません。 I only read a book.\n * 自転車 **に** 乗ります。 I ride a bike.\n * 自転車 **(に)しか** 乗りません。 I only ride a bike.\n * 学校 **へ** 行きます。\n * 学校 **(へ)しか** 行きません。\n\n * 妹はマンガ **を** 読んでいます。 My sister is reading manga.\n * 妹はマンガ **ばかり** 読んでいます。 My sister only reads manga.\n * 妹はマンガ **に** 興味があります。 My sister is interested in manga.\n * 妹はマンガ **にばかり** 興味があります。 My sister is interested only in manga.\n * 男性 **から** 手紙をもらいます。 I receive letters from males.\n * 男性 **からばかり** 手紙をもらいます。 I receive letters only from males.\n\nLikewise, がばかり is ungrammatical, but ばかりが is fine. Each particle has\nexceptions you have to memorize eventually.\n\n* * *\n\n食べいませんでした is plain ungrammatical. You probably wanted to say either 食べませんでした\nor 食べていませんでした.\n\n* * *\n\n姉は買い物ばかりしています and 姉は買い物をしてばかりいます are both correct. They mean almost the same\nthing, but the former focuses on what she does, while the latter focuses on\nhow she spends time.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-12T01:00:04.283", "id": "87038", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-12T01:00:04.283", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Aは力がある means either \"A is physically strong\" or \"A has a political\npower/presence\" depending on the context.\n\n僕より妹のほうが力があります is a natural sentence that means she is either 1) a type of\nperson who is good at arm wrestling or carrying heavy things, or 2) a type of\nperson who is good at arguing and has a strong influence in the family.\n\n子供たちは力がありますか is at least grammatical, but it's a bit hard for me to imagine a\ncontext where this sounds natural...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-12T12:23:01.580", "id": "87042", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-12T12:23:01.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, you can say 毎日毎日, 毎朝毎朝, 毎晩毎晩, 毎度毎度, 毎回毎回, 毎週毎週, and even 毎学期毎学期,\n毎ターン毎ターン, 毎セット毎セット and so on.\n\nBasically these are emphatic versions, but note that this pattern usually has\na negative overtone, like the speaker is irritated by or bored of the\nrepetition. For example, 毎日毎日練習して上達したいです sounds a little unnatural to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-12T12:03:58.357", "id": "87041", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-12T12:09:03.390", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-12T12:09:03.390", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87040", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "表立つ is almost always used in the adjective form 表立った to modify a noun that\nfollows it, or in its adverbial form 表立って. It means something has an outward\nsign, and it is often used in a negative sentence.\n\n> 今のところ表立った動きはない。 \n> There has been no visible movement so far.\n\n表沙汰 is usually used in the form 表沙汰にする (not * 表沙汰する) or 表沙汰になる to mean,\nrespectively, someone makes something known to the public and something\nbecomes known to the public. The thing thus made public is usually something\nnegative.\n\n> 元職員が事件を表沙汰にした。 \n> A former employee (has) exposed the incident.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-13T01:00:47.603", "id": "87044", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-13T02:40:18.023", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-13T02:40:18.023", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I’m a native speaker and I don’t particularly see it as the past form of a\nverb in those expressions. Having said that, I think I can try to provide some\nanalysis as to why the so-called \"past\" tense is used in them, perhaps taking\nthe risk of over-analysis.\n\nAmong those, 〜たら seems the easiest to explain. It's because by the time the\nact or event of the main clause (after たら) happens, the act or event of the\nsubordinate clause (before たら) has already happened. That’s pretty much the\ndefinition of 〜たら. It is only natural that this idea is expressed with the\n\"past\" tense in a language whose tense system is relative, such as Japanese.\n\n〜たまま can be understood in a similar way. For something to be left in a\nparticular state, the act that results in that state has to have been\ncompleted by then. For example, a door can become 開けたまま only after the act of\n開ける is completed.\n\n〜た[方]{ほう}がいい is a bit tricky. It could be that the speaker is imagining a\nsituation where the act or event of the verb has been completed in order to\nassess its result in comparison to other alternatives. Actually, 〜する方がいい is\nalso grammatical. It just sounds like the speaker is stating their own\npreference in general terms, rather than giving advice about a specific\nsituation. If it is used to give advice, the speaker would sound a bit self-\nrighteous as if they are forcing their own opinion upon others. 〜た方がいい, on the\nother hand, talks about a specific situation, just like 〜たら.\n\nOf course, native speakers don’t think about these things when we speak.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-13T11:23:20.917", "id": "87046", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-13T11:23:20.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, your understanding is correct. The use of に indeed sounds weird to me.\nThe author probably thinks 〜に筋が通る is a good collocation for the meaning of\n〜に納得がいく. I disagree.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-13T13:43:04.950", "id": "87050", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-13T13:43:04.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It’s dependent on the verb.\n\nIn your example, 彼女に渡す is used in the passive form. In other words, に is more\nstrongly bound to the verb 渡す than to the passive construction.\n\nIf you need to add the agent (i.e. the doer of 渡す) in that sentence without\nusing から, you would most likely say:\n\n> 例の本があいつ **によって** 彼女に渡された。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-13T14:57:11.223", "id": "87052", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-13T15:15:34.677", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-13T15:15:34.677", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Yes, in general, something like 彼女に渡された is an **ambiguous** expression; this\n彼女 can be either the giver or the receiver depending on the context and the\nother particles in the sentence. Similar ambiguity happens when a verb related\nto giving or passing is used in the passive form.\n\nHowever, there is no ambiguity in your sentence. There is already あいつから which\nclearly specifies the giver, so 彼女に marks the receiver of the book. In\naddition, if 彼女 is the giver, you have to mark 本 using を, not が:\n\n> 本 **を** 彼女に渡された。 \n> [I] was given a book **by/from** her.\n>\n> 本 **が** 彼女に渡された。 \n> The book was passed **to** her.\n\nFor more discussion regarding this type of ambiguity in passive sentences,\nsee:\n\n * [The meaning of ”あれは魔術師に与えられた祝福”](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/76392/5010) (see my answer)\n * [How does the passive form work here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38739/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T00:52:55.400", "id": "87144", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T01:08:59.040", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-22T01:08:59.040", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As you might have figured, N が N だからって, or N が N だからといって, literally means\n“just because N is N”, or a little more idiomatically “just because N is what\nit is.”\n\nYour example might be translated as “just because your opponent (or date?) is\nas strong as she is.” What adjective comes in the place of “strong” depends on\nthe context. It describes how N is expected to be without being explicitly\nstated.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-13T16:54:19.053", "id": "87054", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-13T16:54:19.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87053", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "朝七時に起きられ **ずに** 会社に遅れました sounds a bit awkward to me, but it still seems\nacceptable.\n\n朝七時に起きられ **ないで** 会社に遅れました sounds very weird.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-14T02:42:35.483", "id": "87057", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-14T02:42:35.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I had the same question after reading DoBJG, Wasabi JPN and even this [日本語の森\nvideo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bxhKYTsKYQ&t=641s). \nWhat helped me the most, was this explanation I found\n[here](https://wildnihongo.com/grammar/nakute/):\n\n> なくて connects a negative clause ending with ない to a main clause (via the\n> negative て-Form), and it expresses the cause or reason for the action or\n> state expressed in the main clause. This cause / effect relationship is\n> relatively weak compared to phrases such as ないから and ないので. \n>\n>\n> * E.g. 先生{せんせい}の説明{せつめい}がわからなくて困{こま}りました。 _I didn’t understand the\n> teacher’s explanation, so I was troubled._ In this example, not\n> understanding the teacher’s explanation is the cause, and being troubled is\n> the effect. This relationship is fairly indirect (i.e. not understanding\n> didn’t necessarily directly cause the speaker to become troubled, but it at\n> least contributed / led to the speaker becoming troubled.)\n>\n\n>\n> If there is no causal relationship between Sentence 1 and Sentence 2, ないで is\n> generally a better choice than なくて to connect the clauses in a neutral\n> manner. ないで does not have a causal implication. \n>\n>\n> * E.g. 田中{たなか}さんは大阪{おおさか}に行{い}かないで京都{きょうと}に行{い}った。 _Mr. Tanaka didn’t go\n> to Osaka; he went to Kyoto._ Since this sentence does not express a causal\n> relationship between Sentence 1 and Sentence 2, ないで is more appropriate than\n> なくて.\n>\n\nApparently it all comes down to the causality. If there is a causal\nrelationship between the 2 clauses なくて is used, if not ないで may be used. Wanted\nto share with you as it was useful to me and I was really confused.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T00:45:13.710", "id": "90541", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T02:51:32.663", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-28T02:51:32.663", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "40574", "parent_id": "87055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "All these can be differentiated by having deeper understanding of `Kanji`. But\nto simplify it: \n監督 - `Movie directors (映画監督)` comes in mind in most of the time, usually means\na single person that is assigned a task to control. Or `監督する` to take control,\nusually in an environment/situation.\n\n管理 - Has a very wide meaning of `to control/management`. Example `監督` is\nactually a part of `管理(職)`(Management) in an organization. `管理する` means `to\nmanage` more than `to control`.\n\n経営 - Means exactly as you mentioned, is more of a position of managing\nbusiness or `to manage` a business. It also has a general understanding of a\nhigher position than `監督`\n\n操作 - Rather than `control`, is more of a `manipulation` towards `an object`/`a\nperson`.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-16T04:40:56.907", "id": "87079", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T23:33:46.957", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-16T23:33:46.957", "last_editor_user_id": "45260", "owner_user_id": "45260", "parent_id": "87056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In modern Japanese, the ん-volitional is used only in a few fixed expressions\nsuch as 言わんとすること. It is almost always followed by とする.\n\nThe ん-negative is not normally used in standard Japanese to begin with but\nonly in certain dialects. Form-wise, it may be followed by と but not by とする.\n\nThough I happen to have grown up speaking a dialect in which the ん-negative is\nthe norm, I cannot think of a situation where the two might be confused.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-14T09:41:04.170", "id": "87062", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-14T14:34:37.330", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-14T14:34:37.330", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87058", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The term 表外漢字 has somewhat different usage in technical sense and everyday\nparlage.\n\nStrictly speaking, there are 1'022 official 表外漢字. They are those designated by\nthe National Language Council of Japan (国語審議会) in year 2000, delineated in\nthis table: [1](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Uncommon_kanji) (see also\n[2](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%96%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E8%A1%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7);\nsource:\n[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20180429104139/https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/old_bunka/kokugo_index/toushin/1325296.htm)).\n\nAs it is easy to observe, some of these are even 常用, to say nothing of 人名用.\nBut this is obviously by design, as these 常用 and 人名用 characters (such as 挨 for\n常用 and 葦 for 人名用) were added to the corresponding lists later, after being\nhighlighted for the 表外漢字 list before. In total, out of 1'022 characters, 151\nwent into 常用 wholesale:\n\n>\n> 挨宛闇椅畏萎咽臼怨岡臆俺苛崖蓋骸柿顎瓦韓玩畿巾串窟稽詣桁舷股乞勾喉頃痕挫塞阪埼柵拶斬嫉腫呪蹴拭尻芯腎裾凄醒戚脊羨腺膳狙捉袖唾堆戴誰綻酎潰爪諦貼妬栃頓鍋匂捻罵斑氾汎膝肘阜蜂貌勃昧枕蜜冥妖沃侶賂弄麓脇丼傲刹哺喩嗅毀彙恣惧慄拉曖鬱璧瘍箋籠緻羞訃諧貪踪辣淫葛僅煎詮遡遜捗溺塡賭謎剝箸蔽頰餅嘲茨牙餌蔑摯隙鍵梗釜\n\n357 were borrowed for 人名用:\n\n>\n> 葦斡或粟庵按鞍夷謂蔭烏鵜窺碓姥瓜閏云曳榎堰奄燕甥荻桶牡珂蝦嘩俄峨臥駕芥蟹鎧笠樫梶恰兜蒲鴨萱粥柑竿雁掬杵鋸蕎禽寓釧沓窪隈鍬戟訣喧牽硯乎糊袴跨醐庚杭腔膏閤劫壕轟忽惚此昏些坐犀砦堺肴鷺窄晒撒珊纂讃仔斯獅而竺雫悉篠柴縞錫惹蒐輯嘗湘裳埴燭壬諏厨錐菅頗雀棲栖蹟尖閃曾楚疏蘇叢宋槍漕其舵楕陀苔醍托茸凧竪坦湛耽弛馳筑喋寵帖牒佃柘綴梯蹄釘鼎纏砥套宕撞萄鳶沌薙馴汝賑廿濡播杷琶芭煤柏箔曝莫函筈幡畠磐蕃庇枇毘琵疋菱畢紐瓢撫葡蕪葺淵吻焚頁圃戊菩捧鋒卜殆幌俣沫蔓箕湊蓑牟姪蒙勿尤貰輿傭淀螺洛裡掠劉溜梁淋鱗憐魯櫓狼肋鷲詫藁蕨椀碗凰巫已檜橙櫂渾煌絆蕾逞釉溢鰯迂噂焰襖鷗迦晦鞄徽祇俠卿喰櫛屑祁繫倦捲諺巷榊薩錆灼繡哨蔣醬鞘逗摺蟬撰噌辿樽簞註槌摑鄭擢顚堵禱灘楢禰這秤挽樋廟瀕瞥娩蓬鱒儲萊漣煉蠟汲饗穿揃篇迄逢辻楯廻俱訊瘦歎兎吞豹笈簾恢灸厩叉杖挺遁斧鞭籾\n\nand only 514 were not used to supplement the main list (as of yet). Among\nthose, 14 are traditional forms of simplified characters:\n\n> 儘壺攪檮濤灌藪蠣諫賤邇頸鰺鶯\n\nthe rest are not:\n\n>\n> 虻鰻嬰洩穎厭蛾咳蛙廓橿鰹姦桓澗癌贋妓蟻吃仇渠僑怯狗珪畦荊姑狐菰垢糠濠漉鮭捌屍痔綬讐鋤妾娼鉦鍾擾疹塵笥趨脆鼠鐸叩狸蛋蜘諜銚吊剃碇轍澱淘蕩禿苫韮葱撚膿覗蚤狽粕筏噺蛤髭蛭鮒扮糞僻呆鉾吠鵡牝悶涌熔燐牢聾歪鰐乖于亢仄佇侘俤俯偈冑几剋匈卉曼吼呵咎呟呻咄咸咤哭啜啖唸喀喘啼嗚嗟嗜嘔嘴嚥囁囃址埃埒墟壙奢奸娑婉娶媚嬌孕孵宦宸寥尹屁屎屹峙崗嵌帚帛帷幟廂廬彎彷徊恍悍悸愕憚憑憫罹懺懼戌截戮抉抒拗拿拮捏掟揆揉揶揄撥攀攘攣敲斃旱晰暈曠曰朦朧杣枡柩梵棘椒棹楔楮楡槃榜榴檻櫃櫟欅殷毫毯沁泄洒浙涅涵涸滓漑漿滲瀑濾瀾炒炬炸焉熾燵爛爬猥瑕疆疇疵疽疸疱痒痙痰痺瘡瘤瘻癬皺盂眩睨睫睾瞑瞞瞰瞼砒磋礫祀祠祟祓禊穢窩竦箒箏篆簀籬紮絨絣綽罠翅翳耆聊聘聚聳肛胚胱脛腋隋脾腑膀膠膣膵臀臂臍臘舅舐芻苞茫莢荼萼蓼薨蕭薔薇蘆蛉蛛蜀蜻蝸雖蟇衙袁袂袢裔褌褥襞襦襷訛訶誅誦諤諱謔諷謗謳譚賽贄贅趙趾跏跋踵蹊躁躇躊躬軋轢逍遽邁邱鄙鈔鉗鉤鋏鍼閨閻閾闊闍陝隕隧雉霰靄勒鞋韋竟頷頽顆飫饉饅饒髷髻鬘鬚鬢魏鮨鰓鰊鸚鸞靡齟齬啞飴嚙翰翫軀鹼麴鵠鯖屢杓酋薯藷蝕搔驒腿蛸瀦鎚屠瀆瀞囊牌潑醱稗逼謬庖麵鑓愈榔冤屛攢噓餐煽箭叛扁篝騙﨟鄧誹徘靱猷叟囀艘鴉姸幷疼筵甕訝粂虔腱咬狡鮫甦甑竈駁芒爺蠅蜃\n\nIn everyday usage, however, the term 表外漢字 refers to any kanji \"outside (外)\nsome list (表).\" It may refer to non-常用, to non-当用, non-(常用+人名用) characters\nbased on context. However, most typically this covers both the 常用 and 人名用\nlists together.\n\nNote that 外字 is a somewhat different concept, referring to characters not\ncovered by some electronic character set (such as JIS X 0208) or a specific\nfont and thus requiring to use hacks instead of just coding the characters.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-14T08:02:55.383", "id": "87060", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-14T08:02:55.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "87059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "When a name is in a title, they are often rendered in kana even if kanji is\navailable, especially as kanji for names can be read differently.\n\nAnd katakana is often used simply as a stylistic choice, to make it \"pop\" so\nto speak.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-17T20:17:26.557", "id": "87094", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-17T20:17:26.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36236", "parent_id": "87061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ムカージ sound a metathesis to me. I mean it's bit hard for to distinguish ムカジー,\nムカージ,ムカジ. Without the elongation ー between カ and ジ is the most natural to me.\n(i.e it sounds ムカジ to me.)\n\nAs for 1. We do not distinguish Va and Ba. So it's more close to Wa as you\nthink.\n\nAs for 2, if you want to avoid \"Liaison\", I think ム is easy to separate your\ngiven name and surname.\n\nAs for 3. it’s natural for Japanese to not pronounce the “r” sound. So never\nmind.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-14T15:14:30.550", "id": "87067", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-14T16:44:58.920", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-14T16:44:58.920", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "87063", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "That ところ simply means a point or part of something.\n\nIn this context, it refers to a particular aspect of what Shido has to deny.\n<ハニエル>であれば可能なところが苦しかった is something like “the part about _Haniel_ being indeed\ncapable of it was hard to explain away.”", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-14T14:17:55.090", "id": "87065", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:08:39.500", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:08:39.500", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The noun phrase 美化委員 is modified by the sentence 「誰も立候補者がおらず、何となくの投票で推薦された」.\n\nThe latter can be divided into 誰も立候補者がいない and 何となくの投票で推薦された.\n\nThough I didn't understand which part of the original phrase you had\ndifficulty with, it might have been easier for you if these had been joined as\n「誰も立候補者がいなくて、何となくの投票で推薦された」 or 「誰も立候補者がいなかったため（に）、何となくの投票で推薦された」.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nMaybe the cause of your confusion is in 立候補者. It means a candidate (候補者) but\none that has volunteered to run. Since no one volunteered, they had a vote of\nsorts (何となくの投票) to decide who to endorse as a member of the beautification\ncommittee. The protagonist became a member only as a result of it and didn’t\nrealize he would have such a privilege.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT2]\n\nI think what you are not getting is that the protagonist is the subject of\n推薦された (i.e. the object of 推薦).\n\n> 誰も立候補者がおらず、何となくの投票で（俺が）美化委員に推薦された。\n\nTake out 美化委員 and modify it with the rest of the sentence, and you get the\nfollowing noun phrase.\n\n> 誰も立候補者がおらず、何となくの投票で（俺が）推薦された美化委員", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-15T03:25:35.537", "id": "87070", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:07:53.067", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:07:53.067", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The _-(a)maposi_ optative auxiliary adjective is indeed connected with ほし\n\"want,\" but the first part is different. It is derived from the simplification\nof _-(a)maku [nö] posi,_ where:\n\n * _-(a)m-_ is trivially the ordinary modal (Classical む／ん);\n * _-aku_ is the nominal ending;\n * _posi_ is ほし \"is desirable.\"\n\nIn Nara Old Japanese, the construction is still attested in the non-contracted\nform:\n\n栲領巾乃懸巻欲寸妹名乎 (MYS 3.285) \ntaku pire-nö **kakë-m-aku posi** -ki imo=nö na=wo \n\"I want to say the name of my love as if hang the scarf of mulberry\"\n\nLiterally, \"hanging is desirable.\" When the nominal form in _-aku_ was lost,\nthe construction was grammaticalized.\n\nIn Old Japanese, _-(a)maku [nö] posi_ is only used with a limited series of\nverbs (citing Vovin): _kakë-_ 'to hang = to mention,' _kagapur-_ 'to obtain,'\n_kik-_ 'to hear, to listen,' _mor-_ 'to guard, to protect,' _mi-_ 'to see, to\nlook,' _sömë-_ 'to dye,' _ne-_ 'to sleep.' Since Heian, the grammaticalized\ndescendant loses these limitations, and even in Taketori we find:\n\nあるいはをのがゆかまほしきところへいぬ \"As for some, they went towards the place they wanted **to\ngo** ,\" with _yuk-_ \"to go\" not in the previous list. Probably this implies it\nwas completely analyzed as a part of the verb's conjugation pattern.\n\nSources and further reading:\n\n * Frellesvig, Bjarke - A History of the Japanese Language - Cambridge University Press (2010), pp. 240-2\n * [Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 5 Japan 16] Vovin, Alexander - A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese (2 Vols.) - Brill (2020), pp. 694-8.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-15T14:56:50.963", "id": "87072", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T14:24:56.497", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-16T14:24:56.497", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "87071", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "`その` without any context usually means whatever has been mentioned in the\nprior sentence. In this case `そのねらい` means the \"aim\"/\"purpose\" of\n`ちょっと変った娘を装っている`.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-16T04:13:21.407", "id": "87077", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T04:48:09.103", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-16T04:48:09.103", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "45260", "parent_id": "87074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. It means exactly the same as `あたしは猫`/`あたしが猫`\n 2. Grammatically it is incorrect. But in reality(at least for Japanese), most of the sentence we speak is not grammatically correct at all when we are talking with friends. \nEx) `この後何する？`", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-16T04:19:14.210", "id": "87078", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T04:19:14.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45260", "parent_id": "87075", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "According to this article linked below, masks were introduced to Japan in the\nbeginning of the Meiji period (1869) with coal miners to avoid inhaling\nharmful particles. At that time they were called 呼吸器(こきゅうき), essentially\nrespirator. However they were not widespread until the Spanish Flu in 1918. In\nthis picture you can see and advertisement for masks warning that not wearing\na mask is reckless (not much has changed). According to this picture it seems\nthat modern masks came along with their loaner word.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/S77lp.jpg)\n\nThere are of course more words for mask in Japanese. The most common probably\nbeing 仮面, which is usually in the case of masks used for disguise or to alter\nones appearance.\n\n<https://weathernews.jp/s/topics/202004/160185/>\n\n<https://www.goodcross.com/diary/21084-2020>", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-17T01:00:39.860", "id": "87088", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-17T03:13:04.920", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-17T03:13:04.920", "last_editor_user_id": "38959", "owner_user_id": "38959", "parent_id": "87076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It doesn’t seem to go very far.\n\nI think it must still make sense when replaced with 何か. What seems important\nhere is that it refers to various things without specifying what they are,\njust like 何か refers to something without specifying what it is. なん followed by\na counter, on the other hand, is an interrogative that asks about some\ninformation.\n\nThe following list must be reasonably exhaustive, except for local variations.\n\n * なんだかんだ\n * なんやかんや\n * なんやらかんやら\n * なんたらかんたら\n * なんちゃらかんちゃら\n * なんとかかんとか\n * なんでもかんでも\n * なんもかんも (a variation of 何もかも)\n * なんかかんか (not so common)\n\nI have never heard anyone say なんでかんで in my life, and I would be puzzled at\nwhat it might mean if I did. Search results suggest it is used only in certain\nNorthern dialects. It sounds very strange to me precisely because I would take\nthe なんで part as asking \"why\" or \"by what means\". My best-effort attempt would\nbe to understand it as meaning the same as なんだかんだで, which seems wrong anyway.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-17T02:49:30.723", "id": "87090", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-17T02:49:30.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87080", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「何の気なし **に** 様子で尋ねた」 does not makes sense to me at all and it is weird to\nread. Another meaning you can decipher from `という` is `のような/のように`。 In this\nparticular sentence, it means `as if`, which `に` does not have the similar\nmeaning here.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-16T23:46:22.617", "id": "87086", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T23:46:22.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45260", "parent_id": "87081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Weblio E-J / J-E has decent coverage for various things, including names.\n[Their entry for _Dimitri_](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/Dimitri) shows\nドミトリー as one rendering.\n\nI suspect this initial ド arose due to influence from common Russian-derived\nname Dmitri ([Weblio entry here](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/Dmitri)),\nwithout any explicit vowel between the initial \"D\" and the following \"m\". In\nsuch cases, the \"default\" vowel for a kana rendering would become the \"o\" (the\nback close vowel that still allows for initial //d//, and also for an easy\nshift to that following //m//), giving us the initial ド in the katakana.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-16T21:24:57.927", "id": "87083", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-16T21:24:57.927", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "87082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The second interpretation is not very likely in this particular example\nbecause 先生から授業がない makes little sense. That idea would probably be expressed as\n先生の授業がない.\n\n先生から授業がある works better.\n\n> 先生から今日は授業があると聞いたんだけど。\n\nThis could be translated in two ways.\n\n> 1. I heard from the teacher that there will be a class today.\n>\n\n> 2. I heard that the teacher will give (us) a class today.\n>\n\nHowever, without enough context, the second interpretation is still less\nlikely than the first. That’s because of 今日は. It is clearly part of the\nquotation. If 先生から is also part of the quotation, it would most likely be\nplaced after 今日は.\n\n> 今日は先生から授業があると聞いたんだけど。\n\nBut this makes the first interpretation much less likely (unless, of course,\n今日は is a worthy topic of the whole sentence).\n\nIf you take out 今日は altogether, the sentence becomes more context-dependent.\n\n> 先生から授業があると聞いたんだけど。\n\nThis could go either way.\n\nIf you need to make it clear that you heard the news from the teacher, you can\nsay:\n\n> 授業があると先生から聞いたんだけど。\n\nThis completely disambiguates the meaning.\n\nSo, it depends on word order and context.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nAlthough it’s definitely much better than 先生から授業がない, even 先生から授業がある sounds a\nbit awkward. I guess 授業 is not the kind of noun that makes you think of its\ndirection, which から indicates, especially when it’s not given. 〜から〜がない works\nbetter with some other nouns. For example, 先生から説明がない sounds as natural as\n先生から説明がある.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-17T00:11:43.317", "id": "87087", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:04:16.873", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:04:16.873", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87084", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "This is SO hard to answer but I'll try it...\n\n全員/皆 is literally everyone so I'll just ignore them.\n\n各位 and 各自 looks very similar but AFAIK 各自 is asking for everyone but not\nactually everyone.\n\ne.g. \"昼食は各自で食べて下さい。\" -> \"Please eat lunch on your own.\"\n\n各自 is asking something to oneself, not everyone. But still saying for everyone\nin the room/office or anywhere. this is SO confusing to me but it's just like\nthat.\n\non the other hand, 各位 is asking something for everyone.\n\ne.g. \"各位で昼食を取るようにして下さい。\" -> \"Each of you should take your own lunch.\"\n\n万人 is used like \"この車は万人受けするだろう。\" -> \"This car will be universally accepted.\"\n\n万人 is used when something is being universally accepted or not.\n(万人受け(universally) する(accepted) or しない(not accepted) ). ​I think there's no\ndifference between ばんにん/ばんじん but I've never heard someone using this as ばんじん\nso I don't know.\n\n人々 is almost same as 全員/皆 but it's not actually everyone, it's used like\n\"組織の人々\" -> \"People in the organization\". It's used for people that is in some\norganization, region... used for something limited.\n\n面々 is almost same as 各自/各位. It can be used either as \"各自\" or \"各位\", but unlike\n\"各自\" / \"各位\", it is not a 敬語(honorific?) and is used in more casual situations.\n\nI'm not sure if this can help you understanding those. I wish I was good at\nenglish...\n\nask me if you've got further questions, I don't know if I can answer that but\nI'll try it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-19T09:07:36.860", "id": "87118", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-19T09:07:36.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87091", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As a general rule, when a particle can be omitted, that’s when the meaning is\nclear without it. Although they are more liberally omitted in spoken language\nthan in written language, some particles may be omitted under special\ncircumstances even in written language, such as when they are used with どこか or\n何か, as you say. What’s important to note here is that the same basic rule\nstill applies and a particle can be omitted only when the meaning is clear\nwithout it.\n\nWhen どこか is used with a verb that describes a movement from one place to\nanother, most typically 行く, it is obvious that it is meant for どこかへ or どこかに.\nTherefore, へ or に can be safely omitted in this case. The reason へ seems\nalways optional when に is not is because へ is used only with this kind of\nverb, or a verb of motion, whereas に has many more functions.\n\nYou might think に could be safely omitted when どこかに is used with a verb of\npresence or existence, such as ある and いる. However, grammar simply doesn’t\npermit that in written language. I guess the location (に) is considered less\nstrongly associated with such a verb than the subject is. In fact, when 何か is\nused with a similar verb, が can be omitted.\n\nWhen 何か is used with a verb that takes a direct object, such as する, it is by\ndefault understood as meaning 何かを even if を is omitted. This could be\nunderstood as the direct object is the most strongly associated with the verb,\nand therefore, を is considered the _least necessary_ to understand the meaning\nof the sentence (because the verb itself takes care of it). Other grammatical\nelements, including the subject (が), the indirect object or target (に), the\nsetting or place of action (で), the means (で), the companion (と), etc., are\nless strongly associated with the verb, and therefore, the meaning of the\nsentence would be less clear from the verb alone, if the particles were\nomitted. In fact, even in spoken language, these particles, with the exception\nof が, are usually not omitted.\n\nWhen 何か is used with a verb that doesn’t take a direct object, it is\nunderstood as meaning 何かが even if が is omitted. The case of ある or いる,\nexplained above, is just one such example.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T03:39:39.917", "id": "87105", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T03:39:39.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87092", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "First and second way looks fine but third one seems to be a bit weird for me.\n\nAs a Japanese perspective, there's no different between them, it's just\nanother way to say that.\n\nIt could be improved though, since original sentence has \"I\", so:\n\"私は太陽の光を浴びすぎると頭が痛くなります\" for formal way, or\n\n\"(insert your favorite first-person word like 僕 or 私 or\n俺)、太陽を浴びすぎると頭が痛くなるんだよね\" for more casual way.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T02:03:10.717", "id": "87102", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T02:03:10.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The first two are fine, but the third sounds slightly awkward to me. The verb\n受ける goes better with 日光 or 直射日光 than 太陽. Although 太陽を受ける _is_ used with the\nsame meaning as (直射) 日光を受ける, it takes on a slight poetic sound when used for a\nperson. It brings an image of someone facing the sun with their arms wide\nopen.\n\nBoth 日光 and 直射日光 would work fine with the first two sentences, as well. There\nis also 太陽光, but it sounds more scientific than 日光 or 直射日光.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T02:20:58.867", "id": "87104", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:00:17.410", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:00:17.410", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are completely correct.\n\nIn Japan(or at least Japanese Heavy Internet User), we even think \"nice try\"\nas something negative. It's just like that.\n\nThis is a bad culture in the old internet world(it still is though). On 2ch\n(now 5ch), a BBS we used to use a lot, there was a lot of behavior of putting\nothers down in a roundabout way. In my opinion, the real origin of this\nbehavior comes from the (now rarely seen) disposition of Kyoto people.\nReference (Japanese website): <https://finders.me/articles.php?id=1955>\n\nThe reason that streamer thought that your sentence is agitating him/she, is\nbecause he/she probably thought that sentence as \"You're doing this\n(streaming) because you have no hobbies other than gaming, right?\"\n\nI would even think so if I was him/she, sadly.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-21T03:30:08.687", "id": "87133", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-21T03:30:08.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[様]{よう} and [様]{さま} are not interchangeable, but this has more to do with\ntheir forms than their meanings.\n\nAlthough, technically speaking, the よう of ようだ may be also considered a noun,\nthe ようだ construction works like a な-adjective (形容動詞) and thus takes such forms\nas ような and ように. While [様]{さま} is also always modified by something, it’s more\n_normal_ as a noun and its noun-modifying form is [様]{さま}の, not [様]{さま}な. In\nthat sense, it’s more a synonym of 様子 than of [様]{よう}.\n\nWhen [様]{よう} forms a normal noun, as opposed to when it is used as part of\nようだ, it takes the ます-stem (連用形) of a verb, as in 喜び[様]{よう}, はしゃぎ[様]{よう}, etc.\nEven in these cases, it is usually written in hiragana. With [様]{さま}, it would\nbe 喜ぶ[様]{さま}, はしゃぐ[様]{さま}, etc., which are practically interchangeable with\n喜ぶ様子, はしゃぐ様子, etc. I would say [様]{さま} sounds a bit literary.\n\nSome ambiguity arises when the character 様 is preceded by an adjective or a\nnoun followed by の, as in 上品な様. However, not being a normal noun, [様]{よう}\nwouldn’t take such particles as が, を, で, etc. If it happens to be followed by\nで, that で must be part of the copula です.\n\nI would say it's always a good practice to use hiragana when it's meant for\n[様]{よう}.\n\nLastly, add a negative connotation to [様]{さま}, and you get ざま. This is almost\nalways written in hiragana, or even in katakana.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nThere are a few expressions in which 様 is preceded by the ます-stem (連用形) of a\nverb and pronounced ざま, such as 生き[様]{ざま} and すれ違い[様]{ざま}. While 生き[様]{ざま}\ndoes mean 生きる[様]{さま}, すれ違い[様]{ざま} is not the same as すれ違う[様]{さま}. The former\nrefers to the moment at which one does the act of すれ違う, not any apperance.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T00:48:36.683", "id": "87098", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-20T00:08:49.943", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-20T00:08:49.943", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87096", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As a general rule, it is pronounced じ after an _on’yomi_ word and とき after a\n_kun’yomi_ word. However, there are exceptions, and [食事時]{しょくじどき} is one of\nthem.\n\nCuriously, 食事, despite being an _on’yomi_ word, also exceptionally tends to\ntake the politeness prefix お, rather than ご. I cannot explain why. I guess you\nshould memorize each exception.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T01:09:54.343", "id": "87099", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T01:09:54.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "When the previous word is Hiragana, it tends to pronounce 'toki' or 'doki',\nwhile the previous word is Kanji or followed by Kanji, it tends to 'ji'. The\nexceptions like 「昼飯―」花見―」「木(コ)の芽―」「梅雨(ツユ)―」are the general time for everyone\nlike launch, dinner, or season, not the time only for the person who is\nspeaking or the related people for the speaker. These are almost idiomatic\nexpressions. \nIt is my feeling as a Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T09:00:19.503", "id": "87106", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T09:00:19.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45275", "parent_id": "87097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Edit: so I just realized that this place don't do translation. I won't be\ndeleteing my answer but I won't be answering further questions.\n\n\"親愛なるMaskawaさんへ(since maskawa is not proper Japanese name; Masakawa or\nMasukawa possibly?)\n\n私の名前はアレックスです。私は生物学を専攻していて、物理学にも興味を持っています。\n\n多元宇宙論に関するあなたの見解をお聞きしたいと思い、連絡させていただきました。\nあなたはひも理論に対して肯定的な見解をお持ちのようですね。例えば、あなたは超ひも理論は新しい物理学を生み出す可能性があるとおっしゃっていました。\n\nご存知かとは思いますが、超ひも理論は、多元宇宙の存在という仮説と非常に関係があります。このことについて、先生はどのようにお考えでしょうか（もしあれば）。\n\n複数の宇宙が存在することは可能だと思いますか？\n\nもし、複数の宇宙が存在する事が可能だと思われる場合、それらの宇宙は物理学の最も基本的な法則に違いがあると思いますか？\n物理学の基本的な法則（量子力学の法則、熱力学の法則、エネルギーと物質の保存の法則...など）が異なる多くの宇宙が存在すると考えますか？\n\n回答をお待ちしております。\"\n\nI’m not good at physics/space-thingy(?), so some of my translation could be\nwrong.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T01:50:49.477", "id": "87101", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T02:11:41.950", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-18T02:11:41.950", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87100", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> Did 初める（はじめる） used to exist as a verb?\n\nIt still does. See various dictionaries, such as the monolingual [Daijisen\nentry at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%88%9D%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-555334), or the\nbilingual entry in the [Weblio E-J / J-E\ndictionary](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%88%9D%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B).\n\n> i'm just asking about the origin of the word - if it used to be 始めまして and\n> then the kanji 初 was inserted later, then that's the history. if 初める existed\n> separately and first, then that's the history.\n\nはじむ came first, possibly pronounced as //hazimu//. This appears all the way\nback in some of the earliest Japanese texts, such as the\n[万葉集【まんようしゅう】](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB) completed\nin 759. For any _kun'yomi_ word, all kanji spellings are secondary, and pretty\nmuch any kanji comes from Chinese. So neither the 初 nor 始 spellings are\n\"original\", both were borrowed from Chinese and applied to an already-existing\nJapanese word.\n\n_(I say \"pretty much any\" instead of \"all\", since there are always exceptions\n-- some kanji were invented in Japan, often for native terms. These are called\n国字【こくじ】, literally \"national characters\". Examples include 畑【はたけ】 (\"dry\ncultivated field\") or 峠【とうげ】 (\"mountain pass\"). But even here, the words\nexisted first, and the kanji were invented and applied later. Consider even\nEnglish: the spelling \"cough\" was invented long after the word existed.)_", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T19:26:10.750", "id": "87110", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T19:41:31.653", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-18T19:41:31.653", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "87107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your question has a slight typo that is hard to see -- you've used ー, Unicode\ncodepoint 30FC, the 長音符【ちょうおんぷ】 or 伸ばし【のばし】 mark used to indicate a long\nvowel. In vertical text, this is always a vertical line, so we can tell that\nthe correct character instead is 一【いち】, Unicode codepoint 4E00, the kanji\nmeaning \"one\", which is always a horizontal line, even in vertical text. In\nhorizontal text, these two might look identical, depending on font, but copy-\npasting these into online dictionaries will give you very different results.\n\nIn your manga text, we have the word:\n\n * [金一封【きんいっぷう】](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E9%87%91%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%81) (literally \"money one envelope\", i.e. an envelope of money)\n\n(Links go to the relevant entry in the Weblio E-J / J-E free online\ndictionary.)\n\nIn other words, someone got an envelope with money in it, probably a\ntraditional gift looking a bit like this:\n\n", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-18T17:30:25.013", "id": "87109", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-18T22:47:29.693", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-18T22:47:29.693", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "87108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> I think both 系 and 番台 can be translated as \"series\"\n\nNo. 系 would be Series but 番台 is Type.\n\nThe reason behind train's called like that is there's too many \"E233 series\ntype 9000\". \nWe don't want to see E233 series type 9000-1, 9000-2, 9000-3, 9000-4... right?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-19T06:19:43.523", "id": "87116", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-19T06:19:43.523", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87111", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I am not a\n[[撮り鉄]{とりてつ}](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E6%92%AE%E3%82%8A%E9%89%84) or\nsomething who is a train freak taking a photo of trains, so this is a layman\nperspective.\n\nAccording to\n[[鉄道]{てつどう}の[車両番号]{しゃりょうばんごう}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B7),\n○○[形]{けい} or ○○[型]{けい} which is the model of a train (e.g. [Boeing\n737](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737#737_Original_\\(first_generation\\)#Genrations_and_varinats)\nis the model of a Boeing airplane) with the same performance, same equipments,\nor same features, etc.\n\n○○ **[系]{けい}** is used to describe a group of the model.\n\n○○○○[\n**[番台]{ばんだい}**](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86)\nis a serial number which is used to describe a train with the same\nperformance, same equipments, or some same features. The same model can be\nmanufactured by a different train company (i.e JR西日本 and JR東海 may manufacture\nsame model with different serial number for different areas).\n\nThat is to say, **[番台]{ばんだい}** is normally attached with **[系]{けい}**.\n\nI am not sure about it is the similar to a car model registration system.\nProbably there is the same model of a car which has a different name by a\ndifferent company due to branding perspective.\n\nIf I were a branding manager of a car company, I want to name a car\n[\"Corolla\"](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9)\nas much as I could. I think it is a different naming convention from a public\ntransportation like train vehicles.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-19T06:20:11.920", "id": "87117", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-19T08:47:51.830", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-19T08:47:51.830", "last_editor_user_id": "34735", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "87111", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't have any academic knowledge, but my sense as a Japanese speaker is\nthat it has the role of emphasizing the speaker's words. That is something you\nsee in novels, but I don't think it is used very often in everyday life. From\na Japanese point of view, it may give the impression of someone who is\nassertive.\n\nThe following is just my imagination. The word \"だ\" has the meaning of fact or\nassertion, which may have been derived to include the meaning of emphasis.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-19T01:22:16.650", "id": "87114", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-19T01:22:16.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34595", "parent_id": "87112", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Thank you for those links Ringil and Naruto. To have an answer here:\n\nFrom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku>\n\n> Rendaku (連濁, Japanese pronunciation: [ɾendakɯ], lit. \"sequential voicing\")\n> is a phenomenon in Japanese morphophonology that governs the voicing of the\n> initial consonant of a non-initial portion of a compound or prefixed word.\n\n> ひと + ひと → ひと-びと hito + hito → hitobito (\"person\" + \"person\" → \"people\")\n\nSo I guess that's what's happening here. The second part of the compound is はし\nand is pronounced ばし. And the rules about this Rendaku are complicated.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-20T04:01:20.103", "id": "87125", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-20T04:01:20.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "37278", "parent_id": "87119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe this とて is the adverbial particle listed\n[here](https://www.imabi.net/totetomo.htm) and [the 係助 definition\nhere](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A6/#jn-159532). It is\nrather rare and is essentially equivalent to だって in the context of your post.\nYou might also be parsing the sentence incorrectly. I've added a comma to the\nsentence, if that helps.\n\n> 只の女であれば、私（とて / だって）こうは目くじらを立てんさ \n> If she was just your average woman, ( **even** ) I wouldn't be looking into\n> her like this.\n\nI feel like the above sentence would sound more natural without \"even\", but\nthat's the best direct translation I can give. Maybe a better natural\ntranslation might be \"If she was just your average woman, I wouldn't be\nlooking into her either.\"\n\nThe subject of 目くじらを立てる should be 私. こう has nothing to do with とて, it is just\nmodifying what comes after it. (こう like the one in こういう)\n\n> **こう** （は）目くじらを立てる \n> looking into her **like this**.\n\nIf you're confused about the は, you could probably just take it out and get\nroughly the same meaning, just without the contrast/emphasis that は provides\nin the original.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-19T23:26:39.530", "id": "87121", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-19T23:38:21.537", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-19T23:38:21.537", "last_editor_user_id": "21657", "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "87120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a bookish construction frequently seen in newspapers and academic\npapers.\n\nYou can simply understand it as a する omitted (with its tense).\n\n> 大学を卒業[後]【ご】 → 大学を卒業 **した** 後【あと】 \n> デパートで買い物[前]【まえ】 → デパートで買い物 **する** 前【まえ】 \n> 滑走路に進入[時]【じ】 → 滑走路に進入（ **する／した** ）時【とき】 \n> ワクチンを接種直後 → ワクチンを接種 **した** 直後\n\nThese expressions can be used whenever the previous verb is a サ変複合動詞 (noun +\nする), but not for other simple verbs like 食べる, 話す etc.\n\nI assume they are categorized as verbal adverbs or verbal adjectives\ngrammatically, on the line of （携帯を～）充電中 and （現金に～）交換可能.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-20T11:48:16.347", "id": "87130", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-20T12:55:28.390", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-20T12:55:28.390", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "87129", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "男子 and 女子 are tricky words, but they are safely used for adults in certain\nsituations. Please read this first: [What are the differences between 女子{じょし},\n娘子{じょうし} and 女{おんな}の子{こ}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57674/5010)\n\nNow, 女子 and 女の子 are relatively more common than 男子/男の子 when topics like\nfashion or romance are concerned. I think this is simply because these words\ntend to have a _kawaii_ impression when they refer to adults. Still, it is not\nuncommon for a woman to refer to younger male adult they find cute as 男の子 (I\nthink English speakers also use _boy_ for similar situations).\n[草食男子](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore_men) was a very common\nbuzzword, too.\n\nI don't know an academic research on the frequency, but the popularity of\n女子/男子 to refer to adults is a trend recognized by many native speakers in the\nlast few decades, as described in the linked answer above. There have been\nmany buzzwords around this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-20T22:31:26.047", "id": "87132", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-20T22:37:26.340", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-20T22:37:26.340", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is easy to tell who is talking to who just by looking at the picture.\n[Hirako](https://seiga.nicovideo.jp/seiga/im4521092) is clearly in this page,\nso I don't think the context is missing. (This is not the first scene where\nHirako appears in the series, right?)\n\nThat said, even without the picture, this sentence almost certainly means this\nperson is talking directly to Hirako. The sentence would usually be\n平子班長は書いたんスか, 平子班長は書けたんでしょうか or something if Hirako were not in the scene.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T21:12:34.190", "id": "87177", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T21:12:34.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "For that line to sound natural in a situation where the listener is not Hirako\nhimself, the listener would still have to be someone who is somehow qualified\nto definitely state that Hirako has manage to write something he is supposed\nto have, and the speaker would have to know the listener is in such a\nposition. For example, the listener might be Hirako’s supervisor and perhaps\nHirako’s ability to write a report or something is in doubt. In such a case,\nthe speaker might ask 「平子班長書けましたか」 meaning “Did Hirako (manage to) write it?”\nIt’s kind of similar to asking a parent 「太郎くん宿題できましたか」 in reference to her\nchild’s progress with his homework.\n\nIf the listener is not in a position to give a definite answer about Hirako\nlike that, the speaker would most probably ask about what the listener can\nobserve from the outside in a less direct manner. For example, the speaker\nmight ask 「平子班長書けたみたいですか」 or 「平子班長書けたんですか」.\n\nBut I cannot think of a situation where this actually causes any confusion in\nreal life because the listener would know he is the one addressed as 平子班長\nunless he has forgotten his own name.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T01:44:56.250", "id": "87180", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T03:16:20.393", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T03:16:20.393", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87134", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "フトアゴヒゲ is for [太]{ふと}い[顎髭]{あごひげ}. It refers to the thick beard-like spines of\nthe lizard.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-21T13:39:26.223", "id": "87137", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-21T13:39:26.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87135", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Well, there are many types of 略字.\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97>\n\nShort answer: it might be used on blackboard.\n\nGenerally speaking, I don't think primary school teachers use them, and also\nunlikely secondary school teachers. I remember my history teacher in high\nschool using 口 for 国. But it was rather a memorable exception. As for essays,\nprobably it does not make much sense because everything is typed these days.\n\nAlmost _the_ 略字 everybody uses and recognizes would be 冂 (with vertical stroke\nat the top) for 門（see the link above）. Including this one, there are a number\nof abbreviations that surprise nobody if used by teachers, but not so many.\n\nPersonally I think people (including me) just use characters deformed in their\nown way, not the clearly defined variant of those characters.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-10T03:55:51.893", "id": "87418", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-10T04:14:44.860", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-10T04:14:44.860", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct.\n\nThe question is about whether 〜 **を** 疑う and 〜 **と** 疑う mean the same thing,\nand the answer is they don’t.\n\nThe first sentence from the novel matches the first pattern, and this 疑う means\n“to doubt”. In this particular sentence, the whole of 私があの鞘の持ち主であること is the\ndirect object of 疑う. They doubted that the speaker (私) was the owner of the\nscabbard, meaning they didn’t think she was the owner.\n\nThe second sentence from the manga matches the second pattern, which is\nsimilar in construction, and meaning, to 〜と思う, 〜と考える, etc. This 疑う would be\nbetter translated as “to suspect” than “to doubt”. They suspected that the\nspeaker (私) was the owner of the scabbard, meaning they _did_ think she was\nthe owner although they were not sure if that was really the case.\n\nI have no idea why such a mix-up happened when the novel was adapted to the\nmanga.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nThough I generalized the question in my explanation above, the particles are\nnot the only difference in these sentences. There are other differences that\ncome with it.\n\n私があの鞘の持ち主である **こと** refers to the speaker (私) being the owner of the scabbard\nin general terms. It doesn’t have to be a truth. It could as well be a\npossibility. When it’s the object of 疑う, it means you doubt its validity.\n\n私があの鞘の持ち主 **だ** , on the other hand, is an affirmation that the speaker is the\nowner of the scabbard, although the degree of its certainty varies depending\non what verb follows. 疑う adds a sense of suspicion but it’s not much different\nfrom 思う in this case.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT 2]\n\nI have been reminded in the comments that 〜を疑う could also mean “to suspect.”\nIn this usage, the object usually refers to something negative, such as\ndisease or criminality. These days you can expect to get many search results\ncontaining 感染を疑う.\n\nHowever, this doesn’t seem to apply in the current context at all. If I\nunderstand the description of the story correctly, the speaker is the real\nKing Author, and therefore, the legitimate owner of the scabbard. And she\nknows it herself. If she says 私があの鞘の持ち主であること, that’s a fact for her. She\nwouldn’t be annoyed if someone suspected it to be true. Besides, it seems a\nfact that they doubted that she was the king when they first saw her.\n\nPersonally, I’m having a hard time seeing ambiguity in this sentence even\nwithout context.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T02:33:41.803", "id": "87181", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T12:41:40.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T12:41:40.343", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87138", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case ずっと means \"Forever/All the time\", not \"Always\".\n\nAlways means that it's always the case when certain conditions are met. Unlike\n\"All the time / Forever\" it doesn't mean always for a long time. For example,\n\"When I order something at a restaurant, I always ask for a hamburger.\" it\ndoesn't mean that I always ask for a hamburger, but it means that it happens\nonly when I go to a restaurant and order it, which is a specific condition.\n\nForever/All the time means that it's always the case, regardless of the\nconditions, from a certain point in time, for a long and continuous period of\ntime. For example, \"That ball has been there since 3 years ago.\" referring to\nthe state of being there continuously from the beginning, 3 years ago, to\ntoday. It's also used in the sense of eternity, sometimes referring to the\nfuture, as in \"Let's be friends forever.\"\n\nSo, in this case, they don't have any conditions to be いつも(Always), so that's\nwhy the original sentence is ずっとって訳にはいかない - It can't be forever.\n\nI hope this could makes sense the usage of \"訳にはいかない\", ask me in the comment if\nyou got further question", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T01:57:39.993", "id": "87145", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T02:08:58.153", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-22T02:08:58.153", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "It's a case particle と (\"with\" as in \"face with something\" or \"fight with\nsomeone\") followed by a noun-linking particle の. See:\n\n * [using の with と,で, から, まで](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33605/5010)\n * [What is this との?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54461/5010)\n\nAssuming this sentence is said in a common fantasy RPG-like setting, 後衛との壁\nrefers to either of:\n\n * the wall (tank) that blocks ranged attacks (e.g., arrows) coming from rear members of the enemy\n * the wall (tank) that guards rear members (e.g. supporters, healers) of the ally\n\nThe former is more likely but it may mean the latter depending on the context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T00:31:44.677", "id": "87143", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T00:44:05.677", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-22T00:44:05.677", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As suggested in the comments by someone, the different uses of this form is\nexplained in detail in this post:\n\n * [Continuative form](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/65936/do-i-have-a-good-grasp-on-the-basics-of-what-the-continuative-form-is/65953#65953)\n\nAs for the difference between the two connections:\n\n * [Connecting phrases with the stem of masu form](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6412/connecting-phrases-with-the-stem-of-masu-form) (this one proves to be incorrect)\n * [て versus combining-form for joining clauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23789/%E3%81%A6-versus-combining-form-for-joining-clauses)\n\nTo summarize, some people suggest that the main difference is that て implies\ntemporal order while the stem doesn't. This doesn't seem to be entirely true,\naccording to this [study](http://hasegawa.berkeley.edu/Papers/TE.pdf):\n\n> \"Through the use of TE-linkage, the speaker presents the two situations as\n> being related in some principled way - e.g. causation, intention of a single\n> individual, or reason for an action - so that the presented situations are\n> viewed as NONINCIDENTAL.\".\n\nIn the end, it seems the main difference between the two ways to link is\nsimply a matter of formality. As described by someone else in the third link:\n\"The conjunctive form (aka pre-ます form) sounds more\ndry/learned/erudite/scholarly/formal.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T04:51:25.300", "id": "87186", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T04:51:25.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "87146", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "From what I can see, I don't think this is a pun. To begin with, the\ncharacter's name is not まれ but のぞみ. 希 is rarely read as まれ in modern standard\nJapanese.\n\nStill, 稀 is a relatively bookish word, and ordinary speakers wouldn't say\n\"って稀！\" to mean something like \"That's rare!\" in speech. With more context, I\nmay be able to say something more. Either way, the chances of it being a pun\nare slim to none.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T06:30:34.843", "id": "87169", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T06:30:34.843", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "`てしまう` can has the meaning of something bad, happened, unintentionally, in\nthis case, dying is a bad thing. And the writer/speaker will use `しまう` to\nexpress his/her feeling towards what ever happened. `彼が死んだ`, `彼が死んでしまった`。Both\nmeans the same `He's dead`, but the latter has the meaning of the speaker\nfeels bad about it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T06:55:23.627", "id": "87149", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T06:55:23.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45260", "parent_id": "87148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a little bit of a tricky word. A proper translation would be:\n\n> From what I've seen, he/she seems to be a pretty good bandit too. Well, I\n> (or you)'ll have to be as good as him/her.\n\nならんとな is a corrupted form of \"ならないと(いけない/だめだ)な\".\n\nSo (if I'm understanding right) both of your ideas are (sadly) wrong.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T10:23:49.347", "id": "87153", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T13:13:57.040", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-23T13:13:57.040", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87151", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe that this is an old-fashioned way of saying \"ふと\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T10:59:25.717", "id": "87155", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T10:59:25.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87152", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "With all due respect, I disagree with your analysis, especially of the second\nsentence.\n\nFirst of all, I don’t think the existence of the first part in each sentence\nis very important. The question seems to have more to do with how to interpret\nが and は in a negative sentence.\n\n雪 **が** 降っています is a very natural, matter-of-fact sentence that states it is\nsnowing. However, its negative version 雪 **が** 降っていません sounds as if the state\ndescribed by 雪が降っています is the normal or expected state, but that state is\ncurrently not fulfilled because snow is missing.\n\n雪 **は** 降っていません, on the other hand, specifically negates 雪 as something that\nis falling. Something else might be falling.\n\nYour first sentence sounds natural because of this. 「雨は降っていますが、雪 **が**\n降っていません」 would imply it is supposed to be snowing, too, and that would sound\nweird.\n\nYour second sentence could be either 「雨は降っていませんが、雪 **が** 降っています」 or\n「雨は降っていませんが、雪 **は** 降っています」. The latter somewhat emphasizes the fact that snow\n_is_ coming down from the sky although rain is not.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T14:53:44.337", "id": "87157", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T14:26:21.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T14:26:21.287", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87154", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "This sentence is not formal, but it's not incorrect. Sometimes だ can be used\nas a sentence-end or interjectory particle, and だ/です can appear after ないと,\nなきゃ, かも, たら, etc.\n\n * [Do certain particles behave like nouns? Case in point:「かも」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/85826/5010)\n * [what does としてもだ mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/58949/5010)\n * [~たいだとか why is there a だ here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60014/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T15:26:07.677", "id": "87159", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T15:26:07.677", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87158", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The Japanese language has appositive constructions, too, but I don't think\nだれか素敵な人 is an example of apposition. To say something is in apposition to\nsomething, you have to be able to join the two phrases using an equal sign\n(`=`) or \"is\".\n\n * my friend Michael (Michael **is** my friend)\n * Jack the Ripper (Jack **is** the ripper)\n * アメリカ大統領ジョー・バイデン (Joe Biden **is** the US President)\n * 水の都ヴェネツィア (Venice **is** the City of Water)\n\nThis does not apply for だれか素敵な人 (\"someone is a nice person\" is not correct).\nLikewise, I don't think \"something delicious\" or \"someone special\" in English\nis not an appositive construction.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T02:17:34.650", "id": "87168", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T02:17:34.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case you would use でもあります, as in for example 「店員だけでなく、学生でもあります。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-22T20:59:53.827", "id": "87162", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-22T20:59:53.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "87161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They are mostly interchangeable. 想像に任せる and 想像に任す mean the same thing. 任せた and\n任した are the same, too. The godan version, 任す, sounds slightly more literary\nand uncommon to me. In particular, 任す almost never takes the imperative form\n(任せ!).\n\nThere are similar verb pairs, including:\n\n * 済ませる / 済ます\n * 巡らせる / 巡らす\n * 驚かせる / 驚かす\n * 寝かせる / 寝かす\n\nSee also: [Could not understand why 命令形 (imperative form) is used in this\nsentence from 1Q84 book](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/86612/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T06:47:39.183", "id": "87170", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T06:47:39.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87164", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "そよ (or そよそよ) is basically an onomatopoeia/mimesis that describes a mild wind\nor the sound of it. You can say 風がそよそよと吹く or 風がそよとも吹かない. そよ風 is from this そよ.\nThus そよ may give an impression of \"breezing\" or \"mild\" if used as part of a\nJapanese-sounding name. On the other hand, something like _soyorx_ (your\naccount name) does not look like a Japanese word at all, and no one would care\nin such cases.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T01:58:44.957", "id": "87167", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T01:58:44.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87166", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "に is for _for_ in that sentence. So yes, it's marking purposes of buying beef.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T11:43:21.250", "id": "87173", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-23T11:43:21.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87172", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Just like ～たり～たり and [～ては～](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/41664/5010),\n～か～か works both as a long noun and as a long suru-verb.\n\n * 食べたり飲んだりするのを繰り返す。\n * 食べたり飲んだりを繰り返す。\n * 寝るか勉強するかしろ。\n * 寝るか勉強するか(を)選べ。\n * 生きるか死ぬかの勝負だ。\n\nSo the following sentences are all valid and mean the same thing:\n\n * 容易く受け止められるか、避けられるかするのがオチだろう。\n * 容易く受け止められるか、避けられるかがオチだろう。\n * 容易く受け止められるか、避けられるのがオチだろう。\n\nUnlike ～たり～たり, it's usually fine to drop the second か, as in the third\nexample. Still, keeping the two か's and treating them as a long suru-verb is\nthe most explicit and \"canonical\" way. This する is not strictly necessary, but\nit's better to keep it at least in very formal sentences.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-23T21:31:33.017", "id": "87178", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T00:13:32.407", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-24T00:13:32.407", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "(*)黒板の[上]{うえ} **を** 書きました is as incorrect as (*)黒板 **を** 書きました. You don’t\nwrite the top of the blackboard much as you don’t write the blackboard. You\nwrite something **on** the blackboard, or on top of it. The sentence doesn’t\nsay what you wrote. If it were not omitted, it would have taken the object-\nmarker を, as in [名前]{なまえ} **を** 書きました.\n\nThe correct particle for 黒板 is に.\n\n> 日本語の[授業]{じゅぎょう}で黒板 **に** 書きました。\n\nYou could add の[上]{うえ} but that’s not really necessary because if you write\nanything on the blackboard, it would obviously be on top of it, not below or\nbeside. The sentence sounds more natural without it. If you say 黒板の上, it might\nbe understood as above the blackboard.\n\nThis usage of に is similar to that in テーブル（の[上]{うえ}） **に** 本を[置]{お}きます. It\nindicates the target the action is directed towards. It could also be\nunderstood as indicating the position or place where something will be as a\nresult of the action. In that sense, it is not much different from the に in\n[電車]{でんしゃ} **に** [乗]{の}ります.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T04:23:37.737", "id": "87185", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T20:10:23.393", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T20:10:23.393", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "OptB doesn't make sense at all while Opt A isn't perfect, either. It sounds a\nlot better if you rewrite OptA as\n\n日本語のじゅぎょうで黒板を使いました。\n\nsince the intial sentence doesn't have an object (writing what!?).\nAdditionally, OptB would sound better if you rewrite it as\n\n日本語のじゅぎょうで黒板上に書きました。\n\nYet, it still sounds a bit awkward since, again, it doesn't have an object.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T05:12:57.353", "id": "87187", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T05:12:57.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27723", "parent_id": "87182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "即 means \"instant\" or \"immediate\". オチ is from 落ちる, and has two major meanings:\n\n 1. punchline (of a joke), final joke (of a comedy performance), final result (of a story)\n 2. falling in love, being hooked, being addicted\n\nSo 即【そく】オチ refers to a type of manga where the funniest part comes near the\nvery beginning, or a manga that is simply very short, or a manga where someone\nfalls in love immediately. Either way, I think the author thought your comment\n(早い!) referred to the content or length of the manga rather than the post\ndate. Does the posted manga fit this description?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T07:26:35.150", "id": "87189", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T07:34:36.430", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-24T07:34:36.430", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You have one sentence as\n\n仮登録したデータは自動消去されます。\n\nInstead of ending it, you want to continue with another sentence. That's why\nyou end the sentence with 「され」\n\nSo it's pretty much like you are saying in English\n\nTemporary data being automatically erased, an account you register will become\ninvalid.\n\nAdditionally, just as you say, you can also say\n\n仮登録したデータは自動消去されて登録したアカウントは無効になりますので\n\nIn this case, 「て」connects two sentences.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T07:09:11.113", "id": "87188", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T07:09:11.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27723", "parent_id": "87184", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "For one, 加える is more formal than 足す。 足す can also mean to add, as in adding\nnumbers / mathematics. The really small difference is that 足す is generally\nused when adding to an already existing quantity, while 加える is more used when\nadding something new. Examples:\n\n 1. コーヒーに砂糖を加える。\n 2. コーヒーに砂糖を足す。\n\nBoth mean to add sugar to coffee, but the former would be used in a scenario\nwhen I am creating a latte or some other sweet coffee beverage. The latter\nmeans to add sugar, as in the coffee already has sugar, but it's still too\nbitter.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T22:41:16.850", "id": "87244", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T22:41:16.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45375", "parent_id": "87190", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Since you have read the link you provided I assume you are comfortable with\nadding 方 to the masu-stem of a verb to mean 'way of doing verb' e.g. 食べ方 (way\nof eating). The question is, what happens when you have a する verb? You might\nthink something like 勉強しかた would be correct but, just like other uses of する,\nthis one is irregular. The correct way to write it would be 勉強の仕方. So, quite\nsimply, 仕方 is used with する verbs.\n\nYou could replace 仕方 with 方法 to get 勉強の方法 but this is just the formality\ndifference discussed in your linked post. Replacing 仕方 with 方 would be\nungrammatical.\n\n仕方 also appears in set phrases like 仕方がない (\"it can't be helped\").", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T09:06:08.580", "id": "87194", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T09:06:08.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "87191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Origin of the word 床屋? \n> Why is the kanji 床 (floor) used to talk about a barbershop?\n\nAccording to [語源由来辞典](https://gogen-\nyurai.jp/tokoya/#:%7E:text=%E9%AB%AA%E7%B5%90%E3%81%84%E3%81%AF%E3%80%81%E6%A9%8B%E8%A9%B0%E3%82%81%E3%82%84,%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B0%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82):\n\n>\n> 髪結いは、橋詰めや辻などに移動可能な店を出店したり、住居とは別に商売をするためだけに構えられた店で営業が行われていた。このような形式で営業している店は、簡易な「床」を設けていたことから「床店（とこみせ）」と呼ばれた。\n\n髪結い used to work at mobile stores, or at stores separate from their home. And\nthese kinds of stores were called [床店]{とこみせ} because they had simple [床]{とこ}\n(bed/bedding).\n\n(床 can mean [床]{ゆか} \"floor\" and also [床]{とこ} \"bed/bedding\".)\n\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BA%8A%E5%B1%8B/#jn-158600)\nalso says:\n\n> とこ‐や【床屋】 の解説 \n> 《江戸時代、髪結いが床店 (とこみせ) で仕事をしていたところから》髪結い床。また、理髪店。\n\nIt was called [床屋]{とこや} because 髪結い worked at [床店]{とこみせ}. And according to\n[the\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BA%8A%E5%BA%97/#jn-158593):\n\n> とこ‐みせ【床店／床見世】 の解説 \n> 商品を売るだけで人の住まない店。また、移動できる小さい店。屋台店。\n\n[床店]{とこみせ} is a store that's used only for business and no one lives in, or a\nsmall mobile store, stall or booth.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T15:59:18.787", "id": "87201", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T16:21:04.380", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-24T16:21:04.380", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "87193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's used for someone that has soothing atmosphere, maybe \"goofy\" is closest\nexpression?\n\nI think people who are a little goofy, but have a charming or gentle kind of\nvibe tend to be called \"ホワッとした子\", or \"天然\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-25T01:44:55.580", "id": "87203", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-25T01:44:55.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87195", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "English loan words show up in a lot of other languages as well. When I was a\nFrench student you would see things like \"Le Hamburger\" and \"Le Email\". But\nwith respect to Japan/Japanese and the question at hand, I think the nature of\nthe Meiji Restoration being a turn toward the West after centuries of\nisolation probably has set a long arc of linguistic change into motion.\n\nThat arc was also probably accelerated compared to other languages given the\nthe insulation from English that the Shogunate created compared to the Meiji\nperiod. Heck, the only Japanese word I know for bread is the same as the\nFrench i.e. パン. That could mean that Japanese ends up experiencing the same\nsort of linguistic drift that we see in English.\n\nThere might be other challenges to think about that will change the language\nand its use: Japan is going to be hit harder than the US or Canada by looming\ndemographic changes over the next few decades -\n<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-japan-ageing-\nidUSKBN27C0GV>. That's going to bring down the number of Japanese as first-\nlanguage speakers in the world. There's also a whole lot of written material\nculture that was lost when hiragana was standardized into the 49 characters\nthat we know today. Apparently keeping old Hiragana alive is something of an\nalmost lost art - <https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/26/saving-woman-\nhand-the-artist-rescuing-female-only-writing>\n\nAnyway, very interesting question that probably doesn't have a simple answer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T12:28:31.753", "id": "87197", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T12:28:31.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45322", "parent_id": "87196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "There's been a lot of studies regarding English loan words in Japanese. You\ncan even find complete [books](https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.125) about\nthe subject. Here's two references:\n\n * [Loanwords in Japan: Effects on Japanese Language and Society in the Era of Globalization](https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2628304/view)\n * [English loanwords in Japanese](http://www.csun.edu/%7Ebashforth/301_PDF/301_P_P/EnglishLoanWordsJapanese.pdf)\n\nAn interesting section to read in relation to your questions would be, in the\nfirst reference, part 4 _Stances Towards Loanwords in Japan_. Here's the\nintro:\n\n> Different stances towards the usage of loanwords in Japan and even what is\n> considered to be loanwords can be regarded as a significant factor in\n> determining the effects loanwords have on Japanese society as well as on the\n> perceived modern Japanese language ideology of a monolingual Japan.\n\nWhat you're asking is quite difficult to answer because it's about predicting\nthe future. Personally, I don't think Japanese is at risk of \"losing to\nEnglish\". Even though Japanese has more loan words than other languages for\nmany reasons described in those research, Japan has a very strong culture and\nthe loan words are always adapted in the language, keeping a Japanese\nsignature.\n\nIn addition, even though there's more compared to other languages, it still\nconsist of a minority of the Japanese language, you can easily see this when\nyou read Japanese. I saw the social experiment you're talking about and\nthey're using specific loan words that are known to have lost an original\nJapanese equivalent, for the sake of a fun experiment.\n\nWhat _might_ happen is that more and more Japanese will learn english and\nstart pronouncing the words like the original, but that will be the extent of\nit (in my opinion). I think it's just a normal effect of globalization and\nenglish being the universal language.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T12:48:42.743", "id": "87198", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T12:48:42.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "87196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Things like this have happened all over the world. In the past, English\nspeakers were so in love with cultures of other countries that they imported\ncountless words into the English vocabulary. Now, English is a [wonderful\nmishmash of words from old English, French and\nLatin](https://medium.com/@andreas_simons/the-english-language-is-a-lot-more-\nfrench-than-we-thought-heres-why-4db2db3542b3). This is why English often has\nseveral ways to say one thing (e.g., ask-question-interrogate, help-aid-\nassist, word-term-lexeme).\n\n * [Latin influence in English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English)\n * [Influence of French on English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_French_on_English)\n\nFor English speakers, such massive influx of foreign words happened long ago\nwhen English was not culturally as strong as now. In addition, English doesn't\nhave something like katakana to explicitly mark foreign words as foreign. As a\nresult, you certainly cannot speak English fluently without using those non-\nEnglish-origin words, and you probably cannot even tell which easy words are\noriginally foreign. But that is not to say English disappeared or English was\nin danger of disappearing.\n\nBack to Japanese, it is true that [some native words are gradually\ndisappearing](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16256/5010), but this is\nsomething that happens over a period of 50 years or more. Aside from trivial\nbuzzwords, common native words won't be forgotten in 5 years or so. Someone\nwho has lived in the States for only a few years is unlikely to notice any\nsignificant difference. I have no problem reading Japanese written 50 years\nago. In addition, loanwords from English are almost certainly written in\nkatakana, so Japanese people rarely forget their origin.\n\n> Do you think at some point the Japanese government is going to make a\n> movement to encourage a return to pure Japanese and try to shake off the\n> adopted English vocab?\n\nThis [already happened](https://www.imabi.net/tekiseigo.htm) during WWII\n(unsurprisingly). There are recent\n[\"proposals\"](https://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/gairaigo/) from the government, too,\nbut most Japanese did not pay attention to them. See also: [Do loanwords have\na more formal/technical/\"soulless\" feel compared to their native\ncounterparts?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40933/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-24T15:22:31.847", "id": "87200", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-24T15:38:51.473", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-24T15:38:51.473", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

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[ { "body": "> のうち means something like \"among these (things)\". Is that close?\n\nYes, I think it's close.\n\n> However, the DeepL translation of the sentence is \"I would like to visit\n> your office on the following dates. Monday, July 5th, 2:00 p.m.\"\n\nThe translation of DeepL is correct in terms of the meaning of the whole\nsentence.\n\n* * *\n\nI can easily imagine there is a kind of communication via email like this:\n\n> From: person A to B \n> 私は、以下の日程であれば事務所におりますので対応が可能です \n> ・7月5日月曜日 14時~ \n> ・7月6日火曜日 16時~ \n> ・7月7日水曜日 13時~\n\nAnd person B reply like this\n\n> From: person B to A \n> それでは、ご提示いただきました日程のうち、下記の通り貴所にお伺いしたく存じます。・7月5日月曜日 14時~\n\n* * *\n\nif I try to translate the whole original sentence as close as the original\nJapanese, it would be like this:\n\n> Then, I would like to choose the following date among the dates you offered\n> me to visit your office. ・Monday, July 5th, 2:00 p.m\n\nHere is a little explanation. \n\n 1. 「それでは」 represents \"the existence of context\" \nthis word is close to \"Then,\" in English. So if it were not a line in the\nmiddle of a conversation like an email, this word would not appear.\n\n 2. the meaning of 「ご提示いただきました日程」 \n「ご提示いただきました日程」is the polite way to say \"the dates you offered me\". This phrase\ncan be separated like this: \nご提示いただきました(a polite way of \"be offered\")+日程(means \"date\") \nSo 「ご提示いただきました日程のうち、」 means like \"among the dates you offered me\".\n\n 3. the meaning of 「下記の通り貴所にお伺いしたく存じます。」 \nThis means \"I would like to visit your office on the following date.\" \nif I separate this phrase roughly just for translation, it's like this: \n下記の通り(means \"as follows\")+貴所に(means \"to your office\")+お伺いしたく存じます(very polite\nway of \"I want to visit ～\")\n\nSorry for the cluttered answer. If you can't understand what I'm saying\nbecause of my bad English, please ask me. I'll try to explain in other words.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T19:47:14.893", "id": "87466", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-13T19:47:14.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34569", "parent_id": "87204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "This is 馬 in some handwritten font. It's moderately deformed, but it still\nretains the features of traditional [semi-\ncursive](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-cursive_script) (行書) style. For\nexample, the wavy line at the bottom represents four dots (灬), which is common\nin 行書. Any native speaker can read this easily, and a few may actually\nhandwrite kanji like this, but beginners should not mimic the style of this\nfont. I recommend using a more orthodox 行書 font if you want to learn 行書.\n\nIf this helps, roughly speaking, an English equivalent is a font like\n[this](https://www.dafont.com/milky-rainbow.font).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-25T12:53:39.167", "id": "87207", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-25T13:04:20.147", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-25T13:04:20.147", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87206", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "`Xの一種` is a matter-of-fact phrase that is used to say something is one type of\nthe category X. Considering the fact that の and “of” in English work in the\nopposite direction, we could see this as the direct equivalent of “a kind of\nX”.\n\n`一種のX` seems to imply the referenced thing is a somewhat unconventional, or\ndepending on the context, even substandard member of the category X. `ある種のX`\nalso has similar connotations.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-26T08:36:40.857", "id": "87212", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-26T08:36:40.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87208", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "どこか, なんだか, and 勝手に all modify 思ってしまってた as adverbs and describe how the speaker\n(Sayu) was thinking what she was thinking. どこか means “somewhere”, but it could\nbe understood as “somewhere in her mind” in this context.\n\nそういう交際経験とかその先の経験とか is the subject of 無い. Sayu was somehow thinking Yoshida\ndidn’t have such experiences.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-26T06:18:25.037", "id": "87211", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T03:04:36.667", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T03:04:36.667", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87209", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The meaning of よく here is \"well\". よくわかる means to understand something well, or\nthoroughly. In contrast, よくわからない in speech would indeed be \"I don't really\nknow\" or \"I'm not sure\". Here's a helpful\n[link](https://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\nfor understanding how to use this in various contexts.\n\nIt's worth mentioning that even though it technically means \"I don't\nunderstand (it) thoroughly\", which may give off the impression that the\nsubject does understand the topic on a basic level, many may turn to this\nexpression even when they're totally clueless about a topic e.g.\nすみません、よくわかりません。\n\nYou may also come across よくわかっていない, which is usable in a more academic or\nreport-type context, when something is not well understood in general. e.g.\nこの病の原因はまだよくわかっていない (\"the cause of this disease is still largely unknown\").\n\nFinally, if you want to strictly say \"I don't understand (something) often\",\nyou would say something like 分からない(事/ところ/時)がよくある, which can be replaced by\nよくわからない in most contexts anyway because it makes sense that you would not\nunderstand something often when you don't understand something thoroughly.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-29T01:55:48.887", "id": "87249", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-01T01:39:08.180", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-01T01:39:08.180", "last_editor_user_id": "41182", "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "87213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are either reading too much into the apparent similarity between\n“kind” and 種類 or missing the peculiarity of the English word “kind”. The usage\nof “kind” in “a kind of X” is _kind of_ exceptional. In fact, from the way you\nphrased your previous\n[question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/87208/43676), you seem to\nperceive X as the core part of it, rather than “a kind”. This clearly\ncontradicts how the structure “A of B” is generally interpreted. English being\na _head-initial_ language, its core part, or _head_ , is supposed to be “a\nkind”. (This led to the doubt in my comment to your previous question.) If\nnative speakers of English don’t see it that way, then “a kind of X” is an\nexception rather than the norm.\n\nWhat if you replace “kind” with another word with a similar meaning, such as\n“category” and “variety”? I believe X will lose its status as the _head_ and\nyou will understand \"a category of X\" more as a category than as X.\n\n種類 works more like those _normal_ nouns than “kind”.\n\n絵画は種類の絵だ is at least as wrong as “a painting is a picture of (a) category”.\nRemember that the core part, or _head_ , of the Japanese phrase 種類の絵 is 絵, not\n種類, because Japanese is a _head-final_ language. 種類の is supposed to modify 絵\nbut that's where it fails to make sense.\n\n絵画は絵の種類だ is grammatical as it corresponds to “a painting is a category of\npicture(s)”. However, it still sounds strange for a totally different reason.\nIt sounds as if being a category is the definition of 絵画 because you are\nessentially saying “a painting is a category”.\n\n`Xの種類` would work better with a sentence like マスカルポーネはチーズの種類だ, which would be\na valid response to the question 「マスカルポーネって何だ」. Your example, on the other\nhand, was not meant to answer such a question about 絵画. 絵画は絵の一種だ is what you\nmeant. (チーズの一種 also works fine with マスカルポーネ.)\n\nThe word 種類 has its own peculiarity. It is a _normal_ noun all right but can\nalso be used like a counter, as in 一種類, 二種類, and so on. (This is a rare\nphenomenon for a Japanese noun.) 種 doesn’t work this way as 二種 doesn’t\nnormally mean “two types” but “type 2”.\n\nBy the way, 一種 is listed in dictionaries as a word in its own right.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-27T09:04:03.100", "id": "87221", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T03:03:31.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T03:03:31.117", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "日々 清らかに(ひび きよらかに) They just pick up two kanji. 日清(にっしん) There aren't words 日清.\nThey just created.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T08:04:41.260", "id": "87304", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T08:04:41.260", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Pretty sure これが憎めないんだな just refers to Slippy himself. Something like \"You\ncan't bring yourself to dislike him\" either because he's cute or some other\nreason that makes him likeable. So \"he is a bit of a coward, but you just\ncan't bring yourself to dislike him.\"\n\nThe meaning of the phrase is, surprisingly, pretty literal. Here's a\n[website](https://eikaiwa.dmm.com/uknow/questions/12426/) that even translates\nit as \"lovable\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-26T23:42:15.370", "id": "87219", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-26T23:42:15.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "87217", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "According to this\n[page](http://aozoragakuen.sakura.ne.jp/aozoran/teigi/jisyo/node65.html), きく\nmeans to pay attention to something with an intention to receive, or perceive,\nsomething that is produced from it. This process includes waiting till that\nthing is delivered and understanding its meaning.\n\nIt is also used, intransitively, to mean someone possesses an ability to\nperform such an act, or by extension, something produces a perceivable, often\ndesirable, effect. In this sense, it is usually written as 利く or 効く, as in\n鼻が利く and 薬が効く.\n\nAs a transitive verb, it can also be applied to other senses than hearing,\nsuch as smell and taste, although this usage is not very common in modern\nJapanese. 酒を聞く (or 利く) is one remaining example. It’s often used in the form\nof 利き酒.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T11:19:36.670", "id": "87238", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T11:19:36.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I've never heard of 渡亜 and 渡印(or at least as far as I can recall). I believe\nthat it's (almost) only used with 渡米, 渡英 and 渡欧(Going to Europe).\n\nPerhaps it may be used in very formal situations, but so far I have not heard\nof it in my life.\n\nFor 渡亜, people may get confused with Asia(亜細亜), so I doubt there's a word for\nit.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-27T10:26:33.607", "id": "87223", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-27T10:26:33.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87222", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "You can use 渡○ as long as the country name has a single kanji abbreviation.\nBut since 渡○ has a connotation that you have some business to do there, how\noften you hear each instance may vary.\n\nRoughly all Western European and Asia-Pacific countries are fit for this\nexpression, and travel information websites use it more frequently for\nrelatively minor countries when it has a distinct kanji, since visitors\nalready share the context. For some cases like 渡伯 (Brasil) is also common\nbecause the country has historical relationship with Japan. If you are a non-\nJapan resident, you can use 渡日 as well.\n\nThe \"distinct kanji\" is an important point; a lot of country names start from\nA-, and your Afghanistan has not gained enough notability to have an otherwise\nidentifiable kanji (if did, it'd be taken from latter syllables like America\n(米) was). So, 渡亜 is very unlikely to be understood as \"going to Afghanistan\".\n\n**PS** \nA good summary of \"notable\" country kanji is\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/15591/7810). I basically has few\nthings to add, but there are some irregular cases, such as 渡パ (Pakistan) is\nsometimes seen as パ has been extensively used as one-character abbreviation of\nit.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T17:14:53.763", "id": "87240", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T17:24:11.443", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-28T17:24:11.443", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "87222", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems a difficult set of conditions to satisfy. If a word derived from a\nverb is used as an adjective, it most likely describes a person’s tendency to\nbehave in a certain way. But such an adjective tends to be used also as a noun\nto refer to the kind of person it describes.\n\nAs examples, I can think of those that end with がり, such as 怖がり, 寒がり, and\n面倒くさがり. These are used as both adjectives and nouns. Interestingly, 怖がりな人\nproduces more search results than 怖がりの人. whereas 寒がりな人 much fewer than 寒がりの人.\n\nIn comparison, 引きこもり is more clearly a noun. I find 引きこもりな人 a bit weird.\nHowever, it doesn’t surprise me that some people use this kind of noun as an\nadjective. The distinction often gets blurred.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T11:02:19.947", "id": "87237", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:52:54.700", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:52:54.700", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87224", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]