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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "1. [自由](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1) is a common word that means _free(dom)_ or _liberty_. 自由席 means a seat anyone can take _freely_ without a reservation. The history of the word 自由 itself is explained in [this section](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%B3) of Japanese Wikipedia (basically it's a [wasei-kango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei-kango) coined to translate English _liberty_ ). I think \"self-reasoning\" is not too far from the idea of liberty.\n 2. Yes. This type of なら is very common.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-05T02:06:06.073", "id": "97965", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-05T02:06:06.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Both positions are okay and natural. せめて connects to only an expression of\ndesire (したい), suggestion (しよう) or order/request (しなさい/しろ), so there is no\nsource of confusion.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-05T06:29:05.783", "id": "97971", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-05T06:29:05.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Both (a) and (b) are correct. There is no such rule that ～しませんか always implies\n\"together\". 買いませんか is typically a simple suggestion, \"Why don't you buy it?\"\n\nBut depending on the context, the same sentence can be a confirmation, \"So you\nwon't buy it?\", too. 買わないのですか can sound like the speaker is slightly dubious\nor disappointed because of the の's function of seeking clarification, whereas\n買いませんか is more neutral.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-05T06:11:09.800", "id": "97970", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-05T11:24:04.163", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-05T11:24:04.163", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "アスペクトを「〜ている」で揃えれば、２つの文の意味に違いはありません。\n\n> ① 胃潰瘍に苦しんでいる。 \n> ② 胃潰瘍に苦しめられている。\n\n強いて言えば、受身文である②の方が主観的で、能動文である①の方が客観的な印象になります。自分自身のことを言う場合は②を使うことが多いように思います。文の主語である人自身が他動詞「苦しめる」の目的語に当たるので、迷惑受身ではなく普通の受身ですが、それでも話し手の「嫌だ」という感情が表れます。他の人について使った場合、話し手がその人の立場に立って苦しみを共感\n(empathize) しているような印象に少しなります。\n\nただ、違いはわずかです。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T02:43:26.350", "id": "97983", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T02:43:26.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It’s like saying the action of 歩く is the only thing you have to do under the\ngiven circumstances. There is nothing more for you to do. You are determined\nto take the only option left for you: walk.\n\nまで marks a limit as in other usages of the word.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T02:52:06.347", "id": "97984", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T02:52:06.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97977", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Just to add on to aguijonazo’s answer, here is the relevant definition from\n明鏡:\n\n> ❺《「…までだ」などの形で》物事を限定して、他に及ばない意を表す。 \n> 「電車がないなら歩くまでだ」 \n> 「失敗したらそれまでだ」 \n> 「その勝負、もはやこれまで」\n\nIt’s similar to 歩くしかない.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T06:31:52.760", "id": "98000", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T06:31:52.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "97977", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Simple answer, because you **reduplicated** the meaning of \"but\".\n\n> Watashi no nihongo ga warui desu. Omoshiroidesu **ga** , **shikashi** soreha\n> shinjitsudesu. \n> 私の日本語は悪いです。面白いです **が** 、 **しかし** それは真実です。\n\nBoth `ga` and `shikashi` has the meaning of 'but' or 'however', and you should\nonly be using one, not both at the same time. So the following would be\ncorrect :\n\n> Watashi no nihongo ga warui desu. Omoshiroidesu **ga** , soreha\n> shinjitsudesu. \n> My Japanese is bad. Although funny, but it's the truth.\n\n> Watashi no nihongo ga warui desu. Omoshiroidesu. **Shikashi** , soreha\n> shinjitsudesu. \n> My Japanese is bad. It's funny. However, it's the truth.\n\nThere are two other options to mean `but`: `けど kedo` and `でも demo`. `Kedo` is\nused like `ga` and affixes to the end of sentence, whereas `demo` is like\n`shikashi` and has to go in front of the sentence.\n\n> Watashi no nihongo ga warui desu. Omoshiroidesu **kedo** , soreha\n> shinjitsudesu. \n> Watashi no nihongo ga warui desu. Omoshiroidesu. **Demo** , soreha\n> shinjitsudesu.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T07:30:42.480", "id": "98001", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T07:30:42.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "97978", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "## にせよ/にしても\n\n[にせよ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%9B%E3%82%88/#jn-167149)\nis the same as\n[にしろ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%97%E3%82%8D/#jn-167092),\nwhich means in this case\n\n> ［連語］《格助詞「に」＋サ変動詞「する」の命令形「しろ」》 １ 仮定または確定の事柄を示し、あとにそれに逆らう事柄を判断的に述べる意を表す。\n> **…にしても** 。\n\nSo にせよ and にしても are roughly the same, as you understand.\n\n## にしても/ても\n\n[ても](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82/#jn-152504) entry\nhas the following (bold added):\n\n> ［接助］《接続助詞「て」＋係助詞「も」から》動詞・形容詞と一部の助動詞の連用形に付く。ガ・ナ・バ・マ行の五段活用動詞に付く場合は「でも」となる。 １\n> 未成立の事柄を仮定条件として述べ、その条件から考えられる **順当な結果と対立する内容の文**\n> へ結びつける意を表す。たとえ…したとしても。「失敗し―あきらめはしない」「煮―焼い―食えない」\n>\n> ２ 既定的な事柄を述べ、その条件から考えられる **順当な結果と対立する内容の文**\n> へ結びつける意を表す。…たにもかかわらず。「知ってい―知らぬ顔をする」\n>\n> **３ （多く「にしても」「としても」の形で）ある事柄を仮定条件として認めて、下の文の叙述を起こす意を表す。**\n> 「自信があるにし―、試験を受けるのはいやな気分だ」\n\nUsing にしても clarifies it is #3 rather than #1 or #2. Also, あの連中が・・・ is probably\nnot an 'unexpected consequence'. That said, にしても could be ても. For this\nparticular case, 関わっていても won't change the meaning.\n\n## 関わっていても/関わっても\n\nていて adds perfect aspect.\n\n関わっても would sound like _if the Potters got involved (now)_ which is different\nform _if the Potters had been involved (for some time)_ , which I guess fits\nthe context better.\n\nAs an aside, I think 関わっても/関わっていても can't differentiate tense. That is,\n\n * 関わってい **る** にしても If the Potters were involved\n * 関わってい **た** にしても If the Potters had been involved\n\nSimply using ても would reduce both to 関わっていても (関わる/関わったにしても would correspond to\n関わっても).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T02:58:30.363", "id": "97985", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T02:58:30.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "The sentence\n\n> 彼は私がこんなに心配してるなんて、頭がおかしいと思ってるでしょう。\n\nas a translation of\n\n> He's probably going to think I'm crazy for worrying this much...\n\nis correct, as far as meaning or general acceptability is concerned.\n\n* * *\n\nI think you are confusing some rules.\n\n * 彼は・・・と思う is usually odd.\n * 彼は・・・と思っている is common.\n\nBut\n\n * 彼は・・・と思うでしょう and 彼は・・・思っているでしょう\n\nare both fine. So 思う/思っている is purely aspectual difference and it's your choice\nwhich is better for the context.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding たぶん, 多分頭がおかしいと思ってるでしょう is fine. It is certainly odd to say\n私はたぶん頭が痛い, which I guess the rule you have in mind is about.\n\nRegarding _crazy_ , it looks ok (without context), but\n[どうかしている](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/97713/45489) may be better. Or\nmaybe 変だ.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother option I can think of is to use a relative clause:\nこんなに心配している私を、たぶん彼はどうかしていると思うでしょう. ( _He's going to think that I, who is\nworried this much, is crazy_ )", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T00:29:26.373", "id": "97994", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T00:29:26.373", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The dictionary form 思う shouldn't be used to talk about a third person, but\nthat's when you describe their current state of mind as in _He thinks ..._ in\nEnglish. What you want to say here is what (you think) he **is going to**\nthink. It's a future event, not a current state. The 〜ている form is\ninappropriate for that. You should use the dictionary form.\n\n> 彼は私がこんなに心配してるなんて、頭がおかしいと思うでしょう。\n\nAdding 多分 is not a problem.\n\n> 彼は私がこんなに心配してるなんて、多分頭がおかしいと思うでしょう。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T00:42:30.607", "id": "97995", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T00:42:30.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "If it's literally a line that is supposedly spoken by a character (to\nherself), you probably want to use a less rigid tone. Without pronouns like 彼\nand 私, if possible. You can use the verb's passive form for that.\n\n> こんなに心配していると、多分変に思われるだろう\n\nI think 私 tends to be redundant in general in a monologue. 彼 is a bit more\ntricky, but if the character is obviously thinking about \"him\", you don't need\nto reaffirm that by mentioning it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T03:45:39.373", "id": "97999", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T03:45:39.373", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97986", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Here, 「しか」 means \"only\". So, the word is emphasizing how \"only three people\ncame.\" Another example of 「しか」 being used in this context is\n「今、財布に500円しかありません。」 where 「しか」 emphasizes how \"only 500 yen\" is in the wallet.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T14:40:11.450", "id": "97990", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T14:40:11.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "97987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "My general gloss for しか is \"other than\", or \"non-\". It is a strongly [negative\npolarity item](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1565/); it will\nonly be seen in combination with a verb in negative form.\n\nHere, other-than three people (人) did not come (来 + ません + でした, conjugated\nformally; the informal version is 来なかった). With quantities, specifically, we\ninterpret that _more than_ three people did not come. In other words, _only_\nthree people came (i.e., we _excluded the possibility_ of it being more than\nthat).\n\nThis also explains the idiom しかない: it is simply a combination of しか with the\nnegative adjective ない. Thus: 猫しかない -> \"cat -other-than does-not-exist\" ->\n\"(it) must be a cat\"; 立つことしかない -> \"stand-up -act-of -other-than does-not-\nexist\" -> \"(you) only need to stand up\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T03:09:35.260", "id": "97998", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T03:09:35.260", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "97987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This の is simply the AのB structure where A is a property of B. Question\nphrases can work like nouns. In your first example B is 指標 (\"an indicator\")\nand A is describing what kind of indicator it is: 氷床の大きさがどれだけ変化したか (\"how much\nthe size of the ice sheet changed\")\n\n> その期間に氷床の大きさ (質量) がどれだけ変化したかの指標 \n> An indicator of how much the size (mass) of the ice sheet changed in that\n> period.\n\nYour second example is a bit different. We don't really have a question phrase\nhere. 何人か is just a word meaning \"several/some people\", so 何人かの作家 is\n\"several/some\" authors.\n\n**I'm less sure about the following part. Some confirmation from someone more\nknowledgeable would be useful:** 何人か人 is not grammatically correct in the\nsense that 何人か is no longer modifying 人. However 何人か can act adverbially, so\nif you wrote 何人か作家先生を招待する then 何人か would not be associated with 作家先生 but with\n招待する and you would have \"invite authors severally\" which is weird in English\nbut I think is perfectly acceptable Japanese.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T11:16:38.503", "id": "97989", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T11:16:38.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "97988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "My understanding is that Japanese does not distinguish direct and indirect\nquestions. The grammatical model that I've found works best, is to treat か as\na _nominalizer_. Given a (completed) predicate X, Xか functions like a noun\nmeaning \"the proposition that X is true\", or \"the question of X\". (in this\nway, e.g. 問題 would bear the same relationship to interrogative か that 事 or やつ\ndoes to nominalizing の.)\n\nLet's try applying that model. We have a main clause (for lack of a better\nterm; the part following a conjunctive で)\n\n> その期間に氷床の大きさ (質量) がどれだけ変化したかの指標となる\n\nThus, その期間に氷床の大きさ (質量) fills the が position of the predicate どれだけ変化した (\"it\nchanged by some amount\"). Adding か to that predicate nominalizes it: \"the\namount by which it changed\", where \"it\" can be filled in with a translation of\nその期間に氷床の大きさ (質量) (left as an exercise).\n\nSince we now have a noun, the subsequent の cannot be a nominalizer, but is\ninstead the usual [categorizing\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2770). A \"the amount by which\nit changed\"-categorized 指標 (\"indicator\"), then, is an \"indicator of how much\nit changed\".\n\nThis then feeds to a quotative と and the verb なる. Thus, \"Being a\n涵養量と消耗量の差は氷床の「質量収支」, it became an indicator of how much that 期間に氷床の大きさ (質量)\nchanged\".\n\nUnless the が-marked part actually belongs to なる, in which case I guess we end\nup with \"Since it is a 涵養量と消耗量の差は氷床の「質量収支」, that 期間に氷床の大きさ (質量) became an\nindicator of the amount of change.\" But I think that would use に rather than\nthe quotative と. That part is a bit above my level, it seems.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-06T23:49:37.723", "id": "97993", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-06T23:49:37.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "97988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "can't give you the exact number, but here are two options: you can count the\nnumber of characters >[here](https://kanji.jitenon.jp/cat/kyu01j.html)< (i\nwould more or less trust this source)\n\nbut to be absolutely sure, i guess you would need to count them in the \"漢検要覧\n1/準1級\"\n\nthere is also a question of whether old or alternative shapes should be\nconsidered as separate kanji from the standard forms", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T00:34:05.063", "id": "98016", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T00:34:05.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55420", "parent_id": "97991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "According to _A Handbook of Japanese Grammar Patterns for Teachers and\nLearners_ , for this pattern of conditionals where S2 is in the past tense たら\ntends to be used in conversation and と in writing/novels. This is because と\nlooks at things from a more objective, outside point of view while たら talks\nabout the speaker's own experience.\n\nFor both と and たら, the past-tense S2 cannot be a voluntary action of the\nspeaker. It can be used in a few different contexts, but the most common is\none of \"discovery\" like in the sentence you found. (e.g. \"When we got to the\ntop of the hill, the enemy army was beneath us\")\n\nI think I would frame the certainty/uncertainty difference between と and たら\ndifferently. If you want to use those words, I would make it about the\ncertainty of the connection between S1 and S2, not the certainty of S1 (both と\nand たら can be used to mean \"when\", e.g. \"when it's noon x will happen,\" as\nwell as if) or the certainty of S2 (as you've noted S2 can be past as well as\nfuture).\n\nと tends to be used for general rules, where the connection between S1 and S2\nalways holds true (\"If you drop this, it will fall.\"). It can be used in other\ncontexts, like this one, but I think that is the paradigm case to keep in your\nhead.\n\nMeanwhile, the [wasabi website](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-\ngrammar/how-conditionals-work/#3) has a great one-word summary of the\nexpansive たら: たら is a \"one-time\" conditional. It describes particular cases\n(\"If it's warm today, let's go to the park.\" not \"Whenever it's warm I go to\nthe park.\"). Thus I suppose you could say it's uncertain in that the\nconnection between S1 and S2 doesn't always hold.\n\nConditionals are hard. My strategy so far has been to memorize the specific\ncases where one is obviously more appropriate than the other, and read a lot\nto hopefully get some sort of instinct for the muddled middle.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T21:35:11.967", "id": "98010", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T00:06:18.060", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-09T00:06:18.060", "last_editor_user_id": "54524", "owner_user_id": "54524", "parent_id": "97997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "(Based on 中上級を教える人のための日本語文法ハンドブック p408)\n\nIn Japanese linguistics, 'definitely happened' type of conditional expressions\nis called 事実的条件. In this type of conditional expressions, only と or たら can be\nused, and not ば/(の)なら/のだったら.\n\n> 〇窓を{開けると/開けたら}富士山が見えた \n> ×窓を{開ければ/開けるなら/あけるのだったら}富士山が見えた \n> Opening the window, I saw Mt. Fuji.\n\nThis and the one in question is a subtype 発見, where と and たら can be used\ninterchangeably. That is,\n\n * S1 と/たら, S2\n\nalways works if it means _When S1, it turns out S2_. So both sentences in the\nquestions are natural.\n\nIn the cited book, it says\n\n * '後件が前件の動作・出来事の結果生じる無意志的な出来事の場合、「と」「たら」どちらも使える'\n * _Both と and たら can be used when the consequent is an volition-less event resulting from the action/event of the antecedent_.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI:\n\nThe other subtypes of 事実的条件 mentioned in the book.\n\n * 前件の動作の結果後件が起こった場合、「たら」は使えるが「と」は使いにくい\n * When the consequent is a result of the action in the antecedent, たら is fine but と is rarer.\n\n> 友達に頼みごとを{〇したら, ?すると}OKしてくれた \n> When I asked a friend for a favor, he said ok.\n\n * 前件と後件が連続する動作・出来事の場合、「と」は使えるが「たら」は使えない\n * When the antecedent and the consequent are successive actions/events, と is fine but たら is impossible.\n\n> ドングリはころころと{〇転がると, ×転がったら}池に落ちた \n> After rolling forward, the acorn fell into the pond.\n\nWhen the subject is _I_ , と is odd too.\n\n> 昨日私は家に{?帰ると, **?** 帰ったら, 〇帰って}すぐ寝た \n> Yesterday, I went to bed as soon as I got home.\n\n(I changed some examples from the book. The **?** is × in the book, for me it\nis odd but ok).\n\n* * *\n\n> 1. When the door was opened, the speaker saw Katou (and nothing*/*no one\n> else).\n> 2. When the door was opened, Katou was seen almost as if by a law of\n> nature (\"of course Katou was there\"...).\n>\n\nTo 2, no. To 1, partially yes. As the term 発見 suggests, the construction/usage\nsuggests that the subject 'find out' the consequent. Using an analogy of\ncamera, the sentence is like a camera shooting the speaker doing S1, then S2\ncomes up from the perspective of the subject (the viewpoint of the camera\nswitches to the subject's eyes). So, it implies what comes to the\neye/consciousness of the speaker is mainly Kato. There may or may not be\nsomeone else.\n\nThis does not change by と or たら.\n\n> 3. Or some other connotation having to do with conditional \"certainty\"?\n>\n\nCompared with other usages, if any difference should be noted, the 発見 usage\nimplies simultaneity (S1 and S2 happens almost at the same time).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T13:46:00.907", "id": "98113", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T03:55:46.833", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-15T03:55:46.833", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "* The ば is を in dialect. I think it is generally considered Kyushu-dialect.\n\n> [〜ば ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/dialect/3168/m0u/) (福岡の方言) の解説 地域\n> 西部・南部\n>\n> 〜を。\n\n * [苦楽を共にする](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%8B%A6%E6%A5%BD%E3%82%92%E5%85%B1%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B/#jn-256892) is a set phrase, but it means more or less literally _to be together when things do and don't work well_.\n\n * 対外試合ばやることば厳しく禁じちょう is 対外試合をやることを厳しく禁じている in Tokyo dialect, meaning _strictly prohibiting doing a (non-official) match with players outside (the school)_. So yes to your question.\n\n* * *\n\nFor the last one, I guess it is changed incorrectly. In the manga version, the\ncorresponding phrase is\n\n> そげな話 聞いて、//佐久間がどげん // 感じおろうかのォ\n\n(/ for break in the bubble). There is no ば.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T22:44:55.320", "id": "98013", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T22:44:55.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98002", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "As luck would have it, I wound up helping to build out the ば entry at\nWiktionary. [Here](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%B0#Japanese:_object)\nis the relevant section.\n\n@[sundowner](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/45489/) has the right of\nit in their [answer post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/98013/5229).\n\nI'd like to add to that post a bit.\n\n### Where does this ば particle come from?\n\nThis was ultimately the same thing as the topic particle は. This was used, and\ncan still be used, to introduce a contrastive or emphasizing sense. Compare:\n\n * 店【みせ】に行【い】く → [I] go to the store.\n * 店【みせ】に **[は]{●}** 行【い】く → It's the store that I go to (as opposed to somewhere else).\n\nHistorically, this usage of は could also happen after the object particle を.\nThis particular combination would cause\n[rendaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku) or \"sequential voicing\",\nshifting the は ( _wa_ ) to ば ( _ba_ ). We first see this usage all the way\nback in the [_Man'yōshū_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB)\ncompilation of poetry, completed in about 759. _(For more about why_ wa\n_voices to_ ba _, see[this other\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/82475/why-does-fu-changes-\nto-pu-while-its-not-started-with-h/82477#82477).)_ Some modern dialects of\nJapanese still use this をば as an emphatic form of を.\n\nOther modern dialects of Japanese used this をば so much that it replaced just\nplain を, and due to a phonological (sound) shift, をば shortened or abbreviated\nto just ば. The big 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】, similar to the _Oxford English\nDictionary_ only for Japanese, cites this first to a text in the early 1800s.\n\nReferences:\n\n * NKD entry for をば: <https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%92%E3%81%B0-666115> \nThe _Man'yōshū_ quote is right towards the top of the entry.\n\n * NKD entry for ば: <https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B0-597816> \nLook for the 〘係助〙 section towards the bottom of the page.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T07:54:57.607", "id": "98025", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T04:59:03.460", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-09T04:59:03.460", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98002", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is nothing wrong about 私からみると, but it is just not so common to use it as\n_from my point of view_.\n\nFrom [Shonagon](https://clrd.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/)\n\n * われわれからみると，すごくおかしいと思います．\n * 私からみると異風に見えますが\n\nRemoving 思う or 見える here makes them a little odd to me. (?われわれからみると、すごくおかしい.\n?私からみると異風だ). Adding 立場 does not really change this, so whether or not\n私(の立場)からみると is natural depends on many factors like register of the whole\npassage, or content of the following sentence.\n\nGenerally speaking, 私に言わせると is a more common way to put it (literally, _if you\nlet me express my opinion_ ).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T23:29:01.853", "id": "98015", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T23:29:01.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98003", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Consider their literal English translations, the nuance is the same as in\nEnglish:\n\n> 去年の一年で七月が一番暑かったです。 \n> Within (the year of) the past year July was the hottest.\n\n> 去年で七月が一番暑かったです。 \n> Last year July was the hottest.\n\nSee how the emphasis slightly changes for the two phrases in English? The\ndifference in the Japanese sentences are pretty much the same.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T18:23:05.443", "id": "98006", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T18:23:05.443", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "98004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "To **start** doing a verb just add はじめる to the masu stem of the verb e.g.\n雨が降り始めた (it started raining). This should work for any verb where it makes\nsense to start doing something. Note that this is the transitive はじ **め** る\nrather than the intransitive はじ **ま** る\n\nSimilarly to **stop** doing a verb you add おわる to the masu stem. Note that\nthis one uses the intransitive version rather than おえる.\n\nThere are other verbs you can add which have different nuances of\nstarting/stopping, but I think these two are the most important ones to\nunderstand for now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T19:49:03.370", "id": "98009", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T19:49:03.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "[Case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case) particles (格助詞)\nindicate the roles of words in a sentence. が indicates the marked word is a\nsubject, を indicates the word is a direct object, の indicates the word is an\nowner, and so on. However, は is not like case particles in two ways:\n\n 1. は can mark words regardless of their case. In 私は走る, は is marking a subject. In リンゴは食べる, は is marking an object. In この町には公園がある, は is marking a location. In all these sentences, は is specifying the _topic_ of a sentence. A topic is a word around which a sentence is constructed, and it is different from a _subject_. \nYou may notice は is syntactically similar to English \"even\" or \"also\", in that\nthey can attach to almost any word regardless of whether it's a subject, an\nobject or whatever (\"Even/Also I run\", \"I eat even/also the apple\", \"I go\neven/also to Japan\", ...).\n\n 2. は basically works by **following** another case particle (からは, へは, には, までは, etc.). が and を are exceptions here; these two are shy and somehow hide themselves when は comes closer. When the subject (normally marked with が) is also the topic of a sentence, you have to mark it with just は, not がは. The same is true for をは (although [をば](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2920/5010) remains in exceptional cases).\n\nSo the purpose of は is not to indicate the case (格) of a word, but to add some\n\"extra meaning\" to a word that already has the case indicated by another\nparticle (again, が and を are exceptions here). This is why は is not a case\nparticle but an adverbial particle (副助詞) in Japanese.\n\nも and すら are other examples of 副助詞. They attach to a word of any case and add\nsome extra meaning (namely \"also\" and \"even\", respectively). Again, が and を\nbecome invisible when these approaches, but if you think a transparent が/を is\nstill there, it may help you understand the difference between 格助詞 and 副助詞.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Is \"は\" really a \"topic marker\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/48524/5010)\n * [What is the subject of this sentence? Is it the book (mentioned) or the author (who is not mentioned)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17571/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T00:34:48.133", "id": "98017", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T01:01:12.060", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-08T01:01:12.060", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98008", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on what you are asking. If I were asked\n\n * What the picture is, I may be confused\n * What _hiragana character_ it is, I may be able to guess\n * What a word containing the picture is, I'll be able to guess by context.\n\nDistorting the shape as you do is not uncommon, as you see in the following\npage collecting calligraphic examples in old handwriting.\n\n * [「ふ」（U+3075） 日本古典籍くずし字データセット](http://codh.rois.ac.jp/char-shape/unicode/U+3075/)\n\nWhat is wrong about yours is where the strokes cross. The stroke going to the\nright should cross the vertical stroke at a lower point.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nQFAN.png)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T22:21:48.213", "id": "98012", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T22:21:48.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It's sort of legible. But I would say most likely not acceptable because the\nway you're hooking it clockwise doesn't really respect the original stroke\norder, or much resemble the 不 that it originates from.\n\nI personally write it this way in either 1 or 2 strokes (drawn quickly with my\nfinger on my phone), though there are probably some who would not find this\nacceptable either.\n\n\n", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-07T22:48:00.897", "id": "98014", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-07T23:58:57.403", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-07T23:58:57.403", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "98011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "If you already understand あなたを思ってのことだ, then there is no difference. 知ってのことか by\nitself is an abbreviation of nothing, but the \"result part\" is in the previous\ncontext.\n\n * [N1文法 ～は～てのこと](https://blognihongo.com/n1/grammar_ha_tenokoto/)\n * [〜は〜てのこと｜日本語能力試験 JLPTにない文型](https://www.edewakaru.com/archives/14241881.html)\n\n> このプレゼントを買ったのはあなたを思ってのことだ。 \n> I bought this gift because I was thinking of you.\n>\n> (お前が魔女を屋敷に入れたのは)私が魔女を毛嫌いしておると知ってのことか？ \n> _(Did you let the witches into the mansion)_ knowing I hate witches?\n\nHanbridge's statement sounds sarcastic, like \"You did this on purpose to annoy\nme?\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T02:45:33.437", "id": "98022", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T06:22:59.277", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-08T06:22:59.277", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "### Key point\n\nVerbs of potential **in English** describe a property of an actor: **that\nperson is able to`[VERB]`.**\n\nVerbs of potential **in Japanese** describe a property of a thing: **that\nthing is`[VERB]`-able.**\n\n### The grammar and syntax, and an explication of the literal meaning\n\nCompare:\n\n * EN: _I **can speak** Japanese._ \nThis describes the **actor** , the one doing the action. The \"I\" in this\nsentence is _able_ to do the action of the verb.\n\n * JA: 私【わたし】は日本語【にほんご】が **話【はな】せます** 。 \n↓ Literal breakdown \n_I`[TOPIC]` Japanese language `[SUBJECT]` **is speakable**._ \n↓ As proper English, maintaining the Japanese meaning \n_As for me, Japanese **is speakable**._ \nNotice that the verb, 話【はな】せます, describes the subject 日本語【にほんご】 as\n\"speakable\". \n↓ Fully idiomatic English \n_I **can speak** Japanese._ \nIdiomatic English shifts the focus from the thing, to the actor.\n\nSometimes you might see constructions like `[PERSON]`に`[NOUN]`が`[POTENTIAL\nVERB]`. Think of this along similar lines to the passive -- the `[NOUN]` is\n`[VERB]`-able _by_ the `[PERSON]`.\n\n### The sample sentence in the question\n\n> この会社の社員だったら、あの大学で割引がもらえる。\n\nThe key part you're struggling with:\n\n> 割引がもらえる。\n\nThis is the same construction as above, just with an implied (and not\nexplicitly stated) topic. We'll assume this is the first-person \"I\" here.\n\n * [私【わたし】は]割引【わりびき】が **もらえる** 。 \n↓ Literal breakdown \n_[I`[TOPIC]`] discount `[SUBJECT]` **is gettable**._ \n↓ As proper English, maintaining the Japanese meaning \n_As for me, a discount **is gettable**._ \nNotice that the verb, もらえます, describes the subject 割引【わりびき】 as \"gettable\". \n↓ Fully idiomatic English \n_I **can get** a discount._ \nIdiomatic English shifts the focus from the thing, to the actor.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T07:33:58.490", "id": "98023", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T07:33:58.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98020", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's almost always used to express annoyance or to add accusation to the\nquestion. In some context it may merely mean \"why not\".\n\nFor example, if someone says「英文じゃないとだめなわけ？」it may merely mean \"Why can it not\nbe Japanese instead?\". But this only works if the speaker is in a \"higher\nposition\". If e.g. a subordinate uses it it will sound aggressive.\n\nMore often it's used to express annoyance or to accuse someone. E.g. if you\nsay 「どこ行ってたわけ？」it's unambiguously an accusation and clearly indicates the\nspeaker is angered.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T16:30:56.650", "id": "98094", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T16:30:56.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In its original sense, 遅刻する refers to a punctual act of arriving late. So, if\nyou are talking about a late arrival that is likely to happen, you should use\n遅刻する.\n\n> 仕事初日に遅刻するだけじゃなく、〜 \n> Not only I’m going to be/arrive late on my first day on the job, …\n\nHowever, 遅刻している is also fine as it is understood as referring to either one of\nthe following two states.\n\n> 仕事初日に遅刻しているだけじゃなく、〜 \n> a) Not only I’m (running) late for work on my first day on the job, … \n> b) Not only I’m making the mistake of being/arriving late on my first day\n> on the job, …\n\nThe first is about the fact of being late, whereas the second sounds like an\nanswer to the self-accusatory question of _What am I doing?!_ I know these two\nare different, but I’m find it hard to explain...\n\nWhen said about yourself, 迷子になっている or 迷子になってしまっている would be understood\nsimilarly to (b) above. It’s good as a statement about an ongoing state of\nanother person.\n\n迷子になった or 迷子になってしまった refers to the event of getting lost that has already\nhappened and thus put you in the current state.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T12:51:08.880", "id": "98027", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T12:51:08.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98024", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "`[V た-form]-ら` puts focus on a point on the timeline, real or hypothetical,\nwhere some action or even has just completed. You focus this point because\nsomething happens then.\n\nYou might perform another action.\n\n> ご飯を食べたら出かける。\n\n> 宝くじに当たったら家を買う。\n\nThese are examples of the second verb denoting an intentional act by the same\nperson as the first.\n\nYou might notice something.\n\n> 家に帰ったら部屋の窓が開いていた。\n\nThe second verb is used in the past tense but it doesn’t denote an intentional\nact. This is also true when you say 部屋の窓が開いていることに気づいた as 気づく is not something\nyou intentionally do.\n\nYour action might cause another person to react in some way.\n\n> 大声で話したら赤ちゃんが起きる。\n\n> 大声で話したら赤ちゃんが起きた。\n\nYour examples are both unnatural. You open your mouth to say something. You\ndon’t start saying something upon completion of opening of the mouth. When I\nhear 口を開いたら, I would expect to hear something like this.\n\n> 口を開いたら蝿が入ってきた。\n\nIn all these cases, たら marks some change in the course of action or event. It\nworks as a switch, so to speak.\n\nNow, when you are talking about two consecutive actions actually performed in\nthe past by the same person, such a switch is uncalled for and たら would sound\ncompletely out of place.\n\n> x ご飯を食べたら出かけた。\n\nThere are other ways to connect the two actions in logically more natural\nflows.\n\n> ご飯を食べてから出かけた。\n\n> 宝くじに当たったので家を買った。\n\nYou can still use たら if the second action is something you would or could have\ndone but didn’t.\n\n> 宝くじに当たったら家を買った（のに）。\n\nIn other words, if you use an action verb in the past tense like that, it\nwould be interpreted as an unreal event.\n\nSome dialects, such as Kansai-ben, use たら more liberally than the standard\nvariant of Japanese. As a speaker of one such dialect, I find 口を開いたら失礼なことを言う\n(without つい) to be totally acceptable as a sentence about someone who\nhabitually says rude things, but 口を開けば would be considered more correct, at\nleast more formal, in standard Japanese. 口を開く is used in a figurative sense\nhere. たら is usually used for a concrete instance.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nI try to answer the questions asked in the comments below, though it's hard to\nanswer \"why\".\n\nWhen you say 宝くじに当たったら家を買う, you are putting yourself at the point (on a\nhypothetical timeline) at which you've just won a lottery and stating what\nyou're going to do from that point. Hence the past tense for the first verb\nand the non-past for the second.\n\nWhen you talk about a sequence of actions you (or anyone else) knowingly\nperformed in the past from the vantage point of the present, you should have\nno reason to put yourself at or particularly focus such a point in the middle.\n\nたら is followed by a verb in the past tense when the completion of the first\naction triggered some reaction or resulted in some discovery. It puts focus on\nthe point at which you felt the impact of such an event. A second intentional\naction by the same person doesn't require or deserve such a focus.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T03:10:38.347", "id": "98057", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T23:29:25.713", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-11T23:29:25.713", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98028", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> [男性が女性の体をジロジロ見るなどモラルに欠ける]例もあり \n> There are also practices of []\n\nWhat kind of practices?\n\n> 男性が[女性の体をジロジロ見るなど]モラルに欠ける \n> Men lacking in [] morals\n\nWhat kind of morals?\n\n> 女性の体をジロジロ見るなど \n> such as staring at women's bodies\n\nIn total:\n\n> 男性が女性の体をジロジロ見るなどモラルに欠ける例もあり \n> There are also practices of men lacking in morals such as staring at\n> women's bodies.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-08T16:55:51.243", "id": "98030", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-08T16:55:51.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Both あし and にょう are position indicators.\n\n * [にょう](https://kanji.jitenon.jp/content/8.php) refers to the radical written from top left to bottom right. 辶(しんにょう・しんにゅう) is a typical instace.\n\n * [あし](https://kanji.jitenon.jp/content/5.php) refers to the radical written on the bottom half.\n\n儿 is mostly positioned as あし (as in 克), but sometimes as にょう like\n[兛](https://kanji.jitenon.jp/kanjiy/13114.html). Hence the two names.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T00:02:27.187", "id": "98033", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T00:02:27.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98031", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "笛 is a very common kanji that broadly refers to flutes or whistles all over\nthe world.\n\n龠 seems to be a very rare kanji that referred to a certain type of ancient\nChinese [pan flute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flute) made of bamboo.\nIt does not refer to flutes in general. Most Japanese people do not even know\nthis kanji or the musical instrument. The kanji that contain this radical are\nall very rare, and you can practically forget this radical/kanji if you are a\nbeginner leaner of Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T05:20:38.490", "id": "98037", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T05:20:38.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98032", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Assuming they are talking about a book, 帯 refers to this type of paper:\n\n> ### [Obi (publishing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_\\(publishing\\))\n>\n> An obi (Japanese: 帯) is a strip of paper looped around a book or other\n> product.\n>\n> Many books in Japan are supplied with an obi, which is normally added\n> outside any dust jacket. However, a book in a slipcase may have an obi\n> around the slipcase.\n\nSee [the second definition on jisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%B8%AF),\ntoo.\n\nSome collectors like obi, but they are often thrown away because they are\nnuisance when reading and usually only contain unimportant marketing phrases.\n\n帯付き is read おびつき (\"with an obi\", \"obi attached\").", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T05:01:40.423", "id": "98036", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T05:27:21.227", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-09T05:27:21.227", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98035", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> [襲]{おそ}っては[来]{き}いしませんで\n\nIt means 襲ってはきませんよ.\n\nHere in Kyoto, we sometimes say things like:\n\nあらしません to mean ありません \nわからしません to mean わかりません \nかましまへん to mean かまいません \nでけしまへん to mean できません \nみいしまへん to mean みません\n\nIn the same way,\n\nきいしません to mean きません", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T12:04:26.930", "id": "98043", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T14:03:22.863", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-09T14:03:22.863", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "98038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Your two sources are actually just a single source, since the relevant bits of\ntext in each are the same word-for-word. Anyway, I think that the claim\n\n> Until today the Japanese language uses the same character for eyelid and tea\n> 茶\n\nis just plain wrong.\n\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%B6%E3%81%9F) lists a few\ndifferent ways of writing まぶた (eyelid) in kanji: 瞼, 目蓋, 眼蓋. None of these are\nthe same as the character for ちゃ (tea): 茶. As far as I can tell 茶 is\nrestricted in meaning to tea, and 瞼 to eyelid (even in other languages like\nChinese).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T10:52:34.943", "id": "98042", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T10:52:34.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "47010", "parent_id": "98039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "### Just plain wrong\n\nAs @[user19642323](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/47010/) states in\n[their answer post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/98042/5229), any\nstatement that _\" Until today the Japanese language uses the same character\nfor eyelid and tea 茶\"_ is wrong.\n\n### Where did this come from?\n\nAlso as @[user19642323](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/47010/)\nstates, you appear to have two separate websites\n[[1]](https://earthstoriez.com/japan-tea-daruma-legend/) and\n[[2]](https://www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/56099/Legend_of_Tea.html) that\ninclude the same text almost verbatim. #1 provides a bit more detail, so let's\nlook at that one.\n\nThis website, <https://earthstoriez.com/japan-tea-daruma-legend/>, has the\nproblematic text towards the bottom of the page in a separate text box. This\nhas tabs across the top of it, allowing the user to view the text in English\n(the default), \"Deutsch\" (German), \"Italiano\" (Italian), and \"Espanol\"\n(misspelling for \"Español\": Spanish).\n\n### Bad translation from some other European language + mistake?\n\nThe \"English\" tab authoritatively -- and completely incorrectly -- states:\n\n> Until today the Japanese language uses the same character for eyelid and tea\n> 茶.\n\n**Any** dictionary that includes a definition for 茶 will clearly show that\nthis means \"tea\", _not_ \"eyelid\". Chinese characters have inherent meanings.\nThey can sometimes have multiple meanings, but this is not such a case.\n\n→ This claim by the website is plainly bullshit.\n\nIf we check the tabs for the other languages, we find some variance.\n\n * DE: \n\n> Bis zum heutigen Tag, ist in der Japanischen Schrift das Schriftzeichen für\n> Augenlid und Tee だ da, た ta, das Gleiche.\n\n * IT: \n\n> Ancora oggi, l’ideogramma giapponese per palpebra e té だ da, た ta, lo\n> stesso.\n\n * ES: \n\n> En la escritura japonesa, los ideogramas de párpado y de té だ da, た ta, son\n> los mismos hasta el día de hoy.\n\nThese three all consistently make the same mistakes -- albeit different\nmistakes than the English version!\n\n 1. These all talk about \"Japanese ideograms\", meaning [kanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji). \nStrictly speaking, kanji are not Japanese -- these are almost entirely\nborrowed from Chinese. _(There are a small handful of characters that were\ninvented in Japan, which have mostly been adopted into other languages that\nuse Chinese characters. Examples\ninclude[腺](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%85%BA#Japanese) (_sen _,\n\"gland\").)_ Even the name \"kanji\" literally means \"Chinese characters\": 漢字,\nfrom 漢 ( _kan_ , \"Han Chinese\") + 字 ( _ji_ , \"character\").\n\n 2. These then talk about だ ( _da_ ) and た ( _ta_ ), which are [hiragana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana), not kanji. \nHiragana is a [syllabary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllbary), which is\nlike an alphabet, except each character (called a \"kana\") represents a\nsyllable as a combination of consonant + vowel, rather than just a single\nsound such as a separate consonant or vowel. Kana represent **sound** , not\nmeaning.\n\n 3. These then claim that \"tea\" and \"eyelid\" are both represented by both the hiragana letters だ ( _da_ ) and た ( _ta_ ). \n * The word for \"tea\" in Japanese is [茶](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6#Japanese) ( _cha_ ), with both the kanji 茶 and the pronunciation borrowed ultimately from Chinese centuries ago. In specific contexts, this kanji 茶 can also be pronounced as _sa_ or _ta_. So far as I'm aware, 茶 is never pronounced in Japanese as _da_.\n * The word for \"eyelid\" in Japanese is [瞼](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9E%BC#Japanese) ( _mabuta_ ). The kanji 瞼 is borrowed from Chinese, and the pronunciation is native Japanese, as a combination of _ma_ for \"eye\" and _futa_ for \"lid\". _(The_ futa _pronunciation often changes to_ buta _in compounds, due to a sound shift called[rendaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku).)_ \nIn certain compounds, 瞼 might instead be pronounced using the Chinese-derived\nreading. However, this is _ken_ , not _ta_ or _da_.\n\n### Might be ChatGPT rubbish\n\nTo stretch things a bit and to be as kind as possible, the completely wrong\nconclusions in the website text _might_ be hinging on that final _-ta_ in the\nword _mabuta_ , and erroneously connecting this to the rare _ta_ pronunciation\nfor 茶.\n\nMore likely, this is just some horrible AI garbage, which naive humans have\nblindly accepted as authoritative, instead of doing actual research and\nrecognizing it for the bullshit that it is.\n\n### Conclusion: [_caveat\nlector_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caveat_lector)\n\nIf you run across some website stating \"Language A has this word X that means\nY\" -- do some digging. There are numerous free online references you can use\nto quickly check any such statement and see if it passes the smell test.\n\nThis statement about \"tea\" and \"eyelid\" in Japanese? **It stinks to high\nheaven.** Throw it out with the other spoiled compost in the back of your\nfridge.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T18:25:51.533", "id": "98049", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T18:25:51.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "* 違いの分かる: discerning\n * 辛口: likes spicy food\n\nI think the narrator associates \"spicy\" with the hotness of fire. It's\nsomewhat understandable with that in mind, but it's not the most natural thing\nto say in relation to \"fire\" either. I think the point is to make the\nassociation not too obvious and somewhat mysterious. \"People who like\nfireworks\" would be too obvious and boring, for example.\n\nHowever, 辛口 for harshness can be correct, too. Perhaps the pokemon is\nrecommended to people who like challenges. This makes more sense if choosing\nit makes the game play harder than the other options. (I don't know if that's\ntrue.)\n\nI prefer the first interpretation, but I wouldn't discard the second\npossibility.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T13:52:47.780", "id": "98044", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T13:59:22.297", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-09T13:59:22.297", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98040", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, you are right that this ように means \"so that.\" In fact, it is the same one\nused in ようにする. Your example sentence can be rewritten something like:\n\n> 男児が鯉のように川の流れを遡る力を持つ **ようにしてほしい** という願いを象徴したものです。\n\nSo「鯉のように川の流れを遡る力を持つようにという願い」means \"wish to possess the power to go river\nupstream like Koi fish.\" Hope it makes sense!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T17:30:02.010", "id": "98047", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T17:30:02.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "98045", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "無線 means \"wireless\" (lit., \"no wire/line\"). ラジオ simply means \"radio\". So in\nregards to wireless/radio communication, there is no difference.\n\n> 無線通信 = ラジオ通信\n\nBut when referencing \"radio\" as an actual device or media platform, you cannot\nreplace ラジオ with 無線. For example:\n\n> * I bought a new radio yesterday → ○ ラジオ × 無線\n> * I enjoy listening to the radio → ○ ラジオ × 無線\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-09T19:11:18.073", "id": "98050", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-09T19:11:18.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "98048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "対談 means a discussion between two people which is usually set up as a special\noccasion and whose topic is set in advance. You can think of something like\npanel discussion (without panels). 議論 is a general term for discussion, and\ncan be used for discussion in ordinary meetings, for example and there is no\nimplication on the number of people. In this sense, 対談=議論+eventness+two\npeople.\n\nA discussion event involving **three** people is called\n[鼎談{ていだん}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E9%BC%8E%E8%AB%87/#jn-150192)\n(after a three-leged pot [鼎{かなえ}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%8E)). A\nstandard word for panel discussion is 座談{ざだん}(会{かい})\n\n会話 is a general term referring to any type of conversation that happens in\ndaily life.\n\n* * *\n\n会談{かいだん} is a word similar to 対談. I'm not so sure how they are distinguished,\nbut my impression is that 会談 is more of a talk between politicians with less\nspecific topics.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T00:24:22.033", "id": "98053", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T00:24:22.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "対談, as least in modern Japanese, almost specifically refers to a talk session\nbetween two celebrities in the format of a talk show or a (mutual) interview.\nThe topic is generally casual and not very socially important (e.g., their\npersonal work style or motto), and hot debating is not intended. In a typical\n対談, the two celebrities talk with each other, sometimes like an interviewer\nand sometimes like an interviewee. 対談 is a very common format of a magazine\narticle.\n\nHere is a typical 対談, one between a Nobel Prize winner and a shogi (Japanese\nchess) champion: [ノーベル賞学者と史上最年少四冠のスペシャル対談!!](https://news.kodansha.co.jp/9058)\n\nThe two people selected for a 対談 are typically unrelated in their everyday\nwork. Sometimes, there is an unnamed third person who plays the role of a host\nand provides various topics, but the main actors are always the two\ncelebrities. If one of the two is an unknown writer, it is simply called an\nインタビュー. If three or more celebrities are present, it is usually called a 座談会.\nWhen politicians and such engage in serious discussion, it is called a 会談.\n\n会話 is just \"conversation\"; this is something ordinary people do every day.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T03:34:10.780", "id": "98058", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T13:22:08.407", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T13:22:08.407", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is hard to answer without seeing actual messages, but here are some\npossibe reasons:\n\n * If it's only the name suffix (氏) that has changed... \n * She started to use 氏 half-jokingly as an otaku-ish suffix: [Naming suffix -氏 (-し) used by an otaku character in anime](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62108/5010)\n * She simply wanted to try different ways of addressing you, which is not uncommon among close friends (some people have even 様 in their nicknames)\n * If the overall manner of her speech has changed... \n * The topic of the message on that day happened to be something important and serious\n * She started to feel she had to pay more respect to you (e.g., because she suddenly realized you are a great person in your home country)\n * She started to use stiff/businesslike language intentionally because she had trouble communicating with you smoothly in slangy/informal Japanese\n * The Japanese you use is very polite and she started to adapt to it\n * She simply started to feel you are remote because she hasn't seen you for a while\n * She started to prefer to use polite language because she has grown up or is now in a position of responsibility\n\nBasically, if the only thing that has changed is the name suffix, I think\nthere is nothing to worry about deeply now.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T02:35:03.367", "id": "98055", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T02:47:16.477", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T02:47:16.477", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It partially depends on what is eaten.\n\n * [くちゃくちゃ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83/#jn-62167) is a standard one for chewing e.g., meat.\n * [ぐちゃぐちゃ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%90%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%81%90%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83/#jn-62168) can be used similarly. This is more rough, like wolves biting something drippy.\n * [がつがつ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8C%E3%81%A4/#jn-42536) sounds like biting something crispier (e.g., biting bones).\n\nCf.\n\n * [擬音語・擬態語 ー 食べる、飲む](https://www.rondely.com/zakkaya/dic5/eat.htm)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T04:48:43.237", "id": "98062", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T04:48:43.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 }, { "body": "When chewing soft food loudly with mouth a bit open, I use くちゃくちゃ. It may\nbecome くっちゃくっちゃ or ぐちゃぐちゃ, depending on person and area. I guess, many\nJapanese people hate to hear the sound from such a way of eating, and this\nword may contain such attitude hating the chewing sound.\n\nWhen chewing hard food (like rice cracker) and making sound, I use ぼりぼり. If\nthe food is so much hard (like ice cubes or fish bones), then I may choose\nがりがり or ばりばり.\n\nIf you want to express the attitute of eating, then もりもり gives positive and\nenthusiastics impression. For example, I chose it when kids are eating well\nfor good health.\n\nOn the other hand, がつがつ gives negative impression and it may represent eating\nhabit with bad manners. I also use it when eating with so much hunger, but I\ndon't mean much negative sense in this case.\n\nThe choice of the words would differ depending on how you feel about the habit\nor the behaviour.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T05:28:51.287", "id": "98063", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T05:28:51.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36794", "parent_id": "98059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "* * *\n\nI think it depends more on the particular relationship than social status and\nage. \"First-name sensei\" can happen when you are (somewhat jokingly)\naddressing someone you have relation with in a capacity other than teacher-\nstudent, and when you usually talk with them on a FN-san or FN-kun basis in\nthat other capacity. I'd also assume that everyone else in the conversation is\naware of the relationship. That's why you might not encounter it in public too\nmuch. If you do it in a strictly professional, institutional, and non-personal\nteacher-student relationship (like university), you will probably be seen as\nnot respecting boundaries. It can happen in kindergartens, too, but I think\nthat's more akin to baby talk than anything.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T04:27:01.117", "id": "98061", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T04:27:01.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In real schools in Japan (elementary schools and higher), something like this\nalmost never happens. The only exception would be a foreign teacher who hates\nto be called with their last name, but I personally have never met such a\nteacher. But it seems that `first-name + 先生` is used in a few kindergartens\ntoday to address teachers.\n\nIn general, `fisrt-name + 先生` or `nickname + 先生` may happen when 1) you have a\nfriend/relative who allows you to use the first name or nickname to address\nthem, and 2) they are (temporarily) also your teacher.\n\nFor example, if you have a friend who you normally call ぽんちゃん, you might use\nぽん先生 or even ぽんちゃん先生 to address her when she is being your instructor (e.g.,\nof a video game). A similar thing can happen with any honorifc name suffix\nincluding 社長, 教授, 博士 and 師匠. Basically, this is something determined\narbitrarily mainly depending on the relationship between you and the other\nperson, and grammar has little to do with this.\n\nPlease do not ask about your experience outside Japan. The situation should be\nvery different from that in real Japan.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T07:24:08.013", "id": "98064", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T09:12:54.007", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T09:12:54.007", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "No. There are only a little over a dozen verbs that work this way.\n\nいます, きます, みます, あげます and so on, after a te-form, are called **subsidiary\nverbs**. They add a certain meaning to the first verb. For example:\n\n * 食べます + います = 食べています = \"is eating\" or \"has (already) eaten\"\n * 食べます + みます = 食べてみます = \"to try eating\"\n\nSee: [What is a subsidiary\nverb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010)\n\nThere are many related questions about (-て)いる and (-て)くる on this site,\nincluding:\n\n * [Does Vて+いる always mean an action already completed?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3262/5010)\n * [Difference between -ていく and -てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010)\n\nBut since every subsidiary verb is an important topic, your textbook (if you\nhave one) certainly has an explanation for each of them, so I recommend\nreading them first.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T09:49:26.857", "id": "98066", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T09:49:26.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98065", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Unfortunately, this is something you have to simply accept. While you can\nusually judge the transitivity of a verb easily based on the knowledge you\nalready have, the transitivity of many verbs are not straightforward. In quite\na few cases, the transitivities of verbs with exactly the same meaning are\ndifferent between English and Japanese. Ultimately, you have to remember which\nare tricky verbs one by one.\n\nSee this questions for examples of tricky verbs: [に vs. を in \"to pass a\ntest\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72200/5010)\n\n(By the way, after dozens of years of learning English, I still don't get why\n\"to see\" and \"to hear\" are transitive but \"to look\" and \"to listen\" are\nintransitive. All I could do was stop wondering and learn them by rote.)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T10:46:38.103", "id": "98068", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T10:52:57.620", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T10:52:57.620", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "My original answer was wrong, so I'll summarise what I've learned from the\ncomments and from researching a bit more, with thanks to Eiríkr Útlendi.\n\nIn English, we usually talk about _syntactic_ transitivity, which has to do\nwith whether a direct object is present. “I eat a sandwich” features a\ntransitive verb, but “I eat” is intransitive, because no direct object is\npresent.\n\nIn contrast, Japanese has a notion of _semantic_ transitivity. サンドを食べる\nfeatures a transitive verb, which is _still_ transitive in the sentence 食べる,\nbecause the verb affects something else.\n\nIt does not seem to me to be particularly important whether a verb is\nsemantically transitive if we are using it with no object or anything else\nattached. However, knowing whether a verb is transitive is definitely\nimportant when it comes to using the correct particles.\n\nWe have seen を as a direct object marker, but there are other direct object\nmarkers than を, and を is not always a direct object marker. In “A Dictionary\nof Basic Japanese Grammar” by Makino and Tsutsui, direct object marker を is\nmarked as o¹, while, for example, o² is “a particle which indicates a space\nin/on/across/through/along which s.o. or s.t. moves”.\n\nYour question seems to be about how to determine whether a verb is transitive\nor not. It seems to me that this can often be inferred from usage. In サンドを食べる,\nを is used as o¹, a direct object marker. In 道を歩く, を is not a direct object\nmarker, but rather spatial marker o².\n\nOf course, some ambiguity remains. Which usage of を do we see in マラソンを走る? It's\no² according to [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/74254/7890), but that isn't clear\nfrom just looking at the sentence.\n\nTherefore, my best attempt at answering your question is to say that, when one\nwants to determine the transitivity of a verb, one should take cues from how\nit is used grammatically in examples such as the above, while consulting the\ndifferent possible meanings of identically-written particles such as を. “A\nDictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar”, which I mentioned above, is useful for\nthis.\n\nHere are some additional resources I found useful:\n\n * [This list of transitive and intransitive pairs](http://nihongo.monash.edu/ti_list.html)\n * [“Transitivity and Valency Alternations: Studies on Japanese and Beyond” by Taro Kageyama and Wesley M. Jacobsen](https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r-zCDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false)\n * [A Tofugu article on the topic](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/transitive-intransitive-verbs/) with some useful additional information.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-10T18:54:40.777", "id": "98073", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-10T19:32:16.327", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-10T19:32:16.327", "last_editor_user_id": "7890", "owner_user_id": "7890", "parent_id": "98067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It appears that the comments have addressed the question. However, since the\ncomments didn't point to any existing JSE threads, and since I cannot find one\nthat directly talks about this construction, I'll add in a proper explanatory\nanswer post for future reference.\n\nThis gets a bit long, out of necessity. :)\n\n### Humble forms\n\n> Stem-form + する - How does this work?\n\nThe sample text 「お話ししましょう」 clarifies that this should be a bit more\nspecifically:\n\n> お + Stem-form + する - How does this work?\n\nThis is the basic way of constructing the **humble verb form**.\n\nMost of us probably encounter the phrase おねがいします very early on in our Japanese\nlanguage studies. This is constructed the same way.\n\n> お + ねがい (the stem of verb ねがう, \"to wish for something\") + します\n\nFor the question's sample text:\n\n> お + はなし (the stem of verb はなす, \"to talk, to speak\") + します\n\n### Respectful forms\n\nWhile we're at it, and since it's very similar in construction, let's also\nlook at one way of creating an **respectful verb form**.\n\nAt a simpler level, we can use a construction very similar to the humble form\nabove -- all we need to do is replace the します with に + なります.\n\n> お + はなし (stem form of verb はなす, \"to talk, to speak\") + に + なります \n> おはなしになります\n\n... but why would we even use either of these? For that, we have to dive into\nsomething called _keigo_.\n\n### _Keigo_ or \"honorific language\"\n\nBoth \"humble\" and \"respectful\" forms are part of what is called 敬語【けいご】 (\n_keigo_ , \"honorific language\").\n\n_Keigo_ is simply part of how the Japanese language is organized.\n\nFor English, one of the key organizing factors is **who is doing the action**.\nVerbs inflect or conjugate (change form) based in part on the identity of the\n_actor_ : is it \"I\", \"he / she / it\", or \"you / we / them\"?\n\n> I **am** , he / she / it **is** , you / we / them **are**\n\nFor Japanese, one of the key organizing factors is **who is talking to whom,\nand about whom**. Verbs infect or conjugate based in part on the identity of\nthe _speaker_ and the _actor_ in relation to the _listener_.\n\n> **する** (friends, casual), **します** (colleagues or strangers, polite),\n> **いたします** (strangers, formal, about themselves or their group), **なさいます**\n> (strangers, formal, about the listener or their group)\n\nIf you're at all familiar with other European languages, most of these still\nhave something roughly analogous to _keigo_ , albeit simpler -- the\ndistinction between the two forms of \"you\". French has its _\" tu\"_ and _\"\nvous\"_, Spanish its _\" tú\"_ and _\" usted\"_, German its _\" du\"_ and _\" Sie\"_,\nand Czech its _\" ty\"_ and _\" vy\"_.\n\nEnglish _used to_ have this, back in Elizabethan times: _\" thou\"_ was both the\nsingular and the intimate / casual, while _\" ye\"_ was the plural and the\nformal / polite.\n\n#### The basics of verb forms and \"politeness\"\n\nWhen English speakers are taught beginning Japanese, pretty much everyone\nstarts with the so-called \" _‑masu_ form\" of verbs, things like します (\"to do\")\nand はなします (\"to talk, to speak\") and です (the basic \"to be\" verb: \"is / am /\nare\"). This is often called 丁寧語【ていねいご】 (\"polite language\"), and it's probably\nthe most \"neutral\" verb form, appropriate in most social circumstances.\n\nLater on, teachers will introduce the so-called \"plain form\" of verbs, things\nlike する and はなす and だ. This is the basic form of verbs and is used for\ndictionary listings. This is also a more \"intimate\" or \"close-in\" verb form,\nappropriate for use among friends or closer acquaintances, people who are part\nof your closer social group.\n\nBroadly speaking, _keigo_ involves the more \"formal\" or \"distanced\" verb\nforms, appropriate when talking to people more clearly outside of your own\nsocial group.\n\n#### The basics of _keigo_\n\nLots of English-language materials I've seen over the years talk about\n\"politeness\" and relative social superiority. However, \"up\" and \"down\" isn't\nreally the right way to look at it -- the social\n[deixis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis) of Japanese grammar is much\nmore about \"inside\" and \"outside\", with respect to whether someone else is\npart of the same group, and how intimate / close they are. When talking to\nsomeone who is definitely outside of your group, such as when talking to a\ncustomer, someone from another school or company, or even in a formal setting,\nyou would possibly use _keigo_. This is essentially the next level that is\n\"more polite\" or \"more formal\" than the \" _‑masu_ form\".\n\n#### In-group and out-group\n\nWhen using _keigo_ to talk to someone from outside your group, you use\ndifferent verb forms to talk about an \"inside person\", such as yourself or\nsomeone else within your group, as compared to talking about an \"outside\nperson\", such as the listener or someone else from their group or some other\ngroup.\n\nIn Japanese, the forms used to talk about an outside person are called\n尊敬語【そんけいご】 (\"respectful language\"), and the forms used to talk about an inside\nperson are called 謙譲語【けんじょうご】 (\"humble language\").\n\n### Complicated? You betcha!\n\n_Keigo_ can get super complicated, with lots of \"suppletive\" verb forms.\n_([Suppletion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletion) is where a totally\ndifferent word or root shows up and_ supplements _or adds on a form or\ngrammatical function that was missing, or_ replaces _an existing form. See the\nlinked Wikipedia article for more.)_ One common case of honorific suppletion\nis turning the verb いきます (\"to go\") into completely unrelated verb いらっしゃいます\n(\"to go\") for respectful use, or another completely unrelated verb まいります (\"to\ngo\") for humble use.\n\n→ If you're worried about using _keigo_ correctly, **you're not alone!** It's\ncomplicated and easy to get wrong. There are even books about it written in\nJapanese for Japanese speakers to learn how to use _keigo_ more appropriately.\nThe お + `[VERB STEM]` + します or なります constructions described above might be the\neasiest way to get into _keigo_.\n\nAs with anything, study and practice will help. Good luck!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T18:36:35.330", "id": "98117", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T21:21:35.527", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-12T21:21:35.527", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98071", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is not wrong to think some of the phrases as typically gyaru-ish, but the\nkind of ending けど can be used in general to make a statement indirect (終助詞#1\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82/#jn-68969)).\n\nImplied feelings depend on the meaning/context, but complaint/grudge is one of\nthe typical ones, as all of your examples and the following questions.\n\n * [けど at the end of the sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2086/%E3%81%91%E3%81%A9-at-the-end-of-the-sentence)\n * [How can I translate けど in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12034/how-can-i-translate-%E3%81%91%E3%81%A9-in-this-sentence)\n\n* * *\n\nTaking an example from the first link,\n\n> いいですけど\n\nis more or less equivalent to\n\n> It's okay, but...\n\nWhat is suppressed in '...' depends on context ( _I'm not happy_ , _It's not\nperfect_ etc.). I guess saying 'but' emphatically does not really work. In\nJapanese, using けど a bit strongly would suggest that some complaints are\nomitted, by which 'complaint' aspect of the sentence is emphasized than in\nいいです, which can be neutral.\n\nThat said, in the sentences of the question, けど means almost nothing. That is,\nありえないんですけど is mostly the same as saying ありえない, which is already a complaint.\nIn this sense, けど (of this usage) is simply an ending particle used (more) by\nyounger people.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T04:12:32.883", "id": "98075", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T04:12:32.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "道に迷う is the better phrase in the context in question.\n\n * 道に迷う requires 道 (roads). You cannot 道に迷う in a department store or a desert. This is not a problem when you are driving.\n * 迷子になる, as the kanji suggests, mainly refers to a small child being lost after straying from their parents in public spaces, but you can still use it to refer to an adult who has strayed from the group in a crowded place. It is not a very appropriate expression if you are alone from the beginning (though it would be understood as a bit humorous and teasing expression).\n\nAlso note that it's usually better to align the tense/aspect. You have to say\neither of:\n\n * 仕事初日に遅刻しただけじゃなく、道に迷ってしまった。 \n(if \"what happened\" is important)\n\n * 仕事初日に遅刻しているだけじゃなく、道に迷ってしまっている。 \n(if your current situation is important)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T12:22:41.960", "id": "98090", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T12:39:53.180", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-11T12:39:53.180", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I agree with what naruto wrote.\n\nAdditionally, if you describe somebody as 迷子 as opposed to 道に迷っている there is a\ndegree of infantilization. For example, if you say 「部長、道に迷ってたんですね」, the\nexpression is mostly neutral. If you say 「部長、迷子になってたんですね」 it infantilizes 部長,\nso unless you have a close relationship it could be offensive. Similarly, if\nyou say 「迷子になって遅れました」on your first day of work, it would sound childish/odd\nwhereas 「道に迷っていて遅れました」would be neutral.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T16:11:05.120", "id": "98092", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T16:11:05.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "This is a catchphrase of [this\nYouTuber](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E5%A4%A7%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%B8%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA).\nHe became famous around 2019 for his videos in which he cooks while imitating\nthe voices of anime characters and using a lot of wordplay\n([オヤジギャグ](https://blog.gaijinpot.com/oyaji-gyagu-a-guide-to-japanese-dad-\njokes/)) including うますぎて馬になる (which of course is a wordplay around 旨い \"yummy\"\nand 馬 \"horse\").\n\n> ### ウマすぎてウマになる（ウマすぎてウマになった）\n>\n>\n> 肴が美味かったときの定番セリフ。後ろに絵文字が付くことがあるが、だいたい馬ではない（、…）。「優勝」と同じく、オタク構文の「そりすぎてソリになったｗ」が出所と思われる。\n\nHere's an example of his video (the phrase in question is near the end of the\nvideo): [【牛タンのシチュー】自分を大蛇丸と信じて止まない一般男性が優勝する動画です。](https://youtu.be/IAeQTbnX4tc)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T09:05:14.037", "id": "98082", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T09:25:10.700", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-11T09:25:10.700", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98080", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "よ by itself is not wrong, but the part before it is wrong. In this context,\nyou have to say 歩きたい **からです** (よ).\n\n * ～からです = It is because ～.\n * ～ですから = because it is ～, ...\n\nよ as a sentence-end particle may or may not sound feminine depending on the\ntype of the word it follows. よ does not sound feminine after です or だ. For\ndetails, see: [how could a sentence end with (noun +\n\"よ\"?)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12986/5010)\n\n(からよ is a possible combination when よ is used [as a filler\nparticle](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14924/5010), but this type of よ\nsounds rough and masculine, and doesn't go well with です/ます.)\n\nAlso note that you usually need an explanatory-の in the first sentence:\nどうしてドアを開けたのですか or どうしてドアを開けたんですか.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T09:48:24.130", "id": "98085", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T09:48:24.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is rather equivalent to 泳い **でで** も(te-form of 泳ぐ + でも).\n\nSpecifically, the\n[だって](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/#jn-137401)\nmeans:\n\n> ［係助］《断定の助動詞「だ」に係助詞「とて」の付いた「だとて」の音変化という》名詞・副詞、一部の助詞に付く。 **「でも」に似るが、語調がより強い。**\n> １ ある事柄を例示し、それが他と同類、または、同様であるという意を表す。…もやはり。 **…でも** 。「鯨―人間の仲間だ」「ここから―見える」\n\n* * *\n\nI think, at least in most cases, 'te-form+だって' is translatable to _even\nby/even if (subj) have to ..._.\n\n * 泳いでだって行く I'll go even if I have to swim (even by swimming).\n * 一万円払ってだって食べる価値がある It is worth eating even if I have to pay 10000 yen.\n * 人を殺してだって生き延びたい (I) want to survive even by committing murders\n\nAll だって can be replaced by でも.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T12:31:27.053", "id": "98091", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T12:31:27.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, てさえも/でさえも is a stronger version of ても/でも. While ても/でも does not necessary\nhave to be translated using \"even\", てさえも/でさえも has a strong sense of \"even\".\n\n * 1時間読んでも分からなかった。 \nI did not understand (even) after reading it for an hour.\n\n * 1時間読んでさえも分からなかった。 \nI did not understand EVEN after reading it for an hour.\n\n * 知らなくても大丈夫です。 \nIt's fine if you don't know it.\n\n * (見なくていいどころか)知らなくてさえも大丈夫です。 \n(Not only do you not have to watch it) It's fine even if you don't know it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T11:37:26.410", "id": "98088", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T11:37:26.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98084", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "決して~ない and 絶対~ない talk about the confidence level (I am very confident that\nthere is no x). Whereas 全く~ない and 全然~ない talk about the degree (there is no\nlevel of x).\n\nBetween 決して and 絶対, the latter is a bit colloquial. Otherwise there is little\ndifference. 決して might be used more frequently when addressing a suspicion.\n\nBetween 全く and 全然, the latter is again a bit colloquial but to a lesser degree\ncompared to 絶対~ない. Both mean very similar things and I'd be hard pressed to\ncome up with a difference.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T16:22:13.020", "id": "98093", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T16:22:13.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98086", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's 冷静.\n\n> **A** : あー、なっちゃんと同棲だなんてー、うふふっ。 \n> **B** : だから、ただのルームシェアでしょ？ \n> **A** : 事実上、新婚生活ってことだよね？ \n> **B** : …何言ってんの？ \n> **A** : あ、まったりするのもいいけど、早く準備しないと講義に遅れちゃうよ？ \n> **B** : 冷静なの！？ \n> **A** : 大好きなの！\n\nI think the last two lines are hard even for native speakers to follow, but\nthese probably imply something like \"How can you be calm (like that, after\nsaying such embarrassing things)?\" and \"I love you (so I'm not calm now)!\".\n\nI haven't even seen the word 励精, so you can forget this possibility.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-11T12:02:06.903", "id": "98089", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-11T12:02:06.903", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98087", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Since no one else has responded at all, I'll turn my off-the-cuff comment into\nan actual answer post.\n\nJust my quick-and-dirty parsing of this sentence suggests that this って is\nequivalent to the generic という, which is kinda like English coordinating\npronouns like \"who\" or \"that\" or \"which\". _\" A guy **who** would try to raise\nup this ship,...\"_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T17:25:02.530", "id": "98115", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T17:25:02.530", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98095", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Is the usage of these pronouns more so in media than in actual daily\n> conversation?\n\nYes, I think so. Regarding 彼, 彼女 and あなた specifically, these are words used\nonly sometimes by mature adults in relatively formal conversations and\nspeeches. Personally, I'm not sure if I have said these words out loud even\nonce in the past year (except when 彼女 means \"girlfriend\"). In formal\nconversations, expressions like 自分, あの人, その方, そちら, あちら, 向こう and so on are\nmainly used instead when you don't know the name. Until middle school, I used\nお前 a lot among friends, but after that, instead of learning to use あなた, I\nlearned how to avoid あなた using keigo and various ways of paraphrasing.\n\nIn fiction, there are many unusual types of characters that you would not\nencounter in real life (gods, royalties, stereotypical ojōsama, ...), so you\nare likely to see あなた/彼/彼女 and other uncommon personal pronouns much more\noften. Besides, fictional conversations inevitably tend to be more organized\nand closer to written Japanese than real conversations.\n\n(By the way, the word 彼女 did not exist in Japanese until the mid-19th century.\nIt was coined to translate \"she\" in western languages.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T05:10:48.870", "id": "98098", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T05:25:11.407", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-12T05:25:11.407", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98096", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Rather than meaning anything, it indicates the character is speaking in a\nstereotypical rural language. There is a famous(?) old song\n[俺ら東京さ行ぐだ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%BA%E3%82%89%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%81%95%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%90%E3%81%A0).\nThe singer is from Aomori, which is in Tohoku, where the dialect typically\nuses だべ ending.\n\nIn terms of meaning, it is the same as こちらです.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T06:30:00.097", "id": "98101", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T06:30:00.097", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This is 何を meaning \"why\" or \"how dare you\". This always sounds accusatory or\ndubious.\n\n * [Using 何を with intransitive verbs (eg 何をにやついているの?)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44176/5010)\n * [Use of を with seemingly intransitive verbs describing emotions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/93101/5010)\n\nThis type of accusatory 何を can be used with an intransitive verb. When it's\nused with a transitive verb, the verb can take two を (one as part of 何を and\none for the actual object). Both を can be omitted in colloquial sentences.\n\n> 何ユッキーに変なこと吹き込んでるのよ \n> = 何 **を** ユッキーに変なこと **を** 吹き込んでるのよ \n> = Why are you inculcating strange things into Yuckie?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T08:01:11.923", "id": "98103", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T08:01:11.923", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98099", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it's one (less standard) way to transcribe the particle in speech\nthat's normally written as って. The lack of っ might have to do with ん not\nending with a vowel.\n\nIt may be seen more often in transcriptions of western dialects, but not\nexclusively.\n\nFrom <https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000277/files/59445_74041.html>\n\n> 何をしゃべったって、腹がへって口がきけませんて顔をしている\n\nThe author (辻村伊助) was from Kanto as far as I can see.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T02:23:52.883", "id": "98151", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T05:39:49.103", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-15T05:39:49.103", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98100", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "If it is a substantial amount of flesh (or a human body torn in two), メリメリ is\nbetter.\n\nThe following example (from\n[here](https://www.rondely.com/zakkaya/dic5/gt7-2.htm#m22)) may help to give\nan idea.\n\n> めりめり 裂ける big/booming creaking (cracking) sound; loudly creak/crack/split\n>\n> 例文 Lightning struck and split the tree with a booming creaking sound.\n>\n> 稲光がして木がめりめりと裂けた。\n\nメリ(ッ) would suggest the start of tearing (cracking).\n\nIf it is like peeling skin, メリメリ still works.\n\nAs for tearing a sheet of skin, ビリビリ or バリバリ may be better, just like tearing\na sheet of paper. (Honestly, I cannot imagine the situation well)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T08:44:38.323", "id": "98104", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T08:44:38.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "According to web sources ([1](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=6761),\n[2](https://www.native-japanese-waseda-tokyo.com/yoni-tameni-difference1/)),\nthe basic rule is\n\n * 無意志動詞 + ように\n * 意志動詞 + ために\n\n間に合う is not a volitional action, so ように should be used.\n\n* * *\n\nSome examples partially taken from the links above.\n\n * 大学へ行くためにたくさん勉強した In order to enter a college, I studied hard.\n * 大学に行けるようにたくさん勉強した I studied hard so that I can enter a college.\n\nPotential forms are 無意志動詞.\n\n * 嫌なことを忘れるためにたくさん運動した In order to forget unpleasant thing, I exercised a lot.\n * 忘れないように紙に書いた I wrote it down so that I won't forget.\n\nHere it is a bit more subtle, but 忘れる is a volitional action and 忘れない is\nsomething you don't have control over (Admittedly, I'm not sure if I can\nforget what I want to forget)\n\n* * *\n\nRelated Questions:\n\n * [Difference between ために and ように](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12450/45489)\n * [ために and ように difference](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56711/45489)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T13:11:07.910", "id": "98110", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T13:11:07.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98105", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The sentence has しなさい/しろ omitted. That is, in full, it is 調子に乗るのもいい加減にしなさい.\n\nXもいい加減にしなさい is more or less a fixed pattern meaning 'Be moderate in X'. See\n[this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/97336/45489) for details.\n\nSo the sentence literally means 'Be moderate as regards 調子に乗る', which means\nsomething like 'Don't go too far'.\n\n調子に乗る in general means to have too much confidence; in this case, confidence\nin making advance to the MC.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T13:16:51.320", "id": "98111", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T13:16:51.320", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98106", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "しなさい is omitted after いい加減に. いい加減にしなさい means \"Get a life!\" or \"That's\nenough!\". いい加減にして(よね) or いい加減にしろ is also okay.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T13:27:14.680", "id": "98112", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T13:27:14.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "98106", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You would say something like 「字が汚い」, lit. my letters are dirty. Avoid saying\nsomething like 「手書きが悪い」or 「字が悪い」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T12:37:22.060", "id": "98108", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T12:37:22.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "98107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The most common ways to say \"my handwriting is bad\" would probably be\n\n * **字** が汚{きたな}い (汚い often means \"dirty,\" but here's it's \"bad\" or \"messy\")\n * **字** が下手{へた} (下手 means \"bad\" or \"unskillful\")\n\nSo, in that specific case **字** is the word you're looking for.\n\n**字** refers to the actual letters themselves. You can use 字 for any letters,\neven ones that are printed, but based on context it will usually be clear if\nyou mean handwriting.\n\n**筆跡** is a broadly used term for handwritten letters or the manner of\nwriting. It also appears in compounds like 筆跡学{ひっせきがく} (graphology) or\n筆跡鑑定{ひっせきかんてい} (handwriting analysis). The fact that it is kind of a \"bigger\"\nword than 字 is what probably leads to it being used less in that kind of off-\nthe-cuff remark.\n\n**手書き** is writing or drawing by hand, as well as things written or drawn by\nhand. It's more about the process, the act of using your hand rather than a\nmachine, than about the resulting letters themselves. Examples include\n手書きでサインをする (sign by hand) or 手書きのイラスト (hand-drawn illustration).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-12T12:51:56.920", "id": "98109", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-12T12:59:31.423", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-12T12:59:31.423", "last_editor_user_id": "20479", "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "98107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "If you'd like to replace nami's sentence of 行くというのなら with 行くなら, the meaning is\nnot changed much. Both 普通形(i.e. common type)（の）なら and 普通形なら can be used to\ngive suggestion/advice.\n\nBut in my experience, the first one is often used to express a rather strong\nattitude, i.e. firm advice.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-13T02:41:02.180", "id": "98118", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T02:41:02.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54316", "parent_id": "98116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Actually, all 行くなら / 行くというなら / 行くのなら / 行くというのなら are grammatically possible\nhere. I mean, grammatically allowed but each has its own meaning.\n\n * ～行くなら: _if we (will / are going to) go..._ \nYes, this is very straightforward. The non-past form tends to mean near\nfuture.\n\n * ～行くというなら: _under the condition that we go... / if you insist we go..._ \n`V というなら` is, in most cases, an idiom that means either of the following:\n\n 1. \"[an expression that tells it is okay/allowed] ... only if V\"\n 2. \"if somebody insists to V\"\n\nHowever, neither of them fits well in this context.\n\n * ～行くのなら: _if (there is) the fact that we go... / if the one (where) we go..._ \nの is a general nominalizer, accepting roughly two types of interpretation:\n\n 1. apposition: \"the fact of [predicate]\"\n 2. relative: \"something or somebody that [predicate] / that is [predicate]-ed / with/to/from... which [predicate]\"\n\nAnd if we take the former understanding, it yields the convoluted first\ntranslation above; but it is in turn, from a learner's perspective,\ncombination of `行く + のだ + [conditional]`, which can be practically translated\nas \"if we are bound/decided to go...\"\n\n * ～行くというのなら: _if (there is) the fact that we say we go..._ \nThe translation is even more enigmatic now :P, but here the point is that the\nextra という works in two ways. Firstly, it can eliminate the \"relative\" reading\nfrom bare `V のなら` to unambiguously mean the nominalization of the action.\nSecondly, it adds a little flavor of quotation という, which effectively\nintroduces the nuance of **subjunctive mood** i.e. mentioning a hypothetical\nsituation.\n\nIn conclusion, a cleaner answer would be like:\n\n> もし私達が空へ行くなら \n> _if we go up into the sky_\n\nversus\n\n> もし私達が空へ行くというのなら \n> _if we **are supposed to** go up into the sky_ \n> or \n> _**in the event that** we go up into the sky_", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-13T12:31:42.680", "id": "98125", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T12:31:42.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "98116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is the 終助詞 ぞ. And not a misspelling, but a common way to spell its\nelongated pronunciation (elongation stands for emphasis, btw).\n\nBecause of the overwhelming majority of existing words with long vowel _ō_\nbeing spelled with おう, many people find it intuitive to write _ō_ that way,\neven as phonetic transcription without etymology. A illustrative example is:\n\n> おかあさん _okāsan_ \"mom\" \n> おにいさん _onīsan_ \"(big) bro\" \n> おねえさん _onēsan_ \"(big) sis\"\n\nbut:\n\n> お **とう** さん _otōsan_ \"dad\"\n\nThe example above is already orthographically fixed, but in this case you can\nchoose to use ぞお, ぞー, ぞ～ (or even ぞ〰) instead, and it is perfectly fine\n(though with subtly different nuances). It applies to other particles and\ninterjections that end in _o_ as well.\n\n> よ → よお/よう etc. \n> ほお/ほう etc. \n> のお/のう etc. \n> おお/おう etc. (but in the exclamation sense we usually stick to おお) \n> （早くし）ろ → ろお/ろう etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-13T10:32:50.640", "id": "98123", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T10:32:50.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "98121", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Personally I don't feel I do that when using a verb I'm not familiar. In some\nsituations ことが出来る can be used as a light \"euphemism\". For example:\n\n> 引き止めることができなくて、遭難させてしまった \n> 引き止められなくて、遭難させてしまった\n\nBoth mean the same thing, but the former form adds an added degree of remorse.\nIt also signals that the speaker tried hard. I guess it adds a sort of\nemphasis as it's more elaborate than the shorter form.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-13T14:16:07.420", "id": "98128", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T14:16:07.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "系(kei) essentially means type or style. For example, there are many fashion\nstyles which use it such as Mote-kei — translated as pretty-style but it\nliterally means “attractive-style”.\n\n系 (kei) is often used in ギャル語 (gyaru-go) as a way to add emphasis or express a\nsense of belonging to a certain group or trend.\n\nIn this sentence `モールとか買い物系と？今イベントやってとこあるかな` 系(kei) is used more loosely to\nmean something related to or of the same type as the preceding noun \"買い物\"\n(shopping).\n\nThe phrase \"モールとか買い物系と？\" can be translated to \"like shopping in the mall or\nsomething?\"\n\nYou mentioned in your comment that she might be thinking about some guy, so\nthere could be additional context which shifts the meaning, but from this\nsingle frame I'd take it to mean she's trying to decide how to spend her day:\n\"(I could do) something like shopping at the mall. I wonder if there are any\nevents...\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-13T16:27:54.910", "id": "98132", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-14T03:31:27.727", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-14T03:31:27.727", "last_editor_user_id": "55356", "owner_user_id": "55356", "parent_id": "98130", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "に似て (3 mora) is shorter than みたいで and のようで (4 mora). That may sound trivial\nbut when it comes to songs and poems, the length is sometimes crucial for the\nformat or the rhythm.\n\nOther than that, 似る being a content word, I think it tends to carry more\nweight and to describe concrete features, compared to function words like みたい\nand ようだ. みたい and ようだ are more likely to be based on feelings.\n\nGrammatically, you usually use 似ている (or 似ていて) in this context, for the effect\ncomparable to みたい and ようだ. It's not ungrammatical to use 似る (似て) instead,\nespecially in a song, though. I won't go into details because it doesn't seem\nlike the main point here, but try looking up\n[aspect](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/aspect) and ている\nif you are interested.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-14T06:25:45.217", "id": "98138", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-19T08:06:30.597", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-19T08:06:30.597", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98133", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "That くらいだ roughly means \"Is good **to the extent** of not minding being here\nall day\" That might sound sarcastic depending on how you see it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-14T06:38:02.473", "id": "98140", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-14T16:13:51.843", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-14T16:13:51.843", "last_editor_user_id": "50324", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "98139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "スッ can be used if the helmet is taken off smoothly, without friction. サッ may\nbe ok too.\n\nスポッ is better if there is some momentum when taking off the helmet. The word\ndescribes something fits in tightly, and for the reverse direction (putting\nout).\n\n * 大根がすぽっと抜ける\n * 帽子をすぽっとかぶる ([source](http://sura-sura.com/archives/3086.html))", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-14T09:44:34.177", "id": "98142", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-14T09:44:34.177", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You want the katakana version of your name to represent how it is pronounced.\n\n * If you pronounce your name _SHY-ma_ , it would be written as シャイマ.\n * If you pronounce your name _CHAI-ma_ , it would be written as チャイマ.\n * If you pronounce your name _cha-EE-ma_ , it would be written as チャイーマ.\n\n(Here, \"ch\" is pronounced like in \"cheese\", and \"ai\" sounds like \"eye\".)\n\nI'm pretty certain the last part, ベン・ハッセン, is correct either way. Just attach\nwhichever version of your first name is correct to get your full name, e.g.\nシャイマ・ベン・ハッセン.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-14T15:15:06.780", "id": "98144", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-14T15:20:09.380", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-14T15:20:09.380", "last_editor_user_id": "47010", "owner_user_id": "47010", "parent_id": "98143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "Talking about physical connection, they are interchangeable.\n\n * パソコンをプリンタ(インターネット)に接続する\n * パソコンをプリンタ(インターネット)につなぐ\n\nare both natural.\n\n* * *\n\nNon-interchangeable examples that come to my mind is つなぐ to mean introducing\npeople and to pass phone calls (though this does not happen these days)\n\n * Aさんにつないでほしい\n\ncan mean _Can you introduce me to A-san?_ or _May I talk to A-san? (on the\nphone)_. Here 接続する(接続してほしい) cannot be used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T04:07:43.620", "id": "98152", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T04:07:43.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are close. As you guessed と言って literally means \"called.\" Based on your\ntranslation, it seems like you got the order reversed. Xと言って means \"called X.\"\nI modified your translation to capture the overall meaning of the sentence:\n\n> Today is the day when we change the fusuma and shoji in the house for the\n> summer ones, this activity is called 建具替え.\n\nIt might help if you consider それを omitted like the following:\n\n> 今日は **それを** 建具替えといって、屋形のふすまや障子を夏物に替える日です。\n\nHope it helps!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T00:31:28.280", "id": "98149", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T05:48:13.233", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-15T05:48:13.233", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "98148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "いって is the connective form of [言]{い}う, to say; and と here is the quotative と\napplied to the previous part of the sentence.\n\nIn effect, it does mean \"called\", or perhaps \"so-called\"; but it modifies what\ncomes before. If I'm thinking straight, the entire clause 建具替えといって then\nadverbially modifies 替える.\n\nI would render it: \"Today is the day of the so-called 'fitting change', when\nwe swap the house's fusuma and shouji for the summer ones\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T09:07:06.920", "id": "98155", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T09:07:06.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "98148", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "We usually use 取り組む with something that can be called a project or a mission\n(and such things are normally important, too). But you cannot 取り組む with a task\nyou can finish in less than a day, no matter how important it is. As long as\nthat 重要なこと satisfies this criterion, saying 何か重要なことに取り組んでいる is just fine.\n\nFor example, 本の執筆に取り組んでいる is natural, but 重要なメールの返信に取り組んでいる sounds weird.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T09:18:14.170", "id": "98157", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T09:18:14.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Nothing wrong with タウンミーティング, I'd say. There are terms like 寄り合い (also spelled\n寄合) if you want to find a somewhat similar government practice in Japan.\nHowever, I wouldn't say that can be a translation per se, because connotations\nfor the implied period in history, the larger society's socio-economic reality\nare vastly different.\n\n町の会合 sounds rather like a description than a name of something.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T08:02:52.527", "id": "98154", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T08:02:52.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98153", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Firstly, I recommend you find some tutorials on giving and receiving verbs.\n\n見せていただけますか is the verb 見せる in the te-form + the verb いただく in the potential\nform + the question particle.\n\nいただく is the humble version of もらう and both verbs mean \"to receive\". When added\nto the te-form of a verb they mean \"receive the favour of someone doing ...\".\nSo 見せていただけますか is literally \"can I receive the favour of you showing me\" or\nmore sensibly \"please show me\". Basically you are asking someone to do\nsomething **for you**.\n\n顔を見せることができますか is simply \"Are you able to show your face?\" and 顔を見せますか is \"will\nyou show your face?\". Certainly they're both less polite, but whether there's\na situation in which you could use them in your intended context, I'll leave\nto someone more knowledgeable.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T11:31:50.080", "id": "98161", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T11:31:50.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "98160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Do そこねる and そこなう both have the meaning of \"fail to do verb\"\n\nYes, they do. [連用形]+そこねる can also mean \"fail to do\". From 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> そこねる【損ねる】 \n> **「損なう」②③・の、ややくだけた言い方。** \n> 「気分[美観]をー」 **「つかみー・食べー」**\n\n> そこなう【損なう】 \n> 《動詞の連用形に付いて複合動詞を作る》 \n> ❶ …することに失敗する。また、間違えて…する。 **…損ねる。** 「取り[打ち]ー」... \n> ❷ …する機会をのがす。 **…損ねる。** 「食べー」... \n> ❸ …するはずのところをしないでしまう。また、危うく…しそうになる。 **…損ねる。** 「死にー」...\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way,\n\n> そこねる means \"to harm\"\n\nそこなう can also mean \"to harm\".\n\n> そこな・う【損なう】 \n> 〘他〙 \n> ❶ 〔やや古風な言い方で〕傷つけてだめにする。損傷する。損ずる*。「過って器物をー」... \n> ❷ 健康や気分を悪くする。害する。 **損ねる。** 「過労で健康をー」... \n> ❸ 本来的に備わった美質や機能などを傷つけてだめにする。 **損ねる。** 「ビルが街の美観をー」...\n\n* * *\n\n*ちなみに、「損ずる」・「損じる」もあります。 \n\n> そんじる【損じる】 \n> ⇨損ずる「書きー」\n\n> そんずる【損ずる】 \n> 〘自他〙 ❶ ものが傷つき壊れる。また、ものを傷つけ壊す。 **そこなう。** ...「転倒して衣服をー」... \n> ❷ 物事の状態などが悪くなる。また、物事の状態などを悪くする。 **そこなう。**...「先方の機嫌をー」... \n> 《動詞の連用形に付いて複合動詞を作る》 **…しそこなう。** 「言いー・打ちー」「急いては事をしー」", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T13:16:12.027", "id": "98164", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-15T14:01:43.810", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-15T14:01:43.810", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "98162", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As you suggest, ジョンが好きな is enough for your listener to know you are going to\ntalk about a specific child as opposed to children in general. However, that's\nnot the reason は is used instead of が. Children in general can be a topic as\nin 子供は無料です whereas 子がメアリーです is no less weird as a standalone sentence than\n子はメアリーです.\n\nThe question is whether the predicate is matching the topic. In your example,\nthe predicate メアリーです clearly requires the topic (or topicalized subject) to be\nreferring to one person. So the listener needs to know which one person you\nare referring to and the relative clause does help clarify that. If this\ncondition is met, 子はメアリーです can also be completely natural.\n\n> 妻の名前はナンシーです。子はメアリーです。\n\nIn general, a sentence with a nominal or adjectival predicate tends to sound\nneutral with は. This should not be surprising because when you talk about a\ncharacteristic or attribute of something or someone, you would expect your\nlistener to know what or whom you are talking about.\n\nThere are situations where が sounds natural.\n\n> ジョンが好きな子がメアリーです。\n\nThis is an answer to who Mary is, rather than who the child John likes (or the\nchild who likes John, depending on interpretation) is. It’s saying Mary is the\none who John likes (or ditto).\n\nThe presence of a relative clause has little to do with which of は and が\nsounds more natural.\n\n> 妻の名前はメアリーではありません。子がメアリーです。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T07:15:19.660", "id": "98180", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T08:33:20.630", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-16T08:33:20.630", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "98165", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "I managed to find the word for these using AI-based image search.\n\nThe are a specific kind of **yorishiro** (依り代, 依代, 憑り代, 憑代) called\n**kadomatsu** (門松), literally \"gate pine\". They are also referred to by the\nfar less common terms **matsukazari** (松飾り), **kazarimatsu** (飾り松), and\n**tatematsu** (立て松).\n\nI have not found whether there are different words for the two different kinds\nof kadomatsu however.\n\nSurprisingly I'm not allowed to identify what they are for as that would be\nagainst the site rules! So I won't link to any information about what they\nare.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-15T21:03:38.657", "id": "98170", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T05:22:42.723", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-16T05:22:42.723", "last_editor_user_id": "125", "owner_user_id": "125", "parent_id": "98169", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, a city or place may be described as 便利. Both of your examples are valid.\n\nHowever, your statement sounds peculiar:\n\n> I know 便利 means something convenient or handy but can it also be used to\n> describe a place?\n\nI would say:\n\n> 便利 means something convenient or handy **therefore** it may be used to\n> describe a **characteristic** of a place\n\n* * *\n\n# Examples\n\n * Tokyo is convenient = 東京は便利\n\nConsider the above to be a simplified version of the following:\n\n * Tokyo is a convenient place = 東京は便利な場所\n * Tokyo is a place which is convenient = 東京は便利な場所\n\n# 不便\n\nYou may use 不便 for the opposite effect:\n\n * Tokyo is inconvenient = 東京は不便\n\nConsider the above to be a simplified version of the following:\n\n * Tokyo is an inconvenient place = 東京は不便な場所\n * Tokyo is a place which is inconvenient = 東京は不便な場所", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T03:39:42.263", "id": "98175", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T03:39:42.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "98171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure at what level you are asking _why_ , but dictionaries state that\n子 sometimes man specifically.\n\n> [子](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E5%AD%90/)\n>\n> ④ **おとこ** 。「男子」 ⑤ **成人した男子** の敬称。特に、地位のある人や学徳のすぐれた人に対する敬称。「君子」「孔子」「夫子」\n\n> [子](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90)\n>\n> 1. 男女の間に生まれた者。または、それ同様に育てられた者。または、そのような者と同様の責務を負う者（対義語 親：おや）\n>\n> **1.そのうちの男。むすこ。** （対義語 女：むすめ）\n>\n>\n\nEtymologically, it should be more or less because of the male centric nature\nof older times, just like most Western words for male counterpart being\nmarkerless (as in _prince/princess_ ).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T09:11:02.477", "id": "98182", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T09:11:02.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98172", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "～も同然だ should be [learned as a set phrase](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-\njapanese-grammar/%E3%82%82%E5%90%8C%E7%84%B6%E3%81%A0-mo-douzen-da-meaning/),\nbut to break down,\n\n * This も is yet another example of [exclamatory-も](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/linked/32886). Here it's close to \"even\".\n * 同然 is a noun (no-adjective) meaning \"virtually/effectively the same\".\n\nSo 半ば成功したも同然だ means (事実上)半ば成功したのと同じだ, or \"(It's even) virtually the same as\nhaving half-succeeded.\"\n\nIn this pattern, a nominalizer is usually not present after the verb because\nof [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/64669/5010), but you may\noccasionally see an explicit の (e.g., 成功したのも同然だ).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T04:17:26.963", "id": "98176", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T05:20:48.363", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-16T05:20:48.363", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98174", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In most cases it would simply result in less physical movement (e.g., all\nwaist bowing replaced with a head lowering) and more explicit language to\nreplace any impossible movement (申し訳ございません, お願いいたします, etc)\n\nAny reasonable interlocutor would understand that there is a physical\ndisability involved and not take any offense.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-18T09:23:39.300", "id": "98221", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-18T09:23:39.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "98177", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is natural to say この変な感じを消す, and probably more natural than 変な感じを拭う.\n\n感じ and 消す are commonly used words and their register is close to colloquial.\n拭う is more formal and more often used in phrases like ..という印象を拭{ぬぐ}えない ( _the\nimpression that... persists_ ).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T09:15:47.550", "id": "98183", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T09:15:47.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98178", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As mentioned in the comment, the を is indicating _where_ the (collection of)\nstars run, as in 道路を走る/道を歩く/荒野を進む.\n\nAs a similar example, one can say\n[川が平野をうねる](https://sumaran.net/wallpaper18597/). As you can see in the\npicture, it means the river flows through the plain with lots of curves\n(meander?). 星が宙をうねる should mean basically the same thing about stars in the\nnight sky.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T10:25:04.033", "id": "98185", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T10:25:04.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98179", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The subject is always the person who 'imagines'. That is, the structure is\nsimply _Subj. が/は (Loc. に) Obj. をイメージする_.\n\nAfter all, you can think (1) is (作者が)春風をイメージし(てつくっ)たメロディー. (I don't mean these\nare omitted, but the cases can be made sense of as it is).\n\nMore practically, (1) is an instance of\n\n * [Meaning of ~を~に(して) / ~を~として / ~を~にする / ~を~とする / ~を~にした / ~を~とした](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/73082/45489)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T10:19:13.863", "id": "98184", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T10:19:13.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98181", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There are a few areas of confusion in your post.\n\n### \"There is no such thing as conjugation in Japanese\"\n\nI have no idea where you heard this, but this is simply not the case.\n\nAs one of my university professors often exhorted us, _\" define your terms.\"_\nA lot of confusion can be avoided by starting from the terminology.\n\nSo, what is \"conjugation\"?\n\n * Looking at Wikipedia's page for [Conjugation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugation), it's clear that we're talking here more specifically about [grammatical conjugation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation). That article explains the word as: \n\n> In [linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics), **conjugation**\n> (//ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən//) is the creation of derived forms of a\n> [verb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb) from its principal parts by\n> [inflection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection) (alteration of form\n> according to rules of [grammar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar)). For\n> instance, the verb _break_ can be conjugated to form the words _break_ ,\n> _breaks_ , _broke_ , _broken_ and _breaking_.\n\n * Japanese verbs definitely derive different forms by inflecting. For instance, the verb こわれる (\"to break\", intransitive) can be conjugated to form the words こわれる (plain non-past), こわれた (plain past), こわれて (plain conjunctive), こわれない (plain negative), こわれなかった (plain negative past), こわれさせる (plain causative), こわれられる (plain passive), こわれさせられる (plain causative passive), こわれさせられなくて (plain causative passive negative conjunctive), ... etc.\n\nI can only think that whoever said that _\" there is no such thing as\nconjugation in Japanese\"_ must be working from a different definition of\n\"conjugation\".\n\n### What is the derivation of the modern past-tense verb ending ～た?\n\nMy main source is the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 (NKD), basically like the Oxford\nEnglish Dictionary (OED) only for Japanese. Also, I am largely ignorant of the\nvarious Japanese dialects — I know they exist, but I do not know usage\npatterns, so the following is focused on mainstream 標準語【ひょうじゅんご】 or \"media-\nstandard Japanese\".\n\nWith that said, let's go down the rabbit hole!\n\n[The NKD entry for ～た](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9F-556028) explains\nthat this arose as a contraction of ～たる, itself the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or attributive\nform of literary / classical verb ending ～たり. We first see this contracted ～た\nending in the speech of the warrior class all the way back in the late 1200s\nor early 1300s in the 平家【へいけ】物語【ものがたり】 ([ _\" The Tale of the\nHeike\"_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike)).\n\nDigging further into the derivation of ～たり, we learn from [that\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A-563266) that this is a\ncontraction of verb ending ～て + copular (\"to be\") verb あり.\n\nThe ～て ending is often described in English as a conjunctive ending, since the\nbasic meaning of constructions like `[VERB1]`て`[VERB2]` is often \"`[VERB1]`\n_and then_ `[VERB2]`\". An example might be\n「ご飯【はん】を食【た】べ[て]{●}、映画館【えいがかん】に行【い】く」 (\"[I] eat my food, _and then_ [I] go to\nthe cinema\"). Part of the intrinsic meaning in many of the uses of ～て come\nfrom its derivation, as the 連用形【れんようけい】 or continuative / adverbial form of\ncompletion auxiliary ～つ.\n\nSo ultimately, we have `[VERB continuative / adverbial stem]` + て (itself the\ncontinuative / adverbial of つ) + あり. The meaning could be analyzed as `[VERB]`\n+ `[completedness]` + \"is\": the action of the _verb_ is _complete_ , and the\nresulting state _is_.\n\nIn modern Japanese, this is basically just the past tense: the action is done.\nFrom \"do\", to \"did\", etc.\n\n * 食【た】べる → the \"non-past\" form. Basically, \"[someone] eats\", or \"[someone] will eat\".\n * 食【た】べた → the \"past\" form. Basically, \"[someone] ate\", or \"[someone] has eaten\".\n\n### What is the grammar of ～たり?\n\nThe ～たり ending in Classical Japanese was both the 連用形【れんようけい】 (\"continuative /\nadverbial form\", used to modify another verb or possibly a whole verbal\nphrase) and the 終止形【しゅうしけい】 (\"terminal / predicative form\", used to end a\nsentence, and before specific auxiliaries that require a terminated clause),\njust as copular あり was both the 連用形【れんようけい】 and the 終止形【しゅうしけい】.\n\nThe ～たり ending persists in modern Japanese as the 連用形【れんようけい】, but as a kind\nof fossil, only used in certain constructions. More specifically, this appears\nwhen non-exhaustively listing a series of actions, basically saying \"doing\n`[VERB]` (and possibly other things too)\".\n\nFor example, if asked what I did this weekend, I might say\n「雑用【ざつよう】したり、両親【りょうしん】と電話【でんわ】したり、テレビゲームしたりしました。」 (\"I did some chores, talked\nwith my folks on the phone, and played some video games, _among other\nthings_.\") The ～たり～たり construction makes it clear that these are just some of\nthe things I did.\n\n### What is the grammar of ～たる?\n\nYou'll see this attached to verbs pretty much only in Classical or very formal\nJapanese. In terms of meaning, this is the same basic past-tense as above.\nGrammatically, this is the 連体形【れんたいけい】 (\"adnominal / attributive form\") used\nto modify a noun or nominal phrase. [This book about the Greek\nmyths](https://books.google.com/books?id=qcbYv2LT9ToC&pg=PA139&dq=%22%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6p6H8ws_8AhWPADQIHTr7D9AQuwV6BAgHEAk#v=onepage&q=%22%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%22&f=false)\nfrom 1935 (I think) contains an example (emphasis mine):\n\n> 蓋【けだ】し冥府【めいふ】にて一【ひと】たび物【もの】 **食【た】べ[た]{●}[る]{●}**\n> ものは必【かなら】ず又【また】冥府【めいふ】に赴【おもむ】かざるべからざる法【ほう】あればなり。 \n> This must be because there is a rule that anyone **who has eaten**\n> something once in the land of the dead absolutely must return there.\n\n#### A separate ～たる\n\nThere is a different ～たる suffix that you might find appended to nouns. This is\na contraction of ～と + ある, and is basically the same thing you see in the so-\ncalled _to-taru_ adjectives, words like 堂々【どうどう】 (\"magnificent, regal,\ndignified\"). The ～たる form is again the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or adnominal / attributive\nform used to modify a noun, so this must generally be followed by a noun or\nnominal phrase. The Digital Daijisen entry\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B-563315) includes a couple\nof examples. This is also from Classical Japanese, and has a very old-\nfashioned, formal, and stilted air to it, so don't use this in everyday\nconversation unless you like getting funny looks from people.\n\n* * *\n\nPlease comment if the above does not fully address your question, and I will\ndo my best to update it accordingly.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-17T21:57:29.250", "id": "98207", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-17T23:06:55.667", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-17T23:06:55.667", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "98186", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "In this context, がある is neutral - so it simply means \"... but I sometimes go\nto the park\". When you say はある it implies that's the only thing that happens.\nI.e. it means \"... but I sometimes go to the park (but I don't go anywhere\nelse)\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-16T16:48:42.517", "id": "98190", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-16T16:48:42.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "98189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are correct, there is no difference in nuance. And both are commonly\nused.\n\nBut, in my opinion, 車から降りる means \"getting out of the car in order to go\nsomewhere\". On the other hand, 車を降りる means \"arriving the destination and\ngetting out of the car\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-17T15:58:23.070", "id": "98204", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-17T15:58:23.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "98192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Based on the following article cited in [this chiebukuro\nanswer](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11119950306).\n\n * 杉村泰, [起点を示す格助詞「を」と「から」の使い分け](https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/6472)\n\n* * *\n\nThe following sentences are more natural with を.\n\n * 毎朝7時に家 **を** 出る\n * 大学 **を** 出てまっすぐ家に帰った\n * 母は4時にデパート **を** 出た\n\nThe following sentences are more natural with から.\n\n * 夫が知らない女の家 **から** 出てきたのをみた\n * 犯人は裏口 **から** 出てきた\n * 地震で崩れたビル **から** 出た\n\nThe difference is:\n\n * In sentences natural with を, the focus is on 'completing the purpose and leave the place'\n * In those natural with から, the focus is more on 'moving from one place to another'.\n\nIn line with this difference, 車から降りる is used when you mean just getting off a\ncar as a physical object where as 車を降りる is more natural when getting off the\ncar as a transportation, after arriving the destination ('completing the\npurpose of using a car').\n\nBecause the word 'car' is often meant as a transportation, to some extent\n車を降りる is more common although 車から降りる is perfectly correct.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-18T11:43:55.323", "id": "98222", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-18T11:43:55.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "98192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think much of it is open for interpretation. The two lines, and other lines\nin the song for that matter, seem only loosely connected. There are some\nthematic consistency between lines, but that's about it.\n\nIf you ask what is supposed to be reflected (映る), I cannot put my finger on\nit. It could be 君の大事なもの in the previous line, but it could be something else.\nThe only justification for it I find is \"because they are close to each other\nin the lyrics\" which is not much.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-19T08:17:14.437", "id": "98232", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-19T08:17:14.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "* First, these two lines are two independent sentences. A te-form as a request is used at the end of the sentence.\n * 君の大事なもの is not \"important thing about you\" but \"the (most) important thing to you\" or \"the thing you value\".\n * 目に映る is a set phrase that simply means \"to be visible to one's eyes\". See [this dictionary definition](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AB%E6%98%A0%E3%82%8B).\n\nSo those two lines can be translated like so:\n\n> 君の大事なものを教えて。 \n> Tell me what you value most.\n>\n> 僕らの目にも映るかな。 \n> I wonder if we can see it too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-19T08:50:33.020", "id": "98233", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-19T08:50:33.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "この場所 always refers to a physical location/position, but ここ (\"here\") can also\nrefer to a point of time, i.e., timing. For example, you can say ここで砂糖を入れます\n(\"Add sugar here/now\") in a context of describing a food recipe, but\nこの場所で砂糖を入れます makes little sense. Likewise, you can say ここからは自分で勉強します (\"From\nhere, I'll study on my own\") but この場所からは自分で勉強します sounds weird.\n\nこの場所 and ここ are interchangeable when they refer to a place, but この場所 is simply\nlonger and tends to be used when there is an intent to emphasize the place.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-17T09:00:50.727", "id": "98201", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-17T09:00:50.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98195", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It sounds like someone is intentionally making a funny sentence by playing\naround with keigo. If you used it in a business setting, the listener would\neither laugh it off as a joke or feel offended.\n\n * 助ける is closer to \"rescue\" rather than \"lend a hand\". It depends on the context, but unless you're really in danger (of losing your job, etc), the appropriate verb is 手伝う, 力を貸す, 助力する, etc.\n * You are stacking honorific expressions too much, and くださりませ sounds like a samurai.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-17T06:48:41.267", "id": "98197", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-19T04:16:26.587", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-19T04:16:26.587", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "98196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I have to point out that くださる conjugates to くださいます, not くださります. All those\nhonorific verbs are like that ござる, なさる, etc. So it's wrong in that sense\nanyway.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-17T14:18:42.877", "id": "98203", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-17T14:18:42.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55510", "parent_id": "98196", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "It sounds like pleading in a theatrical and archaic way. The same line is\nfound in a historical play set in ancient China, published in 1925.\n\n> （宮女一）もし、お助けなされてくださりませ。 \n> （張春）お身は誰ぢゃ。敵は已にうしろに迫った。ここらに迷うていては危いぞ。\n\n<https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/981972/1/113>\n\nEven as a theatrical phrase, the construction may be getting obsolete. お＿なされ\nand お＿くだされ are pretty much alive in the role language for historical play,\nthough.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-19T12:55:53.647", "id": "98235", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-19T12:55:53.647", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "98196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]