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crs_RL33819 | crs_RL33819_0 | <s> Cuban President : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : Cuban President </s><s> Major Developments in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Guantanamo Bay : country : Cuba </s><s> Hurricane Paloma : point in time : November 8, 2008 </s><s> Hurricane Paloma : start time : November 8, 2008 </s><s> Santa Cruz el Sur : country : Cuba </s><s> House Foreign Affairs Committee : country : United States </s><s> Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight : country : United States </s><s> Gustav : end time : September 10, 2008 </s><s> Ike : end time : September 10, 2008 </s><s> Aftermath : country : Cuba </s><s> Aftermath of the hurricanes : country : Cuba </s><s> Aftermath : country : United States </s><s> 2008 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Hurricanes and Tropical Storms : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Hurricanes : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Department of State : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of State </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> Secretary of State : subsidiary : Department of State </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : country : Cuba </s><s> Office of Cuba Broadcasting : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV : country : Cuba </s><s> GAO-08-764 : publisher : GAO </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> GAO-08-764 : publisher : Government Accountability Office </s><s> Agricultural Exports and Sanctions : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Felipe Perez Roque : position held : Cuban Foreign Minister </s><s> Agricultural Exports and Sanctions : follows : restrictions on Travel and Remittances </s><s> 2008 Trafficking in Persons Report : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Trafficking in Persons Report : publication date : June 4, 2008 </s><s> Ministry of Foreign Affairs : country : Cuba </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> trafficked : subclass of : commercial sexual exploitation </s><s> trafficked within the country : subclass of : commercial sexual exploitation </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : place of death : Miami </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : place of birth : Miami </s><s> Santiago Alvarez : residence : Miami </s><s> 2007 report on human rights practices in Cuba : point in time : 2007 </s><s> 2007 report on human rights practices in Cuba : publication date : March 11, 2008 </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : point in time : March 2008 </s><s> permanently stepping down from power : country : Cuba </s><s> permanently stepping down from power : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President of the Council of State </s><s> President of the Council of State : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> José Ramón Machado Venture : position held : First Vice-President </s><s> Cuba : legislative body : National Assembly of People's Power </s><s> National Assembly of People's Power : country : Cuba </s><s> President of the Council of State : part of : Council of State </s><s> Council of State : has part : President of the Council of State </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : international human rights agreements </s><s> International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : instance of : international human rights agreements </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : international human rights agreement </s><s> International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : instance of : international human rights agreement </s><s> recent arrests of youths : location : Havana </s><s> recent arrests of youths in Havana : point in time : December 4, 2007 </s><s> raids : point in time : December 4, 2007 </s><s> Treasury Department : subsidiary : Office of Foreign Assets Control </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : Treasury Department </s><s> Miami International Airport : country : Cuba </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : Presidential Medal of Freedom </s><s> Presidential Medal of Freedom : winner : Oscar Elias Biscet </s><s> 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Freedom Fund for Cuba : inception : September 25, 2007 </s><s> Freedom Fund for Cuba : point in time : September 25, 2007 </s><s> President Bush : employer : U.N. General Assembly </s><s> Carlos Gutierrez : position held : Commerce Secretary </s><s> Cuba : member of : United Nations </s><s> free elections : facet of : free speech </s><s> 2007 farm bill : point in time : 2007 </s><s> farm bill : point in time : 2007 </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2007 </s><s> revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2007 </s><s> Raúl Castro : country of citizenship : Cuba </s><s> U.S. : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : U.S. </s><s> FY2008 Agriculture appropriations bill : point in time : July 19, 2007 </s><s> FY2008 Agriculture appropriations bill : publication date : July 19, 2007 </s><s> 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Armando Betancourt Reina : date of death : July 3, 2007 </s><s> Azerbaijan : facet of : human rights </s><s> Azerbaijan : instance of : human rights </s><s> Moran : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kansas </s><s> International Emergency Economic Powers Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Kansas : contains administrative territorial entity : Moran </s><s> 2008 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Economic Support Funds : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic Support Fund : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba broadcasting : country : Cuba </s><s> FY2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Cuba : member of : Economic Support Funds </s><s> 1997 bombings in Cuba : location : Havana </s><s> 1997 bombings in Cuba : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Luis Posada Carriles : significant event : 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner </s><s> Luis Posada Carriles : significant event : 1997 bombings in Cuba </s><s> Joseph Adjmi : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Joseph Adjmi : date of birth : 1960 </s><s> Jorge Luis García Pérez : instance of : political prisoners </s><s> Luis Hernando Gómez Bustamante : member of : Colombia drug cartel </s><s> Colombia drug cartel : country : Colombia </s><s> Luis Hernando Gómez Bustamante : country of citizenship : Colombia </s><s> Defense Intelligence Agency : office held by head of the organization : Director </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : acting president </s><s> acting president : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President of the 31-member Council of State </s><s> President of the 31-member Council of State : country : Cuba </s><s> Fidel Castro : position held : President of the 31-member Council of State </s><s> Commander in Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces : conflict : Cuban Revolution </s><s> sixth congress : end time : April 2008 </s><s> sixth congress : point in time : April 2008 </s><s> José Ramón Machado Ventura : position held : First Vice President </s><s> 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> First Vice President : officeholder : José Ramón Machado Ventura </s><s> 1959 Cuban revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Cuban revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Carlos Lage : position held : First Vice President </s><s> Julio Casas Regueiro : position held : Vice President on the Council of State </s><s> Julio Casas Regueiro : military rank : General </s><s> Vice President on the Council of State : officeholder : Julio Casas Regueiro </s><s> GAESA : instance of : holding company </s><s> GAESA : country : Cuba </s><s> Western army : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban peso : part of : Cuban economy </s><s> Cuban peso : country : Cuban economy </s><s> Cuban peso : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : named after : Raúl Castro </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : facet of : Raúl Castro </s><s> José Ramón Machado : position held : First Vice President </s><s> First Vice President : officeholder : José Ramón Machado </s><s> 1959 Cuban Revolution : point in time : 1959 </s><s> Fulgencio Batista : conflict : 1959 Cuban Revolution </s><s> head of government : different from : head of state </s><s> Fidel : member of political party : party's </s><s> Raúl Castro : member of political party : party's </s><s> local level elections : different from : municipal elections </s><s> municipal elections : different from : local level elections </s><s> President of the Council of State : part of : Council of Ministers </s><s> Council of Ministers : office held by head of the organization : President of the Council of State </s><s> National Assembly elections : point in time : January 20, 2008 </s><s> elections : point in time : January 20, 2008 </s><s> President of the Council of State : inception : February 24, 2008 </s><s> President : part of : Council of State </s><s> Fidel announced that he would not accept the position : point in time : February 19, 2008 </s><s> President of the Council of State : country : Cuba </s><s> President of the Council of State : applies to jurisdiction : Cuban government </s><s> government's security apparatus : inception : 1989 </s><s> Fidel : member of political party : FAR </s><s> communist government : inception : 1989 </s><s> freedom of expression : instance of : basic rights </s><s> association : instance of : basic rights </s><s> movement : instance of : basic rights </s><s> annual human rights report : facet of : Human Rights </s><s> freedom of expression : instance of : fundamental rights </s><s> death of two prisoners in 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> the death of two prisoners in 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> beatings and abuse of detainees and prisoners : facet of : prisoners </s><s> Jose Gabriel Ramón Castández : date of death : February 16, 2008 </s><s> group of 75 : end time : February 16, 2008 </s><s> Francisco Chaviano Gonzalez : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : date of death : 2007 </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> Lazaro Gonzalez Adan : member of : Cuban Civil Rights Council </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Lazaro Gonzalez Adan : country of citizenship : Cuba's totalitarian regime </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : instance of : human rights treaties </s><s> Elizardo Sánchez : member of : CCDHRN </s><s> International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : author : U.N. </s><s> Ladies in White : founded by : Damas de Blanco </s><s> Ladies in White : instance of : human rights group </s><s> Ladies in White (Damas de Blanco) : inception : March 2008 </s><s> Ladies in White : award received : Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought </s><s> Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought : conferred by : European Parliament </s><s> Cyber Dissident award : conferred by : Reporters Without Borders </s><s> Guillermo Fariñas Hernández : award received : Cyber Dissident award </s><s> Generación Y : owned by : Yoaní Sánchez </s><s> Yoaní Sánchez : notable work : Generación Y </s><s> Generación Y : author : Yoaní Sánchez </s><s> Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez : award received : international press freedom award </s><s> international press freedom award : conferred by : Committee for the Protection of Journalists </s><s> Committee for the Protection of Journalists : headquarters location : New York </s><s> Reporters Without Borders : headquarters location : Paris </s><s> Universal Declaration of Human Rights : inception : December 10, 2008 </s><s> Universal Declaration of Human Rights : publication date : December 10, 2008 </s><s> Cuban Five : named after : Felix Varela </s><s> Varela Project : named after : Felix Varela </s><s> National Assembly : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : legislative body : National Assembly </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : member of political party : Christian Liberation Movement </s><s> Christian Liberation Movement : chairperson : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Christian Liberation Movement : founded by : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Jimmy Carter : position held : President </s><s> own referendum : point in time : June 2002 </s><s> 2003 human rights crackdown : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : member of : Varela Project </s><s> National Dialogue : founded by : Oswaldo Payá </s><s> Oswaldo Payá : movement : Varela Project </s><s> Marta Beatriz Roque : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Assembly to Promote Civil Society : inception : 2005 </s><s> René Gómez Manzano : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Felix Bone : member of : Assembly to Promote Civil Society </s><s> Cuban revolution : end time : 1959 </s><s> tourism : country : Cuba </s><s> Dennis : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> Wilma : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> declining price of nickel : point in time : 2008 </s><s> preferential oil agreement : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cienfuegos : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cuba's economic slide : start time : 1989 </s><s> life expectancy in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Gustav : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Basic Units of Cooperative Production : inception : 1993 </s><s> Basic Units of Cooperative Production : subclass of : cooperative </s><s> Central Bank : inception : 1997 </s><s> Central Bank : instance of : banking system </s><s> new Central Bank : inception : 1997 </s><s> Fidel Castro : country of citizenship : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Economic Changes Under Raúl : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban government : country : Cuba </s><s> Convertible peso : instance of : currency </s><s> assumed provisional power : facet of : Raúl Castro </s><s> assumed provisional power : participant : Raúl Castro </s><s> economic reform : country : Cuba </s><s> Raúl's July 2007 speech : point in time : July 2007 </s><s> Raúl's first year in power : end time : July 2007 </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : presidency </s><s> presidency : officeholder : Raúl Castro </s><s> his first speech : author : Raúl Castro </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : President in February 2008 </s><s> rising food prices : country : Cuba </s><s> food prices : country : Cuba </s><s> rising food prices : location : Cuba </s><s> Cuban peso : instance of : currencies </s><s> Cuban convertible peso : replaced by : Cuban peso </s><s> Cuban peso : replaces : Cuban convertible peso </s><s> oil subsidies : country : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : product or material produced : oil </s><s> oil subsidies and investment : country : Venezuela </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2008 </s><s> Cuba's revolutionary anniversary : participant : Raúl Castro </s><s> revolutionary anniversary : point in time : July 26, 2008 </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : build a repressive communist dictatorship </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : Soviet </s><s> Soviet : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> build a repressive communist dictatorship : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> missile crisis : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> Mariel boatlift : point in time : 1980 </s><s> October 1962 missile crisis : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> shootdown by Cuban fighter jets : participant : Brothers to the Rescue </s><s> shootdown : participant : Brothers to the Rescue </s><s> Cuban Assets Control Regulations : inception : July 1963 </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Cuban embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act : main subject : Cuban embargo </s><s> Cuba's shooting down : country : Cuba </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> economic embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> January 1998 visit : participant : Pope </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> February 1996 shootdown : part of : migration crisis with Cuba </s><s> migration crisis with Cuba : point in time : February 1996 </s><s> Los Angeles : twinned administrative body : Miami </s><s> New York : twinned administrative body : Los Angeles </s><s> Bush Administration Policy : named after : Bush </s><s> May 2004 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : publication date : May 2004 </s><s> May 2004 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : point in time : May 2004 </s><s> Colin Powell : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Colin Powell : position held : secretary of State </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : chairperson : Colin Powell </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Caleb McC : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Caleb McC McC : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Report : publication date : July 2006 </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : parent organization : State Department </s><s> information blockade : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban government's information blockade : country : Cuba </s><s> Internet : country : Cuba </s><s> market-based economy : country : Cuba </s><s> free and fair elections : country : Cuba </s><s> international community : has part : Cuban community </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : Dissident </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : Dissident economist </s><s> Vladimiro Roca : member of political party : dissident </s><s> Ladies in White : founded by : Miriam Leiva </s><s> Miriam Leiva : member of : Ladies in White </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raúl </s><s> Raúl : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro's : sibling : Raúl </s><s> Raúl : sibling : Fidel Castro's </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : United States Secretary of State </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : country : Cuba </s><s> Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Navy : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> Navy : has part : U.S. Coast Guard </s><s> Thomas Shannon : position held : Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs </s><s> Migration Issues : country : Cuba </s><s> Bush Administration : appointed by : Congress </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Bush Administration : authority : Congress </s><s> attack on the Moncada military barracks : point in time : 1953 </s><s> 1953 attack on the Moncada military barracks : point in time : 1953 </s><s> 1953 attack : location : Moncada </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : parent organization : National Security Council </s><s> National Security Council : subsidiary : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : National Security Council </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Venezuela : member of : United Nations </s><s> Latin America : part of : Americas </s><s> October 2007 Policy Speech : point in time : October 24, 2007 </s><s> October 2007 Policy Speech : publication date : October 24, 2007 </s><s> policy speech on Cuba : point in time : October 24, 2007 </s><s> Gutierrez : position held : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> freedom of press : has part : freedom of speech </s><s> freedom of speech : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> freedom of association : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> freedom of press : instance of : fundamental freedoms </s><s> Czech Republic : diplomatic relation : Poland </s><s> Czech Republic : diplomatic relation : Hungary </s><s> Hungary : diplomatic relation : Czech Republic </s><s> Hungary : diplomatic relation : Poland </s><s> Poland : diplomatic relation : Czech Republic </s><s> Poland : diplomatic relation : Hungary </s><s> Raúl Castro : position held : head of state </s><s> Cuba policy : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba policy : facet of : Cuba </s><s> democratic : subclass of : human rights </s><s> Democracies : subclass of : human rights </s><s> schools of thought : facet of : policy </s><s> Fidel Castro : position held : head of government </s><s> reform : country : Cuba </s><s> provisional : head of state : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> Fidel Castro's : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel Castro's </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : civil war </s><s> civil war scenario : participant : United States </s><s> civil war : participant : United States </s><s> China : instance of : communist governments </s><s> Vietnam : instance of : communist governments </s><s> China : political ideology : communist </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : publication date : 1996 </s><s> Piñar del Río : instance of : province </s><s> Piñar del Río : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Holguin </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Camaguey </s><s> Cuba : contains administrative territorial entity : Las Tunas </s><s> Holguin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Camaguey : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Las Tunas : located in the administrative territorial entity : Cuba </s><s> Holguin : instance of : provinces </s><s> Camaguey : instance of : provinces </s><s> Las Tunas : instance of : provinces </s><s> Henrietta Fore : position held : USAID Administrator </s><s> Henrietta Fore : employer : USAID </s><s> Henrietta Fore : employer : USAID Administrator </s><s> NGOs : subclass of : non-governmental organization </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : NGOs </s><s> NGOs : subclass of : non-governmental organizations </s><s> Members of Congress : country : United States </s><s> Cuban Interests Section : headquarters location : Washington </s><s> Cuban Interests Section : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Howard Berman : position held : Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Howard Berman : employer : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Howard Berman : member of : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Department of Defense authorization bill : publication date : September 15, 2008 </s><s> Department of Defense authorization bill : point in time : September 15, 2008 </s><s> authorization bill : main subject : Department of Defense </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : publication date : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : point in time : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : inception : September 16, 2008 </s><s> Restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba : part of : CACR </s><s> authoritarian : different from : communist </s><s> authoritarian : opposite of : communist </s><s> communist : subclass of : authoritarian </s><s> Bush Administration : inception : March 2003 </s><s> restrictions on travel : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> restrictions on travel : applies to jurisdiction : Bush Administration </s><s> Santería : subclass of : Afro-Cuban religion </s><s> Santería : part of : Afro-Cuban religion </s><s> Santería : part of : Afro-Cuban </s><s> Cash remittances : subclass of : remittances </s><s> Cash remittances : instance of : remittances </s><s> Cash remittances : different from : Quarterly remittances </s><s> Quarterly remittances : different from : Cash remittances </s><s> Cuban Communist Party : country : Cuba </s><s> State Department : country : Cuba </s><s> Havana : country : Cuba </s><s> secondary school : subclass of : educational activities </s><s> secondary schools : subclass of : educational activities </s><s> secondary school : subclass of : educational </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : located in the administrative territorial entity : Havana </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : headquarters location : Havana </s><s> Latin American School of Medicine : location : Havana </s><s> Senate Committee on Finance : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate Committee on Finance : part of : both houses of Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> 110 th Congress : start time : 110 </s><s> Financial Services and General Government appropriations bill : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : point in time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Senate : has part : Appropriations Committee </s><s> Appropriations Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> family travel : country : Cuba </s><s> aunts : part of : family </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to visit relatives in Cuba : point in time : June 2004 </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to visit relatives in Cuba : start time : June 2004 </s><s> tightening of restrictions related to travel to visit relatives in Cuba : point in time : June 2004 </s><s> transactions incident : country : Cuba </s><s> transactions incident to travel : country : Cuba </s><s> transactions incident : participant : Cuba </s><s> marketing : facet of : sales </s><s> marketing : subclass of : sales </s><s> educational travel to Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Gustav : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> Ike : instance of : Hurricanes </s><s> National Defense Authorization Act : has part : H. R. 2819 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> credit : subclass of : financing </s><s> commercial financing : subclass of : credit </s><s> Cuba embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Robert Werner : employer : OFAC </s><s> Robert Werner : position held : OFAC Director </s><s> American Farm Bureau Federation : country : United States </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> hurricanes : subclass of : tropical storms </s><s> hurricanes and tropical storms : point in time : 2007 </s><s> health : facet of : nutrition </s><s> nutrition : facet of : health </s><s> Cuban Democracy Act : publication date : 1992 </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> 110 th Congress : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : 110 th Congress </s><s> tightening of policy requiring the payment of cash in advance : point in time : February 2005 </s><s> tightening of policy : facet of : Cuba sanctions </s><s> tightening of policy : point in time : February 2005 </s><s> Moran : capital of : Kansas </s><s> Kansas : capital : Moran </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : instance of : farm bill </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : instance of : Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill </s><s> 110 th Congress : end time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Cuban embargo : start time : February 25, 2005 </s><s> Cuban embargo : point in time : February 25, 2005 </s><s> Cuban embargo : inception : February 25, 2005 </s><s> FY2009 Agriculture Appropriations bill : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Agriculture Appropriations bill : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> FY2009 Agriculture Appropriations bill : main subject : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> marketing : part of : sales </s><s> TSRA : inception : 1026 </s><s> Rangel : position held : President </s><s> Baucus : position held : President </s><s> President : country : U.S. </s><s> economic sanctions on Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> economic sanctions : country : Cuba </s><s> Economic sanctions on Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Omnibus appropriations measure : country : United States </s><s> FY1999 omnibus appropriations measure : country : United States </s><s> Omnibus appropriations measure : part of : FY1999 </s><s> Bacardi Ltd. : headquarters location : Bermuda </s><s> trade embargo : country : United States </s><s> European Union : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> United States : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property : publisher : World Trade Organization </s><s> Havana Club : instance of : trademark </s><s> EU : member of : WTO </s><s> Havana Club trademark registration : instance of : trademark </s><s> Cuba : member of : WTO </s><s> United States : member of : WTO </s><s> Section 211 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Section 211 : part of : Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection </s><s> Section 211 : facet of : Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : basin country : Cuba </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuba : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Cubapetroleo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cubapetroleo : country : Cuba's </s><s> Repsol : country : Spain </s><s> Norsk-Hydro : country : Norway </s><s> Sherritt International : country : Canada </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Florida : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> Florida : country : United States </s><s> China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation : country : China </s><s> Sinopec : country : China </s><s> Sinopec : owned by : China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation </s><s> 1977 Maritime Boundary Agreement : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Maritime Boundary Agreement : inception : 1977 </s><s> Continental Shelf : country : Cuba </s><s> United States : shares border with : Cuba </s><s> waters and airspace : country : Cuba </s><s> waters and airspace have been used by illicit narcotics traffickers : country : Cuba </s><s> Operation Hatchet : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Operation Popular Shield : part of : Operation Hatchet </s><s> Operation Hatchet : end time : 2006 </s><s> Miami : country : United States </s><s> Limerick : country : Honduras </s><s> Limerick : country : Honduran </s><s> International Narcotics Control Strategy Report : publisher : State Department </s><s> International Narcotics Control Strategy Report : author : State Department </s><s> Jesse James Bell : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Jesse James Bell : date of death : January 2002 </s><s> Jesse James Bell : country of citizenship : U.S. </s><s> Anne Patterson : position held : Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs </s><s> Asa Hutchison : employer : Drug Enforcement Administration </s><s> John Walters : position held : Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> John Walters : employer : Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> John Walters : employer : White House Office of National Drug Control Policy </s><s> FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act : instance of : State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : has part : State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies </s><s> State, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> drug trafficking : facet of : illegal drugs </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : illegal drugs </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : Department of State </s><s> Cuba : part of : Latin America </s><s> Latin America : has part : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Revolution : country : Cuba </s><s> Latin America : has part : Africa </s><s> Africa : part of : Latin America </s><s> Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia : country : Colombia </s><s> National Liberation Army : country : Colombia </s><s> Basque Homeland and Freedom : instance of : Foreign Terrorist Organizations </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> House : country : United States </s><s> Latin America : continent : Africa </s><s> armed insurgencies : location : Latin America </s><s> a Cuban plane was bombed : location : Havana </s><s> bombings in the tourist sector in Havana : point in time : 1997 </s><s> bombings in the tourist sector : location : Havana </s><s> Mireya Moscoso : country of citizenship : Panama </s><s> 1976 Cuban airline bombing : participant : Luis Posada Carriles </s><s> Mireya Moscoso : position held : Panamanian President </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner : point in time : 1976 </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner : country : Venezuela </s><s> bombing of the Cuban airliner in 1976 : point in time : 1976 </s><s> string of bombings in Havana in 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> string of bombings : location : Havana </s><s> string of bombings in Havana : point in time : 1997 </s><s> federal immigration facility : located in the administrative territorial entity : El Paso, Texas </s><s> federal immigration facility : located in the administrative territorial entity : El Paso </s><s> El Paso, Texas : country : United States </s><s> New Mexico : shares border with : Texas </s><s> Texas : shares border with : New Mexico </s><s> El Paso : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> federal judge : applies to jurisdiction : Texas </s><s> Texas : office held by head of government : federal judge </s><s> federal judge : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Funding to Support Democracy and Human Rights : inception : 1996 </s><s> Assistance to Support Democracy and Human Rights : inception : 1996 </s><s> House Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight : country : United States </s><s> Committee on Foreign Affairs : country : United States </s><s> National Endowment for Democracy : instance of : non-governmental organization </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : National Endowment for Democracy </s><s> National Endowment for Democracy : instance of : non-governmental organizations </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : facet of : Cuba democracy </s><s> Commission to Provide Assistance for a Free Cuba : part of : President's Commission for President's </s><s> human rights : facet of : democracy </s><s> human rights : part of : democracy </s><s> USAID : field of work : humanitarian assistance </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : publication date : July 2006 </s><s> Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba : inception : July 2006 </s><s> transition to democracy : country : Cuba </s><s> State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2008 </s><s> State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Senate : has part : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> USAID : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Commerce, Justice, and State : replaced by : State Department, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies </s><s> State Department, Foreign Operations and Related Agencies : replaces : Commerce, Justice, and State </s><s> Government Accountability Office : country : U.S. </s><s> State Department ESF : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department ESF : part of : State Department </s><s> William Delahunt : employer : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Bush : residence : White House </s><s> William Delahunt : member of : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> Center for a Free Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> Center for a Free Cuba : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Grupo de Apoyo a la Democracia : country : Cuba </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Cuba democracy program : inception : 2006 </s><s> internal control : facet of : financial management </s><s> internal control : part of : financial management </s><s> internal control : facet of : procurement </s><s> Cuban American National Foundation : country : Cuba </s><s> civil society : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban American National Foundation : member of : USAID </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : inception : 1985 </s><s> Voice of America : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Radio Liberty : parent organization : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> United States Information Agency : replaced by : Department of State </s><s> Department of State : replaces : United States Information Agency </s><s> Department of State : subsidiary : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> Broadcasting Board of Governors : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> Radio Martí : headquarters location : Miami, Florida </s><s> Radio Martí : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> Radio Martí : owned by : International Broadcasting Bureau </s><s> Hispasat : instance of : satellite </s><s> TV Martí : headquarters location : Cudjoe Key, Florida </s><s> TV Martí : headquarters location : Cudjoe Key Florida </s><s> Commando Solo : operator : Department of Defense </s><s> Commando Solo : instance of : C-130 </s><s> Commando Solo : subclass of : C-130 </s><s> WPMF : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> WPMF : located in the administrative territorial entity : Miami </s><s> TV Azteca : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> TV Martí : original broadcaster : Channel 38 </s><s> OCB : parent organization : DirecTV </s><s> Cuban jamming efforts : facet of : TV Martí </s><s> Cuban jamming efforts : has part : TV Martí </s><s> Cuban jamming : has part : TV Martí </s><s> Advisory Panel on Radio and TV Martí : inception : 1994 </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Office Inspector General </s><s> Office Inspector General : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Office Inspector General : inception : 1994 </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : BBG </s><s> BBG : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Office of Inspector General : chairperson : Pedro Roig </s><s> BBG : subsidiary : International Broadcasting Bureau </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : parent organization : BBG </s><s> International Broadcasting Bureau : part of : BBG </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : industry : commercial broadcasters </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : owner of : TV Martí </s><s> Spanish Radio Productions : notable work : TV Martí </s><s> Miami Dade College : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : country of origin : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> John Nichols : employer : Pennsylvania State University </s><s> John Nichols : educated at : Pennsylvania State University </s><s> John Nichols : employer : Center for International Policy </s><s> Radio Martí : owned by : BBG </s><s> BBG : owner of : Radio Martí </s><s> Radio : different from : TV Martí </s><s> TV Martí : different from : Radio </s><s> Radio versus TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> Radio : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Martí : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Marti : country : Cuba </s><s> TV Marti : owned by : Broadcasting Board of Governors </s><s> FY2005 : followed by : FY2006 </s><s> TV Martí : instance of : aerostat </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : follows : 109 th Congress </s><s> Radio and TV Martí : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> Radio and TV Martí program production : headquarters location : Miami </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : FY2009 </s><s> State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Program Appropriations bill : point in time : FY2008 </s><s> FY2008 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Program Appropriations bill : followed by : FY2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : instance of : State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Mariel boatlift : instance of : mass exodus </s><s> Mariel boatlift : instance of : exodus </s><s> 1984 migration agreement : point in time : 1984 </s><s> a 1984 migration agreement : point in time : 1984 </s><s> 1984 migration agreement : inception : 1984 </s><s> Department of Defense : country : United States </s><s> Department of Defense : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 : point in time : 1966 </s><s> Guantanamo : country : United States </s><s> 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> United States : shares border with : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : shares border with : United States </s><s> Fidel Castro : sibling : his brother </s><s> his brother : sibling : Fidel Castro </s><s> temporarily ceding political power : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> temporarily ceding political power to his brother : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> alien smuggling : subclass of : attempt to enter the United States illegally </s><s> alien smuggling : subclass of : illegally </s><s> alien smuggling : said to be the same as : attempt to enter the United States illegally </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : point in time : March 2007 </s><s> Operation Vigilant Sentry : location : Florida </s><s> 1994 bilateral migration accord : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : country : United States </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Cuban Family Reunification Parole : inception : November 21, 2007 </s><s> Cuban Family Reunification Parole : country : United States </s><s> 1994 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> 1994 migration accord : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Guantanamo Naval Base : country : United States </s><s> Guantánamo Naval Base : country : United States </s><s> Guantánamo Naval Base : country : Cuba </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : 1959 Cuban revolution </s><s> Fidel Castro : conflict : Cuban revolution </s><s> 1959 Cuban revolution : participant : Fidel Castro </s><s> Cold War : participant : Soviet </s><s> Soviet : significant event : Cold War </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : participant : Al Qaeda </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States : participant : Al Qaeda </s><s> denounced what it described as atrocities committed at the Guantanamo base : publication date : January 2005 </s><s> denounced : publication date : January 2005 </s><s> Moran : located in the administrative territorial entity : Virginia </s><s> Virginia : contains administrative territorial entity : Moran </s><s> H.R. 2764 : legislated by : 110th Congress </s><s> 110th Congress : start time : June 18, 2007 </s><s> Foreign Operations : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : point in time : December 17, 2007 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act : publication date : December 17, 2007 </s><s> Alzados : country : Cuba </s><s> Alzados : inception : 1960 </s><s> Alzados : political ideology : anti-Castro guerrilla </s><s> House committee : part of : House </s><s> committee : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House committee </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : country of origin : Cuba </s><s> Radio and TV Marti : operating area : Cuba </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : 2009 </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : 2008 </s><s> criminal penalty : subclass of : civil penalty </s><s> civil penalty : opposite of : criminal penalty </s><s> criminal penalty : opposite of : civil penalty </s><s> 1996 shooting down : country : Cuban regimes </s><s> 1996 shooting down : country : Cuba </s><s> 1996 shooting down : participant : Cuban regimes </s><s> Pursuit of International Education (PIE) Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Baseball Diplomacy Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Committees on Foreign Affairs : has part : House Committee on Foreign Affairs </s><s> trade embargo : country : Cuba </s><s> Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 : country : United States </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 : point in time : 1999 </s><s> Ways and Means : country : United States </s><s> Energy and Commerce : country : United States </s><s> Judiciary : country : United States </s><s> Financial Services : country : United States </s><s> Oversight and Government Reform : country : United States </s><s> Agriculture : country : United States </s><s> Free Trade With Cuba Act : country : United States </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 : country : United States </s><s> Cuban-American Family Restoration Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Agricultural Export Facilitation Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Export Freedom to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> trade name : subclass of : marks </s><s> trade name : subclass of : mark </s><s> trade name : subclass of : commercial name </s><s> Caribbean Coral Reef Protection Act : country : United States </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> Caribbean Coral Reef Protection Act : legislated by : House Committee on the Judiciary </s><s> Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 : point in time : July 27, 2007 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> human rights situation in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> human rights conditions in Cuba : country : Cuba </s><s> human rights situation in Cuba : facet of : Cuba </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Promoting American Agricultural and Medical Exports to Cuba Act of 2007 : publication date : 2007 </s><s> Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act : has part : H.R. 2829 </s><s> H.R. 2829 : part of : Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act </s><s> Section 211 : part of : Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : June 28, 2007 </s><s> Agricultural, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : instance of : H.R. </s><s> H.R. 3161 : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> H.R. 3161 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> SAFE Energy Act of 2007 : instance of : Consolidated Appropriations Act </s><s> exclusive economic zone of the United States : instance of : exclusive economic zone </s><s> Committee on Energy and Commerce : country : United States </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : congressional gold medal </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : gold medal </s><s> Oscar Elias Biscet : award received : Congressional gold medal </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : legislated by : House Committee on Foreign Affairs </s><s> Humanitarian Relief to Cuba Act : main subject : Department of Commerce </s><s> Cuba sanctions : instance of : Cuban embargo </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : Treasury Department's </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : start time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act of 2007 : country : United States </s><s> Cuba embargo : applies to jurisdiction : Cuba </s><s> Cuba embargo : country : Cuba's </s><s> Department of Commerce and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : FY1999 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Domestic Offshore Energy Security Act of 2008 : country : United States </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2009 </s><s> FY2009 National Defense Authorization Act : author : Dodd </s><s> Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act. : point in time : FY2009 </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2009 : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2009 : legislated by : 109th Congress </s><s> 109th Congress : end time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Appropriations Act, 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> human rights resolution : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> human rights resolution : subclass of : legislative initiatives </s><s> CRS Report RL32730, Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> ESF : country : Cuba </s><s> 109 th : point in time : 109 </s><s> 109 th : instance of : Appropriations bill </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : House </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement : field of work : counternarcotics </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Cuba program </s><s> Cuba program : parent organization : USAID </s><s> drug trafficking : product or material produced : illegal drugs </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : point in time : June 9, 2006 </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : inception : June 9, 2006 </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act : publication date : June 9, 2006 </s><s> House Committee on International Relations : part of : Congress </s><s> extreme repression : point in time : July 2005 </s><s> extreme repression : start time : July 2005 </s><s> extreme repression against members of Cuba's pro-democracy movement : point in time : July 2005 </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : instance of : international organization </s><s> United Nations : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Martha Beatriz Roque : date of death : April 25, 2006 </s><s> beating and intimidation : point in time : April 25, 2006 </s><s> beating and intimidation of Cuban dissident Martha Beatriz Roque : point in time : April 25, 2006 </s><s> Fidel : sibling : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : sibling : Fidel </s><s> Fidel : child : Raul Castro </s><s> Raul Castro : father : Fidel </s><s> The Case of Elian Gonzalez: Legal Basics : publisher : CRS </s><s> The Case of Elian Gonzalez: Legal Basics : published in : CRS Report </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : follows : 109 th Congress </s> | Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through economic sanctions, which the Bush Administration has tightened significantly. A second policy component has consisted of support measures for the Cuban people, including private humanitarian donations and U.S.-sponsored radio and television broadcasting to Cuba. As in past years, the main issue for U.S. policy toward Cuba in the 110th Congress was how to best support political and economic change in one of the world's remaining communist nations. Unlike past years, however, Congress examined policy toward Cuba in the context of Fidel Castro's departure from heading the government because of poor health. Raúl Castro, who had served as provision head of government since July 2006, was selected on February 24, 2008 by Cuba's legislature to continue in that role officially.
In the first session of the 110th Congress, Congress fully funded the Administration's FY2008 request for $45.7 million for Cuba democracy programs in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 (P.L. 110-161). In other first session action, on July 27, 2007, the House rejected H.Amdt. 707 to H.R. 2419, the 2007 farm bill, that would have facilitated the export of U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba. In the second session, the Senate approved S.Res. 573 on May 21, 2008, which recognized the struggle of the Cuban people. In both sessions, there were Cuba provisions in several House and Senate appropriations measures (H.R. 2829, H.R. 3161, S. 1859, H.R. 7323, and S. 3260) that would have eased restrictions on travel and on U.S. agricultural sales to Cuba, but none of these provisions were included in enacted measures.
Numerous other legislative initiatives on Cuba were introduced in the 110th Congress, but were not considered. Several of these initiatives would have eased sanctions: H.R. 177 (educational travel); H.R. 216 (Cuban baseball players); H.R. 217 and H.R. 624 (overall sanctions); H.R. 654, S. 554, and S. 721 (travel); H.R. 757 (family travel and remittances); H.R. 1026 (sale of U.S. agricultural products); H.R. 2819/S. 1673 (sale of U.S. agricultural and medical products and travel); and S. 1268, S. 2953, H.R. 3182, and H.R. 3435 (development of Cuba's offshore oil). S. 554 would have terminated U.S.-government sponsored television broadcasting to Cuba. Several initiatives would have tightened sanctions: H.R. 525 (related to U.S. fugitives in Cuba), and H.R. 1679/S. 876 and S. 2503 (related to Cuba's offshore oil development). Two initiatives, H.R. 1306 and S. 749, would have amended a provision of law restricting the registration or enforcement of certain Cuban trademarks; five initiatives—H.R. 217, H.R. 624, H.R. 2819, S. 1673, and S. 1806—would have repealed the trademark sanction. H.R. 5627 and S. 2777 would have awarded the congressional gold medal to Cuban political prisoner Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet. H.Res. 995 would have commemorated the 1996 shootdown of two U.S. civilian planes by Cuba. S. 3288 had a provision that would have funded U.S. work to establish anti-drug cooperation with Cuba. In the aftermath of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, several initiatives would have temporarily eased some U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba: H.R. 6913, H.R. 6962, and S.Amdt. 5581 to S. 3001.
This report reflects legislative developments through the 110th Congress, and will not be updated. For additional information on Cuba, see CRS Report RL31139, Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances, and CRS Report RS22742, Cuba's Political Succession: From Fidel to Raul Castro |
crs_R40833 | crs_R40833_0 | <s> coal : subclass of : Fossil fuel </s><s> carbon dioxide : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> sun : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> energy efficiency : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : Renewable energy technologies </s><s> energy independence : facet of : energy security </s><s> Sustainable energy : said to be the same as : green, renewable energy </s><s> green, renewable energy : said to be the same as : Sustainable energy </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable energy technologies : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable sources of energy : has part : renewable energy technologies </s><s> induced employment : subclass of : direct employment </s><s> renewable : subclass of : electricity </s><s> induced employment : subclass of : indirect </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> solar panels : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable energy sources </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : maintained by : Bureau of Economic Analysis </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : maintained by : Bureau of Labor Statistics </s><s> North American Industry Classification System : developer : Bureau of Economic Analysis </s><s> labor force statistics : maintained by : BLS </s><s> BLS : field of work : labor force statistics </s><s> labor force statistics : authority : BLS </s><s> low-carbon : subclass of : environmentally friendly </s><s> labor market : part of : economy </s><s> low-carbon : subclass of : environmentally friendly economy </s><s> hydroelectric power : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> photovoltaics : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : biomass </s><s> biomass power : subclass of : biomass </s><s> doughnut shop : subclass of : fast food restaurant </s><s> doughnut shop : product or material produced : fast food </s><s> business as usual : subclass of : base case </s><s> base case scenario : followed by : moderate scenario </s><s> base case scenario : instance of : base case </s><s> EIA : subsidiary : Energy Information Administration </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : EIA </s><s> unemployment rate : facet of : labor market conditions </s><s> unemployment rate : facet of : labor market </s><s> unemployment rate is low in 2030 : facet of : labor market conditions </s><s> Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory : parent organization : University of California-Berkeley </s><s> University of California-Berkeley : subsidiary : Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory </s><s> Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory : part of : University of California-Berkeley </s><s> photovoltaic : subclass of : solar </s><s> World Wide Fund : subsidiary : Tellus Institute </s><s> photovoltaic (PV) solar : subclass of : renewables </s><s> hydropower : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> coal mining : subclass of : oil and gas extraction </s><s> coal mining : subclass of : energy </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable power </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable power generation </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable </s><s> soy : use : transportation fuel </s><s> soy : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> soy : instance of : transportation fuel </s><s> solar : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> geothermal : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> incremental hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable transportation fuels </s><s> biodiesel : subclass of : renewable transportation fuels </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> biodiesel : subclass of : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> renewable electric power generation : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> renewable electric power : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> renewable electric power generation : instance of : electricity generation </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : employer : King Juan Carlos University </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : educated at : King Juan Carlos University </s><s> Gabriel Calzada : country of citizenship : Spain </s><s> King Juan Carlos University : country : Spain </s><s> wind power : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> PV solar : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> mini-hydro : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> capital destruction : facet of : capital </s><s> productivity of labor : subclass of : productivity </s><s> capital destruction : subclass of : net jobs </s><s> fossil fuel : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> Spain's government : part of : Spain's economy </s><s> Spain's government : facet of : Spain's economy </s><s> Political Economy Research Institute : part of : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Robert Pollin : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> James Heintz : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Heidi Garrett-Peltier : employer : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Robert Pollin : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> James Heintz : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> Heidi Garrett-Peltier : educated at : University of Massachusetts </s><s> on-grid : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> on-grid : facet of : renewable electricity </s><s> on-grid renewable electricity production and transmission : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> cellulosic biofuel : subclass of : motor fuel </s><s> solar panel : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> cellulosic biofuel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable resources of energy </s><s> oil and gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable resources </s><s> American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> renewable : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> The Clean Energy Economy: Repowering Jobs, Businesses and Investments Across America : publisher : The Pew Charitable Trusts and Collaborative Economics </s><s> The Clean Energy Economy: Repowering Jobs, Businesses and Investments Across America : publisher : The Pew Charitable Trusts </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : publisher : Dun & Bradstreet </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : country : United States </s><s> National Establishment Time Series : maintained by : Dun & Bradstreet </s><s> wind turbines : part of : clean energy economy </s><s> wind turbine : use : clean energy </s><s> wind turbines : use : clean energy </s><s> wind : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> solar : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> biomass : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> geothermal heating and cooling : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> renewable sources of energy : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : renewable sources of energy </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuels </s><s> energy efficiency activities : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable energy industry : product or material produced : renewable energy </s><s> retrofit : subclass of : construction </s><s> energy efficiency : facet of : building </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States : facet of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> federal investment in renewable energy technologies : country : United States </s><s> feed-in tariff : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> Feed-in tariff : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> research, development, and deployment : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> low carbon energy : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> climate change : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> climate change : facet of : low carbon energy </s><s> energy technologies : subclass of : technology </s><s> manufacturing : product or material produced : construction </s><s> energy technologies : subclass of : state of technology </s><s> federal government : country : United States </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : electrical energy </s><s> electrical energy : has part : renewable energy </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook : publisher : Energy Information Administration </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> Energy Information Administration : part of : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> LW110 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> LW110 case : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> AEO 2009 Reference Case : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Low Renewable Energy Cost scenario analysis of AEO 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> AEO 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Low Renewable Energy Cost scenario analysis of AEO 2009 : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook for 2009 : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook : publisher : EIA </s><s> International Energy Outlook for 2009 : author : EIA </s><s> Solar power : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> hydroelectric power : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> AEO 2009 projections : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Biomass : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> co-firing : subclass of : Biomass combustion </s><s> co-firing : uses : Biomass combustion </s><s> combined heat and power : has part : Biomass combustion </s><s> Ethanol : instance of : Liquid biofuel </s><s> Ethanol : subclass of : Liquid biofuel </s><s> gasoline : instance of : Transportation fuel </s><s> methanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> butanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> DiMethyl Ether : instance of : Methanol </s><s> methanol : instance of : biofuels </s><s> butanol : instance of : biofuels </s><s> windmill : has part : rotor </s><s> rotor : part of : windmill </s><s> windmill : has parts of the class : rotor </s><s> batteries : use : Energy storage </s><s> batteries : subclass of : Energy storage </s><s> Energy storage : has part : batteries </s><s> Solar photovoview : uses : sunlight </s><s> Solar photovovoir : uses : sunlight </s><s> Solar photovoview : facet of : sunlight </s><s> cadmium telluride : subclass of : crystalline silicon </s><s> photovoltaic (PV) cells : uses : sunlight </s><s> cadmium telluride : instance of : crystalline silicon </s><s> Solar PV : has part : cells </s><s> cells : part of : Solar PV </s><s> Solar PV : has part : modules </s><s> cost of electricity : country : United States </s><s> cost of electricity in the United States today from solar PV : country : United States </s><s> cost of electricity in the United States today from solar PV : subclass of : electricity </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : uses : mirrors </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : subclass of : solar PV </s><s> Concentrating solar thermal technologies : uses : concentrate sunlight </s><s> condenser : uses : water </s><s> condenser : has part : water </s><s> condenser : subclass of : water </s><s> Solar hot water heaters : country : United States </s><s> Solar hot water heaters : country of origin : United States </s><s> solar thermal industry : country : United States </s><s> hot water : subclass of : thermal energy </s><s> EIA : country : United States </s><s> hot water : subclass of : steam </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : subclass of : geothermal reservoirs </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : use : geothermal </s><s> Enhanced Geothermal System : use : geothermal energy </s><s> dams : use : hydroelectric power plant </s><s> dams : use : hydroelectric </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric power plant </s><s> dam : product or material produced : Electricity </s><s> dam : use : Electricity </s><s> dam : product or material produced : Water </s><s> Micro-hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Pico-hydropower : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> pico-hydropower : subclass of : Micro-hydropower </s><s> green jobs from renewable energy : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> Demand Response : instance of : energy policy </s><s> Demand Response : instance of : domestic energy policy </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> Solar PV : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Wind : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Solar PV : subclass of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> biomass generation : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> fuel cell : subclass of : energy storage </s><s> fuel cell : subclass of : batteries </s><s> wind power : subclass of : distributed generation </s><s> solar PV : subclass of : distributed generation </s><s> developed world : opposite of : developed world </s><s> developed world : has part : OECD </s><s> distributed : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> distributed applications : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> grid : facet of : electricity </s><s> Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Assistance : facet of : climate change </s><s> potentially detrimental effects of climate change : facet of : renewable-powered </s><s> renewable-powered village applications : subclass of : Energy-efficient appliance </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : electricity </s><s> Distributed generation : subclass of : renewable sources of electricity </s><s> coal : subclass of : power generation </s><s> fossil fuel : subclass of : power generation </s><s> government involvement : country : United States </s><s> manufacturing : uses : supply chain </s><s> supply chain : used by : manufacturing </s><s> industries : part of : economy </s><s> Clusters : subclass of : industrial ecosystem </s><s> economy : has part : industries </s><s> service provider : subclass of : businesses </s><s> competitive : subclass of : businesses </s><s> service provider : part of : industry </s><s> research institution : subclass of : academic institution </s><s> research institutions : subclass of : academic institution </s><s> research institutions : subclass of : academic institutions </s><s> renewable electricity : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> renewable electricity industry : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> renewable electricity industry : product or material produced : renewable energy </s><s> power generation : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable electricity technology : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> renewable electricity : subclass of : renewable energy technologies </s><s> wind turbine : use : renewable electricity </s><s> wind turbine : subclass of : renewable electricity </s><s> European-based companies : product or material produced : wind turbine </s><s> solar panels in the United States : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> manufacturing : product or material produced : equipment </s><s> equipment : use : manufacturing </s><s> manufacturing cluster : facet of : supply chain </s><s> supply chain : part of : manufacturing </s><s> supply chain : part of : manufacturing cluster </s><s> green jobs : country : United States </s><s> Incentives : subclass of : policy mechanisms </s><s> Incentives : subclass of : policy mechanisms and incentives </s><s> research : has part : R&D </s><s> R&D : subclass of : research </s><s> Renewable electricity : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> wind energy : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : part of : ARRA </s><s> ARRA : has part : Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : instance of : ARRA </s><s> nuclear energy : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> nuclear energy : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> levy a price on carbon emissions : facet of : climate change concerns </s> | In the United States, growing awareness of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the possible implications for global climate change have combined with recent high energy prices and economic uncertainty to rekindle interest in renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies generate electricity from resources such as the sun, wind, or biomass, with essentially no net GHG emissions. President Obama has declared a goal for the United States to become the world's leading exporter of renewable energy technologies, setting out policy objectives for the development of related "green jobs".
Green jobs have often been defined to include (at a minimum) jobs that result directly from renewables for generating electricity and powering vehicles as well as jobs that result directly from achieving greater energy efficiency. Studies of green job creation in the renewable energy industry vary greatly as a result of differences in definitions, assumptions, and methodologies, with the resulting analyses producing wide-ranging estimates of the number of green jobs. Complicating the estimation of the number of green jobs is the absence of an authoritative data source. The North American Industry Classification System disaggregates firms into the categories of hydro, fossil fuel, nuclear and "other" sources. Renewables are part of the "other" category. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has requested funding for FY2010 to develop data on the number of green jobs and their characteristics (e.g., wages, training requirements) by industry and occupation.
Most of the future growth in green jobs is generally envisioned as coming from the growth in deployment of renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy deployment programs from state governments have had a great influence on the existing deployment levels of renewable energy technologies and resultant jobs. Historically, the federal investment in renewable energy technologies in the United States has not been about creating jobs, but was focused on developing the technologies to a point where they are ready for commercialization. The timeframe under consideration is thus important in any discussion of the potential for renewable energy technologies to create jobs, for the technologies are at different stages in their development cycles. It is also important to recognize that as a specific renewable energy technology becomes more efficient, the number of jobs per Megawatt of output is likely to decrease.
A key to maximizing green jobs growth in the United States from renewable energy is the domestic design and manufacture of equipment and components. Given the growing international competition for renewable energy markets and green jobs, policy mechanisms and incentives may be necessary to encourage manufacturers to locate production in the United States. Companies must be capable of competing in the domestic market for renewable energy first and foremost, as the potential growth of U.S. renewable markets already has attracted significant international participation. A renewable energy industry capable of serving the export market may create many more jobs than an industry which only serves domestic needs.
Few doubt the potential of renewable energy to help address climate change concerns; the question is whether the desired benefits merit the investment. But developing the next generation of renewable energy technologies and building an internationally competitive industry may require a significant and sustained national investment. Without it, the majority of the solar panels, wind turbines, and components providing the clean energy of tomorrow may continue to be designed and built by workers overseas. |
crs_RS20958 | crs_RS20958_0 | <s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : international organization </s><s> non-governmental organizations : subclass of : international organization </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : international organizations </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> light weapons : subclass of : small arms </s><s> civil conflict : subclass of : less developed nations and regions </s><s> civil conflict : has part : less developed nations and regions </s><s> small arms : subclass of : light weapons </s><s> light weapon : subclass of : small arms </s><s> black market : subclass of : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> black market : has part : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> black market : said to be the same as : illicit small arms trafficking </s><s> Donald J. McConnell : position held : U.S. Ambassador </s><s> United States Policy Goals : publisher : State Department </s><s> State Department : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> light weapons : subclass of : Small arms </s><s> light weapon : subclass of : Small arms </s><s> Small arms : subclass of : light weapons </s><s> Inter States : inception : November 15, 1997 </s><s> Inter States : point in time : November 15, 1997 </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Statement of Common Principles on Small Arms : publication date : December 17, 1999 </s><s> Liberia : member of : United Nations </s><s> Haiti : member of : United Nations </s><s> Panama : member of : United Nations </s><s> Mali : member of : United Nations </s><s> light weapons and ammunition : subclass of : small arms </s><s> United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons In All Its Aspects : point in time : 2001 </s><s> United Nations : headquarters location : United Nations Headquarters </s><s> United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons In All Its Aspects : location : United Nations Headquarters </s><s> program of action : creator : United Nations </s><s> program of action to prevent, combat and possession of such weapons : creator : United Nations </s> | This report provides general background on U.S. policy regarding the international trade in small arms and light weapons (SA/LW). It outlines major questions associated with the international trade in these items, and reviews United States efforts to assist in controlling the illicit transfers of these items. This report will be revised as developments warrant. |
crs_R44161 | crs_R44161_0 | <s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : point in time : August 7, 2014 </s><s> Secretary of Veterans Affairs : part of : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Senior Executive Service : instance of : executive </s><s> Senior Executive Service : subsidiary : Veterans Health Administration </s><s> Veterans Health Administration : parent organization : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : inception : 7306 </s><s> 7306 : point in time : 7306 </s><s> 713(d)(2)(A) : follows : 7306(a) </s><s> administrative judge : part of : MSPB </s><s> administrative leave : subclass of : leave </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : MSPB </s><s> bonuses : subclass of : pay </s><s> bonus : subclass of : pay </s><s> allowances : subclass of : pay </s><s> removing career members from the SES : subclass of : adverse action </s><s> adverse actions to remove them from federal service : subclass of : removing career members </s><s> adverse actions to remove them from federal service : subclass of : removing career members from the SES </s><s> appellate : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> appellate : subclass of : judicial </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : instance of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> Title 5 : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Title 5 of : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Section 707(b) : main subject : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> interim final rule : followed by : final rule </s><s> final rule : follows : interim final rule </s><s> Section 707(c) : part of : Code of Federal Regulations </s><s> Senior Executive Service : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Secretary of Veterans Affairs : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Senior Executive Service : has part : Secretary of Veterans Affairs </s><s> removal : subclass of : personnel action </s><s> removal, transfer, or other personnel action : facet of : SES </s><s> removal : instance of : personnel action </s><s> Fifth Amendment : instance of : constitutional question </s><s> Fifth Amendment : main subject : constitutional question </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : constitutional question </s><s> constitutional question : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Board of Regents v. Roth : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Board of Regents v. Roth : main subject : due process of law </s><s> Amendment of the Constitution : has part : No person shall be... deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law;... </s><s> Office of Economic Opportunity : parent organization : federal </s><s> nonprobationary federal : subsidiary : Office of Economic Opportunity </s><s> Office of Economic Opportunity : parent organization : nonprobationary federal </s><s> nonprobationary : part of : federal </s><s> adverse action proceeding : part of : Lloyd-La Follette Act </s><s> adverse action : facet of : Due Process Clause </s><s> adverse action : has cause : Due Process Clause </s><s> Kennedy v. Sanchez : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Kennedy v. Sanchez : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Goldberg v. Kelly : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Goldberg v. Kelly : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Civil Service Commission : replaced by : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : replaces : Civil Service Commission </s><s> plurality opinion : opposite of : majority </s><s> plurality : opposite of : majority </s><s> such cause : facet of : due process </s><s> Lloyd-LaFollette Act : instance of : legislative compromise </s><s> federal employees : subclass of : governmental employees </s><s> Lloyd-LaFollette Act : instance of : compromise </s><s> Roth supra : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : constitutionally </s><s> constitutionally : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Sinderman, supra : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> concurred : part of : opinion </s><s> concurring : part of : opinion </s><s> concurred : subclass of : opinion </s><s> opinion : author : Justice White </s><s> Justice White : position held : opinion </s><s> opinion : court : Supreme Court of the United States </s><s> due process : part of : Constitution </s><s> Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill : main subject : due process </s><s> due process : part of : constitutional </s><s> life : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> liberty : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> property : instance of : substantive rights </s><s> Arnett concurrence : author : Justice Powell </s><s> Arnett : position held : concurrence </s><s> Mathews v. Eldridge : main subject : due process </s><s> Loudermill case : follows : Mathews v. Eldridge </s><s> Mathews v. Eldridge : followed by : Loudermill case </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : publication date : 367 U.S. </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : court : 367 U.S. </s><s> Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy : publication date : 367 </s><s> evidentiary hearing : part of : Due Process Clause </s><s> evidentiary hearing : facet of : Due Process Clause </s><s> earlier : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 : has part : Title 38 </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Loudermill case : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : constitutionally protected right </s><s> Section 713(d)(2)(A) : part of : 38 U.S.C. </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : instance of : administrative judge </s><s> final : subclass of : decision </s><s> Merit Systems Protection Board : subclass of : administrative judge </s><s> Gilbert : main subject : due process </s><s> Manzo case : main subject : due process </s><s> Gilbert : follows : Manzo case </s><s> Manzo case : followed by : Gilbert </s><s> affidavits : subclass of : documentary evidence </s><s> affidavits : subclass of : evidence </s><s> adverse action : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : has part : MSPB Removal Appeals </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : MSPB </s><s> Helman v. Department of Veterans Affairs : has effect : MSPB Removal Appeals </s><s> Central Alabama Veterans Administration Health Care System : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Talton v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : administrative judge </s><s> Central Alabama Veterans Administration Health Care System : part of : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> New York Stratton Veterans Administration Medical Center : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : subsidiary : New York Stratton Veterans Administration Medical Center </s><s> Weiss v. Department of Veterans Affairs : court : administrative judge </s><s> nursing assistant : field of this occupation : direct patient care </s><s> direct patient care : practiced by : nursing assistant </s><s> nursing assistant : subclass of : direct patient care </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : main subject : Veterans Benefits Administration </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : applies to jurisdiction : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs : instance of : Appeals </s><s> Senior Executive Service : instance of : General Schedule </s><s> Senior Executive Service : part of : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : has part : Senior Executive Service </s><s> General Schedule : part of : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Philadelphia : twinned administrative body : Los Angeles </s><s> Los Angeles : twinned administrative body : Philadelphia </s><s> Graves : facet of : due process </s><s> Senior Executive Service : followed by : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : follows : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Senior Executive Service : replaced by : General Schedule </s><s> General Schedule : replaces : Senior Executive Service </s><s> Title 38 : part of : U.S. Code </s><s> U.S. Code : has part : Title 38 </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : part of : Title 38 </s><s> Phoenix VA Health Care System : parent organization : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : subsidiary : Phoenix VA Health Care System </s><s> final decision : subclass of : administrative judge </s><s> expedited removal : part of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Appointments Clause, Article II : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause, Article II </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article II </s><s> Article II : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process right </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process rights </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : self-incrimination </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article III of the Constitution </s><s> Article III of the Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Article III </s><s> Article III : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Article III : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article III </s><s> Appointments Clause : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> Appointments Clause of the Constitution : country : United States </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> administrative judge : different from : judicial review </s><s> judicial review : different from : administrative judge </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals </s><s> Court of Appeals : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution : followed by : Article III, Section 2 </s><s> Article III, Section 1 : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article III, Section 1 </s><s> E x parte McCardle : time period : Reconstruction era </s><s> E x parte McCardle : main subject : Reconstruction era </s><s> Felker v. Tur : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 : publication date : 1978 </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Webster v. Doe : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> National Security Act of 1947 : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Act of August 24, 1912 : point in time : August 24, 1912 </s><s> National Security Act : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : due process of law </s><s> Johnson v. Robison : publication date : 415 </s><s> Johnson v. Robison : court : 415 U.S. </s><s> equal protection : part of : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : equal protection </s><s> Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians : court : 476 U.S. </s><s> Johnson case : has part : Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians </s><s> federal question jurisdictional statute : part of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Veterans Administration : country : United States </s><s> federal question jurisdictional statute : instance of : 28 U.S.C. </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Medicare </s><s> Weinberger v. Salfi : main subject : Social Security Act </s><s> Medicare : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Johnson : main subject : constitutional challenge </s><s> Johnson : author : Salfi </s><s> Michigan Academy case : court : Court in Michigan Academy </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 : main subject : Immigration and Naturalization Service </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : court : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management : has cause : Due Process Clause </s><s> section 8347(c) : part of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> section 8347(c) : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Section 8347(c) : part of : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : main subject : mandamus </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : has cause : mandamus </s><s> Elgin v. Department of the Treasury : main subject : expedited removal authority </s><s> Military Service Act : has effect : Selective Service </s><s> Military Service Act : has part : Selective Service </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : instance of : district court </s><s> federal question : instance of : jurisdictional statute </s><s> federal question : subclass of : statute </s><s> Webster v. Doe : court : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit </s><s> Webster case : court : district court </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : has part : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> 5 U.S.C. : part of : Civil Service Reform Act </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : has part : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> 5 U.S.C. §7703 : part of : Civil Service Reform Act </s><s> judicial forum : facet of : judicial review </s><s> judicial forum : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> judicial review : uses : judicial forum </s><s> judicial forum : used by : judicial review </s><s> Back Pay Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Back Pay Act : legislated by : Congress's </s><s> United States v. Fausto : main subject : statutory construction </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : legislated by : congressional </s><s> Civil Service Reform Act : instance of : Act </s><s> competitive service : instance of : excepted service </s><s> administrative appeal : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> Board : parent organization : MSPB </s><s> excepted service : subclass of : competitive service </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit : instance of : regional courts of appeals </s><s> lower federal courts : has part : regional courts of appeals </s><s> regional courts of appeals : part of : lower federal courts </s><s> lower federal courts : different from : regional courts of appeals </s><s> regional courts of appeals : different from : lower federal courts </s><s> Johnson case : participant : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson case : court : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson case : applies to jurisdiction : Administrator of the Veterans Administration </s><s> Johnson : main subject : Fifth Amendment </s><s> Fifth Amendment : has part : colorable constitutional claims </s><s> Elgin case : main subject : due process of law </s><s> federal statute : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Elgin case : facet of : due process of law </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : instance of : finality clause </s><s> administrative judge : part of : Merit Systems Protection Board </s><s> Section 713(e)(2) : part of : finality clause </s><s> administrative judge : subclass of : judge </s><s> administrative judge : field of this occupation : adjudicate </s><s> final : part of : law </s><s> section 7703 : part of : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> 5 U.S.C. §7703 : part of : title 5 </s><s> title 5 : has part : 5 U.S.C. §7703 </s><s> S.R. 1082 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> H.R. 1082 : point in time : 1994 </s><s> S.R. 1082 : publication date : 1994 </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability Act of 2015 : legislated by : 114 th Congress </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability Act : legislated by : 114 th Congress </s> | This report discusses selected legal issues relating to the authority for summary removal of individuals in senior executive positions at the Department of Veterans Affairs. Section 707 of the Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act, P.L. 113-146, enacted on August 7, 2014, created this authority by adding Section 713 to Title 38 of the United States Code. It authorizes the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to remove an individual in a senior executive position from federal service or transfer him or her to a position in the General Schedule if the Secretary determines that the individual's performance or misconduct warrants removal.
This report addresses whether this authority raises a constitutional question under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment as a deprivation of a property right to continued federal employment and whether a court would have jurisdiction to hear a case brought by a senior executive who had been removed pursuant to it.
The Supreme Court has held that a nonprobationary government employee who is removable for cause, as distinguished from at-will, has a property right in continued employment. The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states that property may not be deprived without due process of law. According to the Court, an agency may not remove such an employee from government employment without due process rights of notice and an opportunity to respond to charges. The employee also is entitled to a hearing either before or after removal. A hearing must be provided at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.
Section 713 of Title 38 does not expressly provide for notice and an opportunity to respond, but the Department of Veterans Affairs has issued guidelines that grant advance notice of five days and an opportunity to respond to charges in writing. Section 713 provides for a hearing after removal by an administrative judge of the Merit Systems Protection Board if a decision can be issued in 21 days and that this decision is not subject to further appeal. If an administrative judge does not issue a decision in that period, the Secretary's removal or transfer is final.
A senior executive whose removal from federal service pursuant to this authority was upheld by an administrative judge has filed an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This appeal alleges that these limited time periods for notice and an opportunity to respond to charges, as well as for an appeal to an administrative judge, do not provide meaningful due process. The court is considering whether to accept jurisdiction of this case because the Department of Veterans Affairs, citing the finality clause in Section 713, asserts that an administrative judge's decision is not subject to judicial review.
In challenging the constitutionality of Section 713, the removed senior executive also maintains that granting an administrative judge of the Merit Systems Protection Board authority conclusively to determine whether or not to uphold a removal contravenes the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. She asserts that to comply with the Clause, an administrative judge's decision should be supervised or be subject to review by members of the Merit Systems Protection Board or another officer or officers who are principal officers of the United States whom the President appoints and the Senate confirms. An administrative judge is an employee who is not appointed in the manner that the Appointments Clause prescribes, she contends. This report will be updated to reflect later developments. |
crs_RL34586 | crs_RL34586_0 | <s> The State of the World's Children 2008: Child Survival, UNICEF : publisher : United Nations Children's Fund </s><s> United Nations Children's Fund : field of work : global health </s><s> The State of the World's Children 2008: Child Survival, UNICEF : author : United Nations Children's Fund </s><s> Ann Veneman : employer : ICEF </s><s> Ann Veneman : position held : ICEF Executive Director </s><s> malaria : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> malaria : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> measles : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> child and maternal health : subclass of : health </s><s> undernourished : subclass of : impoverished </s><s> child and maternal health : facet of : health </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> eclampsia : subclass of : hypertensive disorders </s><s> developing countries : opposite of : industrialized nations </s><s> maternal mortality : subclass of : morbidity </s><s> toxemia : subclass of : pregnancy and delivery complications </s><s> premature delivery : subclass of : pregnancy and delivery complications </s><s> Latin America : has part : Caribbean </s><s> Caribbean : part of : Latin America </s><s> Mali : continent : Africa </s><s> south Asia : member of : United Nations </s><s> South Asia : member of : United Nations </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : member of : United Nations </s><s> South Africa : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Swaziland : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : South Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Swaziland </s><s> Bangladesh : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> India : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> Indonesia : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival : parent organization : U.S. Agency for International Development </s><s> USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival : parent organization : USAID </s><s> U.S. Agency for International Development : subsidiary : USAID's Efforts to Improve Child Survival </s><s> United Nations : subsidiary : Food and Agriculture Organization </s><s> Food and Agriculture Organization : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> Food and Agriculture Organization : part of : United Nations </s><s> infectious diseases : has cause : immune systems </s><s> measles : instance of : infectious diseases </s><s> Good nutrition : opposite of : undernutrition </s><s> undernutrition : opposite of : Good nutrition </s><s> tuberculosis : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> rice : has part : micronutrient </s><s> rice : subject has role : micronutrient </s><s> sugar : has part : micronutrient </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : subclass of : unsafe </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : said to be the same as : unsafe </s><s> nutritionally inadequate : opposite of : unsafe </s><s> mother-to-child HIV transmission : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : mother-to-child HIV transmission </s><s> Haemophilus influenzae type b : instance of : immunizations </s><s> pertussis : instance of : immunizations </s><s> Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) : instance of : immunizations </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness : inception : 2002 </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) : inception : 2002 </s><s> Integrated Management of Childhood Illness : start time : 2002 </s><s> Middle East : part of : Asia </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : inception : 2005 </s><s> Middle East : continent : Africa </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> malaria : drug used for treatment : anti-malarial tablets </s><s> anti-malarial tablets : medical condition treated : malaria </s><s> anti-malarial tablets : facet of : malaria </s><s> Nevirapine : subject has role : preventable and treatable </s><s> Nevirapine : medical condition treated : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Nevirapine : subject has role : treatable </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV infection </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV transmission </s><s> drug : part of : pharmaceutical companies </s><s> drug : studied by : pharmaceutical companies </s><s> Fixed-dosed treatment : subclass of : drug </s><s> Cotrimoxazole : medical condition treated : pneumonia </s><s> pneumonia : drug used for treatment : Cotrimoxazole </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : inception : 1986 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) : inception : 1986 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> treatment : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> treatment, care, and support services : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> ART : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> child diarrhea : subclass of : diarrhea </s><s> child diarrhea : subclass of : diarrheal disease </s><s> diarrheal disease : subclass of : diarrhea </s><s> marketing : subclass of : communication </s><s> hygiene : subclass of : communication </s><s> marketing : facet of : communication </s><s> Lucknow : country : India </s><s> hygiene : subclass of : hygienic </s><s> India : capital : Lucknow </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccines : has cause : rubella </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccine : has cause : rubella </s><s> rubella and/or mumps vaccines : has effect : mumps </s><s> MMR : instance of : supplementary immunization </s><s> MMR : instance of : supplementary immunization activities </s><s> Immunization coverage rates for measles vaccination : facet of : supplementary immunization activities </s><s> Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immun Immunization : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immun Immunization : has part : USAID </s><s> Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation : subsidiary : Vaccine Fund </s><s> Bill : spouse : Melinda Gates Foundation </s><s> Melinda Gates Foundation : spouse : Bill </s><s> tetanus toxoid immunizations : subclass of : vaccines </s><s> birth asphyxia : subclass of : birth complications </s><s> birth asphyxia : instance of : birth complications </s><s> resuscitating : has cause : birth asphyxia </s><s> postpartum hemorrhage : subclass of : maternal mortality </s><s> key causes of maternal mortality : has part : postpartum hemorrhage </s><s> postpartum hemorrhage deaths : subclass of : maternal mortality </s><s> sepsis : subclass of : infections </s><s> sepsis : subclass of : infection </s><s> sepsis : has cause : infection </s><s> vagina : use : delivery </s><s> delivering : uses : umbilical cord </s><s> delivery : uses : umbilical cord </s><s> pre-eclampsia : subclass of : hypertension </s><s> pre-eclampsia : subclass of : Hypertensive disorders </s><s> Kenya : instance of : low-resource settings </s><s> Kenya : part of : low-resource settings </s><s> Kenya : instance of : low-resource </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : prolonged labor </s><s> caesarean surgery : part of : emergency obstetric care </s><s> caesarean surgery : use : emergency obstetric care </s><s> Latin America : has part : the Caribbean </s><s> family planning : part of : international </s><s> President's International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> malaria : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : Administration of President </s><s> child survival and maternal health : facet of : family planning and reproductive health </s><s> PEPFAR : subsidiary : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> PEPFAR : has part : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> PEPFAR : part of : President's Malaria Initiative </s><s> sub-Saharan : continent : Africa </s><s> condoms : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> condom : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> male : subclass of : condoms </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : obstetric fistula </s><s> caesarean surgery : medical condition treated : Obstetric fistula </s><s> delaying pregnancy : subclass of : caesarean surgery </s><s> maternal and child health services : facet of : maternal and child mortality </s><s> nutritional : subclass of : health status </s><s> nutritional : facet of : health status </s><s> International Health Partnership and related Initiatives : founded by : WHO </s><s> International Health Partnership and related Initiatives : parent organization : WHO </s><s> MDGs : creator : WHO </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : international community </s><s> International Monetary Fund : parent organization : international community </s><s> international community : subsidiary : International Monetary Fund </s><s> Africa : instance of : continent </s><s> African leaders : continent : Africa </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : IMF </s><s> African Union : diplomatic relation : Organization of African Unity </s><s> Organization of African Unity : diplomatic relation : African Union </s><s> Abuja Declaration on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Other Infectious Diseases : point in time : 2001 </s><s> health care : facet of : public health </s><s> health care : part of : health systems </s><s> health care : part of : health system </s><s> vaccine : subclass of : medicine </s><s> vaccine : instance of : medicine </s><s> hypodermic needle : subclass of : medicine </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Legislation Introduced in the 110th Congress Related to Maternal and Child Health : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110th Congress Related to Maternal and Child Health : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> extreme global poverty : subclass of : global poverty </s><s> elimination of extreme global poverty : part of : Millennium Development Goal </s><s> elimination of extreme global poverty : instance of : Millennium Development Goal </s><s> maternal : facet of : child health </s><s> maternal and child health : subclass of : health </s><s> maternal and child health : facet of : health </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : legislated by : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Women's Health and Dignity Act : main subject : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> International Child Marriage Prevention Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Women's Health and Dignity Act : legislated by : House Foreign Affairs Committee </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : main subject : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> United Nations Population Fund Restoration Act of 2008 : legislated by : Senate Foreign Relations Committee </s><s> universal education : facet of : child survival </s><s> child survival : facet of : maternal health </s><s> maternal health : facet of : well-being </s> | Appropriations for child survival and maternal health programs (CS/MH) have grown by about 22% during the tenure of President George W. Bush. Most of that growth occurred in FY2008, when Congress provided $521.9 million for CS/MH programs, up from $361.1 million in FY2001. Although Congress provided support during this time for other global health initiatives that affect CS/MH, such as some $19.7 billion for international programs that prevent and treat human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), and malaria, other global health interventions are discussed only as they relate to USAID's CS/MH programs.
According to latest estimates, 9.7 million children under the age of five died in 2006; some 26,000 each day. The majority of those deaths occurred in developing countries, and almost half of them in Africa. On average, nearly 90% of all child deaths are caused by neonatal infections and five other diseases: acute respiratory infections (primarily pneumonia), diarrhea, malaria, measles, and HIV/AIDS. Undernutrition contributes to more than half of these deaths.
More than 500,000 women die each year due to pregnancy-related causes, and many more suffer debilitating long-term effects, such as obstetric fistula. Most of these deaths occur in developing countries. About 20% of global maternal deaths are linked to undernutrition, and about 75% result from obstetric complications, most often hemorrhage, sepsis, eclampsia, and prolonged or obstructed labor.
While most health experts applaud the recent increase in U.S. commitment to global health, many remain concerned that funding is largely aimed at specific diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. Other health programs that offer life-saving interventions for women and children are overlooked and underfunded, they contend, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to proposing an increase in funding for CS/MH programs, some observers urge Congress to boost support for health systems so that countries can better address a wide range of health issues that affect child survival and maternal health. This report will be updated at the end of the 110th Congress. |
crs_RL34131 | crs_RL34131_0 | <s> 2011 Mississippi River floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : August 2005 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : federally authorized </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : floodwalls </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project : instance of : levees </s><s> 2011 Mississippi River flooding : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1928 : point in time : 1928 </s><s> 2011 Mississippi River flooding : instance of : flood </s><s> activate floodways along the Mississippi River in 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> activate floodways along the Mississippi River : point in time : 2011 </s><s> activate floodways : facet of : Mississippi River </s><s> loss of property : subclass of : personal injury </s><s> loss of property : subclass of : liability </s><s> negligent : has effect : harm </s><s> federal agency : country : United States </s><s> negligent : subclass of : sued </s><s> federal agency : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Dalehite v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Gaubert : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Varig : court : Supreme Court </s><s> public policy : subclass of : judgment </s><s> government : part of : Congress </s><s> discretionary function exception : part of : FTCA </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : instance of : flood control </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : country : United States </s><s> New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : use : flood control </s><s> project plan : subclass of : design </s><s> project plan : subclass of : planning </s><s> project plan design : subclass of : design </s><s> United States v. Ure : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> United States v. Ure : country : United States </s><s> burst and flooded : part of : United States v. Ure </s><s> National Union : country : United States </s><s> National Union : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Valley Cattle Co. v. United States : court : court </s><s> Union Fire Insurance : country : United States </s><s> Union Fire Insurance v. United States : applies to jurisdiction : E. U. Ritter & Co. </s><s> Union Fire Insurance v. United States : applies to jurisdiction : E. Ritter & Co. v. U.S. </s><s> second prong : part of : Gaubert test </s><s> Gaubert test : has part : second prong </s><s> Gaubert test : facet of : public policy </s><s> National Park Service : instance of : agencies </s><s> NPS trail maintenance : operator : National Park Service </s><s> trail maintenance : operator : National Park Service </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1928 : publication date : 1928 </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : part of : Department of the Interior </s><s> United States v. James : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. James: Immunity for Flood Project Waters : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. James : main subject : wrongful death claims </s><s> James decision : instance of : dicta </s><s> James decision : has part : dicta </s><s> James decision : main subject : federal liability for flood control projects </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : court : U.S. Supreme Court </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Hiersche v. United States : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Federal Government : has part : Congress </s><s> Federal Government : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Section 702c : instance of : immunity </s><s> statutory : subclass of : legislatively </s><s> statutory provisions of immunity : subclass of : legislatively </s><s> statutory provisions of immunity : part of : legislatively </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : publication date : 2001 </s><s> Central Green Company v. United States : main subject : Section 702 immunity </s><s> negligent : subclass of : wrongful death </s><s> discretionary function exception : has part : Section 702c immunity </s><s> negligent : has effect : wrongful death </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : inception : 2003 </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : service entry : 2003 </s><s> Fort Loudoun Dam : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> storm surge : has effect : flood </s><s> Levee Failure : use : flood control </s><s> Levee Failure : facet of : flood control </s><s> flooding of New Orleans : part of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> flooding of New Orleans : part of : Hurricane Katrina's </s><s> New Orleans floodwall breaches : has cause : Hurricane Katrina's flooding of New Orleans </s><s> New Orleans : located in or next to body of water : Lake Pontchartrain </s><s> New Orleans : located in or next to body of water : Mississippi River </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : inflows : Mississippi River </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project : instance of : levee </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : point in time : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : publication date : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain Act : inception : 1965 </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Lake Borgne : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> levees : different from : floodwalls </s><s> floodwalls : different from : levees </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : has part : levees/floodwalls </s><s> levees/floodwalls : part of : Hurricane Protection System </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levees/floodwalls </s><s> 17 th Street : instance of : levees </s><s> London Avenue : instance of : levees </s><s> 17 th Street : connects with : London Avenue </s><s> London Avenue : connects with : 17 th Street </s><s> Mississippi River Gulf Outlet : mouth of the watercourse : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : tributary : Mississippi River Gulf Outlet </s><s> Mississippi River Gulf Outlet : part of : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Lake Borgne : part of : Lake Pontchartrain </s><s> Lake Pontchartrain : inflows : Lake Borgne </s><s> negligence : different from : fault </s><s> fault : different from : negligence </s><s> Gaubert test : uses : discretionary function exception </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1965 : point in time : 1965 </s><s> Flood Control Act of 1965 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> levee : different from : floodwall </s><s> floodwall : different from : levee </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levee </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : instance of : levees </s><s> 17 th Street Canal : instance of : dredging </s><s> dredging : location : 17 th Street Canal </s><s> negligence : subclass of : fault </s><s> National Environmental Policy : uses : Gaubert test </s><s> mandatory duty : part of : National Environmental Policy </s><s> National Environmental Policy : has part : mandatory duty </s><s> Section 702c : part of : FCA </s><s> FCA : has part : Section 702c </s><s> levee breaches : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> levee breaches of various canals : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> Hurricane Protection System : use : flood control </s><s> Central Green : publication date : 1971 </s><s> Central Green : point in time : 1971 </s><s> Graci v. United States : publication date : 1971 </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : court : district court </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : court : circuit court </s><s> In re Katrina Canal Breaches : has part : In Graci </s><s> flood control : facet of : floodwaters </s><s> flood control : uses : floodwaters </s><s> floodwaters : use : flood control </s><s> floodwall : subclass of : levee </s><s> floodwall : subclass of : levees </s><s> hurricane : has effect : storm surge </s><s> levees : subclass of : floodwalls </s><s> levee : subclass of : floodwall </s><s> Floodway Activation and Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Floodway Activation and Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : instance of : flooding </s><s> Mississippi River Basin Flooding of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio River </s><s> Ohio River : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio </s><s> Ohio : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway : part of : Mississippi River and Tributaries Project </s><s> flood that devastated the Mississippi River Basin in 1927 : point in time : 1927 </s><s> flood : point in time : 1927 </s><s> a flood that devastated the Mississippi River Basin in 1927 : point in time : 1927 </s><s> Mississippi : tributary : Ohio rivers </s><s> Ohio rivers : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi </s><s> Baton Rouge : shares border with : New Orleans </s><s> New Orleans : shares border with : Baton Rouge </s><s> Bonnet-Carre floodway : inception : 1932 </s><s> Bird's-Point-New Madrid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Missouri </s><s> Illinois : shares border with : Missouri </s><s> Missouri : shares border with : Illinois </s><s> 1984 case : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit </s><s> 1984 case : point in time : 1984 </s><s> case : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit </s><s> 2011 floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> MRTP : instance of : floodway </s><s> MRTP floodway system : inception : 2011 </s><s> MRTP : located in or next to body of water : Mississippi River </s><s> right-of-way : instance of : legal methods </s><s> right-of-way : subclass of : acquisition </s><s> Flowage easements : subclass of : property right </s><s> Flowage easement : subclass of : property right </s><s> Flowage easements : instance of : property right </s><s> Bird's Point : shares border with : New Madrid </s><s> New Madrid : shares border with : Bird's Point </s><s> Bird's Point-New Madrid floodway : instance of : floodway </s><s> compensation : subclass of : legal remedies </s><s> compensation : subclass of : legal remedy </s><s> compensating : subclass of : legal remedies </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 flood : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 : instance of : flood </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : has cause : floodway easements </s><s> 2011 Mississippi floods : instance of : floodway easements </s><s> 2011 floods : instance of : flood </s><s> 2011 floods : instance of : floods </s> | Over the past century, the federal government has undertaken a number of civil works projects to prevent widespread damage from flooding of various waterways. These flood control projects generally have been designed and constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). Despite the existence of these flood control structures, floods have caused major damage to various regions of the country. Hurricane Katrina was the most costly natural disaster ever to hit the United States. Striking land in August 2005 as a Category 3 hurricane, Hurricane Katrina left 80% of New Orleans under water. Since Katrina, a number of major floods in the midwestern states have caused significant damage. In particular, heightened flows of the Mississippi River in 2011 have resulted in historic flooding and controversy over the use of floodways to redirect floodwaters. In the wake of these floods, the issue of federal liability for flood damage is receiving attention in the media and in Congress.
The costly and unprecedented nature of recent flood damage has led to an upsurge in litigation over flood damage liability. Some lawsuits filed against the federal government, particularly after Katrina, assert government liability for damages resulting from the failure of levees and floodwalls designed and constructed by the Corps. Other lawsuits claim federal liability for damages resulting from the Corps' decision to activate floodways during the 2011 Mississippi River flooding.
The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) and the Flood Control Act of 1928 (FCA) may protect the government from liability for some flood-related claims. Under the FTCA, the federal government is exempt from liability for discretionary actions. Under the FCA, the government cannot be sued for damages resulting from federally supported damage reduction projects or floodwaters.
This report examines federal liability for flood damage and analyzes legal defenses available to the federal government. Specifically, it provides an overview of the discretionary function exemption under the FTCA and immunity under the FCA as applied to Corps projects. The report also considers the Corps' potential liability for damages caused by levee failure during Hurricane Katrina and the activation of floodways during the 2011 Mississippi flooding. |
crs_R43538 | crs_R43538_0 | <s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Civil Rights Division : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Civil Rights Division </s><s> Civil Rights Division : part of : Department of Justice </s><s> Wisconsin Supreme Court : applies to jurisdiction : Wisconsin </s><s> Milwaukee County Circuit Court : located in the administrative territorial entity : Wisconsin </s><s> Milwaukee County Circuit Court : located in the administrative territorial entity : Milwaukee County </s><s> American Bar Association : instance of : professional organization </s><s> American Bar Association : instance of : professional organizations </s><s> Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary : part of : American Bar Association </s><s> career : instance of : professional </s><s> law : studied by : field of law </s><s> career experiences : instance of : professional or career </s><s> law professor : subclass of : attorney </s><s> government attorney : subclass of : law professor </s><s> government attorney : different from : law professor </s><s> law professor : different from : government attorney </s><s> private practice : practiced by : attorney </s><s> Internal Revenue Service : field of work : federal tax code </s><s> attorney : field of this occupation : private practice </s><s> career experiences : facet of : jurists </s><s> career : practiced by : jurists </s><s> jurists : field of this occupation : career </s><s> type of judicial experience : subclass of : judicial experience </s><s> type of judicial experience : facet of : judicial experience </s><s> private practice : subclass of : judicial experience </s><s> Most Common Types of Professional Experiences : part of : Figure 1 </s><s> Figure 1 : has part : Most Common Types of Professional Experiences </s><s> Most Common Types of Professional Experiences : published in : Figure 1 </s><s> attorney in private practice : subclass of : private practice </s><s> federal judge : different from : state judge </s><s> state judge : different from : federal judge </s><s> state judge : subclass of : federal judge </s><s> 9 years of experience : followed by : 10 years of experience </s><s> 9 years of experience : different from : 5 years of experience </s><s> 5 to 9 years of experience : instance of : 5 years of experience </s><s> Professional Position Immediately Prior to Appointment : instance of : position </s><s> Professional Position Immediately Prior to Appointment : instance of : position or occupation </s><s> attorneys : instance of : occupation </s><s> Theodore Roosevelt : position held : presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : father : Theodore Roosevelt </s><s> Theodore Roosevelt : position held : seven presidencies </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : seven presidencies </s><s> circuit court : subclass of : courts of appeals </s><s> Eisenhower : instance of : circuit court </s><s> Johnson : instance of : circuit court </s><s> federal courts of appeals bench : appointed by : president </s><s> private practice : practiced by : attorneys </s><s> Department of Justice : instance of : private practice </s><s> Department of Justice : country : U.S. </s><s> Department of Justice : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> private practice : instance of : occupations </s><s> Attorney : subclass of : lawyer </s><s> law professors : subclass of : attorneys </s><s> law professor : instance of : occupation </s><s> private practice : instance of : occupation </s><s> federal government : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> federal bench : appointed by : President </s> | This report provides an analysis of the professional qualifications and experiences of U.S. circuit court judges who are currently serving on the federal bench. Interest in the professional qualifications of those nominated to the federal judiciary has been demonstrated by Congress and others. Congressional interest in the professional experiences of those nominated by a President to the federal courts reflects, in part, the evaluative role of Congress in examining the qualifications of those who are nominated to life-tenure positions. Other organizations, such as the American Bar Association (ABA), also have an ongoing interest in the professional qualifications of those appointed to the federal judiciary. Additionally, scholars have demonstrated an interest in this topic by examining whether a relationship exists between the professional or career experiences of judges and judicial decision making.
The analysis in this report focuses on the professional experiences of 163 active U.S. circuit court judges who were serving as of February 1, 2014. Active judges are those who have not taken senior status, retired, or resigned. Consequently, the statistics provided do not necessarily reflect all circuit court judges who are sitting on the bench (which include judges who have assumed senior status).
Some of this report's findings include the following:
A majority, 54.6%, of active circuit court judges had prior judicial experience at some point before being appointed as circuit court judges (and 45.4% had no such experience). Of the judges with prior judicial experience, 22.7% served solely as another type of federal judge (e.g., a U.S. district court judge), while 20.9% served solely as a state judge and another 11.0% had both prior federal and state judicial experience. A majority, 84.7%, of active circuit court judges had at least some prior experience as an attorney in private practice at some point prior to their appointment as a circuit judge. Of active circuit court judges with private practice experience, a plurality (26.4%) had 15 or more years of experience as an attorney in private practice. While 45.4% of active circuit judges do not have prior judicial experience, a much smaller percentage, 15.3%, have no prior experience in private practice. Circuit court judges without either prior judicial experience or experience as an attorney in private practice had other professional experiences such as working as an attorney for the federal government or as a law professor. Immediately prior to their appointment to the appellate bench, most circuit court judges were either serving as another type of judge or had been engaged in private practice for at least 10 years. Approximately half, 50.3%, of all active circuit judges were serving as another type of judge immediately prior to their appointment (i.e., serving as a district court judge, another type of federal judge such as a bankruptcy judge, or a state judge). Approximately one quarter, 25.8%, of active circuit court judges were working as attorneys in private practice immediately prior to being appointed as a circuit judge (with 22.1% having worked in private practice for 10 years or more). |
crs_RL33586 | crs_RL33586_0 | <s> computer : has part : software </s><s> software : part of : computer </s><s> computers : has part : software </s><s> software : part of : computers </s><s> software : part of : information technology </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : point in time : 1991 </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development : inception : 1991 </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : publication date : 1991 </s><s> NITRD : inception : September 1992 </s><s> National Coordinating Office : inception : September 1992 </s><s> NITRD Program : inception : September 1992 </s><s> Office of Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : White House </s><s> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy : subsidiary : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> Office on Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : White House </s><s> White House Office on Science and Technology Policy : parent organization : National Science and Technology Council </s><s> National Science and Technology Council : subsidiary : White House Office on Science and Technology Policy </s><s> NITRD budget : instance of : budget </s><s> NITRD budget : facet of : NITRD Program </s><s> NITRD budget : facet of : NITRD </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget : publisher : OMB </s><s> Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget : author : OMB </s><s> President's annual budget submission to Congress : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> High-Performance Computing Program Act of 1991 : point in time : 1991 </s><s> High-Performance Computing Program Act of 1991 : publication date : 1991 </s><s> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory : instance of : research and development laboratories </s><s> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory : instance of : research and development laboratory </s><s> NITRD Program : instance of : research and development laboratories </s><s> Computer Science and Telecommunications Board : parent organization : National Research Council </s><s> National Research Council : subsidiary : Computer Science and Telecommunications Board </s><s> Computer Science and Telecommunications Board : part of : National Research Council </s><s> 1960s : point in time : 1960 </s><s> (government-funded) research in the 1960s : point in time : 1960 </s><s> (government-funded) research : field of work : computing </s><s> open standard : opposite of : proprietary product </s><s> proprietary product : opposite of : open standard </s><s> open standard : opposite of : proprietary products </s><s> standards for instant messaging : instance of : common standard </s><s> standards for instant messaging : instance of : standard </s><s> standards for instant messaging : subclass of : common standard </s><s> NITRD Program : end time : 115 th Congress </s><s> NITRD Program : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> grid computing : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> grid computing : subclass of : supercomputing </s><s> grid computing : instance of : supercomputing </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : main subject : NITRD Program </s><s> High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 : instance of : P.L. </s><s> hardware : used by : software </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : follows : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : followed by : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : has part : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 : part of : Next Generation Internet Research Act of 1998 </s><s> America COMPETES Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> engineering : subclass of : science </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : parent organization : OSTP </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : inception : 2007 </s><s> networking : subclass of : systems </s><s> networking : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> networking systems : subclass of : high-performance computing </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act : main subject : congressional committees </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act : main subject : federal advisory committees </s><s> National High-Performance Computing Program : operator : DOE </s><s> Center for Communications Research : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> Centers for Communications Research : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> Centers for Communications Research : subclass of : nonprofit </s> | In the early 1990s, Congress recognized that several federal agencies had ongoing high-performance computing programs, but no central coordinating body existed to ensure long-term coordination and planning. To provide such a framework, Congress passed the High-Performance Computing and Communications Program Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194) to enhance the effectiveness of the various programs. In conjunction with the passage of the act, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released Grand Challenges: High-Performance Computing and Communications. That document outlined a research and development (R&D) strategy for high-performance computing and a framework for a multi-agency program, the High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program. The HPCC Program has evolved over time and is now called the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program to better reflect its expanded mission.
Current concerns are the role of the federal government in supporting information technology (IT) R&D and the level of funding to allot to it. Proponents of federal support of IT R&D assert that it has produced positive outcomes for the country and played a crucial role in supporting long-term research into fundamental aspects of computing. Such fundamentals provide broad practical benefits but generally take years to realize. Additionally, the unanticipated results of research are often as important as the anticipated results. Another aspect of government-funded IT research is that it often leads to open standards, something that many perceive as beneficial, encouraging deployment and further investment. Industry, on the other hand, is more inclined to invest in proprietary products and will diverge from a common standard when there is a potential competitive or financial advantage to do so. Proponents of government support believe that the outcomes achieved through the various funding programs create a synergistic environment in which both fundamental and application-driven research are conducted, benefitting government, industry, academia, and the public. Supporters also believe that such outcomes justify government's role in funding IT R&D as well as the growing budget for the NITRD Program. Critics assert that the government, through its funding mechanisms, may be picking "winners and losers" in technological development, a role more properly residing with the private sector. For example, the size of the NITRD Program may encourage industry to follow the government's lead on research directions rather than selecting those directions itself.
The President's FY2017 budget request for the NITRD Program was $4.54 billion and the FY2016 NITRD budget estimates totaled $4.49 billion. The FY2018 budget is not yet available. The NITRD budget is an aggregation of the IT R&D components of the individual budgets of NITRD participating agencies and is reported in the annual release of the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Supplement to the President's Budget. The NITRD budget is not a single, centralized source of funds that is allocated to individual agencies. Rather, it is calculated by aggregating the IT R&D components of the appropriations provided by Congress to each federal agency.
There has been no legislative activity related to the NITRD Program in the 115th Congress. |
crs_RL32551 | crs_RL32551_0 | <s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> United States : significant event : September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks </s><s> executive branch <subj>legislative branch : opposite of <triplet>legislative branch : </s><s> executive branch <subj>legislative branch : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : opposite of : legislative branch </s><s> legislative branch : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> Senate Governmental Affairs Committee : chairperson : Susan Collins </s><s> Susan Collins : member of : Senate Governmental Affairs Committee </s><s> Susan Collins : employer : Senate Governmental Affairs Committee </s><s> proposal : creator : 9/11 Commission </s><s> new presidential administration : participant : 9/11 Commission </s><s> proposal to institute a time-frame forSenate consideration of national security nominees : author : 9/11 Commission </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : ExecutiveSchedule </s><s> ExecutiveSchedule : has part : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : appointed by : President </s><s> Deputy Attorney General : part of : Executive Schedule </s><s> Deputy Attorney General : part of : Executive Schedule Level II </s><s> under secretary of State : part of : Executive Schedule </s><s> sense of the Senate : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> Defense Department : subsidiary : Homeland Security </s><s> Homeland Security : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> Clinton Administration : followed by : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : follows : Clinton Administration </s><s> Clinton Administration : replaced by : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : replaces : Clinton Administration </s><s> presidential election : country : United States </s><s> Presidential Appointment Initiative : country : United States </s><s> Presidential Appointment Initiative : facet of : presidential nominationsthrough the appointment process </s><s> Norman Ornstein : employer : Brookings Institution </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democrats </s><s> Democrats : opposite of : Republicans </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President of the United States </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> President : part of : executive agencies </s><s> executive agencies : has part : President </s><s> Under Secretary for Policy : part of : Defense Department </s><s> Bush Administration <subj>Clinton Administration : follows : </s><s> Clinton Administration : followed by : BushAdministration </s><s> BushAdministration : follows : Clinton Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Clinton Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Clinton Administration's </s><s> Clinton Administration : follows : previous administration </s><s> previous administration : followed by : Clinton Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : followed by : Clinton Administration </s><s> Clinton Administration : follows : Bush Administration </s><s> advice and consent : part of : Constitution </s><s> Advice and Consent : instance of : providingadvice and consent </s><s> Advice and Consent : part of : Constitution </s><s> President : appointed by : Senate </s><s> executive control : opposite of : legislative </s><s> Philadelphia convention : office contested : President </s><s> Article II of theConstitution : part of : Constitution </s><s> Article II : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article II </s><s> Article I : followed by : ArticleII </s><s> Article I : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article I </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> lobbying : facet of : manipulation of the press </s><s> lobbying : subclass of : lobbying </s><s> lobbying : has part : manipulation of the press </s><s> Nolan McCarty : field of work : political scientists </s><s> Rose Razaghian : field of work : political scientists </s><s> Nolan McCarty : field of work : political scientist </s><s> National Security Team : appointed by : President </s><s> National Security Team : has cause : 9/11 Commission </s><s> National Security Team : creator : 9/11 Commission </s><s> sworn into office : participant : President </s><s> ratified : subclass of : treaties </s><s> President : part of : executive business of the Senate </s><s> markup : subclass of : hearing </s><s> Executive Calendar : instance of : calendar </s><s> markup : instance of : hearing </s><s> unanimous consent : subclass of : move </s><s> executive session : part of : Senate </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senate </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : extended debate </s><s> filibuster : uses : extended debate </s><s> filibuster : instance of : extended debate </s><s> President : facet of : separation-of-powers </s><s> government shutdown : number of participants : 9 </s><s> government shutdown : facet of : budget </s><s> motion to discharge : subclass of : nomination </s><s> 9/11 Commission's Recommendation : author : 9/11 Commission </s><s> Secretary of Defense : different from : Secretary of State </s><s> Committee of jurisdiction : subclass of : committee </s><s> Secretary of Defense : subclass of : Senate confirmation hearings </s><s> 1970 Legislative Reorganization Act : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act : point in time : 1970 </s><s> 1970 Legislative Reorganization Act : publication date : 1970 </s><s> Committee : part of : House </s><s> 9/11 Commission : has effect : 9/11 Commission's proposal </s><s> 9/11 Commission's proposal : part of : 9/11 Commission </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : delayed by a filibuster </s><s> Holds and filibusters : subclass of : filibuster </s><s> Holds and filibusters : subclass of : negative power </s><s> Hold and filibuster : subclass of : negative power </s><s> ratification : subclass of : passage of piece oflegislation </s><s> ratification : subclass of : ratification </s><s> ratification of a treaty : subclass of : passage of piece oflegislation </s><s> Christopher : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Christopher H. Ornstein : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair has noted : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Barbara Sinclair : occupation : political scientist </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : unlimiteddebate </s><s> filibuster : facet of : unlimiteddebate </s><s> filibuster : uses : unlimiteddebate </s><s> cloture : use : end debate </s><s> cloture : part of : Senate </s><s> cloture : part of : procedure </s><s> Constitution : main subject : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Constitution : country : our </s><s> Brannon P. Denning : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Senate rules and procedures : instance of : raisond'etre </s><s> Brannon P. Denning : occupation : Political scientist </s><s> House : subclass of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> House : part of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Senate : part of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Senate : subclass of : parliamentary procedure </s><s> Trade Act of 1974 : point in time : 1974 </s><s> Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Senate : instance of : full chamber </s><s> full chamber : has part : Senate </s><s> 9/11 Commission : notable work : 9/11Commission's recommendations </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : motion to do so </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : executive session </s><s> filibuster : uses : motion to do so </s><s> Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacyand Public Affairs : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> National Security Team : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacyand Public Affairs : applies to jurisdiction : Bush Administration </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Secretary of Defense </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Secretary of State </s><s> National Security Team : has part : Attorney General </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : National Security Team </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : National Security Team </s><s> Attorney General : part of : National Security Team </s><s> up or down vote : subclass of : motion </s><s> National Security Team : founded by : 9/11 Commission </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senate as abody </s><s> Senate : office held by head of the organization : majority leader </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : opposite of : filibuster </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : different from : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : different from : unanimous consent agreement </s><s> cloture : part of : procedural </s><s> cloture : subclass of : procedural </s><s> specialconstitutional prerogatives : has part : Senate rules </s><s> cloture : opposite of : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : used by : invoke cloture </s><s> invoke cloture : uses : filibuster </s><s> filibuster : uses : invoke cloture </s><s> invoke cloture : used by : filibuster </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : instance of : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> Unanimous consent agreement : different from : unanimous consentagreement </s><s> unanimous consentagreement : different from : Unanimous consent agreement </s><s> cloture : subclass of : rule </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : inception : 94th Congress </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : rule </s><s> executive branch : opposite of : legislative branches </s><s> legislative branches : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> public policy : subclass of : legislative policymaking </s><s> legislative policymaking : subclass of : public policy </s><s> public policy : part of : legislative policymaking </s><s> Roger Taney : position held : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Andrew Johnson : position held : President </s><s> separation of powers : facet of : Constitution </s><s> separation of powers : creator : framersof the Constitution </s><s> separation of powers : part of : Constitution </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : Member of Congress </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : judge </s><s> AbnerMikva : position held : Judge </s><s> Learned Hand : employer : Supreme Court </s><s> Learned Hand : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Learned Hand : member of : Supreme Court </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> extra-constitutional : part of : constitutional </s><s> extra-constitutional : subclass of : constitutional </s><s> executive : opposite of : legislativebranches </s><s> legislativebranches : opposite of : executive </s><s> branch : part of : executive </s><s> Burdett Loomis : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Burdett Loomis : field of work : political scientist </s><s> Christopher J. Deering : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Christopher J. Deering : field of work : political scientist </s><s> politics : studied by : Political scientist </s><s> policy-making : part of : politics </s><s> policy-making : facet of : politics </s><s> White House : part of : presidential administrations </s><s> White House aides : part of : presidential administrations </s><s> confirmation hearings : part of : appointment process </s><s> executive : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> legislative : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> legislative branch : instance of : branches ofgovernment </s><s> 9/11 Commission : chairperson : Arlen Specter </s><s> 9/11 Commission : participant : Arlen Specter </s><s> Bush Administration : follows : ClintonAdministration </s><s> Bill Frist : position held : Senate Majority Leader </s><s> Bill Frist : position held : President </s><s> cloture motion : legislated by : Senate </s><s> cloture motion : used by : majority ofthe chamber </s><s> majority ofthe chamber : uses : cloture motion </s><s> motion to proceed to consider a nomination : different from : motion to proceed to consider legislation </s><s> motion to proceed to consider legislation : different from : motion to proceed to consider a nomination </s><s> TwoSpeech Rule : different from : Two Speech Rule </s><s> Two Speech Rule : different from : TwoSpeech Rule </s><s> TwoSpeech Rule : instance of : procedure to limit debate </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : debate </s><s> Senate leaders : part of : Senate </s><s> quorum calls : subclass of : debate </s><s> time limit : facet of : presidential nomination </s><s> Executive business session : part of : Senate </s><s> Initial Appointments by President George W. Bush : part of : Table 1 </s><s> Initial Appointments by President George W. Bush to Top Positions at the Departments of Defense,Homeland Security, Justice, and State : part of : Table 1 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : inception : 11/25/02 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : inception : 12/02/02 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 11/25/02 </s><s> Inauguration Day : office contested : President </s><s> Inauguration Day : participant : President Bush </s><s> 901(a) : point in time : 12/02/02 </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : U.S. President </s><s> Departmentof Homeland Security : subsidiary : Office of the Deputy Secretary </s><s> Office of the Deputy Secretary : parent organization : Departmentof Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Senate Rule XXXI : part of : Standing Rules of the Senate </s><s> Standing Rules of the Senate : has part : Senate Rule XXXI </s><s> John Gordon : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Stuart Eizenstat : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> John M. Deutch : employer : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management : inception : 10/11/96 </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence : subsidiary : Community Management </s><s> Community Management : parent organization : Deputy Director of Central Intelligence </s><s> Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Community Management : parent organization : CIA </s><s> 105th Congress : start time : 01/27/98 </s><s> William J. Clinton : position held : President </s><s> 105th Congress : end time : 01/27/98 </s><s> Inauguration Day : point in time : 08/7/93 </s><s> Inauguration Day : point in time : 09/07/93 </s><s> William S. Sessions : significant event : Inauguration Day </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> John M. Wirth : position held : under secretaryof State for global affairs </s><s> John M. Wirth : position held : secretaryof State for global affairs </s><s> The Senate adjourn : point in time : 10/21/98 </s><s> The Senate adjourn : point in time : 10/11/96 </s><s> The Senate adjourn : end time : 10/21/98 </s> | On July 22, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,known as the 9/11 Commission, issued its final report, detailing the events up to and including theSeptember 11, 2001 terrorist attacks upon the United States. The report contained 41recommendations on ways to prevent future catastrophic assaults, including a series of proposalsdesigned to improve the presidential appointments process as it relates to the top national securityofficials at the beginning of a new administration. On October 6, the Senate passed legislation( S. 2845 ) to implement many of the changes recommended by the 9/11 Commission. The House on October 8 passed its version of the legislation ( H.R. 10 ). The Presidentsigned the final version of the bill on December 17, 2004 ( P.L. 108-458 ). Two other measuresdealing with the 9/11 Commission's recommendations ( S. 2774 and H.R. 5040 ) were introduced in early September.
The 9/11 Commission recommended that the Senate adopt rules requiring hearings and votesto confirm or reject national security nominees within 30 days of their submission at the start of eachnew presidential administration. Implicit in the proposal is the assumption that there is a problemwith the process for nominating and confirming presidential appointees. Analysis of Senateconsideration of the initial nominations by Presidents William J. Clinton and George W. Bush to theposts covered by the recommendation shows that the commission's proposed timetable was not metin 14 of the 49 cases, suggesting this is an issue in a minority of cases.
The Constitution gives the Senate a role in the presidential appointments process, but theparameters of that role have never been clearly defined. The current process is regulated by amixture of formal rules and informal customs, as well as by political interactions between thePresident and Senators. Implementing the commission's proposal would presumably requireinstituting procedures that guarantee committee consideration of each nomination, at least at ahearing, and a final vote on each by the full Senate. Changes of this kind would involve newrestrictions on both the power of committee chairs to control the agenda of their committees and therights of Senators to delay or block nominations through holds and extended debate. These changeswould likely also alter the relationship between the legislative and executive branches, weakeningthe negotiating posture of the Senate in relation to the President, particularly if they were to beextended to additional nominations.
Procedures adequate to implement the commission's recommendation would resemble anexpedited procedure, such as those used in resolutions of approval and disapproval of executiveactions. Procedural changes of this kind could be achieved by amending the Standing Rules of theSenate, changing the Standing Orders of the Senate, passing a Constitutional Amendment enactingan expedited procedures statute, or reaching a unanimous consent agreement.
This report will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_R44939 | crs_R44939_0 | <s> electric grid : has part : transmission line </s><s> U.S. energy pipeline network : product or material produced : natural gas </s><s> electric grid : has part : transmission lines </s><s> cyber threats against energy infrastructure : subclass of : cyberattack </s><s> cyber threats against energy infrastructure : subclass of : cyber attack </s><s> power grid : subclass of : critical infrastructure </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : industry : energy sector </s><s> national laboratories : parent organization : DOE </s><s> DHS : country : United States </s><s> DHS : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Federal security officials : country : United States </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : Cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity risks : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> terrorism : practiced by : terrorist organizations </s><s> terrorist organizations : field of this occupation : terrorism </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : part of : Industrial Control System </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : use : industrial control system </s><s> Supervisory control and data acquisition : subclass of : industrial control system </s><s> wireless communications : part of : Internet </s><s> satellite : subclass of : wireless communications </s><s> microwave : subclass of : wireless communications </s><s> computer network : subclass of : communications </s><s> Internet-based control system : subclass of : computer network </s><s> computer network : use : communications </s><s> vulnerabilities : has effect : cyberattack </s><s> vulnerabilities : use : cyberattack </s><s> malicious software : use : cyberattack </s><s> Trojan horse : subclass of : virus </s><s> worm : subclass of : virus </s><s> Trojan horse : subclass of : worm </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : destructive malware </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : malicious software </s><s> CrashOverride : instance of : harmful software (malware) </s><s> Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team </s><s> Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team : part of : DHS </s><s> Stuxnet : instance of : computer worm </s><s> Stuxnet : subclass of : computer worm </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : author : Clinton Administration </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : publication date : 1998 </s><s> Presidential Decision Directive 63 : inception : 1998 </s><s> pipelines : part of : transportation </s><s> pipeline : part of : transportation </s><s> oil : subclass of : energy </s><s> vulnerability assessment : part of : risk management </s><s> vulnerability assessment : facet of : risk management </s><s> vulnerability assessment : subclass of : risk management </s><s> Electricity Modernization Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Natural Gas Act : has part : P.L.75-688 </s><s> Natural Gas Act : main subject : natural gas </s><s> P.L.75-688 : part of : Natural Gas Act </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : publication date : 2013 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 21 : inception : 2013 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : inception : May 11, 2017 </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : publication date : May 11, 2017 </s><s> Executive Order 13800 : point in time : May 11, 2017 </s><s> FAST Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> DHS : parent organization : DOE </s><s> FAST Act directive : instance of : presidential directive </s><s> National Plan for Information Systems Protection : inception : 2000 </s><s> National Plan for Information Systems Protection : publication date : 2000 </s><s> energy delivery cybersecurity program : inception : 2000 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : point in time : 2003 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : publication date : 2003 </s><s> National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace : inception : 2003 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : publication date : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : inception : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : publication date : 2011 </s><s> 2006 Roadmap : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 report : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 report : publication date : 2006 </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : energy </s><s> pipelines : part of : oil and natural gas </s><s> pipelines : part of : oil and natural gas sector </s><s> pipelines : product or material produced : oil </s><s> critical infrastructure : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : electric power </s><s> nuclear power : different from : nuclear power facilities </s><s> nuclear power facilities : different from : nuclear power </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : main subject : energy sector </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : author : Energy Government Coordinating Council </s><s> National Infrastructure Protection Plan : creator : Energy Government Coordinating Council </s><s> National Institute of Standards and Technology : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Cybersecurity Framework : developer : National Institute of Standards and Technology </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : member of : Electric Reliability Organization </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : instance of : ERO </s><s> North American Electric Reliability Corporation : instance of : Electric Reliability Organization </s><s> terror attacks of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terror attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorism : has part : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : has effect : terrorism </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : inception : 2001 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : parent organization : Homeland Security Act of 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : subsidiary : Transportation Security Administration </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Department of Transportation : country : United States </s><s> Department of Transportation : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> natural gas : country : United States </s><s> Department of Transportation : subsidiary : Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration </s><s> Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : parent organization : Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy </s><s> Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy : subsidiary : Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability </s><s> Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability : part of : Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Energy </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : inception : 2011 </s><s> Roadmap to Achieve Energy Delivery Systems Cybersecurity : point in time : 2011 </s><s> cybersecurity preparedness : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> detect risks : subclass of : risk analysis </s><s> cyber incident response and recovery : subclass of : cybersecurity preparedness </s><s> Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center : instance of : public-private partnership </s><s> Cybersecurity Risk Information Sharing Program : operator : Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center </s><s> natural gas : instance of : energy sector </s><s> oil and natural gas sector : instance of : energy sector </s><s> oil : instance of : energy sector </s><s> C2M2 : publication date : 2012 </s><s> NIST Cybersecurity Framework : part of : NIST Framework </s><s> C2M2 model : publication date : 2012 </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigation : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 41 : main subject : cyber incident </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Federal Bureau of Investigation </s><s> National Security Council : has part : Intelligence Community </s><s> National Security Council : subsidiary : Intelligence Community </s><s> National Response Framework : author : National Security Council </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center : parent organization : DHS </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center : parent organization : DHS's </s><s> National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) : parent organization : DHS </s><s> 9/11 Commission Act of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> 9/11 Commission Act : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Act of 2001 : main subject : 9/11 Commission </s><s> research, development, and demonstration : subclass of : research </s><s> research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) : subclass of : research </s><s> research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program : subclass of : research </s><s> Idaho National Laboratory : instance of : national laboratories </s><s> Sandia National Laboratories : instance of : national laboratories </s><s> National SCADA Test Bed : operator : Idaho National Laboratory </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Science and Technology </s><s> Science and Technology : parent organization : DHS </s><s> cyber security : studies : cyber threats </s><s> cyber threats : studied by : cyber security </s><s> hardware : used by : software </s><s> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity : subclass of : cyber </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : cyber </s><s> smart grid : facet of : electric power </s><s> Energy SSA : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Energy SSA : part of : DOE </s><s> Safe Active Scanning for Energy Delivery Systems : developer : Energy SSA </s><s> San Diego Gas & Electric : instance of : utility </s><s> San Diego Gas & Electric : instance of : utility company </s><s> oil and gas : has part : pipelines </s><s> cybersecurity : instance of : agencies </s><s> FERC : subsidiary : TSA </s><s> TSA : parent organization : FERC </s><s> Grid Ex III : organizer : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> Grid Ex III : participant : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> Grid Ex III : operator : North American Electric Reliability Corporation </s><s> 2010 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report : publication date : 2010 </s><s> DHS : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> NSTB : subsidiary : NSTB </s><s> NSTB : parent organization : NSTB </s><s> NSTB : part of : NSTB </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : point in time : July 27, 2017 </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : publication date : July 27, 2017 </s><s> Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 : point in time : 2018 </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 : instance of : Senate bill </s><s> cyber vulnerabilities : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> cyber vulnerabilities : facet of : security </s><s> critical infrastructure : subclass of : energy infrastructure </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : part of : DOE </s><s> Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center : industry : energy sector </s><s> cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Security Planning and Emergency Preparedness Act of 2017 : instance of : H.R. 3050 </s><s> cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure : subclass of : cybersecurity </s><s> Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems : parent organization : OE </s><s> Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems : part of : OE </s><s> cybersecurity : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity : studied by : cybersecurity </s><s> cybersecurity budget : subclass of : appropriations bill </s><s> cyber : subclass of : physical attacks </s><s> physical attacks : subclass of : cyber </s><s> Comptroller General : different from : Inspector General </s><s> Comptroller General : instance of : agency </s><s> Comptroller General : different from : IG </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review : publisher : DOE </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review : publisher : DOE's </s><s> Quadrennial Energy Review (QER) : publisher : DOE </s><s> Executive Order 13636 : author : DHS </s><s> cybersecurity protection : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Executive Order 13636 : main subject : DHS </s><s> cyberattack : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> natural gas : different from : electric </s><s> cybersecurity : has cause : cyberattack </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : TSA </s><s> TSA : parent organization : DHS </s><s> pipelines : subclass of : energy infrastructure </s><s> oil : different from : natural gas </s><s> electricity : instance of : energy infrastructure </s><s> oil : instance of : energy infrastructure </s><s> natural gas : instance of : energy infrastructure </s> | While physical threats to the U.S. power grid and pipelines have long worried policymakers, cyber threats to the computer systems that operate this critical infrastructure are an increasing concern. Cybersecurity risks against the power and pipeline sectors are similar, as both use similar control systems, and there appears to be a broad consensus that cyber threats to this infrastructure are on the rise. Furthermore, with ever-greater physical interdependency between electricity generators and the natural gas pipelines that supply their fuel, many in Congress recognize that grid and pipeline cybersecurity are intertwined. In 2015, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (the FAST Act) provided the Secretary of Energy with new authority to protect or restore the power grid during a grid security emergency, including a cyber incident. Congress is considering additional legislation to fund and expand the Department of Energy's cybersecurity programs.
The Department of Energy (DOE) is the lead agency for the protection of electric power, oil, and natural gas infrastructure—cooperating with the Department of Homeland Security, the lead agency for pipelines. DOE's cybersecurity activities are led by its Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) and structured around three areas: (1) cybersecurity preparedness, (2) cyber incident response and recovery, and (3) research, development, and demonstration. Although nominally applicable to energy delivery systems across the electric power, oil and natural gas, and pipeline sectors, OE's cybersecurity activities to date appear to have been focused primarily on the grid. Publicly available examples of DOE-supported activities specifically focused on pipeline cybersecurity are limited. Rather, pipeline cybersecurity efforts appear to be included as part of broader national cybersecurity efforts.
Several bills potentially affecting DOE's cybersecurity activities for power grid and pipeline infrastructure have been introduced in the 115th Congress. These include the Defense, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Legislative Branch, and Energy and Water Development National Security Appropriations Act, 2018 (H.R. 3219) and the Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2018 (S. 1609), both of which would modestly increase funding for OE in FY2018. The Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 (S. 1460) would establish and fund a DOE program for energy sector cybersecurity research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to be carried out for advanced applications to identify and mitigate cyber vulnerabilities. The Enhancing State Energy Security Planning and Emergency Preparedness Act of 2017 (H.R. 3050) would authorize DOE to provide financial and technical assistance to states for assessing cybersecurity threats to energy infrastructure.
As federal cybersecurity oversight and legislative debate continue, Congress may focus on several key issues. Given the ever-changing cybersecurity environment in the energy sector, Congress may continue to examine OE's cybersecurity resources to ensure that they are adequate and being deployed appropriately to address the most important energy delivery risks. Congress may also seek a more-informed basis for considering whether to adjust the provisions of the FAST Act or clarify the authorizations it contains. How OE's programs and expertise could best be used to inform analysis of electric power and natural gas infrastructure interdependency from a cybersecurity perspective may also be of interest to Congress. Finally, Congress may examine how OE's cybersecurity activities fit in, and coordinate with, the other various roles in energy cybersecurity for electricity, oil and natural gas pipelines. In particular, Congress may examine how OE's RD&D programs and work with the National Labs in electric power sector cybersecurity supports federal and private sector efforts in pipeline cybersecurity. |
crs_RL34269 | crs_RL34269_0 | <s> Federal Communications Commission : parent organization : U.S. Congress </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : Diversity of viewpoint </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : diversity of broadcast station ownership </s><s> broadcast : subclass of : telecommunications </s><s> Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : legislated by : FCC </s><s> Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : author : FCC </s><s> §1071 : part of : Internal Revenue Code </s><s> §1071 : part of : Internal Revenue Code (IRC) </s><s> 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Aleut : subclass of : American Indian </s><s> American Eskimo : subclass of : American Indian </s><s> Aleut : subclass of : Asiatic American </s><s> IRC : legislated by : Congress </s><s> IRC §1071 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> IRC §1071 : legislated by : FCC </s><s> Adarand Construction v. Peña : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : publication date : August 1, 2007 </s><s> Adarand Construction v. Peña : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> Small Business Administration : field of work : small business </s><s> new rules : publication date : December 18, 2007 </s><s> Socially Disadvantaged Businesses : subclass of : small business </s><s> Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : point in time : May of 2009 </s><s> Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : publication date : May of 2009 </s><s> Fourth : subclass of : Notice of Proposed Rulemaking </s><s> Adarand : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Fifth </s><s> Fourteenth Amendments : has part : Fifth </s><s> discrimination based on race : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> marketplace of ideas : has part : viewpoint diversity </s><s> marketplace of ideas : has part : viewpoints </s><s> Metro Broadcasting v. FCC : court : Supreme Court </s><s> intermediate scrutiny : opposite of : strict scrutiny </s><s> Metro Broadcasting v. FCC : main subject : intermediate scrutiny </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : spectrum </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : scarce </s><s> electromagnetic spectrum : instance of : scarcity </s><s> First Amendment : main subject : Congress </s><s> First Amendment : has part : diversity of viewpoints on the broadcast airwaves </s><s> First Amendment : has part : diversity of viewpoints </s><s> Adarand : main subject : strict scrutiny </s><s> Adarand : court : Court </s><s> Grutter v. Bollinger : main subject : Grutter </s><s> Grutter v. Bollinger : has effect : Grutter </s><s> Grutter : has effect : Grutter v. Bollinger </s><s> Regents of University of California v. Bakke : main subject : First Amendment </s><s> Regents of University of California v. Bakke : facet of : First Amendment </s><s> strict scrutiny : facet of : compelling interest </s><s> student body diversity : instance of : educational benefits </s><s> student body diversity : has effect : educational benefits </s><s> student body diversity : instance of : educational benefits that diversity provided </s><s> freedom of speech : has part : First Amendment </s><s> First Amendment : has part : freedom of speech </s><s> freedom of speech : part of : First Amendment </s><s> Metro Broadcasting : court : Supreme Court </s><s> race : different from : ethnic background </s><s> ethnic background : different from : race </s><s> Metro Broadcasting : instance of : ownership </s><s> underrepresented in broadcast viewpoint : facet of : diversity of broadcast viewpoint </s><s> underrepresented in broadcast viewpoint : subclass of : diversity of broadcast viewpoint </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : facet of : viewpoint </s><s> ownership policies : facet of : broadcast property </s><s> diversity of viewpoint : subclass of : viewpoint </s><s> diversity among broadcast property owners : facet of : diversity </s><s> diversity among broadcast property owners : facet of : diversity of broadcast programming </s><s> deference accorded to Congress's fact finding : facet of : Congress </s><s> Grutter : court : Court </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court of the United States </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court of Canada </s><s> higher education cases : has part : dissent in Metro Broadcasting </s><s> dissent in Metro Broadcasting : part of : higher education cases </s><s> struck down : court : Supreme Court </s><s> struck down by the Supreme Court : main subject : school admissions policy </s><s> minorities : instance of : racial group </s><s> Grutter : main subject : Equal Protection Clause </s><s> Grutter : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Grutter : facet of : Equal Protection Clause </s><s> student body diversity : facet of : diversity </s><s> student body diversity : subclass of : diversity </s><s> diversity of broadcast ownership : facet of : constitutional concerns </s><s> Grutter : main subject : admissions preferences </s><s> Grutter : main subject : admissions preference </s><s> Grutter : has effect : admissions preferences </s> | Amidst growing media ownership consolidation and a significant decline in minority ownership of telecommunications businesses, there has been renewed interest in programs that foster diversity among telecommunications business owners. One potential avenue under consideration is to revive, in revised fashion, a tax program that would allow current owners who sell their broadcast properties to eligible purchasers to defer taxes on gains from the sale. That program had been available for sales to minority-owned firms, defined as socially and economically disadvantaged businesses (SDBs). It was abolished by Congress in 1995 amidst allegations of abuse. In that same year, the Supreme Court held that all government race-based classifications must meet the most exacting standard of review applied by the Court, meaning that all racial classifications must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. To the extent that legislation or FCC programs seek to increase racial and ethnic minority ownership of broadcast stations, they are likely to be subjected to intense scrutiny if challenged in court. The analysis that may be conducted is discussed in detail in this report. |
crs_R40498 | crs_R40498_0 | <s> Fannie Mae : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Freddie Mac : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation : instance of : government sponsored entities </s><s> Securities Act of 1933 : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Securities Exchange Act of 1934 : point in time : 1934 </s><s> Securities Act of 1933 : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Securities Exchange Act of 1934 : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Exchange Act of 1934 : point in time : 1934 </s><s> Securities Act : main subject : Securities and Exchange Commission </s><s> Exchange Act of 1934 : instance of : Securities Act </s><s> prospectus : use : offer to sell </s><s> prospectus : part of : Securities Act </s><s> prospectus : part of : offer to sell </s><s> prospectuses : subclass of : registration statements </s><s> prospectuses : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> prospectus : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> MBS : subclass of : securities </s><s> private label MBS : subclass of : securities </s><s> Form S-1 : instance of : registration statement </s><s> Section 15(d) : part of : Exchange Act </s><s> MBS registration statement : subclass of : registration </s><s> Section 12(b) : part of : Exchange Act </s><s> MBS : subclass of : non-convertible security </s><s> non-convertible security : subclass of : MBS </s><s> non-convertible security : subclass of : securities </s><s> Form S- : use : registration </s><s> Form S- : subclass of : registration </s><s> Form S- : instance of : registration </s><s> Shelf-registration : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> Form S-1 : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> Mortgage related securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> Mortgage related securities : subclass of : MBS </s><s> registration statement : authority : SEC </s><s> registration statement : author : SEC </s><s> post-effective amendment : subclass of : registration statement </s><s> securitized pool : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> MBS : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> securitized : subclass of : securities </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> credit enhancement : subclass of : asset-backed securities </s><s> credit enhancement : facet of : asset-backed securities </s><s> private placement offerings : opposite of : public offering </s><s> Regulation D : part of : Rules 501 </s><s> Rule 504 : legislated by : SEC </s><s> Regulation D : part of : SEC </s><s> Regulation D : legislated by : SEC </s><s> Rule 502 : instance of : exemption from registration </s><s> Rule 502 : instance of : exemption from registration for MBSs </s><s> Rule 502 : subclass of : registration </s><s> Rule 502 : part of : Securities Act </s><s> risks : subclass of : merits </s><s> Section 4(6) of the Securities Act : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Securities Act : has part : Section 4(6) of the Securities Act </s><s> Regulation D : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Regulation D : participant : Commission of the sale </s><s> Regulation D : has part : Commission of the sale </s><s> Rule 144A : instance of : QIBs </s><s> Rule 144A : instance of : QIB </s><s> Rule 144A : subclass of : QIBs </s><s> private right of action : subclass of : causes of action </s><s> Private Rights of Action Under the Securities Act : part of : Securities Act </s><s> effective registration statement : facet of : registration </s><s> effective registration statement : use : registration </s><s> effective registration statement : main subject : registration </s><s> Section 11 : facet of : lawsuits </s><s> Section 11 of the Section 11 of the MBSs : facet of : lawsuits </s><s> Section 11 of the Section 11 of the MBSs : main subject : MBS </s><s> underwriting standards : part of : offering documents </s><s> underwriting standards : facet of : offering documents </s><s> underwriting : part of : offering documents </s><s> Section 11 : main subject : liability </s><s> accounting : has part : auditing </s><s> auditing : part of : accounting </s><s> due diligence defense : facet of : due diligence </s><s> due diligence defense : uses : due investigation </s><s> due diligence defense : has part : due investigation </s><s> Section 12 : main subject : Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications </s><s> Section 12 : facet of : Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications </s><s> Section 12 Civil Liability Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications : facet of : MBS </s><s> prospectus : facet of : selling securities </s><s> prospectus : main subject : selling securities </s><s> prospectus : part of : offering </s><s> public offerings : opposite of : private placements </s><s> public offering : opposite of : private placements </s><s> public offering : different from : private placements </s><s> private placements : different from : public offerings </s><s> stock ownership : subclass of : arrangement </s><s> stock ownership : instance of : arrangement </s><s> Stock ownership : subclass of : arrangement </s><s> Issuer : field of this occupation : offering </s><s> offering : practiced by : Issuer </s><s> Issuer : product or material produced : MBS </s><s> offer or sale : product or material produced : securities </s><s> Rule 10b- : part of : Securities Act </s><s> Rule 10b- : instance of : private right of action </s> | Mortgage-backed securities that are packaged and issued by private industry participants are required to comply with the Securities Act of 1933. Issuers of so-called private label mortgage-backed securities must either register these securities pursuant to the rules the Securities and Exchange Commission has set forth, or obtain an exemption from registration. Failure to register or fall under an exemption could result in liability for the issuer and other parties involved in the offering. Furthermore, material misstatements or omissions in the offering materials may also result in liability under the Securities Act. This report will provide an overview of the Securities Act of 1933 as it may be applied to mortgage-backed securities issued by private industry participants. |
crs_R44903 | crs_R44903_0 | <s> budget resolution for FY2017 : point in time : January 2017 </s><s> House : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate : has part : House </s><s> House Committee on Ways and Means : part of : House </s><s> House Committee on the Budget : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House Committee on Ways and Means </s><s> House : has part : Energy and Commerce Committee </s><s> Energy and Commerce Committee : part of : House </s><s> Committee on Ways and Means : part of : House </s><s> American Health Care Act : instance of : reconciliation bill </s><s> American Health Care Act : publication date : May 4, 2017 </s><s> American Health Care Act (AHCA) of 2017 : instance of : reconciliation bill </s><s> substitute : subclass of : amendment </s><s> substitute : instance of : amendment </s><s> substitute : subclass of : reconciliation bill </s><s> Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 : replaces : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : replaced by : Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 </s><s> Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> premium tax credit : instance of : premium tax credits </s><s> premium tax credit : instance of : premium tax credit </s><s> premium tax credit : facet of : premium tax credit </s><s> health insurance : facet of : health care </s><s> cost estimate for ORRA : author : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> cost estimate : publisher : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> BCRA : publication date : July 20, 2017 </s><s> version of the BCRA : publication date : July 20, 2017 </s><s> BCRA : point in time : July 20, 2017 </s><s> July 20, 2017, version of the BCRA : replaces : AHCA </s><s> AHCA : point in time : July 20, 2017 </s><s> AHCA : followed by : July 20, 2017, version of the BCRA </s><s> off-exchange plans : subclass of : health insurance exchange </s><s> off-exchange plans : subclass of : health insurance exchanges </s><s> off-exchange plan : subclass of : health insurance exchange </s><s> minimum value : subclass of : employer-sponsored coverage </s><s> Medicaid : subclass of : subsidized public coverage </s><s> Medicaid : different from : subsidized public coverage </s><s> modified adjusted gross income : subclass of : household income </s><s> modified adjusted gross income : instance of : household income </s><s> federal poverty level : subclass of : household income </s><s> Section 1412 : part of : ACA </s><s> higher-income persons : opposite of : lower-income individuals </s><s> lower-income individuals : opposite of : higher-income persons </s><s> 2018 : followed by : 2019 </s><s> 2019 : followed by : January 1, 2020 </s><s> December 31, 2017 : point in time : December 31, 2017 </s><s> rape : subclass of : abortion </s><s> rape : has effect : abortion </s><s> Small Business Tax Credit : instance of : small business health insurance tax credit </s><s> Small Business Tax Credit : instance of : health insurance tax credit </s><s> Small Business Tax Credit : instance of : tax credit </s><s> Small Business Health Options Program : inception : 2014 </s><s> Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange : inception : 2014 </s><s> 2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> 2017 : followed by : 2018 </s><s> abortions necessary to save the life of a mother : subclass of : abortions </s><s> 2018 : follows : 2017 </s><s> individual mandate : inception : 2014 </s><s> individual mandate : start time : 2014 </s><s> individual mandate : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Section 105 : part of : Section 104 </s><s> Section 104 : followed by : Section 105 </s><s> 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> health insurance exchange : part of : ACA </s><s> nonprofit organization : subclass of : government entities </s><s> health insurance exchange : facet of : health coverage </s><s> Planned Parenthood Federation of America : instance of : umbrella organization </s><s> health centers : affiliation : Planned Parenthood Federation of America </s><s> health centers : part of : health coverage </s><s> Medicaid : country : United States </s><s> federal grants : country : United States </s><s> Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : inception : 1985 </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : budget authority </s><s> SNAP : operator : Department of Agriculture </s><s> SNAP : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : SNAP </s><s> Hyde amendment : inception : 1976 </s><s> Hyde amendment : point in time : 1976 </s><s> Hyde amendment : part of : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of Justice </s><s> Medicaid freedom of choice of provider : instance of : programmatic rules </s><s> Medicaid freedom of choice of provider requirement : instance of : programmatic rules </s><s> Medicaid freedom of choice of provider : part of : Medicaid </s><s> reproductive health : subclass of : medical care </s><s> family planning : facet of : reproductive health </s><s> reproductive health : facet of : family planning </s><s> score of ORRA : maintained by : CBO </s><s> Planned Parenthood Federation of America : instance of : affiliates and clinics </s><s> Planned Parenthood Federation of America : instance of : affiliates </s><s> Section 107(1)(A) : part of : Medicaid </s><s> state law : applies to jurisdiction : States </s><s> Section 107(1)(A) : part of : Medicaid ACA </s><s> Medicaid ACA : has part : Section 107(1)(A) </s><s> ACA Medicaid Expansion : participant : Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services </s><s> ACA Medicaid Expansion : authority : Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services </s><s> Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services : field of work : Medicaid </s><s> National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius : publication date : June 28, 2012 </s><s> National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius : point in time : June 28, 2012 </s><s> National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius : court : U.S. Supreme Court </s><s> Medicaid expansion : part of : ACA </s><s> state option to extend coverage : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> state option to extend coverage to adults : part of : ACA Medicaid expansion </s><s> federal medical assistance percentage : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 107(2) and 107(3) </s><s> Section 107(2) and 107(3) : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> rules in place in their state on March 23, 2010 : point in time : March 23, 2010 </s><s> ACA expansion : start time : March 23, 2010 </s><s> rules in place in their state : start time : March 23, 2010 </s><s> Community First Choice : inception : July 1, 2011 </s><s> Community First Choice : has part : Community-based attendant services and supports </s><s> Community-based attendant services and supports : part of : Community First Choice </s><s> Community First Choice option : has part : Community-based attendant services and supports </s><s> Community-based attendant services and supports : part of : Community First Choice option </s><s> Community First Choice : inception : January 1, 2020 </s><s> Community First Choice option : inception : January 1, 2020 </s><s> cervical cancer : subclass of : breast </s><s> breast : has effect : cervical cancer </s><s> cervical cancer : location : breast </s><s> Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children : instance of : federal programs </s><s> Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children : parent organization : federal </s><s> Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children : part of : federal programs </s><s> Medicaid expansion : start time : January 1, 2014 </s><s> ACA Medicaid expansion : start time : January 1, 2014 </s><s> Medicaid expansion group : inception : January 1, 2014 </s><s> health insurance exchanges : inception : January 1, 2020 </s><s> Streamlined Enrollment System : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Streamlined Enrollment System : instance of : health insurance exchanges </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : states </s><s> SSA : inception : 1902 </s><s> SSA Section 1902 : point in time : 1902 </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : publication date : 2005 </s><s> Section 107(6) : end time : January 1, 2020 </s><s> alternative benefit plan : subclass of : essential health benefits </s><s> alternative benefit plan : has part : essential health benefits </s><s> essential health benefits : part of : alternative benefit plan </s><s> maternity : has part : newborn care </s><s> emergency services : field of work : hospitalization </s><s> emergency services : has part : hospitalization </s><s> Repeal of Disproportionate Share Hospital Allotment Reductions : point in time : 1923 </s><s> Repeal of Disproportionate Share Hospital Allotment Reductions : part of : Section 1923 </s><s> Repeal of Disproportionate Share Hospital Allotment Reductions : has cause : Section 1923 </s><s> Medicare : country : United States </s><s> private insurance : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> Medicare : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> Section 108 : part of : ACA </s><s> Section 108 : main subject : HHS Secretary </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 108 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 : point in time : 2020 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 : has part : Chapter 43 of the IRC </s><s> Cadillac tax : start time : January 1, 2026 </s><s> Cadillac tax : inception : January 1, 2026 </s><s> Cadillac tax : point in time : January 1, 2026 </s><s> health flexible spending accounts : subclass of : health accounts </s><s> health savings accounts : subclass of : health accounts </s><s> Archer Medical Savings Account : subclass of : health savings accounts </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 9004 </s><s> Section 9004 : part of : ACA </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 111 </s><s> Section 111 : part of : ACA </s><s> cafeteria plan : subclass of : benefit plan </s><s> cafeteria plan : subclass of : benefit plans </s><s> cafeteria plans : subclass of : benefit plans </s><s> ACA : has part : IRC </s><s> IRC : part of : ACA </s><s> employer-paid health insurance : subclass of : nontaxable benefits </s><s> Section 125(i) : part of : IRC </s><s> Section 113 : part of : ACA </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 113 </s><s> Repeal of Medical Device Excise Tax : instance of : excise tax </s><s> Repeal of Medical Device Excise Tax : part of : Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 </s><s> Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 : has part : Repeal of Medical Device Excise Tax </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 : point in time : January 1, 2016 </s><s> Repeal of Health Insurance Tax : point in time : December 31, 2017 </s><s> repealed : point in time : December 31, 2017 </s><s> repeal : point in time : December 31, 2017 </s><s> health insurance premium growth : country : U.S. </s><s> health insurance : practiced by : insurers </s><s> insurers : field of this occupation : health insurance </s><s> self-insured plans : subclass of : insurers </s><s> self-insured : subclass of : insurers </s><s> Section 115 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Section 115 : part of : ACA </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 115 </s><s> Repeal of Elimination of Deduction for Expenses Allocable to Medicare Part D Subsidy : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Medicare Part D : inception : 2003 </s><s> Medicare : has part : Part D </s><s> Part D : part of : Medicare </s><s> Section 9012 : part of : ACA </s><s> ACA Section 9012 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> ACA : has part : Section 9012 </s><s> Section 213 : part of : IRC </s><s> Section 9013 : part of : ACA </s><s> Section 117 : part of : IRC </s><s> Medicare Hospital Insurance : instance of : surtax </s><s> Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) surtax : instance of : surtax </s><s> self-employment income : subclass of : wages </s><s> Social Security : different from : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : different from : Social Security </s><s> Social Security : has part : Medicare surtax </s><s> Chapter 49 : part of : IRC </s><s> IRC : has part : Chapter 49 </s><s> Chapter 49 of the IRC : point in time : 2017 </s><s> net investment tax : end time : 2017 </s><s> net investment tax : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2017 </s><s> net investment tax (Chapter 2A of IRC Subtitle A) : end time : 2017 </s><s> Prevention and Public Health Fund : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2017 </s><s> Section 9014(b) : part of : ACA </s><s> Prevention and Public Health Fund : end time : 2017 </s><s> Public Health Service : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Public Health Service </s><s> Prevention and Public Health Fund : parent organization : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : subsidiary : Prevention and Public Health Fund </s><s> FY2014 : followed by : FY2017 </s><s> FY2017 : follows : FY2014 </s><s> $500 million for FY2010 : followed by : $500 million for FY2010 </s><s> Section 4002(b) : part of : ACA </s><s> Section 202 : part of : ACA </s><s> Support for State Response to Substance Abuse Public Health Crisis and Urgent Mental Health Needs : part of : ACA </s><s> Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant : parent organization : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration </s><s> Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant : operator : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration </s><s> Community Mental Health Services Block Grant : parent organization : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration </s><s> substance abuse public health crisis : facet of : substance abuse </s><s> mental health prevention and treatment : facet of : substance abuse </s><s> mental health : has part : mental health prevention and treatment </s><s> mental health prevention and treatment : part of : mental health </s><s> Community Health Center Program : instance of : grants </s><s> Community Health Center Program : has part : Community Health Center Fund </s><s> Community Health Center Fund : part of : Community Health Center Program </s><s> Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Community Health Center Fund : inception : 2015 </s><s> primary care : subclass of : health services </s><s> FY2011 : followed by : FY2017 </s><s> FY2017 : follows : FY2011 </s><s> Cost-sharing expenses : facet of : ACA </s><s> individual market : has part : health insurance exchange </s><s> individual market : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> health insurance exchange : part of : individual market </s><s> cost-sharing reduction payments : participant : Obama Administration </s><s> House of Representatives : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : House of Representatives </s><s> HHS Secretary : part of : federal government </s><s> HHS Secretary : appointed by : Congress </s> | Per the reconciliation instructions in the budget resolution for FY2017 (S.Con.Res. 3), the House passed its reconciliation bill, H.R. 1628—the American Health Care Act (AHCA)—with amendments on May 4, 2017. The House bill was received in the Senate on June 7, 2017, and the next day the Senate majority leader had it placed on the calendar, making it available for floor consideration. The Senate Budget Committee published on its website a "discussion draft" titled, "The Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017" (BCRA) on June 22, 2017, and subsequently updated the discussion draft on June 26, July 13, and July 20. The Senate's draft legislation is written in the form of an amendment in the nature of a substitute, meaning that it is intended to be considered by the Senate as an amendment to H.R. 1628, as passed by the House, and that all of the House-passed language would be stricken and the language of the BCRA would be inserted in its place.
On July 19, 2017, the Senate Budget Committee posted the "Obamacare Repeal Reconciliation Act of 2017" (ORRA) on its website as another draft reconciliation bill. ORRA is largely based off the Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 (H.R. 3762), which was vetoed by President Obama on January 8, 2016, and returned to the House.
ORRA would repeal several provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended), and it could restrict federal funding for the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) and its affiliates and clinics for a period of one year. The bill also would appropriate (1) an additional $422 million for FY2017 to the Community Health Center Fund and (2) $750 million for each of FY2018 and FY2019 to award grants to states to address the substance abuse public health crisis or respond to urgent mental health needs. The Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimate that ORRA would reduce federal deficits by $473 billion from FY2017 through FY2026, and they estimate that 17 million more people would be uninsured under ORRA than under current law in FY2018, with that figure growing to 32 million in CY2026.
A number of the provisions in ORRA are also in the AHCA and/or BCRA. However, ORRA does not include the AHCA or BCRA provisions that would substitute the ACA's premium tax credit for premium tax credits with different eligibility rules and calculation requirements. ORRA also does not include the AHCA or BCRA provisions that would establish new programs and requirements that are not related to the ACA, for example, a new fund to provide funding to states for specified activities intended to improve access to health insurance and health care or provisions to convert Medicaid financing to a per capita cap model (i.e., per enrollee limits on federal payments to states) with a block grant option (i.e., a predetermined fixed amount of federal funding) for certain populations. This report provides summaries of each ORRA provision. |
crs_R44787 | crs_R44787_0 | <s> Tax Reform Act of 2014 : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> alternative minimum tax : instance of : tax reform </s><s> Alternative minimum tax : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : average tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : instance of : average tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : facet of : income tax </s><s> TAXSIM : developer : National Bureau of Economic Research </s><s> TAXSIM : publisher : National Bureau of Economic Research </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : subclass of : average tax rates </s><s> SOI public use file : operator : IRS </s><s> SOI public use file : maintained by : IRS </s><s> SOI public use file : publisher : IRS </s><s> statutory : instance of : tax rate </s><s> average : instance of : tax rate </s><s> effective : instance of : tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : instance of : tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : instance of : tax rate </s><s> statutory tax rates : subclass of : tax rates </s><s> Average tax rate : subclass of : statutory tax rates </s><s> average tax rates : subclass of : tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : subclass of : tax rate </s><s> Table 1 : depicts : Figure 1 </s><s> Figure 1 : depicts : Table 1 </s><s> Table 1 : depicts : tax brackets </s><s> 2014 tax returns : point in time : 2014 </s><s> 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> 2010 statutory tax rates and brackets : point in time : 2010 </s><s> American Taxpayer Relief Act : point in time : 2010 </s><s> tax returns filed for 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : average tax rate </s><s> earned income tax credit : instance of : Refundable tax credit </s><s> earned income tax credit : instance of : Refundable tax credits </s><s> earned income tax credit : subclass of : Refundable tax credit </s><s> EITC : instance of : refundable credit </s><s> EITC : instance of : refundable credits </s><s> top income decile : instance of : income distribution </s><s> 1960 : point in time : 1960 </s><s> 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> top 1% : point in time : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : facet of : tax </s><s> effective marginal tax : facet of : tax </s><s> fringe benefits : subclass of : compensation </s><s> fringe benefit : subclass of : compensation </s><s> statutory tax bracket : facet of : income tax </s><s> earned income tax credit : creator : National Bureau of Economic Research </s><s> full TAXSIM : developer : National Bureau of Economic Research </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : subclass of : average </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : instance of : average </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : instance of : average and effective marginal tax rates </s><s> Figure 4 : depicts : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : instance of : Marginal tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : instance of : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : facet of : effective marginal tax rates faced by taxpayers </s><s> Taxpayer-weighted : opposite of : Earnings-weighted </s><s> Earnings-weighted : opposite of : Taxpayer-weighted </s><s> Taxpayer-weighted : opposite of : Earnings-weighted summary statistics </s><s> Earnings-weighted summary statistics : opposite of : Taxpayer-weighted </s><s> economic output : part of : economy </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : marginal tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : subclass of : effective tax rates </s><s> average : different from : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : different from : average </s><s> Average tax rates : different from : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : different from : Average tax rates </s><s> Average tax rate : different from : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : different from : Average tax rate </s><s> low- : different from : middle-income </s><s> middle-income : different from : low- </s><s> low- : opposite of : middle-income </s><s> middle-income : opposite of : low- </s><s> Figure 5 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> zero statutory rate bracket : point in time : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : different from : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> highest tax bracket : opposite of : lower tax brackets </s><s> lower tax brackets : opposite of : highest tax bracket </s><s> highest tax bracket : subclass of : tax bracket </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : different from : statutory rate </s><s> In 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> statutory rate : different from : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> statutory tax rates : subclass of : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> statutory tax rates : instance of : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> earned income tax credit : country : U.S. </s><s> earned income tax credit : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> earned income tax credit : instance of : U.S. individual income tax system </s><s> child tax credit : end time : 2010 </s><s> child tax credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> child tax credit : start time : 2010 </s><s> child tax credit : inception : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : different from : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> making work pay credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> making work pay credit : inception : 2010 </s><s> Making work pay credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : instance of : tax brackets </s><s> 25% : instance of : tax brackets </s><s> 28% : instance of : tax brackets </s><s> 25% : instance of : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> 28% : instance of : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> 2% of income phaseout : facet of : alternative minimum tax </s><s> 2% of income phaseout : part of : alternative minimum tax </s><s> alternative minimum tax : instance of : marginal tax </s><s> alternative minimum tax : subclass of : marginal tax </s><s> alternative minimum tax : instance of : AMT </s><s> alternative minimum tax : instance of : income tax </s><s> refundable tax credit : facet of : alternative minimum tax </s><s> making work pay tax credit : inception : 2010 </s><s> making work pay tax credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> child tax credit : replaced by : making work pay tax credit </s><s> making work pay tax credit : replaces : child tax credit </s><s> Making work pay tax credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Making work pay tax credit : inception : 2010 </s><s> single filers : opposite of : joint filers </s><s> joint filers : opposite of : single filers </s><s> personal exemption : different from : itemized deductions </s><s> itemized deductions : different from : personal exemption </s><s> personal exemption : has part : itemized deductions </s><s> itemized deductions : part of : personal exemption </s><s> 4 th income decile : instance of : income groups </s><s> progressive : subclass of : income tax </s><s> progressive : subclass of : income tax system </s><s> 9 th income decile : instance of : income groups </s><s> top of the income distribution : opposite of : middle of the income distribution </s><s> middle of the income distribution : opposite of : top of the income distribution </s><s> top of the income distribution : follows : middle of the income distribution </s><s> middle of the income distribution : followed by : top of the income distribution </s><s> 4 th : instance of : income deciles </s><s> 8 th : instance of : income deciles </s><s> 4 th : followed by : 8 th </s><s> 4 th : followed by : 8 th income deciles </s><s> middle of the income distribution : opposite of : higher incomes </s><s> higher incomes : opposite of : middle of the income distribution </s><s> middle of the income distribution : instance of : income distribution </s><s> single tax filers : point in time : 2010 </s><s> single tax filers : subclass of : tax filers </s><s> Figure 8 : instance of : income decile </s><s> low- : opposite of : moderate-income </s><s> moderate-income : opposite of : low- </s><s> low- : part of : income distribution </s><s> moderate-income : part of : income distribution </s><s> low- : instance of : income distribution </s><s> moderate-income : instance of : income distribution </s><s> top income decile : instance of : income deciles </s><s> top income decile : different from : top income decile </s><s> spouse : part of : family </s><s> one child : followed by : two children </s><s> two children : follows : one child </s><s> dependent : instance of : family type </s><s> married : instance of : family type </s><s> head of household filers : instance of : family type </s><s> head of household : part of : income distribution </s><s> lower-income deciles : part of : income distribution </s><s> income distribution : has part : deciles </s><s> deciles : part of : income distribution </s><s> efficiency : facet of : equity </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : facet of : tax policy </s><s> lower : opposite of : middle </s><s> middle : opposite of : lower </s><s> progressive tax system : subclass of : income tax </s><s> progressive tax system : subclass of : tax system </s><s> tax system : has part : income tax </s><s> income tax : part of : tax system </s><s> vertical equity : facet of : progressive tax system </s><s> vertical equity : facet of : income distribution </s><s> vertical equity : subclass of : progressive tax system </s><s> 15% : instance of : statutory rate bracket </s><s> statutory rate bracket : part of : existing tax system </s><s> existing tax system : has part : statutory rate bracket </s><s> income distribution : facet of : income distribution </s><s> lower : part of : income distribution </s><s> top of the income distribution : part of : income distribution </s><s> middle : part of : income distribution </s><s> substitution effect : instance of : income effect </s><s> substitution effect : subclass of : income effect </s><s> substitution effect : has effect : income effect </s><s> phase-ins : opposite of : phaseouts </s><s> phaseouts : opposite of : phase-ins </s><s> phase-ins and phaseouts : has effect : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> fringe benefits : opposite of : wages </s><s> fringe benefits : subclass of : compensation received </s><s> wages : opposite of : fringe benefits </s><s> statutory rates : different from : effective marginal tax rates </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : different from : statutory rates </s><s> statutory rates : different from : effective marginal rates </s><s> effective marginal rates : different from : statutory rates </s><s> Average : subclass of : marginal tax rates </s><s> Average : instance of : marginal tax rates </s><s> Average : subclass of : marginal tax rate </s><s> progressive : subclass of : proportional </s><s> charitable giving : subclass of : tax incentives </s><s> regressive : subclass of : proportional </s><s> economic efficiency : facet of : economic activity </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : facet of : economic efficiency </s><s> effective marginal tax rates : facet of : economic efficiency </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : different from : marginal tax rate </s><s> marginal tax rate : different from : effective marginal tax rate </s><s> equity : opposite of : efficiency </s><s> efficiency : opposite of : equity </s><s> effective marginal tax rate : facet of : revenue </s><s> regulatory : subclass of : policy </s><s> after-tax income : subclass of : income tax </s><s> complexity : subclass of : trade-offs </s><s> 2010 Public Use File and the Individual Income Tax System in 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> tax year 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 tax year : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Statutory tax rates applied in 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> tax code in 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> 2010 tax code : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 tax code : followed by : 2016 </s><s> first-time homebuyer tax credit : inception : 2010 </s><s> first-time homebuyer tax credit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Supplemental Tables and Data : subclass of : appendix </s><s> Supplemental Tables and DataFrames : subclass of : appendix </s><s> Table B-1 : followed by : Table B-2 </s> | Tax reform is a stated priority of the 115th Congress. In June 2016, Ways and Means Committee Republicans released the "Better Way" tax reform blueprint. The proposal seeks to make the individual income tax system "simpler, flatter, and fairer" by consolidating the number of individual income tax brackets. Looking at statutory tax rates alone, however, provides limited information regarding the simplicity or fairness of the tax system. Average tax rates and effective marginal tax rates are frequently used by economists and policy analysts to evaluate the fairness of the tax system, as well as various economic incentives created by the system.
This report provides background information on alternative tax rate metrics, and discusses how these measures of the tax burden inform the tax reform debate.
Under current law, there are seven statutory tax rate brackets in the federal individual income tax system. Very few taxpayers, less than 1% in 2014, face the top statutory rate. A taxpayer's average tax rate is the percentage of total income that is paid in taxes. This metric is useful when comparing tax burdens across taxpayers, as well as certain economic incentives created by the tax system. For nearly every taxpayer, average tax rates are less than the statutory rate. A taxpayer's effective marginal tax rate is the amount of income tax paid on the next dollar of earnings. Effective marginal tax rates are determined by statutory rates, as well as various other provisions. Effective marginal tax rates also provide information on the economic incentives created by the tax code for different taxpayers.
As illustrated in this report, under the current system, statutory, average, and effective marginal tax rates can differ substantially for any given taxpayer. Since statutory tax rates provide limited information about tax burdens, questions of equity are often better addressed by using average rates. Since effective marginal tax rates do not equal statutory tax rates for a large proportion of taxpayers, statutory rates provide limited information on the incentives created by the tax code.
One way to evaluate average tax rates is to examine them across the income distribution. This report uses the 2010 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Statistics of Income (SOI) public use file, the most recent publicly available sample of individual taxpayer returns available when this report was written, to complete this analysis. When taxpayers are divided into income deciles (grouped such that there are 10 equal-sized groups of taxpayers, ranked by income), average tax rates are negative for the first four income deciles. Negative average tax rates are the result of refundable tax credits, generally provided to working families with children. For the top income decile, taxpayers with income above $123,210 in 2010, the average of the average tax rates was 13.6%.
In an uncomplicated tax system, marginal tax rates would generally equal the statutory tax rate. For 46% of taxpayers in 2010, effective marginal tax rates differed from the statutory rate. Twenty-nine percent of taxpayers had an effective marginal tax rate that exceeded their statutory rate, while 16% had an effective marginal tax rate that was less than the statutory rate.
Both average and effective marginal tax rates vary both across and within income groups. Average tax rates tend to rise with income, reflecting the overall progressivity of the tax system. However, the substantial variation of average tax rates within income groups illustrates that higher-income taxpayers do not necessarily face higher average tax rates. For lower- and middle-income taxpayers, family composition explains much of the difference in average tax rates for taxpayers with similar incomes.
Unlike average tax rates, effective marginal tax rates do not always rise with income. The phase-ins and phaseouts associated with tax benefits for families with children mean that for these family types, effective marginal tax rates in the lower and middle parts of the income distribution are similar to those faced by taxpayers near the top of the income distribution. |
crs_RL33578 | crs_RL33578_0 | <s> financial disincentives : subclass of : incentives </s><s> energy tax policy in the United States : instance of : Energy tax policy </s><s> tax subsidies : subclass of : incentives </s><s> oil embargoes : point in time : 1970 </s><s> oil and gas industry : product or material produced : petroleum </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : August 8, 2005 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : publication date : August 8, 2005 </s><s> Bush : member of political party : Democratic Party </s><s> 2005 tax incentives : point in time : 2005 </s><s> oil : instance of : traditional fuels industry </s><s> gas : instance of : traditional fuels industry </s><s> geological : has part : geophysical </s><s> geophysical : part of : geological </s><s> 2005 law : point in time : 2005 </s><s> oil companies : industry : oil and gas industry </s><s> free-market era : followed by : post-Reagan era </s><s> post-Reagan era : follows : free-market era </s><s> free-market era of the Reagan Administration : followed by : post-Reagan era </s><s> percentage depletion allowance : inception : 1926 </s><s> percentage depletion allowance : start time : 1926 </s><s> oil/gas tax code : inception : 1916 </s><s> capitalized : facet of : tax accounting </s><s> capitalized : part of : tax accounting </s><s> capitalized : instance of : tax accounting </s><s> drilling : product or material produced : oil and gas </s><s> Expensing : subclass of : tax deductions </s><s> Expensing accelerates tax deductions : instance of : defers tax liability </s><s> capital gains : has effect : income </s><s> capital gains treatment : instance of : effective tax rates </s><s> capital gains treatment of the sale of successful properties : country : United States </s><s> unconventional fuel : opposite of : fossil fuel </s><s> unconventional fuels : opposite of : fossil fuels </s><s> petroleum consumption : opposite of : conservation </s><s> oil embargo of 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> oil embargo of 1973 : instance of : oil shock </s><s> first oil shock : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Iranian Revolution : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Iranian Revolution in 1978-1979 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Iran : significant event : Iranian Revolution </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> Energy Tax Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> windfall profit tax : inception : 1980 </s><s> windfall profit tax : point in time : 1980 </s><s> windfall profit tax : instance of : excise tax </s><s> Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 : author : Nixon </s><s> Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 : author : Nixon's </s><s> Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 : point in time : 1980 </s><s> Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act : point in time : 1980 </s><s> Renewable : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> renewable : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> biomass : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> biomass : subclass of : alternative fuels </s><s> insulation : use : energy conservation </s><s> ethanol : different from : gasohol </s><s> ethanol : has part : gasohol </s><s> tax credit : subclass of : excise tax </s><s> shale : subclass of : unconventional fuel </s><s> Devonian shale : subclass of : shale </s><s> coalbed methane : subclass of : unconventional fuel </s><s> hydroelectric : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> §45 renewable electricity tax credit : inception : 1992 </s><s> renewable electricity tax credit : inception : 1992 </s><s> American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Corporate Average Fuel Economy : instance of : laws and regulations </s><s> Corporate Average Fuel Economy : instance of : law </s><s> Corporate Average Fuel Economy : inception : 1970 </s><s> 1980 presidential campaign : point in time : 1980 </s><s> 1980 presidential campaign : candidate : President Reagan </s><s> deregulating : subclass of : free-market </s><s> National Energy Policy Plan : point in time : 1981 </s><s> National Energy Policy Plan : inception : 1981 </s><s> National Energy Policy Plan : publication date : 1981 </s><s> repeal of the WPT : point in time : 1988 </s><s> repeal : point in time : 1988 </s><s> repeal of the WPT : publication date : 1988 </s><s> Tax Reform Act : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Tax Reform Act (TRA) of 1986 : point in time : 1986 </s><s> Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 : point in time : 1981 </s><s> Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990 : main subject : George H. W. Bush </s><s> Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990 : main subject : George H.W. Bush </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : motor fuel </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuel </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : alternative fuels </s><s> Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 : instance of : tax legislation </s><s> Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 : follows : 1992 law </s><s> oil : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> oil : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 : point in time : 1999 </s><s> Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act : point in time : 1999 </s><s> kerosene : instance of : alternative fuel </s><s> carbon tax : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Btu tax : instance of : energy tax </s><s> carbon tax : instance of : energy tax </s><s> energy crisis : point in time : 1998 </s><s> alternative fuels : subclass of : energy conservation </s><s> very low crude oil prices of that period : point in time : 1998 </s><s> crude oil prices of that period : point in time : 1998 </s><s> crude oil prices : subclass of : petroleum </s><s> rising crude oil prices : point in time : 2000 </s><s> diesel : has part : gasoline </s><s> rising crude oil prices : facet of : crude oil prices </s><s> diesel : subclass of : motor fuel </s><s> diesel : instance of : motor fuel </s><s> gasoline : instance of : motor fuel </s><s> Midwest gasoline price spike : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> electricity crisis in California : point in time : 2001 </s><s> electricity crisis : point in time : 2001 </s><s> electricity crisis : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> comprehensive energy policy bill : point in time : 2002 </s><s> energy crisis : point in time : 1992 </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : renewable fuel </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : renewable fuels </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : alternative </s><s> House energy tax bill : legislated by : 107 th Congress </s><s> H.R. 4 : legislated by : 107 th Congress </s><s> ethanol tax subsidies : instance of : energy tax </s><s> unconventional fuels tax credit : instance of : energy tax </s><s> ethanol tax : instance of : energy tax </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democratic </s><s> Democratic : opposite of : Republicans </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democrats </s><s> Bush : member of political party : Republicans </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 : point in time : October 4, 2004 </s><s> clean-vehicle income tax deduction : end time : January 1, 2004 </s><s> §45 tax credit : inception : January 1, 2004 </s><s> §45 tax credit : end time : January 1, 2004 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 : point in time : October 22, 2004 </s><s> 2005 Energy Policy Act : point in time : 2005 </s><s> fossil fuel : subclass of : energy </s><s> fossil fuels : subclass of : energy </s><s> electricity : subclass of : energy </s><s> H.R. 6 : legislated by : Joint Committee on Taxation </s><s> H.R. 6 : author : Joint Committee on Taxation </s><s> H.R. 6 : instance of : energy tax </s><s> solar : subclass of : renewables </s><s> renewable energy bonds : instance of : tax code </s><s> renewable energy bond : instance of : tax code </s><s> nuclear decommissioning : facet of : nuclear </s><s> nuclear decommissioning : facet of : nuclear electricity </s><s> nuclear decommissioning : has effect : nuclear electricity production tax credit </s><s> Energy : parent organization : Treasury </s><s> Energy departments : parent organization : Treasury </s><s> Treasury : subsidiary : Energy </s><s> oil spill liability tax : has part : Leaking Underground Storage Tank financing tax </s><s> Leaking Underground Storage Tank financing tax : part of : oil spill liability tax </s><s> Leaking Underground Storage Tank financing tax : instance of : oil spill liability tax </s><s> high energy prices : point in time : high </s><s> EPACT05 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> oil and gas exploration and development : product or material produced : oil and gas </s><s> exploration and development : facet of : oil and gas </s><s> exploration and development : studied by : geological and geophysical </s><s> geological and geophysical : studies : exploration and development </s><s> capitalized : facet of : accounting principles </s><s> expensed : facet of : accounting principles </s><s> expensed : part of : accounting principles </s><s> Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Energy Tax Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> alternative and renewable fuel : subclass of : fuel </s><s> alternative : subclass of : renewable fuel </s><s> alternative : subclass of : fuel </s><s> oil and gas industry : instance of : businesses </s><s> tax subsidy : different from : tax expenditure </s><s> tax expenditure : different from : tax subsidy </s><s> oil and gas industry : studied by : economic theory </s><s> economic theory : studies : oil and gas industry </s><s> 2006 Congressional elections : point in time : 2006 </s><s> oil and gas industry : product or material produced : petroleum product </s><s> crude oil : subclass of : hydrocarbon </s><s> alternative : subclass of : renewable fuels </s><s> alternative and renewable fuels : opposite of : hydrocarbon </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> alternative and renewable fuels : subclass of : energy policy </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : point in time : December 19, 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : point in time : December 13, 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Federal Unemployment Tax Act : instance of : surtax </s><s> Harry Reid : member of political party : D </s><s> Harry Reid : position held : Senate Majority Leader </s><s> wind energy tax credit : part of : Internal Revenue Code </s><s> energy tax : inception : 1992 </s><s> foreign tax credit : inception : 1992 </s><s> Pelosi : member of political party : Democrats </s><s> Pelosi : position held : House Speaker </s><s> Bush administration : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : part of : Bush administration </s><s> House tax extenders bill : legislated by : House </s><s> H.R. 6049 : instance of : House tax extenders bill </s><s> H.R. 6899 : instance of : House tax extenders bill </s><s> Florida : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Florida coast : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Comprehensive American Energy Security and Consumer Protection Act : point in time : September 16, 2008 </s><s> renewable portfolio standard : instance of : mandate </s><s> Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> renewable portfolio standard : subclass of : mandate </s><s> Senate Majority Leader : officeholder : Harry Reid </s><s> Max Baucus : position held : Finance Committee Chairman </s><s> oil : different from : natural gas </s><s> natural gas : different from : oil </s><s> oil and gas producers : product or material produced : oil </s><s> Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> oil spill tax : facet of : oil-and-gas extraction </s><s> oil spill tax : facet of : oil and gas industry </s><s> current tax policy : opposite of : new tax policy </s><s> Bush Administration : member of political party : Republicans </s><s> new tax policy : opposite of : current tax policy </s><s> H.R. 6049 : legislated by : House </s><s> Baucus : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Grassley : member of political party : Republican </s><s> S. 3478 : instance of : substitute amendment </s><s> integrated oil companies : industry : oil industry </s><s> oil industry : has part : integrated oil companies </s><s> integrated oil companies : part of : oil industry </s><s> Baucus : employer : Senate </s><s> nuclear electricity production tax credit : instance of : renewable electricity tax credit </s><s> Grassley : employer : Senate </s><s> Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 : author : President Bush </s><s> clean energy : subclass of : fuels </s><s> renewable energy : subclass of : clean energy </s><s> clean energy production : subclass of : fuels </s><s> Royal Dutch Shell : product or material produced : petroleum product </s><s> petroleum product prices : has part : crude oil </s><s> BP : product or material produced : petroleum product </s><s> net income : subclass of : income </s><s> profit : subclass of : income </s><s> oil industry : product or material produced : oil </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : legislated by : 110 th Congresses </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109 th </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : has part : 109 th </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : has part : 110 th Congresses </s><s> petroleum imports : country : United States </s><s> energy independence : different from : energy security </s><s> energy security : different from : energy independence </s><s> crude oil : subclass of : petroleum product </s><s> pump prices : subclass of : petroleum product prices </s><s> pump prices : facet of : refined petroleum product prices </s><s> Energy Tax Provisions in the Farm Bill : legislated by : Joint Committee on Taxation </s><s> integrated oil companies : industry : oil firms </s><s> Energy Tax Provisions in the Farm Bill : author : Joint Committee on Taxation </s><s> renewable : subclass of : energy </s><s> renewable : subclass of : fuel </s><s> Sustainable Development Goals : creator : United Nations </s><s> Energy Advancement and Investment Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005: Summary and Analysis of Enacted Provisions : point in time : 2005 </s><s> The Black Lung Excise Tax on Coal : point in time : 2005 </s><s> The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s: Implications for Current Energy Policy : author : David L. Brumbaugh </s><s> Tax Credit for Hybrid Vehicles : point in time : 2006 </s><s> The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s : author : David L. Brumbaugh </s> | Historically, U.S. federal energy tax policy promoted the supply of oil and gas. However, the 1970s witnessed (1) a significant cutback in the oil and gas industry's tax preferences, (2) the imposition of new excise taxes on oil, and (3) the introduction of numerous tax preferences for energy conservation, the development of alternative fuels, and the commercialization of the technologies for producing these fuels (renewables such as solar, wind, and biomass, and nonconventional fossil fuels such as shale oil and coalbed methane). The Reagan Administration, using a free-market approach, advocated repeal of the windfall profit tax on oil and the repeal or phase-out of most energy tax preferences—for oil and gas, as well as alternative fuels. Due to the combined effects of the Economic Recovery Tax Act and the energy tax subsidies that had not been repealed, which together created negative effective tax rates in some cases, the actual energy tax policy differed from the stated policy. The George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton years witnessed a return to a much more activist energy tax policy, with an emphasis on energy conservation and alternative fuels. While the original aim was to reduce demand for imported oil, energy tax policy was also increasingly viewed as a tool for achieving environmental and fiscal objectives. The Clinton Administration's energy tax policy emphasized the environmental benefits of reducing greenhouse gases and global climate change, but it will also be remembered for its failed proposal to enact a broadly based energy tax on Btus (British thermal units) and its 1993 across-the-board increase in motor fuels taxes of 4.3¢/gallon.
The 109th Congress enacted the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58), signed by President Bush on August 8, 2005, provided a net energy tax cut of $11.5 billion ($14.5 billion gross energy tax cuts, less $3 billion of energy tax increases) for fossil fuels and electricity, as well as for energy efficiency, and for several types of alternative and renewable resources, such as solar and geothermal. The Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-432), enacted in December 2006, provided for one-year extensions of these provisions. The current energy tax structure favors tax incentives for alternative and renewable fuels supply relative to energy from conventional fossil fuels, and this posture was accentuated under the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
On October 3, President Bush signed the Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-343), which includes $17 billion in energy tax incentives, primarily extensions of pre-existing provisions, but also including several new energy tax incentives: $10.9 billion in renewable energy tax incentives aimed at clean energy production, $2.6 billion in incentives targeted toward cleaner vehicles and fuels, and $3.5 billion in tax breaks to promote energy conservation and energy efficiency. The cost of the energy tax extenders legislation is fully financed, or paid for, by raising taxes on the oil and gas industry (mostly by reducing oil and gas tax breaks) and by other tax increases. The oil and gas tax increases comprise cutbacks in the IRC §199 manufacturing deduction for income attributable to oil and gas production, which will be frozen at 6% (rather than increasing to 9% as scheduled), reforming the foreign tax credit provisions, and by increasing the per-barrel tax rate on refinery crude oil under the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund provisions. |
crs_R41750 | crs_R41750_0 | <s> District of Columbia v. Heller : main subject : Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States </s><s> District of Columbia v. Heller : facet of : Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States </s><s> Firearms Control Regulation Act : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Heller : court : Supreme Court </s><s> McDonald v. City of Chicago : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Second Amendment to the Constitution : has part : keep and bear Arms </s><s> keep and bear Arms : part of : Second Amendment to the Constitution </s><s> Second Amendment : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment interpretation : facet of : Second Amendment </s><s> militia : subclass of : keep and bear arms </s><s> individual right model : instance of : Second Amendment interpretation </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : operative clause </s><s> operative clause : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : operative clause of the amendment </s><s> operative clause of the amendment : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Tenth Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : dependent clause </s><s> dependent clause : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> National Guard : instance of : militia </s><s> National Guard : instance of : militias </s><s> National Guard : subclass of : militia </s><s> naval militia : subclass of : militia </s><s> naval militia : subclass of : unorganized militia </s><s> naval militia : opposite of : unorganized militia </s><s> United States v. Miller : main subject : National Firearms Act </s><s> Second Amendment in the Supreme Court : has part : United States v. Miller </s><s> United States v. Miller : part of : Second Amendment in the Supreme Court </s><s> sawed-off shotgun : part of : National Firearms Act </s><s> shotgun : subclass of : sawed-off </s><s> shotguns : part of : National Firearms Act </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : keep and bear arms </s><s> soldiers : subclass of : civilians </s><s> civilians : opposite of : soldiers </s><s> gun : has part : barrel </s><s> barrel : part of : gun </s><s> Miller : court : Court in Miller </s><s> well-regulated militia : subclass of : militia </s><s> firearm : subclass of : weapon </s><s> militia : facet of : militia </s><s> Cases v. United States : publication date : 1942 </s><s> Cases v. United States : point in time : 1942 </s><s> Cases v. United States : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> militia : different from : well regulated militia </s><s> well regulated militia : different from : militia </s><s> militia : different from : militia </s><s> keep and bear arms : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> incorporation doctrine : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Cruikshank : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Presser v. Illinois : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Tot. : court : Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Tot : court : Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Tot. : court : Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Emerson : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> United States v. Emerson : main subject : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> United States v. Emerson : court : Fifth Circuit </s><s> United States v. Emerson : court : federal appellate courts </s><s> United States v. Emerson : instance of : appellate court </s><s> history of the amendment : facet of : Second Amendment </s><s> history : has part : text </s><s> text : part of : history </s><s> history : has part : text of the Second Amendment </s><s> text of the Second Amendment : part of : history </s><s> militia : subclass of : militia </s><s> keep and bear their private arms : country : Americans generally </s><s> keep and bear their private arms : instance of : historically understood in this country </s><s> keep and bear their private arms : instance of : right </s><s> Second Amendment : part of : 18 U.S.C. </s><s> collective rights : opposite of : individual rights </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) </s><s> Silveira v. Lockyer : court : Ninth Circuit </s><s> Silveira v. Lockyer : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> Silveira v. Lockyer : court : Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) </s><s> Emerson : instance of : text of the amendment </s><s> Emerson : instance of : text </s><s> Emerson : main subject : text of the amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : people's right to bear arms </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : right to bear arms </s><s> right to bear arms : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> assault weapon : subclass of : firearm </s><s> assault weapon : subclass of : firearms </s><s> assault weapons : subclass of : firearms </s><s> Emerson : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Silveira : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Emerson and Silveira : court : Supreme Court </s><s> District of Columbia v. Heller : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> Parker : point in time : 2007 </s><s> District of Columbia v. Heller Decision : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> Parker v. District of Columbia : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Firearms Control Regulation Act : point in time : 1975 </s><s> trigger lock : use : disassembled </s><s> unloaded : subclass of : firearm </s><s> trigger lock : part of : firearm </s><s> Emerson : court : Fifth Circuit </s><s> Emerson : applies to jurisdiction : Fifth Circuit </s><s> Fifth Circuit : notable work : Emerson </s><s> operative clause : opposite of : prefatory clause </s><s> prefatory clause : opposite of : operative clause </s><s> individual right : opposite of : operative clause </s><s> keep and bear arms : instance of : individual right </s><s> keep and bear arms : subclass of : individual right </s><s> militia : facet of : keep and bear arms </s><s> federal : opposite of : state </s><s> state militia : applies to jurisdiction : state </s><s> state : opposite of : federal </s><s> Constitution : has part : Bill of Rights </s><s> Bill of Rights : part of : Constitution </s><s> First Amendment : has part : free speech clause </s><s> free speech clause : part of : First Amendment </s><s> First Amendment free speech clause : followed by : Fourth Amendment </s><s> colonial pistol : subclass of : pistol </s><s> First Amendment : legislated by : Supreme Court </s><s> First Amendment : has part : reasonable restrictions </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : core conduct upon which the right was premised </s><s> core conduct upon which the right was premised : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : core conduct </s><s> core conduct : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : main subject : Arms </s><s> Arms : facet of : Second Amendment </s><s> firearm : subclass of : Arm </s><s> trigger lock : subclass of : disassembled </s><s> self defense : uses : firearm </s><s> District of Columbia v. Heller : court : Supreme Court </s><s> District of Columbia v. Heller : publication date : November 20, 2007 </s><s> oral argument for Heller : point in time : March 18, 2008 </s><s> oral argument for Heller : start time : March 18, 2008 </s><s> Heller : start time : March 18, 2008 </s><s> Chief Justice : officeholder : Roberts </s><s> Roberts : position held : Chief Justice </s><s> Chief Justice : officeholder : Chief Justice Roberts </s><s> Chief Justice Roberts : position held : Chief Justice </s><s> keep and bear arms shall not be infringed : instance of : right </s><s> keep and bear arms : instance of : right </s><s> operative clause : has part : there is a right to bear arms </s><s> there is a right to bear arms : part of : operative clause </s><s> Militia Clauses : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Militia Clauses </s><s> Militia Clauses of the Constitution : has part : prefatory clause </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : individual right to keep and bear arms </s><s> operative : has part : operative clause </s><s> operative clause : part of : operative </s><s> keep and bear arms : used by : militia </s><s> Cruikshank Court : main subject : keeping and bear arms </s><s> Cruikshank Court : main subject : keep and bear arms </s><s> Presser v. Illinois : main subject : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> Heller : court : Heller Court </s><s> presser v. Illinois : main subject : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> United States v. Miller : court : Heller Court </s><s> right to keep and bear arms : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> individual right : subclass of : right </s><s> individual right : instance of : right </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : individual right </s><s> individual right : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : state analogues </s><s> state analogues : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : concealed weapon </s><s> state analogues : based on : Second Amendment </s><s> Parker v. District of Columbia : main subject : DC Code </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : right of self-defense </s><s> self-defense : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : enumerated constitutional rights </s><s> enumerated constitutional rights : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment issues : has part : enumerated constitutional rights </s><s> enumerated constitutional rights : part of : Second Amendment issues </s><s> amended its firearms laws : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Heller's concession </s><s> Second Amendment Post-Heller : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Heller : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Heller : facet of : Second Amendment </s><s> Heller : main subject : constitutionally permissible </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Heller </s><s> Heller : main subject : standard of scrutiny </s><s> enumerated constitutional rights : has part : unconstitutional </s><s> Third Branch of Government : part of : government </s><s> Third Branch of Government : subclass of : government </s><s> government : has part : Third Branch of Government </s><s> McDonald v. City of Chicago : publication date : June 28, 2010 </s><s> McDonald v. City of Chicago : point in time : June 28, 2010 </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Barron : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Privileges or Immunities Clause </s><s> John Marshall : position held : Chief Justice </s><s> Chief Justice : officeholder : John Marshall </s><s> John Marshall : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Section </s><s> Section : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Privileges or Immunities Clause of Section </s><s> Privileges or Immunities Clause of Section : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Privileges or Immunities Clause : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Slaughter-House Cases : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Slaughter-House Cases : applies to jurisdiction : City of New Orleans </s><s> Slaughter-House Cases : applies to jurisdiction : New Orleans </s><s> Fourteenth Amendments : has part : Privileges or Immunities Clause </s><s> Privileges or Immunities Clause : part of : Fourteenth Amendments </s><s> Federal Constitution : country : United States </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : part of : Federal Constitution </s><s> Federal Constitution : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Twining v. New Jersey : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Gitlow v. New York : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Gitlow v. New York : main subject : First Amendment </s><s> First Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> establishment clause : part of : First Amendment </s><s> Bill of Rights : has part : Establishment clause </s><s> free exercise clause : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : free exercise clause </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : part of : Bill of Rights </s><s> Duncan v. Louisiana : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Cruikshank : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Cruikshank </s><s> Presser v. Illinois : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> Heller : main subject : incorporation principles </s><s> Heller : main subject : incorporation </s><s> Slaughter-House Cases : has effect : incorporation principles </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : different from : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : different from : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Post-Heller Appellate Decisions and Incorporation of the Second Amendment : instance of : courts of appeals </s><s> Cruikshank : main subject : incorporation doctrine </s><s> Cruikshank : instance of : incorporation doctrine </s><s> Presser : instance of : incorporation doctrine </s><s> Nordyke v. King : court : Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit </s><s> Nordyke v. Ninth Circuit : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> National Rifle Association v. City of Chicago : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> National Rifle Association v. City of Chicago : participant : National Rifle Association </s><s> National Rifle Association v. City of Chicago : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Nordyke v. King : court : Ninth Circuit </s><s> Nordyke v. King : court : Ninth Circuit's </s><s> Nordyke v. King : applies to jurisdiction : Ninth Circuit </s><s> Nordyke v. King : publication date : April 20, 2009 </s><s> Nordyke v. King : main subject : Due Process Clause </s><s> substantive due process : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Due Process Clause : has part : substantive due process </s><s> substantive due process : part of : Due Process Clause </s><s> Moore v. City of East Cleveland : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Duncan [v. Louisiana : main subject : substantive due process </s><s> Moore v. City of East Cleveland : main subject : fundamental right to keep family together </s><s> Founding era : followed by : Revolutionary years </s><s> Founding era : followed by : Civil War era </s><s> Civil War era : follows : Founding era </s><s> Revolutionary years : followed by : Civil War era </s><s> Second Amendment : instance of : fundamental right </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : strict scrutiny test </s><s> McDonald v. City of Chicago Decision : publication date : June 28, 2010 </s><s> Second Amendment : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Bill of Rights : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Bill of Rights </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment's : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Bill of Rights : has part : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : part of : Bill of Rights </s><s> Civil War : location : southern states </s><s> Bill of Rights : has part : Second Amendment </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1866 : point in time : 1866 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1866 : publication date : 1866 </s><s> Civil Rights Act : point in time : 1866 </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : author : Representative Bingham </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : drafter : Representative Bingham </s><s> I don't think I should be held back : different from : I don't think I should be held back </s><s> I don't think I should be held back : said to be the same as : I don't think I should be held back </s><s> Black Codes : instance of : racial discrimination </s><s> Black Codes : subclass of : racial discrimination </s><s> Black Codes : has part : racial discrimination with respect to the bearing of arms </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> stare decisis : instance of : precedent </s><s> stare decisis : facet of : Due Process Clause </s><s> inalienable rights : subclass of : rights </s><s> state citizenship : subclass of : citizens </s><s> inalienable rights of all men : subclass of : rights </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Privileges or Immunities Clause (§ 1) </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Article IV, § 2 </s><s> Article IV, § 2 : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Article IV </s><s> Article IV : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment's : has part : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> right to keep and bear arms : part of : Second Amendment's </s><s> substantive rights : subclass of : rights </s><s> substantive rights : subclass of : right </s><s> Privileges or Immunities Clause : has part : substantive rights </s><s> substantive rights : part of : Privileges or Immunities Clause </s><s> right to keep and bear arms : instance of : constitutionally enumerated rights </s><s> keep and bear arms : instance of : constitutionally enumerated rights </s><s> right to keep and bear arms : part of : constitutionally enumerated rights </s><s> Civil War : participant : pro-slavery forces </s><s> Civil War : location : southern legislatures </s><s> Civil War : participant : southern legislatures </s><s> No Incorporation Under a Substantation Under a Substantation : instance of : Dissenting Opinion </s><s> No Incorporation Under a Substantation Under a Substantation : author : Stevens's </s><s> personal liberty : subclass of : liberty </s><s> personal liberty : instance of : liberty </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : Fourteenth Amendment's </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : applies to jurisdiction : American </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : main subject : liberty </s><s> handgun : subclass of : firearm </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : liberty </s><s> hunting : subclass of : sport </s><s> hunting : instance of : sport </s><s> sport : has part : hunting </s><s> Tenth Amendment : part of : federalism </s><s> Tenth Amendment : main subject : federalism </s><s> federalism : facet of : federalists </s><s> right to keep and bear arms : part of : Federal Constitution </s><s> Federal Constitution : has part : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> Stevens : position held : Justice </s><s> dissent : followed by : concurring opinion </s><s> dissent : has part : concurring opinion </s><s> concurring opinion : follows : dissent </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : text </s><s> text : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : keeping and bearing of arms </s><s> division of powers : facet of : governmental institutions </s><s> division of powers : facet of : governmental institution </s><s> division of powers : facet of : structural aims </s><s> Heller : main subject : private right of self-defense </s><s> Federal Government : applies to jurisdiction : States </s><s> Federal Government : has part : States </s><s> gun law : facet of : gun law </s><s> history : facet of : Nation's </s><s> 18 th : followed by : 19 th </s><s> Nation's history : has part : 18 th </s><s> Nation's history : has part : 19 th </s><s> Nation's history : has part : 20 th </s><s> Nation's history : has part : 21 st centuries </s><s> 18 th : part of : Nation's history </s><s> 19 th : part of : Nation's history </s><s> 20 th : part of : Nation's history </s><s> 21 st centuries : part of : Nation's history </s><s> 19 th : followed by : 20 th </s><s> dissent : author : Justice Breyer </s><s> dissent : author : Justice Breyer's </s><s> dissent : participant : Justice Breyer </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : enumeration </s><s> enumeration : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : enumeration of the very enumeration of firearms restrictions </s><s> enumeration of the very enumeration of firearms restrictions : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : enumeration of firearms restrictions </s><s> enumeration of firearms restrictions : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> First Amendment : followed by : Second Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : First Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : part of : First Amendment </s><s> Second Amendment : instance of : enumerated constitutional rights </s><s> United States v. Marzzarella : court : Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Marzzarella : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Marzzarella : main subject : federal ban on possession of unmarked firearms </s><s> constitutional : has part : Second Amendment </s><s> constitutional : uses : means-end scrutiny </s><s> invalid : opposite of : constitutional </s><s> First Amendment : instance of : fundamental right </s><s> First Amendment : has part : enumerated, fundamental right </s><s> enumerated, fundamental right : part of : First Amendment </s><s> First Amendment : has part : enumerated </s><s> firearm : has cause : serial number </s><s> serial number : has effect : firearm </s><s> Second Amendment right : has part : right to keep and bear arms </s><s> Second Amendment : has part : self-defense </s><s> right of self-defense : part of : Second Amendment </s><s> handguns : use : self-defense </s><s> Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 : point in time : 1989 </s><s> Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> People v. James : court : California Court of Appeals </s><s> United States v. Sk : court : Seventh Circuit </s><s> United States v. Sk : court : Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit </s><s> United States v. Sk : court : Third Circuit </s><s> United States v. Chester : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit </s><s> United States v. Chester : court : Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit </s><s> United States v. Chester : main subject : Second Amendment </s><s> means-end scrutiny : facet of : Second Amendment </s><s> ratification : instance of : ratification </s><s> means-end scrutiny : facet of : Second Amendment as historically understood </s><s> Mar zza rella : court : Fourth Circuit </s><s> self-defense : uses : firearm </s><s> firearm : use : self-defense </s> | In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in a 5-4 decision that the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States protects an individual right to possess a firearm, unconnected with service in a militia, and the use of that firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. The decision in Heller affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, which declared three provisions of the District of Columbia's Firearms Control Regulation Act unconstitutional. The provisions specifically ruled on were: DC Code § [phone number scrubbed].02, which generally barred the registration of handguns; DC Code § 22-4504, which prohibited carrying a pistol without a license, insofar as the provision would prevent a registrant from moving a gun from one room to another within his or her home; and DC Code § [phone number scrubbed].02, which required that all lawfully owned firearms be kept unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock or similar device. In noting that the District's approach "totally bans handgun possession in the home," the Supreme Court declared that the inherent right of self-defense is central to the Second Amendment right, and that the District's handgun ban amounted to a prohibition of an entire class of arms that has been overwhelmingly utilized by American society for that purpose.
The Court in Heller conducted an extensive analysis of the Second Amendment to interpret its meaning, but the decision left unanswered other significant constitutional questions, including the standard of scrutiny that should be applied to laws regulating the possession and use of firearms, and whether the Second Amendment is incorporated, or applies to, the states.
After Heller, three federal Courts of Appeals addressed the question of incorporation. Two of these decisions, from the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the Seventh Circuit, held that the Second Amendment did not apply to the states, whereas the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the Second Amendment is incorporated under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, although this decision has since been vacated. In McDonald v. City of Chicago, the Court reversed the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, and held that the Second Amendment applies to the states.
With respect to the Heller decision, this report provides an overview of judicial treatment of the Second Amendment over the past 70 years in both the Supreme Court and federal appellate courts. With respect to the McDonald decision, this report presents an overview of the principles of incorporation, early cases that addressed the application of the Second Amendment to state governments, and the federal appellate cases that addressed incorporation of the Second Amendment since the Heller decision. Lastly, this report provides an analysis of the Court's opinions in Heller and McDonald and the potential implications of these decisions for firearms legislation at the federal, state, and local levels. |
crs_R40934 | crs_R40934_0 | <s> Employment Non-Discrimination Act : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> unconstitutional discrimination : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> Employment Non-Discrimination Act : main subject : discrimination </s><s> Title VII : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : Title VII </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has effect : Equal Employment Opportunity Commission </s><s> House version : followed by : Senate passed ENDA </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> House version of the floor vote : point in time : November 7, 2013 </s><s> gender identity : different from : sexual orientation </s><s> sexual orientation : different from : gender identity </s><s> gender identity : facet of : sexual orientation </s><s> Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Government Employee Rights Act of 1991 : point in time : 1991 </s><s> pre-employment bias : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> discrimination in hiring, discharge, promotion, layoff and recall : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> discrimination in hiring, discharge, promotion, layoff and recall : subclass of : pre-employment bias </s><s> sexual orientation : facet of : gender identity </s><s> Disparate treatment : opposite of : disparate impact </s><s> disparate impact : opposite of : Disparate treatment </s><s> Disparate treatment : different from : disparate treatment claims </s><s> disparate treatment claims : different from : Disparate treatment </s><s> gender transition : subclass of : transitioned </s><s> gender transition : facet of : transitioned </s><s> gender transition : instance of : transitioned </s><s> : instance of : Sexual orientation </s><s> heterosexuality : instance of : Sexual orientation </s><s> bisexuality : instance of : Sexual orientation </s><s> homosexuality : instance of : Sexual orientation </s><s> sexual orientation : facet of : biological sex </s><s> sexual orientation discrimination : different from : discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation </s><s> sexual orientation : different from : biological sex </s><s> biological sex : different from : sexual orientation </s><s> Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services : court : Supreme Court's </s><s> sexually desired : facet of : sex </s><s> gender : different from : dispositive </s><s> dispositive : different from : gender </s><s> because of sex : facet of : gender </s><s> Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins : court : Supreme Court's </s><s> Price Waterhouse : court : Supreme Court </s><s> homosexuality : instance of : sexual orientation </s><s> gay : instance of : sexual orientation </s><s> sexual orientation : different from : homosexuality </s><s> homosexuality : different from : sexual orientation </s><s> appearance : facet of : gender identity </s><s> mannerism : facet of : gender identity </s><s> Gender identity : has part : appearance </s><s> appearance : part of : Gender identity </s><s> Price Waterhous e. : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Price Waterhouse decision : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Smith v. Salem : court : Sixth Circuit </s><s> Smith v. Salem : main subject : firefighter </s><s> gender : different from : sex </s><s> sex : different from : gender </s><s> Barnes v. Holder : main subject : Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives </s><s> Barnes v. Holder : applies to jurisdiction : Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives </s><s> Macy v. Cincinnati : main subject : sex discrimination </s><s> sex discrimination : subclass of : intentional discrimination </s><s> intentional discrimination based on gender identity : subclass of : sex discrimination </s><s> gender identity : has part : transgender </s><s> transgender : facet of : gender identity </s><s> transgender : instance of : gender identity </s><s> transsexual : instance of : gender identity </s><s> transgender : instance of : gender non-conformity </s><s> transsexual : instance of : gender non-conformity </s><s> Armed Forces : has part : Army </s><s> Armed Forces : has part : Navy </s><s> Armed Forces : has part : Air Force </s><s> Armed Forces : has part : Marines </s><s> Armed Forces : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> Army : part of : Armed Forces </s><s> Navy : part of : Armed Forces </s><s> Air Force : part of : Armed Forces </s><s> Marines : part of : Armed Forces </s><s> Coast Guard : part of : Armed Forces </s><s> religious organization : field of work : exercise of religion </s><s> exempts certain religious organizations from compliance with that statute : part of : Title VII </s><s> religious organization : field of this occupation : exercise of religion </s><s> exercise of religion : practiced by : religious organization </s><s> discrimination based on religion : subclass of : discrimination </s><s> discrimination based on religion : facet of : religion </s><s> discrimination based on religion only : facet of : Title VII </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : section 702(a) </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : 703(e)(2) </s><s> section 702(a) : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> 703(e)(2) : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> mission : subclass of : purpose </s><s> mission : part of : purpose </s><s> mission : facet of : purpose </s><s> LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Community Center Association : main subject : community center </s><s> LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Community Center Association : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> Jewish community center : subclass of : organizations </s><s> Equal Employment Opportunity Commission : instance of : courts </s><s> Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) v. Townley Engineering and Manufacturing Company : court : Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit </s><s> Equal Employment Opportunity Commission : court : Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit </s><s> synagogues : subclass of : churches </s><s> churches : religion : Christian </s><s> faith-operated business : facet of : Christian </s><s> Loyola University of Chicago : instance of : university </s><s> Loyola University of Chicago : religious order : Jesuit </s><s> Pime v. Loyola University of Chicago : main subject : Title VII </s><s> Society of Jesus : instance of : religious society </s><s> Jesuits : instance of : religious society </s><s> president : subclass of : university administrators </s><s> EEOC v. Kamehameha Schools : court : Ninth Circuit </s><s> EEOC v. Kamehameha Schools /Bishop Estate : court : Ninth Circuit </s><s> EEOC v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate : court : Ninth Circuit </s><s> Protestant : subclass of : religion </s><s> Kamehameha Schools : instance of : private schools </s><s> Kamehameha Schools : religion : Protestant </s><s> Killinger v. Samford University : court : Eleventh Circuit </s><s> Killinger v. Samford University : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit </s><s> Killinger v. Samford University : court : Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit </s><s> religious schools : religion : Christian </s><s> Christian : subclass of : religious school </s><s> Christian : subclass of : religious schools </s><s> Department of Justice : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> federal agencies : subsidiary : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : parent organization : federal agencies </s><s> EEOC : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> quota : subclass of : preferential treatment </s><s> quotas : different from : preferential treatment </s><s> preferential treatment : different from : quotas </s><s> quota : different from : preferential treatment </s><s> preferential treatment : different from : quota </s><s> punitive damages : opposite of : compensatory </s><s> punitive damages : subclass of : compensatory </s><s> front pay : subclass of : compensatory </s><s> Section 5 : part of : Fourteenth Amendment </s><s> Fourteenth Amendment : has part : Section 5 </s><s> Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Seminole Tribe v. Florida : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Alden v. Maine : court : Supreme Court </s><s> City of Boerne v. Flores : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Religious Freedom Restoration Act : instance of : equal protection guarantee </s><s> Religious Freedom Restoration Act : main subject : equal protection guarantee </s><s> Americans with Disabilities Act : has part : Violence Against Women Act </s><s> federal : has part : Congress </s><s> federal : has part : spending power </s><s> spending power : part of : federal </s><s> expert fees : subclass of : attorney's fees </s><s> attorney's fees provision in Title VII : different from : attorney's fees provision in ENDA </s><s> private sector : subclass of : employment discrimination </s><s> EEOC : part of : federal agencies </s><s> federal agencies : has part : EEOC </s> | Introduced in various incarnations in every congressional session since the 103rd Congress, the proposed Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA; H.R. 1755/S. 815 in the 113th Congress) would prohibit discrimination based on an individual's actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity by public and private employers in hiring, discharge, compensation, and other terms and conditions of employment. The stated purpose of the legislation is "to address the history and persistent, widespread pattern of discrimination, including unconstitutional discrimination, on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by private sector employers and local, State, and Federal Government employers," as well as to provide effective remedies for such discrimination. Patterned on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the act would be enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). |
crs_R42674 | crs_R42674_0 | <s> Secretary of State : officeholder : Hillary Clinton </s><s> Hillary Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Russia : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Vladivostok </s><s> Vladivostok : country : Russia </s><s> 19 th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : location : Honolulu </s><s> 19 th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 19 th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : located in the administrative territorial entity : Honolulu </s><s> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation : inception : 1989 </s><s> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation : instance of : trade and investment liberalization </s><s> Australia : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Brunei : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Canada : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Chile : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> China : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Hong Kong : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Indonesia : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Bogor : country : Indonesia </s><s> Bogor Goals : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Thailand : instance of : multilateral trade organization </s><s> United States : instance of : multilateral trade organization </s><s> Vietnam : instance of : multilateral trade organization </s><s> consensus : different from : negotiations </s><s> consensus : subclass of : negotiations </s><s> lowering trade barriers : facet of : facilitating trade </s><s> trade facilitation initiative : inception : 2002 </s><s> APEC trade facilitation initiative : inception : 2002 </s><s> trade facilitation initiative : point in time : 2002 </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Russia : member of : APEC </s><s> Russia : located in or next to body of water : Pacific </s><s> United States : located in or next to body of water : Pacific </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Canada : member of : APEC </s><s> China : member of : APEC </s><s> Mexico : member of : APEC </s><s> Japan : member of : APEC </s><s> South Korea : member of : APEC </s><s> Taiwan : member of : APEC </s><s> 19 th APEC Meetings : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 19 th APEC Meetings : point in time : November 2011 </s><s> November 2011 APEC Meetings in Honolulu : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Yoshihiko Noda : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Dmitry Medvedev : position held : President </s><s> Hu Jintao : position held : President </s><s> Trans-Pacific Partnership : participant : Japan </s><s> Japan : member of : Trans-Pacific Partnership </s><s> Trans-Pacific Partnership : has part : Japan </s><s> Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific : instance of : trade agreements </s><s> Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific : has part : APEC </s><s> 2011 APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2011 APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : country : United States </s><s> 20 th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : point in time : 2012 </s><s> 20 th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> United States : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> Kazan : country : Russia </s><s> East Asia Summit : inception : 2011 </s><s> East Asia Summit : point in time : 2011 </s><s> United States : member of : East Asia Summit </s><s> United States : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Association of Southeast Asian Nations : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> East Asia : has part : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Association of Southeast Asian Nations : part of : East Asia </s><s> TPP : applies to jurisdiction : Asia-Pacific region </s><s> APEC : operating area : Asia-Pacific region </s><s> TPP negotiations : applies to jurisdiction : Asia-Pacific region </s><s> Bogor Goals : creator : APEC </s><s> Bogor Goals : facet of : free trade agreement </s><s> Bogor Goals : main subject : free trade agreement </s><s> free trade agreement amongst themselves : number of participants : 10 </s><s> China : member of : ASEAN </s><s> India : member of : ASEAN </s><s> Japan : member of : ASEAN </s><s> free trade agreement : instance of : trade </s><s> ASEAN+3 : followed by : ASEAN+6 </s><s> ASEAN+3 : instance of : free trade agreement </s><s> ASEAN+6 : instance of : free trade agreement </s><s> free trade agreement : participant : European Union </s><s> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Travel Card Act of 2011 : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Travel Card Act of 2011 : point in time : November 12, 2011 </s><s> Business Travel Card Act of 2011 : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> active program : instance of : free trade agreements </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : country : U.S. </s><s> APEC Business Travel Card : operator : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> APEC Secretariat : headquarters location : Singapore </s><s> APEC Secretariat : country : Singapore </s><s> APEC Secretariat : located in the administrative territorial entity : Singapore </s><s> APEC Meetings in Vladivostok : country : Russia </s> | Russia will host the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation's (APEC) week-long series of senior-level meetings in Vladivostok on September 2-9, 2012. The main event for the week will be the 20th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting to be held September 8-9, 2012. President Barack Obama will not attend the event; Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will lead the U.S. delegation.
As host for the 20th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, Russia has set the main agenda items as: advancing trade and investment liberalization and regional economic integration; strengthening food security; establishing reliable supply chains; and promoting cooperation to foster innovative growth. The United States hopes to complete priorities established at last year's Economic Leaders' Meeting in Honolulu and support Russia's agenda in cases where the two nations share a common objective.
On November 12-13, 2011, the United States hosted the 19th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Honolulu. While in Honolulu, the nine leaders of negotiating nations—Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam—met and announced the broad outline for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement, which to the United States and some other APEC members may serve as a stepping stone for a broader Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific open to all APEC members. However, not all APEC members support such a vision for the TPP.
Following the 19th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, the APEC leaders issued a declaration, reaffirming their opposition to protectionism and pledging to advance regional integration and the expansion of trade among APEC members. The leaders also agreed to set a cap tariff rate on "environmental goods" of 5%, and to phase out tariffs on environmental goods by 2015. However, they could not reach a final agreement on which goods would be considered "environmental goods."
Given the growing number of alternative regional events or organizations at which the United States can present its views, the heightened U.S. engagement in the Asia-Pacific region has raised questions about APEC's continued role and relevance in U.S. foreign policy. Since taking office, President Obama has strengthened ties with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the East Asian Summit (EAS), raising questions about the roles of each of these groups in U.S. relations in the region. In addition, China has grown concerned about greater U.S. interest in the region, with some Chinese officials viewing it as part of a U.S. containment policy aimed at China.
Congressional interest in APEC has generally focused on three issues—implications for U.S. trade policy in general, potential effects on relations with China, and budgetary matters. On occasion, the trade liberalization measures proposed to APEC by the United States have required changes in U.S. trade laws. As an APEC member, the United States must contribute to the annual budget of APEC. The Congressional Budget Justification for FY2013 includes a request for $1.028 million for APEC support. |
crs_R40098 | crs_R40098_0 | <s> estuaries : subclass of : streams </s><s> estuaries : subclass of : stream </s><s> estuaries : subclass of : lake </s><s> Clean Water Act : inception : 1972 </s><s> Clean Water Act : point in time : 1972 </s><s> Clean Water Act : publication date : 1972 </s><s> heavy metal : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> heavy metals : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> inorganic : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> nonpoint source pollution : subclass of : diffuse sources </s><s> organic chemicals : has effect : pollution </s><s> organic chemicals : has effect : harm human health </s><s> Great Lakes : country : United States </s><s> Great Lakes : basin country : United States </s><s> toxic pollutant contamination : subclass of : chemical contaminants </s><s> mercury : instance of : contaminant </s><s> mercury levels : subclass of : contaminant </s><s> mercury : subclass of : contaminant </s><s> Clean Water Act : point in time : 1987 </s><s> Clean Water Act : publication date : 1987 </s><s> Clean Water Act : inception : 1987 </s><s> wetlands permit : inception : 1987 </s><s> wetlands permit program : inception : 1987 </s><s> wetlands permit : point in time : 1987 </s><s> 106 th Congress : followed by : 107 th Congress </s><s> 107 th Congress : follows : 106 th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress </s><s> 106 th Congress : follows : 104 th Congress </s><s> economic stimulus legislation : point in time : 2009 </s><s> economic stimulus legislation in 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> 110 th : followed by : 111 th Congresses </s><s> significant water pollution problems : facet of : clean water </s><s> significant water pollution problems : facet of : water quality </s><s> significant water pollution problems : facet of : water quality issues </s><s> federal : has part : Congress </s><s> narrow bills : subclass of : bills </s><s> narrow bills : subclass of : legislated </s><s> terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Iraq war : start time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Obama Administration : inception : 2008 </s><s> 2008 election : candidate : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : candidacy in election : 2008 election </s><s> wetlands : subclass of : waters </s><s> 2008 presidential campaign : candidate : Barack Obama </s><s> Barack Obama : candidacy in election : 2008 presidential campaign </s><s> 2008 presidential campaign : candidate : Obama </s><s> Obama : candidacy in election : 2008 presidential campaign </s><s> 2008 presidential campaign : candidate : candidate Obama </s><s> candidate Obama : candidacy in election : 2008 presidential campaign </s><s> wastewater treatment plant : subclass of : wastewater infrastructure </s><s> municipal wastewater treatment plant : subclass of : wastewater infrastructure </s><s> wastewater treatment plant : part of : wastewater infrastructure </s><s> sewage : subclass of : wastes </s><s> Needs Survey : organizer : EPA </s><s> Needs Survey : publisher : EPA </s><s> four years earlier : author : EPA </s><s> wastewater treatment : part of : stormwater management </s><s> stormwater management : facet of : wastewater treatment </s><s> previous report : main subject : wastewater treatment </s><s> Gap Analysis : publication date : September 2002 </s><s> previous report : author : EPA </s><s> Clean Water Act : country : United States </s><s> Clean Water Act : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Clean Water Act : main subject : EPA </s><s> Economic Stimulus : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : point in time : 111 </s><s> Economic Stimulus : instance of : legislation </s><s> State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund : inception : 1987 </s><s> 1987 amendments to the act : point in time : 1987 </s><s> State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds : inception : 1987 </s><s> Clean Water Act : legislated by : Congresses </s><s> Clean Water Act reauthorization : legislated by : Congresses </s><s> interest-free loan : subclass of : loan </s><s> bond : subclass of : security </s><s> interest-free loan : subclass of : loans </s><s> nonpoint pollution management : facet of : estuary </s><s> nonpoint pollution management : subclass of : estuary management </s><s> estuary : subclass of : pollution management </s><s> drinking water SRF : inception : 1996 </s><s> a drinking water SRF : inception : 1996 </s><s> drinking water SRF in 1996 : inception : 1996 </s><s> capitalization grant : subclass of : revolving loan </s><s> 1987 amendments : point in time : 1987 </s><s> capitalization grant : inception : 1987 </s><s> per capita : subclass of : income </s><s> per capita : subclass of : household incomes </s><s> per capita : subclass of : household income </s><s> sanitary sewer : subclass of : sewer </s><s> sanitary sewer : subclass of : sewers </s><s> sanitary sewer : subclass of : wastewater </s><s> President's budget : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : position held : President's </s><s> President's budget for several years : part of : Bush Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : follows : Bush Administration </s><s> Bush Administration : followed by : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration's : follows : Bush Administration </s><s> 107 th Congress : point in time : 107 </s><s> 107 th Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> 107 th Congress : followed by : 113th Congress </s><s> Clean Water Act : has part : SRF program </s><s> SRF program : part of : Clean Water Act </s><s> wastewater : subclass of : drinking water </s><s> 107 th Congress : followed by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Water Infrastructure Financing Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : follows : 107 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : House </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : inception : 1987 </s><s> District of Columbia : country : United States </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : point in time : 1987 </s><s> Water Quality Financing Act of 2007 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 108th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Water Quality Financing Act of 2007 : legislated by : 110th Congress </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : main subject : prevailing wage </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : instance of : prevailing wage </s><s> Davis-Bacon Act : has part : prevailing wage </s><s> CWA : has part : Section 221 </s><s> Section 221 : part of : CWA </s><s> CWA : has part : Section 220 </s><s> Section 220 : part of : CWA </s><s> CWA Section 221 : legislated by : House </s><s> CWA Section 220 : legislated by : House </s><s> Clean Water Act : followed by : Safe Drinking Water Act </s><s> Clean Water Act : has part : Safe Drinking Water Act </s><s> wastewater treatment : subclass of : drinking water </s><s> wastewater treatment : subclass of : water </s><s> wastewater treatment : facet of : drinking water </s><s> bill : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> H.R. 1262 : publication date : March 12, 2009 </s><s> legislation : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> capitalization grant : subclass of : grants </s><s> capitalization grant : subclass of : subsidies </s><s> water reuse and conservation : subclass of : green infrastructure </s><s> sewage treatment plant : product or material produced : sewage </s><s> sewage treatment plants : product or material produced : sewage </s><s> sewage treatment plant : uses : sewage </s><s> endanger human health : facet of : human health </s><s> endanger human health : subclass of : human health </s><s> sanitary sewer : subclass of : sewer overflow </s><s> Environment and Public Works Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> 110 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Senate : has part : Environment and Public Works Committee </s><s> United States : shares border with : Canada </s><s> Canada : shares border with : United States </s><s> Canada : located in or next to body of water : Great Lakes </s><s> 110 th Congress : followed by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Water Infrastructure Financing Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : follows : 110 th Congress </s><s> drinking water : subclass of : water </s><s> water conservation : facet of : water </s><s> stormwater management : subclass of : water conservation </s><s> drinking water : facet of : water </s><s> water : use : drinking water </s><s> 1987 : point in time : 1987 </s><s> personal care : subclass of : pharmaceuticals </s><s> pharmaceuticals : subclass of : products </s><s> most recent clean water needs survey : publisher : EPA </s><s> SRF : instance of : capitalization grant </s><s> SRF capitalization grant : operator : EPA </s><s> FY2010 : followed by : FY2014 </s><s> FY2014 : follows : FY2010 </s><s> S. 1005 : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> 2004 clean water needs survey : point in time : 2004 </s><s> 2008 needs survey : point in time : 2008 </s><s> transportation : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> Clean Water Act of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> National Clean Water Trust Fund : instance of : trust fund </s><s> H.R. 4560 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> federal trust fund : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> legislation was introduced : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> toilet paper : subclass of : cosmetics </s><s> water infrastructure trust fund : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> wetlands : subclass of : environmental policy </s><s> Regulatory Protection of Wetlands : facet of : wetlands </s><s> wetland : subclass of : environmental policy </s><s> permit program in Section 404 : country : United States </s><s> permit program : country : United States </s><s> permit program in Section 404 : main subject : wetlands </s><s> Natural Resource Conservation Service : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Fish and Wildlife Service : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Isolated waters : subclass of : isolated waters </s><s> Isolated waters—wwiper : subclass of : wetland </s><s> Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. Supreme Court : publication date : January 9, 2001 </s><s> Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County : court : Supreme Court </s><s> migratory bird : subclass of : bird </s><s> 404 permit : applies to jurisdiction : federal court </s><s> federal court : applies to jurisdiction : federal </s><s> guidance issued in January 2003 : point in time : January 2003 </s><s> EPA : subsidiary : Corps </s><s> Corps : parent organization : EPA </s><s> guidance : publication date : January 2003 </s><s> Rapanos v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Rapanos v. United States : start time : February 21, 2006 </s><s> Carabos v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> federal permit : part of : CWA </s><s> est.ell v. United States : main subject : federal permit </s><s> est.ell v. United States : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Rapanos, v. United States : publication date : June 19, 2006 </s><s> Rapanos, v. United States : point in time : June 19, 2006 </s><s> Rapanos : publication date : June 19, 2006 </s><s> navigable waters : subclass of : waters </s><s> Rapanos ruling : instance of : case-by-case determinations </s><s> wetlands : subclass of : navigable waters </s><s> non-navigable tributaries : subclass of : wetlands </s><s> wetlands : opposite of : navigable water </s><s> wetlands : has part : streams </s><s> wetlands : subclass of : wetland </s><s> wetlands : different from : wetland </s><s> wetland : different from : wetlands </s><s> legislation to overturn the decisions : legislated by : 107 th Congress </s><s> legislation to overturn the decisions by providing a broad definition of waters of the United States : legislated by : 107 th Congress </s><s> 2001 : court : Supreme Court </s><s> 2006 : court : Supreme Court </s><s> 2006 rulings : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of Agriculture : part of : Obama Administration </s><s> Department of the Interior : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> Environment and Public Works Committee : part of : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : has part : Environment and Public Works Committee </s><s> Environment and Public Works Committee : part of : Senate committee </s><s> 111 th Congress : instance of : sine die </s><s> 111 th Congress adjourned sine die : point in time : 111 </s><s> 111 th Congress : significant event : sine die </s><s> playa lake : subclass of : ponds </s><s> playa lake : subclass of : wet meadow </s><s> playa lakes : subclass of : ponds </s><s> Rapanos : court : Court </s><s> Rapanos : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Rapanos : instance of : Court found invalid </s><s> SWANCC : instance of : interpretive controversy </s><s> Rapanos : instance of : interpretive controversy </s><s> interpretive controversy : participant : SWANCC </s><s> interpretive controversy : participant : Rapanos </s><s> Clean Water Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act : inception : 2000 </s><s> Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act : publication date : 2000 </s><s> BEACH Act : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> House : instance of : committees </s><s> 110 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> water quality : subclass of : pollutant </s><s> Senate : instance of : committees </s><s> water quality : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> sanitary sewage : subclass of : combined sewer </s><s> sanitary sewage : subclass of : sewage </s><s> sanitary sewage : subclass of : municipal sewage </s><s> stormwater : has parts of the class : rainwater </s><s> stormwater : has part : rainwater </s><s> separate sanitary sewer : subclass of : sewage </s><s> separate sanitary sewer : different from : separate storm sewer </s><s> separate storm sewer : different from : separate sanitary sewer </s><s> separate sanitary sewer : product or material produced : sanitary waste </s><s> Wet Weather Water Quality Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Wet Weather Water Quality Act : publication date : 2000 </s><s> Wet Weather Water Quality Act : inception : 2000 </s><s> 111 th Congress : start time : March 2009 </s><s> CSOs : subclass of : municipal sewer </s><s> CSOs : subclass of : sewer </s><s> executive order : author : President Obama </s><s> executive order : author : President </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : has part : nitrogen </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : has part : phosphorus </s><s> Federal Leadership Committee for the Chesapeake Bay : inception : May 12, 2010 </s><s> Total Maximum Daily Load : main subject : Chesapeake Bay </s><s> Federal Leadership Committee for the Chesapeake Bay : field of work : Chesapeake Bay </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : country : United States </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : basin country : United States </s><s> Chesapeake Bay watershed : country : United States </s><s> Chesapeake Bay TMDL : inception : May 1, 2011 </s><s> Chesapeake Bay TMDL : publication date : May 1, 2011 </s><s> Clean Water Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> Watershed Implementation Plan : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Chesapeake Basin : located in or next to body of water : Chesapeake </s><s> National Estuary Program : inception : 1987 </s><s> National Estuary Program Reauthorization : inception : 1987 </s><s> National Estuary Program (NEP) : inception : 1987 </s><s> Clean Estuaries Act : inception : 1987 </s><s> Clean Estuaries Act : point in time : 1987 </s><s> Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Appalachian : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kentucky </s><s> Appalachia : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kentucky </s><s> Appalachian states : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kentucky </s><s> West Virginia : shares border with : Ohio </s><s> Ohio : shares border with : West Virginia </s><s> West Virginia : located in the administrative territorial entity : West Virginia </s><s> West Virginia : contains administrative territorial entity : West Virginia </s><s> Corps of Engineers : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Corps of Engineers </s><s> Appalachia Restoration Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Clean Water Protection Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Appalachia Restoration Act : main subject : Appalachia </s><s> H : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> H : part of : 111 th Congress </s><s> Electricity Reliability Protection Act of 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Electricity Reliability Protection Act of 2010 : instance of : bill </s><s> Electricity Reliability Protection Act of 2010 : has part : S. 3993 </s><s> National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System : part of : Clean Water Act </s><s> 2006 federal court decision : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Clean Boating Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> Clean Boating Act : point in time : July 2008 </s><s> Clean Boating Act : publication date : July 2008 </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> FIFRA : instance of : nongovernmental entities </s><s> bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FIFRA : instance of : nongovernmental entity </s><s> Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act : main subject : pesticide </s><s> West Nile virus : instance of : diseases </s><s> Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> legislation : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : start time : January 2009 </s><s> 109 th Congress : end time : January 2009 </s><s> 2009 federal court ruling : point in time : 2009 </s><s> 2009 federal court ruling : court : federal court </s><s> 2009 federal court ruling : publication date : June 2009 </s><s> Water Transfer Rule : author : EPA </s><s> Water Transfer Rule : applies to jurisdiction : EPA </s><s> Everglades : has part : Lake O </s><s> Lake O : part of : Everglades </s><s> Lake O : located on terrain feature : Everglades </s><s> direct challenge to EPA's water transfer rule : court : 11 th Circuit </s><s> direct challenge to EPA's water transfer rule : court : U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11 th Circuit </s><s> direct challenge to EPA's water transfer rule : court : 11 th Circuit court </s><s> Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : point in time : April 20, 2010 </s><s> Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : operator : BP </s><s> Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill : location : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan : inception : 1968 </s><s> National Contingency Plan : inception : 1968 </s><s> Torrey Canyon : instance of : oil spill </s><s> Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act : point in time : 1980 </s><s> Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act : publication date : 1980 </s><s> oil spill prevention and response : facet of : oil spill </s><s> Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act : part of : federal oil spill laws </s><s> Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act : has part : 43 U.S.C. § 1331 et seq. </s><s> 43 U.S.C. § 1331 et seq. : part of : Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act </s><s> Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> oil spill removal : facet of : oil spill </s><s> Deepwater Horizon oil spill : instance of : oil spill </s><s> oil spill response : facet of : spill </s><s> chemical dispersant : use : spill </s><s> oil spill : has cause : chemical dispersant </s><s> Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources Act : instance of : bill </s><s> Area Contingency Plan : subclass of : plan </s><s> Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Mandatory Victims Restitution Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 : publication date : 1996 </s><s> EPA : field of work : clean water </s><s> Clean water issues : facet of : water quality </s><s> Clean water issues : subclass of : water quality </s><s> nonpoint pollution management grants : parent organization : EPA </s><s> nonpoint pollution management grant : parent organization : EPA </s><s> EPA : subsidiary : nonpoint pollution management grants </s><s> Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Resolution Act, 2009 : point in time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Resolution Act, 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Resolution Act, 2009 : start time : March 6, 2009 </s><s> 2009 omnibus appropriations act : point in time : 2009 </s><s> full-year omnibus FY2009 appropriations bill : point in time : 2009 </s><s> full-year omnibus FY2009 appropriations bill : point in time : March 11, 2009 </s><s> President Obama : inception : January 2009 </s><s> federal government : has part : Congress </s><s> Congress : part of : federal government </s><s> economic stimulus legislation : point in time : January 28, 2009 </s><s> economic stimulus legislation : instance of : stimulus bill </s><s> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act : author : President Obama </s><s> President Obama : significant event : American Recovery and Reinvestment Act </s><s> capitalization grant : instance of : grants </s><s> capitalization grant : part of : SRF </s><s> construction : product or material produced : infrastructure </s><s> FY2009 appropriations act : instance of : regular </s><s> FY2009 appropriations act : has part : supplemental clean water SRF funds </s><s> Administration's FY2010 budget request : point in time : May 7, 2009 </s><s> Administration's : chairperson : President Obama </s><s> Great Lakes Legacy Act : main subject : Great Lakes restoration efforts </s><s> Great Lakes Legacy Act : main subject : Great Lakes restoration </s><s> Great Lakes Legacy Act : main subject : restoration efforts </s><s> 2009 economic stimulus legislation : point in time : 2009 </s><s> 2009 economic stimulus : point in time : 2009 </s><s> energy efficiency : subclass of : water efficiency </s><s> energy efficiency : facet of : water efficiency </s><s> energy efficiency improvements : facet of : water efficiency </s><s> House : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> House : part of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Senate : part of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Appropriations Committees : has part : House </s><s> Appropriations Committees : has part : Senate </s><s> FY2011 budget request : point in time : February 1, 2010 </s><s> enacted for FY2010 : followed by : FY2011 budget request </s><s> President's budget : inception : February 1, 2010 </s><s> 2009 economic recovery legislation : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Great Lakes restoration : facet of : Great Lakes </s><s> 2009 economic recovery : point in time : 2009 </s><s> new fiscal year : start time : October 1, 2010 </s><s> Congress : has part : House Appropriations subcommittee </s><s> House Appropriations subcommittee : part of : Congress </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s> | Although much progress has been made in achieving the ambitious goals that Congress established more than 35 years ago in the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters, long-standing problems persist, and new problems have emerged. Water quality problems are diverse, ranging from pollution runoff from farms and ranches, city streets, and other diffuse or "nonpoint" sources, to toxic substances discharged from factories and sewage treatment plants.
There is little agreement among stakeholders about what solutions are needed and whether new legislation is required to address the nation's remaining water pollution problems. For some time, efforts to comprehensively amend the CWA have stalled as interests have debated whether and exactly how to change the law. Congress has instead focused legislative attention on enacting narrow bills to extend or modify selected CWA programs, but not any comprehensive proposals.
For several years, the most prominent legislative water quality issue has concerned financial assistance for municipal wastewater treatment projects. House and Senate committees have approved bills on several occasions, but, for various reasons, no legislation has been enacted. At issue has been how the federal government will assist states and cities in meeting needs to rebuild, repair, and upgrade wastewater treatment plants, especially in light of capital costs that are projected to be as much as $390 billion. In the 111th Congress, interest in increased investment in public works infrastructure—including wastewater—in order to stimulate the faltering U.S. economy brought greater attention to water infrastructure issues. Acting quickly, in February 2009, Congress passed and the President signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5). Among its provisions, the legislation appropriated $4.0 billion in additional CWA assistance for wastewater projects. In addition, in March 2009, the House passed legislation to reauthorize the CWA's State Revolving Fund (SRF) program to finance wastewater infrastructure and several related provisions of the act (H.R. 1262). A companion bill was approved by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee (S. 1005). No legislation was enacted.
Programs that regulate activities in wetlands also have been of interest, especially CWA Section 404, which has been criticized by landowners for intruding on private land-use decisions and imposing excessive economic burdens. Environmentalists view this regulatory program as essential for maintaining the health of wetland ecosystems, and they are concerned about court rulings that narrowed regulatory protection of wetlands and about related administrative actions. Many stakeholders desire clarification of the act's regulatory jurisdiction, but they differ on what solutions are appropriate. In the 111th Congress, the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee approved a bill that sought to clarify but not expand the CWA's geographic scope (the Clean Water Restoration Act, S. 787). A companion bill was introduced in the House (H.R. 5088). Because some stakeholders believe that the bills would expand federal jurisdiction—not simply clarify it—the bills were controversial, and no legislation was enacted.
The 111th Congress considered a number of water quality issues through oversight and legislation. Two bills amending the CWA were enacted and are discussed. One dealt with extending a moratorium for CWA permitting of certain vessels (P.L. 111-215), and the other dealt with ensuring that federal agencies and departments pay localities for reasonable costs associated with managing stormwater pollution from federal properties (P.L. 111-378). |
crs_RL32587 | crs_RL32587_0 | <s> taxes : instance of : economic policy </s><s> economic theory : part of : economics </s><s> economics : has part : economic theory </s><s> taxes : instance of : federal policies </s><s> Internal Revenue Service : instance of : government agencies </s><s> Internal Revenue Service : instance of : government agency </s><s> private sector : part of : economic theory </s><s> Economic Report of the President : publication date : 2004 </s><s> Economic Report of the President : inception : 2004 </s><s> 2004 Economic Report of the President : point in time : 2004 </s><s> goods : opposite of : services </s><s> economic : studies : goods </s><s> goods : studied by : economic </s><s> international trade : has part : goods </s><s> goods : part of : international trade </s><s> Radio Flyer, Inc : headquarters location : Chicago </s><s> Radio Flyer, Inc : location of formation : Chicago </s><s> Radio Flyer : headquarters location : Chicago </s><s> John Kerry : position held : Senator </s><s> John Kerry : employer : Senator </s><s> John Kerry : member of : Senator </s><s> economic theory : studies : economic variables </s><s> economic variables : studied by : economic theory </s><s> foreign investment : subclass of : investment </s><s> trade : studied by : economic theory </s><s> investment : studied by : economic theory </s><s> outsourcing debate : facet of : outsourcing </s><s> balance of trade : facet of : trade </s><s> balance of trade : subclass of : trade </s><s> economic theory : studies : economic welfare </s><s> economic welfare : studied by : economic theory </s><s> trade theory : subclass of : economic theory </s><s> economic theory : studies : trade </s><s> Economic theory : studies : economy </s><s> economy : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> economic theory : studies : economy </s><s> economy : studied by : economic theory </s><s> aggregate level of employment : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> economic theory : studies : economics </s><s> economics : studied by : economic theory </s><s> international economy : subclass of : economic life </s><s> international economy : part of : economic life </s><s> economic life : has part : international economy </s><s> trade deficit : opposite of : surplus </s><s> surplus : opposite of : trade deficit </s><s> trade deficit : different from : surplus </s><s> surplus : different from : trade deficit </s><s> trade balance : has part : imports </s><s> trade balance : has part : exports </s><s> tax policy : facet of : taxes </s><s> taxes : part of : tax policy </s><s> net outsourcing : subclass of : outsourcing </s><s> net outsourcing : facet of : outsourcing </s><s> trade deficit : facet of : balance of trade </s><s> trade deficit : facet of : trade </s><s> trade deficit : part of : aggregate </s><s> trade deficit : different from : trade deficit </s><s> services : subclass of : goods </s><s> goods : different from : services </s><s> services : different from : goods </s><s> exports : subclass of : goods </s><s> terms of trade : facet of : trade </s><s> terms of trade : facet of : trade balance </s><s> terms of trade : studied by : economists </s><s> trade : part of : domestic economy </s><s> domestic economy : instance of : economy </s><s> domestic economy : subclass of : economy </s><s> extraterritorial tax exclusion : subclass of : Tax </s><s> extraterritorial tax exclusion : instance of : Tax </s><s> extraterritorial tax exclusion : subclass of : Taxes </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : shares border with : European Union </s><s> European Union : shares border with : United States </s><s> trade : different from : goods </s><s> goods : different from : trade </s><s> trade in services : subclass of : trade </s><s> trade in services : different from : trade in goods </s><s> trade in goods : different from : trade in services </s><s> allocation of capital : part of : economic theory </s><s> allocation of capital : studied by : economic theory </s><s> balance of trade : studied by : economic theory </s><s> rate of return : studied by : economic theory </s><s> rate of return : part of : economic theory </s><s> rate of return : facet of : economic theory </s><s> other factors remaining constant : instance of : effect </s><s> foreign : opposite of : domestic </s><s> other factors remaining constant : subclass of : effect </s><s> manufacturing industry : product or material produced : product </s><s> manufacturing : product or material produced : product </s><s> product : part of : manufacturing industry </s><s> outsourcing : subclass of : production </s><s> outsourcing : subclass of : trade </s><s> foreign subsidiary : subclass of : corporations </s><s> trade balance : facet of : balance of trade </s><s> trade balance : facet of : balance of trade indirectly </s><s> trade deficit : facet of : trade balance </s><s> trade deficit : facet of : outsourcing through trade </s><s> trade deficit : facet of : outsourcing </s><s> trade deficit : has cause : outsourcing through trade </s><s> ETI : instance of : export tax </s><s> ETI export tax subsidy : has effect : federal budget deficit </s><s> ETI : instance of : export tax subsidy </s><s> surplus : opposite of : budget deficit </s><s> budget deficit : opposite of : surplus </s><s> capital gains : subclass of : income </s><s> dividends : subclass of : capital gains </s><s> dividends : subclass of : income </s><s> goods and services : part of : trade </s><s> trade : has part : goods and services </s><s> Deferral : instance of : tax </s><s> Deferral : subclass of : tax </s><s> Deferral : instance of : international tax system </s><s> double-taxation : subclass of : tax </s><s> foreign tax credit : opposite of : double-taxation </s><s> foreign tax credit : opposite of : double-taxation of overseas income </s><s> Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2006 : point in time : December 2006 </s><s> American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> American Jobs Creation Act : point in time : 2004 </s><s> insurance : subclass of : income </s><s> trade controversy : participant : European Union </s><s> Jobs Creation Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> outsourcing : subclass of : overseas investment </s><s> top corporate tax bracket : country : United States </s><s> top corporate tax bracket : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> corporations : has part : income </s><s> extraterritorial income : instance of : tax benefit </s><s> extraterritorial income : instance of : Export tax </s><s> extraterritorial income (ETI) tax benefit for exporting : instance of : Export tax benefits </s><s> foreign investment : instance of : foreign tax credit </s><s> foreign tax credit : has part : foreign tax credit limitation </s><s> foreign tax credit limitation : part of : foreign tax credit </s><s> foreign tax credit : instance of : tax </s><s> outsourcing : subclass of : foreign investment </s><s> outsourcing : facet of : foreign investment </s><s> foreign investment : subclass of : outsourcing </s><s> repatriate : subclass of : dividends </s><s> dividends : subclass of : repatriate </s><s> repatriate : has part : dividends </s><s> reduction in the tax on repatriated earnings : part of : American Jobs Creation Act </s><s> repatriation : has effect : economic growth </s><s> repatriation : subclass of : tax </s><s> economic theory : studies : economic efficiency </s><s> economic efficiency : studied by : economic theory </s><s> trade surplus : subclass of : trade balance </s><s> trade surplus : subclass of : trade </s><s> trade surplus : part of : economy </s><s> International trade : subclass of : trade </s><s> International trade : instance of : trade </s><s> Classic economic theory : studies : International trade </s><s> trade : part of : economy </s><s> international specialization : subclass of : specialize </s><s> trade : subclass of : trade </s><s> specializing : part of : economic theory </s><s> specializing : studied by : economic theory </s><s> trade : studied by : economists </s><s> balance of trade : part of : economy </s><s> Trade theory : studies : international trade </s><s> international trade : studied by : Trade theory </s><s> outsourcing : facet of : trade </s><s> outsourcing debate : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> central tenet of economics : part of : economic theory </s><s> central tenet of economics : studied by : economic theory </s><s> economic theory : studies : central tenet of economics </s><s> marginal product of capital : part of : economic theory </s><s> an additional domestic investment : subclass of : overseas investment </s><s> an additional domestic investment : instance of : overseas investment </s><s> where capital is allocated : facet of : where capital is used </s><s> marginal product : subclass of : capital </s><s> profit maximizing : subclass of : maximized </s><s> Profit maximizing : subclass of : maximized </s><s> domestic economy : opposite of : abroad </s><s> abroad : opposite of : domestic economy </s><s> domestic economy : opposite of : international economy </s><s> pre-tax return : subclass of : tax revenue </s><s> pre-tax return : opposite of : aftertax return </s><s> pretax return : subclass of : pre-tax return </s><s> Capital import neutrality : instance of : tax policy </s><s> capital import neutrality : instance of : tax policy </s><s> capital import neutrality : subclass of : tax policy </s><s> legislation Congress enacted in 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> legislation Congress enacted : point in time : 2004 </s><s> foreign tax : country : U.S. </s><s> double taxation : subclass of : tax </s><s> capital export neutrality : instance of : national neutrality </s><s> capital export neutrality : subclass of : double taxation </s><s> economic efficiency : said to be the same as : economic welfare </s><s> economic welfare : said to be the same as : economic efficiency </s><s> economic efficiency : facet of : economic welfare </s><s> economic efficiency : has effect : economic welfare </s><s> supply of labor : opposite of : demand </s><s> demand : opposite of : supply of labor </s><s> supply : opposite of : demand </s><s> demand : opposite of : supply </s><s> full employment : subclass of : aggregate employment </s><s> equilibrium : facet of : economy </s><s> full employment : subclass of : unemployment </s><s> full employment : different from : unemployment </s><s> full employment : opposite of : unemployment </s><s> full employment : has effect : unemployment </s><s> near-term : facet of : near-term </s><s> near-term : subclass of : employment </s><s> near-term : part of : near-term </s><s> capital : part of : economy </s><s> full employment : facet of : economy </s><s> full employment : facet of : economy as a whole </s><s> impacts : facet of : tax policy </s><s> goods and services : studied by : economic </s><s> goods and services : has effect : economic harm </s><s> international economy : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> trade : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> Economic theory : studies : economic </s><s> economic : studied by : Economic theory </s><s> international trade : subclass of : trade </s><s> international trade : facet of : trade </s> | The impact of taxes on international trade and investment has been debated for decades. Most recently, a variety of bills addressing international taxation were introduced in the 110th Congress—some would have cut taxes for U.S. firms overseas, while others would have increased taxes on foreign investment. The debate over taxes and foreign outsourcing has tended to grow more heated during times of domestic economic weakness and high unemployment; questions arise over whether taxes contribute to such weakness by discouraging exports (or encouraging imports) or by encouraging U.S. firms to move abroad. The debate over international taxation has again become prominent as a part of the wider debate over "outsourcing." With taxes, the debate asks how the current system affects outsourcing, and whether policies designed to limit the phenomenon might be desirable.
The precise meaning of the term "outsourcing" varies, depending on the context. In one usage, outsourcing simply refers to the use by domestic firms of inputs produced by other firms. Other usages, however, refer exclusively to the international sector. The analysis in this report focuses on two types of such "offshore" outsourcing: the use by domestic firms of imported foreign inputs, including both the use of foreign technical services and the use of foreign-made goods; and the shifting by U.S. firms of domestic operations abroad. The analysis of the first of these types of outsourcing focuses primarily on how taxes affect trade while investment is held constant. The assessment of the second type looks at how taxes affect investment.
Taxes probably have little impact on the balance of trade (what might be termed "net" outsourcing), apart from indirect effects that may result from their impact on investment flows. In the language of the outsourcing debate, taxes likely do not change the extent to which the economy as a whole engages in the use of foreign, rather than domestic, inputs (compared to the extent the economy exports). In contrast, taxes can affect the flow of direct investment abroad—that is, the establishment of overseas production facilities by U.S. firms. Thus, if outsourcing is taken to mean the use by U.S. firms of foreign rather than domestic labor, taxes can have an impact. The current U.S. system, however, produces a variety of incentives, disincentives, and neutrality towards overseas investment, and the net impact of the system on the flow of investment is not clear. Similarly, the likely impact of recently enacted legislation is not clear.
Economic theory provides frameworks for evaluating the efficiency effect of taxes on international trade and investment, and their subsequent impact on economic welfare. According to theory, taxes best promote economic efficiency—and thus best promote economic welfare—when they do not distort the level or composition of trade or alter the allocation of investment between foreign and domestic uses. In short, taxes best promote economic efficiency and aggregate economic welfare when they do not distort the level of outsourcing, in the sense it is used in this report. With respect to employment, outsourcing may cause sector-specific and near-term job losses but likely does not have a substantial long-run impact on overall employment. This report will be updated only when major legislative developments occur. |
crs_RS21903 | crs_RS21903_0 | <s> India : part of : South Asia </s><s> Bangladesh : part of : South Asia </s><s> Pakistan : part of : South Asia </s><s> Mecca : country : Saudi Arabia </s><s> Saudi Arabia : capital : Mecca </s><s> Saudi Arabia : named after : Mecca </s><s> Arab Middle East : part of : Middle East </s><s> Middle East : has part : Arab Middle East </s><s> Islam spread throughout much of Southeast Asia by the end of Southeast Asia : facet of : Islam </s><s> Asian financial crisis of 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Muslim separatist insurgents : country : Philippines </s><s> Muslim separatist insurgents : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Parti Islam se Malaysia : country : Malaysia </s><s> 1979 Islamic revolution : country : Iran </s><s> Iran : participant in : Arab-Israeli conflict </s><s> Iran : significant event : 1979 Islamic revolution </s><s> Kashmir : country : India </s><s> Wahhabism : founded by : Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab </s><s> Wahhabism : named after : Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab </s><s> Sunni : founded by : Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab </s><s> traditionalist school : instance of : schools of thought </s><s> traditionalist : instance of : schools of thought </s><s> traditionalist school : instance of : schools of thought within Islam </s><s> globalization : has effect : globalizing culture </s><s> globalizing culture : has cause : globalization </s><s> globalization : said to be the same as : globalizing culture </s><s> globalizing culture : said to be the same as : globalization </s><s> Arab-Israeli conflict : participant : United States </s><s> Arab-Israeli conflict : part of : United States's foreign policy </s><s> Arab-Israeli conflict : participant : United States's foreign policy </s><s> moderate : subclass of : Islam </s><s> Islam in Southeast Asia : part of : Islam in Asia </s><s> Islam, Extremists, and Terrorists : facet of : Islam in Southeast Asia </s><s> war against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan : location : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : Soviet Union </s><s> Soviet Union : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : participant in : war against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Al Qaeda : political ideology : extremist ideology </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Taliban : country : Afghanistan </s><s> Taliban regime : country : Afghanistan </s><s> long term conflict : location : Afghanistan </s><s> Pakistan : contains administrative territorial entity : Northwest Frontier Province </s><s> Pakistan : contains administrative territorial entity : Baluchistan </s><s> Northwest Frontier Province : country : Pakistan </s><s> Baluchistan : country : Pakistan </s><s> Baluchistan : located in the administrative territorial entity : Pakistan </s><s> Sulawezi : country : Indonesia </s><s> Mol : country : Indonesia </s><s> Jemaah Islamiya : part of : Al Qaeda </s><s> insurrection : country : Thailand </s><s> Thailand : part of : Southeast Asia </s><s> Moluccas : part of : Southeast Asia </s><s> Southeast Asia : has part : Moluccas </s><s> Xinjiang Province : country : China </s><s> China : ethnic group : Uighurs </s><s> China : contains administrative territorial entity : Xinjiang Province </s><s> Xinjiang : country : China </s><s> China : contains administrative territorial entity : Xinjiang </s><s> Karen Armstrong : notable work : Islam: A Short History </s><s> Islam: A Short History : author : Karen Armstrong </s><s> terrorism worldwide : instance of : extremism </s><s> Barisan National Coalition : country : Malaysia </s><s> Barisan National Coalition : country : Indonesia </s><s> Badawi : member of political party : Parti Islam se Malaysia </s><s> Indonesia : continent : Asia </s><s> Malaysia : continent : Asia </s><s> Indonesia : religion : Islam </s><s> Malaysia : religion : Islam </s><s> Indonesia : political ideology : Secular </s><s> Malaysia : political ideology : Secular </s><s> pesantren : country : Indonesia </s><s> pesantren : subclass of : madrassa </s><s> pesantren : subclass of : madrassas </s><s> terrorists : subclass of : extremists </s><s> extremists : subclass of : terrorists </s><s> terrorism : subclass of : extremists </s> | There exists much diversity within the Islamic world. This is particularly evident in Asia. This diversity is to be found in the different ethnic backgrounds and in the different practices of Islam. The Muslim world of Asia has been experiencing an Islamic revival. This has had an effect on moderate as well as radical Muslims. An understanding of the dynamics of Islam in Asia should help inform United States' policy to develop respect between America and Muslim peoples, to foster economic policies to encourage development of open societies, to support education in Muslim states, and to identify and prioritize terrorist sanctuaries in order to pursue more effectively the war against terror. This report will be updated. |
crs_R44107 | crs_R44107_0 | <s> federal government : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> President : part of : federal government </s><s> federal government : has part : President </s><s> Plum Book : publisher : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Plum Book : author : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Plum Book (United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions) : publisher : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Barack H. Obama : position held : President </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> confirmed : subclass of : nomination </s><s> 113 th Congress : point in time : 113 </s><s> 113 th Congress : instance of : Congress </s><s> 113 th Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : 113 th Congress </s><s> President : appointed by : Senate </s><s> 113 th Congress : followed by : 113 th Congress </s><s> 113 th Congress : end time : 113 th Congress </s><s> presidentially appointed positions requiring Senate confirmation : part of : Executive Schedule </s><s> Executive Schedule : main subject : presidentially appointed positions requiring Senate confirmation </s><s> Executive Schedule : is a list of : presidentially appointed </s><s> median : facet of : statistics </s><s> median : part of : statistics </s><s> median : subclass of : statistics </s><s> median : opposite of : mean </s><s> mean : opposite of : median </s><s> median : opposite of : norm </s><s> Senate nominations database : part of : LIS </s><s> Senate nominations database : operator : LIS </s><s> Senate nominations database : maintained by : LIS </s><s> Department : part of : executive departments </s><s> Department : subclass of : executive departments </s><s> executive departments : subclass of : agency </s><s> Department of Agriculture : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Commerce : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Defense : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Energy : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Housing and Urban Development : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of the Interior : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Health and Human Services : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Homeland Security : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Housing and Urban Development : part of : 113 th Congress </s><s> Department of Justice : part : 113 th Congress </s> | The President makes appointments to positions within the federal government, either using the authorities granted by law to the President alone, or with the advice and consent of the Senate. There are some 351 full-time leadership positions in the 15 executive departments for which the Senate provides advice and consent. This report identifies all nominations submitted to the Senate during the 113 th Congress for full-time positions in these 15 executive departments.
Information for each department is presented in tables. The tables include full-time positions confirmed by the Senate, pay levels for these positions, and appointment action within each executive department. Additional summary information across all 15 executive departments appears in the Appendix.
During the 113 th Congress, the President submitted 273 nominations to the Senate for full-time positions in executive departments. Of these 273 nominations, 162 were confirmed, 8 were withdrawn, and 103 were returned to him in accordance with Senate rules. For those nominations that were confirmed, a mean (average) of 119.2 days elapsed between nomination and confirmation. The median number of days elapsed was 92.0.
Information for this report was compiled using the Senate nominations database of the Legislative Information System (LIS) ( http://www.lis.gov/nomis/ ) , the Congressional Record (daily edition), the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , telephone discussions with agency officials, agency websites, the United States Code , and the 2012 Plum Book ( United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions ).
This report will not be updated. |
crs_R41475 | crs_R41475_0 | <s> Food and Drug Administration : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Food and Drug Administration </s><s> Food and Drug Administration : part of : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies : part of : Committees on Appropriations </s><s> Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies : part of : House </s><s> Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies : part of : Senate Committees on Appropriations </s><s> Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies : part of : House Committee on Agriculture </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : Food and nutrition programs </s><s> Food and nutrition programs : has part : Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : part of : Food and nutrition programs </s><s> Women, Infants, and Children : instance of : Food and nutrition programs </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation : product or material produced : crop insurance </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation : parent organization : USDA </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : Commodity Credit Corporation </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> Forest Service : part of : USDA </s><s> Foreign agricultural assistance : instance of : Title V </s><s> Agriculture appropriations bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Foreign agricultural assistance : part of : Title V </s><s> USDA : field of work : food safety </s><s> USDA : field of work : agricultural research </s><s> Financial Services Appropriations Subcommittee : part of : Senate </s><s> Financial Services Appropriations Subcommittee : part of : House </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> FDA : field of work : food safety </s><s> FDA : subsidiary : FDA's </s><s> FDA : parent organization : USDA </s><s> appropriations act : subclass of : bill </s><s> Appropriations Committees : part of : Congress </s><s> House : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Appropriations bill : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> authorizing committees : part of : Congress </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children : authority : authorizing committees </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : food aid program </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : food aid </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : parent organization : USDA </s><s> 2008 farm bill : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 farm bill : instance of : Agriculture appropriations act </s><s> 2008 farm bill : instance of : Appropriations act </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation : instance of : line of credit </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation : instance of : line of credit with the Treasury </s><s> line of credit : uses : line of credit </s><s> Outlay : different from : budget authority </s><s> budget authority : different from : Outlay </s><s> Outlay : different from : appropriations </s><s> appropriations : different from : Outlay </s><s> Program level : different from : budget authority </s><s> budget authority : different from : Program level </s><s> Program level : opposite of : budget authority </s><s> 111 th Congress : followed by : 112 th Congress </s><s> 112 th Congress : follows : 111 th Congress </s><s> House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee : part of : Appropriations Committee </s><s> year-long continuing resolution : subclass of : Omnibus appropriations </s><s> continuing resolution : subclass of : Omnibus appropriations </s><s> year-long continuing resolution : instance of : Omnibus appropriations </s><s> House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee : part of : House </s><s> House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee : part of : 111 th Congress </s><s> full-year continuing resolution : subclass of : regular appropriations bills </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> FY2011 Agriculture appropriations bill : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> FY2011 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : 111 th Congress </s><s> Continuing Resolutions : subclass of : continuing resolution </s><s> Continuing Resolutions : subclass of : short-term continuing resolution </s><s> continuing resolution : subclass of : short-term </s><s> Military Construction and Veterans Affairs : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Transportation and : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Transportation and Infrastructure : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> fifth : followed by : sixth CRs </s><s> fifth : followed by : sixth </s><s> sixth CRs : follows : fifth </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : instance of : departments and agencies </s><s> The Office of Management and Budget : instance of : departments and agencies </s><s> the continuing resolution : used by : the Office of Management and Budget </s><s> food stamp : subclass of : domestic nutrition assistance </s><s> child nutrition accounts : instance of : food stamp </s><s> food stamp : instance of : domestic nutrition assistance </s><s> Agriculture appropriations bill : instance of : appropriations bill </s><s> Agriculture appropriations bill : instance of : Appropriations bill </s><s> FY2010 supplemental appropriation : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> rural development : part of : agriculture </s><s> agriculture : has part : rural development </s><s> CFTC : instance of : foreign assistance </s><s> short-term continuing resolution : subclass of : Appropriations bill </s><s> Appropriations bill : subclass of : bill </s><s> 111 th Congress : instance of : short-term continuing resolution </s><s> earmark : subclass of : discretionary appropriations </s><s> earmarks : part of : Appropriations bill </s><s> Agriculture appropriations bill : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> Budget authority for rural housing guaranteed loans : end time : FY2010 </s><s> Budget authority : end time : FY2010 </s><s> Budget authority for rural housing guaranteed loans : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : FY2010 </s><s> FY2010 : followed by : FY2011 </s><s> FY2010 : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> FY2011 : follows : FY2010 </s><s> Figure 5 : follows : Figure 4 </s><s> Figure 5 : depicts : Agriculture appropriations bill </s><s> Figure 4 : depicts : Agriculture appropriations bill </s><s> Forest Service : parent organization : USDA </s><s> Figure 7 : follows : Figure 5 </s><s> Figure 5 : followed by : Figure 7 </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> most recent year : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Agriculture appropriations : part of : federal budget authority </s><s> Agriculture bill : part of : federal budget authority </s><s> federal budget authority : has part : Agriculture appropriations </s><s> Agriculture appropriations : part of : gross domestic product </s><s> Nutrition program : subclass of : Agriculture appropriations </s><s> Nutrition programs : subclass of : Agriculture appropriations </s><s> Agriculture appropriations : instance of : per capita </s><s> Nutrition : subclass of : Agriculture </s><s> new farm bill in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation : inception : 1930 </s><s> farm commodity programs : inception : 1930 </s><s> Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) : inception : 1930 </s><s> 2002 farm bill : point in time : 2002 </s><s> 2002 farm bill : instance of : farm bill </s><s> 2002 farm bill : instance of : farm bills </s><s> food stamps : instance of : nutrition assistance programs </s><s> food stamps : subclass of : nutrition assistance programs </s><s> food stamps : instance of : nutrition assistance </s><s> General Provisions : part of : Title VII </s><s> Title VII : has part : General Provisions </s><s> Title VII : part of : appropriations bill </s><s> appropriations bill : has part : Title VII </s><s> farm bill : has part : Title VII </s><s> Title VII : part of : farm bill </s><s> 2011 appropriation : point in time : 2011 </s><s> farm bill : point in time : 2011 </s><s> appropriations act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriations acts : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriations act : has part : appropriations </s><s> FY2009 appropriations acts : followed by : FY2010 earmarks </s><s> FY2010 earmarks : follows : FY2009 appropriations acts </s><s> FY2009 appropriations act : followed by : FY2010 earmarks </s><s> FY2010 earmarks : follows : FY2009 appropriations act </s><s> FY2010 earmarks : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> nonbinding : different from : nonstatutory </s><s> nonstatutory : different from : nonbinding </s><s> nonbinding : opposite of : nonstatutory </s> | The Agriculture appropriations bill provides funding for all of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except the Forest Service, plus the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and, in some cases, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Appropriations jurisdiction for the CFTC is split between two subcommittees—the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee and the Senate Financial Services Appropriations Subcommittee.
For the FY2011 Agriculture appropriations bill, no separate floor action and limited formal committee action occurred in the 111th Congress. The full Senate Appropriations Committee reported an Agriculture appropriations bill (S. 3606, S.Rept. 111-221) on July 15, 2010. The House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee marked up its draft on June 30, 2010, but the bill did not see full committee action nor was it reported. None of the 12 appropriations bills was enacted in 2010.
In the 112th Congress, the House passed H.R. 1, a full-year continuing resolution for FY2011, by a vote of 235-189 on February 19, 2011. For Agriculture, H.R. 1 would have made $5.3 billion in cuts to discretionary programs (-23%), reducing them from $23.4 billion in FY2010 to $18.1 billion for FY2011.
On March 9, 2011, the Senate voted on H.R. 1, but failed to pass it by a vote of 44-56. Later on March 9, 2011, the Senate also voted on a substitute amendment, S.Amdt. 149; it failed by a vote of 42-58. S.Amdt. 149 would have reduced discretionary Agriculture appropriations by $1.7 billion (-7%) from the FY2010 level of $23.4 billion to $21.7 billion.
On April 15, 2011, a final, full-year continuing resolution was enacted as Division B of the Department of Defense appropriation, P.L. 112-10. Seven short-term continuing resolutions (CRs) were enacted in between, some with spending reductions, to prevent a government shutdown before the final agreement was reached for the full-year continuing resolution.
P.L. 112-10 provides $19.9 billion of discretionary funding for Agriculture appropriations, a 15% reduction (-$3.4 billion) from FY2010 levels. Mandatory appropriations for farm programs and domestic nutrition increased a net 7% to $105.1 billion. Thus, the total Agriculture appropriation (mandatory plus discretionary) for FY2011 is $125.0 billion, 3% greater than FY2010.
Discretionary agriculture-related programs fell to $6.89 billion, 6% below FY2010; discretionary conservation programs fell to $889 million, 12% below FY2010; rural development fell to $2.64 billion, 11% below FY2010; discretionary nutrition assistance fell to $7.13 billion, 7% below FY2010; and foreign assistance fell to $1.89 billion, 9% below FY2010. FDA increased to $2.46 billion, 4% above FY2010, and CFTC increased to $202 million, 20% above FY2010.
Cuts to individual agricultural agencies' operating budgets would have been even bigger had it not been for usually large amounts of rescissions of unobligated prior-year balances and limitations on mandatory farm bill programs. Of the $3.4 billion total reduction in discretionary appropriations from FY2010, about half of the cut was the increase in the amount of rescissions and farm bill limitations. |
crs_RL34536 | crs_RL34536_0 | <s> Guantanamo Bay : country : Cuba </s><s> Boumediene v. Bush : publication date : June 12, 2008 </s><s> Authorization to Use Military Force : legislated by : Congress </s><s> war on terror : participant : Afghanistan </s><s> Hamdi v. Rumsfeld : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Guantanamo Bay : operator : Department of Defense </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : court : District Court for the District of Columbia </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : main subject : habeas petition </s><s> Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2006 case : court : D.C. Circuit </s><s> MCA : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Guantanamo : court : District Court </s><s> Guantanamo : operator : CSRTs </s><s> Johnson v. Eisentrager : publication date : 1950 </s><s> Johnson v. Eisentrager : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Al Odah v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Boumediene : instance of : consolidated cases </s><s> Al Odah : instance of : consolidated cases </s><s> Boumediene : part of : consolidated cases </s><s> Al Odah : part of : consolidated cases </s><s> Alito : position held : Justices </s><s> Thomas : position held : Justices </s><s> Justices : has part : Souter </s><s> Justices : has part : Breyer </s><s> Justices : has part : Ginsburg </s><s> Souter : part of : Justices </s><s> Breyer : part of : Justices </s><s> Ginsburg : part of : Justices </s><s> Constitutional Privilege to Habeas : instance of : constitutional privilege </s><s> writ of habeas corpus : subclass of : writ </s><s> Suspension Clause : has part : Suspension Clause </s><s> de jure territory : country : United States </s><s> history and origins of the writ of habeas : main subject : writ for habeas </s><s> history and origins of the writ of habeas : has part : writ for habeas </s><s> writ for habeas : part of : history and origins of the writ of habeas </s><s> Bill of Rights : has part : Suspension Clause </s><s> Bill of Rights : part of : Constitution </s><s> executive : part of : separation-of-powers doctrine </s><s> legislative : part of : separation-of-powers doctrine </s><s> separation-of-powers doctrine : has part : executive </s><s> separation-of-powers doctrine : has part : legislative </s><s> 1789 : point in time : 1789 </s><s> Constitution : has part : Suspension Clause </s><s> Suspension Clause : inception : 1789 </s><s> lease : inception : 1903 </s><s> 1903 lease : point in time : 1903 </s><s> 1903 lease : inception : 1903 </s><s> Insular Cases : country : United States </s><s> Insular Cases : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> writ of habeas : instance of : constitutional rights </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Congress : facet of : separation-of-powers concerns </s><s> President : facet of : separation-of-powers concerns </s><s> Congress : facet of : separation-of-powers </s><s> President : facet of : separation-of-powers </s><s> Suspension Clause : part of : separation of powers </s><s> Suspension Clause : facet of : separation of powers </s><s> Suspension Clause : part of : Constitution </s><s> Eisentrager decision : main subject : Suspension Clause </s><s> Guantanamo detainees : court : CSRT </s><s> Guantanamo detainees : has part : CSRT hearings </s><s> CSRT hearings : part of : Guantanamo detainees </s><s> military commission : subclass of : tried </s><s> military commission : country : U.S. </s><s> military commission : subclass of : tried by military commission </s><s> Chief Justice : officeholder : Roberts </s><s> Roberts : position held : Chief Justice </s><s> habeas : instance of : constitutional writ </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : main subject : writ of habeas </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : instance of : writ of habeas </s><s> Rasul v. Bush : has effect : writ of habeas </s><s> adequate substitute : facet of : habeas corpus </s><s> constitutional privilege : has part : habeas corpus </s><s> constitutional privilege : facet of : habeas corpus </s><s> habeas : instance of : writ </s><s> writ of habeas : part of : constitutional </s><s> habeas : subclass of : writ </s><s> Bismullah v. Gates : applies to jurisdiction : D.C. Circuit </s><s> Bismullah v. Gates : court : D.C. Circuit </s><s> Bismullah v. Gates : court : appellate court </s><s> federal habeas statute : main subject : habeas corpus </s><s> federal habeas statute : has part : habeas corpus </s><s> federal habeas statute : instance of : habeas corpus </s><s> enemy combatant : facet of : enemy </s><s> enemy combatant : subclass of : enemy </s><s> an enemy combatant : facet of : enemy </s><s> hearsay evidence : subclass of : evidence </s><s> hearsay : subclass of : evidence </s><s> unclassified : subclass of : government records </s><s> writ of habeas : subclass of : writ of remedy </s><s> writ of habeas : instance of : writ of remedy </s><s> adequate substitute : subclass of : writ of habeas </s><s> habeas review : part of : constitutional </s><s> habeas review : facet of : constitutional </s><s> habeas review : subclass of : constitutional infirmities </s><s> federal district court : different from : D.C. Circuit </s><s> D.C. Circuit : different from : federal district court </s><s> federal district court : located in the administrative territorial entity : D.C. </s><s> Guantanamo detainees habeas claims : instance of : habeas relief </s><s> constitutionally privileged : has part : habeas relief </s><s> constitutionally privileged : subclass of : habeas relief </s><s> dissenting opinion : author : Chief Justice Roberts </s><s> dissenting opinion : author : Chief Justice </s><s> Chief Justice Roberts : notable work : dissenting opinion </s><s> federal district court : has part : CSRT </s><s> CSRT : part of : federal district court </s><s> District Court : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> habeas petition : subclass of : writ of habeas </s><s> Boumediene v. Bush : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Boumediene v. Bush : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> Boumediene v. Bush : main subject : procedural issues </s><s> enemy combatant : subclass of : Aliens </s><s> enemy combatant : subclass of : Aliens convicted of war crimes </s><s> enemy combatant : instance of : designation </s><s> military commission : subclass of : prosecution </s><s> military commission : subclass of : prosecution before a military commission </s><s> military commission : use : prosecution </s><s> Boumediene : court : District Court </s><s> Boumediene : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Boumediene : has effect : habeas claims of Guantanamo detainees </s><s> Guantanamo : country : Afghanistan </s><s> writ of habeas : instance of : constitutional protections </s><s> Eisentrager : main subject : Suspension Clause </s><s> Eisentrager : applies to jurisdiction : Germany </s><s> Eisentrager : has part : Suspension Clause </s><s> cognizable : subclass of : writ of habeas </s><s> Eisentrager : main subject : writ of habeas </s><s> legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : legislative </s><s> legislative : part of : Congress </s><s> terrorist attacks upon the United States : participant : Al Qaeda </s><s> Al Qaeda : significant event : terrorist attacks upon the United States </s><s> Al Qaeda : has effect : terrorist attacks upon the United States </s><s> writ in Guantanamo : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Guantanamo : operator : Al Qaeda </s><s> writ : court : Supreme Court </s><s> classified evidence : subclass of : exculpatory evidence </s><s> classified evidence : subclass of : evidence </s><s> classified evidence : has part : exculpatory evidence </s> | In the consolidated cases of Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah v. United States, decided June 12, 2008, the Supreme Court held in a 5-4 opinion that aliens designated as enemy combatants and detained at the U.S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have the constitutional privilege of habeas corpus. The Court also found that § 7 of the Military Commissions Act (MCA), which limited judicial review of executive determinations of the petitioners' enemy combatant status, did not provide an adequate habeas substitute and therefore acted as an unconstitutional suspension of the writ of habeas. The immediate impact of the Boumediene decision is that detainees at Guantanamo may petition a federal district court for habeas review of the circumstances of their detention. This report summarizes the Boumediene decision and analyzes several of its major implications for the U.S. detention of alien enemy combatants and legislation that limits detainees' access to judicial review. For discussion of litigation challenging detention policy, see CRS Report RL33180, Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]. |
crs_R41275 | crs_R41275_0 | <s> Palestinian Authority : inception : January 2006 </s><s> Palestinian Authority (PA) legislative elections : point in time : January 2006 </s><s> legislative elections : point in time : January 2006 </s><s> legislative elections : country : Palestinian Authority </s><s> Mahmud Abbas : position held : PA President </s><s> Mahmud Abbas : member of political party : Fatah </s><s> took control of the Gaza Strip by force : point in time : June 2007 </s><s> Gaza Strip : shares border with : Israel </s><s> Gaza : shares border with : Israel </s><s> tight land, sea, and air blockade : location : Gaza Strip </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : participant : Hamas </s><s> Gilad Shalit : conflict : Operation Cast Lead </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : start time : December 2008 </s><s> Israel : member of : United Nations </s><s> Israeli government : subsidiary : IDF </s><s> IDF : parent organization : Israeli government </s><s> Gaza Strip Merchandise and Humanitarian Aid Report : publisher : Ministry of Defense Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories </s><s> CARE : instance of : non-governmental </s><s> Mercy Corps : instance of : non-governmental </s><s> Rafah : country : Egypt </s><s> Ashdod : country : Israel </s><s> border crossing : located in the administrative territorial entity : Rafah </s><s> MV Mavi Marmara : owned by : Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation </s><s> Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation : owner of : MV Mavi Marmara </s><s> MV Mavi Marmara : owned by : Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief </s><s> Piraeus : country : Greek </s><s> Israeli blockade : location : Gaza Strip </s><s> Israeli blockade : facet of : Gaza Strip </s><s> Israeli navy : country : Israel </s><s> Israel : located in or next to body of water : international waters </s><s> Israeli navy : country : Israeli coast </s><s> IHH President : officeholder : Bulent Yildirim </s><s> Bulent Yildirim : position held : IHH President </s><s> Bulent Yildirim : member of political party : IHH </s><s> IHH : chairperson : Bulent Yildirim </s><s> Kerem Shalom border crossing : located in the administrative territorial entity : Gaza </s><s> Israel : shares border with : Gaza </s><s> Kerem Shalom border crossing : country : Israel </s><s> Israeli Defense Ministry : country : Israel </s><s> blockade of the Gaza Strip : country : Israel </s><s> blockade of the Gaza Strip : country : Israel's </s><s> International Solidarity Movement : political ideology : non-violent movement </s><s> Mahathir Mohammed : position held : Malaysian Prime Minister </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : participant : Israel </s><s> IHH : inception : 1995 </s><s> International Red Cross : instance of : humanitarian aid organization </s><s> Hamas : political ideology : radical Islamist </s><s> Hamas : political ideology : Islamist </s><s> Muslim Brotherhood : political ideology : radical Islamist </s><s> Justice and Development Party : country : Turkey </s><s> Union of Good : country : Saudi </s><s> Hamas : member of : Union of Good </s><s> Felicity Party : political ideology : conservative Islamist </s><s> Felicity Party : political ideology : conservative </s><s> Felicity Party : political ideology : Islamist </s><s> West Bank : shares border with : Israel </s><s> Prime Minister : officeholder : Benjamin Netanyahu </s><s> Benjamin Netanyahu : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Gaza : shares border with : Egypt </s><s> Egypt : shares border with : Gaza </s><s> Israel : shares border with : Egypt </s><s> Egypt : shares border with : Israel </s><s> Gaza-Egypt border : country : Israel </s><s> Ahmet Davutoglu : member of political party : AKP </s><s> Tel Aviv : twinned administrative body : Jerusalem </s><s> Jerusalem : twinned administrative body : Tel Aviv </s><s> Foreign Minister : officeholder : Ahmet Davutoglu </s><s> Ahmet Davutoglu : position held : Foreign Minister </s><s> Turkish Foreign Ministry : part of : Turkish government </s><s> Turkish Foreign Ministry : country : Turkey </s><s> Ankara : country : Turkey </s><s> Istanbul : country : Turkey </s><s> non-permanent seat : part of : U.N. Security Council </s><s> NATO : headquarters location : Brussels </s><s> Turkey : member of : Organization of the Islamic Conference </s><s> Recep Tayyip Erdogan : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Prime Minister : officeholder : Recep Tayyip Erdogan </s><s> Star of David : said to be the same as : Nazi swastika </s><s> Nazi swastika : said to be the same as : Star of David </s><s> national elections next year : country : Turkey </s><s> national elections : point in time : next year </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N. Secretary General </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N Secretary General </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : Secretary General </s><s> United States : member of : U.N. </s><s> United States : position held : President of the Security Council </s><s> President : part of : Security Council </s><s> Security Council : has part : President </s><s> David Cameron : position held : British Prime Minister </s><s> George Mitchell : position held : Special Envoy for Middle East Peace </s><s> proximity talks : part of : Israeli-Palestinian conflict </s><s> German Chancellor : officeholder : Angela Merkel </s><s> Angela Merkel : position held : German Chancellor </s><s> Nicolas Sarkozy : position held : French President </s><s> Israel Defense Forces : office held by head of the organization : Chief of Staff </s><s> Chief of Staff : part of : Israel Defense Forces </s><s> Chief of Staff : military branch : Israel Defense Forces </s><s> National Security Council : chairperson : Gabi Ashkenazi </s><s> Gabi Ashkenazi : member of : National Security Council </s><s> Gabi Ashkenazi : employer : National Security Council </s><s> Prime Minister : officeholder : Netanyahu </s><s> Netanyahu : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Amos Horen : work location : Technion </s><s> Jacob Turkel : position held : Supreme Court Justice </s><s> Lord David Trimble : position held : first minister of Northern Ireland </s><s> David Trimble : position held : first minister of Northern Ireland </s><s> blockade : facet of : Gaza Strip </s><s> military justice system : country : Israel </s><s> military justice : country : Israel </s><s> White House reaction to the Israeli announcement : country : Israel </s><s> Davutoglu : position held : Turkish Foreign Minister </s><s> Turkish Foreign Minister : officeholder : Davutoglu </s><s> Turkey : member of : U.N. </s><s> Micha Lindenstrauss : position held : State Comptroller </s><s> Ehud Barak : position held : Israeli Defense Minister </s><s> Ehud Barak : country of citizenship : Israel </s><s> Israeli Defense Minister : officeholder : Ehud Barak </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : Turkey </s><s> Turkey : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Turkey </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Turkey : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : participant : Turkey </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : location : Turkey </s><s> Operation Cast Lead : country : Turkey </s><s> Hillary Rodham Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : officeholder : Hillary Rodham Clinton </s><s> President Obama : residence : White House </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> Israeli-Palestinian peace talks : participant : Israel </s><s> Israeli-Palestinian peace talks : country : Israel </s><s> West Bank : capital : Jerusalem </s><s> Jerusalem : capital of : West Bank </s><s> Palestinian Authority : head of state : Abbas </s><s> Palestinian Authority : chairperson : Abbas </s><s> low enriched uranium : subclass of : uranium </s><s> Emergency Appeal for Gaza and the West Bank : organizer : United Nations Relief and Works Agency </s><s> Emergency Appeal for Gaza and the West Bank : operator : United Nations Relief and Works Agency </s><s> UNRWA : parent organization : United Nations Relief and Works Agency </s><s> blockade of Gaza : facet of : Gaza </s><s> blockade of Gaza : country : Israel </s><s> Israel's blockade of Gaza : facet of : Gaza </s><s> President Obama : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> United States : member of : international community </s><s> Avigdor Lieberman : position held : Foreign Minister </s><s> Israeli government : has part : Prime Minister </s><s> Israeli government : has part : Avigdor Lieberman </s><s> Prime Minister : part of : Israeli government </s><s> Tony Blair : position held : British Prime Minister </s><s> European Union : member of : Quartet </s><s> British : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Tony Blair : country of citizenship : British </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : British </s><s> naval blockade : facet of : Gaza </s><s> naval blockade : location : Gaza </s><s> naval blockade : located in the administrative territorial entity : Gaza </s><s> port of Ashdod : located in the administrative territorial entity : Gaza </s><s> Rafah crossing : country : Egypt </s><s> Marmara incident : participant : Egypt </s><s> Agreement on Movement and Access : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Fayyad : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> EU Border Assistance Mission : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2007 </s><s> took over the Gaza Strip : participant : Hamas </s><s> took over : location : Gaza Strip </s><s> another aid flotilla : organizer : End the Siege on Gaza </s><s> another aid flotilla : part of : End the Siege on Gaza </s><s> Free Palestine Movement : member of : Reporters without Borders </s><s> George Mitchell : position held : U.S. Special Envoy for Middle East Peace </s><s> proximity talks : participant : George Mitchell </s><s> Abdullah Gul : position held : President </s><s> Palestinian rule : country : West Bank </s><s> Palestinian rule : has part : Gaza </s><s> Palestinian rule : has part : West Bank </s><s> Justice and Development Party : political ideology : Islamist </s><s> indirect peace talks with Syria : point in time : 2008 </s><s> indirect peace talks with Syria in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Khalid Mish'al : member of political party : Hamas </s><s> Khalid Mish'al : position held : Hamas Politburo Chief </s><s> Palestinian Authority legislative elections : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Mahmud Ahmadinejad : position held : Iranian President </s><s> Ehud Olmert : position held : Israeli Prime Minister </s><s> military campaign : participant : Hamas </s><s> President Peres : conflict : Operation Cast Lead </s><s> Israeli-mediated Israeli-Syrian peace talks : point in time : January 2009 </s><s> President Peres : participant in : World Economic Forum </s><s> Dani Ayalon : position held : Deputy Prime Minister </s><s> Dani Ayalon : position held : Israeli Deputy Prime Minister </s><s> Gaza campaign : location : Gaza </s><s> siege of Gaza : country : Israel </s><s> siege of Gaza : participant : Israel </s><s> Vecdi Gonul : position held : Defense Minister </s><s> flotilla incident : has effect : Turkish-Israeli bilateral trade </s><s> flotilla incident : part of : Turkish-Israeli bilateral trade </s><s> Turkish-Israeli bilateral trade : country : Israel </s><s> free trade agreement : inception : 1996 </s><s> free trade agreement in 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : member of : NATO </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> disagreement between Washington and Ankara : participant : Brazil </s><s> disagreement between Washington and Ankara : country : Brazil </s><s> disagreement : country : Brazil </s><s> Brazil : diplomatic relation : Turkey </s><s> Turkey : diplomatic relation : Brazil </s><s> President Obama : position held : President </s><s> Turkey : diplomatic relation : Turkey </s><s> recent destabilizing actions : item operated : Mavi Marmara </s><s> Mavi Marmara : significant event : destabilizing actions </s><s> Mavi Marmara : significant event : destabilizing actions by extremists </s> | Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip in 2005, but retained control of its borders. Hamas, a U.S. State Department-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), won the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections and forcibly seized control of the territory in 2007. Israel imposed a tighter blockade of Gaza in response to Hamas's takeover and tightened the flow of goods and materials into Gaza after its military offensive against Hamas from December 2008 to January 2009. That offensive destroyed much of Gaza's infrastructure, but Israel has obstructed the delivery of rebuilding materials that it said could also be used to manufacture weapons and for other military purposes. Israel, the U.N., and international non-governmental organizations differ about the severity of the blockade's effects on the humanitarian situation of Palestinian residents of Gaza. Nonetheless, it is clear that the territory's economy and people are suffering.
In recent years, humanitarian aid groups have sent supply ships and activists to Gaza. However, Israel directs them to its port of Ashdod for inspection before delivery to Gaza. In May 2010, the pro-Palestinian Free Gaza Movement and the pro-Hamas Turkish Humanitarian Relief Fund organized a six-ship flotilla to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza and to break Israel's blockade of the territory. The ships refused an Israeli offer to deliver the goods to Ashdod. On May 31, Israeli naval special forces intercepted the convoy in international waters. They took control of five of the ships without resistance. However, some activists on a large Turkish passenger vessel challenged the commandos. The confrontation resulted in eight Turks and one Turkish-American killed, more than 20 passengers injured, and 10 commandos injured.
Israel considered its actions to be legitimate self-defense. Turkey, whose nationals comprised the largest contingent in the flotilla and among the casualties, considered them to be unjustifiable and in contravention of international law. There was near-universal international condemnation of Israel's actions. The U.N. Security Council in a U.S.-Turkish compromise condemned "the acts" that resulted in lost lives and called for an
impartial inquiry. Several inquiries are underway in Israel, but Turkey will not be satisfied unless there is an international one under U.N. auspices.
The Obama Administration tried to walk a fine line between two allies, Israel and Turkey, and not allow the incident to derail efforts to ameliorate relations with Israel in order to protect Israeli-Palestinian talks now underway. It urged Israel to include international participants in its probe of the incident, and announced an aid package for the Palestinians that does not require new appropriations. However, the Administration's reaction displeased Turkey, and may contribute to that country's ongoing pursuit of a more independent foreign policy course. Turkish-Israeli relations, which had been deteriorating for some time, have reached a low point. In the aftermath of the incident, Israel has eased restrictions on the passage of goods and people into Gaza, while continuing to prevent shipments of weapons and dual-use items to Hamas. |
crs_R44915 | crs_R44915_0 | <s> Amtrak : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> TIGER : operator : Department of Transportation </s><s> Essential Air Service : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> 2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> FY2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> 2017 : followed by : FY2018 </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> omnibus spending bill : subclass of : continuing resolution </s><s> omnibus spending bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> DOT Appropriations Act : part of : Division L </s><s> DOT Appropriations Act : has part : Division L </s><s> DOT Appropriations Act : instance of : Title I of Division L </s><s> Highway Trust Fund : instance of : trust fund </s><s> Airport and Airway Trust Fund : instance of : trust fund </s><s> Highway Trust Fund : instance of : trust funds </s><s> Federal Aviation Administration : field of work : air traffic control </s><s> Federal Aviation Administration : field of work : airway </s><s> Federal Aviation Administration : field of work : air </s><s> air traffic control system : practiced by : air traffic controllers </s><s> air traffic controllers : field of this occupation : air traffic control system </s><s> air traffic controllers : field of this occupation : air traffic control </s><s> FY2016 : point in time : FY2016 </s><s> FY2017 : followed by : FY2018 </s><s> FY2018 : follows : FY2017 </s><s> FY2010 : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> Highway Trust Fund : has part : Highway Trust Fund Solvency </s><s> Highway Trust Fund Solvency : part of : Highway Trust Fund </s><s> Highway Trust Fund : use : federal highway funding </s><s> 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> federal gas tax has not been raised since 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> federal gas tax : inception : 1993 </s><s> gasoline : different from : diesel </s><s> diesel : different from : gasoline </s><s> diesel : has part : gasoline </s><s> fuel efficiency : facet of : gasoline consumption </s><s> fuel efficiency : has part : gasoline consumption </s><s> TIGER Grants : operator : Administration </s><s> Transportation Investments Generating Economic Recovery : part of : American Recovery and Reinvestment Act </s><s> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act : has part : Transportation Investments Generating Economic Recovery </s><s> Transportation Investments Generating Economic Recovery : parent organization : American Recovery and Reinvestment Act </s><s> mode of transportation : facet of : transportation </s><s> mode of transportation : subclass of : transportation </s><s> federal transportation funding : has part : appropriations acts </s><s> appropriations acts : part of : federal transportation funding </s><s> rural : opposite of : urban area </s><s> urban area : opposite of : rural </s><s> TIGER program : operator : DOT </s><s> TIGER : instance of : Congressional appropriations </s><s> TIGER : parent organization : Congress </s><s> TIGER : conferred by : Congress </s><s> 2010 Census : point in time : 2010 </s><s> the 2010 Census : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Census : instance of : U.S. population </s><s> Obama Administration : replaced by : Trump Administration </s><s> Trump Administration : replaces : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : followed by : Trump Administration </s><s> Essential Air Service : parent organization : FAA </s><s> FAA : subsidiary : Essential Air Service </s><s> Essential Air Service : operator : FAA </s><s> Trump Administration : country : United States </s><s> land : different from : take off </s><s> take off : different from : land </s><s> EAS program : instance of : air traffic services </s><s> enacted bill : legislated by : Senate </s><s> EAS program : instance of : commercial air service </s><s> EAS program : subclass of : commercial air service </s><s> EAS program : instance of : subsidies </s><s> EAS program : instance of : subsidizing service </s><s> EAS program : instance of : subsidizing </s><s> deregulated airline service in 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> deregulated airline service : point in time : 1978 </s><s> deregulated airline service : inception : 1978 </s><s> Federal Railroad Administration : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Federal Railroad Administration : authority : Congress </s><s> communications : has part : signaling </s><s> signaling : part of : communications </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : National Network </s><s> National Network : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : member of : National Network </s><s> Amtrak's : owner of : National Network </s><s> National Network : owned by : Amtrak's </s><s> Railroad Rehabilitation and Infrastructure Financing (RRIF) Loan Program : inception : 2012 </s><s> Railroad Rehabilitation and Infrastructure Financing : inception : 2012 </s><s> RRIF loan program : inception : 2012 </s><s> FY2018 appropriation act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2018 appropriation act : point in time : FY2018 </s><s> FY2018 appropriation act : instance of : appropriation </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Northeast Corridor </s><s> Northeast Corridor : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Northeast Corridor : operator : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : instance of : rail carrier </s><s> Amtrak : instance of : rail carriers </s><s> Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvement Grants : operator : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Hudson Tunnel </s><s> Hudson Tunnel : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Hudson Tunnel : operator : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Hudson Tunnel replacement project </s><s> Hudson Tunnel replacement project : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : instance of : high-speed </s><s> Amtrak : item operated : high-speed </s><s> Amtrak : instance of : intercity passenger rail </s><s> Capital Investment Grants : parent organization : Federal Transit Administration </s><s> New Starts : parent organization : Federal Transit Administration </s><s> Capital Investment Grants program : parent organization : Federal Transit Administration </s><s> New Starts : has part : Small Starts </s><s> Small Starts : part of : New Starts </s><s> New Starts : has part : Core Capacity grants </s><s> Core Capacity grants : part of : New Starts </s><s> Capital Investment Grants : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Capital Investment Grants : operator : Trump Administration </s><s> final FY2018 act : instance of : enacted bill </s><s> Act : legislated by : House </s><s> FY2017 : followed by : FY2018 act </s><s> FY2002 : instance of : appropriations act </s><s> FY2002 : instance of : appropriations acts </s><s> New Starts : inception : FY2002 </s><s> public transportation : subclass of : transportation </s><s> public transportation : subclass of : transportation problems </s><s> public transportation : subclass of : transportation problem </s><s> Gateway Program : operator : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Gateway Program </s><s> Gateway Program : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Gateway Program : operator : Amtrak's </s><s> New Jersey : shares border with : New York </s><s> New York : shares border with : New Jersey </s><s> New York : located in or next to body of water : Hudson River </s><s> New Jersey : instance of : states </s><s> New York : instance of : states </s><s> Amtrak : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York State </s><s> New Jersey : owner of : New Jersey Transit </s><s> New Jersey Transit : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Jersey </s><s> passenger rail : subclass of : public transportation </s><s> Federal-State State of Good Repair : parent organization : FRA </s><s> Federal-State State of Good Repair : operator : FRA </s><s> Gateway Project : operator : Amtrak </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Gateway Project </s><s> Gateway Project : owned by : Amtrak </s><s> Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority : located in the administrative territorial entity : District of Columbia </s><s> District of Columbia : owner of : Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority </s><s> Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority : located in the administrative territorial entity : Maryland </s><s> Tri-State Oversight Committee : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Tri-State Oversight Committee : located in the administrative territorial entity : District of Columbia </s><s> Tri-State Oversight Committee : applies to jurisdiction : Maryland </s><s> Tri-State Oversight Committee : applies to jurisdiction : Virginia </s><s> National Transportation Safety Board : instance of : grant management agency </s><s> National Transportation Safety Board : instance of : agency </s><s> National Transportation Safety Board : field of work : grant management </s><s> enacted bill : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s> | Congress appropriated $86.2 billion for the Department of Transportation (DOT) for FY2018. This represented a $9.1 billion (11.8%) increase over the amount provided in FY2017. The principal reason for the higher spending level was increases in funding from the general fund for highways, public transportation capital investments, and passenger rail projects. The appropriation was included in an omnibus spending bill, P.L. 115-141, Title I of Division L, the DOT Appropriations Act.
The DOT appropriations bill funds federal programs covering aviation, highways and highway safety, public transit, intercity rail, maritime safety, pipelines, and related activities. Federal highway, transit, and rail programs were reauthorized in fall 2015, and their future funding authorizations were somewhat increased.
The Trump Administration proposed a $75 billion budget for DOT for FY2018, including $16.4 billion in discretionary funding and $58.7 billion in mandatory funding. That was approximately $2 billion less than was provided for FY2017. The budget request reflected the Administration's call for significant cuts in funding for transit and rail programs.
The annual appropriations for DOT are combined with those for the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations bill. The House Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 3353, the THUD FY2018 appropriations bill, in which Division A provided FY2018 appropriations for DOT. The committee recommended $77.5 billion in new budget authority for DOT, 0.5% ($400 million) more than ultimately approved for FY2017 and roughly 3% ($2.4 billion) more than the Administration requested.
The Senate Appropriations Committee reported out an FY2018 THUD bill, S. 1655, which was not taken up by the full Senate. The Senate committee recommended $78.6 billion in new budget authority, 2% ($1.6 billion) more than the comparable FY2017 amount and 4.7% ($3.5 billion) more than the Administration requested.
Conflicts over funding levels and limits delayed action on final FY2018 appropriations until March 2018. Until that time, a series of continuing resolutions provided temporary funding for federal agencies.
There is general agreement that more funding is needed for transportation infrastructure, and the Trump Administration has proposed an increase in spending on infrastructure, but Congress has not been able to agree on a source that could provide the additional funding. The federal excise tax on motor fuel, which is the primary funding source for federal highway and transit programs, has not been increased in over 20 years, and does not raise enough revenue to support even the current level of spending. To address this shortfall, Congress has transferred money from the general fund to the Highway Trust Fund on several occasions since 2008 to provide sufficient funding for the programs. Revenue estimates by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) suggest that general fund transfers will continue to be required in future years to support the currently authorized level of highway and public transportation spending. |
crs_R43438 | crs_R43438_0 | <s> In vitro diagnostic : subclass of : testing </s><s> clinical laboratory : use : laboratory analysis </s><s> clinical laboratory : use : testing </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : country : United States </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) : country : United States </s><s> implantable stent : subclass of : medical device </s><s> implantable stent : subclass of : medical devices </s><s> stent : subclass of : implantable </s><s> genetic test : subclass of : diagnostic test </s><s> genetic tests : subclass of : diagnostic test </s><s> genetic test : instance of : diagnostic test </s><s> DNA : part of : chromosome </s><s> RNA : part of : chromosome </s><s> chromosome : has part : DNA </s><s> chromosome : has part : RNA </s><s> gene : part of : chromosome </s><s> DNA : part of : chromosomes </s><s> RNA : part of : chromosomes </s><s> chromosomes : has part : DNA </s><s> chromosomes : has part : RNA </s><s> genes : encodes : DNA </s><s> genes : encodes : RNA </s><s> laboratory-developed test : subclass of : genetic test </s><s> laboratory-developed tests : subclass of : genetic test </s><s> draft guidance : published in : Federal Register </s><s> Federal Register : instance of : notice </s><s> draft guidance on LDT regulation : published in : Federal Register </s><s> 23andMe : industry : direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing </s><s> 23andMe : industry : direct-to-consumer </s><s> 23andMe : product or material produced : direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing </s><s> cells : part of : tissue </s><s> cells : part of : tissue sample </s><s> cells : subclass of : tissue sample </s><s> Personal Genome Service Genetic Health Risk : developer : 23andMe </s><s> Predisposition : facet of : disease </s><s> Predisposition : subclass of : disease </s><s> Medicare : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Medicare program : parent organization : federal government </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : parent organization : CMS </s><s> CMS : subsidiary : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : part of : CMS </s><s> Medicare : subsidiary : CMS </s><s> CMS : parent organization : Medicare </s><s> Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments : legislated by : CMS </s><s> CMS : subsidiary : FDA </s><s> Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act : has part : Public Health Service Act </s><s> Public Health Service Act : part of : Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act </s><s> instruments : subclass of : medical device </s><s> instruments : subclass of : medical devices </s><s> Devices28 : subclass of : medical device </s><s> analyte specific reagent : subclass of : active ingredient </s><s> analyte specific reagent : subclass of : non-diagnostic ingredients </s><s> analyte specific reagent : instance of : active ingredient </s><s> manufacturer : product or material produced : product </s><s> developed : subclass of : marketed </s><s> marketed : has part : developed </s><s> Medical Device Amendments of 1976 : point in time : 1976 </s><s> Medical Device Amendments of 1976 : publication date : 1976 </s><s> Medical Device Amendments of 1976 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> genetic testing : use : ancestry </s><s> genetic testing : facet of : ancestry </s><s> in vitro reagent : use : diagnosis of disease </s><s> Center for Devices and Radiological Health : parent organization : FDA </s><s> Center for Devices and Radiological Health : part of : FDA </s><s> Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) : parent organization : FDA </s><s> Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research : affiliation : FDA </s><s> risk classification : facet of : risk-based regulatory scheme </s><s> Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research : parent organization : FDA </s><s> Premarket review : subclass of : premarket regulatory requirements </s><s> Premarket review : subclass of : premarket regulatory </s><s> Premarket review : facet of : premarket regulatory requirements </s><s> premarket approval : subclass of : approval </s><s> premarket approval : instance of : approval </s><s> approval : author : FDA </s><s> FDA clearance : facet of : medical device </s><s> 510(k) : facet of : medical device </s><s> approved : authority : FDA </s><s> highly adjunctive IVD test : subclass of : IVD test </s><s> highly adjunctive : subclass of : IVD test </s><s> premarket notification : participant : FDA </s><s> premarket notification : part of : FDA </s><s> premarket notification : authority : FDA </s><s> premarket approval—PMA—requirements : facet of : premarket </s><s> postmarket surveillance : subclass of : premarket approval </s><s> premarket approval—PMA—requirements : part of : premarket </s><s> class III test : subclass of : hepatitis C virus test </s><s> hepatitis C virus test : instance of : class III test </s><s> hepatitis C virus test : subclass of : class III test </s><s> noninvasive : opposite of : invasive sampling </s><s> noninvasive : subclass of : testing </s><s> noninvasive : opposite of : invasive </s><s> Commercial Test Kits : opposite of : Laboratory Developed Tests </s><s> Laboratory Developed Tests : subclass of : in vitro diagnostics </s><s> Laboratory Developed Tests : opposite of : Commercial Test Kits </s><s> Analyte specific reagent : use : test </s><s> genomic testing : facet of : cancer </s><s> Analyte specific reagent : use : tests </s><s> antibodies : has cause : antigen </s><s> antigen : has effect : antibodies </s><s> ligand : subclass of : reagent </s><s> buffer solution : subclass of : chemical reagent </s><s> enzymes : subclass of : chemical reagent </s><s> enzyme : subclass of : chemical reagent </s><s> product testing : part of : development </s><s> product testing : subclass of : development </s><s> research testing : uses : instruments </s><s> investigational use : subclass of : research </s><s> clearance : different from : approval </s><s> approval : different from : clearance </s><s> FDA 2013 guidance : point in time : 2013 </s><s> FDA 2013 guidance : publication date : 2013 </s><s> manufacturing controls : facet of : manufacturing </s><s> IVD companion diagnostic : subclass of : in vitro diagnostic device </s><s> IVD companion diagnostic : subclass of : in vitro diagnostic </s><s> Herceptin : medical condition treated : breast cancer </s><s> breast cancer : drug used for treatment : Herceptin </s><s> trastuzumab : medical condition treated : breast cancer </s><s> breast cancer : drug used for treatment : trastuzumab </s><s> Erbitux : medical condition treated : metastatic colorectal cancer </s><s> metastatic colorectal cancer : drug used for treatment : Erbitux </s><s> Erbitux : medical condition treated : colorectal cancer </s><s> colorectal cancer : drug used for treatment : Erbitux </s><s> Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 : point in time : 1988 </s><s> Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) : point in time : 1988 </s><s> FFDCA : parent organization : CMS </s><s> CMS : subsidiary : FFDCA </s><s> FFDCA : parent organization : FDA </s><s> detect : use : detect </s><s> detect or measure : use : detect </s><s> detect : subclass of : detect or measure </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : authority : Congress </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services' : parent organization : Congress </s><s> complexity of testing : subclass of : tests </s><s> New York : instance of : states </s><s> Washington : instance of : states </s><s> complexity of testing : subclass of : categorizing tests </s><s> IVD Regulatory Requirements : main subject : device risk classification </s><s> quality control : part of : quality assurance </s><s> IVD Regulatory Requirements : facet of : device risk classification </s><s> proficiency testing : subclass of : testing </s><s> high complexity testing : subclass of : testing </s><s> FDA : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> virology : instance of : subspecialties </s><s> chemistry : instance of : subspecialties </s><s> endocrinology : instance of : subspecialties </s><s> DNA : subclass of : nucleic acid </s><s> DNA : subclass of : nucleic acids </s><s> RNA : subclass of : nucleic acid </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : subsidiary : Clinical Laboratory Improvement Advisory Committee </s><s> Clinical Laboratory Improvement Advisory Committee : parent organization : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Clinical Laboratory Improvement Advisory Committee : part of : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> draft guidance : publication date : 2014 </s><s> physician : field of this occupation : medicine </s><s> medicine : practiced by : physician </s><s> notice : published in : Federal Register </s><s> medical device : different from : devices </s><s> devices : different from : medical device </s><s> medical device : subclass of : devices </s><s> Congressional Interest : instance of : authorizing committees </s><s> Congressional Interest : instance of : congressional authorizing committees </s><s> LDT oversight : facet of : LDTs </s><s> House Committee on Energy and Commerce : part of : Congress </s><s> House Committee on Energy and Commerce : subsidiary : Subcommittee on Health </s><s> Subcommittee on Health : parent organization : House Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> CLIA program : parent organization : CMS </s><s> Chief Medical Officer : position held : Deputy Administrator for Innovation and Quality </s><s> CLIA : parent organization : CMS </s><s> analytic validity : different from : clinical validity </s><s> clinical validity : different from : analytic validity </s><s> analytic validity : opposite of : clinical validity </s><s> History of the Regulation of LDTs : facet of : LDTs </s><s> History of the Regulation of LDTs : facet of : FDA </s><s> History of the Regulation of LDTs : publisher : FDA </s><s> National Institutes of Health : part of : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : National Institutes of Health </s><s> National Institutes of Health : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> National Institutes of Health : subsidiary : Department of Energy </s><s> Genentech : industry : pharmaceutical manufacturer </s><s> Genentech : industry : pharmaceutical </s><s> Genentech : product or material produced : pharmaceutical </s><s> clinical care : practiced by : physician </s><s> physician : field of this occupation : clinical care </s><s> second draft guidance : publication date : 2007 </s><s> clinical validity : facet of : clinical outcome </s><s> high risk intended use : facet of : FDA </s><s> clinically validated : uses : clinically validate </s><s> clinically validate : facet of : clinically validated </s><s> clinically validated : uses : clinically validate the test themselves </s><s> in vitro devices : subclass of : laboratory </s><s> in vitro device : subclass of : laboratory </s><s> pathologist : subclass of : medical setting </s><s> test kit : subclass of : clinical laboratory </s><s> test kit : part of : clinical laboratory </s><s> premarket review : subclass of : FDA regulation </s><s> citizen petition : subclass of : petition </s><s> American Clinical Laboratory Association : affiliation : FDA </s><s> American Clinical Laboratory Association : member of : FDA </s><s> Margaret A. Hamburg : position held : FDA Commissioner </s><s> FDA Commissioner : officeholder : Margaret A. Hamburg </s><s> Federal Register : part of : Federal Register </s><s> Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests : publication date : July 31, 2014 </s><s> adverse event reporting : subclass of : regulatory requirements </s><s> risk-based framework : subclass of : risk evaluation </s><s> clinical use : subclass of : IVD </s><s> IVD : use : clinical use </s><s> IVD : subclass of : clinical use </s><s> stem cell : use : tissue transplantation </s><s> registration and listing : subclass of : notification </s><s> clinical laboratory : different from : clinical laboratories </s><s> clinical laboratories : different from : clinical laboratory </s><s> adverse event reporting : subclass of : registration and listing </s><s> adverse event reporting : subclass of : registration </s><s> adverse event reporting : facet of : registration and listing </s><s> low-risk : subclass of : high-risk </s><s> low-risk : followed by : high-risk </s><s> low-risk : different from : high-risk </s><s> high-risk : different from : low-risk </s><s> blood : part of : blood product </s><s> blood : part of : blood products </s><s> blood product : has part : blood </s><s> 510(k) : author : FDA </s><s> 510(k) : operator : FDA </s><s> class II : followed by : class III </s><s> class III : follows : class II </s><s> draft guidance on LDT regulation : publication date : 2014 </s><s> Genetic Test Registry : instance of : voluntary </s><s> Genetic Test Registry : field of work : clinical genetic test </s><s> adverse event reporting : facet of : risk classification </s><s> adverse event reporting : facet of : adverse event </s><s> laboratory quality system : facet of : clinical validity </s><s> CLIA program : part of : CMS </s><s> premarket review : facet of : clinical use </s><s> clinical use : subclass of : test </s><s> premarket review : part of : clinical use </s><s> public health surveillance : facet of : public health </s><s> disease prevention and control : facet of : public health </s><s> disease prevention and control : subclass of : public health surveillance </s><s> analytically : different from : clinical validity </s><s> clinical validity : different from : analytically </s><s> stem cell : subclass of : tissue </s><s> stem cell : part of : tissue </s><s> 2014 draft guidance : point in time : 2014 </s><s> PMA : has part : 510(k) clearance </s><s> 510(k) clearance : part of : PMA </s><s> postmarket surveillance : facet of : postmarket </s><s> postmarket surveillance : subclass of : postmarket review </s><s> postmarket surveillance : facet of : postmarket review </s><s> National Evaluation System for health Technology : use : public health surveillance </s><s> National Evaluation System for health Technology : instance of : public health surveillance </s><s> National Evaluation System for health Technology (NEST) : use : public health surveillance </s><s> 23andMe : product or material produced : Genetic testing </s><s> 23andMe : industry : Genetic testing </s><s> 23andMe : instance of : Genetic testing </s><s> LDT : subclass of : genetic test </s><s> pre-regulatory status : part of : FDA </s><s> DTC genetic test : subclass of : genetic test </s><s> Framework for Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests : author : FDA </s><s> Framework for Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests : publisher : FDA </s><s> Framework for Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs) : author : FDA </s><s> Personal Genome Service : developer : 23andMe </s><s> 23andMe : product or material produced : Personal Genome Service </s><s> 23andMe : product or material produced : Personal Genome Service Genetic Health Risk </s><s> Personal Genome Service Genetic Health Risk : developer : 23andMe's </s><s> Federal Register : publisher : FDA </s><s> Federal Register : owned by : FDA </s><s> FDA : owner of : Federal Register </s><s> Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission : part of : Federal Trade Commission </s><s> Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) : part of : Federal Trade Commission (FTC) </s><s> Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) : facet of : Federal Trade Commission (FTC) </s><s> false advertisement : subclass of : advertising </s><s> false advertisement : subclass of : unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce </s><s> false advertisements : subclass of : unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce </s><s> GAO Investigations into Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 GAO investigation : point in time : 2006 </s><s> second investigation : point in time : June 2009 </s><s> Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations : parent organization : Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> Committee on Energy and Commerce : subsidiary : Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations </s><s> Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations : part of : Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> Committee on Energy and Commerce : has part : Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations </s><s> prostate cancer : subclass of : cancer </s><s> genetic markers : part of : genetics </s><s> genetic markers : facet of : genetics </s><s> SACGHS : parent organization : NIH </s><s> NIH : subsidiary : voluntary genetic testing </s><s> voluntary genetic testing : parent organization : NIH </s> | In vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices are used in the analysis of human samples, such as blood or tissue, to provide information in making health care decisions. Examples of IVDs include (1) pregnancy test kits or blood glucose tests for home use; (2) laboratory tests for infectious disease, such as HIV or hepatitis, and routine blood tests, such as cholesterol and anemia; and (3) tests for various genetic diseases or conditions. More recently, a specific type of diagnostic test—called a companion diagnostic—has been developed that may be used to select the best therapy, at the right dose, at the correct time for a particular patient; this is often referred to as personalized or precision medicine.
Federal agencies involved in the regulation of IVDs include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). FDA derives its authority to regulate the sale and distribution of medical devices, such as IVDs, from the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act and the Public Health Service Act. CMS's authority to regulate IVDs is through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988. FDA regulates the safety and effectiveness of the diagnostic test, as well as the quality of the design and manufacture of the diagnostic test. CMS regulates the quality of clinical laboratories and the clinical testing process.
Traditionally, most genetic tests have not been subject to premarket review by the FDA. This is because in the past, genetic tests were developed by laboratories primarily for their in-house use—referred to as laboratory-developed tests (LDTs)—to diagnose mostly rare diseases and were highly dependent on expert interpretation. However, more recently, LDTs have been developed to assess relatively common diseases and conditions, thus affecting more people, and direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing has become more available over the Internet. The extent to which LDTs should be regulated by the FDA, in conjunction with CMS, has traditionally been a subject of debate. Some clinical laboratories and manufacturers of LDTs have maintained that LDTs should be outside of the FDA's regulatory purview. Legislation was introduced in the 110th and 112th Congresses with the aim of clarifying regulatory oversight and supporting innovation.
In June 2010, FDA announced its decision to exercise its authority over all LDTs. A provision in the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 stipulates that the agency "may not issue any draft or final guidance on the regulation" of LDTs without, "at least 60 days prior to such issuance," first notifying Congress "of the anticipated details of such action." On July 31, 2014, in fulfillment of this statutory requirement, the FDA officially notified the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce that it would issue draft guidance on the regulation of LDTs, and included the anticipated details of that regulatory framework. On October 3, 2014, the FDA formally issued these documents as draft guidance in the Federal Register, giving 120 days for comment.
The draft guidance identifies groups of LDTs that would be (1) exempt from regulation entirely; (2) only required to meet notification and adverse event reporting requirements; and (3) required to meet notification, adverse event reporting, applicable premarket review, and other regulatory requirements. FDA would classify LDTs, based on risk, using information obtained through the notification process. Next FDA would enforce premarket review requirements, prioritizing the highest-risk tests. Bringing all LDTs into compliance was estimated to take nine years.
However, in November 2016 the agency announced it will be delaying finalization of the guidance indefinitely "to allow for further public discussion on an appropriate oversight approach and to give our congressional authorizing committees the opportunity to develop a legislative solution." In January 2017, FDA released a discussion paper on LDTs that included a possible approach to LDT oversight. |
crs_98-666 | crs_98-666_0 | <s> migrate to the ocean : subclass of : migrate </s><s> anadromous : subclass of : migrate to the ocean </s><s> anadromous : subclass of : sexually mature </s><s> El Niño : has cause : global climate change </s><s> El Niño : has effect : Pacific decadal oscillation </s><s> Pacific decadal oscillation : has part : El Niño </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened </s><s> threatened : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> Endangered Species Act : has part : threatened </s><s> anadromous trout : instance of : species of concern </s><s> salmon : instance of : species of concern </s><s> extirpated : subclass of : extinction </s><s> Northwest : shares border with : California </s><s> California : shares border with : Northwest </s><s> California : part of : Northwest </s><s> dam : use : irrigation </s><s> dams : use : irrigation </s><s> Oregon : shares border with : Washington </s><s> Oregon : shares border with : California </s><s> Washington : shares border with : Oregon </s><s> Washington : shares border with : California </s><s> California : shares border with : Oregon </s><s> California : shares border with : Washington </s><s> Wells Dam : located on terrain feature : Columbia River </s><s> Wells Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Columbia River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Washington : located in or next to body of water : Columbia River </s><s> FCRPS : inception : 1877 </s><s> turbines : part of : dam </s><s> FCRPS : instance of : fish hatcheries </s><s> California : part of : Pacific Northwest </s><s> northern California : part of : Pacific Northwest </s><s> native salmonid : subclass of : salmonid populations </s><s> sport anglers : opposite of : commercial fishermen </s><s> sport anglers : subclass of : fishermen </s><s> overharvested : subclass of : managing fisheries </s><s> National Marine Fisheries Service : parent organization : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : National Marine Fisheries Service </s><s> National Marine Fisheries Service : part of : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : part of : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : species </s><s> notice of proposed rulemaking : published in : Federal Register </s><s> Federal Register : owned by : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> species recovery : subclass of : survival and recovery </s><s> species recovery : facet of : species </s><s> species recovery : subclass of : survival </s><s> Snake River : mouth of the watercourse : Columbia </s><s> Columbia : tributary : Snake River </s><s> 1995 : followed by : 1998 BiOps </s><s> 2008 BiOp : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Obama Administration : subsidiary : NOAA </s><s> Adaptive Management Implementation Plan : inception : 2008 </s><s> potential breaching : location : Snake River </s><s> Snake River dams : operator : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers </s><s> breaching : location : Snake River </s><s> Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act : point in time : 1980 </s><s> Northwest Power and Conservation Council : inception : 1980 </s><s> Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act : main subject : Northwest Power and Conservation Council </s><s> dam : product or material produced : water </s><s> dam : use : water purchase </s><s> technical improvements : subclass of : dams </s><s> Columbia River basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Columbia River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Oregon : located in or next to body of water : Columbia River </s><s> Central Valley Project Improvement Act : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> Central Valley Project Improvement Act : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Central Valley Project Improvement Act : instance of : P.L. </s><s> San Francisco Bay : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> San Francisco Bay : located in the administrative territorial entity : California's </s><s> Central Valley Project : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Klamath River : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Klamath River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Salmon-supporting waters : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Salmon-supporting waters : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> interim policy on artificial propagation of Pacific salmon : inception : 1993 </s><s> interim policy : inception : 1993 </s><s> interim policy : point in time : 1993 </s><s> British Columbia : located in or next to body of water : Columbia River </s><s> Washington : part of : Columbia River Basin </s><s> Oregon : part of : Columbia River Basin </s><s> British Columbia : part of : Columbia River Basin </s><s> Columbia River Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> Columbia River Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Columbia River Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : British Columbia </s><s> Columbia River : located in the administrative territorial entity : British Columbia </s><s> Resource Renewal Institute : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> Resource Renewal Institute : inception : January 2009 </s><s> Obama Administration : headquarters location : White House </s><s> Obama Administration : residence : White House </s><s> Bonneville Power Administration : subsidiary : Northwest Power and Conservation Council </s><s> Lower Snake River Dams : location : Columbia River Basin </s><s> Lower Snake River Dams : located on terrain feature : Columbia River Basin </s><s> Lower Snake River Dams : located in the administrative territorial entity : Columbia River Basin </s> | Along the Pacific Coast, 28 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), with three additional populations identified as "species of concern." While no species of anadromous trout or salmon is in danger of near-term extinction, individual population segments within these species have declined substantially or have even been extirpated. The American Fisheries Society considers at least 214 Pacific Coast anadromous fish populations to be "at risk," while at least 106 other historically abundant populations have already become extinct.
Human activities—logging, grazing, mining, agriculture, urban development, and consumptive water use—can degrade aquatic habitat. Silt can cover streambed gravel, smothering fish eggs. Poorly constructed roads often increase siltation in streams where adult salmon spawn and young salmon rear. Removal of streamside trees and shade frequently leads to higher water temperatures. Grazing cattle remove streamside vegetation and exacerbate streambank erosion. Urbanization typically brings stream channelization and filled wetlands, altering food supplies and nursery habitat. Habitat alterations can lead to increased salmonid predation by marine mammals, birds, and other fish. Dams for hydropower, flood control, and irrigation substantially alter aquatic habitat and can have significant impacts on anadromous fish. In addition, natural phenomena stress fish populations and contribute to their variable abundance.
Current management efforts aim to restore the abundance of ESA-listed native northeast Pacific salmonids to historic, sustainable population levels. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, also popularly referred to as "NOAA Fisheries") in the Department of Commerce implements the ESA for anadromous salmonids. When a federal activity may harm an ESA-listed salmonid, the ESA requires the federal agency to consult with NMFS to determine whether the activity is likely to jeopardize the survival and recovery of the species or adversely modify its critical habitat.
Prior to the listing of salmonid "evolutionarily significant units" (ESUs) under the ESA, the Northwest Power and Conservation Council took the lead in the Columbia River Basin under the 1980 Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act, by attempting to protect salmon and their habitat while also providing inexpensive electric power to the region. Under this effort, federal agencies and public utilities have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on technical improvements for dams, habitat enhancement, and water purchases to improve salmon survival. Recent years have seen an increased interest by state governments and tribal councils in developing comprehensive salmon management efforts.
This report summarizes the reasons for ESA listings and outlines efforts to protect ESA-listed species. |
crs_R40143 | crs_R40143_0 | <s> Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission : part of : UNESCO </s><s> Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission : parent organization : UNESCO </s><s> United Nations Environment Programme : parent organization : UNESCO </s><s> seawater : part of : ocean </s><s> CO 2 from the atmosphere : has parts of the class : carbon dioxide </s><s> seawater : studied by : chemistry </s><s> chemistry : studies : seawater </s><s> pH : facet of : alkaline </s><s> carbonic acid : has part : CO 2 </s><s> carbonic acid : has parts of the class : CO 2 </s><s> coral bleaching : has cause : climate change </s><s> coral bleaching : facet of : climate change </s><s> climate change : has effect : coral bleaching </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : carbon </s><s> CO 2 into the atmosphere : has parts of the class : carbon </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : gases </s><s> pH : facet of : acidic </s><s> tropics : opposite of : tropical oceans </s><s> tropical oceans : opposite of : tropics </s><s> tropics : opposite of : tropical ocean </s><s> decomposition : part of : organic </s><s> decomposition : subclass of : organic </s><s> organic decomposition : has part : Cellular respiration </s><s> nitrogen dioxide : subject has role : acidic gasses </s><s> nitrogen dioxide : instance of : acid gas </s><s> CO 2 : subject has role : acidic gasses </s><s> pH : facet of : ocean acidification </s><s> ocean acidification : facet of : ocean waters </s><s> ocean acidification : has effect : ocean acidification </s><s> ocean chemistry : studies : ocean </s><s> climate : has cause : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> greenhouse gas emissions : has effect : climate </s><s> overlying climate : has cause : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> greenhouse gas emissions : has effect : overlying climate </s><s> marine organisms : has part : shell </s><s> bicarbonate : has part : HCO 3 </s><s> bicarbonate ions : has part : HCO 3 1- </s><s> HCO 3 1- : part of : bicarbonate ions </s><s> calcium carbonate : has part : calcium </s><s> calcium carbonate : has part : calcium ions </s><s> calcium carbonate : has part : Ca </s><s> coralline algae : parent taxon : red algae </s><s> coralline algae : subclass of : red algae </s><s> coral : subclass of : coralline algae </s><s> aragonite : subclass of : calcite </s><s> supersaturated : opposite of : equilibrium </s><s> pH : facet of : acid </s><s> carbonic acid : instance of : pH </s><s> pH : facet of : carbonic acid </s><s> calcium carbonate : has part : CO 2 </s><s> calcium carbonate : has part : carbonate </s><s> calcium carbonate solubility : has part : CO 2 </s><s> CO 2 : has effect : climate change </s><s> ocean acidification : has cause : CO 2 </s><s> ocean acidification : has cause : climate change </s><s> Great Barrier Reef : country : Australia </s><s> Great Barrier Reef : country : Australia's </s><s> Great Barrier Reef : has part : Porites coral </s><s> crustose : parent taxon : coralline algae </s><s> crustose coralline algae : parent taxon : Calcareous algae </s><s> crustose : parent taxon : coralline </s><s> reef degradation : facet of : coral reef </s><s> coral reef : has effect : reef degradation </s><s> calcification : has effect : calcified structure </s><s> calcification : subclass of : complex processes </s><s> calcified structure : has cause : calcification </s><s> nitrification : facet of : nitrogen </s><s> nitrification : product or material produced : nitrous oxide </s><s> nitrous oxide : subject has role : greenhouse gas </s><s> marine food webs : has part : phytoplankton </s><s> coccolithophore : subclass of : phytoplankton </s><s> plant life : has part : phytoplankton </s><s> CO 2 : has cause : anthropogenic </s><s> coccolithophore : subclass of : organism </s><s> coccolithophore : subclass of : calcification </s><s> zooplankton : subclass of : plankton </s><s> invertebrate : subclass of : marine organisms </s><s> marine organisms : has part : plankton </s><s> pH levels predicted for the year 2100 : facet of : ocean acidification </s><s> pH : facet of : acidification </s><s> herring : subclass of : Pacific salmon </s><s> baleen whale : subclass of : Pacific salmon </s><s> baleen whale : parent taxon : Pacific salmon </s><s> Pacific Northwest : located on terrain feature : North America </s><s> benthic : subclass of : organism </s><s> North America : has part : Pacific Northwest </s><s> CO 2 : has effect : ocean acidification </s><s> clown fish : subclass of : fish </s><s> clown fish : subclass of : marine fish </s><s> clown fish : part of : coral reef </s><s> pH decrease : facet of : pH </s><s> pH : instance of : pH </s><s> possible tipping points : subclass of : unforeseen consequences </s><s> mass extinction : subclass of : Mass extinction event </s><s> mass extinction : subclass of : Mass extinction events of marine organisms </s><s> a large injection of CO 2 into the deep ocean : instance of : Mass extinction </s><s> loss of marine biodiversity : instance of : mass extinction </s><s> loss of marine biodiversity in the Late Triassic : instance of : mass extinction </s><s> loss of marine biodiversity in the Late Triassic, about 200 million years ago : instance of : mass extinction </s><s> shellfish : subclass of : invertebrates </s><s> most recent report on the status of the world's fisheries : publisher : United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization </s><s> inflish : subclass of : invertebrates </s><s> Queensland : country : Australia </s><s> Australia : contains administrative territorial entity : Queensland </s><s> Queensland : located in the administrative territorial entity : Australia </s><s> Queensland, Australia : instance of : island nations </s><s> Florida Keys : located on terrain feature : Caribbean </s><s> Caribbean : instance of : ocean </s><s> pH change : subclass of : natural feedback mechanisms </s><s> pH : facet of : neutral </s><s> CO 2 levels continue to increase : has part : CO 2 </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : CO 2 </s><s> marine environment : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> marine environment : instance of : ecosystem </s><s> marine environment : has part : ecosystem </s><s> ecosystem : part of : marine environment </s><s> carbon sequestration : subclass of : removing CO 2 from the atmosphere </s><s> carbon sequestration : facet of : removing CO 2 from the atmosphere </s><s> carbon sequestration : subclass of : reducing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere </s><s> Joint Global Ocean Flux Study : inception : 1984 </s><s> Joint Global Ocean Flux Study : organizer : National Science Foundation </s><s> National Science Foundation : member of : National Academies of Science </s><s> Ralph Cicerone : member of : National Academy of Sciences </s><s> National Academy of Sciences : chairperson : Ralph Cicerone </s><s> National Academy of Sciences : part of : National Academies of Science </s><s> National Academies of Science : has part : National Academy of Sciences </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : Bureau of Ocean </s><s> Bureau of Ocean : parent organization : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : Bureau of Ocean Ocean </s><s> Bureau of Ocean Ocean : parent organization : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : NOAA </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : National Science Foundation </s><s> Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean Acidification : inception : 2012 </s><s> Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean Acidification : publication date : 2012 </s><s> Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean Acidification : publisher : National Research Council </s><s> ocean acidification : studied by : ocean chemistry </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : National Ocean Policy Center </s><s> National Ocean Policy Center : parent organization : NOAA </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : NOAA </s><s> CO 2 : has effect : increasing </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : National Science Foundation </s><s> National Science Foundation : parent organization : NOAA </s><s> National Science Foundation : part of : NOAA </s><s> Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013 : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Coral Reef Conservation Act : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s> | With increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, the extent of effects on the ocean and marine resources is an increasing concern. One aspect of this issue is the ongoing process (known as ocean acidification) whereby seawater becomes less alkaline as more CO2 dissolves in it, causing hydrogen ion concentration in seawater to increase. Scientists are concerned that increasing hydrogen ion concentration could reduce growth or even cause death of shell-forming animals (e.g., corals, mollusks, and certain planktonic organisms) as well as disrupt marine food webs and the reproductive physiology of certain species. While not yet fully understood, the ecological and economic consequences of ocean acidification could be substantial.
Scientists are concerned that increasing hydrogen ion concentration in seawater could alter biogeochemical cycles, disrupt physiological processes of marine organisms, and damage marine ecosystems. This report does not discuss the effects of increasing thermal stress to marine organisms and ecosystems (e.g., coral bleaching) related to climate change. However, marine ecosystems are likely to be affected by the synergistic effects of factors involved in both thermal and chemical processes.
Congress is beginning to focus attention on better understanding ocean acidification and determining how this concern might be addressed. In the 111th Congress, the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act of 2009 (Title XII, Subtitle D, of P.L. 111-11) directed the Secretary of Commerce to establish an ocean acidification program within NOAA, established an interagency committee to develop an ocean acidification research and monitoring plan, and authorized appropriations through FY2012 for NOAA and the National Science Foundation. The only bill related to ocean acidification that has been introduced during the 113th Congress is the Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013 (S. 839). S. 839 would include ocean acidification in the criteria used to evaluate project proposals for studying threats to coral reefs and developing responses to coral reef losses. On July 30, 2013, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation ordered S. 839 to be reported. |
crs_RS20995 | crs_RS20995_0 | <s> ArmsExport Control Act : country : United States </s><s> Export-Import Bank Act : country : United States </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Reagan : position held : President </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> Agriculture Export Relief Act : point in time : July 14, 1998 </s><s> Agriculture Export Relief Act : inception : July 14, 1998 </s><s> Agriculture Export Relief Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> India-Pakistan Relief Act of 1998 : point in time : 1998 </s><s> India-Pakistan Relief Act of 1998 : point in time : October 21, 1998 </s><s> India-Pakistan Relief Act of 1998 : publication date : October 21, 1998 </s><s> Department of Defense AppropriationsAct, FY2000 : point in time : October25, 1999 </s><s> Department of Defense Appropriations Act, FY2000 : point in time : October25, 1999 </s><s> Department of Defense AppropriationsAct, FY2000 : publication date : October25, 1999 </s><s> Clintonexercised : point in time : October 27,1999 </s><s> Clintonexercised this authority : point in time : October 27,1999 </s><s> Clintonex : position held : President </s><s> Trade and Development Agency : country : United States </s><s> Department of Agriculture : country : United States </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : subsidiary : Trade and Development Agency </s><s> Trade and Development Agency : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> Richard Armitage : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Richard Armitage : position held : Deputy Secretary of State </s><s> terrorist attack on the United States : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorist attack : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests : point in time : 1998 </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests : point in time : September 22, 2001 </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests : country : Pakistan </s><s> overthrew a democratically elected government : participant : PervezMusharraf </s><s> overthrew : participant : PervezMusharraf </s><s> overthrew a democratically elected government : point in time : October 1999 </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations Act : point in time : September 24, 2001 </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations Act : publication date : September 24, 2001 </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations Act : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> Congress : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Economic Support Funds : country : Pakistan </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act : point in time : 1961 </s><s> 2001 Emergency Supplemental AppropriationsAct : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Pakistan : shares border with : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : shares border with : Pakistan </s><s> India : member of : United Nations </s><s> Pakistan : member of : United Nations </s> | In 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted tests of nuclear explosive devices, drawingworld condemnation. TheUnited States and a number of India's and Pakistan's major trading partners imposed economic sanctions in response. Most U.S. economic sanctions werelifted or eased within a few months of their imposition, however, and Congress gave the President the authority toremove all remaining restrictions in 1999.
The sanctions were lifted incrementally. President Bush issued a final determination on September 22, 2001,to remove the remaining restrictions, finding that denying export licenses and assistance was not in the national security interests of the United States.
Today, four Indian and 20 Pakistani entities (and their subsidiaries) remain on the Commerce Department's listof entities for which export licenses arerequired. By comparison, restricted entities numbered in the hundreds in the wake of the 1998 nuclear tests. Anexport license is still required to ship missiletechnology-controlled or nuclear proliferation-controlled items to users in either country, but the Department ofCommerce no longer views such licenseapplications with a presumption of denying their issuance.
Apart from the sanctions imposed following the nuclear tests, the United States prohibited foreign aid toPakistan when that country fell into arrears in servicingits debt to the United States in late 1998, a prohibition reenforced when Pakistan's military forces overthrew thedemocratic government in late 1999. Post-September 11 cooperation between the United States and Pakistan included a rescheduling of the debt and newlegislation to waive the so-calleddemocracy sanctions. Pakistan thus became eligible to receive U.S. foreign assistance through FY2003 when, unlessit holds free and fair elections, restrictionson foreign aid could be reimposed. |
crs_R42618 | crs_R42618_0 | <s> columbite-tantalite : named after : coltan </s><s> columbite : named after : coltan </s><s> tin ore : has part : tin </s><s> political instability in Congo : country : DRC </s><s> political instability in Congo : location : DRC </s><s> armed conflict : location : Congo </s><s> Zaire : head of state : Mobutu Sese Seko </s><s> Mobutu Sese Seko : country of citizenship : Zaire </s><s> State Department : part of : executive branch </s><s> State Department : parent organization : executive branch </s><s> conflict in DRC : location : surrounding sub-region </s><s> United Nations : has part : Security Council </s><s> Security Council : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> DRC-focused sanctions : legislated by : United Nations </s><s> mining sector reform : facet of : mining </s><s> mining : part of : supply chain </s><s> mining : part of : supply chains </s><s> Uganda : shares border with : Rwanda </s><s> Uganda : shares border with : Burundi </s><s> Rwanda : shares border with : Uganda </s><s> Rwanda : shares border with : Burundi </s><s> Burundi : shares border with : Uganda </s><s> Burundi : shares border with : Rwanda </s><s> an ethnically and resource-focused conflict : point in time : mid-2000 </s><s> an ethnically and resource-focused conflict : location : DRC </s><s> an ethnically and resource-focused conflict in the mid-2000s : location : DRC </s><s> Rwandan genocide : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Rwandan genocide : instance of : human rights abuses </s><s> Rwandan genocide : instance of : genocide </s><s> several foreign state military interventions in Congo : point in time : 2000 </s><s> several foreign state military interventions in Congo in the early 2000s : point in time : 2000 </s><s> several foreign state military interventions in Congo in the early 2000s : start time : 2000 </s><s> conflict minerals : subclass of : Ores </s><s> conflict minerals : subclass of : ore </s><s> conflict minerals : facet of : conflict </s><s> black-market : subclass of : illicit </s><s> 3TGs : subclass of : 3TGs and their derivatives </s><s> 3TGs : derivative work : 3TGs and their derivatives </s><s> 3TGs and their derivatives : based on : 3TGs </s><s> columbium : subclass of : niobium </s><s> tantalum : named after : Tantalum </s><s> niobium : named after : columbium </s><s> coltan : subclass of : tantalum </s><s> niobium : subclass of : tantalum </s><s> tantalum : instance of : metals </s><s> bronze : has part : tin </s><s> solders : has part : tin </s><s> Cassiterite : instance of : ore </s><s> Wolframite : subclass of : tungsten </s><s> cemented carbide : subclass of : ore </s><s> wolframite : instance of : alloy </s><s> wolframite : subclass of : alloy </s><s> wolframite : instance of : precious metal </s><s> Kivus : located in the administrative territorial entity : South Kivu </s><s> Ituri : country : DRC </s><s> Kivus : country : DRC </s><s> South Kivu : country : DRC </s><s> DRC : contains administrative territorial entity : South Kivu </s><s> trade : part of : commerce </s><s> profit structure : part of : commercial </s><s> commerce : has part : trade </s><s> trade sanctions : subclass of : financial </s><s> trade sanctions : facet of : trade </s><s> trade sanctions : instance of : financial </s><s> minimum wages : instance of : labor standards </s><s> minimum wages : instance of : labor standard </s><s> minimum wages : facet of : labor standards </s><s> forensic technologies : subclass of : due diligence </s><s> due diligence : subclass of : forensic </s><s> due diligence : subclass of : forensic technologies </s><s> political will : facet of : political </s><s> political : has part : political will </s><s> DRC's conflicts : location : eastern DRC </s><s> OECD Due Diligence System : instance of : due diligence </s><s> OECD Due Diligence System : creator : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development </s><s> OECD Due Diligence System : author : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development </s><s> OECD Guidance : author : OECD Council </s><s> OECD Guidance : publisher : OECD Council </s><s> OECD Guidance : legislated by : OECD Council </s><s> Section 1502 : instance of : H.R. </s><s> Section 1502 : instance of : P.L. </s><s> Section 1502 : part of : H.R. </s><s> conflict minerals : has effect : human rights abuses </s><s> human rights abuses : facet of : conflict minerals </s><s> human rights abuses : has cause : conflict minerals </s><s> Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act : has part : Section 1502 </s><s> Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act : country : U.S. </s><s> Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act : part of : Dodd-Frank </s><s> violent armed conflict : location : DRC </s><s> violent armed conflict in eastern DRC : country : DRC </s><s> manganese : instance of : conflict minerals </s><s> tourmaline : instance of : conflict minerals </s><s> pyrochlor : instance of : conflict minerals </s><s> manganese : subclass of : conflict minerals </s><s> tourmaline : subclass of : conflict minerals </s><s> pyrochlor : subclass of : conflict minerals </s><s> manganese : subject has role : conflict minerals </s><s> tourmaline : subject has role : conflict minerals </s><s> pyrochlor : subject has role : conflict minerals </s><s> due diligence : subclass of : audit </s><s> production : subclass of : functionality </s><s> due diligence : has part : audit </s><s> mine : country : country of origin </s><s> mine : product or material produced : minerals </s><s> mine : product or material produced : mineral </s><s> non-governmental : subclass of : advocacy groups </s><s> non-governmental : subclass of : advocacy group </s><s> non-governmental advocacy groups : subclass of : advocacy groups </s><s> conflict : has effect : human rights abuses </s><s> conflict : location : DRC </s><s> conflict : subclass of : human rights abuses </s><s> non-governmental : subclass of : Business interests </s><s> non-governmental : subclass of : Business </s><s> traceability : subclass of : mineral certification </s><s> commodity processing : part of : supply chain </s><s> human rights abuses : has cause : conflict </s><s> human rights abuses : facet of : conflict </s><s> human rights abuses associated with the trade : subclass of : conflict </s><s> Eastern DRC Mineral Boycott : instance of : buyers' boycott </s><s> Eastern DRC Mineral Boycott : instance of : boycott </s><s> DRC conflict free : country : DRC </s><s> Walikale : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Kivu </s><s> Walikale district : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Kivu </s><s> North Kivu : contains administrative territorial entity : Walikale </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter : instance of : industry association </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter : inception : April 1, 2011 </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter (CFS) : instance of : industry association </s><s> CFS compliance status : point in time : January 1, 2012 </s><s> CFS compliance status : inception : January 1, 2012 </s><s> smelter : uses : raw material </s><s> economic collapse : has effect : economic hardship </s><s> economic collapse : subclass of : economic hardship </s><s> economic collapse : has effect : negative multiplier effect </s><s> negative multiplier effect : has cause : economic collapse </s><s> Group of Experts : has part : The Group of Experts </s><s> The Group of Experts : has part : The Group of Experts </s><s> The Group of Experts : subsidiary : The Group of Experts </s><s> Appendix B : main subject : due diligence </s><s> Appendix B : facet of : due diligence </s><s> Appendix B : part of : Section 1502 </s><s> Katanga : country : DRC </s><s> DRC : contains administrative territorial entity : Katanga </s><s> Rwanda : member of : OECD </s><s> Rwanda : shares border with : DRC </s><s> DRC : shares border with : Rwanda </s><s> Kivus : instance of : provinces </s><s> tin : has part : tantalum </s><s> tungsten : has part : tin </s><s> Kivus : facet of : conflict minerals problem </s><s> public sector : opposite of : private </s><s> Kivus : subclass of : conflict minerals </s><s> de facto mineral buyers' boycott : facet of : Section 1502 </s><s> de facto mineral buyers' boycott : has cause : Section 1502 </s><s> Mary Schapiro : position held : SEC Chairman </s><s> Mary Schapiro : employer : SEC </s><s> Mary Schapiro : position held : Chairman </s><s> public relations : studies : perception </s><s> transparency : facet of : human rights </s><s> human rights : has part : political </s><s> car radio : part of : transport vehicle </s><s> car radio : subclass of : transport vehicle </s><s> transport vehicle : has part : car radio </s><s> conflict minerals : used by : manufacturers </s><s> manufacturers : uses : conflict minerals </s><s> recombination : uses : elements </s><s> Recycled : uses : conflict mineral </s><s> Recycled : subclass of : conflict mineral </s><s> military : has part : police </s><s> police : subclass of : military </s><s> military : has part : police forces </s><s> auditors : subclass of : accountant </s><s> accountants : different from : auditors </s><s> auditors : different from : accountants </s><s> accountant : different from : auditors </s><s> auditors : different from : accountant </s><s> Department of State : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Section 1502 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Department of State : authority : Congress </s><s> State Department : country : U.S. </s><s> DRC : member of : international </s><s> mining : subclass of : mining </s><s> Section 1502 : main subject : conflict minerals </s><s> Section 1502 : publisher : State Department </s><s> United Nations Secretary-General : officeholder : Nikki Haley </s><s> Nikki Haley : position held : United Nations Secretary-General </s><s> USAID : country : DRC </s><s> USAID DRC country mission : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID DRC country mission : part of : USAID </s><s> Kivus : has part : South Kivu </s><s> DRC Mines Ministry : country : DRC </s><s> Mines Ministry : country : DRC </s><s> DRC Mines Ministry : field of work : artisanal mining </s><s> Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation : part of : USAID </s><s> International Conference on the Great Lakes Region : has part : Minerals Chain Auditor </s><s> Minerals Chain Auditor : part of : International Conference on the Great Lakes Region </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> CdN : country : DRC </s><s> CdN : located in the administrative territorial entity : DRC </s><s> human rights abuse : has effect : corruption </s><s> International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Bureau : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Bureau </s><s> workers' rights : subclass of : human rights </s><s> workers' rights : instance of : human rights </s><s> human rights : part of : rule of law </s><s> periodic military clashes : country : DRC </s><s> widespread insecurity : country : DRC </s><s> widespread insecurity : location : DRC </s><s> sources of conflict financing : has effect : stoke conflict </s><s> stoke conflict : has cause : sources of conflict financing </s><s> sources of conflict financing : facet of : stoke conflict </s><s> national military : part of : state security forces </s><s> state security forces : has part : national military </s><s> national military : instance of : security forces </s><s> human rights abuses : subclass of : illicit activities </s><s> central Africa : has part : DRC </s><s> DRC : part of : central Africa </s><s> targeted international sanctions : subclass of : U.N. sanctions </s><s> U.N. : field of work : international sanctions </s><s> human rights violators : has effect : criminal prosecution </s><s> Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative : field of work : extractive sector transparency </s><s> Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative : field of work : extractive sector transparency initiatives </s><s> Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative : facet of : extractive sector transparency </s><s> Members of Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> OECD Guidance : has part : Section 1502 </s><s> non-governmental organization : opposite of : industry actors </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : non-governmental </s><s> non-governmental organizations : subclass of : non-governmental </s><s> Section 1502 : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Section 1502 : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : congressional </s><s> congressional : country : United States </s><s> North Kivu : shares border with : South Kivu </s><s> North Kivu : shares border with : Orientale </s><s> South Kivu : shares border with : North Kivu </s><s> South Kivu : shares border with : Orientale </s><s> Rwandan Patriotic Front : political ideology : Tutsi </s><s> Rwandan Patriotic Front : ethnic group : Tutsi </s><s> Tutsi : country : Rwanda </s><s> Rwandan Patriotic Front : country : Rwanda </s><s> broke up the camps : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Banyamulenge : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 1996 </s><s> Zairian Armed Forces : country : Zairian </s><s> Laurent-Désiré Kabila : member of political party : Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire </s><s> Laurent-Désiré Kabila : member of : Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire </s><s> Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire : chairperson : Laurent-Désiré Kabila </s><s> assassinated in : location : Kinshasa </s><s> assassinated in : point in time : August 1998 </s><s> assassinated in assassinated : location : Kinshasa </s><s> national elections in 2006 : successful candidate : Joseph Kabila </s><s> national elections in 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2002 peace accord : point in time : 2002 </s><s> North : instance of : provinces </s><s> South Kivu : instance of : provinces </s><s> Tutsi : subclass of : Hutu </s><s> FARDC : operating area : North </s><s> FARDC : operating area : South Kivu </s><s> a period of frequent conflict : start time : 1999 </s><s> a period of frequent conflict : point in time : 1999 </s><s> Ituri : instance of : district </s><s> period of low-intensity conflict : end time : 2007 </s><s> a period of low-intensity conflict : end time : 2007 </s><s> period of low-intensity conflict until 2007 : end time : 2007 </s><s> Regional Certification Mechanism : part of : Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources </s><s> Mineral Tracking and Certification Scheme of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region : part of : Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources </s><s> Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources : has part : Regional Certification Mechanism </s><s> smelters : subclass of : manufacturers </s><s> mining : part of : economic growth </s><s> International Tin Research Institute : field of work : Tin Supply Chain Initiative </s><s> United States : member of : donors </s><s> DRC Mining Legal Reforms and Minerals Certification Efforts : country : DRC </s><s> Certification National : use : traceability </s><s> GoE : part of : UN </s><s> GoE : parent organization : UN </s><s> iTSCi : parent organization : CN </s><s> Maniema : located in the administrative territorial entity : North </s><s> North : shares border with : Maniema </s><s> South Kivu : shares border with : Maniema </s><s> Maniema : shares border with : North </s><s> Maniema : shares border with : South Kivu </s><s> 2010-2011 mining ban : country : DRC </s><s> 2010-2011 mining ban : end time : March 2011 </s><s> 2010-2011 mining ban : end time : 2011 </s><s> Nyabibwe : located in the administrative territorial entity : South Kivu </s><s> mineral trading center : subclass of : trading post </s><s> Centre de Négoce : inception : 2009 </s><s> Centre de Négoce : instance of : trading post </s><s> MONUSCO : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : MONUSCO </s><s> Goma : twinned administrative body : Bukavu </s><s> Katanga : instance of : province </s><s> de facto buyers' boycott : country : DRC </s><s> Pact : instance of : non-profit </s><s> tin industry : product or material produced : tantalum </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter : part of : OECD Guidance </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter : instance of : OECD Guidance </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter (CFS) program : part of : OECD Guidance </s><s> Kalimbi : located in the administrative territorial entity : South Kivu </s><s> national mineral CTC system : country : Rwanda </s><s> iTSCi : country : Rwanda </s><s> Rwanda : part of : Great Lakes Region </s><s> Great Lakes Region : has part : Rwanda </s><s> DRC : diplomatic relation : Rwanda </s><s> Rwanda : diplomatic relation : DRC </s><s> iTSCi : instance of : database </s><s> barcode : use : radio-frequency identification </s><s> Katanga : country : Rwanda </s><s> Rwanda : contains administrative territorial entity : Katanga </s><s> barcode : used by : radio-frequency identification </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter (CFS) Program : inception : 2009 </s><s> Conflict-Free Smelter (CFS) Assessment Program : inception : 2009 </s><s> tin : instance of : metals </s><s> tin : subclass of : metals </s><s> gold : instance of : metals </s><s> EICC/GeSI : member of : OECD </s><s> EICC : member of : OECD </s><s> EICC : subsidiary : GeSI </s><s> GeSI : parent organization : EICC </s><s> iTSCi : instance of : due diligence </s><s> iTSCi : use : due diligence </s><s> iTSCi : subclass of : due diligence </s><s> Conflict Minerals Reporting Template and Dashboard : developer : World Gold Council </s><s> 3T : instance of : industries </s><s> Conflict Minerals Reporting Template : developer : World Gold Council </s><s> Responsible Jewellery Council : inception : March 2012 </s><s> Responsible Jewellery Council : industry : precious metals </s><s> Responsible Jewellery Council : industry : gold </s><s> labor rights : subclass of : human rights </s><s> labor rights : instance of : human rights </s><s> human rights : facet of : social development </s> | "Conflict minerals" are ores that, when sold or traded, have played key roles in helping to fuel conflict and extensive human rights abuses, since the late 1990s, in far eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The main conflict minerals are the so-called the "3TGs": ores of tantalum and niobium, tin, tungsten, and gold, and their derivatives. Diverse international efforts to break the link between mineral commerce and conflict in central Africa have been proposed or are under way. Key initiatives include government and industry-led mineral tracking and certification schemes. These are designed to monitor trade in minerals to keep armed groups from financially benefitting from this commerce, in compliance with firm-level and/or industry due diligence policies that prohibit transactions with armed groups.
Congress has long been concerned about conflicts and human rights abuses in the DRC. Hearings during successive Congresses have focused on ways to help end or mitigate their effects, and multiple resolutions and bills seeking the same goals have been introduced. Several have become law. The most extensive U.S. law aimed at halting the trade in conflict minerals, specifically the 3TGs, is Section 1502 of Title XV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). Among other ends, Section 1502 requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to issue rules mandating that SEC-regulated businesses that use conflict minerals in their products
report if they obtained their mineral supplies from the DRC or nearby countries; be permitted to label as "DRC conflict free" products that they can credibly demonstrate do not incorporate minerals sourced in a manner that directly or indirectly finances or benefits armed groups in DRC or adjoining countries; and publicly report to the SEC on those of their products which do incorporate minerals that are not "DRC conflict free"—and which may not be labeled as such—and on diligence measures used to obtain these minerals.
Section 1502 raises complex rule design, compliance, cost estimate, and implementation questions, and Section 1502 advocates and critics—many politically influential—have been urging the SEC to issue rules favorable to their respective views and interests. The complexity of the matters at issue and diversity of interests affected have prompted the SEC to repeatedly delay issuance of a final rule, although it is expected to act on the matter in mid-August 2012. Key rule-making issues under debate include
timing and a possible phase-in of rule implementation; and what due diligence standards are to be used.
There is widespread support for use of due diligence guidelines developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in eventual Section 1502 rules, both to ensure complementarity between U.S. and international conflict mineral trade abatement efforts, most of which employ the OECD guidelines, and to enable these schemes to mature.
The State Department has provided to Congress a strategy aimed at breaking the link between mineral trade and conflict and, together with the U.S. Agency for International Development, is implementing programs in central Africa to support tracking and certification schemes; local small-scale mining communities; anti-mining labor abuse efforts; and related ends.
In the short to medium term, Congress is likely to closely monitor Section 1502 rule-making and the effectiveness of any eventual rule and other conflict mineral-focused programs as they are implemented. Implementation is likely to be complex. While substantial financial and applied efforts are being invested in such efforts, conflict in eastern DRC has long posed a complex set of intractable security, governance, and human rights challenges, which such efforts alone are unlikely to overcome—and may complicate. An example of a possible unintended consequence of Section 1502 is a de facto buyers' boycott of minerals from eastern DRC attributed to the delayed rule-making process and to other factors. It has generated a local economic crisis and increased smuggling of minerals, but also reportedly reduced conflict funding and spurred conflict mineral trade control efforts. |
crs_R44271 | crs_R44271_0 | <s> Tanzania : part of : East Africa </s><s> East Africa : has part : Tanzania </s><s> United Republic of Tanzania : part of : East Africa </s><s> East Africa : has part : United Republic of Tanzania </s><s> John Magufuli : candidacy in election : elected in 2015 </s><s> elected in 2015 : successful candidate : John Magufuli </s><s> President : officeholder : John Magufuli </s><s> John Magufuli : position held : President </s><s> elected in 2015 : followed by : rerun in 2016 </s><s> rerun in 2016 : follows : elected in 2015 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> initial compact : operator : Millennium Challenge Corporation </s><s> 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> Obama's July 2013 visit to the country : position held : President </s><s> Obama's July 2013 visit to the country : participant : Obama </s><s> Rex Tillerson : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : officeholder : Rex Tillerson </s><s> Trump Administration : has part : Rex Tillerson </s><s> Mark Green : position held : USAID Administrator </s><s> USAID Administrator : officeholder : Mark Green </s><s> USAID : chairperson : Mark Green </s><s> African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership : inception : 2014 </s><s> Feed the Future : founded by : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : followed by : Trump Administration </s><s> Jakaya Kikwete : position held : President </s><s> President : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : continent : Africa </s><s> Tanzania : instance of : union </s><s> Tanzania : contains administrative territorial entity : Tanganyika </s><s> Tanzania : contains administrative territorial entity : Zanzibar </s><s> Tanganyika : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tanzania </s><s> Zanzibar : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tanzania </s><s> Zanzibar archipelago : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tanzania </s><s> Swahili : instance of : lingua franca </s><s> Nyerere : political ideology : ujamaa </s><s> Nyerere : movement : ujamaa </s><s> oil crisis of the 1970s : point in time : 1970 </s><s> oil crisis : point in time : 1970 </s><s> ethnic : country : Tanzania </s><s> religious : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : ethnic group : ethnic </s><s> Chama Cha Mapinduzi : inception : 1977 </s><s> Nyerere : member of political party : Chama Cha Mapinduzi </s><s> Zanzibar : inception : 1977 </s><s> first multiparty elections : point in time : 1995 </s><s> first multiparty elections in 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Tundu Lissu : member of political party : Chadema </s><s> President Magufuli : member of political party : Chadema </s><s> Tundu Lissu : member of political party : Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo </s><s> DLA Piper : instance of : law firm </s><s> another in August : point in time : September 2017 </s><s> a firebombing : participant : DLA Piper </s><s> 2010 : followed by : 2015 </s><s> Chadema : inception : 2000 </s><s> 2015 : follows : 2010 </s><s> 2015 Elections : point in time : October 25, 2015 </s><s> national : point in time : October 25, 2015 </s><s> Zanzibari elections : point in time : October 25, 2015 </s><s> Edward Lowassa : member of political party : UKAWA </s><s> Tanzania : head of state : John Magufuli </s><s> John Magufuli : member of political party : CCM </s><s> Chadema : country : Tanzania </s><s> Chadema : country : Tanzanian politics </s><s> Chadema : country : Tanzanian </s><s> presidential race : candidate : Lowassa </s><s> electoral reform : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Lowassa : candidacy in election : presidential race </s><s> Zanzibar Electoral Commission : applies to jurisdiction : Zanzibar </s><s> Zanzibar : legislative body : Zanzibar Electoral Commission </s><s> Seif Sharif Hamad : member of political party : CUF </s><s> Seif Sharif Hamad : position held : Zanzibar presidency </s><s> Zanzibar presidency : officeholder : Seif Sharif Hamad </s><s> Union elections : country : Tanzania </s><s> NEC : country : Tanzania </s><s> Zanzibar vote : point in time : March 21, 2016 </s><s> rerun of the Zanzibar vote : point in time : March 21, 2016 </s><s> rerun : point in time : March 21, 2016 </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> 25 October 2015 election : point in time : 25 October 2015 </s><s> Zanzibar vote : location : Zanzibar </s><s> Zanzibar vote : country : Tanzania </s><s> Zanzibar vote : facet of : Zanzibar </s><s> MCC Board : country : Tanzania </s><s> President : officeholder : Magufuli </s><s> Magufuli : position held : President </s><s> Tanzania : legislative body : MCC Board </s><s> Samia Hassan Suluhu : position held : vice president </s><s> Samia Hassan Suluhu : position held : vice president's office </s><s> thrift : facet of : austerity </s><s> frugality : subclass of : thrift </s><s> frugality : facet of : thrift </s><s> Corruption : country : Tanzania </s><s> corruption in several ministries and state entities : country : Tanzania </s><s> 2012 public audit : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Corruption Perception Index : publisher : Transparency International </s><s> Corruption Perception Index : maintained by : Transparency International </s><s> Corruption Perception Index : creator : Transparency International </s><s> Al Shabaab : part of : Al Qaeda </s><s> Al Shabaab : political ideology : Al Qaeda </s><s> Al Shabaab : member of : Al Qaeda </s><s> Allied Democratic Forces : country : Uganda </s><s> Allied Democratic Forces : country : Ugandan </s><s> Country Report on Human Rights on Tanzania : publisher : U.S. State Department </s><s> Country Report on Human Rights : publisher : U.S. State Department </s><s> Legal and Human Rights Centre : instance of : nonprofit </s><s> internet : instance of : freedom of expression </s><s> internet : facet of : freedom of expression </s><s> freedom of expression : has part : internet </s><s> Tanzania : legislative body : Members of Congress </s><s> Members of Congress : country : Tanzania </s><s> Albinos : country : Tanzania </s><s> transgender : facet of : LGBT </s><s> Homosexuality is illegal in Tanzania : country : Tanzania </s><s> Homosexuality : facet of : LGBT </s><s> GDP : country : Tanzania </s><s> tourism : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : instance of : GDP </s><s> manufacturing : instance of : Industry </s><s> Services : part of : Industry </s><s> Agriculture : instance of : Industry </s><s> Tanzania : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : ranking : 190 countries </s><s> discovery of large reserves of natural gas : country : Mozambican territory </s><s> discovery of large reserves of natural gas off the southern coast : country : Mozambican territory </s><s> large reserves of natural gas : country : Mozambican territory </s><s> Statoil : country : Norway </s><s> Eni : country : Italy </s><s> BG Group : country : United Kingdom </s><s> Mnazi Bay gas field : significant event : oil and gas development and regulation bill </s><s> Mnazi Bay gas field : instance of : oil and gas development and regulation bill </s><s> Mnazi Bay gas field : service entry : 2015 </s><s> Tanzania : contains administrative territorial entity : Dar es Salaam </s><s> Petroleum Development Corp : country : Tanzania </s><s> Dar es Salaam : country : Tanzania </s><s> Uganda : shares border with : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : shares border with : Uganda </s><s> Western Uganda : shares border with : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : shares border with : Western Uganda </s><s> Tanzania : member of : Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative </s><s> Tanzania was suspended : facet of : Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative </s><s> 2016 EITI Standard : point in time : 2016 </s><s> 2016 EITI Standard : facet of : EITI </s><s> 2016 EITI Standard : instance of : EITI standards </s><s> Lake Malawi : country : Tanzania </s><s> Lake Malawi : basin country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : shares border with : Lake Malawi </s><s> Joaquim Chissano : position held : president </s><s> Joaquim Chissano : country of citizenship : Mozambique </s><s> Joaquim Chissano : position held : Mozambique's former president </s><s> International Court of Justice : location : the Hague </s><s> Peter Mutharika : position held : Malawian President </s><s> International Court of Justice : headquarters location : the Hague </s><s> Leaders' Summit on Refugees : point in time : September 2016 </s><s> Leaders' Summit on Refugees : start time : September 2016 </s><s> Leaders' Summit on Refugees : participant : Barack Obama </s><s> political and security crisis : country : Burundi </s><s> political and security crisis : point in time : 2015 </s><s> disputed 2015 elections : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Burundi crisis : start time : April 2015 </s><s> disputed 2015 elections : country : Burundi </s><s> May 2015 putsch : participant : Pierre Nkurunziza </s><s> July 2015 reelection : successful candidate : Pierre Nkurunziza </s><s> Pierre Nkurunziza : significant event : May 2015 putsch </s><s> Amnesty International : field of work : human rights </s><s> Amnesty International : instance of : human rights advocacy groups </s><s> Amnesty International : instance of : human rights advocacy group </s><s> Yoweri Museveni : country of citizenship : Uganda </s><s> Uganda : head of state : Yoweri Museveni </s><s> East African Community : has part : Uganda </s><s> Uganda : member of : East African Community </s><s> East African Community : chairperson : Yoweri Museveni </s><s> EAC summit : point in time : September 2016 </s><s> a plan of action : point in time : September 2016 </s><s> Nkurunziza : country of citizenship : Burundi </s><s> 2015 reelection : point in time : 2015 </s><s> EU-EAC negotiation : participant : EU </s><s> ongoing crisis : point in time : 2015 </s><s> EU : diplomatic relation : EAC </s><s> EAC : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> EU : member of : EAC </s><s> EAC : has part : EU </s><s> Tanzania–Zambia Railway : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania–Zambia Railway : inception : 1970 </s><s> Tanzania–Zambia Railway : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tanzania </s><s> State General Reserve Fund : country : Oman </s><s> took office : facet of : Xi Jinping </s><s> Xi Jinping : work period (start) : 2013 </s><s> Mombasa : country : Kenya </s><s> Kenya : part of : East </s><s> Kenya : part of : Southern Africa </s><s> East : has part : Kenya </s><s> Southern Africa : has part : Kenya </s><s> Tanzania-Chinese bilateral trade : country : China </s><s> Tanzania-Chinese bilateral trade : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : member of : United Nations </s><s> troop contributor : subclass of : peacekeeping operations </s><s> peacekeeping operations : part of : international peace and security efforts </s><s> International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda : headquarters location : Arusha </s><s> African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights : applies to jurisdiction : African Union </s><s> Arusha : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tanzania </s><s> African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights : country : Tanzania </s><s> Pechora (S-125) : subclass of : surface-to-air missile </s><s> Pechora (S-125) : country of origin : Soviet bloc </s><s> Pechora (S-125) : instance of : surface-to-air missile </s><s> TANESCO : instance of : national power utility </s><s> TANESCO : instance of : power utility </s><s> TANESCO : industry : electrical power </s><s> President Obama's 2013 trip : point in time : 2013 </s><s> 2013 trip : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Tanzania : member of : East African Community </s><s> East African Community : has part : Tanzania </s><s> Hillary Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> a customs union : inception : 2005 </s><s> monetary union : subclass of : single currency </s><s> common market : inception : 2005 </s><s> Cashew : country : Tanzania </s><s> Cashew : country of origin : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Tanzania </s><s> Secondary Materials and Recycled Textiles Association : instance of : trade group </s><s> Secondary Materials and Recycled Textiles Association : country : United States </s><s> Manchester Trade : industry : trade restriction </s><s> Manchester Trade : instance of : trade restriction </s><s> Manchester Trade : founded by : Stephen Lande </s><s> Robert E. Lighthizer : position held : U.S. Trade Representative </s><s> Robert E. Lighthizer : employer : U.S. Trade Representative </s><s> Robert E. Lighthizer : employer : President Trump </s><s> Agreement on Trade Facilitation : part of : World Trade Organization </s><s> United States : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> Tanzania : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> Mara River : mouth of the watercourse : Lake Victoria </s><s> Mara River : mouth of the watercourse : Lake Victoria Basin </s><s> Lake Victoria Basin : tributary : Mara River </s><s> Global Health Initiative : founded by : Obama Administration </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : founded by : George W. Bush </s><s> Power Africa : country : Tanzania </s><s> Young African Leaders Initiative : founded by : Obama Administration </s><s> Tanzania : member of : USAID </s><s> Young African Leaders Initiative : creator : Obama Administration </s><s> USAID : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Peace Corps : parent organization : USAID </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> PEPFAR : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> PEPFAR : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : Antimalaria </s><s> Tanzania's HIV/AIDS epidemic : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania : member of : UNAIDS </s><s> Tanzania's HIV/AIDS epidemic : location : Tanzania </s><s> antiretroviral treatment : facet of : HIV </s><s> male : opposite of : female </s><s> female : opposite of : male </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : facet of : HIV </s><s> antiretroviral therapy : part of : HIV/AIDS prevention </s><s> condoms : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> condom : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> condoms : use : prevention </s><s> Obama Administration's : followed by : Trump Administration's </s><s> Trump Administration : follows : Obama Administration </s><s> Feed the Future : country : Tanzania </s><s> Feed the Future : field of work : food security </s><s> Feed the Future : country : U.S. </s><s> Tanzania : member of : G8 </s><s> biodiversity preservation : subclass of : conservation </s><s> wildlife trafficking : subclass of : law enforcement </s><s> conservation : has part : biodiversity preservation </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : law enforcement </s><s> enforcement : subclass of : law enforcement </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : law enforcement and prosecution </s><s> Bureau of International Labor Affairs : parent organization : U.S. Department of Labor </s><s> Bureau of International Labor Affairs : part of : U.S. Department of Labor </s><s> Bureau of International Labor Affairs : parent organization : U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) </s><s> Millennium Challenge Corporation : inception : 2008 </s><s> Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration : part of : State Department </s><s> power sector : country : Tanzania </s><s> poverty : has effect : economic growth </s><s> potable water : facet of : economic growth </s><s> new election in Zanzibar : country : Tanzania </s><s> new election : location : Zanzibar </s><s> Cybercrimes Act : country : Tanzania </s><s> 1998 Al Qaeda bombing : location : Dar es Salaam </s><s> 1998 Al Qaeda bombing : located in the administrative territorial entity : Dar es Salaam </s><s> 1998 Al Qaeda bombing : country : Tanzania </s><s> Global Peace Operations Initiative : country : Tanzania </s><s> African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance : country : Tanzania </s><s> U.S. Global Peace Operations Initiative : country : Tanzania </s><s> Eastern Accord 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> Eastern Accord : point in time : 2016 </s><s> East and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group : country : United States </s><s> Tanzania military : country : Tanzania </s><s> Tanzania military's : country : Tanzania </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Texas : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> Houston, TX : country : United States </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : TX </s><s> TX : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : Department of the Treasury </s><s> Department of the Treasury : subsidiary : Office of Foreign Assets Control </s><s> Office of Foreign Assets Control : parent organization : U.S. Department of the Treasury </s><s> PAMS Foundation : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2017 </s><s> political pluralism : facet of : democratic accountability </s><s> crime scene : subclass of : evidence collection </s><s> bilateral relations : country : United States </s><s> trade : part of : economic activity </s> | Tanzania is an East African country comprising a union of Tanganyika, the mainland territory, and the semiautonomous Zanzibar archipelago. The United States has long considered Tanzania a partner in economic development and, increasingly, in regional security efforts. With nearly 54 million people, Tanzania is one of the largest countries in Africa by population and is endowed with substantial natural resource wealth and agricultural potential. Over the past decade, it has experienced robust economic growth based largely on favorably high gold prices and tourism; growth has averaged nearly 7% annually. The ongoing development of large reserves of offshore natural gas discovered in 2010 has raised the prospect of substantial foreign investment inflows and export revenue. Nevertheless, corruption and poor service delivery have hindered efforts to curb widespread poverty, and extensive development challenges remain.
Since 1977, Tanzanian politics have been dominated by the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution), created through the merger that year of the single parties that had controlled the mainland and Zanzibar since 1964. Opposition parties face periodic harassment and de facto restrictions on their activities. President John Magufuli, who leads the CCM, was elected in late October 2015 and is serving his first five-year term in office. His predecessor, Jakaya Kikwete, also of the CCM, assumed power in 2005 and won reelection in 2010, but was constitutionally barred from running for a third term. The 2015 polls featured a close contest between the CCM and a coalition of the leading opposition parties.
Tanzania is generally stable and peaceful, despite periodic threats to public safety. These include sporadic attacks on tourists in Zanzibar, several unattributed armed attacks on police, and occasional bombings of Christian churches and other targets. Tanzania has occasionally arrested suspected Islamic extremists, as in April 2015, when a group of 10 alleged members of the Somali Al Qaeda-linked terrorist group Al Shabaab were taken into custody.
U.S.-Tanzanian relations are cordial, but have suffered tensions over the contentious 2015/2016 election in Zanzibar, restrictions on civil liberties, and other issues. President Kikwete was the first African head of state to meet with former President Obama after the latter took office, and President Obama stated that a "shared commitment to the development and the dignity of the people of Tanzania" underpins bilateral ties. Tanzania also maintains close economic and political ties with China.
Under the Obama Administration, aid cooperation was generally robust. How ties and assistance cooperation may proceed under the Administration of President Donald Trump and during the 115th Congress has yet to be determined. U.S. aid for Tanzania has focused primarily on health, food security, agricultural development, and infrastructure, largely under multiple major presidential initiatives. U.S. assistance has also supported Tanzania's hosting of large numbers of refugees from the region. Tanzania is eligible for African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) trade benefits and in 2013 completed a $698 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact focused on poverty reduction and economic growth. The MCC has since suspended activity in support of a possible second compact, citing governance concerns.
U.S. security assistance increased after the 1998 Al Qaeda bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania was one of six initial participants in the Obama Administration's African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership (APRRP), which aims to build the peacekeeping capacity of African militaries. Tanzania is a troop contributor to United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping operations in multiple African countries and Lebanon. |
crs_R44226 | crs_R44226_0 | <s> Grassley : member of : Judiciary Committees </s><s> Goodlatte : member of : Judiciary Committees </s><s> Grassley : member of : Judiciary Committee </s><s> Goodlatte : member of : Judiciary Committee </s><s> Judiciary Committees : chairperson : Grassley </s><s> Judiciary Committees : chairperson : Goodlatte </s><s> LSD : subject has role : highly addictive substances </s><s> Controlled Substances Act : has part : Controlled Substances Import and Export Act </s><s> Controlled Substances Import and Export Act : part of : Controlled Substances Act </s><s> LSD : instance of : highly addictive substances </s><s> mandatory minimum sentences : subclass of : imprisonment </s><s> Safety Valve : instance of : safety valve </s><s> Safety Valve : instance of : safety valve provision </s><s> Criminal history points and categories : facet of : criminal record </s><s> mandatory minimum : facet of : criminal record </s><s> Criminal history points and categories : instance of : statutory mandatory minimum </s><s> Sentencing Commission's Sentencing Guidelines : author : Sentencing Commission </s><s> Sentencing Commission's Sentencing Guidelines : main subject : mandatory minimum sentences </s><s> Sentencing Commission's Sentencing Guidelines : part of : Sentencing Commission's report on mandatory minimum sentences </s><s> mandatory minimum : subclass of : sentence </s><s> mandatory minimum : instance of : sentence </s><s> H.R. 2123 : main subject : safety valve </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : violent offense </s><s> violent offense : subclass of : criminal record </s><s> violent offense : subclass of : crime </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : drug felony </s><s> drug trafficking : instance of : drug felony </s><s> drug felony : different from : violent felony </s><s> violent felony : different from : drug felony </s><s> Armed Career Criminal Act : part of : 18 U.S.C. </s><s> 18 U.S.C. : has part : Armed Career Criminal Act </s><s> unlawful possession of a firearm : subclass of : firearm </s><s> unlawful possession of a firearm : subclass of : firearms </s><s> violent felonies : subclass of : crime of violence </s><s> burglary : subclass of : violent felonies </s><s> arson : subclass of : violent felonies </s><s> extortion : subclass of : violent felonies </s><s> generally applicable sentencing factors : part of : 18 U.S.C. </s><s> mandatory minimum : instance of : generally applicable sentencing factors </s><s> firearm mandatory minimum tack-c : instance of : generally applicable sentencing factors </s><s> federal drug felony : subclass of : federal felony </s><s> federal felony : has part : federal drug felony </s><s> federal felony : subclass of : federal crime </s><s> semi-automatic weapon : subclass of : firearm </s><s> shotgun : subclass of : semi-automatic weapon </s><s> shotgun : subclass of : shotgun </s><s> machine gun : subclass of : machine gun </s><s> machine gun : subclass of : firearm </s><s> destructive device : subclass of : destructive device </s><s> violent state crime convictions : subclass of : conviction </s><s> violent state crime conviction : subclass of : conviction </s><s> imprisonment for not less than 25 years : subclass of : mandatory minimum </s><s> mandatory minimum : subclass of : imprisonment </s><s> imprisonment : subclass of : sentencing </s><s> mandatory minimum : subclass of : sentencing guidelines </s><s> crack cocaine : subclass of : cocaine </s><s> crack cocaine : subclass of : cocaine base </s><s> Fair Sentencing Act : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Fair Sentencing Act : publication date : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Fair Sentencing Act : point in time : 2010 </s><s> mandatory minimums : part of : Sentencing Guidelines </s><s> Sentencing Guidelines : part of : Sentencing Guideline </s><s> Sentencing Guidelines : facet of : Sentencing Guideline </s><s> International Emergency Economic Powers Act : part of : federal law </s><s> International Emergency Economic Powers Act : instance of : federal law </s><s> imprisonment : subclass of : sentence </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> foreign policy : country : United States </s><s> economy : country : United States </s><s> Arms Export Control Act : instance of : arms embargo </s><s> Arms Export Control Act : main subject : arms embargo </s><s> mandatory minimum sentence : subclass of : imprisonment </s><s> mens rea : subclass of : penalties </s><s> mens rea : instance of : penalties </s><s> export restrictions : subclass of : goods </s> | As introduced, the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, S. 2123, and the Sentencing Reform Act of 2015, H.R. 3713, use virtually identical language to reduce the impact of the mandatory minimum sentences which federal courts must now impose for certain drug trafficking and firearms offenses.
Key Takeaways
Existing law requires long minimum sentences for certain drug traffickers who have prior drug convictions. S. 2123 and H.R. 3713 would shorten the mandatory minimums, but apply them for both prior drug and violent felony convictions. The safety valve permits judges to ignore mandatory minimums for certain low-level, nonviolent drug traffickers with virtually no criminal record. The bills would make the safety valve available to traffickers with slightly more serious criminal records. The bills would establish a mini-safety valve which would permit judges to treat the 10-year drug trafficking mandatory minimums as if they were 5-year mandatory minimums for the benefit of nonviolent defendants with no prior serious drug or violent crime convictions. The proposals would permit retroactive application of the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act crack/powder cocaine amendments under some circumstances. S. 2123 and H.R. 3713 would reduce the Armed Career Criminal mandatory minimum to 10 years from 15 years. The bills would increase to 15 years the maximum penalties for possession of a firearm by a felon and various other firearms offenses. H.R. 3713, but not S. 2123, would add a consecutive term of imprisonment for not more than five years to the mandatory minimums in drug trafficking cases which involve heroin or fentanyl (a heroin cutter and counterfeit). S. 2123, but not H.R. 3713, would establish new mandatory minimums for certain interstate domestic violence offenses and International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) violations. S. 2123, but not H.R. 3713, would direct the Attorney General to prepare an inventory of federal statutory crimes and various federal agencies to prepare a comparable inventory of federal regulatory offenses. |
crs_RL34192 | crs_RL34192_0 | <s> human immunodeficiency virus : has effect : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome </s><s> acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : has cause : human immunodeficiency virus </s><s> Human immunodeficiency virus : has effect : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome </s><s> acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : has cause : Human immunodeficiency virus </s><s> Angola : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Kenya : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Mozambique : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Nigeria : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> Zimbabwe : part of : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Angola </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Kenya </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Mozambique </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Nigeria </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : Zimbabwe </s><s> Angola : part of : sub-Saharan African </s><s> Kenya : part of : sub-Saharan African </s><s> Mozambique : part of : sub-Saharan African </s><s> Nigeria : part of : sub-Saharan African </s><s> Zimbabwe : part of : sub-Saharan African </s><s> UNAIDS : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> UNAIDS : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : AIDS </s><s> in 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> World Health Organization : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : continent : Africa </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : part of : Africa </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : UNAIDS </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : inception : 2003 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEFAR) : inception : 2003 </s><s> President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> PEPFAR : country : United States </s><s> Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : main subject : PEPFAR </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : inception : June 2005 </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : part of : PEPFAR </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : parent organization : Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator </s><s> anti-retreat : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> anti-retroviral drug : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> anti-retreat : subclass of : HIV/AIDS treatment </s><s> sub-Saharan : continent : Africa </s><s> in 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Ensuring Access to Contraceptives Act : main subject : family planning </s><s> Ensuring Access to Contraceptives Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Women's Health and Dignity Act : main subject : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> unsafe abortion : subclass of : abortion </s><s> United Nations Population Fund : subsidiary : UNFPA </s><s> UNFPA : parent organization : United Nations Population Fund </s><s> Kenya : continent : Africa </s><s> Zambia : continent : Africa </s><s> men : opposite of : women </s><s> women's : opposite of : men </s><s> condoms : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> HIV : has effect : HIV/AIDS </s><s> UNAIDS : parent organization : WHO </s><s> abstaining from sex : facet of : HIV prevention </s><s> abstaining from sex : facet of : HIV prevention initiatives </s><s> condoms : facet of : HIV </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : HIV </s><s> condom : facet of : sexually transmitted infection </s><s> condoms : facet of : sexually transmitted infections </s><s> condom : facet of : sexually transmitted infections </s><s> anaesthesia : subclass of : surgical instruments </s><s> anaesthesia : subclass of : surgical instrument </s><s> gloves : subclass of : surgical instrument </s><s> PEPFAR : field of work : AIDS </s><s> Global health advocates : field of work : global health </s><s> PEPFAR : parent organization : Congress </s><s> sex trafficking : facet of : prostitution </s><s> sex trafficking : subclass of : prostitution </s><s> sex trafficking : has part : prostitution </s><s> reproductive health services : subclass of : health care </s><s> abortion : subclass of : reproductive health </s><s> Mexico City Policy : main subject : abortion </s><s> Mexico City Policy : facet of : contraceptives </s><s> Mexico City Policy : main subject : contraceptives </s><s> PEPFAR : inception : FY2006 </s><s> sexual transmission prevention : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> PEPFAR : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Department for International Development : country : Britain </s><s> Department for International Development : country : Britain's </s><s> its congressionally mandated report : publisher : Institute of Medicine </s><s> HIV Prevention Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> Protection Against Transmission of HIV for Women and Youth Act : instance of : legislation </s><s> GAO : inception : January 2005 </s><s> GAO : parent organization : U.S. Food and Drug Administration </s><s> PEPFAR : inception : January 2005 </s><s> Emergency Plan : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> generic version : subclass of : generic drug </s><s> PEPFAR : parent organization : WHO </s><s> PEPFAR : has part : OGAC </s><s> Malnutrition : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> Malnutrition : has cause : lack of food </s><s> Malnutrition : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> anti-retroviral : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Food and Agriculture Organization : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : subsidiary : Food and Agriculture Organization </s><s> 2006 International AIDS Conference : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2006 International AIDS Conference : facet of : AIDS </s><s> International AIDS Conference : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Mark Dybul : position held : Global AIDS Coordinator </s><s> Mark Dybul : occupation : Global AIDS Coordinator </s><s> PEPFAR : office held by head of the organization : Global AIDS Coordinator </s><s> World Food Program : field of work : food insecurity </s><s> PEPFAR : subsidiary : World Food Program </s><s> OGAC : member of : World Food Program </s><s> pregnancy : has effect : childbirth </s><s> malaria : has cause : HIV </s><s> HIV : has effect : malaria </s><s> Africa : has part : sub-Saharan Africa </s><s> case detection : facet of : tuberculosis </s><s> case detection : facet of : TB </s><s> case detection capacity : facet of : tuberculosis </s><s> Bangladesh : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> India : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> Indonesia : part of : southeast Asia </s><s> International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain : publisher : World Bank </s><s> International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain : author : World Bank </s><s> midwives : subclass of : nurses </s><s> Gates Foundation : subsidiary : PEPFAR </s><s> PEPFAR : parent organization : Gates Foundation </s><s> malaria : drug used for treatment : antiretoriviral medication </s><s> diarrhea : drug used for treatment : antiretoriviral medication </s><s> dysentery : has cause : malaria </s><s> Focus Countries : field of work : public health </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : HIV/AIDS </s><s> clinicians : subclass of : health care workers </s><s> health care worker : subclass of : clinicians </s><s> health care workers : subclass of : clinicians </s><s> immunizations : facet of : maternal and child health </s><s> immunizations : part of : maternal and child health </s><s> maternal and child health : subclass of : public health system </s><s> International Health Partnership : inception : August 22, 2007 </s><s> German Chancellor : officeholder : Angela Merkel </s><s> clinics : part of : health system </s><s> ARVs : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Kenya : member of : international financial institutions </s><s> Kenya : instance of : public sector </s><s> Kenya has a shortage of some 10 : subclass of : unemployed health workers </s><s> Kenya : member of : International Monetary Fund </s><s> Kenya : member of : World Bank </s><s> World Bank : country : Kenya </s><s> United States : continent : Africa </s><s> Africa : instance of : continent </s><s> health : facet of : nutrition </s><s> Highly Indebted Poor Countries : number of participants : 26 </s><s> Highly Indebted Poor Countries : organizer : Oxfam </s><s> Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative : number of participants : 26 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Focus on Family Health Worldwide Act : main subject : family planning </s><s> UNAIDS : field of work : AIDS </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : country : U.S. </s><s> Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Secretary of State </s><s> Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children : part of : USAID </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : parent organization : USAID </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : operator : USAID </s><s> President's Malaria Initiative : part of : USAID </s><s> children : follows : infants </s><s> Eastern Europe : member of : UNAIDS </s><s> Central Asia : member of : UNAIDS </s><s> Dominican Republic : located on terrain feature : Caribbean </s><s> HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Basic Authorities Act of 1956 : point in time : 1956 </s><s> Basic Authorities Act : point in time : 1956 </s><s> UNAIDS : operating area : Caribbean </s> | The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates that 33.2 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The U.N. organization believes that in 2007, some 2.5 million people will contract HIV and it will kill about 2.1 million. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with about 68% of the world's HIV-positive population, 90% of all HIV-infected children, and more than 11 million children who have lost one or both parents to the virus. UNAIDS anticipates that in 2007, about 420,000 children will contract HIV, due in large part to inadequate access to drugs that prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission; about 8% of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries have access to PMTCT services.
In January 2003, President George Bush proposed that the United States spend $15 billion over five years to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The President proposed concentrating most of the resources ($9 billion) in 15 countries, where the Administration estimated 50% of all HIV-positive people lived. The proposal allotted $5 billion of the funds to research and other bilateral HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria programs, and $1 billion for contributions to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (Global Fund). The President estimated that from FY2004 to FY2008, PEPFAR funds would support the purchase of anti-retroviral treatments (ARV) for 2 million people; the prevention of 7 million HIV infections; and care for 10 million people affected by HIV/AIDS, including children orphaned by AIDS.
In May 2003, Congress passed the U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-25), which authorized funds for PEPFAR and created the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) to manage U.S. funds aimed at addressing the three diseases in 15 Focus Countries. As of March 31, 2007, PEPFAR has supported the treatment of 1.1 million people; and as of September 30, 2006, supported PMTCT service provision during more than 6 million pregnancies and facilitated care for nearly 4.5 million people, including more than 2 million orphans and vulnerable children. From FY2004 to FY2007, Congress provided nearly $13.5 billion for U.S. global HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria programs. In FY2008, the President requested $5.8 billion for global HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria efforts; the House and Senate proposed spending almost $6.2 billion and nearly $6.1 billion, respectively.
On May 30, 2007, President Bush requested that Congress authorize $30 billion to fund PEPFAR an additional five years. The President asserts that from FY2009 to FY2013, the plan would support treatment for 2.5 million people, prevent more than 12 million new infections, and care for more than 12 million people, including 5 million orphans and vulnerable children. Supporters of the Administration's plan applauded the President and congratulated him for leading global efforts to address HIV/AIDS. Critics asserted that PEPFAR could treat more than 2.5 million HIV-infected people and that PEPFAR's spending requirements should be eliminated. This report focuses on some of the key issues that Congress might consider as it faces the issue of whether, and at what level, to reauthorize PEPFAR. |
crs_RL30857 | crs_RL30857_0 | <s> Regular and Special Elections of the Speaker : office contested : Speaker </s><s> House : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : House </s><s> 63 rd Congress : point in time : 1913 </s><s> 116 th Congress : point in time : 2019 </s><s> 1913 : point in time : 1913 </s><s> 2019 : followed by : 116 th Congress </s><s> 116 th Congress : follows : 2019 </s><s> William Bankhead : date of death : 1940 </s><s> Joseph Byrns : position held : Speaker </s><s> William Bankhead : position held : Speaker </s><s> Sam Rayburn : position held : Speaker </s><s> Jim Wright : position held : Speaker </s><s> John Boehner : position held : Speaker </s><s> 1940 : point in time : 1940 </s><s> 1962 : point in time : 1962 </s><s> 1989 : point in time : 1989 </s><s> 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Arizona : inception : 1912 </s><s> New Mexico : inception : 1912 </s><s> Arizona : inception : 12 </s><s> 1917 : point in time : 1917 </s><s> 1917 (65 th Congress), : point in time : 1917 </s><s> 1917 (65 th Congress) : point in time : 1917 </s><s> John Nance Garner : position held : Vice President </s><s> Champ Clark : work period (start) : 1917 </s><s> 1923 : point in time : 1923 </s><s> 1943 : point in time : 1943 </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : Members </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : Members </s><s> elected lacking a majority : office contested : Speaker </s><s> Progressive Party : part of : Republican Party </s><s> Progressive Party : opposite of : Republican Party </s><s> Progressive Party : has part : progressive wing </s><s> progressive wing : part of : Progressive Party </s><s> 63 rd : followed by : 78 th </s><s> 63 rd : instance of : Congresses </s><s> 78 th : instance of : Congresses </s><s> 78 th : follows : 63 rd </s><s> 1937 : point in time : 1937 </s><s> 1937 (75 th Congress) : point in time : 1937 </s><s> following election : point in time : 1937 </s><s> 104 th Congress : follows : 104 th Congresses </s><s> 104 th Congresses : followed by : 104 th Congress </s><s> 80 th Congress : followed by : 104 th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : follows : 80 th Congress </s><s> 105 th Congress : inception : 1997 </s><s> 105 th Congress : start time : 1997 </s><s> 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> initial election in 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> initial election of 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> 2019 : point in time : 2019 </s><s> one such ballot was cast : point in time : 2019 </s> | Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A Member normally votes for the candidate of his or her own party conference but may vote for any individual, whether nominated or not. To be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all the votes cast for individuals. This number may be less than a majority (now 218) of the full membership of the House because of vacancies, absentees, or Members answering "present."
This report provides data on elections of the Speaker in each Congress since 1913, when the House first reached its present size of 435 Members. During that period (63rd through 116th Congresses), a Speaker was elected five times with the votes of less than a majority of the full membership.
If a Speaker dies or resigns during a Congress, the House immediately elects a new one. Five such elections occurred since 1913. In the earlier two cases, the House elected the new Speaker by resolution; in the more recent three, the body used the same procedure as at the outset of a Congress.
If no candidate receives the requisite majority, the roll call is repeated until a Speaker is elected. Since 1913, this procedure has been necessary only in 1923, when nine ballots were required before a Speaker was elected.
From 1913 through 1943, more often than not, some Members voted for candidates other than those of the two major parties. The candidates in question were usually those representing the "progressive" group (reformers originally associated with the Republican Party), and in some Congresses, their names were formally placed in nomination on behalf of that group. From 1945 through 1995, only the nominated Republican and Democratic candidates received votes, reflecting the establishment of an exclusively two-party system at the national level.
In 10 of the 13 elections since 1997, however, some Members have voted for candidates other than the official nominees of their parties. Only in the initial election in 2015, however, were any such candidates formally placed in nomination. Usually, the additional candidates receiving votes have been other Members of the voter's own party, but in one instance, in 2001, a Member voted for the official nominee of the other party. In the 1997, 2013, 2015 (both instances), and 2019 elections, votes were cast for candidates who were not then Members of the House, including, in the initial 2015 election and the 2019 election, sitting Senators. Although the Constitution does not so require, the Speaker has always been a Member of the House.
The report will be updated as additional elections for Speaker occur. |
crs_RL33579 | crs_RL33579_0 | <s> emergency management : facet of : public health </s><s> emergency management : facet of : health care </s><s> medical preparedness and response : facet of : public health </s><s> for-profit : subclass of : private </s><s> federal government : country : United States </s><s> for-profit : opposite of : governmental </s><s> anthrax attacks of 2001 : part of : September 11 </s><s> anthrax attacks : part of : September 11 </s><s> anthrax attacks of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> pandemic influenza : subclass of : infectious disease </s><s> pandemic influenza : has cause : infectious disease </s><s> pandemic influenza : subclass of : influenza </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : appointed by : President </s><s> Secretary of HHS : appointed by : President </s><s> President : position held : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act : legislated by : 111th Congress </s><s> pandemic and all-Hazards Preparedness Act : legislated by : 111th Congress </s><s> public health emergency authorities : country : federal </s><s> 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricanes : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricanes : has part : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricanes: The Public Health and Medical Response : point in time : 2005 </s><s> hurricane : subclass of : natural disaster </s><s> tornado : subclass of : natural disaster </s><s> hurricane : instance of : natural disaster </s><s> tornado : instance of : natural disaster </s><s> tsunami : has cause : earthquake </s><s> earthquake : has effect : tsunami </s><s> volcanic eruption : has effect : earthquake </s><s> landslide : has cause : earthquake </s><s> mudslide : has cause : earthquake </s><s> Governor : applies to jurisdiction : state </s><s> President : appointed by : Governor of the affected State </s><s> President : appointed by : Governor </s><s> emergency plan : facet of : disaster </s><s> major disaster : subclass of : emergency </s><s> disaster : has effect : emergency </s><s> flu pandemic : instance of : public health threat </s><s> major disaster declaration : subclass of : emergency declaration </s><s> flu pandemic : subclass of : public health threat </s><s> major disaster authority : country : United States </s><s> Federal assistance : country : United States </s><s> major disaster authority : subclass of : emergency declaration </s><s> Governor : applies to jurisdiction : State </s><s> State : office held by head of government : Governor </s><s> President : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> Stafford Act : has part : President </s><s> declare that an emergency exists : used by : President </s><s> declare that an emergency exists : author : President </s><s> declare that an emergency exists : participant : President </s><s> President Clinton : position held : President </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> Governor : country : United States </s><s> West Nile virus : endemic to : New York </s><s> West Nile virus : endemic to : New Jersey </s><s> New York : instance of : states </s><s> New Jersey : instance of : states </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : field of work : disease control </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : field of work : outbreak investigation </s><s> outbreak investigation : subclass of : disease control </s><s> Section 319 of the PHS Act : main subject : public health emergency </s><s> Section 319 of the PHS Act : part of : PHS Act </s><s> infectious diseases : subclass of : disease </s><s> infectious disease : subclass of : disease </s><s> outbreaks of infectious diseases : subclass of : disease </s><s> disease : has effect : disorder </s><s> disorder : has cause : disease </s><s> disorder : subclass of : disease </s><s> Medicare : different from : Medicaid </s><s> Medicare : has part : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : different from : Medicare </s><s> Section 319 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> underinsured : subclass of : uninsured </s><s> health insurance : subclass of : coverage </s><s> epidemiologic : part of : public health </s><s> epidemiologic : subclass of : public health emergencies </s><s> infectious disease outbreak : subclass of : public health emergencies </s><s> Section 319 of the PHS Act : inception : 2000 </s><s> PHS Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Section 319 : part of : PHS Act </s><s> PHS Act : has part : Section 319 </s><s> Stafford Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Stafford Act : main subject : Public Health </s><s> Secretary of HHS : appointed by : Congress </s><s> National Emergencies Act : has part : Stafford Act </s><s> Emergency Authority : different from : public health emergency authorities </s><s> public health emergency authorities : different from : Emergency Authority </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : part of : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> National Response Plan : replaced by : National Response Framework </s><s> National Response Framework : replaces : National Response Plan </s><s> federal agencies : part of : federal </s><s> federal agencies : part of : federal officials </s><s> federal agencies : part of : federal government </s><s> National Response to an Influenza Pandemic : facet of : flu pandemic </s><s> government-wide pandemic flu website : operator : HHS </s><s> National Response to an Influenza Pandemic : facet of : pandemic </s><s> National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza, Implementation Plan : publication date : May 2006 </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : health departments </s><s> health departments : parent organization : federal government </s><s> National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza : publication date : May 2006 </s><s> health care : facet of : public health </s><s> public health : facet of : health care </s><s> public health : part of : health care </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : field of work : veterans </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs : parent organization : federal </s><s> VA Pandemic Influenza Plan : publication date : March 2006 </s><s> pandemic flu preparedness : facet of : flu pandemic </s><s> pandemic influenza : has effect : flu pandemic </s><s> Would the Stafford Act Apply in a Flu Pandemic? : main subject : pandemic influenza </s><s> West Nile virus : instance of : infectious disease </s><s> West Nile virus in 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> West Nile virus : start time : 2000 </s><s> 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> FEMA : inception : 2007 </s><s> Disaster Assistance Policy regarding major disaster assistance that may be provided in response to this threat : inception : 2007 </s><s> Federal Coordinating Officer : appointed by : President </s><s> major disaster declaration : different from : emergency declaration </s><s> emergency declaration : different from : major disaster declaration </s><s> Principal Federal Official : appointed by : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> Principal Federal Official : subclass of : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : different from : Principal Federal Official </s><s> Stafford Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : instance of : Congress </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> outbreak : subclass of : infectious disease </s><s> outbreak : subclass of : disease </s><s> flu pandemic : instance of : outbreak </s><s> not-for-profit entities : subclass of : for-profit </s><s> for-profit : different from : not-for-profit entities </s><s> not-for-profit entities : different from : for-profit </s><s> not-for-profit : opposite of : for-profit </s><s> Emergency Support Function 8 : instance of : annex </s><s> Emergency Support Function 8 (ESF-8) : instance of : annex </s><s> Emergency Support Function 8 (ESF-8) : part of : 15 ESFs </s><s> 15 ESFs : has part : Emergency Support Function 8 (ESF-8) </s><s> health care infrastructure : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> pandemic : subclass of : multi-sector incident </s><s> infrastructure : use : transportation </s><s> vector control : uses : vector </s><s> vector control : facet of : vector </s><s> all-hazard public health and medical consultation : facet of : public health </s><s> wastewater : subclass of : solid waste </s><s> decontaminating : subclass of : mass fatality management </s><s> potable water : opposite of : solid waste </s><s> solid waste : opposite of : potable water </s><s> Secretaries of Homeland Security : appointed by : President </s><s> HHS : office held by head of the organization : Secretaries of Homeland Security </s><s> Chief Medical Officer : part of : DHS </s><s> Post-Katrina Act : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Chief Medical Officer : inception : 2006 </s><s> Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act : point in time : December 2006 </s><s> pandemic flu planning : facet of : pandemic </s><s> National Response Plan : facet of : pandemic flu </s><s> FEMA : significant event : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> worker health and safety : facet of : health and safety </s><s> worker health and safety : subclass of : health and safety </s><s> SAFE Port Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry : parent organization : CDC </s><s> National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health : parent organization : CDC </s><s> CDC : subsidiary : Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry </s><s> CDC : subsidiary : National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health </s><s> Federal Disaster Mortuary Assistance Assistance : part of : ESF-8 </s><s> ESF-8 : parent organization : HHS </s><s> Federal Disaster Mortuary Assistance Assistance Program : part of : ESF-8 </s><s> pathologists : subclass of : medical personnel </s><s> pathologist : subclass of : medical personnel </s><s> medical examiners : subclass of : medical personnel </s><s> FEMA : significant event : response to Hurricane Katrina </s><s> FEMA : field of work : response to Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Gustav : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Ike : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Ike : part of : 2008 </s><s> terrorism : instance of : forms of violence </s><s> terrorism : subclass of : forms of violence </s><s> terrorism : subclass of : violence </s><s> Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act of 2006 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Post-Katrina Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </s><s> Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service : parent organization : USDA </s><s> Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service : part of : USDA </s><s> emergency appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Emergency appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> federal : has part : Congress </s><s> devastated health care infrastructure : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Orleans </s><s> devastated health care infrastructure in New Orleans : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> New Orleans : significant event : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> FEMA : subsidiary : Disaster Relief Fund </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : operator : FEMA </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : inception : 1983 </s><s> Federal Assistance for Disaster-Related Health Care Costs : inception : 1983 </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : parent organization : Treasury </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : part of : Treasury </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : main subject : public health emergency </s><s> 1988 : point in time : 1988 </s><s> 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : inception : 1988 </s><s> Committee on Commerce : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> PHS Act : publication date : 2000 </s><s> PHS Act in 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 110 th Congress : start time : 2002 </s><s> Stafford Act : has part : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : end time : 2006 </s><s> Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS Secretary : part of : HHS </s><s> HHS : office held by head of the organization : HHS Secretary </s><s> flu pandemic : has cause : preparedness activities </s><s> flu pandemic : has cause : preparedness </s><s> flu pandemic : has effect : preparedness activities for a flu pandemic </s><s> Health Resources and Services Administration : subsidiary : Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response </s><s> Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response : parent organization : Health Resources and Services Administration </s><s> Health Resources and Services Administration : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Health Resources and Services Administration </s><s> P.L. 109 - 148 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> ESF-8 Response to Hurricane Katrina : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 : instance of : supplemental appropriations </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Emergency Management Assistance Compact : participant : FEMA </s><s> Emergency Management Assistance Compact : has part : FEMA </s><s> Emergency Management Assistance Compact : author : FEMA </s><s> tuberculosis : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> HIV : subclass of : sexually transmitted disease </s><s> West Nile virus : subclass of : sexually transmitted disease </s><s> hepatitis : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> mosquito abatement : subclass of : pest control </s><s> mosquito abatement : part of : pest control </s><s> mosquito abatement : facet of : pest control </s><s> health care : has part : providers </s><s> providers : part of : health care </s><s> ESF-8 : has part : Stafford major disaster declaration </s><s> Stafford major disaster declaration : part of : ESF-8 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : major disaster </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : disasters </s><s> two recent disasters : has effect : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorist attack : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> FEMA Individuals and Households program : instance of : federal assistance mechanisms </s><s> FEMA Individuals and Households program : instance of : federal assistance </s><s> FEMA : subsidiary : Individuals and Households program </s><s> Individuals and Households program : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> National Disaster Medical System : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> major disaster : subclass of : emergency declaration </s><s> DRF : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> Consumer Price Index : instance of : costs of living </s><s> Consumer Price Index : main subject : costs of living </s><s> Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration </s><s> Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) </s><s> SAMHSA Emergency Response Grants : parent organization : Public Health Service </s><s> Public Health Service : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Public Health Service </s><s> SAMHSA : instance of : Public Health Service </s><s> terrorist attack on the World Trade Center : instance of : terrorism </s><s> terrorist attack : location : World Trade Center </s><s> terrorist attack on the World Trade Center : part of : terrorism </s><s> September 11 th Victim Compensation Fund : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York City </s><s> September 11 th Victim Compensation Fund : location : New York City </s><s> September 11 th Victim Compensation Fund : headquarters location : New York City </s><s> asbestos : subclass of : particulates </s><s> World Trade Center Health Registry : operator : CDC </s><s> dioxin : instance of : volatile organic compound </s><s> employer-based health insurance coverage : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> specialty care : subclass of : medical treatment </s><s> employer-based health insurance : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> workers' compensation : subclass of : insurers </s><s> workers' compensation : instance of : insurers </s><s> workers' compensation coverage : facet of : workers' compensation </s><s> 111 th Congress : point in time : 111 </s><s> 111 th Congress : part of : federal </s><s> federal : has part : 111 th Congress </s><s> Health Care Needs Following Hurricane Katrina : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Stafford Act : point in time : 2002 </s><s> PHS Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : end time : January 31, 2006 </s><s> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services </s><s> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services : instance of : interagency agreement </s><s> New Orleans area continues to struggle with rebuilding its health care : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> mental health problems : subclass of : physical </s><s> ESF-8 Funding Needs During a Flu Pandemic : facet of : flu pandemic </s><s> ESF-8 Funding Needs During a Flu Pandemic : facet of : ESF-8 </s><s> public health and medical response : facet of : flu pandemic </s><s> health insurance : has part : insurers </s><s> insurers : part of : health insurance </s><s> non-urgent procedures : part of : health care system </s><s> pandemic flu : instance of : pandemic </s><s> health care : subclass of : medical care </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : subclass of : designee </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : office held by head of the organization : designee </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : officeholder : designee </s><s> designee : appointed by : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : states </s><s> federal assistance : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : states </s><s> flu pandemic : instance of : pandemic </s><s> influenza : has effect : pandemic </s><s> flu pandemic : subclass of : pandemic </s><s> uninsured : subclass of : underinsured </s><s> public health emergency : subclass of : emergency health care </s><s> emergency health care coverage : facet of : public health emergency </s><s> emergency health care coverage : subclass of : public health emergency </s><s> health care : has parts of the class : emergency </s><s> Stafford Act : main subject : President </s><s> Stafford Act : author : President </s><s> disasters : subclass of : emergencies </s><s> Federal Public HealthEmergency Authorities : author : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Federal Public HealthEmergency Authorities : authority : Secretary of HHS </s><s> outbreaks of infectious diseases : subclass of : public health emergency </s><s> outbreaks : has cause : infectious diseases </s><s> public health emergency fund : parent organization : Treasury </s><s> public health emergency fund : inception : 2000 </s><s> Treasury : subsidiary : public health emergency fund </s><s> Committee on Appropriations : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate : has part : Committee on Appropriations </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : instance of : public health emergency </s><s> Public Health Emergency Fund : facet of : public health emergency </s><s> Secretary : appointed by : Congress </s><s> public health emergency : facet of : public </s><s> data submittal and reporting deadlines : subclass of : notification of the determination </s><s> Federal Register : publisher : Congress </s><s> Federal Register : owned by : Congress </s><s> Federal Register : publisher : Congress of such action </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigation : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Federal Bureau of Investigation </s><s> Emergency Use Authorization : part of : Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act </s><s> Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act : has part : Title 42 </s><s> Title 42 : part of : Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act </s><s> National Emergencies Act : author : President </s><s> disaster declaration : subclass of : emergency </s><s> National Emergencies Act : has part : 42 U.S.C. </s><s> Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1985 : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1985 (EMTALA) : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 : publication date : 1996 </s><s> national emergency : subclass of : emergency </s><s> National Emergencies Act : number of episodes : 50 </s><s> National Emergencies Act : number of participants : 50 </s><s> Public Health Service Act : has part : Stafford Act </s><s> Stafford Act : part of : Public Health Service Act </s><s> major disaster declaration : subclass of : federal emergency </s><s> health emergencies of such a nature : subclass of : health emergencies </s><s> health emergencies : subclass of : health emergencies </s><s> ongoing mumps outbreak : named after : mumps </s><s> ongoing mumps outbreak : part of : ongoing </s><s> ongoing mumps outbreak : has part : mumps </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> National Preparedness Goal : instance of : preparedness goals </s><s> section 502(6) : part of : Homeland Security Act of 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : has part : section 502(6) </s><s> public health emergency : facet of : public health </s><s> toxins : subclass of : biological agent </s><s> USDA exemption from Select Agent regulation : author : Secretary of Agriculture </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : subclass of : Secretary </s><s> Strategic National Stockpile : instance of : stockpile </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : appointed by : Secretary </s><s> vaccines : subclass of : drugs </s><s> vaccines : subclass of : vaccine </s><s> vaccines : subclass of : vaccines </s><s> Federal quarantine authority : instance of : quarantine authority </s><s> Federal quarantine authority : facet of : public health emergency </s><s> Federal quarantine authority : facet of : communicable diseases </s><s> precommunicable stage : subclass of : communicable disease </s><s> precommunicable : subclass of : communicable disease </s><s> precommunicable stage : subclass of : public health emergency </s><s> Federal Register : main subject : public health emergency </s><s> disease : has effect : public health emergency </s><s> disease : subclass of : public health emergency </s><s> Assistant Secretary for Aging : part of : HHS </s><s> Assistant Secretary for Aging : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Assistant Secretary for Aging </s><s> NIH : parent organization : National Institutes of Health </s><s> National Institutes of Health : subsidiary : NIH </s><s> NIH : part of : National Institutes of Health </s><s> Director of NIH : parent organization : National Institutes of Health </s><s> National Institutes of Health : subsidiary : Director of NIH </s><s> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry : parent organization : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry : office held by head of the organization : Administrator </s><s> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry : parent organization : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 : has effect : Public Health Emergency Authorities </s><s> Commissioner of Public Health : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Commissioner of Public Health : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia government </s><s> Crisis counseling assistance and training during a disaster : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> Stafford Act : part of : 42 U.S.C. </s><s> Stafford Act : number of episodes : 42 </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : parent organization : Secretary of Health and Human Services </s><s> Public Health Service Act : part of : 42 U.S.C. </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigation : parent organization : U.S. Department of Justice </s><s> Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : appointed by : Secretary of Health and Human Services </s> | When there is a catastrophe in the United States, state and local governments lead response activities, invoking state and local legal authorities to support them. When state and local response capabilities are overwhelmed, the President, acting through the Secretary of Homeland Security, can provide assistance to stricken communities, individuals, governments, and not-for-profit groups to assist in response and recovery. Aid is provided under the authority of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) upon a presidential declaration. The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) also has both standing and emergency authorities in the Public Health Service Act, by which he or she can provide assistance in response to public health and medical emergencies. At this time, however, the Secretary of HHS has limited means to finance activities that are ineligible, for whatever reason, for Stafford Act assistance.
The flawed response to Hurricane Katrina, and preparedness efforts for an influenza ("flu") pandemic, have each raised concerns about federal response mechanisms for incidents that result in overwhelming public health and medical needs. These concerns include the delegation of responsibilities among different federal departments, and whether critical conflicts or gaps exist in these relationships. In particular, there are some concerns about federal leadership and delegations of responsibility as laid out in the National Response Framework (NRF), published by the Department of Homeland Security.
There is no federal assistance program designed purposefully to cover the uninsured or uncompensated costs of individual health care that may be needed as a consequence of a disaster. While there is not consensus that this should be a federal responsibility, Congress has provided such assistance to victims of some specific disasters in the past. For example, following Hurricane Katrina, Congress provided short-term assistance to host states, through the Medicaid program, to cover a portion of the uninsured health care costs of eligible evacuees. Congress has provided funding—and some have proposed establishing statutory authority—to cover certain uninsured health care costs for responders and others who are having health problems related to exposures at the World Trade Center site in New York City after the 2001 terrorist attack. Also, legislation introduced in the 110th Congress proposed to grant the Secretary of HHS the authority to use a special fund to provide temporary emergency health care coverage for uninsured individuals affected by future public health emergencies.
This report examines, with respect to public health and medical incidents, (1) the authorities and coordinating mechanisms of the President and the Secretary of HHS in providing routine assistance, and assistance pursuant to the Stafford Act and/or the Public Health Service Act; (2) mechanisms to assure a coordinated federal response to these incidents, and overlaps or gaps in agency responsibilities; and (3) existing mechanisms, potential gaps, and proposals to fund the costs of a response to public health and medical incidents. A listing of federal public health emergency authorities is provided in the Appendix. This report will be updated as needed. |
crs_RL34489 | crs_RL34489_0 | <s> Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Climate Security Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Committee on Environment and Public Works : part of : Congress </s><s> ADAGE : developer : RTI International </s><s> Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008 : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> IGEM : developer : Dale Jorgenson Associates </s><s> 2008 Annual Energy Outlook : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook : publisher : EIA </s><s> NEMS model : use : macroeconomic forecasting </s><s> Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change : part of : Massachusetts Institute of Technology </s><s> Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change : parent organization : Massachusetts Institute of Technology </s><s> EPPA CGE model : developer : MIT </s><s> NEMS model : developer : EIA </s><s> NEMS model : developer : EIA's </s><s> National Energy Modeling System : developer : EIA </s><s> National Energy Modeling System : part of : NEMS </s><s> NEMS : part of : National Energy Modeling System </s><s> National Energy Modeling System : use : NEMS </s><s> MRN-NEEM Model : instance of : macroeconomic model </s><s> MRN-NEEM : instance of : macroeconomic model </s><s> NMA/CRA : publisher : National Mining Association </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook 2007 : publisher : EIA </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> S. 2191 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> emissions cap : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> allowances : subclass of : emissions </s><s> allowances : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> carbon dioxide equivalent : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> carbon dioxide : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> carbon dioxide equivalent : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> zero-sum game : opposite of : reducing emissions </s><s> emissions cap : opposite of : reducing emissions </s><s> zero-sum game : subclass of : reducing emissions </s><s> transition assistance : facet of : adaptation </s><s> transition assistance : subclass of : adaptation </s><s> transition assistance : instance of : adaptation </s><s> 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> cap-and-trade program : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Deficit Reduction Fund : facet of : deficit reduction </s><s> covered fuel : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> covered fuel : subclass of : greenhouse gases </s><s> covered fuel : has part : greenhouse gas </s><s> Safe Drinking Water Act : main subject : EPA </s><s> Safe Drinking Water Act : has part : EPA </s><s> Safe Drinking Water Act : author : President </s><s> HFC allowance : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> HFC allowance : facet of : hydrofluorocarbon </s><s> HFC allowance program : facet of : hydrofluorocarbon </s><s> low carbon fuel standard : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> carbon dioxide equivalent : subclass of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection : parent organization : Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works </s><s> Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection : part of : Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works </s><s> Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection : parent organization : Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works' </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : greenhouse gases </s><s> coal : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> rural cooperatives : industry : electric power industry </s><s> rural cooperatives : product or material produced : electric power </s><s> Bureau of Land Management : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> oil refineries : instance of : industrial sectors </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : instance of : carbon intensity of transportation fuel </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : facet of : carbon intensity of transportation fuel </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Title IV sulfur dioxide (SO 2) cap-and trade program </s><s> Title IV sulfur dioxide (SO 2) cap-and trade program : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Title IV </s><s> Title IV : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> SO 2 cap-and-trade program : point in time : 1990 </s><s> 2010 cost estimates for the SO 2 cap-and-trade program : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Chestnut and Mills : publication date : 2005 </s><s> 2000 estimate : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 2005 : author : Chestnut and Mills </s><s> mid-sulfur coal : subclass of : coal </s><s> low-sulfur coal : subclass of : coal </s><s> low-sulfur : subclass of : coal </s><s> mid-sulfur : subclass of : coal </s><s> scrubber : subclass of : coal </s><s> scrubbers : subclass of : coal </s><s> SO 2 trading program : instance of : regulatory program </s><s> 1990 SO 2 estimates : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CO2 reduction : facet of : CO2 </s><s> CO2 : has parts of the class : CO2 </s><s> per capita gross domestic product : subclass of : incomes </s><s> per capita gross domestic product : has part : incomes </s><s> per capita gross domestic product : instance of : incomes </s><s> exponential rates of change : subclass of : rate of change </s><s> exponential : subclass of : rate of change </s><s> exponential : subclass of : rates of change </s><s> ADAGE-REF : parent organization : EPA </s><s> IGEM-REF : parent organization : EPA </s><s> EPPA : parent organization : EPA </s><s> projected 2050 greenhouse gas emissions : point in time : 2050 </s><s> 2050 greenhouse gas emissions : point in time : 2050 </s><s> 2050 : point in time : 2050 </s><s> per capita : facet of : economic growth </s><s> per capita : part of : economy </s><s> per capita : part of : economic growth </s><s> GDP per capita : part of : economy </s><s> basecase : subclass of : reference case </s><s> Annual Energy Outlook 2007 : followed by : 2008 AEO </s><s> 2008 AEO : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2007 : followed by : 2008 </s><s> 2007 : followed by : 2008 EIA baseline </s><s> 2007 and 2008 EIA baseline : followed by : 2020 reference cases </s><s> Policy relevant analysis : subclass of : analysis </s><s> EIA : subsidiary : NEMS </s><s> NEMS : parent organization : EIA </s><s> impacts : subclass of : unintended consequences </s><s> impacts : has effect : unintended consequences </s><s> effects : subclass of : unintended consequences </s><s> cap-and trade : facet of : greenhouse gas </s><s> CO 2 tradeable permit : instance of : cap-and trade </s><s> cap-and trade : subclass of : greenhouse gas reduction bill </s><s> acid rain program : main subject : SO 2 </s><s> acid rain : has cause : SO 2 </s><s> acid rain program : has cause : SO 2 </s><s> SO 2 emissions : subclass of : Greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> SO 2 emissions : instance of : Greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Transportation : instance of : economic sectors </s><s> upstream : opposite of : downstream </s><s> downstream approach : opposite of : upstream </s><s> upstream : opposite of : downstream approach </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> put a price on greenhouse gas emissions : facet of : cap-and-trade program </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : shares border with : Canada </s><s> Canada : shares border with : United States </s><s> sulfur dioxide cap-and-trade : country : United States </s><s> sulfur dioxide cap-and-trade system : country : United States </s><s> sulfur dioxide cap-and-trade : different from : acid rain program </s><s> acid rain program : different from : sulfur dioxide cap-and-trade </s><s> reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions : subclass of : reducing emissions </s><s> reducing the greenhouse intensity of the economy : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> reducing the greenhouse intensity of the economy : subclass of : reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Technology change : facet of : climate change </s><s> technology development : facet of : Technology change </s><s> Technology change : facet of : climate change debate </s><s> SO 2 cap-and-trade program : instance of : greenhouse gas reduction </s><s> SO 2 cap-and-trade : instance of : greenhouse gas reduction </s><s> research and development : subclass of : policy instrument </s><s> climate change : has effect : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> climate change as a major policy issue : facet of : climate change </s><s> greenhouse gas emissions : has cause : climate change </s><s> 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) : point in time : 2007 </s><s> renewable fuel standard : subclass of : biofuel </s><s> renewable fuel standard : opposite of : petroleum fuel </s><s> DOE carbon storage R&D : facet of : carbon dioxide </s><s> DOE carbon storage R&D : field of work : capture and store carbon dioxide </s><s> DOE carbon storage R&D : product or material produced : carbon dioxide </s><s> impacts of climate change on transportation : facet of : climate change </s><s> AEO 2008 : publisher : EIA </s><s> Office of Climate Change and Environment : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : applies to jurisdiction : EPA </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : author : EPA </s><s> Greenhouse gas : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> criteria air pollutants : subclass of : Greenhouse gas </s><s> New Source Performance Standards : subclass of : criteria air pollutants </s><s> carbon capture and storage : instance of : technologies </s><s> coal-fired plant : subclass of : power plant </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : cleaner fuels </s><s> GDP : studied by : macro-economic </s><s> GDP impacts : studied by : macro-economic </s><s> GDP impacts : facet of : macro-economic </s><s> Gross Domestic Product : part of : economy </s><s> Gross Domestic Product : instance of : GDP </s><s> economy : has part : Gross Domestic Product </s><s> leisure : subclass of : consumption </s><s> leisure : has part : consumption </s><s> market consumption : subclass of : consumption </s><s> EIA : different from : NEMS </s><s> NEMS : different from : EIA </s><s> allowance prices : subclass of : marginal cost </s><s> Banking activity : facet of : banking </s><s> Banking activity : subclass of : banking </s><s> average cost : subclass of : cost-effective </s><s> NMA : subsidiary : CRA International </s><s> CRA International : parent organization : NMA </s><s> SO 2 program : maintained by : NMA/CRA International </s><s> SO 2 : maintained by : NMA/CRA International </s><s> noise : subclass of : uncertainty </s><s> scatter-plot : facet of : uncertainty </s><s> scatter-plot : facet of : uncertainty about future conditions </s><s> CO 2 abatement program : country : U.S. </s><s> CO 2 abatement : country : U.S. </s><s> economic models : facet of : economic </s><s> taxes : part of : domestic policy </s><s> taxes : facet of : domestic policy </s><s> aggregate welfare cost : instance of : macro-economic cost </s><s> acid rain : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> acid rain : subclass of : toxic air pollutants </s><s> acid rain : instance of : toxic air pollutants </s><s> GDP : country : United States </s><s> allowance prices : subclass of : cost </s><s> allowance price : subclass of : cost </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has effect : global climate change </s><s> previous report : main subject : climate change </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has effect : global climate change issues </s><s> National Association of Manufacturers : has part : American Council for Capital Formation </s><s> National Association of Manufacturers : subsidiary : American Council for Capital Formation </s><s> National Association of Manufacturers : follows : American Council for Capital Formation </s><s> carbon offsets : instance of : offsets </s><s> carbon offsets : subclass of : offsets </s><s> banking : subclass of : offsets </s><s> average costs : different from : program costs </s><s> program costs : different from : average costs </s><s> BAT : product or material produced : carbon dioxide </s><s> ACCF : different from : NAM </s><s> NAM : different from : ACCF </s><s> World Resources Institute : inception : 1997 </s><s> Barker, Qureshi and Kohler : publication date : 2007 </s><s> meta-analysis : subclass of : independent studies </s><s> meta-analysis : facet of : independent studies </s><s> Kyoto mechanisms : facet of : non-carbon technology </s><s> emission cap : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Figure 2 : followed by : Figure 3 </s><s> AEO 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : part of : S. 2191 </s><s> CO 2 emissions : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> CO 2 : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> EPA : subsidiary : IPM </s><s> IPM : parent organization : EPA </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : author : EPA/IPM </s><s> mercury rule : legislated by : EPA/IPM </s><s> mercury rule : author : EPA/IPM </s><s> mercury rule : legislated by : EPA </s><s> 2020 : point in time : 2020 </s><s> 2030 : point in time : 2030 </s><s> NAM-H : has part : ACCF </s><s> consumption : part of : leisure </s><s> carbon capture and storage : subclass of : carbon-emitting </s><s> carbon capture and storage : use : carbon-emitting </s><s> consumption : subclass of : cost </s><s> 2030 GDP effect : point in time : 2030 </s><s> IGEM model : point in time : 2030 </s><s> ADAGE-REF : point in time : 2030 </s><s> ACCF/NAM/NEMS : point in time : 2030 </s><s> ACCF/NAM/NEMS : has part : ACCF/NAM/NN </s><s> ADAGE : different from : IGEM </s><s> IGEM : different from : ADAGE </s><s> ADAGE : instance of : discount rate </s><s> IGEM : instance of : discount rate </s><s> MRN-NEEM : instance of : discount rate </s><s> EPPA : instance of : discount rate </s><s> 2030 estimates : point in time : 2030 </s><s> CATF/NEMS : point in time : 2030 </s><s> proposed deficit reduction amendment : point in time : April 10, 2008 </s><s> proposed deficit reduction amendment : publication date : April 10, 2008 </s><s> ADAGE-TECH : parent organization : EPA </s><s> EPA : subsidiary : ADAGE-TECH </s><s> ADAGE-TECH : operator : EPA </s><s> plug-in hybrid : subclass of : advanced vehicles </s><s> plug-in hybrid : subclass of : advanced vehicle </s><s> Climate Change Science Program : parent organization : EPA/ADAGE-TECH </s><s> ADAGE-TECH case : participant : EPA </s><s> technologies : part of : economy </s><s> Economy : facet of : economy </s><s> economy : has part : technologies </s><s> research and development : instance of : industry </s><s> subsidies : instance of : policy </s><s> allowance prices : instance of : policy levers </s><s> incentives for technology development : subclass of : incentives </s><s> spillovers : has cause : technological development </s><s> spillovers : has cause : technological change </s><s> wind power : subclass of : electric power </s><s> nuclear : subclass of : electric power </s><s> wind : subclass of : electric generation </s><s> landfill gas : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> landfill gas : subclass of : greenhouse gases </s><s> EIA/NEMS : different from : CATF-NEMS </s><s> EIA : field of work : NEMS </s><s> EIA : product or material produced : NEMS </s><s> biomass : subclass of : renewable power </s><s> wind : subclass of : renewable power </s><s> nuclear power : opposite of : coal-fired </s><s> nuclear power : different from : coal-fired </s><s> coal-fired : different from : nuclear power </s><s> steam technology : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> steam technology : facet of : natural gas </s><s> steam technology : subclass of : coal-fired </s><s> 1973 oil embargo : point in time : 1973 </s><s> 1965 blackout : point in time : 1965 </s><s> carbon capture and storage : instance of : emerging technology </s><s> carbon capture and storage : subclass of : emerging technology </s><s> Carbon Capture and Storage : instance of : emerging technology </s><s> CCS bonus allowance : part of : S. 2191 </s><s> 2015 commercialization date : point in time : 2015 </s><s> nuclear : subclass of : renewable fuel </s><s> nuclear : subclass of : renewable fuels </s><s> technological alternative : subclass of : alternative </s><s> Future Technologies : subclass of : alternative </s><s> Future Technologies : subclass of : technological alternatives </s><s> integrated gasification combined cycle : subclass of : coal-fired </s><s> biomass power : subclass of : nuclear power </s><s> coal-fired integrated gasification combined cycle : subclass of : nuclear power </s><s> CO 2 capture : subclass of : regenerative process </s><s> CO 2 capture : subclass of : retrofitable </s><s> CO 2 capture : facet of : CO 2 </s><s> Northeastern Station : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oologah, OK </s><s> Northeastern Station : operator : American Electric Power </s><s> RWE AG : country : Germany </s><s> technology development : has part : research, development </s><s> research, development, demonstration, and deployment funding : facet of : technology development </s><s> research, development, demonstration, and deployment : subclass of : technology development </s><s> EIA : instance of : NEMS </s><s> EIA : part of : NEMS </s><s> CATF/NEMS : instance of : bonus allowance </s><s> EIA/NEMS : instance of : bonus allowance </s><s> low-carbon technologies : subclass of : electricity technologies </s><s> research, development, and demonstration : subclass of : research and development </s><s> research and development : subclass of : research </s><s> nuclear power : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> coal-plant efficiency of 49 : facet of : clean coal </s><s> coal-plant efficiency of 49 : facet of : coal-plant </s><s> Pew Center for Global Climate Change : parent organization : EPRI </s><s> Pew Center for Global Climate Change : part of : EPRI </s><s> Pew Center for Global Climate Change : member of : EPRI </s><s> cellulosic biomass : subclass of : fuel </s><s> cellulosic : subclass of : biomass </s><s> coal : subclass of : low-carbon energy </s><s> Best Available Technology : publisher : EIA </s><s> Best Available Technology : author : EIA </s><s> Best Available Technology : publisher : EIA's </s><s> AEO 2008 basecase : point in time : 2008 </s><s> EISA : point in time : 2008 </s><s> aviation : subclass of : motorized </s><s> aviation vehicle : subclass of : motorized </s><s> cars : subclass of : motor vehicles </s><s> off-road vehicle : subclass of : car </s><s> trucks : subclass of : motor vehicles </s><s> motorcycles : subclass of : motor vehicles </s><s> renewable fuel standard : main subject : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> renewable fuel standard : facet of : renewable transportation fuel </s><s> carpooling : subclass of : mass transit </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : instance of : cap-and-trade </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : main subject : carbon </s><s> Low Carbon Fuel Standard : main subject : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Arnold Schwarzenegger : position held : Governor </s><s> low carbon fuel standard : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> low-carbon fuel : subclass of : aviation fuel </s><s> jet fuel : subclass of : aviation fuel </s><s> low-carbon fuel : has part : aviation fuel </s><s> motor gasoline : subclass of : petroleum fuel </s><s> diesel fuel : subclass of : petroleum fuel </s><s> petroleum fuel : has part : motor gasoline </s><s> petroleum fuel : has part : diesel fuel </s><s> cap-and-trade program : instance of : offsets </s><s> cap-and-trade : uses : offsets </s><s> cap-and-trade : use : emission reduction </s><s> gasoline : subclass of : motor fuel </s><s> low carbon biofuel : point in time : 2015 </s><s> low carbon biofuel : subclass of : ground transportation fuel </s><s> cellulosic : subclass of : biofuel </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : fuel </s><s> cellulosic : instance of : biofuel </s><s> industrial : subclass of : energy costs </s><s> residential : subclass of : energy costs </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : energy </s><s> coal-fired : opposite of : natural gas-fired </s><s> coal-fired capacity : opposite of : natural gas-fired generation </s><s> CGE model : opposite of : NEMS model </s><s> NEMS model : opposite of : CGE model </s><s> 2030 over baseline levels : point in time : 2030 </s><s> wellhead natural gas : subclass of : delivered natural gas </s><s> wellhead natural gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> EIA : product or material produced : natural gas </s><s> ACCF/NAM/NEMS : different from : EIA/NEMS case </s><s> Low Carbon Fuels Standard : author : ACCF/NAM </s><s> Low Carbon Fuels Standard : publisher : ACCF/NAM </s><s> Low Carbon Fuels Standard : instance of : LCFS </s><s> gasoline prices : instance of : petroleum prices </s><s> gasoline : has part : petroleum </s><s> gasoline prices : facet of : petroleum prices </s><s> diesel : instance of : transportation fuel </s><s> diesel : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> jet fuel : instance of : transportation fuel </s><s> Electricity price calculations by the various cases : facet of : Electricity price </s><s> Electricity price calculations by the various cases : main subject : Electricity price </s><s> Electricity price calculations by the various cases : has part : Electricity price </s><s> Electricity price : part of : Electricity price calculations by the various cases </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 prices : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 electricity prices : point in time : 2005 </s><s> ADAGE : parent organization : EPA </s><s> CRA : parent organization : NMA </s><s> cap-and-trade program : participant : EPA </s><s> cap-and-trade program : authority : EPA </s><s> cap-and-trade program : organizer : EPA </s><s> Sensitivity analysis : subclass of : model </s><s> ADAGE : instance of : Sensitivity analysis </s><s> IGEM : instance of : Sensitivity analysis </s><s> NEMS : instance of : Sensitivity analysis </s><s> EPA : subsidiary : ADAGE </s><s> EU-ETS : part of : Clean Development Mechanism </s><s> Kyoto period : part of : Clean Development Mechanism </s><s> Kyoto period : instance of : Clean Development Mechanism </s><s> Kyoto period : facet of : Clean Development Mechanism </s><s> sensitivity analysis : part of : EIA </s><s> sensitivity analysis : subclass of : analysis </s><s> sensitivity analysis : used by : EIA </s><s> acid rain program : instance of : greenhouse gas reduction </s><s> ACCF : facet of : acid rain program </s><s> NAM : facet of : acid rain program </s><s> NEMS : facet of : acid rain program </s><s> ADAGE : end time : 2030 </s><s> ADAGE : point in time : 2030 </s><s> EPA/ADAGE : end time : 2030 </s><s> Carbon Market Efficiency Board : inception : 2030 </s><s> Carbon Market Efficiency Board : field of work : offsets and international credits </s><s> EPA cases : has effect : short-term volatility </s><s> EPA cases : has effect : offset </s><s> EPA cases : has cause : short-term volatility </s><s> NMA : followed by : CRA </s><s> NMA : has part : CRA </s><s> CRA : part of : NMA </s><s> NMA/CRA case : main subject : S. 2191 </s><s> International leakage : subclass of : GHG emissions </s><s> cap-and-trade program : facet of : GHG emissions </s><s> cap-and-trade : subclass of : regulation </s><s> International Reserve Allowance : part of : Title VI </s><s> no-international-actions-to-2050 scenario : instance of : worst case scenario </s><s> no-international-actions-to-2050 : instance of : worst case scenario </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gas </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gases </s><s> cap-and-trade proposals : facet of : greenhouse gases </s><s> National Ambient Air : operator : EPA </s><s> National Ambient Air Quality Act : author : EPA </s><s> National Ambient Air Pollution Control Act : author : EPA </s><s> climate change : has cause : greenhouse gases </s><s> greenhouse gases : has effect : climate change </s><s> climate change : has cause : greenhouse gas </s><s> greenhouse gas : has effect : climate change </s><s> Social Cost : instance of : Social Cost premium </s><s> Social Cost : instance of : Social Cost </s><s> Social Cost : has part : Social Cost premium </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : Carbon </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : carbon </s><s> carbon dioxide : has parts of the class : CO 2 </s><s> Canada : shares border with : UK </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon : studied by : climate science </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon : instance of : social cost of carbon </s><s> intergenerational discounting : instance of : moral dilemma </s><s> intergenerational discounting : subclass of : moral dilemma </s><s> DEFRA : parent organization : Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs </s><s> Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs : subsidiary : DEFRA </s><s> Select Committee on Environmental Audit : parent organization : UK House of Commons </s><s> UK government attempt to put a price on climate change : facet of : climate change </s><s> UK government attempt to put a price on climate change : different from : put a price on climate change </s><s> put a price on climate change : different from : UK government attempt to put a price on climate change </s><s> economics of stabilizing climate change : published in : The Stern Review </s><s> The Stern Review : main subject : economics of stabilizing climate change </s><s> climate change : has cause : radiative forcing </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon value : instance of : cost-benefit analysis </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon value : instance of : cost-benefit analyses </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon : instance of : cost-benefit analysis </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon : published in : The Stern Review </s><s> Social Cost of Carbon : publisher : The Stern Review </s><s> The Stern Review : main subject : Social Cost of Carbon </s><s> MIT : subsidiary : EPPA </s><s> EPPA : parent organization : MIT </s><s> MIT : has part : EPPA </s><s> EPPA : part of : MIT </s><s> National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : country : U.S. </s><s> National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> new average fuel economy standards : maintained by : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration </s><s> reducing greenhouse gases : has effect : climate-related benefits </s><s> reducing greenhouse gases : instance of : climate-related benefits </s><s> reducing greenhouse gases : subclass of : reducing </s><s> Goddard : instance of : atmosphere-ocean general circulation model </s><s> Integrated Global System Model : developer : MIT </s><s> MIT Integrated Global System Model : instance of : atmosphere-ocean general circulation model </s><s> National Center for Atmospheric Research : part of : MIT </s><s> National Center for Atmospheric Research : parent organization : MIT </s><s> CISS-SB : parent organization : MIT </s><s> developed countries : opposite of : developing countries </s><s> United States : instance of : developed countries </s><s> developing countries : opposite of : developed countries </s><s> IGSM : operator : MIT </s><s> United States : participant in : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : participant : developed countries </s><s> United States : part of : developed world </s><s> developed world : has part : United States </s><s> United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : point in time : 1992 </s><s> United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : inception : 1992 </s><s> 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : point in time : 1992 </s><s> non-Climate Change Air Quality Benefits : publisher : EPA/IPM </s><s> non-Climate Change Air Quality Benefits : author : EPA/IPM </s><s> non-Climate Change Air Quality Benefits : publisher : EPA </s><s> nitrogen oxide : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> sulfur dioxide : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> particulate matter : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> nitrogen oxides : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> nitrogen oxide : instance of : air pollutants </s><s> sulfur dioxide : instance of : air pollutants </s><s> mercury : instance of : pollutants </s><s> mercury : subject has role : pollutants </s><s> carbon monoxide : instance of : pollutants </s><s> national level : different from : state </s><s> 1982 : point in time : 1982 </s><s> 1998 : point in time : 1998 </s><s> national : different from : state </s><s> industrial sector : instance of : industry </s><s> transportation sector : instance of : industry </s><s> industrial sector : instance of : industries </s><s> competitive market : subclass of : industry </s><s> competitive market : has effect : competitiveness </s><s> competitive market : subclass of : industries </s><s> hydro-electric : subclass of : energy </s><s> hydro-electric : instance of : industries </s><s> hydro-electric : part of : energy market </s><s> industrial technology : instance of : industry sector </s><s> commercialized : subclass of : industry </s><s> commercialized : instance of : industry sector </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : followed by : post-Kyoto commitments </s><s> post-Kyoto commitments : follows : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : has effect : post-Kyoto commitments </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : has effect : Kyoto commitments </s><s> Kyoto commitments : part of : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> fertilisers : subclass of : chemicals </s><s> aluminium smelting : instance of : electricity-intensive activities </s><s> aluminium smelting : subclass of : electricity-intensive activities </s><s> ADAGE : instance of : CGE models </s><s> IGEM : instance of : CGE models </s><s> EPPA : instance of : CGE models </s><s> ADAGE : instance of : CGE model </s><s> IGEM : instance of : CGE model </s><s> EPPA : instance of : CGE model </s><s> electric bill : subclass of : bills </s><s> electric bills : subclass of : bills </s><s> electric bill : subclass of : bill </s><s> middle-income : opposite of : low- </s><s> low- : opposite of : middle-income </s><s> low- : opposite of : middle-income households </s><s> Consumer Price Index : maintained by : EIA/NEMS </s><s> Consumer Price Index : publisher : EIA/NEMS </s><s> 2008 energy prices : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Lincoln Moses : position held : Administrator of the Energy Information Administration </s><s> Dr. Lincoln Moses : position held : Administrator of the Energy Information Administration </s><s> Administrator of the Energy Information Administration : officeholder : Lincoln Moses </s><s> research and development : part of : technology innovation </s><s> research and development : has effect : technology innovation </s><s> technology innovation : has cause : research and development </s><s> coal-fired : opposite of : nuclear power </s><s> natural gas : different from : coal-fired </s><s> replacement/retirement : subclass of : capacity </s><s> CCS bonus allowance allocation : part of : S. 2191 </s><s> technology development : subclass of : investment </s><s> technology development : has part : investment </s><s> technology development : product or material produced : technologies </s><s> Carbon Market Efficiency Board : different from : Carbon Market Efficiency Board </s><s> Carbon Market Efficiency Board : facet of : Carbon Market Efficiency Act </s><s> fuel prices : has part : supply </s><s> fuel prices : has cause : supply </s><s> supply : has effect : fuel prices </s><s> United States : participant in : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> reduce their own emissions : part of : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change </s> | This report examines six studies that project the costs of S. 2191 (S. 3036) to 2030 or 2050. It is difficult to project costs up to the year 2030, much less beyond. The already tenuous assumption that regulatory standards will remain constant becomes more unrealistic, and other unforeseen events loom as critical issues which cannot be modeled. Long-term cost projections are at best speculative, and should be viewed with attentive skepticism. Despite models' inability to predict the future, cases examined here do provide insights on the costs and benefits of S. 2191.
First, the ultimate cost of S. 2191 would be determined by the response of the economy to the technological challenges presented by the bill. The potential for technology to reduce S. 2191's costs is not fully analyzed by any of the cases, nor can it be. Technology development is not sufficiently understood currently for models to replicate with confidence. Likewise, it is difficult to determine if available incentives are directed in an optimal manner. The cases suggest that S. 2191's Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) bonus allowances would encourage deployment of CCS, accelerating development by 5-10 years.
Second, a considerable amount of low-carbon generating capacity will have to be built under S. 2191 in order to meet the reduction requirement. How much capacity will be necessary depends on new and replacement capacity needs, along with consumer demand response to rising prices and incentives contained in S. 2191.
Third, offsets could be a valuable tool not only to potentially reduce costs, but also to buy time to permit further development of new, more efficient technologies. Cost could be lowered further by greater availability of offsets and international credits and with a broader definition of eligible international credits.
Fourth, the Carbon Market Efficiency Board could have an important effect on the cost of S. 2191 through its power to extend the availability of offsets and international credits. In this sense, the Board's powers could mesh with the previous insight about the potential effect of offsets on the bill's overall costs.
Fifth, the Low Carbon Fuel Standard could significantly raise fuel prices and limit supply. The effects will depend on what fuels are included, the emissions reductions achieved by alternatives, and the ability to produce those alternatives.
Finally, S. 2191's climate-related benefit is best considered in a global context and the desire to engage the developing world in the reduction effort. The United States and other developed countries agreed both to reduce their own emissions to help stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and to take the lead in reducing GHGs when they ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This context raises two issues for S. 2191: (1) whether S. 2191's GHG program would be considered sufficiently credible by developing countries so that schemes for including them in future international agreements become more likely, and (2) whether S. 2191's reductions meet U.S. commitments under the UNFCCC. |
crs_RL31805 | crs_RL31805_0 | <s> BoeingKC767 : operator : Air Force </s><s> KC767 : operator : Air Force </s><s> Air Force : item operated : BoeingKC767 </s><s> FY2004 DOD Authorization Act : instance of : appropriations bill </s><s> FY2004 DOD Authorization Act : main subject : Department of Defense </s><s> H.R. 2658 : instance of : appropriations bill </s><s> Boeing KC767 : manufacturer : Boeing </s><s> Boeing KC767 : manufacturer : Boeing's </s><s> firing of high-level officials : participant : Boeing </s><s> Purple Hearts Plus : part of : TRICARE </s><s> Purple Hearts Plus : instance of : TRICARE </s><s> Purple Hearts Plus : replaces : TRICARE </s><s> NationalSecurity Personnel System : author : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : DOD </s><s> DOD : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> low-yield : subclass of : nuclear weapons </s><s> Section 302(b) : part of : Congressional Budget Act </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : has part : Section 302(b) </s><s> FY2004 budgetresolution : point in time : January 2004 </s><s> FY2004 budget resolution : point in time : January 2004 </s><s> FY2004 Omnibus Appropriations bill : point in time : January 2004 </s><s> FY2003 : instance of : supplemental appropriations </s><s> FY2003 supplemental appropriations : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> FY2004 : instance of : supplemental appropriations </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> H.R. 1588 : legislated by : House </s><s> 2005 round ofbase closures : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Housetook : located in the administrative territorial entity : Housetook </s><s> Housetook : location : Housetook </s><s> bill : legislated by : House Armed Services Committee </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : parent organization : Senate Armed Services Committee </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : part of : Senate Armed Services Committee </s><s> Congressional Record : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Congressional Record : author : Parliamentarian </s><s> Congressional Record : main subject : Senate rule </s><s> Boeing KC767 : operator : Air Force </s><s> Air Force : item operated : Boeing KC767 </s><s> Buy American Act : has part : Berry Amendment </s><s> Berry Amendment : part of : Buy American Act </s><s> TRICARE : parent organization : DOD </s><s> Buy American Act : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Buy American Act : inception : 1933 </s><s> Buy American Act : publication date : 1933 </s><s> Secretary of Defense : country : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> France : diplomatic relation : Germany </s><s> Germany : diplomatic relation : France </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Administration </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : OMB </s><s> Administration : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> Administration : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : Administration </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : Administration </s><s> Defense Industrial Base Capabilities Fund : inception : FY2004 </s><s> machine tools : subclass of : makedefense goods </s><s> Makedefense : subclass of : equipment </s><s> Secretary of Defense : different from : Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : different from : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Berry Amendment : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Berry Amendment : author : Congress </s><s> Berry Amendment : legislated by : congress </s><s> VA disability benefits : instance of : offset </s><s> VA disability : instance of : offset </s><s> VA disability benefits : subclass of : offset </s><s> combat-related activities : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> combat : subclass of : combat-related activities </s><s> combat : has part : combat-related activities </s><s> combat-related activities : part of : combat </s><s> combat-relateddisability : instance of : disability ratings </s><s> Purple Hearts Plus : instance of : combat-relateddisability </s><s> combat-relateddisability : subclass of : disability </s><s> retirement benefit : different from : disability payment </s><s> disability payment : different from : retirement benefit </s><s> retirement benefit : instance of : disability payment </s><s> retirement benefit : different from : monthly disability payment </s><s> monthly disability payment : different from : retirement benefit </s><s> disability payments : replaced by : retirement benefits </s><s> retirement benefits : replaces : disability payments </s><s> disability payments : followed by : retirement benefits </s><s> retirement benefits : follows : disability payments </s><s> Veterans Disability Benefits Commission : number of participants : 13 </s><s> Veterans Disability Benefits Commission : inception : 1588 </s><s> Veterans Disability Benefits Commission : inception : H.R. 1588 </s><s> The concurrent receiptissue : point in time : February 2005 </s><s> The concurrent receiptissue : inception : February 2005 </s><s> The concurrent receiptissue : publication date : February 2005 </s><s> KC767 : manufacturer : Boeing </s><s> KC767 Boeing : subclass of : tankeraircraft </s><s> Boeing : product or material produced : KC767 </s><s> Wolfowitz : position held : DeputySecretary of Defense </s><s> DeputySecretary of Defense : officeholder : Wolfowitz </s><s> Warner : position held : SenateArmed Services Committee Chairman </s><s> lease : different from : buy </s><s> buy : different from : lease </s><s> lease 20, buy 80 : instance of : lease </s><s> lease 20, buy 80 : different from : leaseand one for the buy </s><s> leaseand one for the buy : different from : lease 20, buy 80 </s><s> Michael Wynne : position held : Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology andLogistics </s><s> Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology andLogistics : officeholder : Michael Wynne </s><s> CBO : instance of : congressional agencies </s><s> CRS : instance of : congressional agencies </s><s> GAO : instance of : congressional agencies </s><s> Boeing KC767 : number of flights : 80 </s><s> DOD Authorization Act : instance of : Act </s><s> FY2004 DOD Authorization Act : instance of : Act </s><s> lease/purchase : subclass of : lease </s><s> Defense Transformation for the 21st : point in time : April 10, 2003 </s><s> Defense Transformation for the 21st Century : point in time : April 10, 2003 </s><s> Defense Transformation for the 21stst : point in time : April 10, 2003 </s><s> DavidChu : position held : Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness </s><s> Defense Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : Defense Department </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : governmental affairscommittees </s><s> governmental affairscommittees : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Members of Congress : subsidiary : governmental affairscommittees </s><s> national labs : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : national labs </s><s> Director of the Officeof Personnel Management : appointed by : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Officeof Personnel Management : office held by head of the organization : Director </s><s> Director of the Officeof Personnel Management : parent organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> DOD : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Congress : subsidiary : DOD </s><s> DOD : legislative body : Congress </s><s> managers : subclass of : employees </s><s> anti-discrimination laws : facet of : merit system </s><s> pay-for-performance evaluation : facet of : merit system </s><s> pay banding system : instance of : pay band </s><s> pay banding system : instance of : pay bands </s><s> pay banding system : instance of : pay-for-performance </s><s> Merit SystemProtection : facet of : due process </s><s> Merit SystemProtection : instance of : due process </s><s> Merit SystemProtection : instance of : anti-discrimination laws </s><s> Merit System Protection Board : instance of : appeals board </s><s> Director : part of : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Director : parent organization : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Office of Personnel Management : subsidiary : Director </s><s> collective bargaining agreements : participant : unions </s><s> unions : has part : collective bargaining agreements </s><s> union : participant in : collective bargaining agreement </s><s> collective bargaining agreement : participant : union </s><s> unions : has part : employee </s><s> unions : field of work : collective bargaining </s><s> unions : facet of : collective bargaining </s><s> collaborative : subclass of : collective bargaining </s><s> cooperative : subclass of : collective bargaining </s><s> collective bargaining : part of : labor-managementrelations </s><s> National Security Personnel System : parent organization : DOD </s><s> National Security Personnel System : operator : DOD </s><s> Merit System Protection Board : part of : National Security Personnel System </s><s> workforce management : facet of : civilian employees </s><s> military personnel : opposite of : civilian employees </s><s> civilian employees : opposite of : military personnel </s><s> Clean Air Act : instance of : federal environmental laws </s><s> EndangeredSpecies Act : instance of : federal environmental laws </s><s> Marine Mammal Protection Act : instance of : federal environmental laws </s><s> Clean Air Act : part of : federal environmental laws </s><s> EndangeredSpecies Act : part of : federal environmental laws </s><s> Marine Mammal Protection Act : part of : federal environmental laws </s><s> Solid Waste Disposal Act : part of : Superfundlaw </s><s> Solid Waste Disposal Act : main subject : hazardous waste </s><s> Solid Waste Disposal Act : has effect : Superfundlaw </s><s> pollution : has effect : environmentalrestrictions </s><s> pollution : has cause : environmentalrestrictions </s><s> urban growth : has effect : pollution </s><s> Critical Habitat : part of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> Critical Habitat : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> Critical Habitat : subclass of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> critical habitat : facet of : EndangeredSpecies Act </s><s> critical habitat : part of : EndangeredSpecies Act </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : EndangeredSpecies Act </s><s> Secretary of Defense : member of : Senate Armed Services Committee </s><s> Sikes Act : different from : Endangered Species Act </s><s> Endangered Species Act : different from : Sikes Act </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> Secretary of Defense : different from : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Secretary of Commerce : different from : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Interior Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of theInterior </s><s> Secretary of theInterior : different from : Secretary ofDefense </s><s> Secretary ofDefense : different from : Secretary of theInterior </s><s> Commerce : office held by head of the organization : Secretary ofDefense </s><s> Armed Services Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> military readiness : part of : armed services committees </s><s> military readiness : facet of : armed services committees </s><s> SURTASS : subclass of : sonar </s><s> SURTASS : instance of : sonar </s><s> broadexpanse : part of : ocean </s><s> broadexpanses : part of : ocean </s><s> broadexpanse : facet of : ocean </s><s> Federal Register : publisher : Congress </s><s> Federal Register : owned by : Congress </s><s> Federal Register : main subject : notice of theiractivities </s><s> FY2004 DOD Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2004 DOD Authorization Act : country : UnitedStates </s><s> DOD Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Federal Employees Health Benefits : instance of : insurance plan </s><s> DOD authorization bill : point in time : December 31, 2004 </s><s> DOD authorization bill : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> non-deployedreservists : subclass of : reservists </s><s> non-deployedreservists : different from : reservists </s><s> non-deployedreservists : opposite of : reservists </s><s> Department of Energy : country : Iraq </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Iraq </s><s> Department of Energy : inception : 1989 </s><s> low-yield nuclear weapon : subclass of : nuclear weapons </s><s> low-yield nuclear weapons : subclass of : nuclear weapons </s><s> low-yield nuclear weapon : subclass of : nuclear weapon </s><s> FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act : point in time : September 30, 2003 </s><s> DOD Authorization Act : point in time : September 30, 2003 </s><s> last year'ssupplemental : point in time : September 30, 2003 </s><s> Hurricane Isabel : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Status of FY2004 Defense Appropriations : legislated by : House </s><s> Status of FY2004 Defense Appropriations : point in time : July 2, 2003 </s><s> Major Funding In FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> FY2004 DOD Appropriations : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> war and occupation : has part : Iraq Freedom Fund </s><s> Iraq Freedom Fund : conflict : war and occupation </s><s> Iraq Freedom Fund : part of : war and occupation </s><s> IraqFreedom Fund : instance of : flexible account </s><s> FY2003 : followed by : FY2004 </s><s> FY2003 : followed by : FY2004 appropriations </s><s> Poindexter : employer : Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency </s><s> Total Information Awareness : parent organization : Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency </s><s> Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency : subsidiary : Total Information Awareness </s><s> Total Information Awareness : operator : DARPA </s><s> Total Information Awareness : developer : DARPA </s><s> National Foreign Intelligence Program : parent organization : DARPA </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations Resolution of FY2003 : legislated by : House </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations Resolution of FY2003 : followed by : FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations Resolution of FY2003 : followed by : H.R. 2658 </s><s> FutureMAP : end time : August 29, 2003 </s><s> FutureMAP : point in time : August 29, 2003 </s><s> FutureMAP : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : August 29, 2003 </s><s> congressional commission : inception : December 31, 2004 </s><s> FY2004 budget request : point in time : February 3, 2003 </s><s> FY2003 Consolidated budget request : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2003 Consolidated budget request : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> DOD : conflict : Iraq war </s><s> FY2002 : followed by : FY2003 </s><s> FY2003 : follows : FY2002 </s><s> drawdown inspending : part of : Cold War </s><s> drawdown inspending and military personnel : part of : Cold War </s><s> drawdown inspending : time period : Cold War </s><s> military constructionappropriations bill : part of : defense appropriations bill </s><s> military constructionappropriations bill : follows : defense appropriations bill </s><s> National Defense Budget Function and DOD Budget, FY1999-FY2008 : author : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> FY2003 Consolidated Appropriations Resolution : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Resolution : instance of : H.R.Res. </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Resolution : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Status of FY2004 Budget Resolution : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> Status of FY2004 Budget Resolution(H.Res. 95, S.Rep. 23) : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> FY2004 budget resolution : instance of : Budget resolution </s><s> FY2004 budget resolution : followed by : FY2008 budget resolution </s><s> budget deficit : subclass of : spending </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : Office of the Secretary of Defense </s><s> Office of the Secretary of Defense : parent organization : DOD </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Resolution : subclass of : budget resolution </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Resolution : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> areserve fund : facet of : war in Iraq </s><s> war in Iraq : has effect : costs associated with the next ten years </s><s> war in Iraq : has effect : $100 billion </s><s> reconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> Reconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> military action : country : Iraq </s><s> FY2003 Authorization Act : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> FY2003 DOD Authorization Act : instance of : Authorization Act </s><s> FY2003 DOD Authorization Act : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> fuel prices in FY2004 : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> fuel prices in FY2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> fuel prices in FY2004 are likely to beabout $5 higher per barrel than DOD assumes : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> congressional budget resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> FY2004 congressional budget resolution : followed by : FY2004 DOD Authorization Act </s><s> markup : subclass of : markup </s><s> 302(b) allocations : part of : annualcongressional budget resolution </s><s> House : instance of : committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : committees </s><s> House : instance of : bothhouses </s><s> September 11,2001 : point in time : September 11,2001 </s><s> Emergency Terrorism Response supplemental of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : field of work : supplemental funding </s><s> NationalDefense Budget : author : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : has part : supplemental funding </s><s> supplemental funding : part of : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> FY2001 Emergency Terrorism Responsesupplemental : followed by : FY2002 supplemental </s><s> FY2002 supplemental : follows : FY2001 Emergency Terrorism Responsesupplemental </s><s> land-based interceptor : subclass of : missile defense </s><s> land-based interceptor : subclass of : missile defense program </s><s> interceptor : subclass of : missile defense </s><s> war in Afghanistan : part of : global war on terrorism </s><s> war in Iraq : part of : global war on terrorism </s><s> war in Afghanistan : part of : September 11 attacks </s><s> occupation of Afghanistan : part of : global war on terrorism </s><s> Occupation of Afghanistan : part of : global war on terrorism </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations Resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Emergency Terrorism Responsesupplemental : point in time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> September 14, 2001 : point in time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> Emergency Terrorism Responsesupplemental : inception : September 14, 2001 </s><s> Iraq Freedom Fund : instance of : flexible account </s><s> FY2002 supplemental : followed by : FY2003 </s><s> most recent supplemental : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : Defense Emergency ResponseFund </s><s> Defense Emergency ResponseFund : parent organization : DOD </s><s> DOD's SupplementalFunding Since September 11 Attacks : has part : Defense Emergency ResponseFund </s><s> Defense Emergency ResponseFund : part of : DOD's SupplementalFunding Since September 11 Attacks </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : Iraq Freedom Fund </s><s> Iraq Freedom Fund : parent organization : DOD </s><s> Iraq Freedom Fund : inception : FY2003 </s><s> Secretary of Defense : officeholder : Rumsfeld </s><s> Rumsfeld : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : officeholder : Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld </s><s> civil service system : part of : Department of Defense </s><s> defense authorization bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> civil service system : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> global war on terrorism : participant : PresidentBush </s><s> war on terrorism : location : global </s><s> NORTHCOM : instance of : command,control, and communications </s><s> NORTHCOM : instance of : command </s><s> NORTHCOM : field of work : special operations forces </s><s> war in Iraq : participant : DOD </s><s> DOD : conflict : war in Iraq </s><s> Buy America : subclass of : contract </s><s> informationtechnology : subclass of : defense weapons systems </s><s> defense weapons systems : subclass of : informationtechnology </s><s> Secretaryof Defense : appointed by : Congress </s><s> DOD : office held by head of the organization : Secretaryof Defense </s><s> contractors : different from : in-house performance </s><s> in-house performance : different from : contractors </s><s> OPM : parent organization : DOD </s><s> A-76 competitivesourcing rules : facet of : contracts </s><s> A-76 competitivesourcing rules : instance of : contracts </s><s> FY2003 supplemental : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> FY2003 supplemental : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2003 supplemental : followed by : FY2004 supplemental </s><s> Defense Department : parent organization : Congress </s><s> FY2003 supplemental : point in time : July 1, 2003 </s><s> 2000 presidential election campaign : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 2000 presidential election campaign : candidate : Bush </s><s> Bush : candidacy in election : 2000 presidential election campaign </s><s> Dov Zakheim : position held : Comptroller </s><s> Dov Zakheim : position held : DOD Comptroller </s><s> Comptroller : officeholder : Dov Zakheim </s><s> Air Forcefighter : subclass of : Mobility/tanker aircraft </s><s> M1 : operator : legacy force </s><s> Air Forcefighter : subclass of : Mobility/tanker </s><s> Bradley Fighting Vehicle : subclass of : tank </s><s> Bradley Fighting Vehicle : subclass of : tanks </s><s> Stryker : subclass of : Bradley Fighting Vehicle </s><s> House ArmedServices Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> House ArmedServices Committee : part of : Defense Department </s><s> House ArmedServices Committee : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> Bradley Fighting Vehicle : followed by : M1 tankupgrades </s><s> M1 tankupgrade : follows : Bradley Fighting Vehicle </s><s> M1 tankupgrade : part of : Bradley Fighting Vehicle </s><s> Stryker : used by : Stryker interim combat brigades </s><s> Stryker : operator : Stryker interim combat brigades </s><s> Stryker : used by : Stryker interim combat brigade </s><s> Stryker : instance of : interim combat brigade </s><s> Stryker : subclass of : interim combat brigade </s><s> Stryker : part of : interim combat brigade program </s><s> UH-60 : subclass of : helicopter </s><s> UH-60 : subclass of : Helicopters </s><s> UH-60 : subclass of : helicopters </s><s> FutureCombat System : manufacturer : Navys </s><s> FutureCombat System : operator : Navy </s><s> FutureCombat System : operator : Navys </s><s> Arleigh Burke(DDG-51) class Aegis destroyer : subclass of : DD(X) next-generation destroyer program </s><s> DD(X) next-generation destroyer program : has part : Arleigh Burke(DDG-51) class Aegis destroyer </s><s> Arleigh Burke(DDG-51) class Aegis destroyer : subclass of : next-generation destroyer </s><s> DD(X) : subclass of : next-generation destroyer </s><s> LPD-17 : subclass of : amphibius ship </s><s> CVN-21 : instance of : aircraft carrier </s><s> 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review : point in time : 2001 </s><s> CVN-21 : operator : Navy </s><s> aircraft carrier : subclass of : surface combatants </s><s> underseawarfare : subclass of : overseas military theaters </s><s> aircraft carriers : subclass of : surface combatants </s><s> submarines : subclass of : surfacecombatant </s><s> submarines : subclass of : surfacecombatants </s><s> amphibious ship : subclass of : submarine </s><s> Littoral Combat Ship : subclass of : surface combatants </s><s> Littoral Combat Ships : subclass of : surface combatants </s><s> Littoral Combat Ship : subclass of : surface combatant </s><s> next generationof carriers : subclass of : carrier </s><s> Virginia-Class Attack Submarines : subclass of : submarines </s><s> next generationof carriers : has part : next carrier </s><s> next carrier : part of : next generationof carriers </s><s> Virginia-Class submarine : operator : Navy </s><s> Virginia-Class submarines : operator : Navy </s><s> Virginia-Class submarine : subclass of : 7 boats </s><s> Los Angeles-class attacksubmarine : operator : Navy </s><s> Los Angeles-class : subclass of : attacksubmarine </s><s> Los Angeles-class attacksubmarine : subclass of : Littoral Combat Ship </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : different from : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : different from : House Armed Services Committee </s><s> LPD-23 : instance of : Amphibious Ship </s><s> LPD-23 : subclass of : Amphibious Ship </s><s> LPD-17 Class Amphibious Ship : followed by : LPD-23 </s><s> LPD-23 : follows : LPD-17 Class Amphibious Ship </s> | With passage of the FY2004 DOD Authorization Act by the House on November 7 and bythe Senate on November 12, 2003, Congress completed action on this year's defense authorization( H.R. 1588 / H.Rept. 108-384 ). The President signed the bill on November 24, 2003( P.L. 108-384 ). On September 30, just in time for the new fiscal year, the President signed H.R. 2658 , the FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act ( P.L. 108-87 ), completing action onFY2004 defense appropriations.
The recently enacted FY2004 DOD authorization bill provides a total of $401.3 billion fordefense programs, including funds in the DOD and military construction appropriations as well asseveral other defense-related programs funded in other appropriations measures. The totalauthorized for these defense and defense-related programs that make up the national defense functionis $1.5 billion above the Administration's request and $9.3 billion above the FY2003 enacted level.
The conference version of the FY2004 DOD authorization is the culmination of months ofnegotiation about several contentious issues: Buy American provisions, the Air Force's controversialtanker lease proposal, a new concurrent receipt benefit for military retirees, a new National SecurityPersonnel System, a new health benefit for reservists, and special exemptions for DOD to certainenvironmental regulations. Substantial differences about these issues between the houses and withthe Administration had stymied completion of the authorization bill.
In conference, Buy American restrictions mandating that DOD rely exclusively on U.S.suppliers for certain items were dropped in favor of provisions that require DOD to assess the U.S.industrial base and possibly provide incentives to certain U.S. producers. In the case of the Boeing767 tanker aircraft, DOD accepted a Senate-proposed compromise allowing them to lease 20 and buy80 rather than lease100 aircraft.
After the Administration dropped its veto threat, Congress passed a new concurrent receiptbenefit that is expected to provide about 200,000 military retirees with both their military retirementand disability benefits, reversing a prohibition in effect for over 100 years. DOD also received newauthority to design and implement its own civilian personnel system and new exemptions to certainenvironmental rules. The bill also provides access to DOD's TRICARE health care to unemployed, non-deployed reservists and maintains current higher levels of imminent danger pay and familyseparation allowance for eligible military personnel through December 2004.
The FY2004 DOD Appropriations Act provides appropriations totaling $368.7 billion forthe defense programs it covers. That total is $3.5 billion below the Administration's request and $4.0billion above last year's enacted level. The programmatic impact of the cut is cushioned, however,because the bill receives credit for $3.5 billion rescinded from funds provided in the $62.6 billionFY2003 supplemental appropriations bill that Congress approved in April 2003.
Key Policy Staff |
crs_R42000 | crs_R42000_0 | <s> National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform : instance of : deficit reduction commission </s><s> National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform : field of work : deficit reduction </s><s> Chained Consumer Price : based on : Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers </s><s> FY2014 budget : author : President Obama </s><s> Chained CPI-U : different from : Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers </s><s> Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : different from : Chained CPI-U </s><s> Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : different from : Chained CPI </s><s> Chained CPI-U : facet of : Social Security </s><s> health care : subclass of : services </s><s> Chained CPI-U : facet of : inflation </s><s> Consumer Price Index for the Elderly : instance of : CPI </s><s> Consumer Price Index for the Elderly : instance of : COLA </s><s> Congressional Research Service : parent organization : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> Congressional Budget Office : different from : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Congressional Research Service : different from : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> Congressional Budget Office : subsidiary : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Chained CPI-U : instance of : measures of consumer price change </s><s> Chained CPI-U : instance of : measure of consumer price change </s><s> Chained CPI-U : publisher : Bureau of Labor Statistics </s><s> The Chained Consumer Price Index: What Is It and Would It Be Appropriate for Cost-of-Living Adjustments? : publisher : Bureau of Labor Statistics </s><s> COLA : author : Noah P. Meyerson </s><s> CPI-W : publisher : BLS </s><s> CPI-U : publisher : BLS </s><s> COLA : publisher : BLS </s><s> earnings : instance of : economic indicators </s><s> CPI-W : followed by : CPI-U </s><s> CPI-U : follows : CPI-W </s><s> CPI-W : has part : CPI-U </s><s> CPI-U : part of : CPI-W </s><s> medical care : subclass of : services </s><s> medical care : subclass of : goods and services </s><s> COLA : facet of : Social Security </s><s> Chained CPI-U : instance of : index </s><s> Chained CPI-U : based on : CPI-U </s><s> Chained CPI-U : maintained by : BLS </s><s> C-CPI-U : inception : 2002 </s><s> Social Security : instance of : federal programs </s><s> Social Security : instance of : federal program </s><s> Social Security : part of : federal programs </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : part of : Social Security </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : instance of : cash benefits </s><s> Supplemental Security Income benefits : part of : Social Security </s><s> Medicare : has part : Part B </s><s> Medicare : has part : Part D </s><s> Part B : part of : Medicare </s><s> Part D : part of : Medicare </s><s> Social Security COLA : facet of : Social Security </s><s> Cost-sharing amounts : part of : Medicare </s><s> additional child tax credit : instance of : child tax credit </s><s> child tax credit : has part : additional child tax credit </s><s> additional child tax credit : part of : child tax credit </s><s> child tax credit : part of : Medicare </s><s> child tax credit : instance of : refundable </s><s> refundable : instance of : child tax credit </s><s> child tax credit : subclass of : refundable </s><s> elderly : opposite of : younger people </s><s> younger people : opposite of : elderly </s><s> older people : opposite of : younger people </s><s> Medicare : different from : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : different from : Medicare </s><s> Medicaid : part of : Medicare </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : SNAP </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : different from : SNAP </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : part of : SNAP </s><s> Civil Service Retirement System : replaced by : Federal Employees Retirement System </s><s> Federal Employees Retirement System : replaces : Civil Service Retirement System </s><s> Civil Service Retirement System : replaced by : Federal Employees' Retirement System </s><s> Federal Employees' Retirement System : replaces : Civil Service Retirement System </s><s> Pensions : different from : Pension Benefit Programs </s><s> Pension Benefit Programs : different from : Pensions </s><s> Veterans Pensions : subclass of : Pension Benefit Programs </s><s> Veterans Pensions : different from : Pension Benefit Programs </s><s> Pension Benefit Programs : different from : Veterans Pensions </s><s> Post-9/11 GI Bill : has part : Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 </s><s> Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s> | In recent years, various proposals have been discussed in the context of ways to reduce federal budget deficits. One of these proposals calls for the use of a different measure of consumer price change to index various provisions of federal programs, including cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs). For example, under current law, the Social Security COLA is based on the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Under the proposal, the Social Security COLA would be based instead on the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (Chained CPI-U or C-CPI-U). Because the goal of the Chained CPI-U is to better reflect how consumers alter their buying habits in response to changes in prices, supporters of the proposal argue that it is a more accurate measure for computing COLAs and making other automatic program adjustments. Opponents, however, view the proposal as a backdoor way of reducing benefits because the Chained CPI-U typically has risen more slowly than either the CPI-W or the traditional CPI-U, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Some observers point out that the Chained CPI-U is published as a preliminary value that is subject to revision over a period of up to two years and that it may not accurately reflect the cost of living for certain groups, such as the elderly population.
The current discussion of a potential change in the way the Social Security COLA is computed raises questions about indexing in other federal entitlement programs. The purpose of this report is to identify key indexing elements in major federal entitlement programs under current law and present the information in a summary table. As shown here, indexing affects more than benefit levels paid to individuals through COLAs. It also affects, for example, federal payments to providers and eligibility criteria for some programs. In addition, the report provides a brief description of the measures of consumer price change used to index various elements of these programs under current law, as well as the alternative measure of consumer price change (the Chained CPI-U) that has been proposed for computing Social Security COLAs and making inflation adjustments to other federal programs.
This report does not evaluate the best measure of consumer price change for making automatic inflation adjustments in federal entitlement programs. In addition, broader issues, such as the technical aspects of different measures of consumer price change, potential implications of using an alternative measure of price change to index various elements of major federal entitlement programs, and the indexing of other items (for example, the federal poverty threshold and parameters of the tax code) are beyond the scope of this report.
For technical information on how the Chained CPI-U is constructed and reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, see CRS Report RL32293, The Chained Consumer Price Index: What Is It and Would It Be Appropriate for Cost-of-Living Adjustments?, by [author name scrubbed]. For information on how Social Security benefits could be affected by using the Chained CPI-U to compute annual COLAs, see CRS Report R43363, Alternative Inflation Measures for the Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA), by Noah P. Meyerson. |
crs_RS20607 | crs_RS20607_0 | <s> self-employment tax : subclass of : income taxation </s><s> Social Security : has part : self-employment tax </s><s> Section 201 of the Social Security Act : facet of : Social Security </s><s> Section 201 of the Social Security Act : main subject : Social Security </s><s> Section 201 : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 201 </s><s> Managing Trustee : subclass of : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Managing Trustee : appointed by : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Managing Trustee of the Social Security trust funds : appointed by : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> yield : subclass of : rate of interest </s><s> rate of interest : subclass of : yield </s><s> yield : said to be the same as : rate of interest </s><s> special issue : opposite of : public issue </s><s> special issue : opposite of : public issues </s><s> public issue : different from : special issue </s><s> special issue : different from : public issue </s><s> certificates of indebtedness : subclass of : securities </s><s> certificates of indebtedness : subclass of : short-term issues </s><s> federal securities : has part : certificates of indebtedness </s><s> certificates of indebtedness : part of : federal securities </s><s> special issue bond : subclass of : certificates of indebtedness </s><s> special issue bonds : subclass of : certificates of indebtedness </s><s> reinvested : subclass of : certificates of indebtedness </s><s> safety of principal : subclass of : interest income </s><s> safety of principal : facet of : safety </s><s> safety of principal : said to be the same as : stability of interest </s><s> stability of interest : said to be the same as : safety of principal </s><s> equities : subclass of : securities </s><s> equity : subclass of : securities </s><s> marketable federal securities : subclass of : alternative investment </s> | The Social Security Act has always required surplus Social Security revenues (revenues in excess of program expenditures) to be invested in U.S. government securities (or U.S. government-backed securities). In recent years, attention has been focused on alternative investment practices in an effort to increase the interest earnings of the trust funds, among other goals. This report describes Social Security trust fund investment practices under current law. |
crs_R44869 | crs_R44869_0 | <s> President : officeholder : Donald Trump </s><s> Donald Trump : position held : President </s><s> 2007-2009 financial crisis : point in time : 2007 </s><s> sources of Postcrisis Financial Reforms : main subject : 2007-2009 financial crisis </s><s> sources of Postcrisis Financial Reforms : facet of : 2007-2009 financial crisis </s><s> 2007-2009 financial crisis : has effect : financial instability </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : publication date : 2010 </s><s> Housing and Economic Recovery Act : main subject : Federal Housing Finance Agency </s><s> Federal Housing Finance Agency : parent organization : Housing and Economic Recovery Act </s><s> Housing and Economic Recovery Act : has effect : Federal Housing Finance Agency </s><s> Fannie Mae : instance of : conservatorship </s><s> Freddie Mac : instance of : conservatorship </s><s> Fannie Mae : parent organization : FHFA </s><s> Freddie Mac : parent organization : FHFA </s><s> FHFA : subsidiary : Freddie Mac </s><s> United States : member of : Group of 20 </s><s> Group of 20 : has part : United States </s><s> Group of 20 : has part : European Union </s><s> European Union : member of : Group of 20 </s><s> IOSCO : parent organization : IOSCO </s><s> International Association of Insurance Supervisors : subsidiary : IOSCO </s><s> IOSCO : parent organization : International Association of Insurance Supervisors </s><s> International Association of Insurance Supervisors : parent organization : IOSCO </s><s> IOSCO : subsidiary : International Association of Insurance Supervisors </s><s> International Monetary Fund : instance of : multilateral </s><s> International Monetary Fund : instance of : International financial institutions </s><s> International financial institutions : has part : International Monetary Fund </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : International financial institutions </s><s> derivatives : subclass of : securities </s><s> insurance : subclass of : securities </s><s> global systemically important bank : part of : Basel III </s><s> money market run in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> a money market run in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> money market run : point in time : 2008 </s><s> safety and soundness : facet of : Financial regulation </s><s> safety and soundness : subclass of : Financial regulation </s><s> safety : subclass of : soundness </s><s> banking regulation : subclass of : risk management </s><s> banking regulation : facet of : risk management </s><s> securities regulation : subclass of : risk management </s><s> enforcement : part of : rulemaking </s><s> enforcement : subclass of : rulemaking </s><s> regulatory burden : facet of : government regulation </s><s> Operating costs : subclass of : costs </s><s> Operating cost : subclass of : costs </s><s> Regulatory burden : subclass of : Operating costs </s><s> unduly burdensome : opposite of : regulation </s><s> unduly burdensome : different from : unduly burdensome </s><s> unduly burdensome : subclass of : regulatory burden </s><s> costs : opposite of : benefits </s><s> benefits : opposite of : costs </s><s> legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> legislated : subclass of : legislation </s><s> appropriations process : subclass of : legislative process </s><s> enacted : subclass of : legislative process </s><s> appropriations : subclass of : legislative process </s><s> Congressional Review Act : instance of : special legislative procedures </s><s> reconciliation process : instance of : special legislative procedures </s><s> reconciliation process : subclass of : special legislative procedures </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Occupational Safety and Health Administration : instance of : agency </s><s> 2000 Occupational Safety and Health Administration rule : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Occupational Safety and Health Administration : instance of : agency final rule </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : has effect : 115 th Congress </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> resource extraction rule : legislated by : SEC </s><s> Midnight Rules Relief Act : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Midnight Rules Relief Act : point in time : January 4, 2017 </s><s> Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Members of Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> debt limit : legislated by : Congress </s><s> House : instance of : committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : committees </s><s> Senate Banking Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate Banking Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> House Financial Services Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> Byrd rule : part of : Congressional Budget Act </s><s> Byrd rule : facet of : Congressional Budget Act </s><s> Byrd rule : legislated by : Senate </s><s> vote of three-fifths : part of : Byrd rule </s><s> Byrd rule : instance of : point of order </s><s> Byrd rule : instance of : vote of three-fifths of all Senators </s><s> deficit : part of : fiscal year </s><s> deficit : facet of : fiscal year </s><s> nonbudgetary : subclass of : budget </s><s> Byrd rule : legislated by : Senate Parliamentarian </s><s> Byrd rule : used by : Senate Parliamentarian </s><s> Byrd rule : legislated by : Senate's </s><s> revenues : different from : outlays </s><s> nonbudgetary : opposite of : budgetary impact </s><s> nonbudgetary : opposite of : budgetary </s><s> SEC : instance of : regulators </s><s> CFTC : instance of : regulators </s><s> annual appropriations : subclass of : appropriations legislation </s><s> Byrd rule : facet of : appropriations legislation </s><s> Byrd rule : facet of : budgetary effect </s><s> scored : creator : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> Byrd rule : facet of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Byrd rule : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Title I of the act : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Changes That Affect B : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation : parent organization : Department of the Treasury </s><s> Department of the Treasury : subsidiary : Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation </s><s> Securities Investor Protection Corporation : parent organization : Department of the Treasury </s><s> Department of the Treasury : subsidiary : Securities Investor Protection Corporation </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : legislated by : Congresses </s><s> reserve fund : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> federal budget : has part : appropriations </s><s> appropriations : part of : federal budget </s><s> Fed : instance of : regulatory duty </s><s> Fed : instance of : regulatory </s><s> Fed : subclass of : regulatory duty </s><s> Appropriations legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Appropriations legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Appropriations : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : legislated by : Congressional </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : has part : Congressional language </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : instance of : Congressional language </s><s> swap pushout rule : facet of : swaps regulation </s><s> Orderly Liquidation Authority : part of : Financial Services and General Government appropriations </s><s> Orderly Liquidation Authority : has part : swaps regulation </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> comprehensive regulatory relief bill : point in time : 2015 </s><s> comprehensive regulatory relief bill : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Statute : subclass of : statute </s><s> Statutorily structured : subclass of : statute </s><s> Statutorily : subclass of : statute </s><s> for cause : opposite of : at will </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : has part : 5 U.S.C. </s><s> 5 U.S.C. : part of : Administrative Procedure Act </s><s> notice and comment process : subclass of : notice </s><s> notice and comment : subclass of : notice </s><s> notice and comment process : uses : notice </s><s> public comment : facet of : regulation </s><s> interpreted : facet of : regulation </s><s> interpreted : facet of : Regulators </s><s> enforcement : uses : enforcement powers </s><s> enforcement powers : use : enforcement </s><s> enforcement powers : part of : Regulators </s><s> Financial regulator : subclass of : independent regulatory agencies </s><s> Financial regulators : subclass of : independent regulatory agencies </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : subclass of : Financial regulator </s><s> Financial Stability Oversight Council : chairperson : Treasury Secretary </s><s> Core : inception : February 3, 2017 </s><s> Core : instance of : executive order </s><s> Executive Orders : author : President Trump </s><s> Executive Orders : subclass of : executive order </s><s> Treasury Secretary : appointed by : President </s><s> President : subsidiary : Treasury Secretary </s><s> Treasury Secretary : country : United States </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> moral hazard : subclass of : systemic risk </s><s> information asymmetry : subclass of : moral hazard </s><s> President : appointed by : President </s><s> Executive Order 13371 : author : President Trump </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : part of : applicable law </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : instance of : law </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : instance of : applicable law </s><s> Executive Order 13371 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> Executive Order 13371 : instance of : executive order </s><s> presidential memorandum : author : President Trump </s><s> 2016 fiduciary rule : point in time : 2016 </s><s> presidential memorandum : inception : February 3, 2017 </s><s> FSOC : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> systemically important financial institution : subclass of : nonbank financial institutions </s><s> systemically important financial institution : subclass of : nonbank financial institution </s><s> systemically important financial institutions : subclass of : nonbank financial institutions </s><s> Prudential : instance of : insurers </s><s> presidential memorandum : point in time : April 21, 2017 </s><s> Title II of the Dodd-Frank Act : has part : Orderly Liquidation Authority </s><s> Orderly Liquidation Authority : part of : Title II of the Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Title II : part of : Dodd-Frank Act </s><s> Dodd-Frank Act : has part : Title II </s><s> Title II of the Dodd-Frank Act : has effect : Orderly Liquidation Authority </s><s> President Trump : position held : President </s><s> President : officeholder : President Trump </s><s> Cabinet Secretaries : different from : President </s><s> President : different from : Cabinet Secretaries </s><s> Cabinet Secretaries : appointed by : President </s><s> Jay Clayton : position held : chair of the SEC </s><s> Jay Clayton : employer : SEC </s><s> chair of the SEC : officeholder : Jay Clayton </s> | The 2007-2009 financial crisis led to significant changes in financial regulation, but critics argue that the burden these changes have imposed now exceeds their benefits. Congress and the Administration are considering financial regulatory relief from various postcrisis regulatory changes, including the Dodd-Frank Act (P.L. 111-203). This report provides an overview of the options available to pursue that goal.
Approaches for Congress
Congress can mandate that regulators provide relief through legislation. Most relief legislation likely would follow the normal legislative process. For example, H.R. 10, a wide-ranging regulatory relief package, was passed by the House on June 8, 2017. Two special legislative procedures may be available in limited circumstances, however.
The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) provides expedited procedures for Congress to overturn recently promulgated regulations. To date, the 115th Congress has used the CRA to overturn one Dodd-Frank Act rulemaking (disclosure requirements for resource-extraction firms). The reconciliation process provides for expedited consideration in the Senate, but is intended to be limited to provisions intended to change direct spending or revenues. Only a few of the funding provisions affecting financial regulators might meet these criteria.
Approaches for Financial Regulators
The vast majority of postcrisis regulatory reforms have been issued by independent financial regulators, not the Administration. In theory, the regulators issuing any regulation could issue new regulations modifying or repealing the original, provided they have authority under the authorizing statute to do so. But to overturn a final rule that has already been promulgated, regulators must initiate new rulemaking following the standard process, generally including notice and comment procedures. In addition, applying a regulation involves judgment by regulators. Regulators can alter how a regulation is interpreted and enforced using their supervisory (e.g., regulatory guidance and supervisory letters) and enforcement powers. Until new leadership is appointed, regulators may have little desire to revisit regulations that they have issued recently under current or previous leadership.
Approaches for the Administration
On February, 3, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order to "identify any laws, treaties, regulations, [and] guidance ... that inhibit Federal regulation of the United States financial system in a manner consistent with the Core Principles." One of the core principles is to "make regulation efficient, effective, and appropriately tailored." The order does not revise or repeal any specific regulation, which can be done administratively only through the standard rulemaking process. Because financial regulators are independent regulatory agencies, they cannot be compelled to comply with executive orders governing certain aspects of the rulemaking process.
The Treasury Secretary has the opportunity to influence regulatory priorities through his position as chair of the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), a council made up predominantly of the federal financial regulators. FSOC has limited rulemaking authority, however. It can make recommendations to member agencies, but it cannot compel agencies to follow those recommendations. FSOC's most notable rulemaking authority is its ability to designate nonbank financial institutions as systemically important (SIFIs).
One notable regulation issued by the previous Administration—as opposed to by an independent regulatory agency—was the Department of Labor's (DOL's) fiduciary rule, which requires a uniform fiduciary standard for registered broker-dealers and investment advisers when giving financial advice on retirement accounts. On February 3, 2017, President Trump issued a presidential memorandum directing the DOL to rescind or revise the rule if it "adversely affect(s) the ability of Americans to gain access to retirement information and financial advice."
All the leadership positions at the financial regulators have fixed terms and are appointed by the President following Senate confirmation. Although most of these individuals may be removed only "for cause," over time, these positions will become vacant, allowing President Trump to nominate candidates to fill most, if not all, of them. At present, President Trump has filled the chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), while several other positions are vacant, including the chairs of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Most, but not all, multimember boards or commissions have statutory political affiliation requirements that give the President's party a majority of seats but limit the number of seats that one party can hold. |
crs_RS22309 | crs_RS22309_0 | <s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : concurrent and simple resolution </s><s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> Joint Resolution : instance of : concurrent and simple resolution </s><s> final passage : subclass of : passage </s><s> vote on final passage : part of : passage </s><s> vote on final passage : subclass of : passage </s><s> Senate Rule XIV : part of : Senate Calendar of Business </s><s> General Orders : part of : Senate Rule XIV </s><s> Senate Calendar of Business : has part : Senate Rule XIV </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : bill </s><s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senator </s><s> Senator : has part : majority leader </s><s> majority leader : appointed by : Senator </s><s> McConnell : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> presiding officer : different from : chair </s><s> chair : different from : presiding officer </s><s> Speaker of the House : officeholder : Nancy Pelosi </s><s> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 : publication date : 1978 </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : McConnell </s><s> rule XIV : used by : presiding officer </s><s> General Orders : part of : section </s><s> General Orders : part of : Senate Calendar </s><s> Senate Calendar : has part : General Orders </s> | When a Senator introduces a bill or joint resolution, or a House-passed bill or joint resolution is received in the Senate from the House, the measure is often referred to committee, pursuant to provisions of Senate Rules XIV, XVII, and XXV. The Senate may, however, use provisions of Senate Rule XIV to bypass referral of a bill or joint resolution to a Senate committee, and have the measure placed directly on the Senate Calendar of Business.
Although placing a bill or joint resolution directly on the calendar does not guarantee that the full Senate will ever consider it, the measure is available for floor consideration and certain procedural steps or requirements may be obviated. Such procedural steps include committee reporting or discharging a committee from a bill's consideration, and such procedural requirements include the two-day availability of a committee report.
Senate rules contain procedures for processing concurrent and simple resolutions, treaties, and nominations, which are not covered in this report. A Senator may also offer a germane, relevant, or nongermane amendment to a measure pending on the Senate floor, in addition to or instead of introducing a bill or joint resolution. Amendments are also not covered in this report.
This report will not be updated again in the 115th Congress unless Senate procedures change.
For a fuller examination of the Senate's use of the Rule XIV procedure and other procedures and actions to bypass committees, and also both to bypass committees and pass legislation, see CRS Report RS22299, Bypassing Senate Committees: Rule XIV and Unanimous Consent, by Michael L. Koempel. |
crs_R41515 | crs_R41515_0 | <s> Air Cargo Industry : country : United States </s><s> Air Cargo Industry : product or material produced : air cargo </s><s> Air Cargo Industry : industry : freight forwarders </s><s> common examples of air cargo : subclass of : outbound air cargo packages </s><s> common examples of air cargo : subclass of : off-airport facilities </s><s> off-airport facilities : subclass of : off-airport </s><s> outbound air cargo packages : subclass of : off-airport facilities </s><s> United States : shares border with : Europe </s><s> United States : shares border with : Asia </s><s> Europe : shares border with : United States </s><s> Asia : shares border with : United States </s><s> Boeing Commercial Airplanes : product or material produced : air cargo </s><s> Boeing Commercial Airplanes : industry : air cargo industry </s><s> Boeing Commercial Airplanes : industry : air cargo </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> FedEx : subsidiary : UPS </s><s> potential use of air cargo to introduce an explosive device aboard a explosive device : subclass of : security vulnerabilities </s><s> potential use of air cargo : instance of : security vulnerabilities </s><s> potential use of air cargo : subclass of : security vulnerabilities </s><s> Bojinka plot : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Bojinka plot : participant : Ramzi Yousef </s><s> Bojinka plot : participant : Khalid Sheikh Mohammed </s><s> Bojinka plot : point in time : 1994 </s><s> explosive device : use : weapon of mass destruction </s><s> hijacking : subclass of : weapon of mass destruction </s><s> hijacking : instance of : weapon of mass destruction </s><s> Federal Express : headquarters location : Memphis, TN </s><s> dramatic incident : point in time : April 7, 1994 </s><s> Dubai : country : United Arab Emirates </s><s> United Arab Emirates : capital : Dubai </s><s> discovered explosive devices : point in time : October 29, 2010 </s><s> Yemen : diplomatic relation : Saudi Arabia </s><s> Saudi Arabia : diplomatic relation : Yemen </s><s> Yemen : shares border with : Saudi Arabia </s><s> Saudi Arabia : shares border with : Yemen </s><s> attempted bombing of a Detroit-bound passenger airliner : point in time : December 25, 2009 </s><s> the attempted bombing of a Detroit-bound passenger airliner : point in time : December 25, 2009 </s><s> attempted bombing of a Detroit-bound passenger airliner : participant : Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula </s><s> Germany : part of : Europe </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Germany </s><s> Germany : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : shares border with : Germany </s><s> Germany : shares border with : United States </s><s> unrelated incident : point in time : November 2010 </s><s> unrelated incident : country : Greece </s><s> unrelated incident : start time : November 2010 </s><s> risk-based strategy : subclass of : policy response </s><s> risk-based strategy : facet of : policy response to these incidents </s><s> risk-based strategy : has part : policy response to these incidents </s><s> discovery of explosives : country : Yemen </s><s> discovery of explosives in cargo : country : Yemen </s><s> discovery of explosives in cargo originating in Yemen : point in time : October 2010 </s><s> Air Cargo Security Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> similar measure : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Air Cargo Security Act : legislated by : 111 th </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate : country : U.S. </s><s> TSA : parent organization : Senate </s><s> 100% screening : facet of : air cargo </s><s> cargo : use : shipping </s><s> 100% screening mandate : country : United States </s><s> 100% screening mandate : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> 100% screening mandate for cargo aboard domestic passenger flights : country : United States </s><s> October 2010 explosives incidents : point in time : October 2010 </s><s> explosives incidents : point in time : October 2010 </s><s> October 2010 explosives incidents : facet of : air cargo </s><s> International Cooperation : country : United States </s><s> International Air Cargo Workgroup : part of : TSA </s><s> International Air Cargo Workgroup : parent organization : TSA </s><s> Frankfurt : country : Germany </s><s> European Union : member of : International Civil Aviation Organization </s><s> Canada : member of : International Civil Aviation Organization </s><s> all-cargo : subclass of : air carrier </s><s> all-cargo : subclass of : air cargo </s><s> potential threat posed by international shipments : facet of : security requirements </s><s> known shipper database : operator : TSA </s><s> Known Shipper Program : instance of : known shipper </s><s> Known Shipper Program : instance of : known shipper database </s><s> Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 : instance of : P.L. </s><s> Aviation and Transportation Security Act : point in time : 2001 </s><s> 1996 Valujet crash : location : Miami </s><s> 1996 Valujet crash : located in the administrative territorial entity : Miami </s><s> 1996 Valujet crash : point in time : December 1996 </s><s> TWA Flight 800 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Gore Commission : instance of : White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security </s><s> Commission on Aviation Safety and Security : inception : 1996 </s><s> ATSA : inception : 2001 </s><s> ATSA : point in time : 2001 </s><s> ATSA : publication date : 2001 </s><s> Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> risk-based screening system : instance of : industry </s><s> risk-based screening system : uses : risk-based screening </s><s> risk-based screening system : use : risk-based screening </s><s> Automated Targeting System : operator : CBP </s><s> Automated Targeting System : used by : CBP </s><s> Automated Targeting System : use : screening of cargo </s><s> ATS : facet of : ATS </s><s> ATS : instance of : ATS </s><s> ATS : part of : ATS </s><s> Caribbean : country : Canada </s><s> Caribbean : shares border with : Canada </s><s> Caribbean : shares border with : Mexico </s><s> October 2010 incidents : point in time : October 2010 </s><s> explosives were discovered : point in time : October 2010 </s><s> all-cargo sector : subclass of : air cargo </s><s> 9/11 terrorist attacks : has effect : Congress </s><s> 9/11 terrorist attacks : participant : Congress </s><s> a series of enactments : main subject : 9/11 terrorist attacks </s><s> passenger terminal : part of : airport </s><s> passenger terminals : part of : airport </s><s> passenger airport : has part : terminal </s><s> terminal : part of : passenger airport </s><s> Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2005 : instance of : appropriations measure </s><s> Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2005 : instance of : appropriations </s><s> CBP : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : CBP </s><s> TSA : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : TSA </s><s> 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007 : point in time : August 2007 </s><s> 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007 : publication date : August 2007 </s><s> cargo : part of : shipment </s><s> Certified : operator : TSA </s><s> Certified : parent organization : TSA </s><s> air carrier : subclass of : airline </s><s> all-cargo airline : subclass of : air carrier </s><s> all-cargo carrier : subclass of : air carrier </s><s> loss : different from : profit </s><s> profit : different from : loss </s><s> operating revenues : different from : profit </s><s> Certified Cargo Screening Program : inception : August 2010 </s><s> Certified Cargo Screening Program : operator : TSA </s><s> shipped : part of : supply chain </s><s> warehouses : part of : factories </s><s> warehouse : part of : factories </s><s> factories : part of : supply chain </s><s> 100% screening mandate : point in time : August 2010 </s><s> 100% screening mandate : inception : August 2010 </s><s> 100% screening mandate : start time : August 2010 </s><s> Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 : main subject : 7/11 Commission </s><s> checked baggage : subclass of : air cargo </s><s> explosives trace detection machines : use : explosives detection systems </s><s> carry-on : subclass of : air cargo </s><s> explosives trace detection : subclass of : explosives detection </s><s> explosives trace detection : facet of : explosives </s><s> explosives trace detection : use : explosives detection </s><s> cargo : part of : passenger plane </s><s> cargo : used by : passenger plane </s><s> cargo : used by : passengers </s><s> off-airport screening : subclass of : cargo screening </s><s> off-airport screening : instance of : cargo screening </s><s> off-airport screening of cargo : subclass of : Cargo screening </s><s> x-ray backscatter : subclass of : gamma-ray </s><s> x-ray backscatter : uses : gamma-ray </s><s> x-ray : followed by : gamma-ray </s><s> George Bush Intercontinental Airport : located in the administrative territorial entity : Houston </s><s> George Bush Intercontinental Airport : place served by transport hub : Houston </s><s> George Bush Intercontinental Airport : located in the administrative territorial entity : Houston's </s><s> El Paso : capital of : TX </s><s> TX : capital : El Paso </s><s> off-airport cargo screening : facet of : air cargo industry </s><s> cargo container : use : shipping </s><s> tamper-evident tape : use : tamper-Evident </s><s> tamper-evident tape : use : tamper-Evident and Tamper-Resistant Packaging </s><s> counterfeit : subclass of : contraband </s><s> contraband : subclass of : counterfeit </s><s> contraband : subclass of : theft </s><s> global positioning system : instance of : tracking technologies </s><s> Tracking Technologies : subclass of : tracking technologies </s><s> global positioning system : use : tracking technologies </s><s> stamps : subclass of : stickers </s><s> stickers : subclass of : identifiers </s><s> stamps : subclass of : identifiers </s><s> Aircraft Operator Standard Security Program : country : United States </s><s> airports : country : United States </s><s> Aircraft Operator Standard Security Program : operator : TSA </s><s> FedEx : parent organization : UPS </s><s> FedEx : instance of : freight forwarders </s><s> bombing : subclass of : hijacking </s><s> bombing of a passenger aircraft : subclass of : hijacking </s><s> cockpit : used by : pilots </s><s> pilots : uses : cockpit </s><s> FY2003 appropriations act : main subject : FAA </s><s> FY2003 appropriations act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> FY2003 appropriations act : participant : FAA </s><s> United Airlines : instance of : air carrier </s><s> 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> United Airlines : instance of : airline </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : legislated by : 108 th Congress </s><s> Cargo airline : subclass of : Air carrier </s><s> Cargo airlines : subclass of : Air carrier </s><s> Cargo airlines : subclass of : Air carriers </s><s> flight deck officer : subclass of : airline pilot </s><s> cockpit : used by : airline pilot </s><s> flight deck officer : different from : airline pilot </s><s> National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> 9/11 Commission : notable work : National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 </s><s> 9/11 Commission : has effect : National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 </s><s> air carrier : part of : airline industry </s><s> Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007 : instance of : act </s><s> airline industry : item operated : airline </s><s> direct : has part : indirect costs </s><s> indirect costs : part of : direct </s><s> fuel consumption : subclass of : indirect costs </s><s> Boeing 747-400 : subclass of : all-cargo aircraft </s><s> Boeing 747-400 : subclass of : passenger jet </s><s> all-cargo aircraft : subclass of : passenger aircraft </s><s> air carrier : item operated : air cargo </s><s> air carrier : item operated : cargo container </s><s> TSA Inspection and Oversight of Air Cargo Operations : parent organization : TSA </s><s> FY2006 : point in time : FY2006 </s><s> air cargo sector : part of : air cargo industry </s><s> air cargo : part of : air cargo sector </s> | The October 2010 discovery of two explosive devices being prepared for loading on U.S.-bound all-cargo aircraft overseas has heightened concerns over the potential use of air cargo shipments to bomb passenger and all-cargo aircraft. The incidents have renewed policy debate over air cargo security measures and have prompted some policymakers to call for comprehensive screening of all air cargo, including shipments that travel on all-cargo aircraft.
U.S. policies and strategies for protecting air cargo have focused on two main perceived threats: the bombing of a passenger airliner carrying cargo and the hijacking of a large all-cargo aircraft for use as a weapon to attack a ground target such as a major population center, critical infrastructure, or a critical national security asset.
With respect to protecting passenger airliners from explosives placed in cargo, policy debate has focused on whether risk-based targeting strategies and methods should be used to identify those shipments requiring additional scrutiny or whether all or most shipments should be subject to more intensive physical screening. While the air cargo industry and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) have argued for the implementation of risk-based approaches, Congress mandated 100% screening of all cargo placed on passenger aircraft using approved methods by August 2010 (see P.L. 110-53).
While 100% of domestic air cargo now undergoes physical screening in compliance with this mandate, not all inbound international cargo shipments carried on passenger airplanes are scrutinized in this manner. TSA is working with international air cargo operators to increase the share of cargo placed on passenger flights that is screened, but 100% screening may not be achieved until August 2013. In the interim, TSA, along with Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and international partners, is relying on risk-based targeting to increase screening of air cargo, particularly shipments deemed to be high risk.
Amid renewed congressional interest on air cargo security, a number of policy issues may arise regarding
the desirability of risk-based strategies as alternatives to 100% cargo screening and inspection; the adequacy of off-airport screening under the Certified Cargo Screening Program (CCSP) in conjunction with various supply chain and air cargo facility security measures; the costs and benefits of requiring blast resistant cargo containers to protect aircraft from in-flight explosions in cargo holds; the desirability of having air cargo screened by employees of private firms rather than TSA and CBP employees; and cooperative efforts with international partners and stakeholders to improve the security of international air cargo operations. |
crs_R43261 | crs_R43261_0 | <s> Keystone XL : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alberta </s><s> Keystone XL : instance of : oil pipeline </s><s> Alberta : country : Canada </s><s> Canada : contains administrative territorial entity : Alberta </s><s> Promoting Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Act : point in time : July 19, 2017 </s><s> Promoting Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Act : publication date : July 19, 2017 </s><s> Promoting Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Act : legislated by : House </s><s> Executive Order 11423 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> Executive Order 11423 : inception : 1968 </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> pipelines : connects with : pipelines </s><s> conveyor belt : connects with : conveyor belt </s><s> Executive Order 11423 : followed by : Executive Order 13337 </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : author : Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : subclass of : Secretary </s><s> Secretary of State : appointed by : Secretary </s><s> Secretary of State : participant in : Executive Order </s><s> Alberta Clipper : operator : Enbridge Energy </s><s> Enbridge Energy : owner of : Alberta Clipper </s><s> Alberta Clipper : owned by : Enbridge Energy </s><s> oil sands : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alberta </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> major non-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries : country : United States </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> energy imports : country : United States </s><s> Executive Order 10485 : main subject : Federal Power Commission </s><s> Natural Gas Act : has part : Executive Order 10485 </s><s> Secretary of State : country : United States </s><s> Secretary of Defense : country : United States </s><s> 11423 : instance of : Executive Orders </s><s> 13337 : instance of : Executive Orders </s><s> State Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Energy </s><s> 11423 : instance of : Executive Order </s><s> 13337 : instance of : Executive Order </s><s> Department of Energy : instance of : federal statutes </s><s> Department of Energy : country : United States </s><s> federal statutes : has part : Department of Energy </s><s> Federal Power Commission : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 1977 </s><s> Federal Power Commission : replaced by : Department of Energy </s><s> Federal Power Commission : replaced by : Federal Energy Regulatory Commission </s><s> Department of Energy : replaces : Federal Power Commission </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Federal Energy Regulatory Commission </s><s> Federal Energy Regulatory Commission : replaces : Federal Power Commission </s><s> Federal Energy Regulatory Commission : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> FERC : inception : 2006 </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Presidential Permit : inception : 2006 </s><s> State Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : part of : State Department </s><s> Secretary of State : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> Presidential Permit : operator : FERC </s><s> Presidential Permit : parent organization : FERC </s><s> Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs : part of : State Department </s><s> State Department Review of Oil Pipeline Modifications : publication date : February 2007 </s><s> Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : has effect : Presidential Permit </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : main subject : Presidential Permit </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : has effect : Presidential Permits </s><s> pedestrian : uses : vehicle </s><s> pedestrian : subclass of : vehicle </s><s> Presidential permit : subclass of : operating authority </s><s> Presidential permit : operator : State Department </s><s> Presidential permit : maintained by : State Department </s><s> Presidential permit : owned by : State Department </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> State Department : parent organization : DOE </s><s> Energia Sierra Juarez : industry : wind generation </s><s> Energia Sierra Juarez : product or material produced : wind generation </s><s> Presidential Permit : operator : DOE </s><s> Constitution : country : United States of America </s><s> Constitution and the Laws of the United States of America : has part : title 3, United States of America </s><s> title 3, United States of America : part of : Constitution and the Laws of the United States of America </s><s> Constitution and the Laws of the United States of America : has part : title 3, United States </s><s> title 3, United States : part of : Constitution and the Laws of the United States of America </s><s> Executive Order 10485 : author : President </s><s> Executive Order 10485 : main subject : 3 U.S.C. § 301 </s><s> Federal Power Act : author : President </s><s> TransCanada : owner of : Keystone Pipeline </s><s> Keystone Pipeline : owned by : TransCanada </s><s> Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate v. District of South Dakota : court : District Court for the District of South Dakota </s><s> presidential action : opposite of : statutory authority </s><s> statutory authority : opposite of : presidential action </s><s> statutory authority : part of : Congress </s><s> Sierra Club v. Clinton : participant : Sierra Club </s><s> Executive Order 13337 : author : President </s><s> Sierra Club v. Clinton : named after : Sierra Club </s><s> 2009 judicial opinion : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Attorney General : appointed by : Commander in Chief </s><s> President : position held : Commander in Chief </s><s> Obama presidency : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> Obama presidency : office held by head of government : President's </s><s> Executive Memorandum : point in time : January 24, 2017 </s><s> Executive Memorandum : inception : January 24, 2017 </s><s> Executive Memorandum : author : President Trump </s><s> Executive Memorandum : publication date : January 24, 2017 </s><s> petroleum product : has part : crude oil </s><s> crude oil : subclass of : petroleum product </s><s> propane : subclass of : natural gas </s> | Controversy over the proposed Keystone XL pipeline project has focused attention on U.S. requirements for authorization to construct and operate pipelines and other energy infrastructure at international borders. For the most part, developers are required to obtain a Presidential Permit for border crossing facilities. The agency responsible for reviewing applications and issuing Presidential Permits varies depending on the type of facility. Oil and other hazardous liquids pipelines that cross borders are authorized by the U.S. Department of State. Natural gas pipeline border crossings are authorized by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Electricity transmission facilities are authorized by the Department of Energy (DOE). CRS has identified over 100 operating or proposed oil, natural gas, and electric transmission facilities crossing the U.S.-Mexico or U.S.-Canada border.
The authority for federal agencies to review applications and issue Presidential Permits for oil pipelines comes from a series of executive orders. These executive orders have been upheld by the courts as legitimate exercises of the President's constitutional authority over foreign affairs as well as his authority as Commander in Chief. It is worth noting, however, that Congress has enacted statutes applying to cross-border natural gas and electric transmission facilities that require developers of such projects to apply for authorization from executive branch agencies.
In recent years, in the context of the Presidential Permit application for the proposed Keystone XL crude oil pipeline project, Congress has attempted to modify the permitting process for border crossing energy facilities. An Executive Memorandum issued on January 24, 2017, by President Trump inviting TransCanada Corp. to resubmit its Presidential Permit application for the Keystone XL border crossing facility, and the Administration's subsequent issuance of the Presidential Permit, reduced any need for legislative action in order to authorize the border crossing for that particular project. However, Congress remains interested in overhauling the existing permitting framework, which was created exclusively by the executive branch, in favor of a framework which would be established by statute. Accordingly, on July 19, 2017, the House passed the Promoting Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Act (H.R. 2883), which would eliminate the Presidential Permit requirement for cross-border crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, and electric transmission infrastructure. Instead, developers would require "certificates of crossing" from FERC for cross-border oil, petroleum products, and gas pipelines, or from DOE for cross-border electric transmission. The statute does not appear to apply to other hazardous liquids infrastructure—notably natural gas liquids (e.g., propane) pipelines—so the State Department would retain its traditional Presidential Permit authority for these facilities. |
crs_RL31811 | crs_RL31811_0 | <s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Foreign Operations funding forFY2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Foreign Operations : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Foreign Operationsspending : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Foreign Operationsspending : instance of : budget </s><s> Foreign Operationsspending for FY2003 : followed by : FY2004 </s><s> malaria : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> tuberculosis : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> Global Fund for AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Mexico City : instance of : family planning </s><s> Mexico City : instance of : international family planning programs </s><s> Mexico City abortion-relatedrestrictions : applies to jurisdiction : BushAdministration </s><s> program in China : country : United States </s><s> program in China : operator : UNFPA </s><s> program in China : organizer : UNFPA </s><s> PeaceCorps : field of work : development assistance </s><s> PeaceCorps : instance of : foreign aid agencies </s><s> Inter-American and African Development Foundations : instance of : foreign aid agencies </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> World Bank : instance of : multilateraldevelopment bank </s><s> 1985 : point in time : 1985 </s><s> foreign affairs : studied by : foreign policy </s><s> foreign policy : studies : foreign affairs </s><s> Foreign Operations appropriations bill : inception : 1985 </s><s> attacks of September 11,2001 : point in time : September 11,2001 </s><s> attacks of September 11,2001 : has effect : global war on terrorism </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriationsprograms : point in time : 2004 </s><s> military operations in Iraq : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq military operations and reconstruction : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> Iraq military operations and reconstruction supplemental for FY2004 : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> companion bill : legislated by : House </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2004 : legislated by : House </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2004 : instance of : appropriation bill </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2004 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Panama : participant in : Gulf War </s><s> Nicaragua : participant in : Gulf War </s><s> Wye River/Middle Eastpeace accord : point in time : FY2000 </s><s> Central America : significant event : hurricanerelief </s><s> hurricanerelief : location : Central America </s><s> hurricanerelief : country : Central America </s><s> Andean : country : Colombia </s><s> Andean region : country : Colombia </s><s> war onterrorism : location : Colombia </s><s> Afghanistan : part of : war on terrorism </s><s> Iraq : part of : war on terrorism </s><s> Iraq reconstruction : part of : war on terrorism </s><s> Camp David accords : point in time : FY1979 </s><s> Central America conflicts : point in time : FY1983 </s><s> Camp David accords : part of : foreign policy </s><s> Panama : diplomatic relation : Nicaragua </s><s> Nicaragua : diplomatic relation : Panama </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY1995 to FY2004 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> embassybombings : country : Kenya </s><s> embassybombings : country : Tanzania </s><s> embassybombings in Kenya and Tanzania in FY1999 : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> Iraq War : part of : war on terrorism </s><s> Afghanistan : significant event : war on terrorism </s><s> Iraq War supplementalfor FY2003 : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Coalition : has part : Iraq </s><s> Coalition : has part : Afghanistan </s><s> Foreign Operations : instance of : discretionary budget authority </s><s> FY2004 Budget Resolution : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> budget resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2003 : followed by : FY2004 </s><s> FY2004 : follows : FY2003 </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : subclass of : budget resolution </s><s> budget resolution : part of : Congressional Budget Act </s><s> budget framework for FY2004 : point in time : April 11, 2003 </s><s> Foreign Operations : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Foreign Operations : part of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Foreign Operations request : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> Foreign Operations : instance of : budget resolution </s><s> foreignpolicy budget proposal : has part : Foreign Operations request </s><s> Foreign Operations request : part of : foreignpolicy budget proposal </s><s> House : instance of : bothhouses </s><s> Senate : instance of : bothhouses </s><s> House : part of : bothhouses </s><s> Senate : part of : bothhouses </s><s> bothhouses : has part : House </s><s> bothhouses : has part : Senate </s><s> Homeland Security : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Commerce, Justice, and State : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Homeland Security : part of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Commerce, Justice, and State : part of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> Defense : has part : House </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Jordan </s><s> Jordan : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Iraqreconstruction supplemental : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Foreign Operations : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 : has part : Foreign Operations </s><s> Global AIDSprogram : part of : Millennium Challenge Account </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : has effect : Global AIDSprogram </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : part of : Global AIDSprogram </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations Request for FY2004 : point in time : February 3, 2003 </s><s> coalition partners : conflict : war on terrorism </s><s> Iraq reconstruction : facet of : war on terrorism </s><s> Foreign Operations New Initiatives FY2004 : follows : FY2003 </s><s> Foreign Operations New Initiatives FY2004 : part of : Foreign Operations </s><s> Foreign Operations New Initiatives FY2004 : has part : Foreign Operations </s><s> terrorist attacks in September 2001 : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> terrorist attacks : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> September 2001 : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> Foreign Operations : country : Afghanistan </s><s> Foreign Operations resources : country : Afghanistan </s><s> Anti-terrorism training and technicalassistance programs : facet of : fighting terrorism </s><s> Iraq relief and reconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Iraq relief and reconstruction : followed by : Iraq reconstruction </s><s> Iraq reconstruction : follows : Iraq relief and reconstruction </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> Iraqreconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> January 2003 State of the Union address : point in time : January 2003 </s><s> State of the Union address : author : President </s><s> New Initiative : inception : January 2003 </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> Global AIDS Initiative : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> USAID : different from : HHS </s><s> HHS : different from : USAID </s><s> disaster relief : subclass of : economicaid </s><s> disaster relief : subclass of : humanitarian aid </s><s> disaster relief : subclass of : humanitarian </s><s> Executive Office of the President : country : United States </s><s> Complex Crisis Fund : instance of : contingency fund </s><s> IraqWar supplemental : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Economic Support Fund : instance of : security aid </s><s> Foreign Military Financing : instance of : security aid </s><s> Turkey : member of : Middle EastPartnership Initiative </s><s> World Bank : instance of : international financial institutions </s><s> Turkey : part of : Middle East </s><s> World Bank : instance of : multilateral development bank </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : International Development Association </s><s> International Development Association : parent organization : World Bank </s><s> African Development Fund : instance of : multilateral development bank </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Democratic Republicof the Congo </s><s> Heavily Indebted Poor Country : country : Democratic Republicof the Congo </s><s> Mexico : diplomatic relation : Democratic Republicof the Congo </s><s> Russia : part of : Eastern Europe </s><s> Ukraine : part of : Eastern Europe </s><s> Russia : part of : Former Soviet states </s><s> Eastern Europe : has part : Serbia </s><s> Eastern Europe : has part : Montenegro </s><s> Eastern Europe : has part : Macedonia </s><s> Serbia : part of : Eastern Europe </s><s> Montenegro : part of : Eastern Europe </s><s> Macedonia : part of : Eastern Europe </s><s> USAID : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> Global AIDS Initiative : operator : USAID </s><s> Global AIDS Initiative : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Global AIDS Initiative : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Foreign Operations appropriations : authority : CRS </s><s> September 11 terrorist attacks : country : Israel </s><s> September 11 terrorist attacks : country : Egypt </s><s> India : shares border with : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : shares border with : India </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> war on terrorism : participant : Pakistan </s><s> war on terrorism : location : Pakistan </s><s> war on terrorism : participant : United States </s><s> Balkans : country : Serbia andMontenegro </s><s> Balkans : country : Serbia </s><s> Balkans : country : Montenegro </s><s> Balkans : country : Kosovo </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations, FY2004 : follows : Foreign Operations Appropriation, FY2003 </s><s> ConsolidatedAppropriations, FY2004 : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriation, FY2003 : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Global Fund : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Global Fund : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> malaria : subclass of : infectious diseases </s><s> tuberculosis : instance of : infectious diseases </s><s> malaria : instance of : infectious diseases </s><s> bilateraldevelopment aid : facet of : trade </s><s> bilateraldevelopment aid funds : instance of : trade capacity building </s><s> bilateraldevelopment aid funds : use : trade capacity building </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Foreign Operationsaccounts </s><s> Foreign Operationsaccounts : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID : instance of : Foreign Operationsaccounts </s><s> USAID : part of : Foreign Operationsaccounts </s><s> Foreign Operationsaccounts : has part : USAID </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : Jordan </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : Jordan </s><s> Jordan : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> Jordan : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> International DevelopmentAssociation : instance of : multilateraldevelopment bank </s><s> Global Environment Fund : instance of : multilateraldevelopment bank </s><s> African Development Bank : instance of : multilateraldevelopment bank </s><s> African Development Banks : instance of : multilateraldevelopment bank </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : field of work : AIDS </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : part of : USAID </s><s> August 2002 ambush : point in time : August 2002 </s><s> ambush : point in time : August 2002 </s><s> an August 2002 ambush : point in time : August 2002 </s><s> International Development Association : part of : World Bank </s><s> HIV/AIDS : has effect : AIDS </s><s> House : has part : Committee markup </s><s> Congressman Jackson : member of : House </s><s> Congressman Jackson : employer : House </s><s> Foreign Operations spending : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> HIV/AIDS : instance of : infectious diseases </s><s> UNICEF : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : has part : $1 billion </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : has part : 925 </s><s> S. 925 : followed by : H.R. 2800 </s><s> Israel : member of : UNESCO </s><s> Egypt : member of : UNESCO </s><s> Jordan : member of : UNESCO </s><s> Israel : member of : U.N. </s><s> Egypt : member of : U.N. </s><s> Jordan : member of : U.N. </s><s> Mexico City : subclass of : abortion </s><s> Russia : part of : East Europe </s><s> Armenia : part of : East Europe </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : International DevelopmentAssociation </s><s> International DevelopmentAssociation : parent organization : World Bank </s><s> Democratic Republic of Congo : continent : Africa </s><s> Famine Fund : different from : crisis fund </s><s> crisis fund : different from : Famine Fund </s><s> Famine Fund : different from : emergency complex crises fund </s><s> emergency complex crises fund : different from : Famine Fund </s><s> Consolidated AppropriationsAct, 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> H.R. 2673 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Foreign Operations : instance of : budget </s><s> Foreign Operations : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> Turkey : diplomatic relation : Jordan </s><s> Global Fund for AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis : field of work : tuberculosis </s><s> Mexico City : instance of : abortion </s><s> Mexico City : facet of : abortion </s><s> program : country : China </s><s> ChildSurvival/Health and Development Assistance : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : ChildSurvival/Health and Development Assistance </s><s> famine : subclass of : disaster </s><s> Iraq/Afghanistan reconstruction supplemental : country : Afghanistan </s><s> USAID : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq reconstruction and relief : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq relief andreconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> USAID : instance of : foreign assistance management agencies </s><s> State Department : instance of : foreign assistance management agencies </s><s> Bosnia : diplomatic relation : Kosovo </s><s> Kosovo : diplomatic relation : Bosnia </s><s> Bosnia and Kosovo : instance of : international organization </s><s> defense : has part : homeland security </s><s> homeland security : part of : defense </s><s> defense : parent organization : White House </s><s> Congressional Action on Iraq Reconstruction : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Paul Bremer : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> CoalitionProvisional Authority : chairperson : Paul Bremer </s><s> Iraq Reconstruction, International Aid, and Related Activities : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Iraq Reconstruction, International Aid, and Related Activities (in millions of dollars) : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Iraq Reconstruction, International Aid, and Related Activities : author : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Iraq : part of : global war on terrorism </s><s> global war on terrorism : location : Iraq </s><s> Central Europe : has part : Poland </s><s> Central Europe : has part : Hungary </s><s> Central Europe : has part : Czech Republic </s><s> Central Europe : has part : Estonia </s><s> Poland : part of : Central Europe </s><s> Hungary : part of : Central Europe </s><s> Czech Republic : part of : Central Europe </s><s> Estonia : part of : Central Europe </s><s> pre-conflicthuman : subclass of : orderto preposition </s><s> orderto preposition : subclass of : pre-conflicthuman </s><s> pre-conflicthuman : instance of : orderto preposition </s><s> Persian Gulf : basin country : Iraq </s><s> war in Iraq : participant : Israel </s><s> war in Iraq : participant : Jordan </s><s> 1990s : point in time : 1990 </s><s> FY2003 assistance : country : Israel </s><s> economic loans : subclass of : direct loans </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> military grants and law enforcement assistance : country : Pakistan </s><s> Congressional Action on International Assistance : inception : FY2004 </s><s> Israel : instance of : countries </s><s> Egypt : instance of : countries </s><s> Jordan : instance of : countries </s><s> Pakistan : instance of : countries </s><s> Philippines : instance of : countries </s><s> Operation Iraqi Freedom : location : Iraq </s><s> Operation Iraqi Freedom : participant : United States </s><s> United States : significant event : Operation Iraqi Freedom </s><s> $10 billion loan guaranty package for Israel : point in time : 1992 </s><s> 1992 $10 billion loan guaranty package for Israel : point in time : 1992 </s><s> $10 billion loan guaranty package for Israel : inception : 1992 </s><s> Israeli settlement : country : West Bank </s><s> Israeli settlement activity : country : West Bank </s><s> continued Israeli settlement activity : location : West Bank </s><s> Afghanistan : instance of : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Philippines : instance of : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Afghanistan : member of : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Philippines : member of : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Ukraine : part of : Central Europe </s><s> Latvia : part of : Central Europe </s><s> 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</s><s> Anti-Terrorism Assistance : operator : State Department </s><s> FY2001 post-September 11 : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> Terrorist Emergency Response Fund : facet of : September 11 </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Afghanistan : instance of : states </s><s> Pakistan : instance of : states </s><s> Indonesia : instance of : states </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Karzai : position held : Afghan President </s><s> 1998 bombings of Americanembassies : point in time : 1998 </s><s> 1998 bombings of Americanembassies in East Africa : point in time : 1998 </s><s> border security : facet of : border security </s><s> border security systems : facet of : border security </s><s> NADR : part of : Foreign Operations </s><s> September 11 attacks : country : United States </s><s> United States : significant event : September 11 attacks </s><s> 2004 Olympicgames : point in time : 2004 </s><s> 2004 Olympic games : point in time : 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</s><s> Federal Register : operator : Congress </s><s> S. 925, the Foreign Affairs Act, Fiscal Year 2004 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Senate : has part : Senate Foreign Relations Committee </s><s> S. 925 : part of : Foreign Affairs Act, Fiscal Year 2004 </s><s> Foreign Affairs Act, Fiscal Year 2004 : has part : S. 925 </s><s> USAID : field of work : development assistance </s><s> USAID : field of work : global health </s><s> Development Assistance, Global Health Priorities, and HIV/AIDS : part of : USAID </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Congress : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> USAID : authority : Congress </s><s> terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> National Security Strategy : publication date : September2002 </s><s> National Security Strategy : inception : September2002 </s><s> National Security Strategy : author : President </s><s> Economic Growth and 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</s><s> Development Assistance : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID Core Development Assistance Funding : part of : USAID </s><s> Economic Support Fund : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Economic Support Fund : operator : USAID </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Labor/HHS/Education appropriation bill </s><s> Labor/HHS/Education appropriation bill : subsidiary : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </s><s> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : parent organization : Labor/HHS/Education </s><s> Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria : facet of : HIV/AIDS </s><s> UnitedStates Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> UnitedStates Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 : legislated by : 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tuberculosis </s><s> International Family Planning and UNFPA Funding : facet of : Family Planning/Reproductive Health </s><s> International Family Planning and UNFPA Funding : facet of : Family Planning </s><s> International Family Planning and UNFPA Funding : facet of : family planning </s><s> China : member of : U.N.Population Fund </s><s> China : member of : U.N. </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> Kemp-Kastenamendment : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Kemp-Kastenamendment : inception : 1985 </s><s> Kemp-Kastenamendment : publication date : 1985 </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> Arthur Dewey : position held : Assistant Secretary of State for Population,Refugees, and Migration </s><s> Arthur Dewey : employer : WhiteHouse </s><s> Assistant Secretary of State for Population,Refugees, and Migration : officeholder : Arthur Dewey </s><s> UN Population Fund : subsidiary : Population Research Institute </s><s> Coercive Population Control in China: New Evidence of Forced Abortion andForced Sterilization : point in time : October 17, 2001 </s><s> Coercive Population Control in China: New Evidence of Forced Abortion andForced Sterilization, October 17, 2001 : instance of : House International Relations Committee hearing </s><s> William Brown : position held : Ambassador </s><s> Bonnie Glick : employer : State Department </s><s> Theodore Tong : employer : University of Arizona </s><s> Theodore Tong : educated at : University of Arizona </s><s> Theodore Tong : field of work : public health </s><s> Powell : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Powell : position held : United States Secretary of State </s><s> Secretary of State : appointed by : President </s><s> President : appointed by : Secretary of State </s><s> coercive abortion : subclass of : abortions </s><s> UNFPA : country : China </s><s> UNFPA : field of work : family planning 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relation : Iraq </s><s> Central bank : country : Iraq </s><s> oil revenue : country : Iraq </s><s> national budget for Iraq : point in time : 2004 </s><s> national budget for Iraq : country : Iraq </s><s> 2004 fiscal year : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Iraq : member of : United Nations </s><s> Bank/UNDPassessess : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> Iraqi Oil Revenues and Financing Reconstruction : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq : inception : 2003 </s><s> Iraqi Oil Revenues and Financing Reconstruction : point in time : 2003 </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Emergency Wartime Supplemental : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> loan : different from : grant </s><s> grant : different from : loan </s><s> Emergency Wartime Supplemental : followed by : FY2004 supplemental </s><s> FY2004 supplemental : follows : Emergency Wartime Supplemental </s><s> Iraq : capital : Baghdad </s><s> Baghdad : country : Iraq </s><s> Security Council Resolution 1483 : point in time : 1483 </s><s> Security Council Resolution 1483 : publication date : 1483 </s><s> June 2003 summit : part of : G7 </s><s> Coalition Provisional Authority : instance of : temporary government of Iraq </s><s> Coalition Provisional Authority : country : Iraq </s><s> Coalition Provisional Authority : instance of : government of Iraq </s><s> Iraq's debt : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq's debt : has part : $10 billion </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : Kuwait </s><s> Kuwait : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> Trust Fund : part of : WorldBank </s><s> WorldBank : has part : Trust Fund </s><s> Trust Fund : parent organization : WorldBank </s><s> WorldBank : subsidiary : Trust Fund </s><s> closed bidding : subclass of : bidding </s><s> closed bidding and : subclass of : bidding requirements </s><s> Iraq reconstruction aid : authority : World Bank </s><s> USAID : instance of : contracting agencies </s><s> role in the war : participant : British </s><s> members of Congress : subclass of : legislators </s><s> Buy America : subclass of : Foreign entities </s><s> Buy America : subclass of : Sub-contractor </s><s> Buy America : facet of : Foreign entities </s><s> infrastructure : facet of : nation-building </s><s> infrastructure : part of : nation-building </s><s> infrastructure : subclass of : nation-building </s><s> Alan Larson : position held : Undersecretaryof State </s><s> Alan Larson : position held : Undersecretary of State </s><s> Alan Larson : position held : undersecretaryof State </s><s> USAID : part of : State Department </s><s> State Department : instance of : assistance management agencies </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> White House : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> Coalition Provisional Authority : chairperson : PaulBremer </s><s> PaulBremer : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> PaulBremer : position held : Coalition Provisional Authority </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : NationalSecurity Advisor </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : employer : White House </s><s> Iraq : instance of : foreign policy </s><s> Rice : position held : National Security CouncilAdvisor </s><s> National Security Council : chairperson : Rice </s><s> Rice : employer : National Security Council </s><s> Iraq in FY2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> in 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Iraq reconstructionfunding : country : Iraq </s><s> Iraq reconstructionfunding : location : Iraq </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> FY2004 supplemental measure : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Foreign Operations Appropriations : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act 2004 </s><s> Iraq Stabilization Group : founded by : White House </s><s> Iraq Stabilization Group : creator : White House </s><s> Iraq Stabilization Group : parent organization : White House </s><s> Rice : position held : National Security Advisor </s><s> Rice : position held : national Security Advisor </s><s> Rice : position held : Security Advisor </s><s> Congressional action : has part : House </s><s> Congressional action : has part : Senate </s><s> Congressional : has part : House </s><s> Congressional : has part : Senate </s><s> House : part of : Congressional </s><s> Senate : part of : Congressional </s><s> House : part of : Congressional action </s><s> Senate : part of : Congressional action </s><s> Iraq Conflict, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations & ReconstructionAssistance : country : Iraq </s><s> Foreign Assistance Authorization Act, FY2005 : point in time : FY2005 </s><s> Iraq Conflict, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations & ReconstructionAssistance : point in time : FY2004 </s><s> Global War on Terrorism, and Homeland Security : author : AmyBelasco </s><s> Global War on Terrorism : author : AmyBelasco </s><s> Tiaji Salaam : employer : Asian Development Bank </s><s> International Disasters : author : James Jackson </s><s> HIV/AIDS International Programs: Appropriations, FY2002-FY2005 : author : Raymond Copson </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : member of : International Monetary Fund </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : part of : International Monetary Fund </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : World Bank </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : International Monetary Fund </s><s> The Peace Corps : subsidiary : USA Freedom Corps Initiative </s><s> USA Freedom Corps Initiative : parent organization : The Peace Corps </s><s> The Peace Corps : subsidiary : USA Freedom Corps </s><s> USA Freedom Corps : parent organization : The Peace Corps </s><s> The Peace Corps : has part : USA Freedom Corps Initiative </s><s> USA Freedom Corps Initiative : part of : The Peace Corps </s><s> Tiaji Salaam : employer : USAID </s><s> USAID : chairperson : Tiaji Salaam </s><s> Tiaji Salaam : employer : USAID's </s><s> FY2003 Supplemental and FY2004 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors : author : ConnieVeillette </s><s> Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors : instance of : ARI </s><s> FY2003 Supplemental and FY2004 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors : publisher : (ARI) </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : Jordan </s><s> Jordan : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> New Partnership for Africa's Development : founded by : Nicholas Cook </s><s> New Partnership for Africa's Development : author : Nicholas Cook </s><s> New Partnership for Africa's Development : chairperson : Nicholas Cook </s><s> U.S. Assistance to North Korea : author : Mark Manyin </s><s> U.S. Assistance to North Korea : author : Ryun Jun </s><s> World Bank Activities in the Middle East and North Africa : facet of : African Development Development </s><s> Asian Development Bank : part of : Inter-American Development Bank </s><s> Inter-American Development Bank : has part : Asian Development Bank </s><s> Asian Development Bank : different from : Inter-American Development Bank </s><s> Inter-American Development Bank : different from : Asian Development Bank </s><s> International Monetary Fund : subsidiary : International Fund for Agricultural Development </s><s> International Fund for Agricultural Development : part of : International Monetary Fund </s><s> International Monetary Fund : has part : International Fund for Agricultural Development </s><s> United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS : part of : United Nations Development Program </s><s> United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS : parent organization : United Nations Development Program </s><s> United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS : parent organization : UNDP </s><s> U.S. Agency for International Development : owner of : Home Page </s><s> Home Page : owned by : U.S. Agency for International Development </s><s> U.S. Department of State : owner of : Home Page </s><s> Home Page : owned by : U.S. Department of State </s><s> U.S. Department of State : subsidiary : Office of International Affairs </s><s> Office of International Affairs : parent organization : U.S. Department of State </s><s> U.S. Department of the Treasury : subsidiary : Office of International Affairs </s><s> Office of International Affairs : parent organization : U.S. Department of the Treasury </s><s> International Affairs Budget Request, FY2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2003 : instance of : Act </s><s> Foreign Operations : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2003 </s><s> consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Iraq WarSupplemental : part of : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 : has part : Iraq WarSupplemental </s><s> 2004 Foreign Operations : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Iraq : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Afghanistan : point in time : 2004 </s><s> UNICEF : instance of : International Organizationsand Programs </s><s> Global AIDS Initiative : parent organization : UNICEF </s><s> Ireland Fund : part of : Economic Support Fund </s><s> Economic Support Fund : has part : Ireland Fund </s><s> Food aid : subclass of : humanitarian aid </s><s> Food aid : instance of : humanitarian aid </s><s> Export-ImportBank : instance of : trade promotion program </s><s> food aid : subclass of : foreign aid </s><s> food aid : instance of : foreign aid </s><s> Eximbank : instance of : foreign aid </s><s> FY1985 : followed by : FY1992 </s><s> FY1992 : point in time : FY1992 </s><s> FY1992 : follows : FY1985 </s><s> FY2003 Request for Supplemental Appropriations : point in time : March 25, 2003 </s><s> FY2003 Request for Supplemental Appropriations : legislated by : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Request for Supplemental Appropriations : legislated by : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> United Nations : subsidiary : World Bank </s><s> World Bank : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> Rums : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> The Struggle for Iraq : published in : New York Times </s><s> The Occupation of Enemy Territory...A Commentary on the Law and Practice of BelligerentOccupied Iraq : author : Pieter H. Bekker </s><s> Occupation of Enemy Territory...A Commentary on the Law and Practice of BelligerentOccupied Iraq : author : Pieter H. Bekker </s><s> The Occupation of Enemy Territory...A Commentary on the Law and Practice of BelligerentOccupied Iraq : publication date : July 2002 </s> | The annual Foreign Operations appropriations bill is the primary legislative vehicle through which Congress reviews the U.S. foreign aid budget and influences executive branch foreign policymaking generally. It contains the largest share -- about two-thirds -- of total U.S. internationalaffairs spending.
President Bush asked Congress to appropriate $18.89 billion for FY2004 Foreign Operations. The budget proposal was $2.7 billion, or 16.7% higher than regular (non-supplemental) ForeignOperations appropriations for FY2003. If enacted, the President's recommendation would haveresulted in one of the largest increases of regular Foreign Operations funding in at least two decades. Congress subsequently approved in mid-April an additional $7.5 billion FY2003 supplementalforeign aid spending in P.L. 108-11 , for Iraq reconstruction, assistance to coalition partners, andother activities supporting the global war on terrorism. Including the supplemental, ForeignOperations appropriations totaled $23.67 billion in FY2003.
The FY2004 budget blueprint continued to make funding in support of the war on terrorism as the highest priority, with about $4.7 billion recommended. The submission also sought funding forfour new aid initiatives which together accounted for most of the $2.7 billion increase over regular FY2003 levels. Combined, the Millennium Challenge Account, a new foreign aid concept, the StateDepartment's Global AIDS Initiative, and two new contingency funds, totaled $2.05 billion. OtherForeign Operations programs were left with a more modest 4% increase.
In total, the request included $1.2 billion for HIV/AIDS, about $350 million more than enacted for FY2003, and $7.1 billion for military and security-related economic aid, up nearly $650 millionor 10% from regular FY2003 appropriations. "Core" bilateral development assistance funding,however, would have fallen by 8%, although recipients of these accounts would be expected tobenefit significantly from the new Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and Global AIDSInitiative.
On July 23, the House passed H.R. 2800 , appropriating $17.12 billion. The Senate passed the legislation on October 30, providing $18.4 billion. Foreign Operations was merged into H.R. 2673 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, a bill that passed the House onDecember 8 and the Senate on January 22, 2004. The enacted measure provides $17.48 billion, atotal that includes a 0.59% across-the-board rescission. This is about $1.4 billion, or 7.4% less thanthe President requested. The enacted measure increases resources for international HIV/AIDS byabout $400 million and cuts the request for the MCA by $300 million.
The FY2004 Foreign Operations debate has included discussion of several significant policy issues, including foreign aid as a tool in the global war on terrorism, the Millennium ChallengeAccount, programs to combat HIV/AIDS, international family planning programs, and Afghanreconstruction.
Key Policy Staff |
crs_RL31621 | crs_RL31621_0 | <s> Everglades : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Great Lakes : country : United States </s><s> Florida Everglades : country : United States </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : country : United States </s><s> Everglades : country : United States </s><s> San Francisco Bay : tributary : Sacramento </s><s> Sacramento : mouth of the watercourse : San Francisco Bay </s><s> San Francisco Bay : tributary : San Joaquin River </s><s> San Joaquin River : mouth of the watercourse : San Francisco Bay </s><s> San Francisco Bay : part of : California Bay-Delta </s><s> Sacramento : tributary : San Joaquin River </s><s> San Joaquin River : mouth of the watercourse : Sacramento </s><s> restoration : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> Ecosystem restoration : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> ecosystem : has effect : ecosystem restoration </s><s> degraded : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> ecosystem : studied by : ecosystem management </s><s> ecosystem management : studies : ecosystem </s><s> destroyed : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> management : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> Management : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> pre-restoration regime : subclass of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Everglades : instance of : ecosystem </s><s> Everglades : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Government Role : facet of : governance </s><s> Central Valley : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : law </s><s> Fish and Wildlife Service : instance of : federal agency </s><s> habitat : part of : ecosystem </s><s> habitat recovery : facet of : ecosystem </s><s> Comprehensive Everglades : located in the administrative territorial entity : South Florida </s><s> Comprehensive Everglades : located on terrain feature : South Florida </s><s> Comprehensive Everglades : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 2000 (WRDA 2000) : point in time : 2000 </s><s> restoration of the Everglades : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Everglades : located on terrain feature : South Florida </s><s> Everglades : instance of : wetlands </s><s> Everglades : instance of : wetland </s><s> swamp : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> marsh : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> Flood Control Project Act of 1948 : point in time : 1948 </s><s> Flood Control Project Act of 1948 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> flood control : facet of : flooding </s><s> dikes : subclass of : dams </s><s> Everglades Agricultural Area : located on terrain feature : South Florida </s><s> Everglades Agricultural Area : location : South Florida </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> Endangered Species Act : main subject : threatened species </s><s> threatened species : has part : endangered </s><s> WRDA 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> estuaries : subclass of : bay </s><s> estuaries : subclass of : wetlands </s><s> Everglades National Park : located in the administrative territorial entity : State of Florida </s><s> Kissimmee River : located in the administrative territorial entity : State of Florida </s><s> swamp : subclass of : wetland </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 1996 : publication date : 1996 </s><s> Water Resources Development Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Restudy : inception : 1996 </s><s> Restudy : publication date : 1996 </s><s> WRDA 2000 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan : inception : 2000 </s><s> native flora and fauna : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> native flora : subclass of : fauna </s><s> native flora and fauna : part of : environment </s><s> federal agencies : part of : federal government </s><s> federal agencies : parent organization : federal government </s><s> federal agencies : part of : federal </s><s> National Park : operator : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : National Park </s><s> National Park : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Fish and Wildlife Service : instance of : agencies </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989 : instance of : legislation </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 1992 : instance of : legislation </s><s> Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989 : point in time : 1989 </s><s> federal : instance of : agencies </s><s> state : part of : federal </s><s> state : instance of : agencies </s><s> local : instance of : agencies </s><s> tribal : instance of : agencies </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Agriculture : parent organization : DOI </s><s> Department of Commerce : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> South Florida Water Management District : instance of : water management district </s><s> South Florida Water Management District : instance of : water management districts </s><s> South Florida : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> water districts : different from : states </s><s> water districts : subclass of : states </s><s> water district : field of work : supply </s><s> Florida : office held by head of government : Governor of Florida </s><s> Governor of Florida : applies to jurisdiction : Florida </s><s> water quality standards : facet of : water supplies </s><s> treaties : subclass of : treaties </s><s> Seminole : instance of : Indian tribes </s><s> Miccosukee : instance of : Indian tribes </s><s> Miccosukee : part of : Seminole </s><s> Miccosukee : subclass of : Seminole </s><s> Miccosukee tribe : part of : Seminole tribe </s><s> Non-governmental organization : subclass of : NGOs </s><s> Non-governmental organization : subclass of : NGO </s><s> Non-governmental organization : subclass of : Non-Governmental Organizations </s><s> Chesapeake Bay Foundation : field of work : Chesapeake Bay </s><s> Chesapeake Bay Foundation : main subject : Chesapeake Bay </s><s> ecological indicators : facet of : ecological </s><s> Everglades Coalition : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Sustainable Development Goals : creator : United Nations </s><s> Agriculture : part of : Economy </s><s> Economy : has part : Agriculture </s><s> pesticides : different from : fertilizers </s><s> pesticides : subclass of : fertilizer </s><s> fertilizers : different from : pesticides </s><s> farmers : field of this occupation : agricultural </s><s> agricultural : practiced by : farmers </s><s> ranchers : field of this occupation : agricultural </s><s> agricultural : practiced by : ranchers </s><s> pesticides : use : agriculture </s><s> pesticides : part of : agriculture </s><s> pesticide : use : agriculture </s><s> South Florida ecosystem : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> restoration effort : location : South Florida </s><s> restoration effort : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> water management : facet of : water supply </s><s> CERP : facet of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> CERP : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> ecosystem : studied by : ecosystem restoration </s><s> ecosystem restoration : studies : ecosystem </s><s> ecosystem : has part : ecosystem services </s><s> ecosystem services : part of : ecosystem </s><s> South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force : inception : 1993 </s><s> South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force (SFERTF) : inception : 1993 </s><s> South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force : founded by : Secretary of the Secretary of the </s><s> South Florida Water Management District : located in the administrative territorial entity : State of Florida </s><s> WRDA 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Governor's Commission : inception : 1994 </s><s> The Governor's Commission : inception : 1994 </s><s> Governor's Commission : applies to jurisdiction : State of Florida </s><s> economy : location : Florida </s><s> economy : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> litigation : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Florida : instance of : state </s><s> specific dispute resolution : subclass of : dispute resolution </s><s> dispute resolution agreement : instance of : dispute resolution </s><s> Committee : uses : consensus </s><s> Committee : subclass of : delegation </s><s> consensus : facet of : consensus </s><s> implementation of restoration projects : facet of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> implementation of restoration projects : subclass of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Project Implementation : facet of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> CERP : instance of : Programmatic regulations </s><s> construction plans : subclass of : timetables for implementation </s><s> SFWMD : facet of : restoration </s><s> SFWMD : facet of : restoration effort in South Florida </s><s> SFWMD : parent organization : Corps </s><s> project management plan : followed by : project implementation report </s><s> project implementation report : follows : project management plan </s><s> project management plan : followed by : project cooperation agreement </s><s> project cooperation agreement : follows : project management plan </s><s> WRDA 2000 : publication date : 2000 </s><s> project construction : studied by : engineering </s><s> Project Cooperation Agreement : instance of : Guideline Memoranda </s><s> Project Cooperation Agreement : subclass of : Guideline Memoranda </s><s> Project Cooperation Agreement : facet of : Project </s><s> Guideline memoranda : part of : Corps </s><s> Guideline Memoranda : part of : Corps </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> Bureau of Land Management : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> FY2003 Interior and Related Agencies Appropriation Act : point in time : July 16, 2002 </s><s> FY2003 Interior and Related Agencies Appropriation Act : publication date : July 16, 2002 </s><s> Interior and Related Agencies Appropriation Act : point in time : FY2003 </s><s> wetlands : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> wetland : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> wetlands : instance of : ecosystem </s><s> construction design : part of : management plan </s><s> construction designs : part of : management plan </s><s> management plan : has part : construction design </s><s> CERP : has part : Modified Water Deliveries Project </s><s> Modified Water Deliveries Project : part of : CERP </s><s> ecosystem restoration : facet of : Ecological system </s><s> restoration projects : subclass of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> uncertainty of future water supplies : facet of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> scientific uncertainty : subclass of : uncertainty </s><s> scientific uncertainty : subclass of : expected uncertainty </s><s> scientific uncertainty : instance of : uncertainty </s><s> pilot projects : subclass of : research </s><s> pilot projects : subclass of : scientific studies </s><s> pilot project : subclass of : scientific studies </s><s> ecosystem restoration : subclass of : restoration </s><s> policies : part of : management </s><s> policies : part of : policy makers </s><s> scientific : has part : technical </s><s> technical : part of : scientific </s><s> Committee on the Restoration of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem : field of work : Adaptive management </s><s> project implementation report : facet of : project </s><s> project implementation : facet of : project </s><s> CERP : maintained by : RECOVER </s><s> Seminole : subclass of : Indian </s><s> Miccusukee : instance of : Indian tribes </s><s> Governor : applies to jurisdiction : State of Florida </s><s> State of Florida : office held by head of government : Governor </s><s> Florida : office held by head of government : Governor </s><s> Aquifer Storage and Recovery Plan : inception : 2000 </s><s> Aquifer Storage and Recovery Plan : publication date : 2000 </s><s> scientific uncertainty : subclass of : criticism </s><s> high level of scientific uncertainty : facet of : CERP </s><s> high level of scientific uncertainty : instance of : criticism </s><s> technical uncertainty : subclass of : uncertainty </s><s> technical uncertainties : subclass of : uncertainty </s><s> California Bay-Delta : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Klamath Basin : part of : California Bay-Delta </s><s> irrigation : uses : aquifer </s><s> irrigation : subclass of : aquifer </s><s> Water assurances : subclass of : assurances </s><s> canal : subclass of : canal </s><s> canal : part of : canal </s><s> hydrological : part of : ecosystem </s><s> WRDA 2000 : inception : 2000 </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> Jeb Bush : position held : Florida Governor </s><s> Florida Governor : applies to jurisdiction : Florida </s><s> Corps : subsidiary : SFWMD </s><s> pre-CERP baseline : instance of : Pre-CERP baseline </s><s> pre-CERP baseline : facet of : Pre-CERP baseline </s><s> pre-CERP baseline : part of : Pre-CERP baseline </s><s> Florida Water Management District : located on terrain feature : South Florida </s><s> Florida Water Management Districts : located on terrain feature : South Florida </s><s> population : facet of : factors relating to water distribution </s><s> restoration : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> restoration projects : facet of : restoration </s><s> Adaptive management : facet of : water allocation </s><s> adaptive management : subclass of : allocate water supplies </s><s> Adaptive management : facet of : allocate water supplies </s><s> models : uses : data </s><s> federal government : applies to jurisdiction : Florida </s><s> Florida : authority : federal government </s><s> federal appropriations : has part : state funding </s><s> state funding : part of : federal appropriations </s><s> Federal appropriations : has part : state funding </s><s> state funding : part of : Federal appropriations </s><s> federal appropriations : different from : state funding </s><s> state funding : different from : federal appropriations </s><s> South Florida : located in the administrative territorial entity : State of Florida </s><s> South Florida ecosystem : located in the administrative territorial entity : State of Florida </s><s> Everglades National Park and Protection Act of 1989 : point in time : 1989 </s><s> Everglades National Park and Protection Act : point in time : 1989 </s><s> Energy and Water Development : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Energy and Water Development </s><s> Energy and Water Development Appropriations : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> infrastructure : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> water purification plant : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> infrastructure : facet of : infrastructure </s><s> Ecosystem restoration in South Florida : instance of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> Ecosystem restoration in South Florida : instance of : Ecosystem restoration </s><s> consensus : opposite of : unilateral decisions </s><s> consensus : opposite of : unilateral decision </s><s> consensus among stakeholders : opposite of : unilateral decisions </s><s> targets : subclass of : objectives </s><s> goals : subclass of : objectives </s><s> Interim goal : subclass of : goals </s><s> Everglades National Park : inception : 1947 </s><s> River Basin Monetary Authorization and Miscellaneous Civil Works Amendments Act of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Everglades National Park : founded by : Truman </s><s> Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989 : main subject : Everglades National Park </s><s> Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Kissimmee River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> Water Resources Development Act of 2000 : publication date : 2000 </s> | Several complex water resource systems are receiving increasing intergovernmental and private sector efforts to balance human and broader ecosystem values. Examples include the Florida Everglades, San Francisco Bay-Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, and the Chesapeake Bay, among others. The Florida Everglades is especially prominent because of its inclusion of Everglades National Park and because human impacts in and around the Park have caused a substantial erosion of the balance and diversity of the original ecosystem. Government and private sector efforts to mitigate the effects of large-scale human change in the broader Everglades ecosystem are complex and sometimes contradictory undertakings. Complexities and conflicts arise because of definitions and goals; because of uncertainty about achieving desirable goals; because of costs; and because of likely tradeoffs with established economic and business activities. The restoration initiative in the South Florida ecosystem (which includes the Everglades) is a recent intergovernmental effort that attempts to address the ecological and socio-economic factors involved with ecosystem restoration. An examination of what has been effective and what has been less effective in ecosystem restoration efforts in the Florida Everglades may give insights on how to proceed in the implementation of other restoration projects.
After being reduced to half its original size by flood control projects, agriculture, and urban development, the Florida Everglades is now targeted for a large restoration effort by an unusual partnership among federal, state, tribal and local stakeholders. A major step in this restoration effort was the authorization of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) in the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 2000 (P.L. 106-541). The objective of CERP is to restore the quantity, quality, distribution and timing of water supplies to natural areas without disrupting existing sources of water for agricultural and human needs.
There are several policy components within CERP that may be applicable to other ecosystem restoration efforts. They include multi-agency committees for coordination, programmatic regulations for project implementation, adaptive assessment and monitoring, assurances for water allocation, and funding. This report provides a description of each policy component as well as an analysis of its potential benefits and disadvantages in the restoration process. A proposed version of programmatic regulations is cited throughout this report. Programmatic regulations are expected to provide guidelines for project implementation, monitoring, adaptive management, and water allocation for restoration activities provided by CERP. A proposed version of the programmatic regulations was published in the Federal Register in August 2002; the final version is expected in December 2002. This report will be updated as warranted. |
crs_R44609 | crs_R44609_0 | <s> 21st Conference of Parties : facet of : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> Paris Agreement : part of : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> Paris : country : France </s><s> France : capital : Paris </s><s> 21st Conference of Parties : location : Paris </s><s> Paris Agreement : inception : November 4, 2016 </s><s> Paris Agreement : inception : 1994 </s><s> Paris Agreement : start time : November 4, 2016 </s><s> President : officeholder : Donald Trump </s><s> Donald Trump : position held : President </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President </s><s> United States : head of government : Donald Trump </s><s> United States : member of : UN </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Members of Congress : country : United States </s><s> Durban : country : South Africa </s><s> Framework : subclass of : treaty </s><s> UNFCCC : instance of : treaty </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : author : UNFCCC </s><s> Paris : facet of : climate change </s><s> emissions from land use change : facet of : climate change </s><s> land use change : subclass of : climate change </s><s> Common process for all Parties : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Common process for all Parties : facet of : UNFCCC </s><s> Common process for all Parties : creator : UNFCCC </s><s> strategy : subclass of : decisionmaking </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : facet of : decentralization </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : instance of : decentralization </s><s> Paris conference : main subject : climate change </s><s> Paris conference : country : France </s><s> Paris conference : facet of : climate change </s><s> Kyoto Protocol's : author : UNFCCC </s><s> Parties to the UNFCCC : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Parties to the UNFCCC : facet of : UNFCCC </s><s> UNFCCC : has part : Parties to the UNFCCC </s><s> global average temperature : facet of : temperature change </s><s> global average temperature : instance of : temperature change </s><s> global average temperature : subclass of : temperature change </s><s> adapt to climate change : subclass of : climate-resilient development </s><s> stabilizing : facet of : climate change </s><s> climate-resilient development : facet of : climate change </s><s> Nationally Determined Contributions : facet of : GHG emissions </s><s> Nationally Determined Contributions : facet of : mitigate GHG emissions </s><s> Nationally Determined Contributions : main subject : GHG emissions </s><s> developed country : opposite of : developing country </s><s> developing country : opposite of : developed country </s><s> developed country Parties : opposite of : developing country Parties </s><s> developing country Parties : opposite of : developed country Parties </s><s> Adaptation communications : facet of : climate change </s><s> Secretariat : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> UNFCCC : office held by head of the organization : Secretariat </s><s> adaptation : subclass of : mitigation </s><s> mitigation : subclass of : adaptation </s><s> mitigation : has part : adaptation </s><s> Department of State : country : United States </s><s> mandatory : subclass of : international agreement </s><s> mandatory : subclass of : legally binding </s><s> mandatory : facet of : international agreement </s><s> subsidiary agreement : subclass of : treaty </s><s> UNFCCC : facet of : international law </s><s> shall : instance of : imperative verb </s><s> shall : subclass of : imperative verb </s><s> depositary : part of : international law </s><s> facilitative : subclass of : procedural </s><s> procedural : subclass of : provisions </s><s> PA Article 4.2 : part of : PA </s><s> Department of State : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> United States : member of : CMA </s><s> adaptation planning : facet of : adaptation </s><s> implementation : facet of : adaptation </s><s> adaptation : subclass of : planning </s><s> Annex I : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> United States : member of : UNFCCC </s><s> Annex I : part of : UNFCCC's </s><s> Annex I of the UNFCCC : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Annex I of the UNFCCC : country : United States </s><s> Annex II : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> UNFCCC : has part : Annex II </s><s> Annex II of the UNFCCC : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> United States : member of : Annex I of the UNFCCC </s><s> United States : participant in : Annex I of the UNFCCC </s><s> United States : member of : UnitedFCCC </s><s> 2009 Copenhagen Accord : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Copenhagen Accord : point in time : 2009 </s><s> COP Decision : part of : COP </s><s> Green Climate Fund : country : PA </s><s> Green Climate Fund : operating area : PA </s><s> Green Climate Fund : country : the PA </s><s> Green Climate Fund : instance of : trust fund </s><s> Green Climate Fund : instance of : multilateral trust fund </s><s> Green Climate Fund : parent organization : UNFCCC </s><s> 2009 COP : location : Copenhagen </s><s> 2009 COP : country : Denmark </s><s> Copenhagen : country : Denmark </s><s> Denmark : capital : Copenhagen </s><s> 2011 COP : location : Durban </s><s> 2011 COP : country : South Africa </s><s> 2009 COP : followed by : 2011 COP </s><s> 2011 COP : follows : 2009 COP </s><s> 2009 COP : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Adaptation Fund : main subject : loss and damage </s><s> UNFCCC Secretariat : field of work : climate change </s><s> Loss and Damage : subclass of : loss and damage </s><s> COP19 : organizer : UNFCCC </s><s> COP19 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> COP19 : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> early warning systems : use : emergency preparedness </s><s> emergency preparedness : facet of : early warning systems </s><s> early warning system : use : emergency preparedness </s><s> emission reduction credits : facet of : mitigate GHG emissions </s><s> emission reduction credits : use : mitigate GHG emissions </s><s> emission reduction credits : facet of : GHG emissions </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : location : Kyoto </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : has part : Clean Development Mechanism </s><s> Clean Development Mechanism : part of : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> mitigation : facet of : GHG emissions </s><s> NDC : facet of : sustainable development </s><s> soils : subclass of : vegetation </s><s> soil : subclass of : vegetation </s><s> human-related GHGs : subclass of : anthropogenic gases </s><s> Intended Nationally Determined Contributions : author : UNFCCC Secretariat </s><s> forest degradation : has cause : deforestation </s><s> Intended Nationally Determined Contributions : author : UNFCCC </s><s> COP Decision : publication date : May 2, 2016 </s><s> COP Decision : point in time : May 2, 2016 </s><s> Entry into force of the PA : point in time : November 4, 2016 </s><s> Article 21 of the PA : point in time : November 4, 2016 </s><s> Article 21 of the PA : inception : November 4, 2016 </s><s> Durban Mandate : point in time : 2020 </s><s> Durban Mandate for the PA : point in time : 2020 </s><s> United Nations : instance of : Parties to it </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> EU : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Nicaragua : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> Syria : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> Nicaragua : member of : EU </s><s> Syria : member of : EU </s><s> EU : instance of : regional economic integration organization </s><s> EU : diplomatic relation : U.N. </s><s> U.N. : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> Ban-Ki Moon : employer : United Nations </s><s> Ban-Ki Moon : position held : U.N. Secretary General </s><s> United States : member of : United Nations </s><s> China : member of : United Nations </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : Brazil </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : India </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : Indonesia </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : Japan </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : Mexico </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : South Africa </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : South Korea </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : Ukraine </s><s> John Kerry : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> UNFCCC : inception : 1994 </s><s> Party : subclass of : treaty </s><s> Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties : instance of : international treaty </s><s> Ban-Ki Moon : employer : U.N </s><s> Article II : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article II </s><s> Minamata Convention on Mercury : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Minamata Convention on Mercury : instance of : international environmental agreement </s><s> executive branch : country : United States </s><s> executive branch : has part : Congress </s><s> State Department's Handbook : publisher : State Department </s><s> State Department : part of : executive branch </s><s> resolutions : legislated by : Members of the 114 th Congress </s><s> 114 th Congress : start time : 2015 </s><s> Senate Legislative Counsel : inception : 1975 </s><s> House : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : House </s><s> resolutions : legislated by : House </s><s> Byrd-Hagel Resolution : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Byrd-Hagel Resolution : number of votes : 97 </s><s> Byrd-Hagel Resolution : publication date : 1997 </s><s> 2030 : point in time : 2030 </s><s> 2030 : point in time : 2025 </s><s> 2025 : point in time : 2025 </s><s> United States : member of : Parties to the UNFCCC </s><s> NDC : subclass of : Nationally Determined Contributions </s><s> Nationally Determined Contributions : part of : PA </s><s> NDC : facet of : Nationally Determined Contributions </s><s> UNFCCC : instance of : international agreements </s><s> withdraw the United States from the PA : point in time : June 1, 2017 </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Constitution : main subject : Congress </s><s> Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Third) : part of : Constitution </s><s> Founders : notable work : Treaty Clause </s><s> Treaty Clause : author : Founders </s><s> ratified : subclass of : treaty </s><s> appropriations : part of : executive branch </s><s> oversight : part of : executive branch </s><s> UNFCCC : has part : PA </s><s> PA : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> congressional delegations : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> congressional delegations : part of : Congress </s><s> congressional delegations : subclass of : Members of Congress </s><s> Government Accountability Office : country : United States </s><s> adaptation to climate change : country : United States </s><s> protection of intellectual property : country : United States </s><s> intellectual property : instance of : Protection </s><s> United States : member of : PA </s><s> INDCs : subclass of : Determined Contributions </s><s> INDC : subclass of : Determined Contributions </s><s> Determined Contributions : subclass of : INDCs </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> INDC : country : United States </s><s> U.S. : member of : UNFCCC </s><s> NDC Registry : operator : UNFCCC Secretariat </s><s> Trump : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> President Trump : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> United States : head of government : President Trump </s><s> President Trump : member of political party : Party to the PA </s><s> Trump : position held : President </s><s> U.S. NDC : author : Secretariat </s><s> U.S. NDC : publisher : Secretariat </s><s> next biennial national report : publication date : 2018 </s><s> next biennial national report : point in time : 2018 </s><s> next biennial national report : publisher : UNFCCC </s><s> UNFCCC : country : United States </s><s> UNFCCC : facet of : international procedural obligations </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : other countries </s><s> other countries : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> will : different from : shall </s><s> shall : different from : will </s><s> will and may : different from : shall </s><s> shall : different from : will and may </s><s> United States : head of state : President Trump </s><s> Clean Power Plan : inception : June 1, 2017 </s><s> President : officeholder : Trump </s><s> Clean Power Plan : end time : June 1, 2017 </s><s> 2005 levels : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> United States : part of : NDC </s><s> Trump Administration : country : United States </s><s> Executive Order 13783 : author : President Trump </s><s> President Trump : significant event : Executive Order 13783 </s><s> President Trump : employer : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> CPP : point in time : 2015 </s><s> litigation challenging the rule : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Trump Administration : inception : 2017 </s><s> reconsideration of vehicle GHG standards : point in time : March 15, 2017 </s><s> reconsideration of vehicle GHG standards : publication date : March 15, 2017 </s><s> natural gas : opposite of : coal-fired electricity </s><s> coal-fired electricity : opposite of : natural gas </s><s> coal-fired electricity : part of : energy sector </s><s> Advanced Clean Car Program : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> Advanced Clean Car Program : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> enacted laws to reduce its GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> Climate Action Plan : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> Climate Action Plan : applies to jurisdiction : California's </s><s> Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative : facet of : CO 2 emissions </s><s> intermittency and storage : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> intermittency and storage challenges : facet of : renewable energy </s><s> intermittency and storage : subclass of : renewable energy </s><s> NDCs for Parties to the PA : author : UNFCCC </s><s> INDCs for Parties to the PA : author : UNFCCC </s><s> INDCs : author : UNFCCC </s><s> 2025 : followed by : 2030 </s><s> 2010 global emissions : point in time : 2010 </s><s> CO 2 emissions around 2030 : point in time : 2030 </s><s> China : member of : large emitting nations </s><s> China's NDC : point in time : 2030 </s><s> CO 2 : has effect : climate change </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : GHG </s><s> India : shares border with : EU </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : Mexico </s><s> adapt to climate change : subclass of : mitigate GHG </s><s> mitigate GHG : facet of : climate change </s><s> nonbinding : opposite of : binding </s><s> Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : publisher : CRS </s><s> CRS Report R44092, Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : publisher : CRS </s><s> provisions : part of : treaties </s><s> treaty : has effect : legally binding </s><s> treaties : has part : provisions </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : instance of : treaty </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : instance of : treaties </s><s> Kyoto : part of : UNFCCC agreement </s><s> Kyoto : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Kyoto : facet of : UNFCCC </s><s> Non-binding targets : part of : Paris Agreement </s><s> Paris Agreement : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> Paris Agreement : has part : Non-binding targets </s><s> scientific models : facet of : climate change </s><s> GHG-induced climate change : has effect : induced temperature increase </s><s> induced temperature increase : has cause : GHG-induced climate change </s><s> global average temperature : facet of : climate change </s><s> global average temperature : has cause : global warming </s><s> global warming : has effect : global average temperature </s><s> 2020 Paris Agreement : point in time : 2020 </s><s> INDCs : author : UNFCCC Secretariat </s><s> CO 2 eq : has parts of the class : GHG </s><s> CO 2 eq : subclass of : GHG </s><s> 2030 : follows : 2025 </s><s> Marrakech : country : Morocco </s><s> Bonn : country : Germany </s><s> Adaptation Fund : instance of : public registry/registries </s><s> Adaptation Fund : parent organization : UNFCCC Secretariat </s><s> Adaptation Fund : instance of : public registry/registries for NDCs and adaptation communications </s><s> mid-century : followed by : low </s><s> mid-century : followed by : low-term </s><s> NDC Registry : is a list of : NDCs </s><s> risk transfer : part of : risk management </s><s> risk transfer : facet of : risk management </s><s> Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice : part of : UNFCCC </s><s> non-market-based approaches : subclass of : GHG emissions reductions </s><s> non-market-based approaches : subclass of : GHG emissions reduction </s><s> new collective, quantified goal for climate finance by 2025 : point in time : 2020 </s><s> President Trump : significant event : withdraw the United States from the PA </s><s> withdraw the United States from the PA : participant : President Trump </s><s> Green Climate Fund : part of : Paris Accord </s><s> Paris Accord : has part : Green Climate Fund </s><s> Paris Accord : instance of : non-binding </s> | The Paris Agreement (PA) to address climate change internationally entered into force on November 4, 2016. The United States is one of 149 Parties to the treaty; President Barack Obama accepted the agreement rather than ratifying it with the advice and consent of the Senate. On June 1, 2017, President Donald J. Trump announced his intent to withdraw the United States from the agreement and that his Administration would seek to reopen negotiations on the PA or on a new "transaction." Following the provisions of the PA, U.S. withdrawal could take effect as early as November 2020.
Experts broadly agree that stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere to avoid dangerous GHG-induced climate change would require concerted efforts by all large emitting nations. The United States is the second largest emitter of GHG globally after China. Toward this purpose, the PA outlines goals and a structure for international cooperation to slow climate change and mitigate its impacts over decades to come.
The PA is subsidiary to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which the United States ratified in 1992 with the advice and consent of the Senate and which entered into force in 1994. The PA requires that nations submit pledges to abate their GHG emissions, set goals to adapt to climate change, and cooperate toward these ends, including mobilization of financial and other support. The negotiators intended the PA to be legally binding on its Parties, though not all provisions in it are mandatory. Some are recommendations or collective commitments to which it would be difficult to hold an individual Party accountable. Key aspects of the agreement include:
Temperature goal. The PA defines a collective, long-term objective to hold the GHG-induced increase in temperature to well below 2o Celsius (C) and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5o C above the pre-industrial level. A periodic "global stocktake" will assess progress toward the goals. Single GHG mitigation framework. The PA establishes a process, with a ratchet mechanism in five-year increments, for all countries to set and achieve GHG emission mitigation pledges until the long-term goal is met. For the first time under the UNFCCC, all Parties participate in a common framework with common guidance, though some Parties are allowed flexibility in line with their capacities. This largely supersedes the bifurcated mitigation obligations of developed and developing countries that held the negotiations in often-adversarial stasis for many years. Accountability framework. To promote compliance, the PA balances accountability to build and maintain trust (if not certainty) with the potential for public and international pressure ("name-and-shame"). Also, the PA establishes a compliance mechanism that will be expert-based and facilitative rather than punitive. Many Parties and observers will closely monitor the effectiveness of this strategy. Adaptation. The PA also requires "as appropriate" that Parties prepare and communicate their plans to adapt to climate change. Adaptation communications will be recorded in a public registry. Collective financial obligation. The PA reiterates the collective obligation in the UNFCCC for developed country Parties to provide financial resources—public and private—to assist developing country Parties with mitigation and adaptation efforts. It urges scaling up of financing. The Parties agreed to set, prior to their 2025 meeting, a new collective quantified goal for mobilizing financial resources of not less than $100 billion annually to assist developing country Parties.
Obama Administration officials stated that the PA is not a treaty requiring Senate advice and consent to ratification. President Obama signed an instrument of acceptance on behalf of the United States on August 29, 2016, without submitting it to Congress. In 2015, Members of the 114th Congress introduced several resolutions (e.g., S.Res. 329, S.Res. 290, H.Res. 544, S.Con.Res. 25) to express the sense that the PA should be submitted for the advice and consent of the Senate. Additionally, resolutions were introduced in the House (H.Con.Res. 97, H.Con.Res. 105,H.Res. 218) to oppose the PA or set conditions on its signature or ratification by the United States. None received further action. In the 115th Congress, a number of resolutions have also been introduced to oppose or support U.S. participation in the PA (e.g., H.Con.Res. 55, H.Res. 85, H.Res. 390, S.Con.Res. 17).
Beyond the Senate's role in giving advice and consent to a treaty, Congress continues to exercise its powers through authorizations and appropriations for related federal actions. Additionally, numerous issues may attract congressional oversight, such as:
procedures for withdrawal; foreign policy, technological, and economic implications of withdrawal; possible objectives and provisions of renegotiation of the PA or of a new "transaction" for cooperation internationally; international rules and guidance to carry out the PA; financial contributions and uses of finances mobilized; and assessment of the effectiveness of other Parties' efforts. |
crs_R44327 | crs_R44327_0 | <s> recession of 2007-2009 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> deep recession of 2007-2009 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Recession of 2007-2009 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Earned Income Tax Credit : maintained by : Congressional Research Service </s><s> Earned Income Tax Credit : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Earned Income Tax Credit : instance of : need-tested benefits </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : need-tested benefits </s><s> Additional Child Tax Credit : instance of : need-tested benefits </s><s> Government Accountability Office, Federal Low-Income Programs, Multiple Programs Target Diverse Populations and Needs : publication date : 2015 </s><s> U.S. Government Accountability Office, Federal Low-Income Programs, Multiple Programs Target Diverse Populations and Needs : publication date : 2015 </s><s> Government Accountability Office, Federal Low-Income Programs, Multiple Programs Target Diverse Populations and Needs : publisher : Government Accountability Office </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher : instance of : Section 8 </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher program : instance of : Section 8 </s><s> Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher : instance of : housing assistance </s><s> Temporary Assistance for Needy Families : instance of : block grant </s><s> block grant : has part : Temporary Assistance for Needy Families </s><s> Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) : instance of : block grant </s><s> Transfer Income Model : instance of : microsimulation model </s><s> Census : has part : household surveys </s><s> Transfer Income Model : instance of : microsimulation </s><s> Current Population Survey : publisher : U.S. Census Bureau </s><s> Current Population Survey : publisher : Census Bureau </s><s> TRIM3 : instance of : microsimulation </s><s> EITC : instance of : refundable tax credits </s><s> TRIM3 : main subject : need-tested programs </s><s> ACTC : instance of : refundable tax credits </s><s> ASEC : point in time : calendar year 2012 </s><s> ASEC : point in time : 2012 </s><s> TRIM3 : based on : ASEC </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : facet of : poverty </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : instance of : poverty measure </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : main subject : poverty </s><s> TRIM3 : instance of : benefits </s><s> child support payments : subclass of : work expenses </s><s> TRIM3 : uses : family unit </s><s> child care cost assistance : instance of : need-tested benefits </s><s> child care cost assistance : subclass of : need-tested benefits </s><s> child care cost assistance : instance of : benefit </s><s> food : subclass of : good </s><s> medical : subclass of : noncash benefits </s><s> food : subclass of : noncash benefits </s><s> housing assistance : subclass of : noncash benefits </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : entitlement program </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : need-tested program </s><s> Medicaid enrollment and the value of benefits for 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Affordable Care Act : has part : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid enrollment and the value of benefits for 2012 : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> child tax credit : instance of : benefit </s><s> child tax credit : instance of : need-tested benefit </s><s> child tax credit : instance of : benefit programs </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : need-tested benefit program </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : need-tested benefit </s><s> Federal Benefits and Services for People with Low Income: Programs and Spending, FY2008-FY2013 : instance of : CRS Report </s><s> TRIM3 : main subject : need-tested benefit programs </s><s> TRIM3 : main subject : need-tested benefit program </s><s> need-tested benefit programs : part of : TRIM3 </s><s> median income : subclass of : income </s><s> median income : instance of : income </s><s> median income : located in the administrative territorial entity : state </s><s> housing assistance : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> WIC : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> WIC : instance of : TANF </s><s> WIC : instance of : cash assistance </s><s> TANF : instance of : cash assistance </s><s> TANF cash assistance : part of : TANF </s><s> SNAP : instance of : cash assistance </s><s> Child care assistance : instance of : refundable tax credit </s><s> refundable tax credit : instance of : Child care assistance </s><s> refundable tax credit : subclass of : Child care assistance </s><s> annual appropriations process : legislated by : Congress </s><s> authorized law : legislated by : Congress </s><s> TANF : instance of : open-ended mandatory program </s><s> SNAP : instance of : open-ended mandatory programs </s><s> open-ended mandatory programs : subclass of : federal obligations </s><s> EITC : different from : CCDF </s><s> CCDF : different from : EITC </s><s> population in 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> population : point in time : 2012 </s><s> non-institutionalized population : subclass of : population </s><s> eligible populations : subclass of : population </s><s> families : part of : population </s><s> LIHEAP : instance of : housing assistance </s><s> LIHEAP : subclass of : housing assistance </s><s> pregnant woman : subclass of : childless adults </s><s> EITC : part of : federal income tax system </s><s> ACTC : part of : federal income tax system </s><s> EITC : instance of : income tax </s><s> ACTC : instance of : income tax </s><s> refunds : subclass of : tax credit </s><s> refunds : subclass of : tax credits </s><s> two refundable tax credits : point in time : 2012 </s><s> EITC : instance of : refundable tax credit </s><s> SNAP : instance of : refundable tax credit </s><s> ACTC : instance of : refundable tax credit </s><s> SNAP : instance of : nutrition programs </s><s> WIC : instance of : nutrition programs </s><s> work-limiting disability : subclass of : disability </s><s> work-limiting disability : instance of : disability </s><s> work-limiting disability : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> LIHEAP : instance of : child care subsidies </s><s> child care subsidies : has part : LIHEAP </s><s> WIC : point in time : 2012 </s><s> WIC : instance of : federal funding </s><s> TANF : different from : WIC </s><s> WIC : different from : TANF </s><s> lower incomes : opposite of : higher incomes </s><s> higher incomes : opposite of : lower incomes </s><s> benefit receipt : subclass of : benefit </s><s> benefit receipt : facet of : welfare </s><s> pre-welfare : subclass of : benefit receipt </s><s> poverty threshold : facet of : poverty </s><s> income-to-poverty ratio : facet of : poverty threshold </s><s> poverty threshold : subclass of : income </s><s> Empirical studies : part of : economic theory </s><s> Empirical studies : subclass of : economic theory </s><s> Empirical : part of : economic theory </s><s> Social Security Act of 1935 : point in time : 1935 </s><s> Aid to Dependent Children : inception : 1935 </s><s> Aid to Families with Dependent Children : inception : 1935 </s><s> TANF : inception : 1990 </s><s> child care : subclass of : subsidized </s><s> subsidized child care : instance of : tax credit </s><s> families with an individual with disabilities : subclass of : families </s><s> SPM : part of : Census Bureau </s><s> SPM definition of family : publisher : Census Bureau </s><s> SPM definition of family : part of : Census Bureau </s><s> Families without an aged member : subclass of : families </s><s> Families without an aged member : instance of : families </s><s> Families without an aged person : subclass of : families </s><s> childless : subclass of : poverty </s><s> childless adults : subclass of : poverty </s><s> childless adults : subclass of : adults </s><s> families with an aged member : different from : families without an aged member </s><s> families without an aged member : different from : families with an aged member </s><s> families with an aged member : different from : families without an aged member or individual with disabilities </s><s> families without an aged member or individual with disabilities : different from : families with an aged member </s><s> families with no workers : opposite of : families with workers </s><s> families with workers : opposite of : families with no workers </s><s> families with no workers : opposite of : families with a disabled member </s><s> families with a disabled member : opposite of : families with no workers </s><s> families with children with no workers : has part : families with a disabled member </s><s> families with a disabled member : part of : families with children with no workers </s><s> take-up : subclass of : benefit receipt </s><s> disabled : subclass of : aged </s><s> take-up : facet of : benefit receipt </s><s> ACTC : has part : WIC </s><s> WIC : part of : ACTC </s><s> families with individuals with disabilities : has part : families with children </s><s> Families with individuals with disabilities : has part : families with children </s><s> Families with individuals with disabilities : has part : families with a member with disabilities </s><s> families with individuals with disabilities : has part : families with a member with disabilities </s><s> refundable tax credit : instance of : benefit </s><s> refundable tax credit : subclass of : benefit </s><s> refundable tax credits : point in time : 2012 </s><s> families with children : subclass of : earners </s><s> families with children and earners : has part : families with children </s><s> families with children : part of : families with children and earners </s><s> job attachment : subclass of : economic disadvantage </s><s> job attachment : instance of : economic disadvantage </s><s> educational attainment : subclass of : economic disadvantage </s><s> median benefit : subclass of : dollar </s><s> median benefit : subclass of : benefit </s><s> distribution of annual benefits among families in 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> asymmetrical : subclass of : distribution </s><s> asymmetrical : facet of : distribution </s><s> skewed distribution : subclass of : distribution </s><s> median : facet of : need-tested </s><s> median : subclass of : cost </s><s> median : subclass of : amount of annual benefits received by families </s><s> Need-Tested Benefits : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Need-Tested Benefit : point in time : 2012 </s><s> income-to-poverty ratio : facet of : pre-welfare </s><s> pre-welfare income-to-poverty ratio : point in time : 2012 </s><s> pre-welfare income-to-poverty ratios : point in time : 2012 </s><s> poverty threshold : subclass of : poverty </s><s> need : different from : poverty </s><s> individual with disabilities : subclass of : families </s><s> 75 th percentile : facet of : pre-welfare income </s><s> family type : facet of : pre-welfare income </s><s> 75 th percentile : subclass of : pre-welfare income </s><s> lower income : opposite of : higher income </s><s> poverty line : subclass of : income </s><s> poverty line : facet of : poverty </s><s> pre-welfare income-to-poverty : point in time : 2012 </s><s> income-to-poverty : point in time : 2012 </s><s> income-to-poverty ratio : facet of : poverty </s><s> income-to-poverty ratios : facet of : poverty </s><s> poverty ratios : subclass of : income-to-poverty ratio </s><s> families with children with workers : instance of : family type </s><s> families with children without workers : instance of : family type </s><s> families with an individual with disabilities : instance of : family type </s><s> families with children without workers : opposite of : families with children with workers </s><s> families with children with workers : opposite of : families with children without workers </s><s> families with children without workers : different from : families with children with workers </s><s> families with children with workers : different from : families with children without workers </s><s> families containing an individual with disabilities : has part : families with children </s><s> families containing an individual with disabilities : subclass of : families with children </s><s> families containing an individual with disabilities : has part : families containing a member with disabilities </s><s> job attachment : facet of : economic well-being </s><s> educational attainment : facet of : economic well-being </s><s> families with a severely disabled child : subclass of : individuals with disabilities </s><s> Need-tested benefits : facet of : economically well-being </s><s> economically self-sufficient : subclass of : economic well-being </s><s> Medicaid : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> Medicaid : subclass of : private health insurance </s><s> Medicaid : different from : private health insurance </s><s> families with individuals with disabilities : subclass of : families </s><s> families with individuals with disabilities : has part : Family characteristics </s><s> families with individuals with disabilities : instance of : Family characteristic </s><s> poverty : subclass of : economic disadvantage </s><s> income relative to poverty : subclass of : economic disadvantage </s><s> poverty : instance of : economic disadvantage </s><s> Social Security : instance of : social insurance </s><s> Social Security : instance of : social insurance benefits </s><s> Social Security income : instance of : social insurance </s><s> Younger individuals with disabilities : opposite of : older individuals with disabilities </s><s> older individuals with disabilities : opposite of : Younger individuals with disabilities </s><s> Older individuals with disabilities : opposite of : Younger individuals with disabilities </s><s> intellectual : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> developmental disabilities : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> developmental : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> intellectual disabilities : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> mental impairments : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> mental illness : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> welfare reform law : point in time : 1996 </s><s> 1996 welfare reform law : point in time : 1996 </s><s> EITC : replaced by : ACTC </s><s> ACTC : replaces : EITC </s><s> 2012 data : point in time : 2012 </s><s> families with children : subclass of : population </s><s> associate's degree : instance of : educational attainment </s><s> associate's degree : subclass of : educational attainment </s><s> associate's degree : subclass of : college </s><s> high school diploma : instance of : educational attainment </s><s> college credential : instance of : educational attainment </s><s> college credential : different from : high school diploma </s><s> Asian-Americans : instance of : ethnic minorities </s><s> Asian-Americans : instance of : racial and ethnic minorities </s><s> Asian-American : instance of : ethnic minorities </s><s> Large families : opposite of : smaller families </s><s> smaller families : opposite of : Large families </s><s> Large families with children : opposite of : smaller families with children </s><s> subsidized child care : instance of : T </s><s> subsidized child care : has part : T </s><s> subsidized child care : part of : T </s><s> SNAP : instance of : refundable tax credits </s><s> SNAP : instance of : tax credits </s><s> SNAP : has part : subsidized housing </s><s> subsidized child care : different from : SNAP </s><s> subsidized housing : instance of : housing assistance </s><s> LIHEAP : instance of : refundable tax credits </s><s> LIHEAP : country : United States </s><s> SNAP : country : United States </s><s> Medicaid : different from : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : different from : Medicaid </s><s> child care : subclass of : families with children </s><s> childless adults : opposite of : families with children </s><s> families with children : opposite of : childless adults </s><s> non-physical impairment : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> families : has part : children </s><s> children : part of : families </s><s> physical : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> families with children : has part : families with children </s><s> Families with children : subclass of : families </s><s> families with children : part of : families with children </s><s> Families with children who have working adults : instance of : families </s><s> Families with children who have working adults : has part : families with children without an aged or disabled member </s><s> families with children who have working adults : has part : families with children without an aged or disabled member </s><s> deep poverty : subclass of : poverty </s><s> Annual Social and Economic Supplement : publisher : Census Bureau </s><s> correctional facilities : subclass of : institutional group quarters </s><s> mental (psychiatric) hospital : subclass of : correctional facilities </s><s> hospital : field of work : mental </s><s> LIHEAP : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> SSI : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> TANF : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> SNAP : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> WIC : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> housing assistance : instance of : need-tested programs </s><s> misreporting : subclass of : error </s><s> under-reporting : subclass of : error </s><s> TANF : instance of : SNAP </s><s> Urban Institute : parent organization : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> TRIM3 : publisher : Urban Institute </s><s> Urban Institute : parent organization : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) </s><s> March 2013 ASEC : point in time : March 2013 </s><s> TRIM3 : instance of : microsimulation model </s><s> TRIM3 microsimulation model : instance of : simulation </s><s> ACTC : instance of : tax credits </s><s> EITC : instance of : tax credits </s><s> ACTC : instance of : federal tax benefits </s><s> EITC : instance of : federal tax benefits </s><s> TRIM3 : instance of : model </s><s> TRIM3 microsimulation model : instance of : model </s><s> TRIM3 : main subject : housing assistance </s><s> housing assistance : instance of : assistance </s><s> Monthly Estimates of Income and Benefit Receipt : part of : TRIM3 </s><s> Monthly Estimates of Income and Benefit Receipt : facet of : TRIM3 </s><s> refundable tax : point in time : 2012 </s><s> refundable tax : inception : 2012 </s><s> poverty : subclass of : economic unit </s><s> poverty : instance of : economic unit </s><s> financial resources : subclass of : economic unit </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : different from : poverty measure </s><s> poverty measure : different from : Supplemental Poverty Measure </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : different from : official poverty measure </s><s> official poverty measure : different from : Supplemental Poverty Measure </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : instance of : alternative poverty measure </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : subclass of : alternative poverty measure </s><s> SNAP : instance of : in-kind benefits </s><s> WIC : instance of : in-kind benefits </s><s> LIHEAP : instance of : in-kind benefits </s><s> renters : opposite of : homeowners </s><s> homeowners : opposite of : renters </s><s> nonmetropolitan : subclass of : geographic area </s><s> public housing : subclass of : housing assistance </s><s> Section 8 : has part : Housing Choice Voucher </s><s> public housing : subclass of : affordable rental units </s><s> project-based Section 8 rental assistance housing : subclass of : Section 8 rental assistance </s><s> project-based Section 8 rental assistance housing : subclass of : Section 8 rental assistance programs </s><s> spouse : part of : family </s><s> spouse : part of : families </s><s> spouse : part of : family structure </s><s> Statistics of Income : publisher : Census Bureau </s><s> Statistics of Income : maintained by : Census Bureau </s><s> TRIM3 : different from : SOI </s><s> SOI : different from : TRIM3 </s><s> TRIM3 : instance of : EITC </s><s> expansion of Medicaid eligibility : part of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : has part : expansion of Medicaid eligibility </s><s> Medicaid : part of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : means-tested entitlement program </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : means-tested entitlement </s><s> primary : subclass of : preventive </s><s> primary : subclass of : care </s><s> acute care : subclass of : care </s><s> Medicaid expansion : point in time : January 1, 2014 </s><s> Medicaid expansion : start time : January 1, 2014 </s><s> Medicaid expansion enacted as part of the ACA : point in time : January 1, 2014 </s><s> home- and community-based service waiver : part of : Medicaid </s><s> home- and community-based service waiver : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> home- and community-based service waiver : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> SNAP : part of : Medicaid </s><s> LIHEAP : part of : Medicaid </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> District of Columbia : part of : 30 states </s><s> inpatient hospital-only coverage : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> other research about Medicaid participation rates and the value of Medicaid coverage : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> other research about Medicaid participation rates and the value of Medicaid coverage : main subject : Medicaid </s><s> Children's Health Insurance Program : located in the administrative territorial entity : Massachusetts </s><s> State Children's Health Insurance Program : located in the administrative territorial entity : Massachusetts </s><s> Medicaid : has part : State Children's Health Insurance Program </s><s> State Children's Health Insurance Program : part of : Medicaid </s><s> older children : opposite of : younger children </s><s> younger children : opposite of : older children </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : states </s><s> Medicare : has part : Medicaid </s><s> Value of Medicaid : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> ASEC : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> cash : subclass of : benefits </s><s> food : subclass of : benefits </s><s> housing : subclass of : benefits </s><s> per-enrollee Medicaid spending : instance of : Historically </s><s> health : different from : well-being </s><s> well-being : different from : health </s><s> health : has effect : well-being </s><s> average cost : instance of : valuation </s><s> Average Cost Method : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> average cost : subclass of : valuation </s><s> 2008 Oregon Health Insurance Experiment : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Oregon Health Insurance Experiment : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Oregon Health Insurance Experiment : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> preventive care : subclass of : health care </s><s> Fungible Value of Medicaid : instance of : fungible value </s><s> health care providers : different from : uncompensated services </s><s> uncompensated services : different from : health care providers </s><s> health care providers : field of this occupation : uncompensated services </s><s> uncompensated services : practiced by : health care providers </s><s> doctor's visit : subclass of : medical coverage </s><s> doctor's visit : instance of : medical coverage </s><s> doctor's visit : facet of : medical coverage </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : health insurance </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : publically provided health care </s><s> Medicaid : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Medicare : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Supplemental Poverty Measure : publisher : Census Bureau </s><s> income : part of : financial situation </s><s> economic risk : different from : poverty </s><s> economic risk : subclass of : economic burden </s><s> Poverty : subclass of : resources available to the family </s><s> non-medical goods and services : subclass of : resources </s><s> non-medical goods and services : subclass of : poverty </s><s> families with children and no earners : subclass of : families </s><s> families with children and earners : subclass of : families </s><s> families with no earners : subclass of : families </s><s> families with an aged member : subclass of : families </s><s> families with an aged member : instance of : families </s> | Need-tested benefits have received increased attention from policymakers in recent years, as spending levels for these programs remain elevated well into the economic expansion that followed the 2007-2009 recession. While information is available on the number of people who receive benefits from individual programs, it is more challenging to examine how these programs interact and the cumulative benefits families receive from them. Case studies based on hypothetical families often show how much in benefits a family may potentially receive from multiple programs under federal and state policies. However, these case studies assume families receive all the benefits they are eligible for and receive them all year. This is often not true.
This report examines estimated benefit receipt by families from nine major need-tested benefit programs in 2012. The nine programs are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Supplemental Security Income (SSI); subsidized housing assistance; the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC); the special supplemental nutrition program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance; the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF); and the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The estimates are derived from a combination of information from a Census Bureau household survey and a model that estimates program eligibility and participation based on information from that survey.
An estimated 135 million persons, 4 in 10 persons in the noninstitutionalized population, were eligible for benefits from at least one of these programs in 2012. However, not all persons eligible for need-tested benefits actually received them. Among the programs examined in this report, an estimated 70% of eligible families actually received SNAP and 65% of eligible families received WIC in 2012. However, the estimated rate of benefit receipt among eligible persons was 28% for TANF cash assistance, 22% for LIHEAP, 18% for subsidized housing, and 17% for CCDF (based on eligible children).
An estimated 106 million persons (1 in 3 persons in the population) actually received benefits from one of these programs in 2012. Benefits were concentrated among people in families with children and families with an individual with disabilities with those two groups accounting for an estimated 78% of total benefit dollars from the selected programs. Many families that received need-tested benefits had characteristics not typically associated with economic disadvantage; a substantial portion of families that received aid had pre-welfare incomes above the poverty line in 2012. Among families with children in 2012, an estimated 45% of those who had a worker and 38% with at least one adult working full-time all year received at least one need-tested benefit.
The estimated median annual benefit amount from the nine programs in 2012 was $3,300 (i.e., half the families that received benefits received less than $3,300 and half received more). About 40% of families that received need-tested aid did so from only one of the nine selected programs.
Some families received relatively large amounts of need-tested aid. In 2012, an estimated 25% of families that received benefits from one or more of the selected programs received a total of $9,027 or more. These families accounted for two-thirds of all spending for these programs in 2012. Families with children who received $9,027 or more had characteristics indicative of a more disadvantaged population: working less than full-time all year, lacking a high school diploma, being in a family headed by a single woman, being of a racial/ethnic minority (other than Asian-American), and being in a large family. |
crs_R44101 | crs_R44101_0 | <s> Deep Web : instance of : layer </s><s> Beyond the Internet content : subclass of : layer </s><s> Silk Road : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Silk Road : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : September 2013 </s><s> Silk Road : end time : September 2013 </s><s> Google : instance of : search engine </s><s> Deep Web : facet of : World Wide Web </s><s> website : part of : World Wide Web </s><s> Dark Web : subclass of : intentionally hidden </s><s> Dark Web : part of : Deep Web </s><s> Dark Web : subclass of : Internet sites </s><s> 1 billion worldwide : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Dark Web : subclass of : web </s><s> Dark Web : part of : the web </s><s> website : part of : Internet </s><s> Deep Web : part of : Internet </s><s> Dark Web : different from : Surface Web </s><s> Tor : inception : 2002 </s><s> Tor : instance of : anonymized </s><s> onion : subclass of : layers </s><s> onion : has part : layers </s><s> onion : has parts of the class : layers </s><s> encryption : subclass of : information </s><s> exit relay : part of : Tor </s><s> Tor Project : country : United States </s><s> Tor : developer : Tor Project </s><s> Reddit : instance of : subreddits </s><s> subreddits : subclass of : forums </s><s> DarkNetMarkets : part of : Dark Web </s><s> The Hub : instance of : chat rooms </s><s> OnionChat : instance of : chat rooms </s><s> Tor Messenger : instance of : Decentralized </s><s> Ricochet : platform : Tor </s><s> Ricochet : use : anonymized communication </s><s> Ricochet : operating system : Tor </s><s> Ahmia : instance of : search engine </s><s> Grams : instance of : search engine </s><s> Wikipedia : instance of : wikis </s><s> Tor2web : instance of : bridges </s><s> Tor2web : use : bridges </s><s> Tor2web : uses : Tor network </s><s> Operation Darknet : participant : Anonymous </s><s> Operation Darknet : organizer : Anonymous </s><s> Operation Darknet : participant : Freedom Host </s><s> Distributed Denial of Service : subclass of : attack </s><s> Distributed Denial of Service : uses : Tor network </s><s> Operation Darknet : location : Tor network </s><s> Tor : part of : dark web </s><s> took down Freedom Hosting II : point in time : February 2017 </s><s> Freedom Hosting II : instance of : website hosting provider </s><s> Playpen : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Playpen : instance of : Dark Web </s><s> Playpen : instance of : website </s><s> Tor : use : anonymize online activity </s><s> Tor : instance of : Anonymizing service </s><s> Anonymizing service : use : anonymize online activity </s><s> anonymity : subclass of : privacy </s><s> anonymously : subclass of : privacy </s><s> anonymously : facet of : privacy </s><s> Sensitive Communication : subclass of : forums </s><s> chat rooms : subclass of : forums </s><s> Sensitive Communication : instance of : forums </s><s> Edward Snowden : employer : National Security Agency </s><s> Strongbox : owned by : The New Yorker </s><s> Edward Snowden : notable work : Tails </s><s> Deep Web : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : has part : Deep Web </s><s> Deep Web : followed by : Dark Web </s><s> high-tech crime : subclass of : crimes </s><s> high-tech crime : subclass of : crimes confronting the United States </s><s> high-tech crime : subclass of : crime </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : hidden services </s><s> hidden services : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : subclass of : hidden services </s><s> Dark Web search : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : uses : Tor network </s><s> Dark Web : has part : Tor network </s><s> Ahmia : instance of : web crawler </s><s> Ahmia : instance of : engines </s><s> Onion City : instance of : engines </s><s> Onion City : instance of : web crawler </s><s> forum : subclass of : communication service </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : forum </s><s> RAM scrapers : subclass of : malware </s><s> RAM scrapers : instance of : malware </s><s> 2013 Target breach : instance of : data breach </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : black market </s><s> black market sites : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : black market sites </s><s> nations : different from : states </s><s> states : different from : nations </s><s> nation : different from : states </s><s> states : different from : nation </s><s> states : subclass of : nations </s><s> exploit : subclass of : fraud </s><s> exploited : subclass of : fraud </s><s> botnets : subclass of : exploit </s><s> Surface Web : part of : Deep Web </s><s> Surface Web : followed by : Deep Web </s><s> Deep Web : has part : Surface Web </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : anonymity </s><s> Criminals selling illicit goods : uses : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : subclass of : anonymity </s><s> bitcoin : instance of : digital currency </s><s> bitcoin : part of : block chain </s><s> mining : product or material produced : bitcoin </s><s> private key : subclass of : cryptographic signature </s><s> private key : subclass of : secret number </s><s> private key : use : cryptographic signature </s><s> Tor : use : I2P </s><s> I2P : uses : Tor </s><s> sting operations : subclass of : law enforcement </s><s> CIPAV : inception : 2002 </s><s> CIPAV : instance of : computer and internet protocol address verifier </s><s> computer and internet protocol address verifier : inception : 2002 </s><s> took down : facet of : Silk Road </s><s> took down the Silk Road : point in time : 2013 </s><s> took down the Silk Road : facet of : Dark Web </s><s> Silk Road 2.0 : part of : Dark Web </s><s> Silk Road 2 : part of : Dark Web </s><s> r/darknetmarkets forum : owned by : Reddit </s><s> r/darknetmarkets forum : part of : Dark Web </s><s> r/darknetmarkets forum : part of : Reddit </s><s> Bitcoin : used by : Islamic State </s><s> Dark Web : instance of : computer network </s><s> Bitcoin : used by : Islamic State (IS) </s><s> Memex : instance of : search engine </s><s> Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency : parent organization : DOD </s><s> Bing : instance of : search engine </s><s> Google : instance of : search engines </s><s> Bing : instance of : search engines </s><s> Mike Rogers : position held : Director of the National Security Agency </s><s> Mike Rogers : employer : National Security Agency </s><s> National Security Agency : chairperson : Mike Rogers </s><s> Deep Web : different from : Dark Web </s><s> Dark Web : different from : Deep Web </s><s> Tor : instance of : anonymizing services </s><s> encryption : facet of : privacy </s><s> Tor : instance of : anonymizing service </s> | The layers of the Internet go far beyond the surface content that many can easily access in their daily searches. The other content is that of the Deep Web, content that has not been indexed by traditional search engines such as Google. The furthest corners of the Deep Web, segments known as the Dark Web, contain content that has been intentionally concealed. The Dark Web may be used for legitimate purposes as well as to conceal criminal or otherwise malicious activities. It is the exploitation of the Dark Web for illegal practices that has garnered the interest of officials and policy makers.
Individuals can access the Dark Web by using special software such as Tor (short for The Onion Router). Tor relies upon a network of volunteer computers to route users' web traffic through a series of other users' computers such that the traffic cannot be traced to the original user. Some developers have created tools—such as Tor2web—that may allow individuals access to Tor-hosted content without downloading and installing the Tor software, though accessing the Dark Web through these means does not anonymize activity. Once on the Dark Web, users often navigate it through directories such as the "Hidden Wiki," which organizes sites by category, similar to Wikipedia. Individuals can also search the Dark Web with search engines, which may be broad, searching across the Deep Web, or more specific, searching for contraband like illicit drugs, guns, or counterfeit money. While on the Dark Web, individuals may communicate through means such as secure email, web chats, or personal messaging hosted on Tor. Though tools such as Tor aim to anonymize content and activity, researchers and security experts are constantly developing means by which certain hidden services or individuals could be identified or "deanonymized."
Anonymizing services such as Tor have been used for legal and illegal activities ranging from maintaining privacy to selling illegal goods—mainly purchased with Bitcoin or other digital currencies. They may be used to circumvent censorship, access blocked content, or maintain the privacy of sensitive communications or business plans. However, a range of malicious actors, from criminals to terrorists to state-sponsored spies, can also leverage cyberspace and the Dark Web can serve as a forum for conversation, coordination, and action. It is unclear how much of the Dark Web is dedicated to serving a particular illicit market at any one time, and, because of the anonymity of services such as Tor, it is even further unclear how much traffic is actually flowing to any given site.
Just as criminals can rely upon the anonymity of the Dark Web, so too can the law enforcement, military, and intelligence communities. They may, for example, use it to conduct online surveillance and sting operations and to maintain anonymous tip lines. Anonymity in the Dark Web can be used to shield officials from identification and hacking by adversaries. It can also be used to conduct a clandestine or covert computer network operation such as taking down a website or a denial of service attack, or to intercept communications. Reportedly, officials are continuously working on expanding techniques to deanonymize activity on the Dark Web and identify malicious actors online. |
crs_RS22803 | crs_RS22803_0 | <s> Articles of Confederation : main subject : the Colonies </s><s> Articles of Confederation : has part : Articles of Confederation </s><s> Articles of Confederation : applies to jurisdiction : the Colonies </s><s> Commerce Clause : instance of : dormant </s><s> constitutionally permissible : has part : Commerce Clause </s><s> Commerce Clause : main subject : constitutionally permissible </s><s> Pike test : instance of : ostensibly per se invalid </s><s> Pike test : facet of : discrimination </s><s> Pike test : instance of : broadly per se invalid </s><s> United Haulers Ass 'n, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United Haulers Ass 'n, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Authority : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United Haulers Ass 'n, Inc. : court : Supreme Court </s><s> publicly owned : opposite of : privately owned </s><s> publicly owned : opposite of : private entities </s><s> public welfare : facet of : public </s><s> Pike test : instance of : plurality of four justices </s><s> Pike test : instance of : plurality </s><s> Pike test : subclass of : plurality of four justices </s><s> market participant : opposite of : market regulator </s><s> market regulator : opposite of : market participant </s><s> Market Participant Doctrine : opposite of : market participant </s><s> Shaper v. Tracy : court : Ohio appellate court </s><s> Shaper v. Tracy : applies to jurisdiction : Ohio </s><s> Kentucky Department of Revenue v. Davis : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Shaper v. Tracy : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Shaper v. Tracy : court : Supreme Court's </s><s> Shaper case : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Bonaparte v. Tax Court : main subject : Full Faith and Credit Clause </s><s> Bonaparte v. Tax Court : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Bonaparte v. Tax Court : facet of : Full Faith and Credit Clause </s><s> South Carolina v. Baker : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Constitution of the United States : has part : Commerce Clause </s><s> Constitution : has part : Constitution of the United States </s><s> Constitution of the United States : part of : Constitution </s><s> Dep't of Revenue of Kentucky v. : main subject : Commerce Clause </s><s> Dep't of Revenue : applies to jurisdiction : Kentucky </s><s> Dep't of Revenue of Kentucky v. : has cause : Commerce Clause </s><s> Kentucky v. Davis : main subject : Commerce Clause </s><s> Davis case : main subject : Commerce Clause </s><s> Kentucky v. Davis : court : Kentucky court of appeals </s><s> Full Faith and Credit Clause : has part : Bonaparte decision </s><s> Full Faith and Credit Clause : part of : Bonaparte decision </s><s> Full Faith and Credit Clause : has part : Full Faith and Credit Clause </s><s> Davis case : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United Haulers : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Davis case : point in time : November 5, 2007 </s><s> United Haulers : has effect : United Haulers decision </s><s> United Haulers : main subject : bond taxing scheme </s><s> United Haulers decision : main subject : United Haulers </s><s> public entities : opposite of : private entities </s><s> United Haulers : has part : plurality </s><s> plurality : facet of : permissibility </s><s> state bond : applies to jurisdiction : Kentucky </s><s> governmental units : opposite of : private entities </s><s> private entities : opposite of : governmental units </s><s> plenary : part of : Congress </s><s> Commerce Clause : part of : plenary </s><s> plenary : legislated by : Congress </s> | Most states exempt from state income taxes the interest earned on bonds issued by that particular state and its political subdivisions, while taxing the interest earned on bonds issued by other states and their political subdivisions. Some argue that these state tax schemes violate the Commerce Clause by discriminating against out-of-state bonds. Courts in two states have examined this issue. On November 5, 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in one of these cases, Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis. |
crs_RL33270 | crs_RL33270_0 | <s> Section 8 : instance of : Housing Choice Voucher </s><s> Administration : has part : Congress </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher : has part : Section 8 </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher : instance of : Section 8 </s><s> Section 8 : has part : Housing Choice Voucher </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher : part of : Section 8 </s><s> New York City Housing Authority : instance of : PHA </s><s> New York City Housing Authority : instance of : PHAs </s><s> Temporary Assistance for Needy Families : instance of : social service programs </s><s> Child Care Assistance : instance of : social service programs </s><s> Food Stamps : instance of : social service programs </s><s> public housing program : instance of : federal housing assistance for the poor </s><s> public housing program : subclass of : federal housing assistance for the poor </s><s> federal housing assistance for the poor : has part : federal public housing program </s><s> federal public housing program : part of : federal housing assistance for the poor </s><s> 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> housing search assistance : subclass of : rental assistance </s><s> rental assistance : facet of : homeownership </s><s> Aid to Families with Dependent Children : replaced by : Temporary Assistance for Needy Families </s><s> Temporary Assistance for Needy Families : replaces : Aid to Families with Dependent Children </s><s> Temporary Assistance for Needy Families : inception : 1996 </s><s> affordable : subclass of : housing </s><s> affordable : subclass of : housing is affordable </s><s> housing is affordable : subclass of : rent </s><s> child care : subclass of : outside costs </s><s> child care : subclass of : expenses </s><s> child care : instance of : outside costs </s><s> tiered rents : subclass of : flat </s><s> tiered rent : subclass of : flat </s><s> tiered rent : subclass of : below-market rent </s><s> tiered rents : subclass of : flat rents </s><s> tiered rent : subclass of : flat rents </s><s> tiered rents : facet of : public housing </s><s> HUD : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Government Accountability Office : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Congress : subsidiary : HUD </s><s> National Directory of New Hires : instance of : database </s><s> fraud : subclass of : waste </s><s> fraud : subclass of : abuse </s><s> Public Housing program : parent organization : HUD </s><s> Public Housing program : operator : HUD </s><s> disincentive : subclass of : incentive </s><s> affordable : subclass of : Low-income housing </s><s> affordable : facet of : Low-income housing </s><s> Low-income housing advocates : field of work : affordable </s><s> employment : subclass of : income </s><s> Employment : subclass of : income </s><s> Monthly income : facet of : rent determination </s><s> regulatory : different from : statutory </s><s> statutory : different from : regulatory </s><s> regulatory : opposite of : statutory </s><s> area median income : subclass of : low-income level </s><s> area median income : subclass of : low-income </s><s> area median income : instance of : low-income level </s><s> Community service : subclass of : work </s><s> Work Requirements and Time Limits : different from : Work requirements </s><s> Work requirements : different from : Work Requirements and Time Limits </s><s> Work Requirements and Time Limits : instance of : Work requirements </s><s> public housing : subclass of : tenants </s><s> non-disabled : subclass of : non-elderly </s><s> public housing : has part : tenants </s><s> 1996 welfare reform changes : point in time : 1996 </s><s> welfare reform : point in time : 1996 </s><s> welfare reform changes : point in time : 1996 </s><s> housing costs : has part : rent </s><s> Fair Housing Act of 1968 : point in time : 1968 </s><s> Fair Housing Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Low-income housing advocates : facet of : Family Self-Sufficiency program </s><s> Family Self-Sufficiency program : facet of : Low-income housing </s><s> Family Self-Sufficiency program : instance of : Low-income housing advocates </s><s> changes in the rules of the rules of the tenant's income : facet of : rental market </s><s> changes in the rental market : has cause : changes in the rules of the rules of the tenant's income </s><s> changes in the rules of the rules of the tenant's income : has cause : rental market </s><s> 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> 2002 : followed by : 2003 </s><s> Section 8 : inception : 2003 </s><s> Section 8 voucher program : inception : 2003 </s><s> 108 th : followed by : 109 th Congresses </s><s> 108th : followed by : 109 th Congresses </s><s> 109 th Congresses : follows : 108th </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher program : instance of : voucher program </s><s> Housing Choice Voucher program : instance of : voucher </s><s> 2003 HANF program : point in time : 2003 </s><s> FY2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> HANF : legislated by : 108 th Congress </s><s> HANF : instance of : voucher program </s><s> FY2005 Flexible Voucher Program : legislated by : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : has part : second session </s><s> second session : part of : 108 th Congress </s><s> Views and Estimates of the President's FY2005 Budget : author : House Financial Services Committee </s><s> Views and Estimates of the President's FY2005 Budget : publisher : House Financial Services Committee </s><s> Views and Estimates of the President's FY2005 Budget : legislated by : House Financial Services Committee </s><s> State and Local Housing Flexibility Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109th Congress </s><s> State and Local Housing Flexibility Act of 2005 : legislated by : 108 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : start time : April 13, 2005 </s><s> Flexible Voucher Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> The Flexible Voucher Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Secretary of HUD : part of : Administration </s><s> FY2005 budget request : participant : Administration </s><s> Flexible Voucher Program : inception : FY2005 </s><s> escrow savings accounts : facet of : self-sufficiency </s><s> escrow savings accounts : subclass of : self-sufficiency activities </s><s> escrow savings accounts : use : self-sufficiency </s><s> Section 8 Voucher Reform Act of 2006 : legislated by : 109 th </s><s> Section 8 Voucher Reform Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Section 8 Voucher Reform Act : legislated by : 109 th </s><s> Section 8 Voucher Reform Act of 2006 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Housing and Community Opportunity Subcommittee : parent organization : House Financial Services Committee </s><s> House Financial Services Committee : subsidiary : Housing and Community Opportunity Subcommittee </s><s> Section 8 : subclass of : public housing </s><s> Section 8 : main subject : public housing </s><s> Section 8 : is a list of : public housing </s><s> Manufactured Housing : instance of : low-income housing tax credit </s><s> Moving to Work : number of participants : 8 </s><s> Moving to Work : instance of : vouchers </s> | The Bush Administration has proposed eliminating the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program and replacing it with a new program in each of the past several years. While the specifics have changed, each proposal would significantly alter key features of the current program, including its administration, funding distribution, tenant contributions toward rent, initial and ongoing eligibility of families, and the eligible uses of program funds.
The first proposal was referenced in the President's FY2004 budget request and was later introduced in the 108th Congress (H.R. 1841/S. 947). Called the Housing Assistance for Needy Families Act of 2003, it would have created a new block grant administered by states—rather than the local public housing authorities (PHAs) that administer the current program—and eliminated many of the current rules governing the program. Hearings were held on the legislation, although no further action was taken.
Language to enact the second proposal, called the Flexible Voucher Program (FVP), was included in the Administrative Provisions section of the President's FY2005 budget request. Under the FVP, PHAs would have retained administration of the new grant program, although most of the federal Section 8 voucher rules and regulations would have been eliminated. The Appropriations Committees did not include the language in their versions, nor the final version, of the FY2005 HUD budget, and authorizing legislation was not introduced before the close of the 108th Congress.
The President's FY2006 budget request again called for enactment of a Flexible Voucher Program. During the first session of the 109th Congress, a modified version of the FVP was included as Title I of the State and Local Housing Flexibility Act of 2005 (H.R. 1999/S. 771). The President's FY2007 budget request reiterated the Administration's support for the bill. The House Financial Services Committee held hearings on the bill, although no further action was taken before the close of the 109th Congress.
In the second session of the 109th Congress, the House Financial Services Committee approved a bipartisan Section 8 voucher reform bill, the Section 8 Voucher Reform Act of 2006 (H.R. 5443). While notably narrower in scope than the President's reform proposals, it would have represented the first major reform of the program since the Quality Housing and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-276). It was not enacted before the close of the 109th Congress.
This report includes a table comparing the key features of the reform proposals from the 109th Congress. It will not be updated. |
crs_R45005 | crs_R45005_0 | <s> watershed : facet of : water quality </s><s> Wildfire : subclass of : fire </s><s> Wildfire : studied by : wildfire management </s><s> Forest Service : part of : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> Forest Service : part of : Department of Agriculture </s><s> National Interagency Fire Center : parent organization : Office of Wildland Fire </s><s> National Interagency Fire Center : part of : Office of Wildland Fire </s><s> National Interagency Fire Center : field of work : wildfire management </s><s> Bureau of Indian Affairs : parent organization : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : authority : Congress </s><s> Bureau of Land Management : instance of : department-level office </s><s> Bureau of Indian Affairs : instance of : department-level office </s><s> National Park Service : instance of : department-level office </s><s> severe 2000 fire season : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 2000 fire season : point in time : 2000 </s><s> FY2008 : followed by : FY2017 </s><s> FY2017 : follows : FY2008 </s><s> Figure 2 : depicts : wildfire management appropriations </s><s> wildfire suppression : subclass of : wildland fire management </s><s> wildfire suppression : facet of : wildland fire management </s><s> wildfire suppression : facet of : wildfire </s><s> NIFC : field of work : wildfire management </s><s> wildfire management : subclass of : preparedness </s><s> suppression : subclass of : wildfire management </s><s> FLAME : instance of : no-year appropriations </s><s> preparedness : has part : Fire Operations </s><s> no-year appropriations : point in time : FY2020 </s><s> fuels management : facet of : fuels management </s><s> construction : has effect : maintenance </s><s> fuels management : facet of : fire science </s><s> fire prevention and detection : part of : fire management </s><s> fire prevention and detection : subclass of : fire management </s><s> fire management : has part : fire prevention and detection </s><s> FY2016 : followed by : FY2017 </s><s> NIFC : parent organization : Congress </s><s> NIFC : parent organization : congress </s><s> suppression : facet of : fire </s><s> suppression : subclass of : extinguishing </s><s> extinguishing : facet of : fire </s><s> grassland wildfire : subclass of : wildfire </s><s> WFM account : instance of : appropriations laws </s><s> FLAME : facet of : wildfire </s><s> FLAME : use : wildfire response </s><s> FLAME : facet of : wildfire response </s><s> emergency stabilization : subclass of : firefighters </s><s> FS : different from : DOI </s><s> DOI : different from : FS </s><s> FS : shares border with : DOI </s><s> DOI : shares border with : FS </s><s> combustion : has effect : ignition </s><s> ignition : has cause : combustion </s><s> Fuel reduction : subclass of : control </s><s> rangeland : subclass of : forest </s><s> rangeland : different from : forest </s><s> wildland-urban interface : facet of : federal lands </s><s> Hazardous Fuels : part of : Other Fire Operations </s><s> Other Fire Operations : has part : Other Fire Operations subaccounts </s><s> Other Fire Operations subaccounts : part of : Other Fire Operations </s><s> National Fire Plan : main subject : wildfire science </s><s> National Fire Plan : field of work : wildfire science </s><s> National Fire Plan : facet of : wildfire science </s><s> enacted appropriations for FY2010 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> enacted appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Secretary of Agriculture : instance of : bureaus </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : instance of : bureaus </s><s> FY2010 Interior appropriations bill : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> 2015 fire season : point in time : 2015 </s><s> severity and cost of the 2015 fire season : point in time : 2015 </s><s> cost of the 2015 fire season : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> annual appropriations law : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FLAME account : inception : FY2010 </s><s> FLAME accounts : inception : FY2010 </s><s> FLAME account : inception : 2011 </s><s> FY2008 : point in time : FY2008 </s><s> FY2017 : point in time : FY2017 </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> continuing resolutions : legislated by : Congress </s><s> first CR : instance of : continuing resolution </s><s> FLAME accounts : operator : Department of Agriculture </s><s> FLAME accounts : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : FLAME </s><s> FLAME : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> FLAME : use : wildfire suppression </s><s> FLAME : facet of : wildfire suppression </s><s> FLAME account : use : wildfire suppression </s><s> FLAME : facet of : wildfire management </s><s> FLAME : field of work : wildfire management </s><s> FLAME : use : wildfire management </s><s> Facilities and Construction : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> Facilities and Construction : instance of : appropriations </s><s> Fuels Management : instance of : appropriations </s><s> omnibus : subclass of : appropriations bill </s><s> WFM : replaced by : National Forest System </s><s> National Forest System : replaces : WFM </s><s> FY2017 enacted levels : followed by : FY2018 request </s><s> FY2017 : followed by : FY2018 </s><s> WFM : facet of : wildfire </s><s> Fuels Management : part of : WFM Other Fire Operations </s><s> WFM Other Fire Operations : has part : Fuels Management </s><s> WFM : subsidiary : Other Fire Operations </s><s> Other Fire Operations : parent organization : WFM </s><s> hazardous fuel reduction : subclass of : wildfire management </s><s> hazardous fuel reduction : facet of : wildfire management </s><s> hazardous fuel reduction : part of : wildfire management </s><s> FLAME accounts : inception : FY2013 </s><s> FLAME accounts : inception : 2013 </s><s> FLAME accounts : legislated by : Congress </s><s> wildfire management : facet of : wildfire </s><s> wildfire funding : facet of : wildfire management </s><s> wildfire management : has part : wildfire suppression </s> | The federal government's wildfire (or wildland fire) management responsibilities are fulfilled primarily by the Forest Service (FS, in the U.S. Department of Agriculture) and the Department of the Interior (DOI). These responsibilities include prevention, detection, response, and recovery related to fires that begin on federal lands. These responsibilities are accomplished through activities such as preparedness, suppression, fuel reduction, and site rehabilitation, among others. There are several ongoing concerns regarding federal wildfire management. These concerns include the total federal costs of wildfire management, the strategies and resources used for wildfire management, and the impact of wildfire on both the quality of life and the economy of communities surrounding wildfire activity. Many of these issues are of perennial interest to Congress, with annual wildfire management appropriations being one indicator of how Congress prioritizes and addresses certain wildfire management concerns.
Congress provides annual appropriations to both FS and DOI for these activities through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill, although the bulk of the appropriations go to FS. Wildfire activities are funded in two accounts for each agency: Wildland Fire Management (WFM) and Federal Land Assistance, Management, and Enhancement Act (FLAME) reserve accounts. Over the past 10 years (FY2008-FY2017), Congress has appropriated an average of $3.72 billion annually, with $4.18 billion combined to both FS and DOI in FY2017. The Administration requested a combined $3.72 billion in FY2018, a 12% decrease from FY2017 enacted levels. On September 14, 2017, the Housed passed H.R. 3354, an omnibus measure covering all 12 appropriations bills, including the FY2018 Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies bill. This bill would provide $3.85 billion combined for wildfire purposes, an 8% decrease from FY2017 enacted levels and 3% above the Administration's requested levels.
The Administration's FY2018 request also proposed restructuring FS and DOI's appropriations accounts, in some identical ways (e.g., eliminating funding for both the FLAME suppression accounts) but also in some different ways (e.g., moving funding for hazardous fuels management). These budget restructuring proposals may provide some benefits for FS or DOI, such as providing agency funds designated for the same activity in one account each instead of across two accounts. Restructuring the budget may have some potential drawbacks as well. For example, changing accounts may complicate analysis to inform future appropriations decisions or hinder the ability to evaluate FS's and DOI's performance.
Congress is debating several issues related to federal funding for wildfire management. These issues include the level of federal spending on wildland fire management as well as the effectiveness of that spending (e.g., whether the funding is allowing agencies to meet wildfire management targets). In some years, Congress also faces requests from the agencies for additional appropriations during severe fire activity. Congress has frequently provided additional funding for wildfire management above the level in the annual appropriations bill, usually for suppression purposes. The recurring need for supplemental funds raises questions about the accuracy of the budgeting process for wildfire funding and how the agencies estimate wildfire suppression funding requirements, among other issues.
This report provides an overview of the accounts that fund wildfire management activities and historical wildfire management appropriations data, as well as information on FY2018 appropriations. |
crs_R40185 | crs_R40185_0 | <s> Most Recent Developments : publication date : December 20, 2010 </s><s> Most Recent Developments : point in time : December 20, 2010 </s><s> critical habitat : facet of : navigational </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> Endangered : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> Endangered Species Act : point in time : 1973 </s><s> nonfederal : different from : federal </s><s> endangered and threatened species : facet of : endangered species controversy </s><s> endangered and threatened species : facet of : endangered species </s><s> 110 th : followed by : 111 th Congresses </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 110 th </s><s> 111 th Congresses : follows : 110 th </s><s> invertebrate : subclass of : plant </s><s> plant : subclass of : animal </s><s> Chinook : different from : sockeye salmon </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> National Marine Fisheries Service : parent organization : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : National Marine Fisheries Service </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened </s><s> threatened : subclass of : endangered </s><s> endangered or threatened : country : United States </s><s> endangered and threatened species : subclass of : species </s><s> critical habitat : facet of : endangered and threatened species </s><s> Tellico Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tennessee </s><s> Tellico Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tennessee's </s><s> Tellico Dam : instance of : water storage </s><s> Apalachicola Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alabama </s><s> Apalachicola Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Georgia </s><s> Apalachicola Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> list of candidate species : maintained by : FWS </s><s> FWS : subsidiary : NMFS </s><s> list of candidate species : subclass of : list </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : habitat </s><s> critically habitat : subclass of : habitat </s><s> critical habitat : instance of : habitat </s><s> Lost legal challenges : instance of : courts </s><s> listing : part of : regulation </s><s> Lost legal challenges : facet of : courts </s><s> Keystone Center : subsidiary : ESA Working Group on Habitat </s><s> ESA Working Group on Habitat : parent organization : Keystone Center </s><s> ESA Working Group on Habitat : part of : Keystone Center </s><s> prohibitions on taking a listed species : applies to jurisdiction : ESA </s><s> prohibitions on taking a listed species : facet of : ESA-listed species </s><s> prohibitions on taking a listed species : parent organization : ESA </s><s> Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation : part of : Senate </s><s> Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation : part of : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : start time : December 17, 2010 </s><s> significant habitat modification : subclass of : habitat modification </s><s> Supreme Court : country : U.S. </s><s> significant habitat modification : instance of : habitat modification </s><s> endangered or threatened species : subclass of : species </s><s> threatened species : opposite of : endangered </s><s> 2007 decision : court : U.S. Supreme Court </s><s> 2007 decision : court : Supreme Court </s><s> 2007 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court : point in time : 2007 </s><s> biological opinion : author : Secretary </s><s> biological opinion : subclass of : written statement </s><s> biological opinion : part of : 16 U.S.C. </s><s> Section 10(a) of ESA : main subject : incidental take </s><s> Section 10(a) : main subject : incidental take </s><s> Section 10(a) of ESA : main subject : incidental take of species </s><s> Gary Locke : position held : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Ken Salazar : position held : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Gary Locke : position held : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> BiOps : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> FWS Section 7 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : instance of : rule </s><s> Endangered Species Committee : part of : ESA </s><s> Endangered Species Committee : parent organization : ESA </s><s> Endangered Species Committee : facet of : ESA </s><s> Grayrocks Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : WY </s><s> Department of Defense : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 : instance of : Act of 1996 </s><s> Chertoff : position held : Secretary </s><s> Mexican border fence : part of : border </s><s> Emergency : subclass of : emergency </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricanes : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane season : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : different from : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Secretary of Commerce : different from : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> threatened species : subclass of : species </s><s> listed species : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> listed species : maintained by : FWS </s><s> listed species : operator : FWS </s><s> conservation banks : facet of : crediting framework </s><s> Land and Water Conservation Fund : parent organization : ESA </s><s> Land and Water Conservation Fund : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Land and Water Conservation Fund : part of : federal government </s><s> Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund : inception : 1988 </s><s> cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund : inception : 1988 </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : species </s><s> Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere : point in time : October 12, 1940 </s><s> implementing legislation : facet of : Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora </s><s> Implementation of Wildlife Treaties : instance of : implementing legislation </s><s> illegal trade in wildlife : subclass of : trade </s><s> illegal trade in wildlife : facet of : International illegal wildlife trade </s><s> endangered and threatened species : subclass of : decline of species </s><s> threatened species : subclass of : endangered </s><s> Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Multinational Species Conservation Fund : instance of : semi-postal stamp </s><s> Committee on Environment and Public Works : part of : Senate </s><s> Subcommittee on Water and Wildlife : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate : has part : Committee on Environment and Public Works </s><s> 2010 Conference of the Parties : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Conference of the Parties of CITES : point in time : 2010 </s><s> House : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : House </s><s> delisted : facet of : species </s><s> delisted : subclass of : species </s><s> delisted : is a list of : species </s><s> recovered species : opposite of : extinction </s><s> recovered : opposite of : extinction </s><s> recovered : different from : extinction </s><s> ivory-billed woodpecker : endemic to : Arkansas </s><s> ivory-billed woodpecker : instance of : extinct </s><s> invasive non-native species : has effect : Habitat loss </s><s> endangered : different from : threatened </s><s> threatened : different from : endangered </s><s> endangered : opposite of : threatened </s><s> Endangered Species Act of 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Act of 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Endangered Species Act of 1973 : publication date : 1973 </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> 2009 World Heritage Site : point in time : 2009 </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : designated </s><s> critical habitat : instance of : designated </s><s> Government Accountability Office : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> 111th Congress : end time : January 15, 2009 </s><s> Section 7 consultation regulations : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111th Congress : follows : 111 th Congress </s><s> 111 th Congress : followed by : 111th Congress </s><s> global warming : has cause : climate change </s><s> global warming : facet of : climate change </s><s> climate change : has effect : global warming </s><s> ESA : has part : Sound Science </s><s> Critical Habitat : applies to jurisdiction : ESA </s><s> Critical Habitat Designation : part of : ESA </s><s> rare : subclass of : endangered species </s><s> Klamath River Basin suckers and coho salmon : instance of : endangered species </s><s> Klamath River Basin suckers and coho salmon : instance of : rare and endangered species </s><s> research : part of : science </s><s> research : subclass of : science </s><s> species conservation : subclass of : save and recover </s><s> Endangered Species Consultation Handbook : author : FWS </s><s> Endangered Species Consultation Handbook : author : NMFS </s><s> Endangered Species Consultation Handbook : author : FWS/NMFS </s><s> NMFS : instance of : federal agency </s><s> NMFS : parent organization : FWS </s><s> FWS : instance of : federal agency </s><s> Information Quality Act : publication date : February 22, 2002 </s><s> Information Quality Act : main subject : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Department of the Interior : parent organization : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> scientific studies : uses : peer review </s><s> listing : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> CH designation : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> Endangered Species Act : has effect : ESA </s><s> Endangered Species Act : part of : ESA </s><s> FWS : instance of : agencies </s><s> NMFS : instance of : agencies </s><s> Special independent peer review : subclass of : peer review </s><s> Court Cases on ESA and Science : court : Courts </s><s> scientific uncertainty : facet of : peer review </s><s> species : studied by : biological information </s><s> species : studied by : biological </s><s> species : subclass of : biological information </s><s> Arizona Cattle Growers Association v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service : instance of : Judicial review </s><s> Arizona Cattle Growers Association v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service : court : Judicial review </s><s> Arizona Cattle Growers Association v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service : main subject : evidentiary bar </s><s> greenhouse : facet of : climate change </s><s> Endangered Species Act : has part : incidental take permits </s><s> Endangered Species Act : has part : incidental take permit </s><s> coal-fired power plants : subclass of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Center for Biological Diversity : field of work : endangered or threatened </s><s> coal-fired power plant : subclass of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> habitat modification : has effect : degradation </s><s> habitat modification : subclass of : degradation </s><s> degradation : has cause : habitat modification </s><s> listed : is a list of : threatened species </s><s> greenhouse gas emissions : has effect : climate change </s><s> listed the polar bear as threatened : is a list of : threatened species </s><s> coal-fired power plant : subclass of : fossil-fuel-fired </s><s> coal-fired power plant : has parts of the class : greenhouse gas </s><s> coal-fired power plant : subclass of : fossil-fuel </s><s> special rule : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Section 11 of H : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> H.R. 2454 : legislated by : House Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> S. 1733 : legislated by : House Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> Marine Mammal Protection Act : legislated by : House </s><s> sport hunt : uses : trophy </s><s> sport hunts : uses : polar bear </s><s> delisted : facet of : threatened species </s><s> delisted : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> habitats : part of : ecosystem </s><s> wildlands : subclass of : habitats </s><s> Oregon : shares border with : California </s><s> California : shares border with : Oregon </s><s> Klamath Project : operator : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Klamath irrigation project : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Klamath Project : use : irrigation </s><s> Klamath Project : instance of : irrigation </s><s> Klamath Project : instance of : water management </s><s> Central Valley Project : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Klamath River : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Klamath basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> dams : use : water management </s><s> salmon : instance of : evolutionarily significant units </s><s> Columbia : tributary : Snake River </s><s> Snake River : mouth of the watercourse : Columbia </s><s> Columbia : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Snake River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> California drought : participant : 111 th Congress </s><s> California drought : has effect : 111 th Congress </s><s> Salmon Stronghold Partnership : facet of : Pacific salmon </s><s> Salmon Stronghold Partnership : facet of : Puget Sound salmon </s><s> Salmon Stronghold Partnership : location : Puget Sound </s><s> Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> San Joaquin Delta : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> San Francisco Bay : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers Delta : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Bay-Delta : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> State Water Project : part of : CVP </s><s> State Water Project : has part : CVP </s><s> State Water Project : part of : federal CVP </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> OCAP : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> OCAP : applies to jurisdiction : California </s><s> SWP : inception : 2004 </s><s> Section 7 : part of : ESA </s><s> CVP : replaced by : SWP </s><s> SWP : replaces : CVP </s><s> OCAP BA : main subject : Bay-Delta </s><s> H.R. 856 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> OCAP BA : publication date : December 15, 2008 </s><s> California drought : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> California State Water Project : operator : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> California State Water Project : owned by : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> California State Water Project : maintained by : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act : main subject : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act : main subject : pesticides </s><s> Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act : country : U.S. </s><s> Bureau of Indian Affairs : subsidiary : National Park Service </s><s> Forest Service : part of : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> National Park Service : parent organization : Bureau of Indian Affairs </s><s> Alternative Consultation Agreement : court : District Court for the District of Columbia </s><s> District Court : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Alternative Consultation Agreement : applies to jurisdiction : District Court for the District of Columbia </s><s> Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> National Academy of Sciences : appointed by : President </s><s> Healthy Forests Restoration Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Fifth Amendment : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Supreme Court : country : United States </s><s> economic use : subclass of : use </s><s> economic use : subclass of : private property </s><s> use : subclass of : economic use </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : listed species </s><s> listed species : is a list of : endangered species </s><s> listed species : subclass of : endangered species </s><s> appropriative water rights : subclass of : water rights </s><s> appropriative water rights : instance of : water rights </s><s> water district : facet of : water rights </s><s> Constitution : country : United States </s><s> Constitution : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> United States : owner of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : owned by : United States </s><s> noncompensable : subclass of : property rights </s><s> noncompensable : facet of : property rights </s><s> noncompensable : opposite of : absolute </s><s> Endangered Species Day : inception : May 15, 2009 </s><s> Endangered Species Day : point in time : May 15, 2009 </s><s> Endangered Species Day : point in time : May 21, 2010 </s><s> Joint Permitting Office : applies to jurisdiction : Outer Continental Shelf </s><s> Joint Permitting Offices : applies to jurisdiction : Outer Continental Shelf </s><s> Section 3 of S. 995 : part of : H.R. 2300 </s><s> ESA : has part : Section 7 </s><s> BiOps : facet of : oil and gas </s><s> Upper Colorado : tributary : San Juan </s><s> San Juan : mouth of the watercourse : Upper Colorado </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> House : subsidiary : Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands </s><s> Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands : parent organization : House </s><s> House Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands : part of : House </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests : part of : Senate </s><s> NOAA : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : country : U.S. </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : subsidiary : NOAA </s><s> S. 1748 : legislated by : House Committee on Natural Resources </s><s> Ruedi Reservoir : located in the administrative territorial entity : Utah </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : threatened </s><s> Chattahoochee : mouth of the watercourse : Flint River System </s><s> Flint River System : tributary : Chattahoochee </s><s> Apalachicola : mouth of the watercourse : Colorado River </s><s> Chattahoochee : mouth of the watercourse : Colorado River </s><s> Flint River : mouth of the watercourse : Colorado River </s><s> endangered and threatened species : subclass of : habitats </s><s> International Year of Biodiversity : facet of : ESA </s><s> International Year of Biodiversity : conferred by : ESA </s><s> International Year of Biodiversity : organizer : ESA </s><s> detailed budget request for FY2011 : point in time : February 1, 2010 </s><s> detailed budget request for FY2011 : publication date : February 1, 2010 </s><s> detailed budget request for FY2011 : inception : February 1, 2010 </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : House Committee on Appropriations </s><s> funding enacted for FY2010 : instance of : continuing resolution </s><s> FY2010 : followed by : FY2011 </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> House : part of : Senate </s><s> FY2010 : point in time : FY2010 </s><s> FY2009 : followed by : FY2010 </s><s> Obama Administration : office held by head of government : President </s><s> FY2011 budget : point in time : February 1, 2010 </s><s> FY2011 budget : start time : February 1, 2010 </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : Operations, Research, and Facilities </s><s> Operations, Research, and Facilities : parent organization : NOAA </s><s> NOAA's : subsidiary : Operations, Research, and Facilities </s><s> Operations, Research, and Facilities : parent organization : NOAA's </s><s> NMFS : parent organization : Operations, Research, and Facilities </s><s> Operations, Research, and Facilities : subsidiary : NMFS </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : Senate Committee on Appropriations </s><s> NOAA : field of work : protected species </s><s> NOAA's : field of work : protected species </s> | The Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1543) has been one of the more contentious environmental laws. This may stem from its strict substantive provisions, which can affect the use of both federal and nonfederal lands and resources. Under ESA, species of plants and animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) can be listed as endangered or threatened according to assessments of their risk of extinction. Once a species is listed, powerful legal tools are available to aid its recovery and protect its habitat. ESA may also be controversial because dwindling species are usually harbingers of broader ecosystem decline. The most common cause of species listing is habitat loss. ESA is considered a primary driver of large-scale ecosystem restoration issues.
The 111th Congress has considered whether to revoke ESA regulations promulgated in the waning days of the Bush Administration that would alter when federal agency consultation is required. In addition, legislation related to global climate change includes provisions that would allocate funds to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's endangered species program and/or to related funds to assist species adaptation to climate change. Other major issues concerning ESA in recent years have included the role of science in decision-making, critical habitat (CH) designation, protection by and incentives for property owners, and appropriate protection of listed species, among others.
The authorization for spending under ESA expired on October 1, 1992. The prohibitions and requirements of ESA remain in force, even in the absence of an authorization, and funds have been appropriated to implement the administrative provisions of ESA in each subsequent fiscal year. Proposals to reauthorize and extensively amend ESA were last considered in the 109th Congress, but none was enacted. No legislative proposals were introduced in the 110th or 111th Congresses to reauthorize the ESA.
Several measures related to ESA were enacted in the 111th Congress, including P.L. 111-8, containing language authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to withdraw or reissue (1) revisions to the ESA Section 7 consultation regulations promulgated by the Bush Administration and (2) a December 2008 special rule that outlined protections afforded polar bears; P.L. 111-11, including provisions (1) authorizing the implementation of the San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement, providing for the reintroduction of Chinook salmon, and (2) amending P.L. 106-392 to extend the authorizations for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River Basin endangered fish recovery programs through FY2023; P.L. 111-88, appropriating about $281 million for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service endangered species and related programs for FY2010 (under the authority of a continuing resolution (P.L. 111-322), ESA funding at FY2010 levels was extended through March 4, 2011); and P.L. 111-241, authorizing the issuance of a Multinational Species Conservation Fund semipostal stamp.
This report discusses oversight issues and legislation introduced in the 111th Congress to address ESA implementation and management of endangered and threatened species. |
crs_RS22145 | crs_RS22145_0 | <s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Marine environmental protection : part of : Homeland Security Act of 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : has part : Marine environmental protection </s><s> National Response Team : has part : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Environmental Protection Agency : member of : National Response Team </s><s> Regional Response Team : has part : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> spill prevention/preparedness : subclass of : spill response </s><s> spill response : facet of : spill </s><s> spill prevention/preparedness : facet of : spill response </s><s> MARPOL 73/78 : instance of : treaty </s><s> Oil Pollution Act of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> MARPOL 73/78 : instance of : international treaty </s><s> Important treaties : subclass of : treaties </s><s> United States : member of : International Maritime Organization </s><s> Important treaties : creator : International Maritime Organization </s><s> September 2001 : point in time : September 2001 </s><s> September 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 2001 : country : United States </s><s> United States : significant event : September 2001 </s><s> sludge containment system : subclass of : Oil pollution prevention system </s><s> sludge containment system : subclass of : Oil pollution prevention </s><s> oil pollution prevention system : has part : oily water separator </s><s> Non-hazardous waste : subclass of : shipboard garbage </s><s> Non-hazardous waste : subclass of : garbage </s><s> shipboard garbage : subclass of : Non-hazardous waste </s><s> gray water : subclass of : sewage </s><s> sewage : has part : gray water </s><s> gray water : part of : sewage </s><s> National Pollution Funds Center : inception : 1991 </s><s> Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund : inception : 1991 </s><s> Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> oil spill fund : facet of : oil spill </s><s> oil spill fund : main subject : oil spill </s><s> Certificates of Financial Responsibility : operator : NPFC </s><s> nets : subclass of : fishing lines </s><s> nets : has part : fishing line </s><s> nets : use : fishing </s><s> Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships : main subject : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships : has part : MARPOL Annex V </s><s> MARPOL Annex V : part of : Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : inception : 1970 </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) : inception : 1970 </s><s> Coast Guard : part of : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : Coast Guard </s><s> Grand Banks of Newfoundland : located in or next to body of water : Atlantic </s><s> Grand Banks : located in or next to body of water : Atlantic </s><s> Newfoundland : located in or next to body of water : Atlantic </s> | The U.S. Coast Guard's environmental activities focus on prevention programs, accompanied by enforcement and educational activities.
A key component of the Coast Guard's environmental activities involves maritime oil spill prevention. As required by several environmental statutes, including the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act, the Coast Guard's pollution preparedness and response activities aim to reduce the impact of oil and hazardous substances spills. Related to this duty, the Coast Guard inspects U.S. and foreign-flagged ships to ensure compliance with U.S. laws and international agreements. In addition, the Coast Guard's National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) manages the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF), which is primarily used to finance prompt responses to oil spills and to reimburse parties for applicable costs associated with oil spills (e.g., cleanup costs, natural resource damages, economic losses).
The Coast Guard's approach to marine debris (e.g., discarded fishing lines or nets) is preventive, promoting compliance by boarding and inspecting vessels, and working with local port agencies to ensure there are facilities to receive garbage from vessels. With other agencies, the Coast Guard monitors and measures marine debris.
The Coast Guard has a history of scientific study dating back to the 1880s, but its current role is that of a facilitator, supporting the scientific efforts of other groups. The Coast Guard operates three icebreakers in the Arctic and Antarctic, and provides supplies to remote stations.
Coast Guard operations must comply with applicable environmental laws. Requirements include air emission standards and waste management. |
crs_RS22486 | crs_RS22486_0 | <s> India-Iran relations : inception : January 2003 </s><s> its nuclear program : country : Iran </s><s> its nuclear program is used for purely civilian purposes : country : Iran </s><s> New Delhi Declaration : location : New Delhi </s><s> New Delhi Declaration : main subject : New Delhi </s><s> New Delhi Declaration : country : New Delhi </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> India's relations with Iran : country : Iran </s><s> New Delhi : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : New Delhi </s><s> Kochi port : country : India </s><s> Kochi : country : India </s><s> Sam Bodman : position held : Secretary of Energy </s><s> Sam Bodman : position held : United States Secretary of Energy </s><s> Sam Bodman : position held : U.S. Secretary of Energy </s><s> National Security Council : country : Iran </s><s> trade and commerce : country : Iran </s><s> India-Iran relations : inception : 2006 </s><s> civil nuclear cooperation : inception : 2005 </s><s> U.S.-India global partnership : inception : 2005 </s><s> New Delhi-Tehran relations : inception : 2005 </s><s> nuclear program : country : Iran </s><s> controversial nuclear program : country : Iran </s><s> Iran's controversial nuclear program : instance of : nuclear weapons </s><s> Bharatiya Janata Party : location of formation : New Delhi </s><s> Bharatiya Janata Party : political ideology : leftist </s><s> Bharatiya Janata Party : headquarters location : New Delhi </s><s> United States : member of : U.N. Security Council </s><s> United States : member of : IAEA </s><s> United States : member of : U.N Security Council </s><s> IAEA vote : point in time : February 4, 2006 </s><s> referring Iran to the Security Council : point in time : February 4, 2006 </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : Washington </s><s> Washington : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> Iran : capital : Tehran </s><s> Tehran : country : Iran </s><s> Hyde Act : instance of : enabling legislation </s><s> Hyde Act : main subject : President </s><s> Hyde Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> sanctioned : participant : Bush Administration </s><s> Some Indian persons have been sanctioned : participant : Bush Administration </s><s> Weapons of Mass Destruction-Related Relations : country : Iran </s><s> Nuclear Power Corp. : country : India </s><s> Nuclear Power Corp : country : India </s><s> Nuclear Power Corp. of India : industry : nuclear scientist </s><s> Resolution 1737 : publication date : December 2006 </s><s> Resolution 1737 : point in time : December 2006 </s><s> Resolution 1737 of December 2006 : publication date : December 2006 </s><s> Indo-Iran Joint Commission : inception : 1983 </s><s> Iran-Iraq war : end time : 1988 </s><s> Kilo-class submarine : country of origin : Russia </s><s> Kilo-class submarines : country of origin : Russia </s><s> New Delhi Declaration : point in time : 2003 </s><s> T-72 : subclass of : armored personnel carrier </s><s> MiG-29 : subclass of : fighters </s><s> T-72 tank : subclass of : armored personnel carrier </s><s> 2003 accord : point in time : 2003 </s><s> India-Iran commercial relations : inception : 2003 </s><s> Iran Sanctions Act : instance of : sanctions </s><s> Iran Sanctions Act : main subject : Iran </s><s> Iran Sanctions Act : country : Iran </s><s> South Pars gas field : country : Iran </s><s> Gasoline : subclass of : refined gasoline </s><s> Iran-India energy deals : country : Iran </s><s> Iran-India energy deals : country : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistani President : country : Pakistan </s><s> Musharraf : position held : Pakistani President </s><s> ONGC : country : India </s><s> GAIL : country : India </s><s> Indian Oil Corporation : country : India </s><s> Bharat Petroleum Corporation : country : India </s><s> Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> Kashmir : country : India </s><s> terrorist attacks in India : country : India </s> | India's growing energy needs and its relatively benign view of Iran's intentions will likely cause policy differences between New Delhi and Washington. India seeks positive ties with Iran and is unlikely to downgrade its relationship with Tehran at the behest of external powers, but it is unlikely that the two will develop a broad and deep strategic alliance. India-Iran relations are also unlikely to derail the further development of close and productive U.S.-India relations on a number of fronts. See also CRS Report RL33529, India-U.S. Relations, and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses. This report will be updated as warranted by events. |
crs_R40556 | crs_R40556_0 | <s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gas </s><s> carbon tax : subclass of : price control </s><s> carbon tax : facet of : GHG emission control </s><s> carbon tax : instance of : GHG emission control </s><s> cost : subclass of : price </s><s> Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative : inception : January 2009 </s><s> Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative : start time : January 2009 </s><s> Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) : inception : January 2009 </s><s> Section 202 of the Clean Air Act : main subject : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Section 202 of the Clean Air Act : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Section 202 of the Clean Air Act : author : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Energy Policy and Conservation Act : author : President Obama </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Energy Policy and Conservation Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : author : President Obama </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : GHG emissions </s><s> cap-and-trade : instance of : energy policy </s><s> cap-and-trade : subclass of : energy policy </s><s> offsets : subclass of : GHG emissions </s><s> offsets : subclass of : GHG </s><s> 2020 : point in time : 2020 </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : GHG </s><s> cap-and-trade program : facet of : GHG </s><s> H.R. 2454 : instance of : cap-and-trade </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : main subject : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> carbon-content tax : facet of : fossil fuel </s><s> carbon-content tax : subclass of : tax </s><s> R40896, Climate Change: Comparison of the Cap-and-Trade Provisions in H.R. 2454 and S.R. 1733 : instance of : CRS Report </s><s> carbon-content tax : instance of : tax </s><s> production : has part : importation </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> cap-and-trade program : facet of : greenhouse gas emissions </s><s> Climate Program : inception : 2012 </s><s> 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Auction Revenue Trust Fund : parent organization : Treasury </s><s> fossil fuel : has parts of the class : GHG </s><s> carbon-content tax : subclass of : dynamic carbon-content tax </s><s> carbon-content tax : instance of : dynamic carbon-content tax </s><s> combustion : has effect : CO 2 </s><s> CO 2 : has cause : combustion </s><s> CO 2 : has effect : emissions </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has part : carbon dioxide </s><s> CO 2 emissions from covered entities : has part : carbon dioxide </s><s> CO 2 emissions from covered entities : subclass of : carbon dioxide </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal mines : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> CO 2 emissions : subclass of : GHG emissions </s><s> carbon dioxide : instance of : emissions </s><s> carbon dioxide : has parts of the class : fossil fuels </s><s> carbon dioxide : has cause : fossil fuels </s><s> fossil fuels : has effect : carbon dioxide </s><s> forestry : part of : agriculture </s><s> forestry : subclass of : agriculture </s><s> offsets : subclass of : mitigation </s><s> cap-and-trade : facet of : climate change </s><s> draft of new climate change legislation : publication date : May 12, 2010 </s><s> carbon leakage : subclass of : GHG reduction </s><s> nuclear : subclass of : energy </s><s> generators : product or material produced : transportation fuels </s><s> generators : product or material produced : transportation fuel </s><s> markup : part of : bill </s><s> markup : facet of : bill </s><s> H.R. 2454 : legislated by : House Committee on Energy and Commerce </s><s> Committee on Environment and Public Works : part of : Senate </s><s> House of Representatives : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : House of Representatives </s><s> House of Representatives : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate : has part : House of Representatives </s> | As of the date of this report, Members in the 111th Congress have introduced nine stand-alone proposals that would control greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The proposals offered to date would employ market-based approaches—either a cap-and-trade or carbon tax system, or some combination thereof—to reduce GHG emissions. The legislative proposals are varied in their overall approaches in controlling GHG emissions. Some control emissions by setting a quantity (or cap); others control emissions by setting a price (or tax/fee). In addition, the proposals differ in their inclusion of particular design elements, such as whether or not to allow offsets (emission reduction opportunities from economic sectors not directly addressed by the primary approach).
H.R. 2454, the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (Waxman/Markey), and S. 1733, the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (Kerry/Boxer), have been the primary energy and climate change legislative vehicles in the 111th Congress. On June 26, 2009, the House passed H.R. 2454. On November 5, the committee approved Senator Boxer's "Manager's Amendment" as a substitute, and ordered S. 1733 reported. In addition to establishing a cap-and-trade system to regulate GHG emissions, both H.R. 2454 and S. 1733 would address energy efficiency, renewable energy, and other energy topics. Other proposals—H.R. 1862 (Van Hollen) and H.R. 1666 (Doggett)—would control emissions by limiting quantity, but would differ in their structure and implementation.
Three of the proposals—H.R. 594 (Stark), H.R. 1337 (Larson), and H.R. 2380 (Inglis)—would use a carbon tax approach to address carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
Other proposals do not fit precisely into either a price or quantity control category. H.R. 1683 (McDermott) would establish a program that may be described as a dynamic carbon tax: its tax rate would be linked with annual emission allocations (or caps). S. 2877 (Cantwell) would establish a CO2 emission control program on fossil fuel producers and importers. Although the bill would limit the number of carbon shares auctioned each year, the auctions would include a price safety valve, allowing for the purchase of additional shares. To counter the emissions from these additional shares (above the cap), the price safety-valve revenues would be used to support mitigation efforts outside of the emission control program.
On May 12, 2010, Senators Kerry and Lieberman released a draft of new climate change legislation. A comprehensive energy and climate change policy proposal, the draft would set GHG reduction goals similar to those of H.R. 2454. The proposal would employ a market-based cap-and-trade scheme for electric generators and industry with a separate set-price mechanism to allocate allowances to cover transportation fuels.
A key element in GHG emission reduction bills is how, to whom, and for what purpose the value of emission allowances or carbon tax revenue would be distributed. The distribution strategy is a critical policy decision, because it would affect (1) the overall cost of the program and (2) how program costs are distributed throughout the economy. In the early years of the program, H.R. 2454 and S. 1733 would distribute allowances at no cost to both covered and non-covered entities to support various policy objectives. In addition, an increasing percentage of the allowances would be sold through auction. As with the distribution of no-cost allowances, auction revenues would be used to further various policy objectives. |
crs_R44765 | crs_R44765_0 | <s> India : head of government : Narendra Modi </s><s> India : office held by head of government : Prime Minister </s><s> Prime Minister : country : India </s><s> Prime Minister : officeholder : Narendra Modi </s><s> Narendra Modi : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> India's economy : head of government : Narendra Modi </s><s> India : member of : G20 </s><s> G20 : has part : Co-operation and Development </s><s> G20 : has part : India </s><s> liquefied natural gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> natural gas demand : country : India </s><s> India's natural gas demand : facet of : natural gas </s><s> Government of India : country : India </s><s> India : authority : Government of India </s><s> India's natural gas consumption declined almost 18% : point in time : 2015 </s><s> India's natural gas production fell by 3.8%, its fifth straight year of decline : point in time : 2015 </s><s> India's natural gas production : country : India </s><s> India's natural gas production fell by 3.8% : point in time : 2015 </s><s> India : part of : South Asia </s><s> South Asia : has part : India </s><s> Gujarat : head of government : Narendra Modi </s><s> Narendra Modi : work location : Gujarat </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> New Delhi : significant event : chronic air pollution problems </s><s> smog has reached 16 times levels deemed safe : location : New Delhi </s><s> smog has reached 16 times levels deemed safe : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Delhi </s><s> Oil and Natural Gas Corporation : instance of : state-owned companies </s><s> Oil India Limited : instance of : state-owned companies </s><s> Oil and Natural Gas Corporation : country : India </s><s> Oil India Limited : country : India </s><s> New Exploration Licensing Policy : inception : 1999 </s><s> New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) : inception : 1999 </s><s> New Exploration Licensing Policy : point in time : 1999 </s><s> first auction of oil and gas blocks under HELP : point in time : January 2017 </s><s> first auction of oil and gas blocks : point in time : January 2017 </s><s> oil and gas blocks under HELP : inception : January 2017 </s><s> Department of Atomic Energy : parent organization : Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas </s><s> Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas : subsidiary : Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas </s><s> Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas : industry : natural gas </s><s> ONGC : industry : oil and gas companies </s><s> Oil India Limited : industry : oil and gas companies </s><s> ONGC : subsidiary : Oil India Limited </s><s> ONGC : product or material produced : oil </s><s> Oil India Limited : product or material produced : oil </s><s> Petronet : stock exchange : National Stock Exchange of India </s><s> ONGC : stock exchange : National Stock Exchange of India </s><s> Indian Oil Corporation Limited : stock exchange : National Stock Exchange of India </s><s> Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited : stock exchange : National Stock Exchange of India </s><s> Sabine Pass LNG plant : operator : Cheniere </s><s> Cheniere : owner of : Sabine Pass LNG plant </s><s> Sabine Pass LNG plant : owned by : Cheniere </s><s> Sabine Pass LNG plant : operator : Cheniere's </s><s> shale gas : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) : country : India </s><s> 12th Five-Year Plan : has part : 12 th five-year plan </s><s> 12 th five-year plan : part of : 12th Five-Year Plan </s><s> coal-fired capacity : use : electricity generation </s><s> coal-fired : use : electricity generation </s><s> coal : use : electricity generation </s><s> 13 th five-year plan : publication date : 2017 </s><s> Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy : inception : 2016 </s><s> India's 13 th five-year plan : publication date : 2017 </s><s> Partnership to Advance Clean Energy : inception : 2009 </s><s> Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE) : inception : 2009 </s><s> Indian Prime Minister : officeholder : Modi </s><s> Modi : position held : Indian Prime Minister </s><s> India : head of government : Modi </s><s> India : located in or next to body of water : Bay of Bengal </s><s> GAIL : country : India </s><s> GAIL : product or material produced : Bay of Bengal </s><s> Eagle Ford shale play : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Niobrara shale oil and gas site : located in the administrative territorial entity : Colorado </s><s> India's domestic consumption of natural gas : country : India </s><s> LNG : subclass of : compressed natural gas </s><s> India's domestic consumption of natural gas : facet of : natural gas </s><s> Ministry of Power : industry : electricity generation </s><s> Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas : parent organization : Ministry of Power </s><s> Ministry of Power : field of work : electricity generation </s><s> India : contains administrative territorial entity : Gujarat </s><s> India : contains administrative territorial entity : Maharashtra </s><s> India : contains administrative territorial entity : Uttar Pradesh </s><s> Gujarat : located in the administrative territorial entity : India </s><s> Maharashtra : located in the administrative territorial entity : India </s><s> Uttar Pradesh : located in the administrative territorial entity : India </s><s> Gujarat : country : India </s><s> Maharashtra : country : India </s><s> Uttar Pradesh : country : India </s><s> Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board : country : India </s><s> pipelines : subclass of : infrastructure </s><s> pipelines to move natural gas : subclass of : pipelines </s><s> piped natural gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> piped natural gas : subclass of : distribution pipelines </s><s> piped natural gas (PNG) : country : India </s><s> oil : has parts of the class : carbon </s><s> coal : has part : carbon </s><s> government's efforts to decrease in-home burning of wood and oil : country : India </s><s> Paris Climate negotiations : has part : COP-21 </s><s> COP-21 : part of : Paris Climate negotiations </s><s> Paris Climate negotiations : part of : COP-21 </s><s> Paris Climate negotiations in 2015 (COP-21) : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change : part of : Modi government </s><s> Modi government : subsidiary : Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change </s><s> Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change : parent organization : Modi government </s><s> India : member of : Asian Development Bank </s><s> YES BANK : member of : Asian Development Bank </s><s> YES BANK : country : India </s><s> Henry Hub : country : United States </s><s> National Balancing Point : country : United States </s><s> Henry Hub (United States), National Balancing Point : product or material produced : natural gas </s><s> Canadian : contains administrative territorial entity : Alberta </s><s> Alberta : country : Canadian </s><s> Alberta gas prices : country : Canadian </s><s> Canada : contains administrative territorial entity : Alberta </s><s> Alberta : country : Canada </s><s> National Balancing Point : instance of : virtual pricing point </s><s> Modi government : country : India </s><s> National Balancing Point : country : U.K. </s><s> LNG : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> MoPNG : product or material produced : LNG </s><s> MoPNG : country : India </s><s> Cambay : country : India </s><s> Assam-Arakan : country : India </s><s> Krishna : country : India </s><s> Cauvery : tributary : Godavari </s><s> Godavari : mouth of the watercourse : Cauvery </s><s> Godavari : tributary : Cauvery </s><s> Cauvery : mouth of the watercourse : Godavari </s><s> United States : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : country : United States </s><s> Gulf of Mexico : basin country : United States </s><s> KG-D6 : area : 29 </s><s> KG-D6 project : area : 29 </s><s> ultra-deep-water block : subclass of : exploration block </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : hydrocarbon </s><s> ultra-deep-water block : subclass of : exploration blocks </s><s> India : inception : 2004 </s><s> Qatar : product or material produced : LNG </s><s> Cove Point LNG : located in the administrative territorial entity : Maryland </s><s> Cove Point LNG : country : United States </s><s> Maryland : country : United States </s><s> RasGas : country : Qatar </s><s> RasGas : country : Qatar's </s><s> RasGas : product or material produced : LNG </s><s> Australia : part of : Middle East </s><s> India : part of : Middle East </s><s> Russia-India pipeline : country : Russia </s><s> TAPI : country : Turkmenistan </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Siberia : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : United States </s><s> India : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : India </s> | India's population is expected to surpass China as the world's largest by 2022, reaching approximately 1.4 billion people, creating greater demand for energy. India has the potential to be a much larger producer and consumer of natural gas. Competing political and economic factors have limited the government's effectiveness in changing the country's energy mix, which is heavily weighted toward coal and oil. Continually beset by high-profile environmental issues such as major air pollution and contaminated water supplies due to their reliance on coal and oil, the Indian government is now setting policies to increase lower-carbon energy use, but whether the government can overcome the economic and political hurdles remains a question. The portion of natural gas in India's energy mix, 7%, remains small compared to that of the United States, though it is comparable to similar emerging economies like Brazil, China, and South Africa. Despite India's intentions to double the proportion of natural gas consumption by 2022, achieving this goal would require major upstream, midstream, and downstream investments as well as the continued political will to enact the necessary changes to decrease reliance on coal and oil.
India's natural gas plans have implications for a number of issues in which Congress has expressed an interest. Those issues include the prospects for U.S. hydrocarbon exports, U.S. energy companies' investments, Indian investments in U.S. natural gas production, India's ability to meet its international commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat climate change, and India's plans for integrating itself into the growing South Asian energy market. In the mid-2000s, Members of both houses of Congress expressed interest to formalize closer energy ties between the United States and India, and legislation was introduced. The legislation was not enacted into law; however, the executive branch has implemented programs to further improve the energy partnership between the two nations.
India's central government manages its energy sector mainly via four ministries: Power; Coal; Petroleum and Natural Gas; and New and Renewable Energy; along with the Department of Atomic Energy. Decades ago the Government of India created entities designated "Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)" to ensure complete control of the petroleum logistics chain. These PSUs have become some of India's largest companies. The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), and Indian Oil Corporation Limited are consistently ranked among the world's bigger energy companies. The PSUs are India's primary international and domestic energy actors, although some private sector companies have become key players as well. However, government control of the energy sector has stymied India's development of its domestic resources and hindered its efforts internationally. In the past decade, India has incentivized foreign access to its upstream sector as a way to increase domestic production. Some of India's energy companies are also investing more in U.S. energy projects and have signed contracts to import U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG).
Due to limited drilling activity and available information, how much technically recoverable natural gas exists in India is unclear. However, India's current assessment of total reserves—resources that are economically and technically viable under existing market conditions—is estimated to represent less than 1% of the global natural gas total. As India attempts to shift away from coal and oil over the coming decades, natural gas production, especially from offshore resources, is seen as a way to increase domestic supply. Combined with improving infrastructure for imported LNG, India could become a bigger natural gas consumer in the future. |
crs_RL34364 | crs_RL34364_0 | <s> significant slowdown of the housing market : point in time : 2007 </s><s> significant slowdown : point in time : 2007 </s><s> mortgage-backed securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> spillover : subclass of : contagion </s><s> asset-backed bond : subclass of : bonds </s><s> asset-backed bond : subclass of : bond </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : insurance </s><s> Asset-backed securities : subclass of : insurance </s><s> Financial Services Committee : subsidiary : House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises </s><s> reinsurers : subclass of : insurers </s><s> reinsurers : subclass of : insurance </s><s> reinsurers : part of : insurance industry </s><s> Ambac : subsidiary : Ambac Assurance Corporation </s><s> Ambac Assurance Corporation : industry : bond insurance </s><s> Ambac Assurance Corporation : product or material produced : bond insurance </s><s> Bond insurance : subclass of : insurance </s><s> bond : subclass of : securities </s><s> bond : has part : interest payment </s><s> AAA : instance of : credit rating </s><s> bond insurance : subclass of : insurance company </s><s> Municipal Bonds and Asset-Backed Securities : subclass of : bond </s><s> Monoline : product or material produced : insurance </s><s> Monoline : industry : insurance </s><s> insurance : practiced by : insurer </s><s> insurance : field of this occupation : insurance </s><s> property/casualty insurance : instance of : line of business </s><s> property : subclass of : insurance </s><s> property/casualty insurance : subclass of : line of business </s><s> run off : facet of : insurance industry </s><s> run off : subclass of : insurance industry </s><s> run off : part of : insurance industry </s><s> securitization : subclass of : bonds </s><s> bonds : subclass of : debt securities </s><s> securitization : subclass of : structured finance </s><s> credit default swap : subclass of : Derivatives </s><s> Ambac : inception : 1993 </s><s> insurance policy : subclass of : financial instrument </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : security </s><s> security : subclass of : asset </s><s> insurance policy : subclass of : monoline insurers </s><s> insurance policies : subclass of : insurance companies </s><s> insurance policies : facet of : insurance companies </s><s> insurance companies : product or material produced : insurance policies </s><s> MBIA : instance of : bond insurer </s><s> MBIA : industry : bond insurer </s><s> Financial Accounting Standards Board : part of : accounting </s><s> Financial Accounting Standards Board : field of work : accounting </s><s> Financial Accounting Standards Board : field of work : accounting treatment </s><s> unexpected rise in mortgage defaults and foreclosures : facet of : mortgage-backed securities </s><s> mortgage-backed securities : subclass of : mortgage </s><s> mortgage-backed securities : has cause : mortgage defaults and foreclosures </s><s> mortgage : subclass of : securities </s><s> mortgage : subclass of : security </s><s> insurance protection : different from : policy </s><s> policy : different from : insurance protection </s><s> Moodys : instance of : ratings agencies </s><s> Standard & Poor's : instance of : ratings agencies </s><s> Ambac : instance of : bond insurer </s><s> Fitch : instance of : rating agencies </s><s> SCA : parent organization : Fitch </s><s> SCA : instance of : A </s><s> 2008 financial crisis : point in time : 2008 </s><s> An Optimistic View : facet of : bond industry </s><s> An Optimistic View : main subject : bond insurers </s><s> interest : different from : principal </s><s> principal : different from : interest </s><s> interest : has part : principal </s><s> principal : part of : interest </s><s> mortgage-backed security : subclass of : bonds </s><s> mortgage-backed security : subclass of : bond </s><s> mortgage-backed security market : subclass of : bonds </s><s> optimists : opposite of : pessimistic </s><s> pessimistic : opposite of : optimists </s><s> optimists : opposite of : pessimistic view </s><s> pessimistic view : opposite of : optimists </s><s> bonds : subclass of : securities </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> asset-backed securities : subclass of : bonds </s><s> bonds backed by other types of financial assets : opposite of : bonds backed by municipals </s><s> bonds backed by other types of financial assets : opposite of : municipal bonds </s><s> bonds backed by other types of financial assets : opposite of : municipal bond </s><s> monoline : subclass of : securities </s><s> derivatives : participant : counterparty </s><s> derivatives : has part : counterparty </s><s> asset-backed securities : part of : financial system </s><s> asset-backed securities : has part : credit default swaps </s><s> asset-backed securities : used by : credit default swaps </s><s> mutual fund : subclass of : buy-and-hold investor </s><s> buy-and-hold investor : has part : mutual fund </s><s> mutual fund : part of : buy-and-hold investor </s><s> auction-rate securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> Auction-rate securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> long-term securities : subclass of : securities </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> In 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Berkshire-Hathaway bond insurer : inception : 2007 </s><s> Berkshire-Hathaway : instance of : bond insurer </s><s> BAA : instance of : AAA </s><s> AAA : said to be the same as : investment grade </s><s> investment grade : said to be the same as : AAA </s><s> insurers : product or material produced : insurance policies </s><s> Morgan Stanley : country : United States </s><s> Asset-backed Securities Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> derivatives : subclass of : systemic risk </s><s> derivatives : has effect : systemic risk </s><s> derivatives : facet of : systemic risk </s><s> Long Term Capital Management : inception : 1998 </s><s> 1998 Long Term Capital Management : point in time : 1998 </s><s> Long Term Capital Management : point in time : 1998 </s><s> Superintendent Dinallo : employer : Federal Reserve </s><s> LTCM rescue : participant : Federal Reserve </s><s> Superintendent Dinallo : member of : Federal Reserve </s><s> Ambac : headquarters location : Wisconsin </s><s> Ambac : located in the administrative territorial entity : Wisconsin </s><s> ACA : located in the administrative territorial entity : Maryland </s><s> credit default swap : subclass of : financial derivative </s><s> credit default swap : subclass of : credit derivative </s><s> credit derivative : subclass of : financial instrument </s><s> energy derivative : subclass of : off-exchange </s><s> energy derivatives : subclass of : off-exchange </s><s> financial services : part of : financial system </s> | Beginning in 2007, higher than expected defaults and delinquencies in "subprime" mortgages led to a significant slowdown of the housing market. Most of these mortgages were financed by capital markets through asset- or mortgage-backed securities, rather than by traditional banks. Thus, rather than being confined to the institutions that made the now-questionable loans, losses caused by unexpected mortgage defaults have been felt throughout the financial system by any entity who bought mortgage-backed securities. In addition, financial guaranty insurance companies, often known as "monoline" insurers, have also been affected because they insured the prompt payment of interest and return of principal for various securities that may now not be able to pay the promised amounts. With most possible insurance payouts still in the future, these insurers have yet to experience large real losses. Possible massive future losses, however, have caused financial turmoil for insurers, downgrades from rating agencies, and fears about further harm to other institutions, individuals, and municipalities. While the federal government does not currently oversee any insurers, various proposals for broad federal oversight have been introduced, including S. 40/H.R. 3200 in the 110th Congress. The House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises held a hearing entitled "The State of the Bond Insurance Industry" on February 14, 2008, and the full Financial Services Committee is scheduled to examine "Municipal Bond Turmoil: Impact on Cities, Towns, and States," on March 12, 2008.
The financial guaranty insurance industry began less than four decades ago with insurance policies being offered on municipal bonds. Bond insurers became known as monoline insurers because they were limited by the regulators to offering financial guaranty insurance, and relatively few companies entered the business. While insuring municipal bonds has remained the majority of their business, bond insurers also expanded into offering insurance for international bonds and the aforementioned asset-backed securities. The insurance provided on the asset-backed securities has been offered through relatively new financial derivatives known as credit default swaps, rather than through traditional insurance policies. The coverage provided through such swaps has in most cases been essentially identical to that provided through traditional insurance policies, but the accounting treatment is different for these tradeable contracts. As the risk of default for the underlying securities has risen, the value of the credit default swaps to insurers has fallen, resulting in multi-billion dollar paper losses for bond insurers.
With the possibility of wider financial damage spilling over from bond insurer difficulties, various market participants and government regulators have broached the idea of some sort of rescue for the troubled insurers. Uncertainty about the need for, and size of, such a rescue, as well as complexities in the bond insurer situation have stymied any such rescue to this point. In addition to the immediate demands of crisis management, the turmoil surrounding the bond insurers may also bring longer term regulatory issues to the fore, including questions about future federal oversight regulation of insurers and future federal oversight of derivatives, many of which are essentially unregulated. This report will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_R44570 | crs_R44570_0 | <s> nearly five decades of military rule : country : Burma </s><s> military junta : country : Burma </s><s> 2015 parliamentary elections : successful candidate : National League for Democracy </s><s> National League for Democracy : part of : Union Parliament </s><s> Union Parliament : has part : National League for Democracy </s><s> Union Parliament : founded by : National League for Democracy </s><s> war crimes against civilians : subclass of : war crime </s><s> war crimes against civilians : subclass of : war crimes </s><s> war crimes against civilians : subclass of : crimes against humanity </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : legislated by : Trump Administration </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : author : Trump Administration </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : main subject : Trump Administration </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2019 : point in time : 2019 </s><s> Burma Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability (BURMA) Act of 2018 : point in time : 2018 </s><s> Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2019 : legislated by : House </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : father : Aung San </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : father : General Aung San </s><s> Panglong Agreement : country : Union of Burma </s><s> freedom of speech : instance of : human rights </s><s> freedom of association : instance of : human rights </s><s> military junta : inception : 1962 </s><s> freedom of speech : instance of : internationally recognized human rights </s><s> freedom of association : instance of : internationally recognized human rights </s><s> civil war : country : Burma </s><s> civil war : location : Burma </s><s> military-to-military relations : country : Burma </s><s> parliamentary elections : point in time : November 7, 2010 </s><s> national referendum : point in time : May 8, 2008 </s><s> parliamentary elections : candidate : Aung San Su Suh </s><s> Suu Kyi : member of political party : National League for Democracy </s><s> National League for Democracy : chairperson : Suu Kyi </s><s> Thein Sein : position held : President </s><s> nationwide parliamentary elections : point in time : November 8, 2015 </s><s> nationwide parliamentary elections : successful candidate : Htin Kyaw </s><s> nationwide parliamentary election : point in time : November 8, 2015 </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : position held : Foreign Minister </s><s> September 2016 visit to Washington, DC : participant : Aung San Suu Kyi </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi's September 2016 visit to Washington, DC : participant : President Obama </s><s> Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 : instance of : appropriations legislation </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 : point in time : 2018 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 : followed by : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 : followed by : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 </s><s> legislation imposing sanctions on Burma : country : Burma </s><s> human rights : instance of : internationally recognized </s><s> legislation imposing sanctions on Burma : facet of : Burma </s><s> Rohingya : instance of : ethnic minorities in Burma </s><s> Rohingya : country : Burmese people </s><s> Rohingya : part of : Burmese people </s><s> political changes that occurred between 2008 and 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> political changes that occurred between 2008 and 2015 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> the political changes that occurred between 2008 and 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : point in time : 2017 </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : has effect : Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 </s><s> Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1997 : country : United States </s><s> Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1997 : country : U.S. </s><s> Block Burmese JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Block Burmese JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 : named after : Tom Lantos </s><s> Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> violations of human rights in Burma : subclass of : human rights abuses </s><s> violations of human rights : subclass of : human rights abuses </s><s> human rights abuses : subclass of : violations of human rights </s><s> Obama Administration : followed by : Trump Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : position held : President </s><s> Trump Administration : position held : President </s><s> Rohingya : instance of : minority groups </s><s> Rohingya : subclass of : minority groups </s><s> peaceful expression : instance of : human rights </s><s> internally displaced persons : subclass of : refugees </s><s> refugees : subclass of : internally displaced persons </s><s> internally displaced persons : has part : refugees </s><s> Secretary of the Treasury : country : U.S. </s><s> executive director : appointed by : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Secretary of the Treasury : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Bureau of Political-Military Affairs </s><s> Bureau of Political-Military Affairs : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Bureau of Political-Military Affairs : part of : State Department </s><s> Ban on the Provision of Visas to Military Leaders : part of : Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 </s><s> Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 : has part : Ban on the Provision of Visas to Military Leaders </s><s> Ban on the Provision of Visas to Military Leaders : point in time : 2008 </s><s> IMET : country : Burma </s><s> government has armed forces : country : Burma </s><s> FMF : country : Burma </s><s> Global Magnitsky San San : country : Burma </s><s> Global Magnitsky Sanitary Administration : country : Myanmar </s><s> Burmese military : country : Burma </s><s> attacks on security outposts along the border with Bangladesh : location : Rakhine State </s><s> attacks on security outposts : location : Rakhine State </s><s> attacks on security outposts along the border with Bangladesh : located in the administrative territorial entity : Rakhine State </s><s> Maung Maung Soe : military rank : Major General </s><s> Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons : instance of : Global Magnitsky Act </s><s> Maung Maung Soe : subject has role : Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons </s><s> Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons : part of : Global Magnitsky Act </s><s> Global Magnitsky Act : has part : Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons </s><s> Aung Kyaw Zaw : military rank : Lieutenant General </s><s> Khin Hlaing : military rank : Major General </s><s> Khin Maung Soe : military rank : Major General </s><s> Thura San Lwin : military rank : Brigadier General </s><s> President Obama : position held : President </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1997 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> relations with Burma : country : Burma </s><s> relations : country : Burma </s><s> economic restrictions on relations with Burma : country : Burma </s><s> jadeite : subclass of : rubies </s><s> jadeite : subclass of : jewelry </s><s> jadeite : use : jewelry </s><s> Executive Order 13742 : inception : October 7, 2016 </s><s> Executive Order 13742 : point in time : October 7, 2016 </s><s> Executive Order 13651 : inception : August 7, 2013 </s><s> overseas branch : country : United States </s><s> overseas branch : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> JADE Act : country : United States </s><s> Executive Order 13742 : author : President Obama </s><s> Daw Aung San Suu Kyi : member of political party : Democratic opposition </s><s> Department of State : country : United States </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : has part : Committees on Appropriations </s><s> Presidential Determination 2017-04 : point in time : December 2, 2016 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> United Nations Children's Fund : instance of : international organizations </s><s> 2003 BFDA : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Kerry : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> meeting with Secretary of State Kerry : point in time : May 22, 2016 </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : member of political party : NLD </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : member of political party : NLD-led government's </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : member of political party : NLD-led government </s><s> Oval Office : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> visit to Washington, DC : point in time : September 2016 </s><s> her meeting in the Oval Office with President Obama : point in time : September 14, 2016 </s><s> Min Aung Hlaing : military rank : Senior General </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : spouse : Min Aung Hlaing </s><s> conflict with the EAOs : location : Rakhine State </s><s> political situation in Burma : country : Burma </s><s> current political situation : country : Burma </s><s> current political situation in Burma : country : Burma </s><s> democratically elected civilian government : country : Burma </s><s> democratically elected : subclass of : civilian government </s><s> civilian government : subclass of : democratically elected </s><s> Rohingya : located in the administrative territorial entity : Rakhine State </s><s> nation's civil war : participant : Rohingya </s><s> the nation's civil war : participant : Rohingya </s><s> Tatmadaw : operating area : Rakhine State </s><s> 2008 constitution : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Tatmadaw : applies to jurisdiction : Rakhine State </s><s> Rakhine State : authority : Tatmadaw </s><s> Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited : country : Burma </s><s> Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited : industry : Burmese economy </s><s> Ministers of Border Affairs, Defence, and Home Affairs : part of : Burmese military </s><s> Ministers of Border Affairs, Defence, and Home Affairs : appointed by : Union Parliament </s><s> Ministers of Border Affairs : appointed by : Union Parliament </s><s> Defence : appointed by : Union Parliament </s><s> Home Affairs : appointed by : Union Parliament </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : position held : State Counselor and Foreign Minister </s><s> NLD : chairperson : Aung San Suu Kyi </s><s> parliamentary elections in 2010 : successful candidate : Thein Sein </s><s> Khin Nyunt : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Min Aung Hlaing : military branch : Tatmadaw </s><s> seven step roadmap to a disciplined democracy : point in time : August 30, 2003 </s><s> 2008 constitution : applies to jurisdiction : Burma </s><s> 2008 constitution : country : Burma </s><s> proposed peace process : facet of : Burma's civil war </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi's proposed peace process : facet of : Burma's civil war </s><s> Thein Sein : member of political party : NLD </s><s> Thein Sein government : replaces : decades of military rule </s><s> political reform : country : Burma </s><s> NLD : country : Burma </s><s> 21 st Century Panglong Conferences : participant : Aung San Suu Kyi </s><s> civil war : participant : Burmese people </s><s> clearance operations : location : Rakhine State </s><s> Kachin Independence Army : country : Burma </s><s> Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army : country : Burma </s><s> Ta'ang National Liberation Army : country : Burma </s><s> Arakan Army : country : Burma </s><s> rises in Rakhine State : location : Rakhine State </s><s> Bangladesh : member of : United Nations </s><s> Dhaka : twinned administrative body : Naypyitaw </s><s> Naypyitaw : twinned administrative body : Dhaka </s><s> new citizenship law : point in time : 1982 </s><s> International Criminal Court : instance of : international criminal tribunal </s><s> displacement of Rohingya : country : Bangladesh </s><s> Tatmadaw : country : Burma </s><s> Aung San Suu Kyi : position held : State Counsellor </s><s> President : officeholder : Htin Kyaw </s><s> Htin Kyaw : position held : President </s><s> State Counsellor : officeholder : Aung San Suu Kyi </s><s> legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriations legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> appropriations legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> continuing resolution : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> Executive Orders : author : President </s><s> ruling military junta : country : Burma </s><s> military junta : country : Burma's </s> | Major changes in Burma's political situation since 2016 have raised questions among some Members of Congress concerning the appropriateness of U.S. policy in Burma in general, and the current restrictions on relations with Burma (Myanmar) in particular. During the 115th Congress, two bills were introduced—the Burma Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 2018 (H.R. 5819; the BURMA Act of 2018) and the Burma Human Rights and Freedom Act of 2018 (S. 2060)—that would reformulate U.S. policy and the restrictions on bilateral relations.
In November 2015, Burma held nationwide parliamentary elections from which Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) emerged as the party with an absolute majority in both chambers of Burma's Union Parliament. The new government subsequently appointed Aung San Suu Kyi to the newly created position of State Counselor, as well as Foreign Minister. While the NLD controls the Union Parliament and the executive branch, the Burmese military, also known as the Tatmadaw, continues to exercise significant power under provisions of Burma's 2008 constitution. For example, 25% of the seats in both chambers of the Union Parliament are military officers appointed by the Tatmadaw's Commander in Chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, creating a voting bloc that can prevent any changes in the constitution.
On October 7, 2016, former President Obama revoked several executive orders pertaining to sanctions on Burma, and waived restrictions required by Section 5(b) of the Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE (Junta Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-286), removing most of the economic restrictions on relations with Burma. On December 2, 2016, he issued Presidential Determination 2017-04, ending restrictions on U.S. assistance to Burma as provided by Section 570(a) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1997. Various noneconomic restrictions, however, remain in effect, including bans on providing visas to certain Burmese nationals and other restrictions on U.S. assistance to Burma.
Certain events since 2016, however, have led some Members of Congress to call for the reinstatement of some of the waived sanctions and/or the imposition of new restrictions on relations with Burma. One of the more prominent events was the "clearance operation" in northern Rakhine State in late 2017, during which Burma's security forces allegedly committed serious human rights abuses against the Rohingya. A U.N. fact-finding mission (and other investigations) say the security force's actions may constitute genocide, crimes against humanity, and/or war crimes. Burma's security forces have also been accused of committing crimes against humanity and war crimes against civilians in Kachin and Shan State between 2011 and 2018 as part of its ongoing conflict with various ethnic armed organizations (EAOs).
Congress will have various opportunities to weigh in on U.S. policy toward Burma, including what restrictions, if any, to include in such a policy. In recent years, Congress has restricted foreign assistance to Burma in annual appropriations acts, such as the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141). In addition, Congress may consider whether to reexamine existing sanctions laws on Burma in light of recent developments, to determine if it is time to amend, modify, replace, and/or repeal provisions in those laws. |
crs_R41623 | crs_R41623_0 | <s> 2007-2009 recession : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Household debt balances fell in the third quarter of 2008 : followed by : second quarter of 2011 </s><s> second quarter of 2011 : follows : Household debt balances fell in the third quarter of 2008 </s><s> Household debt balance fell in the third quarter of 2008 : followed by : second quarter of 2011 </s><s> second quarter of 2011 : follows : Household debt balance fell in the third quarter of 2008 </s><s> gross domestic product : has effect : economic recovery </s><s> Household debt reduction : subclass of : deleveraging </s><s> near-term consumption : has effect : economic recovery </s><s> Home Affordable Refinance Program : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Housing Opportunity and Mortgage Equity Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Home Affordable Refinance Program : inception : 2011 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> near-term consumption : opposite of : longer-term consumption </s><s> longer-term consumption : opposite of : near-term consumption </s><s> aggregate household debt service burden ratio : publisher : Federal Reserve </s><s> aggregate household debt service burden ratio : author : Federal Reserve </s><s> Household Deleveraging Patterns : depicts : aggregate household debt service burden ratio </s><s> mortgage : subclass of : consumer debt </s><s> financial crisis : point in time : 2008 </s><s> debt costs : facet of : debt </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : instance of : recession </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : instance of : recessions </s><s> 2008 : instance of : recession </s><s> 2001 : instance of : recession </s><s> 1981-1982 : instance of : recession </s><s> 1990-1991 : instance of : recession </s><s> Post-2008 household deleveraging : point in time : 2011 </s><s> recession of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> recession : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Recession of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> recession of 2007-2009 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> recession of 2007-2009 : part of : 2007-2009 recession </s><s> recession of 2007-2009 : instance of : recession </s><s> 1982 : point in time : 1982 </s><s> 2009 recession : follows : 2007-2009 recession </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : followed by : 2009 recession </s><s> Case-Shiller : instance of : house price indices </s><s> steep decline in the stock market of the late 1990s : end time : 2002 </s><s> steep decline in the stock market of the late 1990s : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Housing asset : part of : balance sheet </s><s> balance sheet : has part : Housing asset </s><s> Housing asset : part of : balance sheets </s><s> deleveraging : subclass of : borrowing </s><s> deleveraging : facet of : consumption </s><s> deleveraging : facet of : borrowing </s><s> housing boom : point in time : mid-2000s </s><s> mid-2000s housing boom : point in time : mid-2000 </s><s> housing boom : point in time : mid-2000 </s><s> soaring unemployment rate : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> rising unemployment rate : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : point in time : 2007 </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : start time : 2007 </s><s> 2007-2009 recession : instance of : economic </s><s> Charge-off rate : facet of : charge-off </s><s> Charge-off rate : subclass of : charge-off </s><s> Charge-off Rate : facet of : charge-off rates </s><s> demand : opposite of : supply </s><s> demand for credit : opposite of : supply </s><s> supply : opposite of : demand </s><s> Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices : publisher : Federal Reserve </s><s> Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices : organizer : Federal Reserve </s><s> Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices : operator : Federal Reserve </s> | Since the third quarter of 2008, U.S. household debt has steadily fallen. Household debt reduction is known as deleveraging, and such substantial and persistent deleveraging (reflected in Federal Reserve data) has been uncommon over the past several decades. Given that much household debt is used to finance consumption, which accounts for about 70% of gross domestic product, continued deleveraging implies slower consumption growth and economic recovery. Beginning in the third quarter of 2007, household net worth (i.e., the difference between the value of assets and liabilities) preceded the fall in household debt. The recent drop in household net worth has also been substantial and persistent relative to previous decades and, therefore, may arguably have precipitated such pronounced household deleveraging.
Household deleveraging may dampen the immediate effectiveness of legislative efforts to generate economic stimulus. For example, H.R. 363 and its companion S. 170, the Housing Opportunity and Mortgage Equity Act of 2011, were introduced to facilitate the refinancing of mortgages held by the government-sponsored enterprises. In addition, the Obama Administration announced an initiative to assist qualified homeowners with privately held mortgages refinance into lower rate loans. If refinancing activity results in lower mortgage payments, then households may have more discretionary income to spend and, therefore, spur economic stimulus. Given the trend of household debt reduction, the additional income that would have gone toward paying mortgage interest still may not be applied to new spending. Households may prefer using the additional income to pay down current debt obligations. Hence, such legislative efforts may enhance future borrowing capacity and long-term consumption if households continue to strengthen their balance sheets via deleveraging, but the effect on near-term consumption activity may be modest.
This report presents information on recent household debt usage patterns. It also discusses possible reasons for the reduction in household credit use. Consumers have reduced their indebtedness by accelerating repayment of outstanding debts and defaulting on loan obligations. Lenders have also tightened lending standards. Hence, both demand and supply factors can explain the decline in household credit usage. |
crs_RL30740 | crs_RL30740_0 | <s> National Security Agency : inception : 1952 </s><s> National Security Agency : field of work : codebreaking </s><s> codebreaking : subclass of : intelligence </s><s> SIGINT : subclass of : signals intelligence </s><s> NSA : field of work : signals intelligence </s><s> UnitedStates : legislative body : Congress </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Congress : country : UnitedStates </s><s> CentralIntelligence Agency : instance of : intelligence agency </s><s> CentralIntelligence Agency (CIA) : instance of : intelligence agency </s><s> Defense Department : instance of : intelligence agency </s><s> executive branch : has part : Congress </s><s> Executive branch : has part : Congress </s><s> NSA : parent organization : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : subsidiary : NSA </s><s> select intelligence committees : has part : House of Representatives </s><s> select intelligence committees : has part : Senate </s><s> select intelligence committee : has part : House of Representatives </s><s> select intelligence committee : has part : Senate </s><s> select intelligence committees : part of : Congress </s><s> House of Representatives : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> CIA : subsidiary : operations directorate </s><s> operations directorate : parent organization : CIA </s><s> operations directorate : part of : CIA </s><s> FY2000Intelligence Authorization bill : legislated by : House intelligence committee </s><s> House intelligence committee : part of : Congress </s><s> House : has part : intelligence committee </s><s> intelligence committee : part of : House </s><s> encrypted : subclass of : communications </s><s> encryption : subclass of : communications </s><s> Encrypted : subclass of : communications </s><s> government : has part : military </s><s> government : subsidiary : military </s><s> military : part of : government </s><s> terrorist groups : subclass of : non-state actors </s><s> end of the Cold War : facet of : terrorism </s><s> smuggling organizations : subclass of : non-state actors </s><s> fiber optic cable : uses : Fiber optics </s><s> fiber optic cable : uses : fiber optics </s><s> fiber optic cables : uses : Fiber optics </s><s> Sigint : subclass of : satellite </s><s> Sigint : subclass of : satellites </s><s> sincetransmission : uses : sigint satellite </s><s> executive branch : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : executive branch </s><s> Congress : part of : executive branch </s><s> encryption : use : communication </s><s> encryption : uses : plaintext </s><s> encryption : different from : plaintext </s><s> plaintext : different from : encryption </s><s> technologies : use : communications </s><s> National Security Agency Act of 1959 : point in time : 1959 </s><s> National Security Agency Act of 1959 : publication date : 1959 </s><s> National Security Agency Act of 1959 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> National Security Agency Act : instance of : Intelligence Authorization Act </s><s> National Security Agency Act : point in time : FY1987 </s><s> Intelligence Authorization Act : part of : National Security Agency Act </s><s> femalerepresentation : subclass of : minority </s><s> femalerepresentation : subclass of : Hispanic </s><s> femalerepresentation : facet of : diversity issues </s><s> encryptionsystems : use : communications </s><s> encryptionsystems : subclass of : communications </s><s> encryptionsystems : part of : cryptologic </s><s> Soviet : member of : Warsaw Pact </s><s> Warsaw Pact : has part : Soviet </s><s> NSA : instance of : intelligence agencies </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization : point in time : FY2001 </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization : author : President </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization : legislated by : President </s><s> NSA : office held by head of the organization : NSA Director </s><s> NSA Director : part of : NSA </s><s> 20 : different from : 25 years of service </s><s> 25 years of service : different from : 20 </s><s> Edward Snowden : employer : National Security Agency </s><s> Edward Snowden : employer : NSA </s><s> Technical Advisory Group : inception : 1997 </s><s> Technical Advisory Group (TAG) : inception : 1997 </s><s> Technical Advisory Group : parent organization : Senate Select Committee on Intelligence </s><s> John F. Kennedy School of Government : part of : Harvard University </s><s> Harvard University : subsidiary : John F. Kennedy School of Government </s><s> World War I : followed by : World War II </s><s> World War II : follows : World War I </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : parent organization : House </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : part of : House </s><s> House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : employer : National Security Agency </s><s> strategic : subclass of : business planning </s><s> business planning : subclass of : strategic </s><s> advancedresearch and development : subclass of : developmentactivities </s><s> Michael Hayden : military branch : Air Force </s><s> Michael Hayden : position held : director </s><s> Michael Hayden : employer : Air Force </s><s> George Tenet : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> George Tenet : position held : President of the United States </s><s> management : facet of : personnel structures </s><s> management : facet of : personnel structure </s><s> management : part of : personnel structure </s><s> inside team of experts : subclass of : outside team of experts </s><s> central bank : different from : central bank district </s><s> central bank district : different from : central bank </s><s> inside team of experts : has part : outside team of experts </s><s> 100 Days of Change : start time : November 1999 </s><s> 100 Days of Change : inception : November 1999 </s><s> 100 Days of Change : point in time : November 1999 </s><s> William Black, Jr. : employer : Science Applications International Corporation </s><s> William Black, Jr : employer : Science Applications International Corporation </s><s> Science Applications International Corporation : industry : high-tech </s><s> Chief Executive Officer : part of : Executive Leadership Team </s><s> Director : subclass of : Chief Executive Officer </s><s> NSA : office held by head of the organization : Chief Executive Officer </s><s> workstation : subclass of : computer </s><s> desktop : subclass of : computer </s><s> John F. Kennedy : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Trailblazer : inception : November 8, 2000 </s><s> Trailblazer : publication date : November 8, 2000 </s><s> Trailblazer : start time : November 8, 2000 </s><s> Elements of Uncertainty : publication date : 2001 </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Elements of Uncertainty : point in time : 2001 </s><s> decentralized organizations : opposite of : centralized office </s><s> Uniquesystems : subclass of : decentralized organizations </s><s> Uniquesystems : subclass of : decentralized organization </s><s> House IntelligenceCommittee : part of : Congressional </s><s> IntelligenceCommittee : parent organization : House </s><s> House IntelligenceCommittee : part of : Congressional observers </s><s> NSA : office held by head of the organization : Director of NSA </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization Act : legislated by : House Committee </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> House Committee : notable work : FY2001 Intelligence Authorization Act </s><s> satellite : subclass of : communication </s><s> radio : subclass of : communication </s><s> microwave : subclass of : communication </s><s> Defense Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretaryof Defense </s><s> Secretaryof Defense : part of : Defense Department </s><s> FBI : instance of : law enforcement agencies </s><s> law enforcement agencies : field of work : law enforcement agencies </s><s> law enforcement agencies : field of work : law enforcement </s><s> Attorney General : part of : Justice Department </s><s> Justice Department : has part : Attorney General </s><s> FY2001 Intelligence Authorization bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Justice Department : office held by head of the organization : Attorney General </s><s> Echelon : subclass of : electronic surveillance </s><s> Echelon : field of work : electronic surveillance </s><s> Echelon : instance of : electronic surveillance </s><s> National Security Act : country : U.S. </s><s> National Security Act : main subject : NSA </s><s> National Security Act : legislated by : U.S. Government </s><s> NSA Director : country : U.S. </s><s> National Security Agency : office held by head of the organization : NSA Director </s><s> NSA : office held by head of the organization : Director </s><s> attacks on NSA : participant : NSA </s><s> encryption : use : communications </s><s> encryption system : use : communications </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> codebreaking : subclass of : signals intelligence </s><s> codebreaking : part of : signals intelligence </s><s> World War II : has part : attack on Pearl Harbor </s><s> attack on Pearl Harbor : part of : WorldWar II </s><s> attack on Pearl Harbor : part of : World War II </s><s> World War II : location : North Atlantic </s><s> Allies : conflict : World War II </s><s> World War II : participant : Allies </s><s> National SecurityAgency : inception : 1949 </s><s> Armed Forces Security Agency : inception : 1949 </s><s> State Department : field of work : signals intelligence </s><s> White House : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Fort Meade : located in the administrative territorial entity : Maryland </s><s> Arlington : located in the administrative territorial entity : Virginia </s><s> Virginia : contains administrative territorial entity : Arlington </s><s> Soviet Union : member of : Warsaw Pact </s><s> Civil Service Commission : replaced by : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Office of Personnel Management : replaces : Civil Service Commission </s><s> Civil Service Commission : followed by : Office of Personnel Management </s><s> Office of Personnel Management : follows : Civil Service Commission </s><s> widely publicized defection : point in time : 1960 </s><s> widely publicized defection in 1960 : point in time : 1960 </s><s> Mitchell/Martin case : participant : NSA </s><s> Internal Security Act of 1950 : point in time : 1950 </s><s> Internal Security Act : point in time : 1950 </s><s> National DefenseAuthorization Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Defense Department : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : Defense Department </s><s> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 : publication date : 1978 </s><s> Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities : chairperson : Frank Church </s><s> Lew Allen, Jr. : position held : Director of NSA </s><s> Lew Allen, Jr : position held : Director of NSA </s><s> Lew Allen : position held : Director of NSA </s><s> Johnson : conflict : Vietnam war </s><s> Nixon : conflict : Vietnam war </s><s> ArmedServices : instance of : Committees </s><s> Appropriations : instance of : Committees </s><s> ArmedServices : part of : Congress </s><s> Appropriations Committees : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Houses of Congress </s><s> Houses of Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> intelligence community : has part : military services </s><s> military services : part of : intelligence community </s><s> Pike Committee : instance of : House Select Committee on Intelligence </s><s> Pike Committee : part of : House Select Committee on Intelligence </s><s> Pike Committee : parent organization : House Select Committee on Intelligence </s><s> ForeignIntelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> ForeignIntelligence Surveillance Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> ForeignIntelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) : point in time : 1978 </s><s> foreignintelligence : subclass of : electronic surveillance </s><s> JusticeDepartment : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> FISA : legislated by : United States Government </s><s> Pearl Harbor investigations : participant : United States Government </s><s> United States Government : significant event : Pearl Harbor investigations </s><s> Bobby R. Inman : position held : Director of NSA </s><s> Bobby R. Inman : military rank : Vice Admiral </s><s> Secretary of Defense : subsidiary : National Security Agency </s><s> National Security Agency : parent organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> National Security Act : point in time : 1992 </s><s> E.O. 12333 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> E.O. 12333 : instance of : executive order </s><s> Executive Order 12333 : author : President Reagan </s><s> Executive Order 12333 : inception : December 4, 1981 </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence : part of : Intelligence Community </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence <subj>Intelligence Community : part of : </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence <subj>Intelligence Community : officeholder : Director of Central Intelligence </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : Government </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence : part of : Government </s><s> Director of CentralIntelligence : office held by head of the organization : Director of Central Intelligence </s><s> Secretary of Defense : part of : United States Government </s><s> United States Government : subsidiary : Secretary of Defense </s><s> United States Government : has part : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence : field of work : signals intelligence </s><s> signals intelligence : subclass of : communications security </s><s> signals intelligence : part of : communications security </s><s> Secretary of Defense : appointed by : President </s><s> Director of Central Intelligence : appointed by : President </s><s> National Foreign Intelligence Program : instance of : intelligence </s><s> National Foreign Intelligence Program : instance of : national intelligence </s><s> National Foreign Intelligence Program : parent organization : NSA </s><s> NSA : subsidiary : National Foreign Intelligence Program </s><s> Senate Select Committee on Intelligence : instance of : permanent intelligence committees </s><s> House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : instance of : permanent intelligence committees </s><s> Armed Services Committee : part of : Defense Department </s><s> Cooperation with Other Countries and the Echelon Controversy : point in time : 1976 </s><s> Cooperation with Other Countries and the Echelon Controversy : field of work : sigint </s><s> United Kingdom : member of : Commonwealth </s><s> Canada : member of : Commonwealth </s><s> Australia : member of : Commonwealth </s><s> New Zealand : member of : Commonwealth </s><s> Nazi Germany : participant in : Second World War </s><s> Second World War : participant : Allied </s><s> Allied : conflict : Second World War </s><s> considered athreat : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> end of hostilities in 1945 : point in time : 1945 </s><s> end of hostilities : point in time : 1945 </s><s> British : member of : Commonwealth </s><s> Britain : member of : European Union </s><s> Australia : diplomatic relation : New Zealand </s><s> Australia : member of : European Union </s><s> Suez : point in time : 1956 </s><s> Suez in 1956 : point in time : 1956 </s><s> Suez in 1956, opposing policies : point in time : 1956 </s><s> Directorate-General for Research : part of : European Parliament </s><s> European Parliament : subsidiary : Directorate-General for Research </s><s> Directorate-General for Research : parent organization : European Parliament </s><s> fall of the Berlin wall : part of : Cold War </s><s> fall of the Berlin wall : country : United States </s><s> fall : location : Berlin wall </s><s> Executive : part of : Legislative Branch </s><s> Legislative Branch : has part : Executive </s><s> Executive : has part : Legislative Branch </s><s> Legislative Branch : part of : Executive </s><s> Executive : part of : Legislative Branches </s><s> Legislative Branches : has part : Executive </s><s> Intelligence Authorization Act for FY2000 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> Intelligence Authorization Act for FY2000 : instance of : Executive orders </s><s> Intelligence Authorization Act for FY2000 : instance of : executive order </s><s> HouseIntelligence Committee : chairperson : Representative </s><s> HouseIntelligence Committee : chairperson : Representative Goss </s><s> Representative Goss : employer : HouseIntelligence Committee </s><s> James Woolsey : position held : DCI </s><s> R. James Woolsey : position held : DCI </s><s> James Woolsey : occupation : DCI </s><s> vote : legislated by : European Parliament </s><s> voted on July 5, 2000 : point in time : July 5, 2000 </s><s> voted on July 5, 2000 : legislated by : European Parliament </s><s> allies : has part : United States </s><s> allies : country : United States </s><s> its allies : has part : United States </s> | The National Security Agency (NSA), one of the largest components of the U.S. Intelligence Community, has reached a major watershed in its history. Responsible for obtaining intelligence from international communications, NSA's efforts are being challenged bythe multiplicity of new types of communicationslinks, by the widespread availability of low-cost encryption systems, and by changes in the internationalenvironment in which dangerous security threats cancome from small, but well organized, terrorist groups as well as hostile nation states.
NSA's efforts to adjust to the changing geopolitical and technological environment have been strongly encouraged by Congress and reflect a major shift incongressional oversight of the Agency. Although Congress has always approved funding for NSA, for decadesroutine oversight was limited to a few Membersand staff. In the 1970s, congressional investigations of intelligence agencies resulted in greater public attention toNSA and criticism of activities that infringed onthe civil liberties of U.S. persons. Subsequently, both the Senate and the House of Representatives establishedintelligence oversight committees that have closelymonitored NSA's operations. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was enacted in 1978 to regulatecollection by foreign intelligence agencies of thecommunications of U.S. persons. The end of the Cold War, the expansion of low-cost encryption and the explosionof communications systems led Congress totake a more public profile in overseeing the large and secretive Agency.
Reacting in large measure to congressional concerns, NSA launched two separate management reviews, one by outside experts, the other by longtime Agencyofficials. Both made strong criticisms of Agency personnel policies, an outmoded organizational structure, and anunwillingness to utilize civilian practices thatmore effective than those available in-house. The current NSA Director, Lt. General Michael V. Hayden, USAF,has used these analyses to launch a series ofmajor initiatives designed to improve NSA's operations, to attract and reward more qualified people from outsideindustry, and is developing a major contract foroutside support of its non-sensitive Information Technology (IT) functions.
A major renewal effort is underway, but observers believe many challenges lie ahead that will require congressional oversight. Many of the reforms in personnelpolicies recommended are difficult to implement in a government organization, especially in an extremely tightmarket for technical specialists. The technicalcomplexities of dealing with widespread and sophisticated encryption as well as the proliferation of communicationsdevices remain to be resolved. NSA is,along with other intelligence agencies, not well-positioned to analyze developments among the assortment ofterrorist groups and narcotics smugglers around theworld that can seriously affect U.S. interests. NSA has also come under heated criticism in the European Parliamentfor allegedly collecting, in cooperation withthe British, commercial intelligence to benefit U.S. corporations. |
crs_RL33255 | crs_RL33255_0 | <s> Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation : point in time : 1919 </s><s> Paris Peace Conference : point in time : 1919 </s><s> Chicago Convention : point in time : 1944 </s><s> executive agreement : subclass of : treaties </s><s> International Civil Aviation Organization : field of work : international civil aviation rights </s><s> five freedoms : has part : international civil aviation rights </s><s> international civil aviation rights : part of : five freedoms </s><s> prior agreements : country : United States </s><s> deregulate : subclass of : regulations </s><s> United States : member of : international agreements </s><s> Federal Aviation Act of 1958 : point in time : 1958 </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : point in time : 1958 </s><s> Federal Aviation Act of 1958 : publication date : 1958 </s><s> air carrier : subclass of : airline </s><s> Secretary : country : United States </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : Secretary </s><s> Secretary of Transportation : country : United States </s><s> lease : different from : charter </s><s> charter : different from : lease </s><s> Open Skies Agreements : point in time : August of 1992 </s><s> Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program : country : U.S. </s><s> Open Skies : point in time : August of 1992 </s><s> Department of Transportation : country : U.S. </s><s> Department of Transportation : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> Open Skies : organizer : Department of Transportation </s><s> Open Skies : instance of : bilateral agreements </s><s> code-sharing : subclass of : bilateral agreements </s><s> previous bilateral agreements : followed by : Open Skies </s><s> Netherlands : continent : Europe </s><s> Austria : continent : Europe </s><s> Czech Republic : continent : Europe </s><s> Belgium : continent : Europe </s><s> Denmark : continent : Europe </s><s> Finland : continent : Europe </s><s> Germany : member of : European Union </s><s> Norway : member of : European Union </s><s> Sweden : member of : European Union </s><s> Switzerland : member of : European Union </s><s> Iceland : member of : European Union </s><s> EU Members : part of : EU </s><s> EU : has part : EU Members </s><s> EU Members : member of : European Commission </s><s> EU : contains administrative territorial entity : EU Members </s><s> civil aviation agreement : country : United States </s><s> civil aviation agreement with the United States : country : United States </s><s> civil aviation agreement with the United States : part of : Open Skies Agreements </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> EU : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Transatlantic Common Aviation Area : instance of : air transportation agreement </s><s> Transatlantic Common Aviation Area : instance of : air transportation </s><s> United States : located in or next to body of water : Atlantic </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : shares border with : United States </s><s> United States : shares border with : European Union </s><s> citizenship test : country : U.S. </s><s> citizenship test : facet of : foreign ownership and control </s><s> citizenship test : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> State : office held by head of government : president </s><s> District of Columbia : office held by head of government : president </s><s> president : applies to jurisdiction : State </s><s> president : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 : point in time : 1938 </s><s> Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 : publication date : 1938 </s><s> Civil Aeronautics Act : point in time : 1938 </s><s> stock holders : part of : corporate structure </s><s> Board of Directors : part of : corporate structure </s><s> stock holders : facet of : corporate structure </s><s> law : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> law : country : United States </s><s> citizenship definition : country : United States </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : country : United States </s><s> Wille Peter Daetwyler : country of citizenship : Swiss </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> corporate structure : facet of : corporations </s><s> corporate structures : facet of : corporations </s><s> corporations : has part : corporate structure </s><s> corporate structure : part of : corporations </s><s> Interamerican : owned by : Daetwyler </s><s> Interamerican : parent organization : Daetwyler system of companies </s><s> Northwest Airlines : country : Dutch </s><s> KLM : country : Dutch </s><s> Wings Holdings, Inc. : country : Dutch </s><s> equity : subclass of : stock </s><s> nonvoting stock : subclass of : equity </s><s> equity : different from : stock </s><s> stock : different from : equity </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : country : U.S. </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : main subject : U.S. citizen </s><s> equity ownership : part of : corporate structure </s><s> equity ownership : facet of : corporate structure </s><s> voting rights : facet of : control </s><s> DHL Worldwide Express : owned by : Deutsche Post </s><s> Deutsche Post : owner of : DHL Worldwide Express </s><s> DHL Worldwide Express : parent organization : Deutsche Post </s><s> Deutsche Post : subsidiary : DHL Worldwide Express </s><s> Deutsche Post : subsidiary : Deutsche Post </s><s> DHL Worldwide Express : country : United States </s><s> working capital : subclass of : financing </s><s> DHL Worldwide Express : industry : air cargo </s><s> Administrative Law Judge : country : United States </s><s> Administrative Law Judge : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Post/DHL Worldwide : country : United States </s><s> DHL Worldwide : instance of : carrier </s><s> DHL Worldwide : industry : carrier </s><s> DHL Worldwide : member of : ASTAR </s><s> DHL Worldwide : instance of : third-party business </s><s> Proposed Actual Control Rule : instance of : Notice of Proposed Rulemaking </s><s> Proposed Actual Control Rule : publication date : November 7, 2005 </s><s> Proposed Actual Control Rule : inception : November 7, 2005 </s><s> Open Skies Agreement : country : United States </s><s> Open Skies : country : United States </s><s> incorporation charter : subclass of : organizational documentation </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : field of work : transportation security </s><s> Federal Aviation Administration : subsidiary : Transportation Security Administration </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : parent organization : Federal Aviation Administration </s><s> airline industry : part of : global economy </s><s> financial : facet of : airline industry </s><s> financial : part of : airline industry </s><s> Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Chevron U.S. Inc. v. Natural Resources : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Chevron : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Chevron : instance of : judicial review </s><s> political branch : opposite of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : opposite of : political branch </s><s> political branch : part of : Government </s><s> Government : has part : political branch </s><s> NPRM : author : DOT </s><s> NPRM : publisher : DOT </s><s> NPRM : maintained by : DOT </s><s> ambiguous : subclass of : ambiguous </s><s> ambiguous : subclass of : vague </s><s> ambiguous : subclass of : undefined </s><s> types of airplane flown : facet of : air carrier </s><s> types of airplane flown : facet of : airline </s><s> types of airplane flown : facet of : airlines' operations </s><s> Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program : instance of : air carrier </s><s> Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program : subclass of : air carrier </s><s> Air Fleet Program : part of : Civil Reserve </s><s> civil aviation ownership and control : facet of : air carrier </s><s> civil aviation ownership and control : facet of : ownership </s><s> civil aviation ownership and control requirements : country : U.S. </s><s> Continental Airlines : instance of : airline </s><s> Delta Airlines : instance of : airline </s><s> Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : publication date : May 5, 2006 </s><s> Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : inception : May 5, 2006 </s><s> Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking : point in time : May 5, 2006 </s><s> actual control : facet of : board of directors </s><s> board of directors : subclass of : shareholders </s><s> actual control : has part : board of directors </s><s> board of directors : part of : actual control </s><s> Federal Aviation Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Aviation Act : main subject : Federal Aviation Administration </s><s> decades of precedents : country : United States </s><s> decades of precedents : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> legislative sponsor : instance of : floor manager </s><s> legal : has part : policy </s><s> policy : part of : legal </s><s> CRAF : instance of : national defense airlift </s><s> commercial arraignment : subclass of : airlift </s><s> military : subclass of : airlift </s><s> commercial arraignment : subclass of : airline </s><s> National Aeronautics and Space Administration : subsidiary : United States Air Force </s><s> United States Air Force : subsidiary : National Aeronautics and Space Administration </s><s> Aeronautics and Space Administration : part of : United States Air Force </s><s> United States Air Force : subsidiary : Aeronautics and Space Administration </s><s> National Aeronautics and Space Administration : subsidiary : Air Mobility Command </s><s> Air Mobility Command : parent organization : National Aeronautics and Space Administration </s><s> Long-Range International Segment : subclass of : airlines </s><s> aircraft : operator : airline </s><s> aircraft : used by : airline </s><s> CRAF : instance of : air carrier </s><s> CRAF : subclass of : air carrier </s><s> 109 th Congress : instance of : Members of Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> House : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> 2006 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill : inception : 2006 </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, and Housing and Urban Development : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, and Housing and Urban Development : has part : House of Representatives </s><s> Transportation, Treasury, and Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, District of District of : legislated by : House of Representatives </s><s> notice of proposed rulemaking : published in : Federal Register </s><s> supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking : published in : Federal Register </s><s> supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking : subclass of : notice of proposed rulemaking </s><s> Anti-Immigration Act of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Anti-Anti-Deficiency Act : main subject : Department of Transportation </s><s> Anti-Immigration Act of 1970 : publication date : 1970 </s><s> New York : twinned administrative body : Los Angeles </s><s> Los Angeles : twinned administrative body : New York </s><s> air carrier : industry : air transportation </s><s> Century of Aviation Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Visionâ100 Century of Aviation Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> 100 Century of Aviation Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Open Skies : applies to jurisdiction : European Union </s><s> Open Skies Agreement : applies to jurisdiction : European Union </s><s> Open Skies : participant : European Union </s><s> DOT : country : United States </s> | Much of the law regarding civil aviation has been developed through a combination of domestic laws and international agreements between the United States and other nations. In 1992, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) introduced the "Open Skies" initiative and began negotiating and entering into modern civil aviation agreements with foreign countries, as well as individual members of the European Union (EU). As a result of a 2002 European Court of Justice ruling that several portions of these "Open Skies" Agreements violated EU law, the United States and the EU have been negotiating a new Open Skies Agreement. A tentative agreement appears to exist between the parties that if enacted would, among other things, allow every EU and U.S. airline to fly between every city in the European Union and every city in the United States and would permit U.S. and EU airlines to determine the number of flights, their routes, and fares according to market demand.
Despite this development, there appears to remain several areas of international civil aviation law that the tentative agreement does not address. Among them are the issues of foreign ownership and control, participation in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program, and cabotage. Presently, U.S. law requires that to operate as an air carrier in the United States, an entity must be a citizen of the United States. To be considered a citizen for civil aviation purposes, an entity must be owned either by an individual U.S. citizen, a partnership of persons who are each U.S. citizens, or a corporation (1) whose president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, (2) that is under the actual control of U.S. citizens, and (3) has at least 75 percent of its stock owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. Recently, however, the DOT released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would change its interpretation of what constitutes "actual control." If adopted, this new interpretation could have major implications for U.S. and international civil aviation. Several issues relating to this NPRM are currently being debated, including the consistency with the operative statutes and the viability of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program (CRAF), should more extensive foreign ownership be permitted. In addition, Members of Congress have taken a significant interest in this DOT rulemaking, both through direct participation in the rulemaking process and by introducing legislation ( H.R. 4542 and S. 2135 ) that would prohibit the adoption of a final rule for one year and require the DOT to submit reports and analysis on the impact of the new interpretation on the domestic industry and national security concerns. Furthermore, both the House and Senate have adopted amendments to the proposed Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of 2007 ( H.R. 5576 ) that would effectively forestall the DOT from adopting a final rule.
U.S. law also contains a general restriction on cabotage, defined as the transportation of passengers or cargo by foreign air carriers from one point in the United States to another. This report provides background on U.S. civil aviation agreements, updates the current status of U.S. "Open Skies" negotiations with the EU, and addresses the legal debate concerning both the foreign ownership and control rules and the cabotage laws. It will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_R45147 | crs_R45147_0 | <s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : food assistance program </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : food assistance </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : instance of : domestic food assistance program </s><s> 2014 : instance of : farm bill </s><s> 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> next farm bill : instance of : farm bill </s><s> next farm bill : instance of : farm bills </s><s> next farm bill : point in time : September 2018 </s><s> intentional : subclass of : Fraud </s><s> intentional : different from : Fraud </s><s> Fraud : different from : intentional </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : fraud </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : illegal or inaccurate activities in SNAP </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : illegal or inaccurate activities </s><s> retailer trafficking : subclass of : fraud </s><s> retailer application fraud : subclass of : fraud </s><s> data collection : uses : data </s><s> data collection : subclass of : data </s><s> data collection : has part : data </s><s> United States Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : Food and Nutrition Service </s><s> Food and Nutrition Service : parent organization : United States Department of Agriculture </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : United States Department of Agriculture </s><s> Food and Nutrition Service : part of : United States Department of Agriculture </s><s> SNAP benefits : different from : food stamps </s><s> food stamps : different from : SNAP benefits </s><s> retailer fraud : subclass of : fraud </s><s> recipient fraud : subclass of : fraud </s><s> Electronic Benefit Transfer : uses : point of sale </s><s> Ammunition : subclass of : controlled substances </s><s> Electronic Benefit Transfer : use : point of sale </s><s> Trafficking : subclass of : fraud </s><s> misrepresenting themselves : subclass of : fraud </s><s> falsification : subclass of : falsification </s><s> falsification : subclass of : misleading </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : FNS </s><s> FNS : parent organization : USDA </s><s> Retailer application fraud : subclass of : circumvention </s><s> Retailer application fraud : facet of : SNAP </s><s> Retailer application fraud : instance of : circumvention </s><s> miscalculation : subclass of : fraud </s><s> error : subclass of : fraud </s><s> Recipient Application Fraud : subclass of : intentional program violation </s><s> overpayments : subclass of : Agency Errors </s><s> inadvertent household error : subclass of : overpayments </s><s> overpayments : subclass of : Agency error </s><s> underpayments : subclass of : Agency error </s><s> overpayment : subclass of : Agency error </s><s> underpayment : subclass of : Agency error </s><s> FNS : part of : USDA </s><s> State Agency Fraud: SNAP Quality Control : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> State Agency Fraud: SNAP Quality Control : author : USDA-FNS </s><s> Retailer Management Report : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> Retailer Management Report : author : USDA-FNS </s><s> 2006-2008 : followed by : 2011 </s><s> 2009-2011 study : point in time : 2009 </s><s> 2009-2011 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> FY2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> FY2007 : followed by : 2012-2014 </s><s> falsification : subclass of : application fraud </s><s> circumvention : subclass of : application fraud </s><s> falsification : subclass of : fraud </s><s> Food Stamp Act of 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Food Stamp Act of 1977 : main subject : USDA </s><s> Food Stamp Act of 1977 : main subject : USDA-FNS </s><s> agency error : subclass of : recipient error </s><s> recipient error : different from : agency error </s><s> agency error : different from : recipient error </s><s> agency error : subclass of : recipient errors </s><s> fraud : subclass of : waste </s><s> Quality Control : facet of : fraud </s><s> Quality Control : facet of : fraud and waste </s><s> SNAP : operator : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-FNS : parent organization : USDA </s><s> FNS handbook : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-FNS : subsidiary : FNS </s><s> FNS : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP : operator : USDA </s><s> national payment error rate : facet of : SNAP overpayments </s><s> agency errors : subclass of : SNAP overpayments </s><s> SNAP State Activity Report : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> agency error : subclass of : fraud </s><s> agency errors : subclass of : fraud </s><s> agency error : subclass of : error </s><s> agency errors : subclass of : recipient fraud </s><s> agency errors : subclass of : recipient error </s><s> agency errors : has effect : recipient fraud </s><s> SNAP State Activity Report : main subject : SNAP </s><s> SNAP State Activity Report : facet of : SNAP </s><s> SNAP State Activity Report : point in time : FY2016 </s><s> SNAP agencies : different from : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP agencies : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> overpayment : subclass of : fraud </s><s> trafficked : subclass of : fraud </s><s> trafficked : subclass of : recipient fraud </s><s> trafficked : subclass of : recipient application fraud </s><s> Agency Errors : facet of : SNAP </s><s> SNAP : instance of : benefits </s><s> SNAP : operator : state agency </s><s> SNAP : maintained by : state agency </s><s> detect and deter fraud : subclass of : detect and correct errors </s><s> detection and deter : facet of : fraud </s><s> detection and deter fraud : subclass of : detect and correct errors </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigations : instance of : law enforcement entities </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigations : subsidiary : U.S. Secret Service </s><s> Federal Bureau of Investigations : instance of : law enforcement </s><s> Undercover Investigations : subclass of : undercover investigation </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : trafficking </s><s> trafficking : facet of : trafficking </s><s> USDA-OIG : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-OIG : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : USDA-OIG </s><s> USDA-OIG : parent organization : USDA </s><s> hotline : operator : USDA-OIG </s><s> Trafficking SNAP benefits : subclass of : fraud </s><s> USDA-FNS : subsidiary : USDA-OIG </s><s> Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (FNA) : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Food and Nutrition Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Transfer of Ownership Civil Money Penalty : instance of : transfer of ownership civil money penalty </s><s> Transfer of Ownership Civil Money Penalty : subclass of : transfer of ownership civil money penalty </s><s> Transfer of Ownership Civil Money Penalty : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP fraud : facet of : SNAP benefits </s><s> federal : subsidiary : USDA-OIG </s><s> Enforcement of Retailer Application Fraud : subclass of : retailer application fraud </s><s> Enforcement of Retailer Application Fraud : facet of : retailer application fraud </s><s> Enforcement of Retailer Application Fraud : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> Permanent or Term Disqualification : facet of : SNAP </s><s> Permanent or Term Disqualification : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> retailer trafficking penalties : subclass of : penalties </s><s> retailer trafficking penalties : instance of : penalties </s><s> WIC disqualification : instance of : penalties </s><s> agency errors : subclass of : Errors </s><s> overissuance : subclass of : underissuance </s><s> overissuance : different from : underissuance </s><s> federal : has part : SNAP </s><s> SNAP : part of : federal </s><s> SNAP : point in time : FY2016 </s><s> Administration for Children Services : parent organization : U.S Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> U.S Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Administration for Children Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Administration for Children Services </s><s> Administration for Children Services : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Balanced Budget Act of 1997 : point in time : 1997 </s><s> USDA-FNS Electronic Disqualified Recipient System : operator : USDA </s><s> USDA-FNS Electronic Disqualified Recipient System : operator : U.S. Department of Homeland Security </s><s> USDA-FNS Electronic Disqualified Recipient System : parent organization : U.S. Department of Homeland Security </s><s> 2014 Farm Bill : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Farm Bill : point in time : 2014 </s><s> vital information system : part of : state department of health </s><s> state department of health vital information system : instance of : databases </s><s> state department of health vital information system : instance of : state agencies </s><s> Agency errors : subclass of : human error </s><s> human error : subclass of : Agency error </s><s> human error : has effect : detection </s><s> quality control : subclass of : quality assurance </s><s> quality control : part of : quality assurance </s><s> quality control : facet of : quality assurance </s><s> federal debt : subclass of : claim </s><s> recipient error : subclass of : agency error </s><s> overpayment : subclass of : claims </s><s> SNAP recipient fraud investigation unit : facet of : SNAP </s><s> overpayment : subclass of : claim </s><s> retailer fraud : subclass of : recipient fraud </s><s> recipient trafficking : subclass of : recipient fraud </s><s> SNAP : instance of : recipient fraud </s><s> Undercover Investigations : subclass of : undercover investigations </s><s> SNAP benefits : maintained by : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP : maintained by : USDA-FNS </s><s> state law enforcement bureau : subclass of : law enforcement entities </s><s> State Law Enforcement Bureau (SLEB) Agreements : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP : instance of : EBT </s><s> SNAP benefits : instance of : EBT cards </s><s> Tips and Referrals : facet of : trafficking </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : intentional program violations </s><s> Trafficking : subclass of : intentional program violations </s><s> overpaid : subclass of : benefits </s><s> overpaid : subclass of : recipient application fraud </s><s> Restitution of Benefits Defrauded (Claims) : subclass of : recipient application fraud </s><s> means-tested : subclass of : public assistance </s><s> means-tested : subclass of : public assistance program </s><s> State fraud laws : subclass of : criminal charges </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : part of : U.S. Department of Agriculture </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : U.S. Department of Agriculture </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : part of : USDA </s><s> identity theft : subclass of : criminal fraud </s><s> criminal fraud : subclass of : crimes </s><s> Quality Control : part of : SNAP </s><s> SNAP national payment error rate : maintained by : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP national payment error rate : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> 2014 Commonwealth Games : point in time : 2014 </s><s> 2011 Commonwealth Games : point in time : 2011 </s><s> FY2005 : followed by : FY2014 </s><s> FY2014 : follows : FY2005 </s><s> State Agency Misreporting and Falsification of Quality Control Data : facet of : Quality Control </s><s> USDA-OIG : subsidiary : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-FNS : parent organization : USDA-OIG </s><s> False Claims Act : main subject : DOJ </s><s> False Claims Act : participant : DOJ </s><s> SNAP : located in the administrative territorial entity : Virginia </s><s> Payment accuracy : facet of : fraud </s><s> Payment accuracy : subclass of : fraud </s><s> Payment accuracy : has cause : fraud </s><s> USDA-OIG report : main subject : USDA-FNS </s><s> July 2013 USDA-OIG report : publisher : USDA-OIG </s><s> USDA-OIG report : publisher : USDA-FNS </s><s> bond : subclass of : collateral </s><s> letter of credit : subclass of : collateral bond </s><s> letter of credit : subclass of : collateral </s><s> trafficking : subclass of : trafficked </s><s> 2008 Farm Bill : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Farm Bill : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Transfer of Ownership Civil Money Penalties : inception : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Farm Bill change : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Farm Bill : publication date : 2008 </s><s> trafficking civil penalty : instance of : monetary penalty </s><s> Changes in EBT Transaction Processing since 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> SNAP : parent organization : USDA </s><s> SNAP : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 : instance of : Omnibus </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 : part of : Omnibus </s><s> Omnibus : has part : Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 </s><s> 2017 Omnibus : point in time : 2017 </s><s> USDA-FNS Final Rule : publication date : December 2016 </s><s> USDA-FNS Final Rule : point in time : December 2016 </s><s> 2013 USDA-FNS NPRM : point in time : 2013 </s><s> NPRM : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> EBT card : part of : SNAP </s><s> EBT card : use : SNAP authorization </s><s> EBT cards : different from : SNAP </s><s> SNAP : different from : EBT cards </s><s> photo EBT : inception : 1996 </s><s> photo EBT : subclass of : EBT card </s><s> SNAP : has part : EBT card(s) </s><s> EBT card(s) : part of : SNAP </s><s> Maine : inception : 1996 </s><s> Massachusetts : inception : 1996 </s><s> Office of the Missouri State Auditor : applies to jurisdiction : Missouri </s><s> Missouri State Auditor : applies to jurisdiction : Missouri </s><s> Office of the Missouri State Auditor : located in the administrative territorial entity : Missouri </s><s> discontinued its use of photo EBT : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Missouri : number of participants : 14 </s><s> Missouri : population : 14 </s><s> recipient application fraud : subclass of : recipient fraud </s><s> recipient fraud : has part : recipient trafficking </s><s> Federal Financial Incentives for State Agencies to Fight Fraud : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> Federal Financial Incentives for State Agencies to Fight Fraud : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> 2016 GAO report : point in time : 2016 </s><s> 2016 GAO report : publication date : 2016 </s><s> August 2014 GAO report : point in time : August 2014 </s><s> August 2014 GAO report : publication date : August 2014 </s><s> August 2014 GAO report : part of the series : GAO </s><s> management evaluation : facet of : management evaluation </s><s> management evaluation : instance of : management evaluation </s><s> management evaluation : use : management evaluation </s><s> Delayed State Agency Notification of Retailer Trafficking Cases : facet of : recipient trafficking </s><s> Delayed State Agency Notification of Retailer Trafficking Cases : operator : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-FNS : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-FNS : subsidiary : USDA-FNS </s><s> burden of proof : subclass of : burden of proof </s><s> burdens of proof : subclass of : burden of proof </s><s> burden of proof : subclass of : evidence </s><s> clear and convincing evidence : subclass of : burden of proof </s><s> clear and convincing evidence : instance of : burden of proof </s><s> Anti-fraud Locator : operator : USDA </s><s> Section 4029 of the 2014 Farm Bill : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Section 4029 : part of : 2014 Farm Bill </s><s> 2014 Farm Bill : has part : Section 4029 </s><s> SNAP Fraud Framework : inception : FY2018 </s><s> SNAP Fraud Framework : operator : USDA-FNS </s><s> Death Master File : operator : Social Security Administration </s><s> Death Master File : maintained by : Social Security Administration </s><s> Death Master File : operator : Social Security Administration's </s><s> SSA-DMF : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> memoranda of understanding : subclass of : data broker </s><s> Memoranda of understanding : subclass of : memoranda of understanding </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : USDA-O </s><s> USDA-O : parent organization : USDA </s><s> USDA-O : part of : USDA-FNS </s><s> USDA-O : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> Interstate Identification Index : maintained by : National Crime Information Center </s><s> National Crime Information Center : owner of : Interstate Identification Index </s><s> Interstate Identification Index (III) : maintained by : National Crime Information Center (NCIC) </s><s> Additional Retailer Application Vulnerabilities Identified in 2012 and 2013 USDA-FNS Proposed Rules : point in time : August 2012 </s><s> fraud : subclass of : business integrity </s><s> fraud : facet of : business integrity </s><s> SNAP-authorized retailers : parent organization : USDA-FNS </s><s> SNAP EBT : instance of : SNAP benefits </s><s> Disqualified Recipient System : use : Data Match </s><s> Disqualified Recipient System : uses : Data Match </s><s> Illegal retailer-to-retailer transfers of SNAP authorization : facet of : SNAP authorization </s><s> Illegal retailer-to-retailer transfers of SNAP authorization : instance of : SNAP authorization </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : SNAP </s><s> USDA-FNS : subsidiary : SNAP </s><s> Federal Incentives to Conduct Pre-certification Investigations : publication date : June 2016 </s><s> National Institutes of Health : part of : NIH </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> 2016 State Activity Report : point in time : 2016 </s><s> State Activity Report : facet of : SNAP </s><s> State Activity Report : main subject : SNAP </s><s> near-poor : subclass of : poor </s><s> Near-poor : subclass of : poor </s><s> Establishing and collecting claims : subclass of : recover overpayments </s><s> Duplicate Enrollment : followed by : National Accuracy Clearinghouse </s><s> Duplicate Enrollment : used by : National Accuracy Clearinghouse </s><s> National Accuracy Clearinghouse : follows : Duplicate Enrollment </s><s> Massachusetts : shares border with : New York </s><s> New York : shares border with : Massachusetts </s><s> National Accuracy Clearinghouse : facet of : SNAP </s><s> Partnership for Program Integrity and Innovation : parent organization : U.S. Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Partnership for Program Integrity and Innovation : parent organization : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Partnership for Program Integrity and Innovation : part of : U.S. Office of Management and Budget </s><s> NAC : inception : May 2014 </s><s> costs : part of : performance </s><s> costs : has part : performance </s><s> emergency supplemental appropriations bill : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> supplemental appropriations bill : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> an emergency supplemental appropriations bill : legislated by : 115 th Congress </s><s> Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 : instance of : supplemental appropriations </s><s> Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 : instance of : emergency supplemental appropriations </s><s> Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 : point in time : 2018 </s><s> USDA : subsidiary : OIG </s><s> OIG : parent organization : USDA </s><s> SSA : has part : PVS </s><s> PVS : part of : SSA </s><s> SSA-PVS : maintained by : USDA-OIG </s><s> federal data services hub : operator : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services </s><s> federal data services hub : parent organization : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services </s><s> federal data services hub : owned by : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services </s><s> USDA-OIG : parent organization : GAO </s><s> GAO : parent organization : USDA </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : USDA </s><s> Unified Agenda : creator : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Unified Agenda : publisher : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : owner of : Unified Agenda </s><s> Unified Agenda : owned by : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> SNAP certification : facet of : SNAP </s><s> Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program : replaces : SNAP </s><s> Optional Income Data Match : use : SNAP certification </s><s> SSA Beneficiary Earnings Exchange Record : operator : Internal Revenue Service </s><s> SSA Beneficiary Earnings Exchange Record : maintained by : Internal Revenue Service </s><s> SSA Beneficiary Earnings Exchange Record : part of : SSA-BEER </s><s> Public Assistance Reporting Information System : operator : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families </s><s> Public Assistance Reporting Information System : operator : Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families </s><s> Public Assistance Reporting Information System : parent organization : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families </s><s> Work Number : operator : Equifax, Inc. </s><s> Work Number : owned by : Equifax, Inc. </s><s> Equifax, Inc. : owner of : Work Number </s><s> HHS-ACF National Directory of New Hires : different from : HHS-ACF-NDNH New Hire File match </s><s> HHS-ACF-NDNH New Hire File match : different from : HHS-ACF National Directory of New Hires </s><s> HHS-ACF National Directory of New Hires : different from : HHS-ACF-NDNH New Hire File </s><s> HHS-ACF-NDNH New Hire File : different from : HHS-ACF National Directory of New Hires </s><s> HHS-ACF-NDNH New Hire File match : different from : HHS-ACF National Directory of New Hires (NDNH) Unemployment Insurance and Quarterly Wage Files </s><s> Child Support Payments Database : main subject : child support </s><s> Child Support Payments Database : main subject : child support payments </s><s> Child Support Payments Database : main subject : child support payment </s><s> day care : subclass of : facilities </s><s> HHS-ACF-NDNH : instance of : SWICAs </s><s> HHS-ACF-NDNH : instance of : SWICA </s><s> State Taxpayer Database : number of participants : 42 </s><s> human or social services : subclass of : programs </s><s> human or social services agencies : subclass of : means-tested programs </s><s> Food and Nutrition Service : country : U.S. </s><s> Food and Nutrition Service : instance of : U.S. state agencies </s><s> Food and Nutrition Service : applies to jurisdiction : U.S. </s><s> trafficking : has part : trafficked </s><s> trafficking : has effect : trafficked </s><s> Payment Error Rate Information : instance of : appendix </s><s> Payment Error Rate Information : facet of : payment error rate </s><s> Payment Error Rate Information : main subject : Payment Error Rate </s> | The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the nation's largest domestic food assistance program, serving over 42.1 million recipients in an average month at a federal cost of over $68 billion in FY2017. SNAP is jointly administered by state agencies, which handle most recipient functions, and the federal government—specifically, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service (USDA-FNS)—which supports and oversees the states and handles most retailer functions. In a program with diverse stakeholders, detecting, preventing, and addressing errors and fraud is complex. SNAP has typically been reauthorized in a farm bill approximately every five years; this occurred most recently in 2014 (P.L. 113-79). Policymakers have long been interested in reducing fraud and improving payment accuracy in the program. Provisions related to these goals have been included in past farm bill reauthorizations and may be considered for the next farm bill, expected in 2018.
There are four main types of inaccuracy and misconduct in SNAP:
Trafficking SNAP benefits is the illicit sale of SNAP benefits, which can involve both retailers and recipients. Retailer application fraud generally involves an illicit attempt by a store owner to participate in SNAP when the store or owner is not eligible. Errors and fraud by households applying for SNAP benefits can result in improper payments. Errors are unintentional, while fraud is the intentional violation of program rules. Errors and fraud by state agencies—agency errors can result in inadvertent improper payments; the discussion of agency fraud largely focuses on certain states' Quality Control (QC) misconduct.
Certain key ideas are fundamental to any discussion of SNAP errors and fraud:
Errors are not the same as fraud. Fraud is intentional activity that breaks federal and/or state laws, while errors can be the result of unintentional mistakes. Certain acts, such as trafficking SNAP benefits, are always considered fraud; other acts, such as duplicate enrollment, may be the result of either error or fraud depending on the circumstances of the case. SNAP fraud is relatively rare, according to available data and reports. There is no single measure that reflects all the forms of fraud in SNAP. There are some frequently cited measures that capture some parts of the issue, and there are relevant data from federal and state agencies' enforcement efforts.
The most frequently cited measure of fraud is the national retailer trafficking rate, which, estimated that 1.5% of SNAP benefits redeemed from FY2012-FY2014 were trafficked. While the national retailer trafficking rate (which is issued roughly every three years) estimates the extent of retailer trafficking, there is not a standard recipient trafficking rate, nor is there an overall recipient fraud rate.
USDA-FNS is responsible for identifying stores engaged in retailer trafficking—using transaction data analysis, undercover investigations, and other tools—and imposing penalties on store owners who commit violations. Retailers found to have trafficked may be subject to permanent disqualification from participation in SNAP, fines, and other penalties. USDA-FNS also works to identify fraud by retailers applying to accept SNAP benefits. Retailers found to have falsified their applications may be subject to denial, permanent disqualification, and other penalties.
While retailer trafficking and retailer application fraud are primarily pursued by a single federal entity (USDA-FNS), recipient violations (i.e., recipient trafficking and recipient application fraud) are pursued by 53 different state agencies. Recipients found to have trafficked may be required to repay the amount trafficked and may be subject to disqualification from receiving SNAP benefits and other penalties. State agencies' efforts to reduce and punish recipient fraud vary, which is evident, for instance, in state-submitted data on recipient disqualification activities.
The national payment error rate (NPER) is the most-cited measure of nationwide payment accuracy. Using USDA-FNS's Quality Control (QC) system, the NPER estimates states' accuracy in determining eligibility and benefit amounts. The NPER has limitations, though; for instance, it only reflects errors above a threshold amount ($38 in FY2017). After publishing a FY2014 NPER, USDA Office of the Inspector General (OIG ) and USDA-FNS identified data quality issues that prevented the publication of an NPER in FY2015 and FY2016, but USDA-FNS published a NPER for FY2017 in June 2018. For FY2017, it was estimated that 6.30% of SNAP benefit issuance was improper—including a 5.19% overpayment rate and a 1.11% underpayment rate. Regardless of the cause of an overpayment, SNAP agencies are required to work toward recovering excess benefits from households that were overpaid (this is referred to as "establishing a claim against a household"). Applying these rates to benefits issued in FY2017 (over $63.6 billion), an estimated $3.30 billion in benefits were overpaid, and about $710 million in benefits were underpaid.
Overpayments and underpayments to households can be the result of recipient errors, recipient fraud, or agency errors during the certification process. State agencies rely on household-provided information in applications, but also employ a range of data matches—some required by federal law, some optional that vary by state—to promote accuracy and double-check information. According to the USDA-FNS FY2016 State Activity Report, of states' established claims for overpayment, approximately 62% of overpayment claim dollars were for recipient errors, about 28% were for agency errors, and about 11% were due to recipient fraud.
In addition to inadvertent agency errors, state agencies and their agents have been involved in isolated instances of fraud. Beyond cases of fraud conducted by state agency employees for personal gain, in FY2017 the Department of Justice obtained False Claim Act settlements from three state agencies accused of falsifying their Quality Control data and unlawfully obtaining federal bonuses. Investigations into this matter, conducted by the USDA-OIG, are ongoing.
Across all types of fraud, oversight entities such as the Government Accountability Office and USDA-OIG have identified issues and strategies relevant to combating errors and fraud in SNAP. USDA-FNS has also proposed related regulatory changes that were not finalized. On the retailer side, issues identified focus on opportunities to prevent and more promptly punish trafficking. On the recipient side, issues identified include the nonexistence of a recipient fraud rate, states'varied levels of anti-fraud efforts (which may be better incentivized), and improvements to data matching in the application process. During the 115th Congress, Members voted on farm bill proposals that contained some changes to SNAP program integrity policy; these proposals are summarized in CRS Report R45275, The House and Senate 2018 Farm Bills (H.R. 2): A Side-by-Side Comparison with Current Law.
Changes that might strengthen payment accuracy and punishments against fraud can be in tension with other policy objectives such as preserving recipient access to the program, and may have unintended consequences such as incurring costs greater than their savings. Balancing program objectives such as these are considerations for policymakers in this area. |
crs_RL34041 | crs_RL34041_0 | <s> Americans with Disabilities Act : has part : Section 504 </s><s> Americans with Disabilities Act : instance of : civil rights law </s><s> ADA Amendments Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Individuals with Disabilities Education Act : has part : Section 504 </s><s> Section 504 : inception : 1973 </s><s> Section 504 : publication date : 1973 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : Section 504 </s><s> Section 504 : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : main subject : discrimination in employment </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : publication date : 1964 </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : Title VI </s><s> Title VI : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> United States Postal Service : instance of : Executive agency </s><s> Executive agency : country : United States </s><s> United States Postal Service : country : United States </s><s> Federal financial assistance : country : United States </s><s> Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Act of 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Act of 1978 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Education Amendments of 1972 : point in time : 1972 </s><s> Section 504 : part of : Education Amendments of 1972 </s><s> Education Amendments of 1972 : publication date : 1972 </s><s> ADA Amendments Act of 2008 : part of : Americans with Disabilities Act </s><s> ADA Amendments Act of 2008 : facet of : Americans with Disabilities Act </s><s> physical or mental impairment : subclass of : disability </s><s> physical : subclass of : disability </s><s> mental impairment : subclass of : disability </s><s> mental : subclass of : disability </s><s> in remission : different from : episodic </s><s> episodic : different from : in remission </s><s> ADA Amendments Act : point in time : 1978 </s><s> ADA Amendments Act : point in time : January of 1978 </s><s> ADA Amendments Act : publication date : 1978 </s><s> Executive Order 12250 : author : Carter </s><s> Executive Order 12250 : inception : 1980 </s><s> Executive Order 12250 : main subject : Department of Justice </s><s> Southeastern Community College v. Davis : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Southeastern Community College v. Davis. : court : Supreme Court </s><s> clinical training : subclass of : educational institution </s><s> clinical training : subclass of : clinical program </s><s> The Supreme Court : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Alexander v. Choate : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Southeastern : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Darrone : court : Supreme Court </s><s> consolidated Rail Corporation v. Darrone : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Section 504 : part of : Rehabilitation Act </s><s> Bowen v. American Hospital Association : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Down Syndrome : instance of : disabilities </s><s> Bowen v. American Hospital Association : main subject : Down Syndrome </s><s> School Board of Nassau County v. Arline : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Section 504 : main subject : person with a disability </s><s> Gene Arline : educated at : elementary school </s><s> Traynor v. Turnage : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Veterans' Administration : instance of : executive agency </s><s> Veterans' Administration : field of work : veterans </s><s> Veterans' Administration : has part : Veterans' Administrators' </s><s> Veterans' Administration : has part : Veterans' Administrators </s><s> interpreting : subclass of : decision of law </s><s> interpreting : facet of : law </s><s> Rehabilitation Act of 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Barnes v. Gorman : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Jeffrey Gorman : uses : wheelchair </s><s> Stevens : position held : Justice </s><s> concurring opinion : has part : concurring opinion </s><s> concurring opinion : subclass of : concurring opinion </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : point in time : 1964 </s><s> Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 : point in time : 1964 </s><s> Contract Law : studies : contract </s><s> Breach of contract : subclass of : contract </s><s> contract : studied by : Contract Law </s><s> Section 504 : part of : Americans with Disabilities Act </s><s> Civil Rights Act of 1964 : has part : Title VII </s><s> Title VII : part of : Civil Rights Act of 1964 </s><s> Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 : main subject : discrimination </s><s> Section 504 : part of : Individuals with Disabilities Education Act </s><s> Department of Education : subsidiary : Office of Civil Rights </s><s> Office of Civil Rights : parent organization : Department of Education </s><s> Secretary of Education : different from : Attorney General </s><s> Attorney General : different from : Secretary of Education </s><s> Department of Education : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Education </s><s> Perry Zirkel : employer : Lehigh University </s><s> Perry Zirkel : educated at : Lehigh University </s><s> dyslexia : subclass of : attention deficit disorder </s> | Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against an otherwise qualified individual with a disability solely by reason of disability in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance or under any program or activity conducted by an executive agency or the U.S. Postal Service. Section 504 was the first federal civil rights law generally prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities. This report examines Section 504, recent amendments to the definition of disability, Section 504's regulations, and Supreme Court interpretations. Section 504's differences with the ADA, and its relationship to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), are also discussed. |
crs_RS22448 | crs_RS22448_0 | <s> Medicaid : inception : 1965 </s><s> Medicaid has covered home- and community-based services : inception : 1965 </s><s> Rehabilitation : subclass of : therapy </s><s> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services : subsidiary : Medicaid </s><s> skilled nursing : subclass of : nursing facilities </s><s> HCBS waivers : inception : 1981 </s><s> HCBS waivers : point in time : 1981 </s><s> HCBS waiver : inception : 1981 </s><s> Social Security Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> Section 1915(c) : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 1915(c) </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : states </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : 35 states </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : 35 states and the District of Columbia </s><s> mental retardation : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> developmental disabilities : subclass of : disabilities </s><s> mental retardation : instance of : disabilities </s><s> Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act : part of : Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 </s><s> Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : part of : Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : has part : Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 </s><s> HCBS : inception : January 2007 </s><s> HCBS without a waiver : inception : January 2007 </s><s> Iowa : instance of : states </s><s> HCBS-SPA : applies to jurisdiction : Iowa </s><s> state plan amendment : subclass of : state plan </s><s> Guam : instance of : territory </s><s> Guam : instance of : territory (Guam) </s><s> Guam : instance of : 16 other states and a territory </s><s> federal poverty level : instance of : FPL </s><s> federal poverty level : different from : FPL </s><s> FPL : different from : federal poverty level </s><s> HCBS-waivers : instance of : HCBS </s><s> HCBS-waivers : subclass of : HCBS </s><s> other services clause : instance of : HCBS-waivers </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s> | Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, (DRA, P.L. 109-171), established a optional Medicaid benefit giving states a new method with which to cover home- and community-based (HCBS) services for Medicaid beneficiaries, starting in January 2007. Prior to DRA's enactment, states needed HCBS waivers authorized in Section 1915(c) of the Social Security Act (SSA) to cover these services. The HCBS-state plan optional benefit, Section 1915(i), differs from both existing Medicaid state plan benefits and Section 1915(c) waivers. This report outlines requirements of the new 1915(i) benefit and compares key features of this benefit with other Medicaid state plan benefits and 1915(c) waivers. It will be updated periodically. |
crs_RS21311 | crs_RS21311_0 | <s> The National Security Strategy of the United States : publication date : 2002 </s><s> The National Security Strategy of the United States : point in time : 2002 </s><s> The National Security Strategy of the United States : author : Bush Administration </s><s> allies : opposite of : friends </s><s> allies : country : United States </s><s> allies : has part : United States </s><s> Preemptive use of military force : subclass of : use of military force </s><s> Preemptive use of military force : instance of : use of military force </s><s> use of military force : subclass of : combat </s><s> CRS : country : United States </s><s> National Strategy : author : Bush Administration </s><s> National Strategydocument : author : Bush Administration </s><s> Spanish-American War : participant : United States </s><s> Spanish-American War : participant : Republic </s><s> declaration of war against Spain : participant : Cuba </s><s> declaration of war against Spain : point in time : April 1898 </s><s> Cuba : participant in : declaration of war against Spain </s><s> Cuban Missile crisis : point in time : 1962 </s><s> Cuban Missile crisis of 1962 : point in time : 1962 </s><s> Cuban Missile crisis : participant : Soviet </s><s> First World War : followed by : Second World War </s><s> Second World War : follows : First World War </s><s> use of military force against Iraq : point in time : 2003 </s><s> use of military force against Iraq in 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> United States : participant in : Korean War </s><s> United States : participant in : PersianGulf War </s><s> Central America : has part : Caribbean </s><s> Monroe Doctrine : country : United States </s><s> Caribbean : part of : Central America </s><s> Dominican Republic : diplomatic relation : Haiti </s><s> Haiti : diplomatic relation : Dominican Republic </s><s> Dominican Republic : part of : Central America </s><s> Haiti : part of : Central America </s><s> Franklin D. Roosevelt : position held : President </s><s> Franklin D. Roosevelt : position held : Administration </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> AdolfoDiaz : position held : President </s><s> Bryan-Chamorro treaty : instance of : treaty </s><s> Bryan-Chamorro treaty : country : United States </s><s> intervention : location : Nicaragua </s><s> intervention and long-term presence of Americanmilitary forces in Nicaragua : country : Nicaragua </s><s> intervention and long-term presence : country : Nicaragua </s><s> Grenada : part of : Central America </s><s> Panama : part of : Central America </s><s> Dominican Republic : located on terrain feature : Caribbean </s><s> Grenada : located on terrain feature : Caribbean </s><s> Panama : located on terrain feature : Caribbean </s><s> Dominican Republic : part of : Caribbean </s><s> Grenada : part of : Caribbean </s><s> Panama : part of : Caribbean </s><s> U.S. military forces : country : United States </s><s> covert action : subclass of : overt use </s><s> covert action : subclass of : influencepolitical </s><s> Cuba : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> in the case of Cuba in 1961 : point in time : 1961 </s><s> preemptiveaction : subclass of : military operation </s><s> majorconventional military operations : subclass of : preemptiveaction </s><s> majorconventional military operations : opposite of : preemptiveaction </s><s> Cuban missile crisis of 1962 : point in time : 1962 </s><s> Cuban missile crisis : point in time : 1962 </s><s> Cuban missile crisis : participant : Soviet Union </s><s> Cuban missile crisis : participant : Cuba </s><s> Kennedy : position held : President </s><s> Soviet Union : diplomatic relation : Cuba </s><s> Iraq War of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> The NationalSecurity Strategy of the United States of America : publication date : September 2002 </s><s> The NationalSecurity Strategy of the United States of America : author : Bush Administration </s><s> SecurityCouncil Resolution 1441 : publication date : November 8, 2002 </s><s> UNSCR 1441 : publication date : November 8, 2002 </s><s> UNSCR 1441 : instance of : Security Council Resolution </s><s> Gulf War : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Gulf War : location : Iraq </s><s> Gulf War : participant : Iraq </s><s> NationalSecurity Strategy : author : President </s><s> NationalSecurity Strategy : creator : President </s><s> NationalSecurity Strategy : publication date : September2002 </s> | This report reviews the historical record regarding the uses of U.S. military force ina "preemptive" manner, anissue that emerged during public debates prior to the use of U.S. military force against Iraq in 2003. It examinesand comments on military actions taken by theUnited States that could be reasonably interpreted as preemptive in nature. For purposes of this analysis apreemptive use of military force is considered to bethe taking of military action by the United States against another nation so as to prevent or mitigate a presumedimminent military attack or use of force by thatnation against the United States. The deployment of U.S. military forces in support of U.S. foreign policy, withouttheir engaging in combat, is not deemed tobe a preemptive use of military force. This review includes all noteworthy uses of military force by the UnitedStates since the establishment of the Republic. A listing of such instances can be found in CRS Report RL32170, Instances of Use of United States ArmedForces Abroad, 1798-2003. For an analysis ofinternational law and preemptive force see CRS Report RS21314, International Law and the Preemptive Useof Force Against Iraq. This report will be updatedif significant events warrant. |
crs_R42720 | crs_R42720_0 | <s> Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs : parent organization : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : subsidiary : Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs </s><s> E xecutive O rder 12866 : instance of : executive orders </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Administrative Procedure Act : instance of : statute </s><s> notice of proposed rulemaking : published in : Federal Register </s><s> notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) : published in : Federal Register </s><s> Federal Register : has part : notice of proposed rulemaking </s><s> final rule : published in : Federal Register </s><s> Final rule : published in : Federal Register </s><s> National Environmental Protection Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Regulatory Flexibility Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Congressional Review Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Paperwork Reduction Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> National Environmental Protection Act : instance of : statutes </s><s> Regulatory Flexibility Act : instance of : statutes </s><s> Congressional Review Act : instance of : statutes </s><s> Paperwork Reduction Act : instance of : statutes </s><s> Executive Order : author : Reagan </s><s> Executive Order : author : President Reagan </s><s> Executive Order (E.O.) 12291 : author : President Reagan </s><s> Independent Regulatory Commission : subclass of : independent regulatory agencies </s><s> Obama : follows : George W. Bush </s><s> Independent Regulatory Commission : different from : independent regulatory agencies </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : different from : Independent Regulatory Commission </s><s> PRA : instance of : IRCs </s><s> PRA : instance of : IRC </s><s> for cause removal : part of : PRA </s><s> commissions : part of : Congress </s><s> For cause removal protection : facet of : impeachment </s><s> For cause removal protection : instance of : impeachment </s><s> legislative proposals : legislated by : Congress </s><s> OMB Bypass : parent organization : OMB </s><s> OMB Bypass : part of : OMB </s><s> executive order : subclass of : statute </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> statute : has effect : executive order </s><s> Executive Order 12866 : instance of : Executive Order </s><s> Executive Order 12866 : author : President </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : subclass of : executive agencies </s><s> OMB : instance of : executive agencies </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : different from : executive agencies </s><s> sector of the economy : part of : economy </s><s> public health or safety : facet of : public health </s><s> State : different from : local </s><s> local : different from : State </s><s> grants : subclass of : loans </s><s> grants : subclass of : loan programs </s><s> grants : has part : loans </s><s> significant regulatory action : subclass of : rulemaking </s><s> rulemaking : part of : regulation </s><s> rulemaking : has effect : promulgation </s><s> cost-benefit analysis : studies : benefits </s><s> benefits : studied by : cost-benefit analysis </s><s> cost-benefit analysis : studies : costs and benefits </s><s> costs and benefits : studied by : cost-benefit analysis </s><s> Federal Register : main subject : rule </s><s> E.O. : instance of : law </s><s> E.O. : facet of : law </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : appointed by : President of the United States </s><s> President of the United States : appointed by : President </s><s> legislative branch : part of : Congress </s><s> founders : facet of : unitary executive theory </s><s> founders : instance of : vested all executive power </s><s> President of the United States : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President of the United States </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President of the United States </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Office of Legal Counsel </s><s> Office of Legal Counsel : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Office of Legal Counsel : part of : Department of Justice </s><s> Myers v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Myers v. United States : main subject : Take Care Clause </s><s> Supreme Court : office held by head of the organization : Justice </s><s> Justice : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Justice </s><s> Elena Kagan : position held : Justice </s><s> Justice : officeholder : Elena Kagan </s><s> Elena Kagan : occupation : Justice </s><s> appointed by the President : part of : executive branch </s><s> appointed by the President : part of : executive branch agency </s><s> appointed by the President : subclass of : executive branch agency </s><s> Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer : applies to jurisdiction : IRC </s><s> Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer : instance of : IRC </s><s> Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer : part of : IRC </s><s> constitutional : has part : congressional authority </s><s> congressional authority : part of : constitutional </s><s> constitutional : has part : congressional </s><s> zone of twilight : facet of : Article II power </s><s> zone of twilight : part of : Article II power </s><s> zone of twilight : has part : Article II power </s><s> administrative state : legislative body : Congress </s><s> constitutional : facet of : administrative state </s><s> administrative state : has part : Congress </s><s> tripartite framework : facet of : separation of powers </s><s> tripartite framework : has part : separation of powers </s><s> tripartite framework : subclass of : separation of powers </s><s> Take Care Clause : has part : Vesting Clause </s><s> Vesting Clause : has part : Take Care Clause </s><s> Take Care Clause : part of : Vesting Clause </s><s> third category : named after : Justice Jackson </s><s> third category : named after : Justice Jackson's </s><s> third category : opposite of : unitary executive theory </s><s> delegation of authority : part of : Congress </s><s> delegation of authority : facet of : Congress </s><s> delegation of authority : part of : Congress's </s><s> Presidential review of agency rulemaking : inception : 1971 </s><s> presidential review of agency rulemaking : inception : 1971 </s><s> Presidential review of agency rulemaking : start time : 1971 </s><s> EPA Administrator : appointed by : President </s><s> EPA Administrator : appointed by : President's </s><s> President : appointed by : EPA Administrator </s><s> 1981 OLC opinion : point in time : 1981 </s><s> 1981 OLC opinion : publication date : 1981 </s><s> President : different from : Chief Executive </s><s> Chief Executive : different from : President </s><s> Independent Regulatory Commissions and OIRA Review : part of : OIRA </s><s> OIRA : has part : Independent Regulatory Commissions and OIRA Review </s><s> constitutional authority : has part : President </s><s> Reagan : position held : Presidents </s><s> Clinton : position held : Presidents </s><s> President's Authority for Extending OIRA Review to the IRCs : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> OLC : parent organization : OMB </s><s> Reagan : position held : President </s><s> O.O. 12291 : point in time : 1981 </s><s> O.O. 12291 : inception : 1981 </s><s> Myers decision : main subject : illimitable power of removal </s><s> Myers decision : court : Court </s><s> Humphrey's Executor v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Humphrey's Executor v. United States : court : Supreme Court's </s><s> Humphrey's Executor : court : Supreme Court </s><s> OLC opinion : main subject : E.O. 12291 </s><s> E.O. 12291 : court : OLC </s><s> E.O. 12291 : instance of : OLC opinion </s><s> statutory powers : part of : Executive Branch </s><s> Executive Branch : different from : Executive Branch </s><s> Executive Branch : has part : Executive Branch </s><s> Executive Branch : part of : Executive Branch </s><s> unitary executive doctrine : instance of : constitutionally specified agency </s><s> unitary executive doctrine : facet of : constitutionally specified agency </s><s> constitutional : subclass of : body of law </s><s> cabinet : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : cabinet </s><s> constitutional : part of : body of law </s><s> gross incompetence : subclass of : incompetence </s><s> gross incompetence : subclass of : misconduct </s><s> corruption : subclass of : malfeasance in office </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : main subject : removal </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : main subject : removal restriction </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : main subject : statutory removal restriction </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> separation of powers : said to be the same as : tripartite framework </s><s> tripartite framework : said to be the same as : separation of powers </s><s> separation of powers : part of : tripartite framework </s><s> OMB bypass : instance of : presidential bypass </s><s> OMB bypass : subclass of : presidential bypass </s><s> Executive Order : author : President </s><s> President : appointed by : congressional </s><s> OMB : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> IRC : instance of : courts </s><s> President's Recourse : part of : OMB </s><s> President : different from : head of the agency </s><s> head of the agency : different from : President </s><s> for cause : instance of : removal protection </s><s> Appointments Clause : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Appointments Clause : legislated by : Supreme Court </s><s> power of appointment : has part : Appointments Clause </s><s> National Credit Union Administration : instance of : IRCs </s><s> Federal Election Commission : instance of : IRCs </s><s> Federal Election Commission : instance of : agencies </s><s> Wiener v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> War Claims Act of 1948 : point in time : 1948 </s><s> Swan v. Clinton : court : DC Circuit </s><s> Swan v. Clinton : applies to jurisdiction : DC Circuit </s><s> Swan v. Clinton : applies to jurisdiction : NCUA </s><s> Humphrey : applies to jurisdiction : FTC </s><s> Humphrey : participant : FTC </s><s> Humphrey : instance of : FTC commissioners </s><s> Swan : applies to jurisdiction : Swan </s><s> Swan : court : DC Circuit </s><s> Swan : has part : Swan </s><s> Wiener : applies to jurisdiction : FTC </s><s> WCC : influenced by : FTC </s><s> FTC : follows : Wiener </s><s> Wiener : followed by : FTC </s><s> Humphrey : instance of : Executive Order </s><s> Humphrey : position held : President </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : President </s><s> Franklin Roosevelt : position held : Executor </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : main subject : Independent Counsel </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : main subject : Independent Counsel position </s><s> Morrison v. Olson : has cause : Independent Counsel </s><s> Wiener : follows : Humphrey's Executor </s><s> Comptroller General : applies to jurisdiction : Congress </s><s> Comptroller General : appointed by : Congress </s><s> CBA : subclass of : regulation </s><s> CBA : facet of : regulation </s><s> President : appointed by : legislative will </s><s> presidential directive : subclass of : executive order </s><s> OIRA : parent organization : Congress </s><s> S. 3468 : instance of : executive order </s><s> S. 3468 : instance of : Executive Order </s><s> executive order : subclass of : executive order </s><s> Executive Order : subclass of : executive order </s><s> for cause : subclass of : cause </s><s> Executive Order 12866 : main subject : restrictions on judicial review </s><s> Executive Order 12866 : point in time : 12866 </s><s> Executive Order 12866 Restricts Judicial Review : main subject : restrictions on judicial review </s><s> Federal Government : country : United States </s><s> Executive Order 12866 : instance of : Executive order </s><s> Section 10 of Executive Order 12866 : part of : Executive order </s><s> United States Tax Court : instance of : courts </s><s> Tax Court : country : United States </s><s> United States Tax Court : instance of : Courts </s><s> earlier case : main subject : E.O. 12291 </s><s> earlier case : has part : E.O. 12291 </s><s> E.O. 12291 : part of : earlier case </s><s> Executive agencies : part of : Congress </s><s> statute : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Judicial Recourse for Noncompliance with Statute : instance of : statute </s><s> rulemaking : product or material produced : rule </s><s> rulemaking : part of : law </s><s> rulemaking : facet of : rule </s><s> Investment Company Act : instance of : statute </s><s> costs and benefits of their rules : facet of : Investment Company Act </s><s> costs and benefits of their rules : part of : Investment Company Act </s><s> independent director : part of : board of directors </s><s> independent directors : part of : board of directors </s><s> board of directors : subclass of : independent directors </s><s> ICA : followed by : APA </s><s> APA : part of : ICA </s><s> APA : followed by : ICA </s><s> Business Roundtable v. SEC : court : DC Circuit </s><s> Business Roundtable v. SEC : applies to jurisdiction : DC Circuit </s><s> Board of Directors : part of : public companies </s><s> arbitrary and capricious : part of : APA </s><s> IRC : instance of : executive agency </s><s> arbitrary and capricious : facet of : APA </s><s> Clinton : position held : President </s><s> Reagan : child : Clinton </s><s> unitary executive : subclass of : executive agencies </s><s> take Care : part of : unitary executive </s><s> take Care : main subject : take Care </s><s> statutes : legislated by : Congress </s><s> other statutes : legislated by : Congress </s><s> codify : subclass of : statutes </s><s> Congress : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> Congress : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : Congress </s> | Federal agencies regularly adopt rules, which have the force of law, to implement the statutes and programs authorized by Congress. Unless a statute directs otherwise, agencies generally must follow the requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act to promulgate rules. However, beginning with President Reagan, Presidents have maintained a centralized review process for "significant regulatory actions." Currently, Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, issued by President Clinton, imposes additional procedures agencies must follow before a rule can be finalized. This includes requiring agencies to submit proposed regulatory action to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) at the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review. Although E.O. 12866 applies to executive agencies, independent regulatory commissions (IRCs) are not required to submit their rules to OIRA for review. Debates have arisen among scholars and legislators as to whether the President has the authority to require both executive agencies and IRCs to submit their regulations for review by OIRA. In the 112th Congress, Senator Rob Portman introduced S. 3468, the Independent Regulatory Agency Analysis Act of 2012. Under this bill, the President could issue an executive order establishing centralized review procedures for IRCs. This report discusses the constitutionality and the legal effects of extending centralized review of rulemaking to IRCs. |
crs_R42852 | crs_R42852_0 | <s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> executive branch : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> Export Import Bank : instance of : agencies </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : instance of : agencies </s><s> Small Business Administration : instance of : agencies </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : parent organization : Small Business Administration </s><s> Small Business Administration : parent organization : U.S. Trade and Development Agency </s><s> delegated authority : used by : President </s><s> delegated authority to the President : inception : 1932 </s><s> delegated authority : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : delegated authority </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> legislative process : participant : Congress </s><s> in 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Environmental Protection Agency : inception : 1932 </s><s> Environmental Protection Agency : parent organization : Department of Health, Education, and Welfare </s><s> Department of Health, Education, and Welfare : subsidiary : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> 1932 : followed by : 1933 </s><s> 1932 : point in time : 1932 </s><s> 1933 : follows : 1932 </s><s> limitations on power : different from : expedited parliamentary procedures </s><s> expedited parliamentary procedures : different from : limitations on power </s><s> limitations on power : has part : expedited parliamentary procedures </s><s> Herbert Hoover Administration : position held : President </s><s> Herbert Hoover Administration : position held : President's </s><s> Herbert Hoover : position held : President </s><s> found to be unconstitutional in 1983 : point in time : 1983 </s><s> legislative veto : subclass of : expedited parliamentary procedure </s><s> found to be unconstitutional : point in time : 1983 </s><s> Jimmy Carter : position held : President </s><s> Economy Act of 1932 : point in time : 1932 </s><s> Economy Act of 1932 : publication date : 1932 </s><s> economy Act of 1932 : point in time : 1932 </s><s> Herbert Hoover : position held : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Herbert Hoover : candidacy in election : 1932 presidential election </s><s> 1932 presidential election : candidate : Herbert Hoover </s><s> 72 nd Congress : start time : 1932 </s><s> 72 nd Congress : inception : 1932 </s><s> 72 nd Congress (1931-1932) : start time : 1932 </s><s> Hoover : position held : President </s><s> Hoover : candidacy in election : bid for reelection </s><s> bid for reelection : candidate : Hoover </s><s> independent executive agency : part of : executive branch </s><s> independent executive agency : subclass of : freestanding entity </s><s> independent executive agency : different from : executive branch </s><s> department : subclass of : agency </s><s> regulatory agencies : subclass of : agencies </s><s> department : part of : agency </s><s> agency : has part : department </s><s> Hoover : field of work : executive orders </s><s> resolution : legislated by : Congress </s><s> resolution : instance of : one-house legislative veto </s><s> resolution of a single house of Congress : subclass of : one-house legislative veto </s><s> Director of the Budget : appointed by : President </s><s> Director of the Budget : inception : January 19, 1933 </s><s> inauguration : office contested : President </s><s> Amendments of 1933 (Roosevelt) : point in time : 1933 </s><s> The Amendments of 1933 (Roosevelt) : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Amendments of 1933 : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Treasury-Post Office Appropriations Act of March 3, 1933 : point in time : March 3, 1933 </s><s> Treasury-Post Office Appropriations Act : point in time : March 3, 1933 </s><s> Franklin D. Roosevelt : position held : President </s><s> 1932 statute : point in time : 1932 </s><s> national economic downturn : has cause : general economic depression </s><s> abolishment of a statutorily established agency or function : subclass of : executive order </s><s> agencies : subclass of : function </s><s> abolishment : facet of : agency or function </s><s> 1932 act : point in time : 1932 </s><s> 1933 amendments : replaces : 1932 act </s><s> 1932 act : replaced by : 1933 amendments </s><s> United States Shipping Board : replaced by : Department of Commerce </s><s> Fleet Corporation : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : replaces : United States Shipping Board </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : Fleet Corporation </s><s> Fleet Corporation : replaced by : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : replaces : Fleet Corporation </s><s> Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations </s><s> Immigration and Naturalization Service : parent organization : Department of Labor </s><s> Department of Labor : subsidiary : Immigration and Naturalization Service </s><s> Federal Board for Vocational Education : replaced by : Office of Education </s><s> Interior Department : subsidiary : Office of Education </s><s> Office of Education : replaces : Federal Board for Vocational Education </s><s> Office of Education : parent organization : Interior Department </s><s> Executive Order 6166 : author : Roosevelt </s><s> Roosevelt : position held : President </s><s> sought a renewal of the authority : point in time : 1937 </s><s> 1937 : point in time : 1937 </s><s> sought a renewal of the authority in 1937 : point in time : 1937 </s><s> reorganization authority : inception : 1933 </s><s> reorganization authority : point in time : 1933 </s><s> Roosevelt : participant in : 75th Congress </s><s> Roosevelt Administration : inception : 1936 </s><s> 1936 election : point in time : 1936 </s><s> Roosevelt Administration : participant in : 1936 election </s><s> Senate report : publication date : 1937 </s><s> Brownlow Committee : inception : 1937 </s><s> 1933 amendments : point in time : 1933 </s><s> federal corporation : subclass of : government agency </s><s> government agency : subclass of : federal corporation </s><s> New Deal : named after : Roosevelt </s><s> New Deal : named after : President Roosevelt </s><s> Supreme Court : appointed by : President </s><s> Members of Congress : participant in : New Deal </s><s> New Deal : participant : Members of Congress </s><s> President : part of : legislative branch </s><s> legislative branch : has part : President </s><s> Senate : part of : legislative branch </s><s> legislative branch : has part : Senate </s><s> reorganization bill : instance of : bill </s><s> Court-packing bill : followed by : reorganization bill </s><s> reorganization bill : follows : Court-packing bill </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> 1932 mechanism for congressional disapproval of the executive orders : point in time : 1932 </s><s> 1932 mechanism for congressional disapproval : point in time : 1932 </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1939 : legislated by : 76 th Congress </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1939 : point in time : April 3, 1939 </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1939 : publication date : April 3, 1939 </s><s> separation of powers : has part : executive order </s><s> two-house legislative veto : facet of : separation of powers </s><s> executive order : facet of : separation of powers </s><s> 1932 statute : followed by : 1933 statute </s><s> 1933 statute : follows : 1932 statute </s><s> next presidential term : start time : January 21, 1941 </s><s> 1933 law : point in time : 1933 </s><s> the next presidential term : start time : January 21, 1941 </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : joint resolution of approval </s><s> joint resolution of approval : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> one-house veto : opposite of : two-house veto </s><s> two-house veto : opposite of : one-house veto </s><s> Secretary of Commerce : instance of : quasijudicial agency </s><s> Department of Commerce : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Commerce </s><s> Secretary of Commerce : part of : Department of Commerce </s><s> Federal Security Agency : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Federal Security Agency </s><s> Federal Security Agency : replaced by : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : replaces : Federal Security Agency </s><s> First War Powers Act : point in time : December 18, 1941 </s><s> First War Powers Act : publication date : December 18, 1941 </s><s> First War Powers Act : inception : December 18, 1941 </s><s> Truman : conflict : World War I </s><s> Truman's 1945 request : point in time : 1945 </s><s> Truman's 1945 request : office contested : President </s><s> World War II : follows : World War I </s><s> World War I : followed by : World War II </s><s> First War Powers Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Title I : part of : First War Powers Act </s><s> First War Powers Act : has part : Title I </s><s> enacted in 1939 : point in time : 1939 </s><s> enacted in 1939 : instance of : legislation </s><s> enacted : point in time : 1939 </s><s> Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Lindsay C. Warren : position held : Comptroller General </s><s> 1939 act : point in time : 1939 </s><s> Lindsay C. Warren : occupation : Comptroller General </s><s> President : different from : Congress </s><s> Congress : different from : President </s><s> George Washington University : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, D.C. </s><s> Congress : part of : Executive </s><s> Executive : has part : Congress </s><s> Government of its own volition : has part : Congress </s><s> Government of its own volition : instance of : Executive </s><s> 1939 act : publication date : 1939 </s><s> war : followed by : peace </s><s> war : opposite of : peace </s><s> peace : follows : war </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : subclass of : independent agency </s><s> independent regulatory agencies : subclass of : quasi-judicial </s><s> quasi-judicial : subclass of : quasi-legislative </s><s> Senate Committee on the Judiciary : instance of : committees </s><s> executive branch : part of : Congress </s><s> act of Congress : legislated by : executive branch </s><s> Truman : position held : President </s><s> 1945 act : point in time : 1945 </s><s> 1946 : point in time : 1946 </s><s> 1947 : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1946 : point in time : 1946 </s><s> Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1947 : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1947 : point in time : 1947 </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democrats </s><s> Democrats : opposite of : Republicans </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1945 : point in time : 1945 </s><s> Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch : chairperson : Herbert Hoover </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1949 : point in time : 1949 </s><s> Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch : named after : Herbert Hoover </s><s> New Deal : facet of : World War II </s><s> New Deal : has effect : World War II </s><s> New Deal : main subject : World War II </s><s> Federal Government : part of : United States Government </s><s> United States Government : has part : Federal Government </s><s> United States Government : has part : executive branch of the Government </s><s> executive branch of the Government : part of : United States Government </s><s> Hoover Commission : inception : September 1947 </s><s> Hoover Commission : start time : September 1947 </s><s> Hoover Commission : point in time : September 1947 </s><s> efficiency : facet of : economy </s><s> efficiency : part of : economy </s><s> efficiency : studied by : economics </s><s> departments and agencies : part of : federal bureaucracy </s><s> federal government : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> federal bureaucracy : has part : departments and agencies </s><s> New Deal : instance of : government reform </s><s> New Deal : instance of : government </s><s> New Deal : part of : government </s><s> Thomas E. Dewey : member of political party : Republican </s><s> reelection of President Truman : point in time : January 1949 </s><s> reelection : point in time : January 1949 </s><s> Army Corps of Engineers : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Army Corps of Engineers </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1949 : point in time : June 20, 1949 </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1949 : publication date : June 20, 1949 </s><s> Hoover Commission : main subject : executive branch of the Government </s><s> Hoover Commission : instance of : executive branch of the Government </s><s> Hoover Commission : instance of : executive branch </s><s> Harry Truman : position held : President </s><s> President Truman : employer : Congress </s><s> Federal Security Agency : instance of : department </s><s> Hoover Commission : instance of : commissions </s><s> Federal Security Agency : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Reconstruction Finance Corporation : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : Reconstruction Finance Corporation </s><s> Department of Commerce : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of the Treasury </s><s> Attorney General : part of : civil service </s><s> Attorney General : different from : President </s><s> President : different from : Attorney General </s><s> 1953 : point in time : 1953 </s><s> 1953 : followed by : 1955 </s><s> 1955 : point in time : 1955 </s><s> Dwight D. Eisenhower : position held : President </s><s> 1957 : point in time : 1957 </s><s> Eisenhower : position held : President </s><s> enacted by : author : President </s><s> enacted by : main subject : President </s><s> enacted by : has cause : President </s><s> John F. Kennedy : position held : President </s><s> Kennedy and Johnson Reauthorization Requests : point in time : 1961 </s><s> assassination : point in time : November 22, 1963 </s><s> Kennedy : significant event : November 22, 1963, assassination </s><s> Kennedy : date of death : November 22, 1963 </s><s> Community Relations Service : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Commerce : replaced by : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Community Relations Service </s><s> Department of Justice : replaces : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Richard M. Nixon : position held : President </s><s> Nixon and Ford Reauthorization Requests : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Board of Commissioners : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> Nixon : position held : President </s><s> Nixon Administration : position held : President </s><s> Nixon Administration : facet of : President Nixon </s><s> Reorganization Act : point in time : 1949 </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1949 : publication date : 1949 </s><s> legislation in 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> 1971 : point in time : 1971 </s><s> 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> resolution of disapproval : different from : concurrent resolution of approval </s><s> Senate : subsidiary : Committee on Government Operations and </s><s> Committee on Government Operations and : parent organization : Senate </s><s> Senate Committee on Government Operations and Security : part of : Congress </s><s> Gerald R. Ford : position held : President </s><s> Watergate : has effect : Post-Watergate period </s><s> Watergate : has effect : Post-Watergate </s><s> Federal Government : has part : executive departments </s><s> executive departments : part of : Federal Government </s><s> Federal Government : subsidiary : executive departments </s><s> executive departments : parent organization : Federal Government </s><s> Federal Government : has part : executive </s><s> executive : part of : Federal Government </s><s> Reauthorized 1949 Act : end time : 1973 </s><s> Reauthorized 1949 Act : point in time : 1949 </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> Drug Enforcement Administration : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Drug Enforcement Administration </s><s> Secretary of Agriculture : different from : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : different from : Secretary of Agriculture </s><s> Secretary of Agriculture : replaces : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : replaced by : Secretary of Agriculture </s><s> Department of Urban Affairs and Housing : subsidiary : Housing and Home Finance Agency </s><s> Housing and Home Finance Agency : parent organization : Department of Urban Affairs and Housing </s><s> Hoover Commission : chairperson : Truman </s><s> 1976 run for President : candidate : Jimmy Carter </s><s> Jimmy Carter : candidacy in election : 1976 run for President </s><s> his 1976 run for President : candidate : Jimmy Carter </s><s> Jimmy Carter : candidacy in election : his 1976 run for President </s><s> President Carter : position held : President </s><s> agencies and departments : part of : federal bureaucracy </s><s> Carter Administration : head of government : President Carter </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1949 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Jack Brooks : employer : House Committee on Government Operations </s><s> Jack Brooks : position held : House Committee on Government Operations </s><s> Jack Brooks : position held : chairman </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Reform Act of 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Carter : position held : President </s><s> United States Trade Representative : parent organization : Executive Office of the President </s><s> Executive Office of the President : subsidiary : United States Trade Representative </s><s> United States Trade Representative : part of : Executive Office of the President </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Agriculture Department </s><s> Agriculture Department : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of Natural Resources : replaces : Agriculture Department </s><s> Department of the Interior : replaces : Agriculture Department </s><s> Agriculture Department : replaced by : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of Natural Resources : replaces : National Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and the Department of Natural Resources </s><s> Department of Commerce : instance of : executive department </s><s> Reorganization Act of 1977 : part of : Reorganization Act of 1977 </s><s> Department of Natural Resources : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Department of Natural Resources </s><s> Reagan Administration : position held : President </s><s> 1981 bill : point in time : 1981 </s><s> House of Congress : appointed by : President </s><s> 1981 bill : publication date : 1981 </s><s> 1977 Reorganization Act : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Reorganization Act : point in time : 1977 </s><s> Resolution of disapproval : different from : resolution of approval </s><s> resolution of approval : different from : Resolution of disapproval </s><s> INS v. Chadha : court : Supreme Court </s><s> INS v. Chadha : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> INS v. Chadha : main subject : unconstitutional </s><s> Senate adjourned sine die : end time : January 31, 1984 </s><s> Senate adjourned sine die : end time : December 31, 1984 </s><s> INS v. Chadha : court : Court </s><s> INS v. Chadha : publication date : December 31, 1984 </s><s> INS v. Chadha : point in time : December 31, 1984 </s><s> 99 th : legislated by : Congress </s><s> 99 th Congress : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs : inception : 1985 </s><s> 100 th Congress : start time : FY1988 </s><s> 1985 : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Clinton Administration : followed by : George W. Bush </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> Clinton Administration : replaced by : George W. Bush </s><s> Tom Davis : employer : House Committee on Government Reform </s><s> Tom Davis : member of : House Committee on Government Reform </s><s> Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 : legislated by : 108 th Congress </s><s> Tom DeLay : position held : House Majority Leader </s><s> National Intelligence Director : part of : intelligence community </s><s> National Intelligence Director : part of : National Intelligence Community </s><s> National Intelligence Director : part of : National Intelligence community </s><s> 1939 : point in time : 1939 </s><s> 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> independent regulatory agency : subclass of : executive departments </s><s> Executive Office of the President : inception : 1939 </s><s> Federal Security Agency : inception : 1939 </s><s> Environmental Protection Agency : inception : 1970 </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : inception : 1978 </s><s> Department of Health, Education, and Welfare : inception : 1953 </s><s> legislative proposal : point in time : February 16, 2012 </s><s> legislative proposal : inception : February 16, 2012 </s><s> legislative proposal : publication date : February 16, 2012 </s><s> Director of the Office of Management and Budget : instance of : agencies </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : office held by head of the organization : Director </s><s> Department of Energy : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of Energy </s><s> U.S. Department of Energy : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> administrative : part of : institutional </s><s> administrative : subclass of : institutional </s><s> executive branch : has part : executive functions </s><s> quasi-judicial : different from : quasi-legislative </s><s> quasi-judicial : opposite of : quasi-legislative </s><s> GAO : parent organization : Congress </s><s> history of reorganization authority : facet of : reorganizations </s><s> history of reorganization authority : facet of : reorganization </s><s> Section 301 : part of : Title 3 of the United States Code </s><s> Title 3 of the United States Code : has part : Section 301 </s><s> Section 301 : part of : United States Code </s><s> United States Code : has part : Section 301 </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> his initiative : named after : President Obama </s><s> Daniel I. Werfel : position held : Controller </s><s> OMB : chairperson : Daniel I. Werfel </s><s> Daniel I. Werfel : position held : Controller at OMB </s><s> executive branch : has part : Congress </s><s> federal bureaucracy : subsidiary : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : parent organization : federal bureaucracy </s><s> first Hoover Commission : instance of : blue ribbon commission </s><s> Hoover Commission : instance of : blue ribbon commission </s><s> first Hoover Commission : instance of : blue ribbon commissions </s><s> Carter-era authority : named after : Jimmy Carter </s><s> Jimmy Carter : position held : President's </s><s> President : part of : Administration </s><s> 98 th Congress : end time : April 10, 1984 </s><s> Congress : has part : Members of the Congress </s><s> Members of the Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> 98 th Congress : instance of : Congress </s><s> 1984 law : point in time : November 8, 1984 </s><s> sine die : subclass of : adjourned </s><s> 1984 law : publication date : November 8, 1984 </s><s> 1984 reauthorization legislation : point in time : 1984 </s><s> 1984 reauthorization legislation : legislated by : 98 th Congress </s><s> 98 th Congress : followed by : current Congress </s><s> current Congress : follows : 98 th Congress </s><s> OMB director : instance of : executive department </s><s> OMB : instance of : executive department </s><s> OMB director : part of : executive department </s><s> Truman Administration : position held : President </s><s> 1949 act : point in time : 1949 </s><s> Truman Administration : inception : 1949 </s><s> Johnson Administration : end time : 1977 </s><s> Johnson Administration : inception : 1977 </s><s> 1964 : point in time : 1964 </s><s> 1984 authority : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Efficiency-Enhancing Requirement : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Government : country : United States </s><s> economy : country : United States </s><s> 1984 statute : point in time : 1984 </s><s> cost savings : has effect : efficiency </s><s> cost savings : subclass of : efficiency-enhancing standard </s><s> cost savings : facet of : efficiency-enhancing standard </s><s> OMB Director : appointed by : President </s><s> 1984 statute : main subject : President </s><s> Executive agency : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : Executive agency </s><s> Executive agency : subclass of : agency </s><s> subagencies : subclass of : agencies </s><s> agencies : has part : subagencies </s><s> OMB Director : part of : executive executive </s><s> OMB Director : instance of : executive executive </s><s> OMB Director : part of : executive </s><s> 1932 : followed by : 1933 presidential reorganization statutes </s><s> 1933 presidential reorganization statutes : follows : 1932 </s><s> 1932 : followed by : 1933 presidential reorganization statute </s><s> 1933 authority : point in time : 1933 </s><s> 1933 authority : author : Roosevelt </s><s> first reorganization plan : named after : Eisenhower </s><s> first reorganization plan : named after : President Eisenhower </s><s> Federal Security Agency : inception : 1953 </s><s> Department of Urban Affairs and Housing : inception : 1962 </s><s> Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962 : point in time : 1962 </s><s> Reorganization Plan No. 2 : point in time : 1962 </s><s> The Reorganization Act of 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> final amendments : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Department of Natural Resources : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> Department of Natural Resources : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> Forest Service : parent organization : Department of Natural Resources </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : Department of Natural Resources </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Forest Service </s><s> Forest Service : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of Commerce : part of : Obama Administration </s><s> Department of Commerce : parent organization : Obama Administration </s><s> Department of Commerce and Labor : subsidiary : Department of Labor </s><s> Department of Labor : parent organization : Department of Commerce and Labor </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : Department of Labor </s><s> Department of Labor : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Health, Education, and Welfare : replaced by : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : replaces : Department of Health, Education, and Welfare </s><s> 1949 act : publication date : 1949 </s><s> consolidation of departments : subclass of : reorganization </s><s> 1964 amendments : point in time : 1964 </s><s> 1964 amendments : publication date : 1964 </s><s> 1984 amendments : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs : part of : Senate </s><s> following Congress : start time : 1981 </s><s> 1981 report of extension legislation : point in time : 1981 </s><s> Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs : instance of : committees of jurisdiction </s><s> report of extension legislation : point in time : 1981 </s><s> Executive Branch : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : Executive Branch </s><s> Executive Branch : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> Obama Administration : position held : President </s><s> Obama Administration : office held by head of government : President </s><s> enacted in 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> those enacted in 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> Obama Administration : position held : Presidents </s><s> Enact the Authority with Other Amendments : instance of : Act </s><s> Act the Authority with Other Amendments : instance of : Act </s><s> 1977 act : point in time : 1977 </s><s> 1977 act : publication date : 1977 </s><s> expedited parliamentary procedures : legislated by : Congress </s><s> 5 U.S.C. 903 : main subject : reorganization plan </s><s> 5 U.S.C. 903 : instance of : enacted </s><s> 5 U.S.C. 903 : main subject : enacted and implemented </s><s> enforcement : subclass of : statutory program </s><s> enforcement function : subclass of : statutory program </s><s> enforcement function : part of : statutory program </s><s> legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> legislation proposed by the legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Obama Administration : follows : George W. Bush Administration </s><s> Bush proposal : named after : George W. Bush </s><s> Bush proposal : named after : George W. Bush Administration </s><s> President : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : President </s><s> independent agency : different from : executive department </s><s> independent agency : opposite of : executive department </s><s> independent agency : subclass of : executive department </s><s> executive departments : has part : President </s><s> executive departments : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> limitations section : point in time : 1939 </s><s> limitations section of the 1939 act : point in time : 1939 </s><s> limitations section : part of : 1939 act </s><s> 1939 act : has part : limitations section </s><s> Central Intelligence Agency : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> National Security Agency : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Defense Intelligence Agency : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> National Reconnaissance Office : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Office of the National Intelligence Director : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Office of the National Intelligence Director </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Central Intelligence Agency </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : National Security Agency </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Defense Intelligence Agency </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : National Reconnaissance Office </s><s> Navy : has part : Marine Corps </s><s> Navy : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> Bureau of Intelligence and Research : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> Department of State : subsidiary : Bureau of Intelligence and Research </s><s> Office of Intelligence Analysis : parent organization : Department of the Treasury </s><s> Department of the Treasury : subsidiary : Office of Intelligence Analysis </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Office of Intelligence of the Coast Guard </s><s> Office of Intelligence of the Coast Guard : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> last authorized in 1984 : point in time : 1984 </s><s> joint resolution of approval or disapproval : part of : regular parliamentary procedures </s><s> joint resolution of approval or disapproval : subclass of : regular parliamentary procedures </s><s> Joint resolution of approval : different from : Joint resolution of disapproval </s><s> Joint resolution of disapproval : different from : Joint resolution of approval </s><s> joint resolution of approval : different from : Joint resolution of disapproval </s><s> Joint resolution of disapproval : different from : joint resolution of approval </s><s> Joint resolution of approval : opposite of : Joint resolution of disapproval </s><s> Joint resolution of disapproval : opposite of : Joint resolution of approval </s><s> Trade Act of 1974 : point in time : 1974 </s><s> Trade Act : point in time : 1974 </s><s> Trade Act of 1974 : publication date : 1974 </s><s> Committee : part of : parliamentary </s><s> committee : part of : parliamentary </s><s> floor : part of : parliamentary </s><s> efficiency : subclass of : administrative benefits </s><s> efficiency : subclass of : cost </s><s> efficiency : subclass of : program effectiveness </s><s> Congressional committees : part of : federal bureaucracy </s><s> Congressional committee : part of : federal bureaucracy </s><s> Congressional : has part : committees </s><s> committees : part of : Congressional </s><s> uncertainty : has effect : anxiety </s><s> uncertainty : subclass of : anxiety </s><s> anxiety : has cause : uncertainty </s><s> legislative process : part of : Congress </s><s> legislative process : facet of : Congress </s> | On January 13, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that he would ask Congress to reinstate so-called presidential reorganization authority, and his Administration conveyed a legislative proposal that would renew this authority to Congress on February 16, 2012. Bills based on the proposed language were subsequently introduced in the Senate (S. 2129) and the House (H.R. 4409) during the 112th Congress.
Should this authority be granted, the President indicated that his first submitted plan would propose consolidation of six business and trade-related agencies into one: U.S. Department of Commerce's core business and trade functions, the Export Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the Small Business Administration, the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. It appears that this plan would also involve the relocation of some subunits and functions that are not directly linked with business and trade. The Administration has stated, for example, that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would be moved to the Department of the Interior.
Between 1932 and 1981, Congress periodically delegated authority to the President that allowed him to develop plans for reorganization of portions of the federal government and to present those plans to Congress for consideration under special parliamentary procedures. Under these procedures, the President's plan would go into effect unless one or both houses of Congress passed a resolution rejecting the plan, a process referred to as a "legislative veto." This process favored the President's plan because, absent congressional action, the default was for the plan to go into effect. In contrast to the regular legislative process, the burden of action under these versions of presidential reorganization authority rested with opponents rather than supporters of the plan. In 1984, the mechanism was amended to require Congress to act affirmatively in order for a plan to go into force. This arguably shifted the balance of power to Congress. The authority expired at the end of 1984 and therefore has not been available to the President since then.
Presidents used this presidential reorganization authority regularly, submitting more than 100 plans between 1932 and 1984. Presidents used the authority for a variety of purposes, from relatively minor reorganizations within individual agencies to the creation of large new organizations, including the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; the Environmental Protection Agency; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The terms of the authority delegated to the President varied greatly over the century. During some periods, Congress delegated relatively broad authority to the President, while during others the authority was more circumscribed.
Congress might approach the question of whether, and how, to delegate this authority to the President in various ways. First, Congress could simply elect not to renew the authority, either by not acting on the President's proposal or by actively rejecting it. In the event that Congress elects to renew presidential reorganization authority, it might do so in a number of different ways. For example, it could renew the authority without modifications, with the requested changes to the scope of the authority, with a different set of changes to the scope of the authority, with changes to the nature of the expedited congressional procedures, or with some combination of these. |
crs_RL32250 | crs_RL32250_0 | <s> Havana : country : Cuba </s><s> Norway : capital : Oslo </s><s> Norway : contains administrative territorial entity : Oslo </s><s> Oslo : country : Norway </s><s> Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri : member of : FARC </s><s> Peace Talks : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia's potential cocaine production capabilities : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia's potential cocaine production capabilities : country : Peru's </s><s> Colombia and Global Drug Trends : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Reforms under the Santos Administration : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Reforms under the Santos Administration : point in time : May 15, 2012 </s><s> sixth Summit of the Americas : point in time : 2012 </s><s> sixth Summit of the Americas : location : Cartagena </s><s> Colombia : continent : South America </s><s> South America : has part : Colombia </s><s> South America : part of : Latin America </s><s> Latin America : has part : Colombia </s><s> Latin America : has part : South America </s><s> Colombia : part of : Latin America </s><s> a conflict : location : Colombia </s><s> a conflict that has lasted nearly five decades : location : Colombia </s><s> economic growth rates : country : Colombia </s><s> oil : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia's economic growth rates : country : Colombia </s><s> National Liberation Army : conflict : Colombia's conflict </s><s> FARC : conflict : Colombia's conflict </s><s> United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> Colombian Armed Forces : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> independent : inception : 2002 </s><s> 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Colombian politics : country : Colombia </s><s> Juan Manuel Santos : member of political party : National Unity </s><s> National Unity : chairperson : Juan Manuel Santos </s><s> National Unity : founded by : Juan Manuel Santos </s><s> Andrés Pastrana : position held : President </s><s> Andrés Pastrana : position held : President Uribe </s><s> elections of March 2006 : successful candidate : Álvaro Uribe </s><s> elections of March 2006 : point in time : August 7, 2006 </s><s> elections of March 2006 : point in time : March 2006 </s><s> FARC : country : Colombia </s><s> ELN : country : Colombia </s><s> demobilization : subclass of : disarmament </s><s> raid : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> raid a FARC camp : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> raided a FARC camp : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> Uribe : position held : President </s><s> extortion : subclass of : violent crime </s><s> kidnapping : subclass of : violent crime </s><s> false positives : instance of : scandals </s><s> false positives : point in time : October 2008 </s><s> false positives scandal : point in time : October 2008 </s><s> Constitutional Court : country : Colombia </s><s> Constitutional Court ruled 7 to 2 : publication date : February 26, 2010 </s><s> Constitutional Court : country : Colombia's </s><s> 2010 Congressional and Presidential Elections : point in time : March 14, 2010 </s><s> Congress : instance of : bicameral </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Juan Manuel Santos : member of political party : National Unity party </s><s> Naomi Sanín : member of political party : Conservative Party </s><s> Gustavo Petro : member of political party : National Unity party </s><s> Rafael Pardo : member of political party : Liberal Party </s><s> election : point in time : May 30, 2010 </s><s> May 30, 2010, election : point in time : May 30, 2010 </s><s> Santos Administration : inception : June 20, 2010 </s><s> Colombian presidency : inception : June 20, 2010 </s><s> Colombian presidency : point in time : June 20, 2010 </s><s> Angelino Garzón : position held : Vice President </s><s> President Santos : inception : August 7, 2010 </s><s> Green Party : political ideology : centrist </s><s> Victims' and Land Restitution Law : legislated by : Colombian Congress </s><s> Victims' and Land Restitution Law : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N. General Secretary </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : employer : U.N </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : employer : U.N. </s><s> Victims' Law : inception : January 2012 </s><s> Victims' Law : point in time : January 2012 </s><s> Victims' Law : publication date : January 2012 </s><s> Córdoba : instance of : department </s><s> Colombia : contains administrative territorial entity : Córdoba </s><s> Córdoba : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombian : contains administrative territorial entity : Córdoba </s><s> Córdoba : country : Colombian </s><s> Department of Social Prosperity : country : Colombia </s><s> Ministry of Agriculture : country : Colombia </s><s> Department of Social Prosperity : part of : Colombian government </s><s> Ministry of Agriculture : part of : Colombian government </s><s> departments : country : Colombia </s><s> Interior : instance of : departments </s><s> Justice : instance of : departments </s><s> Action Plan Related to Labor Rights : point in time : April 7, 2011 </s><s> Action Plan Related to Labor Rights : inception : April 7, 2011 </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> Santos : position held : President </s><s> Department of Administrative Security : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2012 </s><s> Department of Administrative Security : instance of : intelligence agency </s><s> Department of Administrative Security : instance of : national intelligence agency </s><s> Santos government : position held : president </s><s> Santos : position held : president </s><s> Santos government : office held by head of government : president </s><s> national unity coalition : has part : President Santos </s><s> Santos government : office held by head of the organization : President Santos </s><s> Santos government : office held by head of government : President Santos </s><s> Colombian Armed Forces : conflict : FARC </s><s> FARC : has part : Colombian Armed Forces </s><s> Colombian Armed Forces : instance of : public security forces </s><s> Venezuela : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : Venezuela </s><s> Colombia : legislative body : Colombian Congress </s><s> Colombian Congress : country : Colombia </s><s> judicial reform : point in time : June 2012 </s><s> exploratory discussions : point in time : August 27, 2012 </s><s> exploratory discussions to end the nearly half century internal conflict : point in time : August 27, 2012 </s><s> exploratory discussions : start time : August 27, 2012 </s><s> military campaign : participant : National Liberation Army </s><s> National Liberation Army : conflict : military campaign </s><s> National Liberation Army : part of : Colombian military </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : Secretary General of the Organization of American States </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N. Secretary General </s><s> ceasefire : different from : ending the armed conflict </s><s> ending the armed conflict : different from : ceasefire </s><s> FARC guerrillas laid down their arms : instance of : ceasefire </s><s> peace talks resumed in peace talks : start time : November 19, 2012 </s><s> peace talks resumed in : start time : November 19, 2012 </s><s> peace talks resumed in Cuba : start time : November 19, 2012 </s><s> Santos peace initiative : instance of : peace negotiations </s><s> Santos peace initiative : country : Colombia </s><s> a two-month, unilateral ceasefire : country : Cuba </s><s> Ecuador : diplomatic relation : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : diplomatic relation : Ecuador </s><s> Ecuador : shares border with : Venezuela </s><s> Venezuela : shares border with : Ecuador </s><s> Summit of the Americas : location : Cartagena </s><s> Mexico : part of : Latin America </s><s> Haiti : part of : Latin America </s><s> Honduras : part of : Latin America </s><s> Guatemala : part of : Latin America </s><s> integrated stock market : inception : May 2011 </s><s> Mexico : member of : Pacific Alliance </s><s> Pacific Alliance : has part : Mexico </s><s> Colombia : member of : Pacific Alliance </s><s> Peru : member of : Pacific Alliance </s><s> Chile : member of : Pacific Alliance </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : Japan </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : Japan </s><s> Japan : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> Japan : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> The Violence : end time : 1957 </s><s> The War of a Thousand Days : instance of : civil war </s><s> The Violence : instance of : civil war </s><s> AUC : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> Uribe Administration : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> FARC : instance of : paramilitary </s><s> ELN : instance of : paramilitary </s><s> Santos Administration : position held : President </s><s> Santos Administration : office held by head of government : President Santos </s><s> Santos Administration : office held by head of government : President </s><s> President : part of : Santos Administration </s><s> International Crisis Group : instance of : NGO </s><s> last negotiations effort : point in time : a decade ago </s><s> International Crisis Group : field of work : conflict resolution </s><s> FARC : inception : 1964 </s><s> a mortar attack on the presidential palace : point in time : August 7, 2002 </s><s> mortar attack on the presidential palace : point in time : August 7, 2002 </s><s> Plan Patriota campaign : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Colombia's March 2008 Raid of a FARC Camp in Ecuador : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> March 2008 Raid of a FARC Camp in Ecuador : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> Colombia's March 2008 Raid of a FARC Camp : point in time : March 1, 2008 </s><s> Raúl Reyes : place of death : Ecuador </s><s> Raúl Reyes : country of citizenship : Ecuador </s><s> Manuel Marulanda : place of death : Ecuador </s><s> Rafael Correa : country of citizenship : Ecuador </s><s> Ecuador : head of state : Rafael Correa </s><s> Fernando Araujo : position held : foreign minister </s><s> Fernando Araujo : position held : Colombia's foreign minister </s><s> Fernando Araujo : position held : minister of development </s><s> Ingrid Betancourt : candidacy in election : Colombian presidential candidate </s><s> Ingrid Betancourt : position held : Colombian presidential candidate </s><s> Ingrid Betancourt : position held : presidential candidate </s><s> Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 : publisher : State Department </s><s> Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 : publisher : State Department's </s><s> bombed the camp : point in time : September 2010 </s><s> bombed : point in time : September 2010 </s><s> bombed the camp : participant : Jorge Briceño </s><s> Alfonso Cano : date of death : November 2011 </s><s> Alfonso Cano : replaced by : Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri </s><s> Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri : replaces : Alfonso Cano </s><s> killed four hostages : point in time : November 27, 2011 </s><s> four hostages who were members of Colombia's security forces who had been held hostage for more than 12 years in captivity : point in time : November 27, 2011 </s><s> killed four hostages who were members of Colombia's security forces who had been held hostage for more than 12 years in captivity : point in time : November 27, 2011 </s><s> demonstrations involving thousands of demonstrators in cities across Colombia : point in time : December 6, 2011 </s><s> demonstrations involving thousands of demonstrators : point in time : December 6, 2011 </s><s> demonstrations : point in time : December 6, 2011 </s><s> extortion : subclass of : drug trafficking </s><s> extortion : facet of : drug trafficking </s><s> cattle rustling : subclass of : extortion </s><s> 2011 Country Reports on Terrorism : publisher : State Department </s><s> 2011 Country Reports on Terrorism : publisher : State Department's </s><s> 2011 Country Reports on Terrorism : point in time : 2011 </s><s> National Liberation Army : inception : 1965 </s><s> Peace Talks : point in time : 2012 </s><s> National Liberation Army (ELN) : inception : 1965 </s><s> kidnapping for ransom : subclass of : extortion </s><s> kidnapping : subclass of : extortion </s><s> kidnapping for ransom : instance of : extortion </s><s> Santos Administration : replaces : Uribe </s><s> Santos Administration : follows : Uribe </s><s> President Santos : position held : President </s><s> late August broadcast : presenter : Santos </s><s> years of clashes : has effect : truce </s><s> years of clashes : participant : FARC </s><s> years of clashes : point in time : 2011 </s><s> AUC : inception : 1997 </s><s> Colombian cocaine : subclass of : drug trafficking </s><s> cocaine : use : drug trafficking </s><s> Colombian cocaine : instance of : drug trafficking </s><s> Peace and Justice Law : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Peace and Justice Law : creator : Uribe </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : crime </s><s> extortion : subclass of : crime </s><s> drug trafficking : subclass of : criminal purposes </s><s> Annual Report of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights : publisher : UNHCHR </s><s> annual report : publisher : UNHCHR </s><s> Annual Report : publisher : UNHCHR </s><s> Victims' Law : country : Colombia </s><s> Victims' Law : applies to jurisdiction : Colombia </s><s> Victims' Law : main subject : land restitution </s><s> Juan de Dios Usaga : member of : Los Urabeños </s><s> Juan de Dios Usaga : member of political party : Los Urabeños </s><s> Santos government : country : Colombia </s><s> ELN : instance of : organized criminal groups </s><s> Santos government : applies to jurisdiction : Colombia </s><s> para-political scandal : start time : November 2006 </s><s> Para-political Scandal : start time : November 2006 </s><s> para-political scandal : point in time : November 2006 </s><s> Mario Uribe : position held : President Uribe </s><s> Uribe : child : Mario Uribe </s><s> Carlos Garcia : member of political party : main coalition party </s><s> main coalition party : chairperson : Carlos Garcia </s><s> Carlos Garcia : member of : Senate </s><s> Prosecutor General : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> President : country : Colombia </s><s> Congress : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : office held by head of government : President </s><s> Colombia : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Jorge Noguera : employer : Department of Administrative Security </s><s> Department of Administrative Security : chairperson : Jorge Noguera </s><s> Jorge Noguera : position held : Department of Administrative Security </s><s> Mauricio Santoyo : member of : death squads </s><s> Mauricio Santoyo : military rank : General </s><s> Mauricio Santoyo : member of : death squad </s><s> para-political scandal : point in time : 2002 </s><s> para-political scandal : country : Colombia </s><s> Justice and Peace Law : inception : 2005 </s><s> Constitutional Court upheld the constitutionality of the law : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> victims : subclass of : reparation </s><s> Justice and Peace Law : has effect : Justice and Peace process </s><s> Justice and Peace Law : part of : Justice and Peace process </s><s> State Department : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : U.S. </s><s> U.S. : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> Human Rights Violations by Colombian Security Forces : country : Colombia </s><s> Human Rights Violations by Colombian Security Forces : facet of : Justice and Peace Law </s><s> murders of civilians whose bodies had been disguised as guerillas : subclass of : extrajudicial execution </s><s> murders of civilians whose bodies had been disguised as guerillas : instance of : extrajudicial execution </s><s> murders of civilians whose bodies had been disguised as guerillas in order to inflate military body counts : subclass of : extrajudicial execution </s><s> Soacha murders : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Soacha murder cases : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Colombian military : country : Colombia </s><s> 2009 State of the World Human Rights report : point in time : 2009 </s><s> State of the World Human Rights : maintained by : Amnesty International </s><s> State of the World Human Rights report : publisher : Amnesty International </s><s> Philip Alston : position held : U.N. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions </s><s> Colombia : member of : U.N. </s><s> Philip Alston : position held : Special Rapporteur </s><s> Soacha trials : start time : June 2011 </s><s> Soacha trials : point in time : June 2011 </s><s> false positive case : point in time : 2012 </s><s> extrajudicial killings : subclass of : impunity </s><s> human rights certification : maintained by : State Department </s><s> human rights certification : facet of : human rights advocates </s><s> Internally Displaced Persons : subclass of : internally displaced persons </s><s> Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) : subclass of : internally displaced persons </s><s> Colombia : ethnic group : indigenous </s><s> Colombia : ethnic group : Afro-Colombians </s><s> Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement : instance of : NGO </s><s> Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombian government : country : Colombia </s><s> internal armed conflict : location : Colombia </s><s> Colombian security forces : country : Colombia </s><s> violence that uproots people : subclass of : internally displaced populations </s><s> EL : country : Colombia </s><s> Medellin : country : Colombia </s><s> Reforms under the Santos Administration : country : Colombia </s><s> Reforms under the Santos Administration : point in time : November 2012 </s><s> Andean : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : located on terrain feature : Andean </s><s> Cocaine production in Colombia : country : Colombia </s><s> coca : subclass of : cocaine </s><s> cocaine : has part : coca </s><s> Colombia : member of : United Nations </s><s> Peru : member of : United Nations </s><s> Bolivia : member of : United Nations </s><s> Colombia : member of : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime </s><s> Office of National Drug Control Policy : parent organization : White House </s><s> Office of National Drug Control Policy : headquarters location : White House </s><s> Office of National Drug Control Policy : country : U.S </s><s> 2012 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : United States </s><s> United States : shares border with : Colombia </s><s> 2011 INCSR : point in time : 2011 </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> in 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : National Drug Intelligence Center </s><s> National Drug Intelligence Center : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) </s><s> National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) : parent organization : Department of Justice </s><s> demand : opposite of : supply </s><s> NDIC report : publication date : August 2011 </s><s> supply : opposite of : demand </s><s> intercartel fighting : country : Mexico </s><s> Plan Colombia : inception : 2001 </s><s> Plan Colombia : country : Colombia </s><s> Plan Colombia : facet of : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : Venezuela </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : Peru </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : Brazil </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : Ecuador </s><s> Colombia : shares border with : Panama </s><s> Venezuela : shares border with : Colombia </s><s> Venezuela : shares border with : Peru </s><s> Venezuela : shares border with : Panama </s><s> Peru : shares border with : Colombia </s><s> Peru : shares border with : Venezuela </s><s> Peru : shares border with : Brazil </s><s> Brazil : shares border with : Colombia </s><s> Brazil : shares border with : Peru </s><s> Brazil : shares border with : Ecuador </s><s> Peru : shares border with : Ecuador </s><s> Ecuador : shares border with : Colombia </s><s> 2008 bombing raid : country : Ecuador </s><s> 2008 bombing raid : participant : FARC </s><s> Colombia : member of : Organization of American States </s><s> Uribe government : member of : Organization of American States </s><s> Uribe government : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : July 2010 </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : Ecuador </s><s> Ecuador : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> FARC : has part : ELN </s><s> Venezuela : contains administrative territorial entity : Táchira </s><s> Táchira : country : Venezuela </s><s> Táchira : located in the administrative territorial entity : Venezuela </s><s> Santos Administration : follows : Uribe Administration </s><s> Uribe Administration : followed by : Santos Administration </s><s> Santos Administration : replaces : Uribe Administration </s><s> Uribe Administration : replaced by : Santos Administration </s><s> Chávez : position held : President </s><s> Walid Makled Garcia : country of citizenship : Colombia </s><s> Uribe Administration : replaced by : President Chávez </s><s> President Chávez : replaces : Uribe Administration </s><s> Pastrana : position held : President </s><s> Plan Colombia : inception : 2000 </s><s> Plan Colombia : creator : Pastrana </s><s> Military Construction Appropriations Act of 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> Andean Counterdrug Program : inception : 2001 </s><s> coca : subclass of : opium poppy </s><s> coca : used by : opium poppy </s><s> coca : different from : opium poppy </s><s> Economic Support Fund : country : United States </s><s> United States : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Congress : country : United States </s><s> mistakenly shot down : has effect : Air Bridge Denial </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Peru </s><s> Peru : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Peru : diplomatic relation : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : Peru </s><s> ABD program : instance of : nationalization </s><s> ABD program : part of : Plan Colombia </s><s> Plan Colombia eradication spraying program : start time : December 2000 </s><s> Plan Colombia eradication spraying program : inception : December 2000 </s><s> Plan Colombia : instance of : eradication </s><s> United States : member of : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : country : United States </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> INCSR : country : United States </s><s> INCSR : parent organization : State Department </s><s> glyphosate : instance of : herbicide </s><s> health consequences : facet of : health </s><s> health : has part : safety </s><s> Plan Colombia : inception : 2002 </s><s> Agency for International Development : country : United States </s><s> 2008 GAO report : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 GAO report : main subject : Plan Colombia </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> More Investment for Sustainable Development : inception : 2006 </s><s> UNODC : field of work : international donor support </s><s> Plan Colombia : operator : USAID </s><s> Areas for Municipal Level Alternative Development : part of : Plan Colombia </s><s> coca cultivation : subclass of : licit crops </s><s> aerial : subclass of : eradication </s><s> manual : subclass of : eradication </s><s> coca growing : product or material produced : coca </s><s> National Consolidation Plan : inception : 2008 </s><s> counternarcotics : subclass of : security </s><s> counternarcotics : part of : security </s><s> counternarcotics : part of : security forces </s><s> Macarena : located in the administrative territorial entity : Meta department </s><s> Montes de María : located in the administrative territorial entity : Meta department </s><s> Macarena : located in the administrative territorial entity : Meta </s><s> State Department : country : U.S. </s><s> Colombia Strategic Development Initiative : inception : 2007 </s><s> National Consolidation Plan : inception : September 2010 </s><s> National Consolidation Plan : country : Colombia </s><s> National Consolidation Plan : start time : September 2010 </s><s> eradication : facet of : coca cultivation </s><s> coca : subclass of : licit crops </s><s> Defense Department : country : United States </s><s> State Department : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Defense Department : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> coca cultivation : product or material produced : cocaine </s><s> coca : use : cocaine </s><s> military : has part : police </s><s> Plan Colombia : product or material produced : coca </s><s> Plan Colombia : facet of : coca farmers </s><s> Plan Colombia : participant : United States </s><s> military operations : part of : Plan Colombia </s><s> State Department : parent organization : DOD </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> Obama Administration's FY2013 budget request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement : field of work : counternarcotics </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement </s><s> International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Defense Cooperation Agreement : point in time : October 30, 2009 </s><s> U.S.-Colombia Defense Cooperation Agreement : point in time : October 30, 2009 </s><s> Palanquero air base : located in the administrative territorial entity : Central Colombia </s><s> Palanquero air base : country : Colombia </s><s> Palanquero air base : location : Central Colombia </s><s> Human Rights Violations by Colombian Security Forces : subclass of : human rights abuses </s><s> Colombian military : has part : police forces </s><s> paramilitaries : field of work : extrajudicial executions </s><s> police forces : part of : Colombian military </s><s> Leahy Amendment : instance of : appropriations legislation </s><s> Leahy Amendment : part of : appropriations legislation </s><s> appropriations legislation : has part : Leahy Amendment </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Foreign Assistance Act : followed by : Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 </s><s> Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 : follows : Foreign Assistance Act </s><s> U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement : inception : 2003 </s><s> 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Andean region : country : Colombia </s><s> Andean region : country : Peru </s><s> Andean region : country : Ecuador </s><s> Andean region : country : Bolivia </s><s> Andean : country : Peru </s><s> Andean : country : Ecuador </s><s> Andean : country : Bolivia </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> President : country : United States </s><s> Bush-era free trade agreements : followed by : Obama Administration </s><s> South Korea : instance of : free trade agreements </s><s> Panama : instance of : free trade agreements </s><s> Colombia : instance of : free trade agreements </s><s> Andean Trade Preference Act : point in time : July 2013 </s><s> Andean Trade Preference Act : end time : July 2013 </s><s> Andean Trade Preference Act : applies to jurisdiction : Colombia </s><s> Action Plan Related to Labor Rights : publication date : April 7, 2011 </s><s> Office of the United States Trade Representative : founded by : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : subsidiary : Office of the United States Trade Representative </s><s> Office of the United States Trade Representative : parent organization : Obama Administration </s><s> Summit of the Americas : location : Cartagena, Colombia </s><s> Summit of the Americas : point in time : April 15, 2012 </s><s> National Labor : country : Colombia </s><s> Labor activist killings in Colombia : subclass of : violence against labor unionists </s><s> National Labor Union : country : Colombia </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Action Plan : country : Colombia </s><s> violence levels in the society in general : country : Colombia </s><s> Violence against labor union members : facet of : trade union </s><s> violence levels in the society in general : subclass of : violence </s><s> Ministry of Defense : country : Colombia </s><s> 2001 to 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2001 : point in time : 2001 </s><s> killings : subclass of : acts of violence </s><s> land return : facet of : indigenous </s><s> violence against labor leaders : subclass of : impunity </s><s> Special Labor Sub-Unit : inception : 2006 </s><s> Special Labor Sub-Unit of the Colombian Prosecutor General's office : inception : 2006 </s><s> World Report 2012 : publisher : Human Rights Watch </s><s> World Report 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> World Report : publisher : Human Rights Watch </s><s> labor cooperative : subclass of : labor contracting </s><s> International Labor Organization : field of work : internationally recognized labor rights </s><s> International Labor Organization : field of work : labor rights </s><s> President : part of : U.S. Congress </s><s> U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia Free Trade Agreement : inception : May 2012 </s><s> Labor Action Plan : inception : 2011 </s><s> U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement : inception : 2011 </s><s> FARC : part of : Plan Colombia </s><s> interdiction : opposite of : eradication </s><s> eradication : opposite of : interdiction </s><s> interdiction : different from : eradication </s><s> eradication : different from : interdiction </s> | Colombia, a key U.S. ally, has made measurable progress in providing security despite having endured the longest internal armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere. It has long been a source for both cocaine and heroin. Drug trafficking has helped to perpetuate civil conflict by funding both left-wing and right-wing armed groups. Over the years, Colombia and the United States forged a close partnership focused initially on counternarcotics and later counterterrorism. Building on that cooperation, the U.S.-Colombia partnership has broadened to include development, human rights, and trade. Colombia has emerged as a regional leader providing training in security and counternarcotics throughout the hemisphere and elsewhere.
President Juan Manuel Santos, inaugurated in August 2010, has governed with the backing of almost 90% of the Colombian Congress in a "national unity" coalition. In a policy he calls "democratic prosperity," Santos has continued the mission of his popular predecessor of accentuating security, while promoting economic development, creation of jobs, and poverty reduction. He has repaired relations with Ecuador and Venezuela, which had been strained under the former government. He has promoted legislative reforms, including a landmark law to compensate victims of the internal conflict; a justice reform bill that ultimately failed; and controversial "peace framework" and military justice reforms that appeared to be laying the groundwork for an eventual peace settlement. In October 2012, formal peace talks opened with the dominant leftist guerrilla organization, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), following a surprise announcement that the government had been conducting secret exploratory talks for months.
Colombia, in close collaboration with the United States, through a strategy known as Plan Colombia, has made significant progress in reestablishing government control over much of its territory, combating drug trafficking and terrorist activities, and reducing poverty. Between FY2000 and FY2012, the U.S. Congress appropriated more than $8 billion in assistance to carry out Plan Colombia and its follow-on strategies. As Colombia's security and development conditions improved, former U.S.-supported programs have been nationalized to Colombian control. Consequently, U.S. assistance with its counternarcotics, counterterrorism, judicial reform, economic development, humanitarian, and human rights components has gradually declined. The National Consolidation Plan, the current Colombian security strategy, updates Plan Colombia with a whole-of-government approach that integrates security, development, and counternarcotics by consolidating state presence in previously ungoverned areas.
The 112th Congress has maintained a strong interest in Colombia's progress in trade, security, counternarcotics, and human rights. In October 2011, the U.S. Congress approved implementing legislation for the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement, which went into force on May 15, 2012. Members of Congress will continue to monitor the associated Action Plan Related to Labor Rights that addressed U.S. concerns related to labor rights and violence in Colombia. In addition to the larger debate about what role the United States should continue to play in Colombia's ongoing struggle with drug trafficking and illegal armed groups, Congress has expressed concern with a number of related issues. These include funding levels for Plan Colombia's follow-on strategies; continuing allegations of human rights abuses; and the effectiveness of counternarcotics policies such as aerial eradication and alternative development. Members will likely monitor Colombia's peace negotiations and their effect on security conditions in the country. For additional information, see CRS Report RL34470, The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues. |
crs_RL34613 | crs_RL34613_0 | <s> breakup of the Soviet Union : point in time : 1991 </s><s> Chechen separatism : point in time : 1991 </s><s> North Caucasus : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Chechnya </s><s> Chechen-Ingush Republic : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 1991 </s><s> bloody campaign : point in time : 1994 </s><s> fought against Chechen separatists : point in time : 1994 </s><s> ceasefire accords in 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> occupied most of the region : point in time : 2000 </s><s> occupied : point in time : 2000 </s><s> occupied most of the region : end time : 2000 </s><s> Nalchik : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kabardino-Balkaria </s><s> Beslan grade school : country : North Ossetia </s><s> Beslan grade school : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Ossetia </s><s> Abdul-Khalim Saydullayev : member of political party : Caucasus Front </s><s> Doku Umarev : position held : Caucasus Emirate </s><s> Abdul-Khalim Saydullayev : member of political party : Caucasus Front against Russia </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Ingushetia </s><s> Chechnya : located in the administrative territorial entity : Russia </s><s> Ingushetia : located in the administrative territorial entity : Russia </s><s> North Caucasus area : country : Russia </s><s> took place in Moscow : point in time : March 29, 2010 </s><s> took place in Moscow on March 29, 2010 : point in time : March 29, 2010 </s><s> took place : location : Moscow </s><s> took place : point in time : March 29, 2010 </s><s> federal subunits of Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Adygea </s><s> Adygea : located in the administrative territorial entity : federal subunits of Russia </s><s> federal subunits : country : Russia </s><s> Monterey Institute : parent organization : Middlebury College </s><s> Middlebury College : subsidiary : Monterey Institute </s><s> Monterey Institute : part of : Middlebury College </s><s> Middlebury College : has part : Monterey Institute </s><s> 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> in 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Caucasus Emirate : political ideology : Islamist </s><s> Chechnya : shares border with : Ingushetia </s><s> Dagestan : contains administrative territorial entity : Stavropol Territory </s><s> Stavropol Territory : located in the administrative territorial entity : Dagestan </s><s> North Caucasus : has part : Chechnya </s><s> Chechnya : part of : North Caucasus </s><s> North Caucasus Federal District : has part : Chechnya </s><s> Aleksandr Bortnikov : position held : Director of the FSB </s><s> Director of the FSB : officeholder : Aleksandr Bortnikov </s><s> Aleksandr Bortnikov : employer : FSB </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> North Caucasus : country : republic </s><s> Adilgerey Magomedtagirov : date of death : June 5, 2009 </s><s> Adilgerey Magomedtagirov was killed : date of death : June 5, 2009 </s><s> flew to Dagestan : participant : Medvedev </s><s> Yunus-bek Yevkurov : date of death : June 22, 2009 </s><s> Natalia Estemirova : date of death : June 22, 2009 </s><s> Medvedev : position held : President </s><s> Riyadus Salikhin Battalion : location : Stavropol </s><s> President Medvedev : work location : Stavropol </s><s> Nevskiy Express railway train was bombed : point in time : November 27, 2009 </s><s> Nevskiy Express railway train was bombed outside of Moscow : point in time : November 27, 2009 </s><s> bombed outside of Moscow : point in time : November 27, 2009 </s><s> Said Buryatskiyyy : date of death : March 2010 </s><s> August 2004 bombing of two airliners : start point : Moscow </s><s> August 2004 bombing of two airliners : location : Moscow </s><s> suicide bomber killed six policemen and wounded 20 in Dagestan : point in time : January 6, 2010 </s><s> a suicide bomber killed six policemen and wounded 20 in Dagestan : point in time : January 6, 2010 </s><s> a suicide bomber : point in time : January 6, 2010 </s><s> Kizlyar : located in the administrative territorial entity : Dagestan </s><s> double suicide bombing : point in time : March 31, 2010 </s><s> double suicide bombing : location : Kizlyar </s><s> suicide attack at a concert hall : point in time : May 26, 2010 </s><s> suicide attack at a concert hall : location : Stavropol </s><s> Ramzan Kadyrov : place of birth : Tsentoroy </s><s> car-bomb attack : point in time : September 9, 2010 </s><s> car-bomb attack : location : Tsentoroy </s><s> a car-bomb attack : point in time : September 9, 2010 </s><s> a car-bomb attack : location : Tsentoroy </s><s> Ingush Vilayet : located in the administrative territorial entity : Caucasus Emirate </s><s> Caucasus Emirate : contains administrative territorial entity : Ingush Vilayet </s><s> Ingush Vilayet : country : Caucasus Emirate </s><s> Chechen Republic : capital : Grozny </s><s> Grozny : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chechen Republic </s><s> raided the Chechen Republic legislative building : point in time : October 19, 2010 </s><s> raided the Chechen Republic legislative building : location : Grozny </s><s> North Caucasus Federal District : inception : January 2010 </s><s> Krasnoyarsk Territory : part of : North Caucasus Federal District </s><s> Aleksandr Khloponin : position held : Krasnoyarsk Territory Governor </s><s> his address to the Federal Assembly : point in time : November 30, 2010 </s><s> his address to the Federal Assembly on November 30, 2010 : point in time : November 30, 2010 </s><s> previous year's address for the North Caucasus : point in time : November 30, 2010 </s><s> Balakhani : located in the administrative territorial entity : Dagestan </s><s> 2009 address to the Federal Assembly : point in time : 2009 </s><s> his 2009 address to the Federal Assembly : point in time : 2009 </s><s> tourism : subclass of : agriculture </s><s> tourism : instance of : industry </s><s> health resorts : subclass of : tourism </s><s> Impact of the August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict : facet of : August 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict </s><s> Impact of the August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict : part of : August 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict </s><s> Impact of the August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict : point in time : August 2008 </s><s> Mukhu Aliyev : position held : Dagestani President </s><s> Russia-Georgia conflict : location : North Caucasus </s><s> Dagestani President : officeholder : Mukhu Aliyev </s><s> Ingushetia : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : Georgia </s><s> Georgia : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Georgia </s><s> Georgia : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia-Georgia conflict : participant : Abkhazia </s><s> Russia-Georgia conflict : participant : South Ossetia </s><s> Russia-Georgia conflict : participant : Russia </s><s> Russia-Georgia conflict : participant : Abkhazia and South Ossetia </s><s> insurgency : location : Chechnya </s><s> separatist : religion : Islam </s><s> Norwegian Helsinki Committee : instance of : nongovernmental organization </s><s> Ramzan Kadyrov : position held : regional president </s><s> Norwegian Helsinki Committee : instance of : nongovernmental organization (NGO) </s><s> Chechen Republic of Ichkeriya : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2007 </s><s> Caucasus Emirate : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2007 </s><s> Caucasus Emirate : head of state : Doku Umarev </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Dagestan </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Ossetia </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Nogai steppe </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Kabardino-Balkaria </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Karachai-Cherkessia </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Tatarstan </s><s> Tatarstan : located in the administrative territorial entity : Russia </s><s> Abu Anas Muhannad : country of citizenship : Jordan </s><s> 'Mansur' Hussein Gakayev : member of political party : Chechen section of the Caucasus Emirate </s><s> 'Mansur' Hussein Gakayev : member of political party : Chechen section </s><s> Rashid Nurgaliyev : position held : Interior Minister </s><s> Boris Berezovskiy : country of citizenship : Russia </s><s> Ramzan Kadyrov : country of citizenship : Russia </s><s> suicide bomber : subclass of : terrorists </s><s> suicide bombers : subclass of : terrorists </s><s> Stalin : conflict : World War II </s><s> deportation of the Ingush : part of : World War II </s><s> Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic : contains administrative territorial entity : Chechen </s><s> Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic : contains administrative territorial entity : Ingush </s><s> Prigorodny District : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Ossetian Autonomous Republic </s><s> North Ossetian Autonomous Republic : contains administrative territorial entity : Prigorodny District </s><s> Prigorodny District : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Ossetia </s><s> North Ossetia : contains administrative territorial entity : Prigorodny District </s><s> Ingushetia : part of : North Caucasus </s><s> North Caucasus : has part : Ingushetia </s><s> Murat Zyazikov : employer : Federal Security Service </s><s> election : successful candidate : Murat Zyazikov </s><s> Magomed Yevloyev : date of death : August 31, 2008 </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N. Secretary-General </s><s> Ban Ki-moon : position held : U.N Secretary-General </s><s> came under grenade attack and machine gun fire : point in time : 18 October, 2008 </s><s> came under grenade attack : point in time : 18 October, 2008 </s><s> came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran : point in time : 18 October, 2008 </s><s> large-scale zachistki : point in time : 2009 </s><s> a bomb devastated Nazran's police : point in time : August 2009 </s><s> Maksharip Aushev : date of death : October 2009 </s><s> Ahmed Yevloev : member of political party : Ingush Jamaat </s><s> Umarev : country of citizenship : Caucasus Emirate </s><s> Ingushetia : shares border with : Chechnya </s><s> an ethnic Ingush suicide bombing : location : Vladikavkaz </s><s> Vladikavkaz : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Ossetia </s><s> declared the creation of an Islamic republic : point in time : August 1999 </s><s> zachistka : location : Dagestan </s><s> declared the creation of an Islamic republic in western Dagestan : point in time : August 1999 </s><s> attacks on government offices spread throughout Dagestan : point in time : 2008 </s><s> International Crisis Group : instance of : NGO </s><s> Sharia Jamaat : political ideology : Islamist </s><s> Ilgar Mollachiyev : date of death : September 7, 2008 </s><s> Omar Sheykhullayev : date of death : February 5, 2009 </s><s> fierce fighting with security forces : location : Dagestan </s><s> fierce fighting : location : Dagestan </s><s> fierce fighting with security forces : located in the administrative territorial entity : Dagestan </s><s> Mohanned : member of political party : Al Qaeda </s><s> Mohanned : member of : Al Qaeda </s><s> President : officeholder : Medvedev </s><s> Russian Interior Ministry : part of : federal police </s><s> series of terrorist attacks : location : Dagestan </s><s> a series of terrorist attacks occurred in Dagestan : point in time : 2010 </s><s> jihad : subclass of : Islamic fundamentalism </s><s> jihad : part of : Islamic fundamentalism </s><s> jihad : religion : Islamic fundamentalism </s><s> Dagestan : part of : North Caucasus </s><s> Kabarda-Balkaria : capital : Nalchik </s><s> Nalchik : capital of : Kabarda-Balkaria </s><s> Anzor Astemirov : date of death : March 2010 </s><s> Anzor Astemirov : place of death : Nalchik </s><s> Nalchik : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kabarda-Balkaria </s><s> large-scale attack in Nalchik : location : Kabarda-Balkaria </s><s> large-scale attack : location : Nalchik </s><s> Rashid Nurgaliyev : position held : Russian Interior Minister </s><s> Arsen Kanokov : position held : Republic Governor </s><s> Republic Governor : applies to jurisdiction : Kabarda-Balkaria </s><s> second Chechnya conflict : location : Dagestan </s><s> second Chechnya conflict : point in time : 1999 </s><s> second Chechnya conflict : start time : 1999 </s><s> President Medvedev : work location : Dagestan </s><s> President : country : Russia </s><s> Olympics : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Olympics : location : Sochi </s><s> Chechnya conflict : location : Ingushetia </s><s> Stavropol Territory : part of : North Caucasus Federal District </s><s> Ingushetia : part of : North Caucasus Federal District </s><s> Tyrnyauz Mining Complex : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kabarda-Balkaria Republic </s><s> Tyrnyauz Mining Complex : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kabarda-Balkaria </s><s> Tyrnyauz : located in the administrative territorial entity : Kabarda-Balkaria Republic </s><s> Dagestani State Council : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2006 </s><s> Magomedali Magomedov : ethnic group : Dargin </s><s> Dagestani State Council : chairperson : Magomedali Magomedov </s><s> Magomedsalam Magomedov : father : Magomedali Magomedov </s><s> Magomedali Magomedov : child : Magomedsalam Magomedov </s><s> Magomedalam Magomedov : father : Magomedali Magomedov </s><s> Magomed Abdullayev : ethnic group : Avar </s><s> Magomed-Sultan Magomedov : ethnic group : Kumyk </s><s> Adyghe : instance of : republics </s><s> Kabardin : instance of : republics </s><s> Cherkess : instance of : republics </s><s> Karachay : instance of : ethnic group </s><s> Balkar : instance of : ethnic group </s><s> Congress of the Circassian People : ethnic group : Circassians </s><s> Boris Ebzeyev : position held : president of Karachay-Cherkessia </s><s> Boris Ebzeyev : position held : president </s><s> Karachay-Cherkessia : head of government : Boris Ebzeyev </s><s> Winter Olympics : location : Sochi </s><s> Winter Olympics in Sochi : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Sochi : significant event : Winter Olympics </s><s> Sufi : subclass of : Islam </s><s> Sufi : part of : Islam </s><s> Imams : religion : Islam </s><s> Salafi : subclass of : Sunni </s><s> Salafi terrorists : subclass of : Sunni </s><s> Sunni : has part : Salafi </s><s> Sufi : subclass of : traditionalist </s><s> Caucasus Emirate : inception : 2007 </s><s> Doku Umarev : member of political party : Caucasus Emirate </s><s> attacking the grade school : location : Beslan </s><s> attacking the grade school : located in the administrative territorial entity : Beslan </s><s> attacking the grade school in Beslan : participant : Shamil Basiyev </s><s> Bashkortostan : located in the administrative territorial entity : Russia </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : Bashkortostan </s><s> Tatarstan : country : Russia </s><s> Bashkortostan : country : Russia </s><s> Russians : has part : North Caucasian </s><s> Chechnya conflict : participant : Russia </s><s> North Caucasian : part of : Russians </s><s> Congress of the Peoples of the Caucasus : political ideology : ultranationalist </s><s> was killed in Moscow : point in time : December 7, 2010 </s><s> an ethnic Russian soccer fan was killed : point in time : December 7, 2010 </s><s> subway : located in the administrative territorial entity : Moscow </s><s> President : officeholder : Kadyrov </s><s> Kadyrov : position held : President </s><s> Vladimir Vasilyev : position held : head of state </s><s> Vladimir Vasilyev : position held : head of head of state </s><s> Vladimir Vasilyev : position held : head of the head of the head of the state </s><s> Abkhazia : point in time : 2008 </s><s> South Ossetia : point in time : 2008 </s><s> fight against Georgia : participant : Abkhazia </s><s> fight against Georgia : participant : South Ossetia </s><s> Gali : located in the administrative territorial entity : Abkhazia </s><s> Kodori gorge : country : South Ossetia </s><s> Kodori gorge : located in the administrative territorial entity : South Ossetia </s><s> Stanislav Belkovskiy : employer : National Strategy Institute </s><s> National Strategy Institute : founded by : Stanislav Belkovskiy </s><s> National Strategy Institute : chairperson : Stanislav Belkovskiy </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : several other countries </s><s> several other countries : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : other countries </s><s> other countries : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : North Caucasus </s><s> Human Rights Watch : instance of : nongovernmental organization </s><s> Human Rights Watch : instance of : nongovernment </s><s> Human Rights Watch : instance of : nongovernmental </s><s> European Court of Human Rights : applies to jurisdiction : Council of Europe </s><s> European Court of Human Rights : parent organization : Council of Europe </s><s> Council of Europe : subsidiary : European Court of Human Rights </s><s> Dick Marty : position held : rapporteur </s><s> Dick Marty : field of work : human rights </s><s> Dick Marty : position held : rapporteur on the North Caucasus </s><s> violations of human rights : court : European Court of Human Rights </s><s> Committee of Ministers : part of : COE </s><s> North Caucasus : continent : Europe </s><s> Yunus-bek Yevkurov : position held : President of Ingushetia </s><s> President of Ingushetia : officeholder : Yunus-bek Yevkurov </s><s> Yunus-bek Yevkurov : work location : Ingushetia </s><s> Russian government : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : member of : Parliamentary Assembly of the COE </s><s> security services : country : Russia </s><s> European Court for Human Rights : applies to jurisdiction : Council of Europe </s><s> resolution : legislated by : European Parliament </s><s> North Caucasus : has part : Chechen Republic </s><s> North Caucasus : has part : Dagestan </s><s> Memorial : instance of : nongovernmental organization </s><s> Memorial : instance of : nongovernmental organizations </s><s> Memorial : instance of : human rights nongovernmental organization </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Russian Federation </s><s> Russian Federation : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Duma : country : Russian Federation </s><s> relations : participant : European Union </s><s> relations : participant : Russian Federation </s><s> Sakharov Prize : conferred by : European Parliament </s><s> Sakharov Prize : conferred by : European Parliament's </s><s> Obama Administration : inception : April 1, 2009 </s><s> Obama Administration : inception : 2009 </s><s> annual human rights report for 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Hillary Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Zarema Sadulayeva : place of death : Chechnya </s><s> Alik Dzhabrailov : place of death : Chechnya </s><s> Resolution 1267 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> Resolution 1267 : legislated by : U.N. Security Council </s><s> Resolution 1267 : legislated by : United Nations Security Council </s><s> Doku Umarov : country of citizenship : Caucasus Emirates </s><s> Doku Umarov : member of political party : Caucasus Emirates </s><s> designated : subclass of : Presidential Executive Order </s><s> acts of terrorism : facet of : terrorists </s><s> acts of terrorism : practiced by : terrorists </s><s> Omnibus Appropriations for FY2009 : point in time : March 11, 2009 </s><s> human rights : subclass of : humanitarian </s><s> Omnibus Appropriations for FY2009 : inception : March 11, 2009 </s><s> Russia : contains administrative territorial entity : North Caucasus </s><s> North Caucasus : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chechnya </s><s> foreign terrorist organization : subclass of : terrorism </s><s> terrorism : practiced by : foreign terrorist organization </s><s> foreign terrorist organization : field of this occupation : terrorism </s><s> terrorism : has part : foreign terrorist organization </s><s> Russia : member of : OSCE </s><s> regional branch : part of : Federal Security Service </s><s> regional branch : parent organization : Federal Security Service </s><s> Federal Security Service : subsidiary : regional branch </s><s> Grozny : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chechnya </s><s> Chechnya : contains administrative territorial entity : Grozny </s> | Terrorist attacks in Russia's North Caucasus—a border area between the Black and Caspian Seas that includes the formerly breakaway Chechnya and other ethnic-based regions—appeared to increase substantially in 2007-2009. Moreover, civilian and government casualties reached levels not seen in several years and terrorist attacks again took place outside the North Caucasus. Although the number of terrorist incidents may have leveled off or even declined slightly in 2010 from the high levels of 2009, the rate of civilian and government casualties continued to increase throughout the North Caucasus in 2010 and a rising number of terrorist incidents took place outside of Chechnya. Illustrative of the new range and scope of violence, the Moscow subway system was bombed in March 2010, resulting in over 40 deaths and dozens of injuries.
Before the recent rise in terrorism, it seemed that government security forces had been successful in tamping down their range and scope by aggressively carrying out over a thousand sweep operations ("zachistki") in the North Caucasus. During these operations, security forces surround a village and search the homes of the residents, ostensibly in a bid to apprehend terrorists. Critics of the operations allege that the searches are illegal and that troops frequently engage in pillaging and gratuitous violence and are responsible for kidnapping for ransom and "disappearances" of civilians. Through these sweeps, as well as through thousands of direct clashes, most of the masterminds of previous large-scale terrorist attacks were killed.
Some observers suggest that the increasing scope of public discontent against zachistki and deep economic and social distress are contributing to growing numbers of recruits for terrorist groups and to increasing violence in the North Caucasus. Interethnic and religious tensions are also responsible for some of the increased violence. Many ethnic Russian and other nonnative civilians have been murdered or have disappeared, which has spurred the migration of most of the nonnative population from the North Caucasus. Russian authorities argue that foreign terrorist groups continue to operate in the North Caucasus and to receive outside financial and material assistance.
The United States generally has supported the Russian government's efforts to combat terrorism in the North Caucasus. However, successive Administrations and Congress have continued to raise concerns about the wide scope of human rights abuses committed by the Russian government in the North Caucasus. The conference agreement on Consolidated Appropriations for FY2010 (P.L. 111-117), calls for $7.0 million to continue humanitarian, conflict mitigation, human rights, civil society and relief and recovery assistance programs in the North Caucasus. It also repeats language used for several years that directs that 60% of the assistance allocated to Russia will be withheld (excluding medical, human trafficking, and Comprehensive Threat Reduction aid) until the President certifies that Russia is facilitating full access to Chechnya for international nongovernmental organizations providing humanitarian relief to displaced persons. |
crs_R43478 | crs_R43478_0 | <s> Russia : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : Ukraine </s><s> Ukraine : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Crimea : country : Russia </s><s> Moldova : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Moldova : shares border with : Georgia </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Moldova </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Georgia </s><s> Georgia : shares border with : Moldova </s><s> Georgia : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Article 5 : part of : North Atlantic Treaty </s><s> North Atlantic Treaty : has part : Article 5 </s><s> NATO : participant in : North Atlantic Treaty </s><s> North Atlantic Treaty : participant : NATO </s><s> United States : member of : NATO </s><s> Greece : member of : NATO </s><s> UK : member of : NATO </s><s> Anders Fo : position held : NATO Secretary General </s><s> Anders Fo : position held : Secretary General </s><s> May 2012 summit : organizer : NATO </s><s> May 2012 summit : point in time : May 2012 </s><s> NATO's May 2012 summit : point in time : May 2012 </s><s> far-reaching defense budget cuts : country : United States </s><s> far-reaching defense budget cuts in the United States : participant : Obama Administration </s><s> far-reaching defense budget cuts in the United States : instance of : budget environment </s><s> Rasmussen : position held : NATO Secretary General </s><s> rebuking Russia : participant : NATO </s><s> rebuking Russia : participant : NATO-Russia Council </s><s> Ukraine : contains administrative territorial entity : Kyiv </s><s> Kyiv : country : Ukraine </s><s> Rasmussen : position held : Secretary General </s><s> NATO : office held by head of the organization : Secretary General </s><s> annexation of Crimea : participant : Russia </s><s> annexation of Crimea : participant : Ukraine </s><s> Russia's annexation of Crimea : participant : Ukraine </s><s> Poland : shares border with : Romania </s><s> Romania : shares border with : Poland </s><s> Poland : diplomatic relation : Romania </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Poland </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Romania </s><s> Poland : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Romania : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Italy : member of : NATO </s><s> Italy : located in or next to body of water : Black Sea </s><s> Romania : located in or next to body of water : Black Sea </s><s> Romania : member of : NATO </s><s> Turkey : member of : NATO </s><s> Ukraine : member of : NATO </s><s> Lithuania : member of : NATO </s><s> Poland : member of : NATO </s><s> Poland : part of : Baltic State </s><s> Poland : part of : Central and Eastern Europe </s><s> Baltic State : part of : Central and Eastern Europe </s><s> Russia : member of : NATO </s><s> Operation Atlantic Resolve : participant : NATO </s><s> Operation Atlantic Resolve : organizer : NATO </s><s> Lask Air Base : country : Poland </s><s> Poland : member of : NATO Central and Eastern European </s><s> Norway : located in or next to body of water : Baltic Sea </s><s> Russia : located in or next to body of water : Black Sea </s><s> Russia : located in or next to body of water : Baltic Sea </s><s> Russia : significant event : annexation of Crimea </s><s> Visegrád Four : country : Poland </s><s> annexation of Crimea : participant : Vladimir Putin </s><s> Czech Republic : member of : NATO </s><s> Hungary : member of : NATO </s><s> Slovakia : member of : NATO </s><s> state nuclear company : country : Russia </s><s> Russia's state nuclear company : country : Russia </s><s> a Hungarian nuclear power plant : country : Russia </s><s> shooting down of Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 : part of : conflict in eastern Ukraine </s><s> annexation of Crimea : part of : conflict in eastern Ukraine </s><s> shooting down : has effect : Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 </s><s> Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 : has cause : shooting down </s><s> Ukraine crisis : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Ukraine crisis : participant : Russia </s><s> Ukraine crisis : country : Ukraine </s><s> V4 group : has part : Czech Republic </s><s> V4 group : has part : Slovakia </s><s> V4 group : has part : Hungary </s><s> Czech Republic : diplomatic relation : Slovakia </s><s> Slovakia : diplomatic relation : Czech Republic </s><s> 2010 airplane crash in Russia : country : Russia </s><s> main battle tank : subclass of : armored vehicle </s><s> mission in Afghanistan : organizer : NATO </s><s> main battle tank : subclass of : armored vehicles </s><s> Crimea annexation : participant : Russia </s><s> Crimea annexation : country : Russia </s><s> Baltic Sea Fleet : location : Kaliningrad </s><s> Kaliningrad : shares border with : Lithuania </s><s> Lithuania : shares border with : Kaliningrad </s><s> Poland : shares border with : Lithuania </s><s> Lithuania : shares border with : Poland </s><s> Iskander : subclass of : short-range nuclear missile </s><s> Iskander : subclass of : short-range nuclear missiles </s><s> Iskander : subclass of : nuclear missile </s><s> special operations forces : country : United States </s><s> helicopters : subclass of : transport aircraft </s><s> special operations forces : country : Hungary </s><s> Common Security and Defense Policy : applies to jurisdiction : EU </s><s> Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) : applies to jurisdiction : EU </s><s> Common Security and Defense Policy : applies to jurisdiction : EU's </s><s> Pooling and Sharing initiative : country : EU </s><s> Pooling and Sharing initiative : participant : EU </s><s> Pooling and Sharing initiative : country : EU's </s><s> Baltic countries : has part : Estonia </s><s> Baltic countries : has part : Latvia </s><s> Baltic countries : has part : Lithuania </s><s> Estonia : part of : Baltic countries </s><s> Latvia : part of : Baltic countries </s><s> Lithuania : part of : Baltic countries </s><s> Soviet Union : contains administrative territorial entity : Baltic countries </s><s> large-scale coordinated cyberattack : country : Estonia </s><s> referendum rejected naming Russian as Latvia's official second language : facet of : Language issues </s><s> referendum rejected naming Russian as Latvia's official second language : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Russia's annexation of Crimea : participant : Russia </s><s> Russia's annexation of Crimea : participant : EU </s><s> Lithuania : member of : Eastern Partnership </s><s> Eastern Partnership : has part : Lithuania </s><s> Afghanistan mission : organizer : NATO </s><s> Afghanistan mission : participant : NATO </s><s> Ukraine : significant event : EU sanctions </s><s> Baltic Air Policing : inception : 2004 </s><s> France : member of : NATO </s><s> Germany : member of : NATO </s><s> Denmark : member of : NATO </s><s> Nordic Battlegroup : country : Estonia </s><s> Estonia : member of : NATO </s><s> Transnistria : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Transnistria </s><s> Transnistria : instance of : breakaway region </s><s> Transnistria : shares border with : Moldova </s><s> Philip Breedlove : employer : NATO </s><s> Association Agreement : participant : European Union </s><s> Association Agreement with the European Union : country : Moldova </s><s> Victoria Nuland : position held : Assistant Secretary of State </s><s> Transnistria : contains administrative territorial entity : Gagauzia </s><s> Gagauzia : located in the administrative territorial entity : Transnistria </s><s> Partnership for Peace : organizer : NATO </s><s> Partnership for Peace : part of : NATO </s><s> Partnership for Peace : participant : NATO </s><s> Donbas : country : Ukraine </s><s> Luhansk : located in the administrative territorial entity : Donbas </s><s> Luhansk : located on terrain feature : Donbas </s><s> Luhansk : twinned administrative body : Donetsk </s><s> Luhansk : significant event : besieged </s><s> Donetsk : twinned administrative body : Luhansk </s><s> SA-11 : significant event : shoot down Malaysian Airline </s><s> shoot down Malaysian Airline : item operated : SA-11 </s><s> SA-11 : conflict : shoot down Malaysian Airline </s><s> General Breedlove : position held : NATO Supreme Allied Commander </s><s> General Breedlove : position held : Supreme Allied Commander </s><s> General Breedlove : employer : NATO </s><s> White House : country : United States </s><s> Ukraine : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Ukraine </s><s> Ukraine requested military aid : country : United States </s><s> armed forces : country : Ukraine </s><s> Meals Ready to Eat : country : Ukraine </s><s> Ukraine's armed forces : country : Ukraine </s><s> Derek Chollet : position held : Assistant Secretary of Defense </s><s> State Border Guard Service : country : Ukraine </s><s> Assistant Secretary of Defense : country : United States </s><s> shot down Flight MH17 : instance of : surface-to-air missile </s><s> one that shot down Flight MH17 : instance of : surface-to-air missile </s><s> the one that shot down Flight MH17 : instance of : surface-to-air missile </s><s> his army : conflict : invade eastern Ukraine with his army </s><s> Russian actions in Ukraine : location : Ukraine </s><s> Putin : conflict : Russian actions in Ukraine </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : continent : Europe </s><s> NATO-Russia Council : inception : May 2002 </s><s> NATO-Russia Founding Act : point in time : 1997 </s><s> 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Georgia : member of : NATO </s><s> Ukraine : diplomatic relation : Georgia </s><s> Georgia : diplomatic relation : Ukraine </s><s> Secretary General : officeholder : Rasmussen </s><s> François Hollande : position held : French President </s><s> French President : country : France </s><s> French : member of : NATO </s><s> Mistrals : country : France </s><s> near-abroad : participant : Ukraine </s><s> near-abroad : participant : Georgia </s><s> territorial disputes with Russia : participant : Georgia </s><s> territorial disputes with Russia : participant : Ukraine </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Georgia </s><s> Georgia : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Georgia : participant in : territorial disputes with Russia </s><s> Ukraine : participant in : territorial disputes with Russia </s><s> Montenegro : member of : NATO </s><s> Bosnian Serb : country : Montenegro </s><s> Bosnia : diplomatic relation : Montenegro </s><s> Montenegro : diplomatic relation : Bosnia </s><s> Greece : member of : United Nations </s><s> the country's official name : country : Greece </s><s> official name : country : Greece </s><s> Frank : position held : German Foreign Minister </s><s> Frank : position held : Foreign Minister </s><s> Frank Frank : position held : German Foreign Minister </s><s> 2008 conflict with Russia : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Bucharest Summit : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Sweden : member of : Partnership for Peace Program </s><s> Finland : member of : Partnership for Peace Program </s><s> unresolved situation : location : South Ossetia </s><s> unresolved situation : location : Abkhazia </s><s> Dmitry Medvedev : position held : Russian Prime Minister </s><s> Dmitry Medvedev : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> crisis in Ukraine : part of : Cold War </s><s> Russia : member of : EU </s><s> Germany : continent : Europe </s><s> Italy : continent : Europe </s><s> Italy : part of : Europe </s><s> UK : continent : Europe </s><s> Baltic States : member of : NATO </s><s> crisis in Ukraine : point in time : 2009 </s><s> crisis in Ukraine : participant : Poland </s><s> crisis in Ukraine : participant : Baltic States </s><s> Air Force Aviation : item operated : F-16 </s><s> F-16 : operator : Air Force </s><s> Air Force Aviation : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Turkey : located in or next to body of water : Mediterranean </s><s> Polish government : member of : NATO </s><s> Russian actions in Ukraine : participant : Russia </s><s> Russian actions in Ukraine : country : Ukraine </s><s> Derek Chollet : position held : Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs </s><s> Buck McKeon : employer : House Armed Services Committee </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : chairperson : Buck McKeon </s><s> Latvia : member of : NATO </s><s> Steadfast Jazz : point in time : November 2013 </s><s> Steadfast Jazz : participant : Estonia </s><s> Steadfast Jazz : participant : Latvia </s><s> Steadfast Jazz : participant : Lithuania </s><s> Steadfast Jazz : participant : Poland </s><s> first generation : subclass of : intercontinental ballistic missile </s><s> first generation : subclass of : intercontinental ballistic missiles </s><s> BMD interceptor : facet of : intercontinental ballistic missile </s><s> next NATO summit : point in time : 2014 </s><s> next NATO summit : location : Wales </s> | Russia's actions in Ukraine and its alleged role in the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 have caused observers and policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic, including Members of Congress, to reassess the role of the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in upholding European security. The security concerns of NATO's Central and Eastern European member states and non-NATO member states such as Moldova and Ukraine are of particular concern.
NATO has strongly condemned Russian actions in Ukraine and has taken steps aimed both at reassuring allies and partners in Central and Eastern Europe and at deterring further Russian aggression. These include demonstrations of support for Ukraine and its territorial integrity; actions to demonstrate NATO's commitment to defending Central and Eastern European allies; and measures aimed at rebuking Russia. NATO members have said they will continue to conduct previously planned military exercises in Ukraine and elsewhere in the region.
The United States has been a key driver of the NATO response and has taken additional military measures intended to reassure its allies and partners in Central and Eastern Europe. These include the deployment of U.S. fighter jets and 600 paratroopers to Poland and the Baltic states, and U.S. naval vessels to the Black and Baltic Seas. In June, the Obama Administration requested congressional approval for $925 million in the Department of Defense's FY2015 Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) budget to fund a proposed European Reassurance Initiative (ERI). Among other things, the ERI would enable augmented U.S. troop rotations and military infrastructure in Central and Eastern Europe. The United States has supplied the Ukrainian government with some nonlethal military assistance, but has thus far ruled out providing lethal military aid.
Although these actions have been welcomed by supporters of the United States and NATO, some analysts and allied governments have called for a more concerted military response. Among other things, critics have called for more robust forward or permanent deployment of U.S. and NATO forces in Central and Eastern Europe; additional military exercises in the region; and additional military assistance to Ukraine, including military training and anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.
The U.S. Congress has played an active role in guiding the U.S. response to the Ukraine crisis, including by authorizing a $1 billion loan guarantee to the Ukrainian government, $150 million in financial assistance to Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries, and sanctions against Russia (P.L. 113-95). However, some Members of Congress have called on the Obama Administration and NATO to take additional military action to reassure allies and deter Russia. Some Members have also called for a more resolute demonstration of NATO's commitment to enlargement, including to Georgia, a former republic Soviet republic, with which Russia had a military conflict in 2008. For example, the proposed Forging Peace through Strength in Ukraine and the Transatlantic Alliance Act (H.R. 4433) calls for additional NATO and U.S. military assistance to Ukraine and calls for immediate NATO membership for Montenegro and the granting of a NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP) to Georgia.
This report addresses the NATO and U.S. military response to the crisis in Ukraine. It does not discuss political, economic, or energy policy responses. For information on these and other aspects of the crisis response, see CRS Report RL33460, Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy, by [author name scrubbed]. |
crs_R41871 | crs_R41871_0 | <s> Kentucky v. King : court : United States Supreme Court </s><s> Kentucky v. King. : court : United States Supreme Court </s><s> exigent circumstance exception : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> probable cause : subclass of : Warrant </s><s> probable cause : different from : Warrant </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : unreasonable searches and seizures </s><s> KY : capital : Lexington </s><s> buy and bust : subclass of : undercover officer </s><s> buy and bust : uses : undercover officer </s><s> King : part of : two others </s><s> two others : has part : King </s><s> King : employer : police </s><s> King : member of : two others </s><s> marijuana : instance of : controlled substance </s><s> marijuana : subclass of : controlled substance </s><s> trafficking in a controlled substance : subclass of : drug paraphernalia </s><s> bad faith intent : subclass of : bad faith </s><s> officers in King failed : court : Kentucky Supreme Court </s><s> bad faith intent : facet of : bad faith </s><s> destruction of the evidence : subclass of : destruction </s><s> King : instance of : exigent circumstance </s><s> destruction of the evidence : subclass of : exigent circumstance </s><s> King in the United States Supreme Court : court : United States Supreme Court </s><s> United States Courts of Appeals : has part : United States Supreme Court </s><s> King in the United States Supreme Court : instance of : certiorari </s><s> warrant requirement : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> warrant requirement : facet of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> warrant : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> probable cause : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> probable cause : facet of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> probable cause : subclass of : warrant </s><s> police : subclass of : law enforcement officers </s><s> probable cause : facet of : warrant </s><s> probable cause : facet of : search warrant </s><s> Johnson v. United States : main subject : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Johnson v. United States : facet of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : Johnson v. United States </s><s> Ginsburg : employer : United States Supreme Court </s><s> reversed and remanded : court : United States Supreme Court </s><s> Ginsburg : member of : United States Supreme Court </s><s> Kentucky Supreme Court : instance of : lower courts </s><s> United States Supreme Court : instance of : lower courts </s> | Authorities may enter and search a home without a warrant if they have probable cause and reason to believe that evidence is being destroyed within the home. So declared the United States Supreme Court in an 8-1 decision, Kentucky v. King, 131 S.Ct. 1849 (2011)(No. 09-1272).
The Kentucky Supreme Court had overturned King's conviction for marijuana possession and drug dealing, because the evidence upon which it was based had been secured following a warrantless search which failed to conform with that court's restrictions under its "police-created exigencies" doctrine.
The Fourth Amendment usually permits authorities to search a home only if they have both probable cause and a warrant. The warrant requirement may be excused in the presence of exigent circumstances, for instance, when it appears the occupants are attempting to flee or to destroy evidence. Leery lest authorities create exigent circumstances to avoid the warrant requirement, some state and lower federal courts had adopted one form or another of a police-created exigencies doctrine.
The Court rejected each of these and endorsed searches conducted under the exigent circumstance exception, unless authorities had created the exigency by threatening to, or engaging in, activities which themselves violated the Fourth Amendment.
In order to reach the question of limitations on police-created exigencies, the Court assumed the existence of exigent circumstances in King. The concerns from which the police-created exigencies doctrine emerged may now give rise to more stringent standards for what qualifies as an exigency. |
crs_RS22658 | crs_RS22658_0 | <s> International Monetary Fund : instance of : international organization </s><s> World Trade Organization : instance of : international organization </s><s> International Monetary Fund : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> monetary institution : field of work : monetary </s><s> Articles of Agreement : main subject : IMF </s><s> fixed parity : subclass of : exchange rate </s><s> fixed parity : subclass of : exchange rate system </s><s> fixed parity exchange rate system : facet of : currencies </s><s> United States : owner of : dollar </s><s> dollar : country : United States </s><s> dollar : owned by : United States </s><s> foreign exchange : part of : international monetary system </s><s> foreign exchange : facet of : monetary policies </s><s> international monetary system : has part : foreign exchange </s><s> currency : part of : exchange market </s><s> currency : part of : currency market </s><s> 1977 agreement : point in time : 1977 </s><s> foreign exchange dealers : product or material produced : currencies </s><s> balance of payments : part of : economic </s><s> foreign exchange dealers : item operated : currencies </s><s> World Trade Organization : inception : 1995 </s><s> General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade : followed by : World Trade Organization </s><s> General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade : replaced by : World Trade Organization </s><s> WTO : instance of : international trade and finance organization </s><s> mechanism for enforcing its rules : subclass of : dispute settlement </s><s> undervalued : facet of : currency dispute </s><s> undervalued : subclass of : currency dispute </s><s> WTO rules : publisher : WTO </s><s> price support : subclass of : subsidies </s><s> countervailing duties : part of : WTO rules </s><s> undervaluation : facet of : currency </s><s> undervaluation : subclass of : Currency manipulation </s><s> Currency manipulation : different from : intentional undervaluation </s><s> intentional undervaluation : different from : Currency manipulation </s><s> currency misalignment : subclass of : exchange rate </s><s> exchange rate : uses : currency </s><s> WTO dispute settlement case : participant : WTO </s><s> WTO : replaces : predecessor organization </s><s> predecessor organization : replaced by : WTO </s><s> tariffs : subclass of : barriers to trade </s><s> WTO : instance of : multilateral trade agreements </s><s> WTO : instance of : multilateral trade agreement </s><s> Trade Policy Reviews : main subject : Trade policy </s><s> WTO : inception : 1947 </s><s> Trade Policy Reviews : main subject : Trade policy issues </s><s> Gatt : different from : Gatt </s><s> Gatt : different from : the Gatt </s><s> Articles of Agreement of the Fund : publisher : WTO </s><s> Articles of Agreement of the Fund : author : IMF </s><s> Articles of Agreement of the Fund : publisher : IMF </s><s> Timothy Geithner : position held : Treasury Secretary </s><s> Timothy Geithner : position held : Treasury Secretary-designate </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> China : member of : International Monetary Fund </s><s> 1988 trade act : point in time : 1988 </s><s> manipulating its currency : country : China </s><s> Articles of Agreement : publisher : IMF </s><s> Articles of Agreement : author : IMF </s><s> Articles of Agreement : part of : IMF </s><s> 1946 : point in time : 1946 </s><s> 1971 : point in time : 1971 </s><s> 1946 to 1971 : point in time : 1946 </s><s> power the IMF exercised over exchange rates : point in time : 1946 </s><s> euro : applies to jurisdiction : eurozone </s><s> United States : member of : euro </s><s> euro : country : United States </s><s> IMF : participant in : multilateral trade negotiations </s><s> multilateral trade negotiations : participant : IMF </s><s> IMF : field of work : multilateral trade negotiations </s><s> Treasury Secretary : officeholder : Timothy Geithner </s><s> G-20 : instance of : multilateral </s><s> United States : member of : WTO </s><s> United States : member of : IMF </s><s> House Ways and Means Committee : country : United States </s><s> Ways and Means Committee : country : United States </s><s> undervalued : subclass of : currencies </s><s> undervalued : facet of : currencies </s><s> countervailing duties : part of : WTO dispute settlement process </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : World Bank </s><s> World Bank : has part : International Monetary Fund </s><s> International Monetary Fund : part of : World Bank Group </s><s> World Bank Group : has part : International Monetary Fund </s><s> IMF Articles of Agreement : publisher : International Monetary Fund </s><s> IMF Articles of Agreement : author : International Monetary Fund </s><s> International Monetary Fund : owner of : IMF Articles of Agreement </s><s> IMF Articles of Agreement : owned by : International Monetary Fund </s><s> IMF Articles of Agreement : inception : 1947 </s><s> GATT : inception : 1947 </s><s> pegged : subclass of : currency </s><s> currency : part of : international monetary system </s><s> float in value : subclass of : currency </s><s> GATT Article XV : point in time : 1947 </s><s> member countries : member of : GATT </s><s> undervalued : subclass of : currency </s><s> GATT : instance of : multilateral trade talks </s><s> WTO : instance of : multilateral trade talks </s><s> [GATT] agreement : instance of : multilateral trade talks </s><s> WTO dispute adjudication : subclass of : dispute settlement </s><s> WTO dispute adjudication process : facet of : dispute settlement </s><s> WTO dispute adjudication : facet of : dispute settlement </s><s> currency manipulation : facet of : international trade </s><s> currency manipulation : has effect : international trade </s><s> GATT Agreement : instance of : dispute settlement </s><s> GATT Agreement : instance of : WTO dispute settlement procedures </s><s> GATT Agreement : facet of : WTO dispute settlement procedures </s><s> Article XV of the GATT Agreement : part of : GATT Agreement </s><s> GATT Agreement : has part : WTO </s><s> WTO : part of : GATT Agreement </s><s> GATT : instance of : inter-agency agreement </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> China : member of : WTO </s><s> inter-agency agreement : participant : WTO </s> | Congress has been concerned, for many years, with the possible impact that currency manipulation has on international trade. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has jurisdiction for exchange rate questions. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is responsible for the rules governing international trade. The two organizations approach the issue of "currency manipulation" differently. The IMF Articles of Agreement prohibit countries from manipulating their currency for the purpose of gaining unfair trade advantage, but the IMF cannot force a country to change its exchange rate policies. The WTO has rules against subsidies, but these are very narrow and specific and do not seem to encompass currency manipulation. Recently, some have argued that an earlier ruling by a WTO dispute resolution panel might be a way that currency issues could be included in the WTO prohibition against export subsidies. Congress is currently considering legislation to amend U.S. countervailing duty law, based on this precedent, that the proponents believe is consistent with WTO rules. Others disagree as to whether the previous case is a sufficient precedent.
Several options might be considered for addressing this matter in the future, if policymakers deem this a wise course of action. The Articles of Agreement of the IMF or the WTO Agreements could be amended in order to make their treatment of currency manipulation more consistent. Negotiations might be pursued, on a multilateral as well as a bilateral basis, to resolve currency manipulation disputes on a country-by-country basis without changing the IMF or WTO treatment of this concern. Some countries might argue that the actions of another violate WTO rules and seek a favorable decision by a WTO dispute resolution panel. Finally, the IMF and WTO could use their interagency agreement to promote better coordination in their treatment of this concern.
. |
crs_RL33468 | crs_RL33468_0 | <s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> NOAA : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> NOAA : subsidiary : Coast Guard </s><s> Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> The Endangered Species Act : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population : followed by : 109 th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened </s><s> threatened : subclass of : endangered </s><s> threatened : subclass of : threatened </s><s> threatened : different from : endangered </s><s> endangered : different from : threatened </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Fish and Wildlife Service </s><s> Fish and Wildlife Service : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> National Marine Fisheries Service : parent organization : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : subsidiary : National Marine Fisheries Service </s><s> National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : National Marine Fisheries Service </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> listed : is a list of : endangered </s><s> Edwards Aquifer : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Tellico Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tennessee </s><s> scientific information : facet of : scientific </s><s> scientific information : studied by : scientific </s><s> scientific information : part of : scientific </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : habitat </s><s> list of candidate species : publication date : September 13, 2006 </s><s> candidate species : subclass of : species </s><s> regulations : part of : 50 C.F.R. </s><s> regulation : part of : 50 C.F.R. </s><s> its regulation : part of : 50 C.F.R. </s><s> Keystone Center : subsidiary : ESA Working Group on Habitat </s><s> ESA Working Group on Habitat : parent organization : Keystone Center </s><s> ESA Working Group on Habitat : part of : Keystone Center </s><s> recovery planning : facet of : species require to recover </s><s> management : uses : land </s><s> recovery planning : studies : species require to recover </s><s> Issues in the 109 th Congress : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> Issues in the 109 th Congress : facet of : 109 th Congress </s><s> Issues in the 109 th Congress : has part : 109 th Congress </s><s> 1995 Supreme Court decision : point in time : 1995 </s><s> decision : court : Supreme Court </s><s> 1995 Supreme Court decision : publication date : 1995 </s><s> endangered : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> endangered or threatened species : subclass of : species </s><s> biological opinion : country : U.S. </s><s> Endangered Species Committee : country : U.S. </s><s> biological opinion : part of : 16 U.S.C. </s><s> mitigation : subclass of : mitigate </s><s> habitat conservation plan : subclass of : mitigate the impact </s><s> habitat conservation plan : subclass of : mitigate </s><s> Grayrocks Dam : located in the administrative territorial entity : WY </s><s> WY : office held by head of government : President </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Healthy Forests Restoration Act : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 : main subject : National Academy of Sciences </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricanes : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane season : point in time : 2005 </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : threatened species </s><s> threatened species : has part : endangered species </s><s> threatened species : has effect : endangered species </s><s> mammals : instance of : taxonomic groups </s><s> mammals : instance of : taxonomic group </s><s> birds : instance of : taxonomic groups </s><s> Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund : inception : 1988 </s><s> cooperative agreement : facet of : protected species </s><s> cooperative agreements : facet of : cooperative agreement </s><s> Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora : country : United States </s><s> Alaskan Natives : country : United States </s><s> United States : ethnic group : Alaskan Natives </s><s> Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere : point in time : October 12, 1940 </s><s> Western Hemisphere Convention : point in time : October 12, 1940 </s><s> Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere : inception : October 12, 1940 </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : species </s><s> population : part of : range country </s><s> species : location : range country </s><s> gorilla : parent taxon : great ape </s><s> elephants : subclass of : Asian </s><s> bonobo : parent taxon : great ape </s><s> Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Great Ape Conservation Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> United States : member of : CITES </s><s> CITES : country : United States </s><s> Crane Conservation Fund : instance of : conservation </s><s> extinction : subclass of : extinction </s><s> delisted : facet of : extinction </s><s> extinction : subclass of : species </s><s> subspecies : part of : species </s><s> dusky seaside sparrow : instance of : Extinct species </s><s> Guam broadbill : instance of : Extinct species </s><s> Implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 : publication date : May 17, 2005 </s><s> Implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 : author : House Committee on Resources </s><s> implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 : publication date : May 17, 2005 </s><s> GAO-06-730 : publication date : September 8, 2006 </s><s> Endangered Species: Many Factors Affect the Length of Time to Recover Select Species : publication date : September 8, 2006 </s><s> GAO-06-730 : publisher : GAO </s><s> funding authorization expired in 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> 109th Congress : follows : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 109th Congress </s><s> 109th Congress : instance of : Congress </s><s> Critical Habitat : subclass of : ESA Listing Caps, New and Old </s><s> ESA Listing Caps, New and Old : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Critical Habitat : instance of : ESA Listing Caps, New and Old </s><s> species status : facet of : species </s><s> Canada lynx : instance of : endangered species </s><s> rare and endangered species : instance of : species status </s><s> species conservation : facet of : extinction </s><s> research : part of : scientific </s><s> scientific research : part of : science </s><s> recover : subclass of : save </s><s> save and recover : facet of : species </s><s> Endangered Species Consultation Handbook : author : ESA </s><s> information was incomplete : subclass of : information </s><s> Information Quality : instance of : statutory language </s><s> information : has part : information </s><s> Information Quality Act : main subject : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> Department of the Interior : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Information Quality Act : publication date : February 22, 2002 </s><s> listing : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> scientific studies : uses : peer-reviewed </s><s> CH designation : facet of : Endangered Species Act </s><s> FWS : subsidiary : NMFS </s><s> NMFS : parent organization : FWS </s><s> NMFS : part of : FWS </s><s> Special independent peer review : subclass of : peer review </s><s> scientific uncertainty : facet of : peer review </s><s> scientific uncertainty : subclass of : peer review </s><s> species : different from : species </s><s> extinction : facet of : species </s><s> conservation measures : facet of : species </s><s> Arizona Cattle Growers Association v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service : main subject : evidentiary bar </s><s> Incidental Take Permits : operator : United States Fish and Wildlife Service </s><s> Incidental Take Permit : operator : United States Fish and Wildlife Service </s><s> endangered species and threatened species : subclass of : species </s><s> wildlands : subclass of : habitats </s><s> wildlands : instance of : habitats </s><s> wildlands : has part : habitats </s><s> habitats : part of : wildlands </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Oregon : shares border with : California </s><s> California : shares border with : Oregon </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : part of : Department of the Interior </s><s> Central Valley : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Trinity River : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> evolutionarily significant units : subclass of : threatened or endangered </s><s> evolutionarily significant units : subclass of : threatened </s><s> Federal Columbia River Power System : located on terrain feature : Snake River </s><s> Federal Columbia River Power System : located in or next to body of water : Snake River </s><s> Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) : located on terrain feature : Snake River </s><s> Columbia : tributary : Snake River </s><s> Snake River : mouth of the watercourse : Columbia </s><s> Columbia River Basin : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Columbia : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Snake River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oregon </s><s> Friant Dam : located on terrain feature : Snake River </s><s> San Joaquin River : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> San Juan-Chama Project : operator : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Albuquerque : located in or next to body of water : Rio Grande </s><s> Middle Rio Grande Project : operator : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Corps of Engineers : parent organization : Secretary of the Army </s><s> Corps of Engineers : located in the administrative territorial entity : NM </s><s> Corps of Engineers : parent organization : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Federal Insecticide Act : main subject : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Federal Insecticide Act : author : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> Federal Insecticide Act : applies to jurisdiction : Environmental Protection Agency </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : species </s><s> critical habitat : subclass of : listed species </s><s> Fungicide and Rodenticide Act : instance of : P.L. </s><s> habitat : part of : species </s><s> habitat : subclass of : species </s><s> effects determination : subclass of : regulations </s><s> FIFRA : instance of : ESA </s><s> FIFRA : part of : ESA </s><s> EPA counterpart regulations relating to pesticides : end time : August 24, 2006 </s><s> Bureau of Indian Affairs : parent organization : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> Bureau of Indian Affairs : part of : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> National Park Service : has part : Forest Service </s><s> National Park Service : has part : Bureau of Land Management </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : listed species </s><s> listed species : is a list of : endangered species </s><s> endangered species on private property : subclass of : listed species </s><s> Fifth Amendment : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Supreme Court : country : United States </s><s> Fifth Amendment : country : United States </s><s> land : subclass of : property </s><s> three-factor balancing test : facet of : use or value </s><s> three-factor balancing test : uses : use or value </s><s> endangered species : is a list of : listed species </s><s> Department of Justice : country : United States </s><s> Department of Justice : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Department of Justice's : country : United States </s><s> Constitution : has part : statutes' </s><s> property owner : facet of : property rights </s><s> non-regulatory : subclass of : property rights </s><s> tax benefits : subclass of : incentives </s><s> H.R. 411 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> H.R. 3166 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Babbitt : position held : Interior Secretary </s><s> endangered and threatened species : facet of : ESA </s><s> Habitat Conservation Plan : facet of : species covered by the HCP </s><s> Habitat Conservation Plan : uses : incidental take permit </s><s> Habitat Conservation Plan : main subject : species covered by the HCP </s><s> endangered : opposite of : threatened species </s><s> endangered : opposite of : threatened </s><s> threatened species : opposite of : endangered </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program : parent organization : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Secretary of the Interior : part of : federal government </s><s> Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program : authority : Secretary of Agriculture </s><s> Threatened and Endangered Species Recovery Act of 2005 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : 109 th Congress </s><s> property use : subclass of : land use </s><s> property uses : subclass of : land use </s><s> species protection : facet of : species conservation </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : threatened </s><s> endangered species : opposite of : threatened </s><s> James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge : located in the administrative territorial entity : Hawaii </s><s> James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge : operator : NOAA </s><s> James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge : located in the administrative territorial entity : Hawaii's </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> H.R. 4075 : legislated by : House </s><s> H.R. 5946 : point in time : December 9, 2006 </s><s> Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population : point in time : July 17, 2006 </s><s> Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population : publication date : July 17, 2006 </s><s> Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population : inception : July 17, 2006 </s><s> endangered and threatened species : subclass of : legislation </s><s> ivory-billed woodpecker : endemic to : Arkansas </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> southern sea otter : parent taxon : Eastern oyster </s><s> threatened : subclass of : endangered species </s><s> Endangered Species Day : point in time : March 8, 2006 </s><s> Columbia River : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Marine Mammal Protection Act : main subject : endangered and threatened salmon </s><s> Marine Mammal Protection Act : legislated by : Secretary of the Interior </s><s> endangered and threatened species : instance of : listing </s><s> Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : instance of : appropriations bill </s><s> Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : has part : H.R. 2863 </s><s> H.R. 2863 : part of : Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act : has part : H.R.2863 </s><s> H.R.2863 : part of : Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> FWS : subsidiary : Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund </s><s> Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund : parent organization : FWS </s><s> highest priority species : instance of : species' priority ranking </s><s> highest priority species : subclass of : species' priority ranking </s><s> ESA Listing Caps, New and Old : inception : FY1998 </s><s> appropriations bill : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriations bills : legislated by : Congress </s><s> FY2006 : point in time : FY2006 </s> | The 109th Congress considered numerous proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 16 U.S.C. §§1531-1543). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, modifying critical habitat (CH) procedures, incorporating further protection and incentives for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated enacting as law some ESA regulations promulgated during the Clinton Administration.
The ESA has been one of the more contentious environmental laws. This may stem from its strict substantive provisions, which can affect the use of both federal and nonfederal lands and resources. Under the ESA, species of plants and animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) can be listed as endangered or threatened according to assessments of their risk of extinction. Once a species is listed, powerful legal tools are available to aid its recovery and protect its habitat. The ESA may also be controversial because dwindling species are usually harbingers of broader ecosystem decline: the most common cause of listing species is habitat loss.
The authorization for spending under the ESA expired on October 1, 1992. The prohibitions and requirements of the ESA remain in force, even in the absence of an authorization, and funds have been appropriated to implement the administrative provisions of the ESA in each subsequent fiscal year. In the 109th Congress, H.R. 3824 and S. 2110 proposed to extensively amend and reauthorize the ESA; the House passed H.R. 3824 (amended) on September 29, 2005. Proponents of both bills argued that they were designed to make the ESA more effective by redefining the relationship between private and public property uses and species protection, implementing new incentives for species conservation, and removing what some see as undue land use restrictions. However, critics argued that proposed changes created gaps in the ESA safety net of protections and prohibitions.
The 109th Congress enacted legislation that (1) established a pilot project in Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico to better coordinate consultations and the preparation of biological opinions under ESA §7 (P.L. 109-58); (2) authorized certain activities related to the Middle Rio Grande Endangered Species Collaborative Program (P.L. 109-103); (3) reauthorized Upper Colorado and San Juan River Basin endangered fish recovery programs (P.L. 109-183); (4) expanded a Hawaiian National Wildlife Refuge to protect habitat for endangered waterbirds (P.L. 109-225); (5) expanded the authority of the Secretary of the Interior to assist private landowners in restoring, enhancing, and managing endangered and threatened species habitat on private land through the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (P.L. 109-294); (6) reauthorized and amended the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act and the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (P.L. 109-363); and (7) established programs to manage marine debris and address its adverse effects on endangered species (P.L. 109-449). This report also identifies additional bills that were introduced in the 109th Congress to address specific concerns related to how the ESA is implemented and how endangered species are managed. |
crs_R40472 | crs_R40472_0 | <s> Congressional Budget Act of 1974 : point in time : 1974 </s><s> Constitution : has part : power of the purse </s><s> power of the purse : part of : Constitution </s><s> Congressional Budget Act of 1974 : instance of : Congressional Budget Act </s><s> debt legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : legislation </s><s> debt : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Appropriations legislation : subclass of : spending legislation </s><s> Appropriations legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> appropriations act : subclass of : legislation </s><s> appropriations act : subclass of : permanent law </s><s> Appropriations Act : subclass of : legislation </s><s> committees : different from : committee of jurisdiction </s><s> committee of jurisdiction : different from : committees </s><s> committees of jurisdiction : different from : committee system </s><s> House : instance of : committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : committees </s><s> Department of Energy : instance of : agencies </s><s> Department of Energy's : instance of : agencies </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy program : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Weatherization Assistance Program : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Great Lakes restoration : facet of : Great Lakes </s><s> Sense of the Congress : subclass of : Budget resolution </s><s> sense of the Congress : subclass of : Budget resolution </s><s> non-point source pollution : subclass of : contaminated sediment </s><s> outcome-oriented performance goals : subclass of : measures </s><s> Sustainable Development Goals : creator : United Nations </s><s> budget request : author : President </s><s> Budget resolution : subclass of : budget request </s><s> Budget resolution : part of : budget request </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : main subject : Congressional committees </s><s> House : instance of : Congressional committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : Congressional committees </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : main subject : House </s><s> Congressional Budget Act : main subject : Senate </s><s> Appropriations bill : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Appropriations Committee : part of : House </s><s> Appropriations Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> 302(a) : legislated by : House </s><s> omnibus appropriations act : subclass of : bill </s><s> omnibus appropriations act : subclass of : budget resolution </s><s> omnibus appropriations act : subclass of : regular appropriations bill </s><s> full appropriations committee : instance of : chambers </s><s> appropriations bill : subclass of : spending legislation </s><s> full appropriations committee : subclass of : appropriations committees </s><s> Section 302(f) of the Budget Act : part of : Budget Act </s><s> Budget Act : has part : Section 302(f) of the Budget Act </s><s> Section 302(f) : part of : Budget Act </s><s> Budget Act : has part : Section 302(f) </s><s> Points of order : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Points of order : part of : legislation </s><s> Points of order : facet of : legislation </s><s> reconciliation process : subclass of : instructions </s><s> reconciliation process : creator : Congress </s><s> budget resolution for FY2006 : instance of : Reconciliation instructions </s><s> House Committee on the Budget : instance of : House committees </s><s> budget resolution for FY2006 : instance of : Reconciliation instruction </s><s> 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> reconciliation bill : subclass of : legislation </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : instance of : reconciliation act </s><s> Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> debt limit : legislated by : Congress </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> special procedures : used by : House </s><s> special procedures : used by : Senate </s><s> annual budget resolution : legislated by : House </s><s> budget resolution : legislated by : House </s><s> annual budget resolution : legislated by : Senate </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Section 302 : part of : Budget Act </s><s> Budget Act : has part : Section 302 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s> | The budget resolution sets forth aggregate levels of spending, revenue, and public debt. It is not intended to establish details of spending or revenue policy and does not provide levels of spending for specific agencies or programs. Instead, its purpose is to create enforceable parameters within which Congress can consider legislation dealing with spending and revenue.
The spending policies in the budget resolution encompass two types of spending legislation: discretionary spending and direct (mandatory) spending. Discretionary spending is controlled through the appropriations process. Appropriations legislation is considered each fiscal year and provides funding for numerous programs such as national defense, education, and homeland security. Direct spending, alternately, is provided for in legislation outside of appropriations acts. Direct spending programs are typically established in permanent law and continue in effect until such time as revised or terminated by another law.
The budget resolution establishes congressional priorities by dividing spending among the 20 major functional categories of the federal budget. These 20 categories do not correspond to the committee system by which Congress operates, and as a result these spending levels must be "crosswalked" to the House and Senate committees having jurisdiction over both discretionary and direct spending. These amounts are known as 302(a) allocations and hold committees accountable for staying within the spending limits established by the budget resolution.
Each Appropriations Committee is responsible for subdividing its 302(a) allocation among its 12 subcommittees. These allocations, referred to as 302(b) subdivisions, establish the maximum amount that each of the 12 appropriations bills can spend.
It is inevitable that Members will consider the impact on particular programs or agencies when they consider a budget resolution. While the budget resolution does not allocate funds among specific agencies or programs, congressional assumptions or desires underlying the amounts set forth in the functional categories are frequently communicated through the budget resolution. Report language accompanying the budget resolution, as well as certain provisions in the budget resolution, can sometimes express non-binding programmatic assumptions and desires.
Budget resolutions also often include procedural provisions such as reserve funds or reconciliation instructions. These provisions may also reflect underlying program assumptions or desires of Congress. |
crs_R40501 | crs_R40501_0 | <s> Department of Homeland Security : country : United States </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Department of Homeland Security (DHS) : country : United States </s><s> unauthorized residents : subclass of : legal immigration </s><s> legal immigration system : country : U.S. </s><s> options to reform the U.S. immigration system : facet of : immigration law </s><s> Great Depression : instance of : economic crises </s><s> Great Depression : instance of : economic crisis </s><s> recession : instance of : economic crises </s><s> legalization : subclass of : legal immigration </s><s> legalization : facet of : legal immigration </s><s> asylee : subclass of : refugee </s><s> temporary admissions : opposite of : permanent admissions </s><s> permanent admissions : opposite of : temporary admissions </s><s> temporary admissions : followed by : permanent admissions </s><s> Legal permanent residence : country : United States </s><s> Legal permanent residence : subclass of : permanent immigration </s><s> Legal permanent resident : country : United States </s><s> family-based LPRs : subclass of : diversity visas </s><s> family-based LPRs : instance of : diversity visas </s><s> family-based LPRs : different from : employment-based LPRs </s><s> employment-based LPRs : different from : family-based LPRs </s><s> refugees/asylees : subclass of : immigrants </s><s> refugees : subclass of : immigrants </s><s> refugees : subclass of : asylees </s><s> economic recession : country : United States </s><s> economic recession : has effect : economic growth </s><s> economic recession : country : U.S. </s><s> exceptional : subclass of : temporary admission </s><s> exceptional, extraordinary or outstanding individuals : subclass of : temporary admission </s><s> exceptional, extraordinary or outstanding : subclass of : temporary admission </s><s> H-1B visa : instance of : temporary worker provisions </s><s> H-2A visa : instance of : temporary worker provisions </s><s> H-2B visa : instance of : temporary worker provisions </s><s> H-1B visa : subclass of : nonimmigrants </s><s> H-2A visa : subclass of : nonimmigrants </s><s> H-2B visa : subclass of : nonimmigrants </s><s> H-1B visa : instance of : temporary worker </s><s> H-2A visa : instance of : temporary worker </s><s> H-2B visa : instance of : temporary worker </s><s> H-1B visa : subclass of : visas </s><s> L-1 visa : subclass of : visas </s><s> L-1 visa : instance of : J visa </s><s> unauthorized aliens : country : United States </s><s> unauthorized alien : country : United States </s><s> unauthorized aliens residing in the United States : facet of : legal immigration reform </s><s> earned legalization : subclass of : amnesty </s><s> earned legalization : instance of : amnesty </s><s> LPRs : subclass of : earned legalization </s><s> DREAM Act : country : United States </s><s> cancellation of removal : instance of : immigration procedure </s><s> cancellation of removal : country : United States </s><s> Immigration control : facet of : immigration laws </s><s> Immigration control : facet of : immigration law </s><s> Immigration control : subclass of : enforcement </s><s> ports of entry : part of : border security </s><s> Border security : facet of : border security </s><s> ports of entry : facet of : border security </s><s> economic crisis : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Border Patrol : field of work : enforcement </s><s> enforcement : facet of : enforcement </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Immigration and Customs Enforcement </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Michael Chertoff : position held : DHS Secretary </s><s> Janet Napolitano : position held : DHS Secretary </s><s> E-Verify : operator : Social Security Administration </s><s> E-Verify : part of : Social Security Administration </s><s> E-Verify : operator : DHS </s><s> E-Verify : end time : September 30, 2012 </s><s> Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 : point in time : March 2009 </s><s> Social Security card : subclass of : identity document </s><s> birth certificate : subclass of : identity document </s><s> Social Security card : instance of : identity document </s><s> identity theft : subclass of : fraud </s><s> Social Security number : subclass of : identification document </s><s> false use of a Social Security number : subclass of : identity theft </s><s> aggravated felonies : subclass of : criminal offense </s><s> moral turpitude : subclass of : criminal offense </s><s> Janet Napolitano : position held : Homeland Security Secretary </s><s> Homeland Security Secretary : officeholder : Janet Napolitano </s><s> Janet Napolitano : field of work : removal of criminal aliens </s><s> comprehensive immigration reform : point in time : 1990 </s><s> LPR : subclass of : visa </s><s> Grounds for Inadmissibility : subclass of : admissibility review </s><s> Two laws enacted in the 110 th Congress : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> two laws enacted in the 110 th Congress : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> H1N1 swine flu : has cause : HIV/AIDS </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> AIDS : has cause : HIV </s><s> 1990 : followed by : 1996 overhaul </s><s> 1996 overhaul : follows : 1990 </s><s> 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Mideast : continent : Africa </s><s> temporary protected status : country : United States </s><s> temporary protected status : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees : country : United States </s><s> Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees : author : United Nations </s><s> United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Asylum-seekers : subclass of : refugee </s><s> persecution : subclass of : fear of persecution </s><s> Asylum-seekers : subclass of : refugee status </s><s> January 12, 2010, earthquake : country : Haiti </s><s> January 12, 2010, earthquake in Haiti : point in time : January 12, 2010 </s><s> Haiti : significant event : January 12, 2010, earthquake </s><s> Haitian migration : country : Haiti </s><s> Haitian migration : facet of : Haitians in the United States </s><s> Haitian migration : country : United States </s><s> Aliens who legally reside in the United States : opposite of : Aliens in the United States without authorization </s><s> Aliens in the United States without authorization : different from : illegally present </s><s> illegally present : different from : Aliens in the United States without authorization </s><s> Aliens in the United States without authorization : different from : legally reside in the United States </s><s> legally reside in the United States : different from : Aliens in the United States without authorization </s><s> temporary legal resident : instance of : citizenship status </s><s> temporary legal resident : subclass of : citizenship status </s><s> temporary legal residents : instance of : citizenship status </s><s> social security : instance of : benefits </s><s> social security : instance of : benefit </s><s> Social Security : instance of : benefits </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Janet Napolitano : position held : Secretary of Homeland Security </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : officeholder : Janet Napolitano </s><s> Janet Napolitano : field of work : comprehensive immigration reform </s><s> Obama Administration : facet of : President Obama </s><s> Obama Administration : has part : President Obama </s><s> President Obama : part of : Obama Administration </s><s> Obama Administration : office held by head of government : President </s><s> 2010 State of the Union address : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 State of the Union address : author : President Obama </s><s> Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security : chairperson : Charles Schumer </s><s> Senator Schumer : position held : Senator </s><s> Senator : officeholder : Senator Schumer </s><s> John Cornyn : member of political party : Republican </s><s> John Cornyn : member of : Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security </s><s> John Cornyn : employer : Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security </s><s> Lamar Smith : employer : House Judiciary Committee </s><s> Lamar Smith : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Joseph Biden : position held : Vice President </s><s> President : appointed by : President </s><s> Vice President : appointed by : President </s> | There is a broad-based consensus that the U.S. immigration system is broken. This consensus erodes, however, as soon as the options to reform the U.S. immigration system are debated. The number of foreign-born people residing in the United States is at the highest level in U.S. history and has reached a proportion of the U.S. population—12.6%—not seen since the early 20th century. Of the 38 million foreign-born residents in the United States, approximately 16.4 million are naturalized citizens. According to the latest estimates by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), about 10.8 million unauthorized aliens were living in the United States in January 2009. The Pew Hispanic Center recently reported an estimate of 11.1 million unauthorized aliens in March 2009, down from a peak of 12 million in March 2007. Some observers and policy experts maintain that the presence of an estimated 11 million unauthorized residents is evidence of flaws in the legal immigration system as well as failures of immigration control policies and practices.
The 111th Congress is faced with strategic questions of whether to continue to build on incremental reforms of specific elements of immigration (e.g., employment verification, skilled migration, temporary workers, worksite enforcement, and legalization of certain categories of unauthorized residents) or whether to comprehensively reform the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). President Barack Obama has affirmed his support for comprehensive immigration reform legislation that includes increased enforcement as well as a pathway to legal residence for certain unauthorized residents.
This report synthesizes the multi-tiered debate over immigration reform into key elements: legal immigration; legalization; immigration control; refugees, asylees, and humanitarian migrants; and alien rights, benefits, and responsibilities. It delineates the issues for the 111th Congress on permanent residence, temporary admissions, border security, worksite enforcement, employment eligibility verification, document fraud, criminal aliens, and the grounds for inadmissibility. Addressing these contentious policy reforms against the backdrop of economic crisis sharpens the social and business cleavages and narrows the range of options.
The report will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_R44310 | crs_R44310_0 | <s> K visa : inception : 1970 </s><s> K-1 visa : inception : 1970 </s><s> Tashneen Malik : spouse : Syed Rizwan Farook </s><s> Syed Rizwan Farook : spouse : Tashneen Malik </s><s> mass shooting in San Bernardino, CA : point in time : December 2, 2015 </s><s> mass shooting in San Bernardino, CA : participant : Tashneen Malik </s><s> mass shooting in San Bernardino, CA : participant : Syed Rizwan Farook </s><s> Tashneen Malik : significant event : mass shooting in San Bernardino, CA </s><s> Syed Rizwan Farook : significant event : mass shooting in San Bernardino, CA </s><s> mass shooting : located in the administrative territorial entity : San Bernardino, CA </s><s> mass shooting : point in time : December 2, 2015 </s><s> mass shooting : participant : Tashneen Malik </s><s> mass shooting : participant : Syed Rizwan Farook </s><s> Tashneen Malik : significant event : mass shooting </s><s> Syed Rizwan Farook : significant event : mass shooting </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> Barack Obama : employer : U.S. Department of Homeland Security </s><s> K nonimmigrant visa : inception : 1970 </s><s> Immigration and Nationality Act : country : United States </s><s> Legal Immigration Family Equity Act : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Legal Immigration Family Equity Act : publication date : 2000 </s><s> Legal Immigration Family Equity Act : inception : 2000 </s><s> International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> International Marriage Broker Regulation Act : point in time : 2005 </s><s> International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005 : publication date : 2005 </s><s> Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Secretary of DHS : country : United States </s><s> Secretary of DHS : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> K-1 visa : country : United States </s><s> Form I-129F : part of : USCIS </s><s> Form I-129F, Petition for Alien Fiancé(e) : part of : USCIS </s><s> Form I-129F, Petition for Alien Fiancé(e) : maintained by : USCIS </s><s> K-1 petition : maintained by : USCIS </s><s> Consulate : subclass of : Embassy </s><s> Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act : has part : IMBRA </s><s> K-1 visa : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Online Nonimmigrant Visa Application : country : United States </s><s> nonimmigrant visa : different from : immigrant visa </s><s> immigrant visa : different from : nonimmigrant visa </s><s> K-1 visa : subclass of : visa </s><s> nonimmigrant visa : opposite of : immigrant visa </s><s> immigrant visa : opposite of : nonimmigrant visa </s><s> Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System : operator : Federal Bureau of Investigation </s><s> Automated Biometric Identification System : operator : DHS </s><s> Drug Enforcement Administration : parent organization : DHS </s><s> Drug Enforcement Administration : parent organization : FBI </s><s> Terrorist Screening Center : instance of : watchlist </s><s> CLASS search algorithm : operating system : DOS </s><s> CLASS search algorithm : part of : DOS </s><s> CLASS : operating system : DOS </s><s> FBI : instance of : law enforcement </s><s> FBI : field of work : law enforcement </s><s> intelligence information : part of : law enforcement </s><s> Tashneen Malik : significant event : attack in San Bernardino </s><s> Tashneen Malik : residence : San Bernardino </s><s> attack in San Bernardino : participant : Tashneen Malik </s><s> James Comey : position held : FBI Director </s><s> FBI Director : officeholder : James Comey </s><s> San Bernardino shootings : participant : Islamic State </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Customs and Border Protection : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS Customs and Border Protection : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> employment authorization : country : United States </s><s> immediate relative : subclass of : lawful permanent residence </s><s> employment authorization : subclass of : work in the United States </s><s> Philippines : instance of : source countries </s><s> K-2 visa : country : Philippines </s><s> K-2 visa : instance of : K visa </s><s> North America : has part : Central America </s><s> Central America : part of : North America </s> | The K nonimmigrant visa category was created in 1970 through P.L. 91-225, which amended the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Within the K visa category, the K-1 visa is a visa for fiancé(e)s of U.S. citizens and the K-2 visa is a visa for the fiancé(e)'s children. Congress later enacted legislation to provide protections for fiancé(e)s, specifically creating requirements around the use of international marriage brokers, the disclosure of the U.S. petitioner's criminal background, the provision of information to fiancé(e)s on their rights, and additional protections for minors.
A mass shooting on December 2, 2015, in San Bernardino, CA, where one of the suspected shooters entered the United States on a K-1 visa, has drawn increased attention to the visa category. This tragedy has spurred questions surrounding the K-1 visa national security screening process and any possible gaps. Some Members of Congress have suggested including a review of K-1 applicants' social media accounts into the screening process.
In order to qualify for a K-1 visa, a U.S. citizen must file on behalf of his/her fiancé(e) and provide evidence that (1) the parties have met in person within two years of the petition's filing, (2) the parties have a bona fide intention to marry, and (3) the parties are legally able and willing to be married in the United States within 90 days of the fiancé(e)'s arrival. The petitioner must first file a petition with the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Once the petition is approved, it is sent to a U.S. Embassy or Consulate in the home country of the foreign national, where it is determined if the fiancé(e) is eligible for admission to the United States. Although the K-1 visa is a nonimmigrant visa, the fiancé(e) intends to remain in the United States and is therefore also subject to the admission requirements of immigrant visas.
K visa applicants' national security screening entails the use of biographical, biometric, and photographic data. The data are entered into consular-based databases, such as the Consular Consolidated Database (CCD) and Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS), which flag problems that may have an impact on the issuance of a visa or matches to any derogatory information. Consular offices send suspect individuals' applications for greater review to other agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). In 2013, NCTC began conducting interagency counterterrorism screening of all visa applicants and in 2015, DHS began pilot programs to incorporate social media screening into its vetting of applicants for certain immigration benefits.
Once visa applicants have been approved and their security clearances are completed, they can travel to the United States, where they must marry their U.S. citizen petitioners within 90 days of their arrival. Once married, the fiancé(e) adjusts to a conditional residency and after two years can become a lawful permanent resident.
In FY2014, the U.S. Department of State issued 35,925 K-1 visas. Asia received the largest portion of K visas at 46%, with the Philippines being the country with the highest number of K visas at 8,525 visas. |
crs_R41742 | crs_R41742_0 | <s> federal law : part of : United States Constitution </s><s> rights : part of : United States Constitution </s><s> United States Constitution : has part : federal law </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : publication date : 1980 </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : point in time : 1980 </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : inception : 1980 </s><s> state secrets privilege : instance of : evidentiary privilege </s><s> evidentiary privilege : subclass of : judicially created </s><s> state secrets privilege : subclass of : evidentiary privilege </s><s> United States v. Reynolds : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Reynolds : publication date : 1953 </s><s> United States v. Reynolds : point in time : 1953 </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : main subject : state secrets </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : main subject : state secrets privilege </s><s> Classified Information Procedures Act : instance of : state secrets privilege </s><s> leaking classified information : subclass of : classified information </s><s> leaking classified information : facet of : classified information </s><s> discovery phase : followed by : trial phase </s><s> trial phase : follows : discovery phase </s><s> discovery phase : part of : criminal litigation </s><s> trial phase : part of : criminal litigation </s><s> pretrial conference : part of : trial </s><s> pretrial conference : facet of : trial </s><s> pretrial conference : part of : pretrial </s><s> Protective Orders and Security Clearances : instance of : protective order </s><s> Protective Orders and Security Clearances : subclass of : protective order </s><s> Protective Orders and Security Clearances : subclass of : protective orders </s><s> counsel : subclass of : attorneys </s><s> appointed counsel : subclass of : counsel </s><s> attorney : different from : counsel </s><s> counsel : different from : attorney </s><s> In re Terrorist Bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa : has effect : protective order </s><s> In re Terrorist Bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa : main subject : protective order </s><s> In re Terrorist Bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa : instance of : protective order </s><s> Sixth Amendment : has part : right to have the assistance of counsel </s><s> right to have the assistance of counsel : part of : Sixth Amendment </s><s> Sixth Amendment : has part : have the assistance of counsel </s><s> have the assistance of counsel : part of : Sixth Amendment </s><s> Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure : instance of : mechanics of discovery </s><s> Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure : subclass of : mechanics of discovery </s><s> Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure : instance of : mechanics of discovery in federal criminal litigation </s><s> Brady material : named after : Brady v. Maryland </s><s> Brady v. Maryland : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Jencks material : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Jencks material : published in : Supreme Court's opinion in Jen </s><s> Jencks material : facet of : Supreme Court's opinion in Jen </s><s> Jencks Act : has part : Section 4 of CIPA </s><s> Section 4 of CIPA : part of : Jencks Act </s><s> Jencks Act : main subject : Jencks v. United States </s><s> United States v. Moussaoui : has part : ex parte </s><s> United States v. Moussaoui : instance of : ex parte </s><s> intelligence : subclass of : enemy combatant </s><s> Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure : country : United States </s><s> Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit : country : United States </s><s> summaries of the witnesses' statements : subclass of : deposition </s><s> summaries : subclass of : deposition </s><s> in camera : subclass of : public proceeding </s><s> Admissibility of Classified Information Act : part of : CIPA </s><s> Admissibility of Classified Information : subclass of : hearing </s><s> dismissal of charges against the defendant : subclass of : indictment </s><s> dismissal of charges : subclass of : indictment </s><s> dismissal of charges against the defendant : different from : indictment </s><s> discovery : followed by : trial </s><s> discovery : different from : trial </s><s> trial : different from : discovery </s><s> two recent CIPA cases : has cause : disclosing classified information </s><s> two recent CIPA cases : main subject : disclosing classified information </s><s> two recent CIPA cases : instance of : disclosing classified information </s><s> United States v. Sterling : court : federal district court </s><s> United States v. Drake : court : federal district court </s><s> United States v. Sterling : court : district court </s><s> unauthorized disclosure prosecution : facet of : Espionage Act </s><s> unauthorized disclosure prosecution : participant : National Security Agency </s><s> unauthorized disclosure prosecution : subclass of : Espionage Act </s><s> Section 402 : instance of : statutory privilege </s><s> Section 402 : part of : 50 U.S.C. </s><s> 50 U.S.C. : has part : Section 402 </s><s> military : part of : common law </s><s> statutory : part of : common law </s><s> military : instance of : military </s><s> criminal case : opposite of : civil case </s><s> civil case : opposite of : criminal case </s><s> criminal : opposite of : civil case </s><s> U nited S tates v. Moussaoui : court : Fourth Circuit </s><s> U nited S tates v. Moussaoui : court : Fourth Circuit's </s><s> S tates v. Moussaoui : court : Fourth Circuit </s><s> Moussaoui : instance of : enemy combatant </s><s> Moussaoui : subject has role : enemy combatant </s><s> enemy combatant : subclass of : national security asset </s><s> civil : opposite of : criminal </s><s> Second Circuit : instance of : district court </s><s> state secrets privilege : instance of : government privilege </s><s> district court : has part : Second Circuit </s><s> defense : opposite of : prosecution </s><s> pretrial : subclass of : trial </s><s> pretrial proceedings : followed by : trial </s><s> James Risen : employer : Central Intelligence Agency </s><s> disclosing classified information : participant : Central Intelligence Agency </s><s> disclosing classified information : participant : James Risen </s><s> the government : country : United States </s><s> the court : field of work : public health </s><s> the court : applies to jurisdiction : the district </s><s> the district : authority : the court </s><s> graymail : facet of : fair trial </s><s> fair trial : participant : defendant </s><s> fair trial : has part : defendant's right to a fair trial </s><s> prosecution : opposite of : defense </s><s> case-in-chief : participant : government </s><s> legislative history : main subject : Congress </s><s> legislative history : facet of : Congress </s><s> defense evidence : facet of : criminal prosecutions </s><s> trial : uses : evidence </s><s> substituted : subclass of : redactions </s><s> substituted : different from : redactions </s><s> redactions : different from : substituted </s><s> classified information : subclass of : sensitive </s><s> classified information : subclass of : sensitive or classified information </s><s> Drake : followed by : Sterling </s><s> Silent Witness Rule : instance of : constitutional concerns </s><s> Silent Witness Rule : part of : constitutional </s><s> Silent Witness Rule : instance of : Constitutional concerns </s><s> Sixth Amendment : has part : right to confrontation </s><s> right to confrontation : part of : Sixth Amendment </s><s> Sixth Amendment : has part : unconstitutionally infringing </s><s> trial : participant : court </s><s> gallery of the court : use : trial </s><s> gallery of the court : part of : trial </s><s> United States v. Abu Ali : court : Fourth Circuit </s><s> silent witness rule : facet of : evidence used against him </s><s> silent witness rule : facet of : trial court </s><s> interlocutory appeal : part of : district court </s><s> interlocutory appeal : part of : courts </s><s> interlocutory appeal : part of : district court order </s><s> public trial : has part : jury </s><s> jury : part of : public trial </s><s> public trial : subclass of : trial </s><s> Confrontation Clause : instance of : rights </s><s> sensitive information : subclass of : information </s><s> rights : has part : Confrontation Clause </s> | A criminal prosecution involving classified information may cause tension between the government's interest in protecting classified information and the criminal defendant's right to a constitutionally valid trial. In some cases, a defendant may threaten to disclose classified information in an effort to gain leverage. Concerns about this practice, referred to as "graymail," led the 96th Congress to enact the Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA) to provide uniform procedures for prosecutions involving classified information. Examples of recent cases implicating CIPA have arisen in the context of prosecutions against alleged terrorists, as well as prosecutions involving the unauthorized disclosure of classified information by former intelligence officials.
CIPA provides procedures that permit a trial judge to rule on the relevance or admissibility of classified information in a secure setting. The Act requires a defendant to notify the prosecution and the court of any classified information that the defendant may seek to discover or disclose during trial. During the discovery phase, CIPA authorizes courts to issue protective orders limiting disclosure to members of the defense team that have obtained adequate security clearances and to permit the government to use unclassified redactions or summaries of classified information that the defendant would normally be entitled to receive.
If classified information is to be introduced at trial, the court may allow substitutes of classified information to be used, so long as they provide the defendant with substantially the same ability to present a defense and do not otherwise violate his constitutional rights. Among the rights that may be implicated by the application of CIPA in a criminal prosecution are the defendant's right to have a public trial, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, and to have the assistance of counsel. Application of CIPA may also be implicated by the obligation of the prosecution to provide the defendant, under Brady v. Maryland, with exculpatory information in its possession and the separate obligation to provide the defendant with government witnesses' prior written statements pursuant to the Jencks Act. |
crs_R41880 | crs_R41880_0 | <s> Goal 8 : part of : Millennium Development Goals </s><s> Millennium Development Goals : has part : Goal 8 </s><s> Millennium Development Goals : creator : United Nations </s><s> non-governmental organization : subclass of : philanthropic </s><s> non-governmental organizations : subclass of : philanthropic </s><s> non-governmental : subclass of : philanthropic </s><s> USAID : instance of : multilateral development agencies </s><s> USAID : field of work : foreign assistance </s><s> globalization : has part : private sector </s><s> nongovernmental organization : subclass of : nonprofit </s><s> Private Enterprise Initiative : inception : 1981 </s><s> USAID : inception : 1989 </s><s> Microenterprise program : inception : 1989 </s><s> public-private partnership : subclass of : public-private engagement in development </s><s> public-private partnership : opposite of : private enterprise </s><s> public-private partnership : facet of : public-private engagement in development </s><s> Private financial flows to developing countries : subclass of : development assistance </s><s> Private financial flows to developing countries : subclass of : flow of funds to developing countries </s><s> charitable giving : subclass of : development assistance </s><s> member countries : member of : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development </s><s> developing countries : member of : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development </s><s> Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development : has part : developing countries </s><s> USAID : field of work : international development </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : USAID </s><s> USAID : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Global Development Alliance : field of work : international development </s><s> USAID : member of : Global Development Alliance </s><s> Global Development Alliance : has part : USAID </s><s> foundation : subclass of : nonprofit organization </s><s> Jordan Education Initiative : inception : 2001 </s><s> foundations : subclass of : nonprofit organization </s><s> Mars : product or material produced : chocolate </s><s> Hershey : product or material produced : chocolate </s><s> Nestlé : product or material produced : chocolate </s><s> GDA Secretariat : inception : 2002 </s><s> USAID : country : United States </s><s> USAID : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Office of Innovation and Development Alliances : inception : 2005 </s><s> Office of Development Partners : inception : 2005 </s><s> Office of Global Development Alliances : inception : 2005 </s><s> GP Division : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> GP Division : headquarters location : Washington </s><s> Cisco : industry : information technology </s><s> Hewlett-Packard : industry : information technology </s><s> Packard Foundation : named after : Hewlett-Packard </s><s> Condoleezza Rice : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Condoleezza Rice's : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Global Partnership Center : inception : 2007 </s><s> Global Partnership Initiative : inception : January 2009 </s><s> Global Partnership Initiative : parent organization : Office of the Secretary of State </s><s> Office of the Secretary of State : subsidiary : Global Partnership Initiative </s><s> Clinton : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> Global Women's Mentoring Partnership : inception : 2006 </s><s> Breast Cancer Global Congress : inception : 2008 </s><s> Breast Cancer Global Congress : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Avon Foundation : country : Germany </s><s> International Diaspora Engagement Alliance : facet of : diaspora </s><s> Global Diaspora Forum : organizer : International Diaspora Engagement Alliance </s><s> International Diaspora Engagement Alliance : field of work : diaspora </s><s> Partnership for a New Beginning : inception : 2010 </s><s> Latin America : has part : Caribbean </s><s> Millennium Challenge Corporation : field of work : international development </s><s> USAID : field of work : international development issues </s><s> airport : country : Mali </s><s> rehabilitated airport : country : Mali </s><s> rehabilitation of a rehabilitated airport : country : Mali </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : country : U.S. </s><s> U.S. Trade and Development Agency : subsidiary : Overseas Private Investment Corporation </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : parent organization : U.S. Trade and Development Agency </s><s> Arab Spring : location : Egypt </s><s> Arab Spring : country : Egypt </s><s> Egypt : significant event : Arab Spring </s><s> Department of Energy : member of : Sustainable Forest Alliance </s><s> Department of Agriculture : member of : Sustainable Forest Alliance </s><s> Criminal Justice Strengthening Alliance : country : South Africa </s><s> BMZ : country : German </s><s> BMZ : instance of : development agency </s><s> Department for International Development : country : United Kingdom </s><s> Department for International Development : country : United Kingdom's </s><s> Department for International Development (DFID) : country : United Kingdom </s><s> UN Global Compact : inception : 2000 </s><s> UN Global Compact : publication date : 2000 </s><s> UN Global Compact : creator : United Nations </s><s> World Bank : subsidiary : International Finance Corporation </s><s> International Finance Corporation : part of : World Bank </s><s> International Finance Corporation : parent organization : World Bank </s><s> Millennium Development Goals : creator : UN </s><s> Shared Risks and Resources : subclass of : Partnership </s><s> public : opposite of : private </s><s> Shared Risks and Resources : subclass of : PPP </s><s> cost savings : different from : cost of failure </s><s> cost of failure : different from : cost savings </s><s> cost savings based on scale : different from : cost of failure </s><s> cost of failure : different from : cost savings based on scale </s><s> cost savings based on scale : opposite of : cost of failure </s><s> cost of failure : opposite of : cost savings based on scale </s><s> HIV : has effect : AIDS </s><s> USAID : field of work : HIV/AIDS </s><s> USAID : field of work : HIV/AIDS prevention </s><s> Cisco : member of : EXIT alliance </s><s> Microsoft : member of : EXIT alliance </s><s> USAID : member of : EXIT alliance </s><s> USAID : instance of : federal aid agencies </s><s> Inclusive Market Alliance for Rural Entrepreneurs : country : Guatemala </s><s> Inclusive Market Alliance for Rural Entrepreneurs : country : Guatemala's </s><s> Small Export Vegetable Alliance : country : Zambia </s><s> Agroflora : country : Zambia </s><s> The Small Export Vegetable Alliance : country : Zambia </s><s> Zimbabwe : shares border with : Zambia </s><s> Zambia : shares border with : Zimbabwe </s><s> Zimbabwe : diplomatic relation : Zambia </s><s> contract-based development programs : subclass of : development projects </s><s> contract-based development program : subclass of : development projects </s><s> contract-based development programs : subclass of : development assistance </s><s> USAID : instance of : agencies </s><s> Distortion of Development Priorities : facet of : USAID </s><s> Distortion of Development Priorities : participant : USAID </s><s> sub-Saharan : continent : Africa </s><s> developing countries : opposite of : poorest countries </s><s> sub-Saharan Africa : has part : developing countries </s><s> USAID : country : U.S. </s><s> GAVI : parent organization : WHO </s><s> GAVI : organizer : WHO </s><s> Starbucks : product or material produced : coffee </s><s> globalization : has effect : poor </s><s> globalization : has cause : poor </s><s> Angola : diplomatic relation : Democratic Republic of the Congo </s><s> growers' cooperative : subclass of : cooperative </s><s> Democratic Republic of the Congo : diplomatic relation : Angola </s><s> corruption : subclass of : exploitation </s><s> exploitation : subclass of : corruption </s><s> corruption : has effect : exploitation </s><s> Sri Lanka : language used : English language </s><s> English language : country : Sri Lanka </s><s> appropriations legislation : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> Appropriations legislation : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> Global Partnership Initiative : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Global Development Alliance : field of work : development assistance </s><s> Global Development Alliance : instance of : Partnership </s><s> Global Development Alliance : instance of : partnership building </s><s> African Development Foundation : country : United States </s><s> Inter-American Foundation : country : United States </s><s> International Commitments : country : United States </s><s> Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness : publication date : 2005 </s><s> Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness : inception : 2005 </s><s> Obama Administration's global development policy : inception : September 2010 </s><s> global development policy : creator : Obama Administration </s><s> foreign direct investment : instance of : trade policy </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Private Capital Group for Africa : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Overseas Private Investment Corporation : part of : USAID </s><s> OPIC reauthorization legislation : legislated by : 113 th Congress </s><s> Procurement regulations and processes : part of : USAID </s><s> USAID Forward : facet of : USAID </s><s> USAID Forward : main subject : USAID </s><s> USAID Forward : facet of : USAID Forward reform agenda </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Development Assistance </s><s> Development Assistance : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Development Assistance appropriations account </s><s> Development Assistance appropriations account : parent organization : USAID </s><s> USAID's original GDA : instance of : Development Assistance appropriations account </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : GPI </s><s> GPI : parent organization : State Department </s><s> International Diaspora Engagement Alliance : instance of : PPPs </s><s> Accelerating Markets Partnership : instance of : PPPs </s><s> International Diaspora Engagement Alliance : part of : USAID </s><s> Accelerating Markets Partnership : part of : USAID </s><s> foreign aid reform legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> foreign aid reform : legislated by : Congress </s><s> foreign aid reform : subclass of : legislation </s><s> USAID : parent organization : Congress </s><s> USAID : subsidiary : Inspector General </s><s> Inspector General : parent organization : USAID </s><s> Congress : subsidiary : USAID </s> | The flow of private sector resources to developing countries has increased significantly in recent decades. Seeking opportunity in this changing environment, government development assistance agencies such as the U.S. Agency for International Development and the State Department are working with private sector entities in unprecedented ways to determine when and if such partnerships can lead to improved development results. As explained in the Obama Administration's 2010 Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR), "private sector partners can add value to our missions through their resources, their capacity to establish presence in places we cannot, through the technologies, networks, and contacts they can tap, and through their specialized expertise or knowledge."
Modern public-private partnerships (PPPs), characterized by joint planning, joint contributions, and shared risk, are viewed by many development experts as an opportunity to leverage resources, mobilize industry expertise and networks, and bring fresh ideas to development projects. Partnering with the private sector is also widely believed to increase the likelihood that programs will continue after government aid has ended. From the private sector perspective, partnering with a government agency can bring development expertise and resources, access to government officials, credibility, and scale.
Now a decade after the formation of USAID's Global Development Alliance (GDA), PPPs for development have received mixed reviews. PPPs require significant effort to create and manage, and critics argue that inadequate data exist to demonstrate that these efforts are the most effective way to use limited development resources. Others have expressed concern about partnerships diverting resources away from proven development programs or recipients. Still others are concerned that PPPs, particularly those involving corporate partners and focusing on trade and economic growth, may lead to outsourcing of U.S. jobs. Partnership proponents have varying views as well. Some feel that the goal of mainstreaming the PPP model as a tool for development has been achieved, while others contend that the potential for using PPPs in development has only begun to be realized and that expanded partnerships are the future of development assistance.
To date, the movement toward this modern concept of development partnership has been driven by successive administrations with limited congressional involvement. However, recent reviews of U.S. foreign assistance policy, together with increasing fiscal constraints, may spur congressional action on foreign assistance reauthorization or reform in the 113th Congress. As part of this effort, Congress may consider several issues that affect or are affected by the use of PPPs, including budget and procurement policies, interagency leadership, international commitments, and the role of aid within broader development policy. This report discusses the evolution of private sector involvement in U.S. foreign assistance programs over recent decades, how globalization has driven the modern approach to development partnerships, potential benefits and drawbacks of PPPs, and how partnerships are being used by other bilateral donors and multilateral development agencies. The report then discusses partnership-related issues that may be of interest to Congress as part of the foreign assistance authorization and reform process. |
crs_RL33083 | crs_RL33083_0 | <s> Medicaid : parent organization : federal </s><s> federal : has part : states </s><s> states : part of : federal </s><s> federal : subsidiary : Medicaid </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services </s><s> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services : field of work : Medicaid </s><s> Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services : parent organization : federal government </s><s> Medicaid : parent organization : CMS </s><s> CMS : subsidiary : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : maintained by : CMS </s><s> Pension Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> child : opposite of : parent </s><s> Pension Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Section 1115 : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Section 1115 : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Section 1115 : main subject : Medicaid </s><s> waivers : author : Secretary of Health and Human Services </s><s> Secretary of Health and Human Services : applies to jurisdiction : states </s><s> State Medicaid : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> federal Medicaid rules : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Payment and Fin : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Payment and Fin : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Payment and Fin : facet of : Medicaid program </s><s> Access tocare : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Access to Care : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Access to Care : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> federal law : has part : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : part of : federal law </s><s> eligibility and benefitrules : part of : federal law </s><s> Income and Eligibility Verification System : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Income and Eligibility Verification System : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Income and Eligibility Verification System (IEVS) : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Social Security Administration : field of work : retirement benefits </s><s> Social Security Administration : industry : retirement benefits </s><s> State Wage Income Collection Agency : parent organization : Social Security Administration </s><s> Social Security Administration : subsidiary : State Wage Income Collection Agency </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : cash welfare program </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : cash welfare </s><s> medically needy : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> Section 1115 Medicaid waivers : instance of : waivers </s><s> Section 1115 Medicaid waivers : subclass of : waivers </s><s> Section 1115 Medicaid waiver : instance of : waivers </s><s> inpatient : subclass of : hospital </s><s> basic benefit rules : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> outpatient : subclass of : hospital </s><s> postpartum care : subclass of : nursing facility care </s><s> home health care : subclass of : nursing facility care </s><s> postpartum care : subclass of : health care </s><s> rehabilitation : subclass of : physical therapy </s><s> physical therapy : subclass of : medical care </s><s> mental retardation : subclass of : intermediate care facility </s><s> long-term care : part of : Medicaid </s><s> long-term care : has part : Medicaid </s><s> home healthcare : subclass of : personal care </s><s> personal care : subclass of : home healthcare </s><s> personal care : subclass of : health care </s><s> home healthcare : subclass of : health care </s><s> Section 1915(c) : part of : Social SecurityAct </s><s> Social SecurityAct : has part : Section 1915(c) </s><s> Section 1915(c) of the Social SecurityAct : point in time : 1915 </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : has part : Alabama </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : has part : Florida </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : has part : Louisiana </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : has part : Mississippi </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : has part : Texas </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : participant : Alabama </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : participant : Florida </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : participant : Louisiana </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : participant : Mississippi </s><s> five states initially declared to have publichealth emergencies due to Hurricane Katrina : participant : Texas </s><s> non-certified hospital : subclass of : emergency hospital </s><s> non-certified hospitals : subclass of : emergency hospital </s><s> non-certified hospitals : subclass of : emergency hospital services </s><s> inpatient : subclass of : outpatient </s><s> rehabilitation : facet of : mental health </s><s> inpatient : facet of : mental health </s><s> TexasMedicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> TexasMedicaid : applies to jurisdiction : Texas </s><s> Louisiana : shares border with : Texas </s><s> Texas : shares border with : Louisiana </s><s> residency question : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> MedicaidEligibility and Access : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> out-of-state : subclass of : residency question </s><s> nursing home : subclass of : institutional </s><s> nursing home : use : long-term care </s><s> nursing home : field of work : long-term care </s><s> nursing assistants : subclass of : paid direct care staff </s><s> certified nursing assistants : field of this occupation : nursing home </s><s> nursing assistants : field of this occupation : nursing homes </s><s> nursing homes : practiced by : nursing assistants </s><s> HCBS : instance of : waiver </s><s> spouse : subclass of : relatives </s><s> LTC : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> community-based housing : subclass of : housing </s><s> Long-term care : subclass of : housing </s><s> housing : part of : community </s><s> Cost-Sharing : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : has effect : survivors </s><s> Hurricane Katrina survivors : facet of : Hurricane </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : states </s><s> states : parent organization : federal government </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Statesincur Medicaid expenditures </s><s> federal medical assistance percentage : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> federal medical assistance percentage : part of : Medicaid </s><s> federal medical assistance percentage : instance of : reimbursement </s><s> aftermath : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> aftermath : has cause : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> aftermath : part of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Indian Health Service : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> Indian Health Service : parent organization : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Indian Health Service : part of : Medicaid </s><s> State Children's Health Insurance Program : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : has part : State Children's Health Insurance Program </s><s> TemporaryAssistance for Needy Families : inception : 1997 </s><s> TemporaryAssistance for Needy Families (TANF) : inception : 1997 </s><s> TemporaryAssistance for Needy Families : start time : 1997 </s><s> medical emergency : used by : medical advice </s><s> medical emergency : has cause : medical advice </s><s> medical emergency : has cause : medical services </s><s> medical emergency : subclass of : medical emergency </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : states </s><s> eligible for Medicaid : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> border : part of : states </s><s> border : subclass of : states </s><s> displaced from their home state : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Medicaid Eligibility andAccess : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid Eligibility andAccess : facet of : Medicaid program </s><s> federal rules : applies to jurisdiction : states </s><s> federal government : applies to jurisdiction : federal </s><s> federal government : has part : states </s><s> Medicaid : parent organization : federal government </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Medicaid </s><s> Section 1115 : instance of : waiver </s><s> federal government : office held by head of the organization : Secretaryof HHS </s><s> Section 1115 waiver arrangement : facet of : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Louisiana Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : Louisiana </s><s> Louisiana Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> federal : contains administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Louisiana : located in the administrative territorial entity : federal </s><s> Family Assistance Centers : operator : Federal EmergencyManagement Agency </s><s> Family Assistance Centers : parent organization : Federal EmergencyManagement Agency </s><s> Federal EmergencyManagement Agency : applies to jurisdiction : Louisiana </s><s> Hurricane Katrina Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Hurricane Katrina Medicaid : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : located in the administrative territorial entity : Mississippi </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : location : Mississippi </s><s> Mississippi Division of Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : Mississippi </s><s> Governor : applies to jurisdiction : Alabama </s><s> Alabama : office held by head of government : Governor </s><s> Alabama Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alabama </s><s> Louisiana : shares border with : Mississippi </s><s> Mississippi : shares border with : Louisiana </s><s> Texas Health and Human Services Commission : subsidiary : Texas Department of State Health Services </s><s> Texas Department of State Health Services : parent organization : Texas Health and Human Services Commission </s><s> Section 1115of the Social Security Act : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 1115of the Social Security Act </s><s> injured : subclass of : special needs </s><s> Section 1902 : point in time : 1902 </s><s> Section 1902 : point in time : Section 1902 </s><s> Section 1115 waiver authority : instance of : waivers </s><s> disaster : subclass of : natural </s><s> September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> cost-sharing : part of : Medicaid </s><s> cost-sharing : facet of : Medicaid </s><s> research : subclass of : demonstration projects </s><s> SCHIP : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> SCHIP : part of : Medicaid </s><s> SCHIP : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> New York : significant event : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Employee RetirementIncome Security Act : has part : Section 1115 </s><s> employer-sponsored health insurance : part of : Employee RetirementIncome Security Act </s><s> Employee RetirementIncome Security Act : has part : employer-sponsored health insurance </s><s> Disaster Relief Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York </s><s> Disaster Relief Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : New York </s><s> Disaster Relief Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : New York's </s><s> Section 1115 : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 1115 </s><s> terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> nursing facility : subclass of : institutional services </s><s> federalpoverty level : facet of : Medicaid eligibility </s><s> New York City : shares border with : Westchester County </s><s> Westchester County : shares border with : New York City </s><s> World Trade Center attacks : location : New York City </s><s> Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York City </s><s> New York City : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York </s><s> New York City : owner of : New York's SCHIP </s><s> September 11 attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> New York City : significant event : September 11, 2001 </s><s> fee-for-service : part of : Medicaid </s><s> non-institutionalized Medicaid : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> non-institutionalized Medicaid beneficiaries : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> Due Process Clause : part of : United StatesConstitution </s><s> United StatesConstitution : has part : Due Process Clause </s><s> Preliminaryinjunction : part of : suit </s><s> Section 1115 : point in time : 1902 </s><s> Section 1115 : part of : Section 1902 </s><s> Section 1902 : has part : Section 1115 </s><s> public assistance funds : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : New York </s><s> Secretary of HHS : appointed by : President </s><s> SocialSecurity Act : main subject : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Medicare : has part : Medicaid </s><s> physicians : field of this occupation : health care </s><s> health care : practiced by : physicians </s><s> physicians : subclass of : practitioners </s><s> Medicare Advantage : subclass of : health care </s><s> Secretary of HHS : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Secretary : part of : HHS </s><s> HHS : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> Section 1115 : instance of : waiver authority </s><s> Section1135 : instance of : waiver authority </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> President Bush : significant event : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Section1115 : author : CMS </s><s> Section1115 : instance of : emergency application template </s><s> Section1115 : legislated by : CMS </s><s> Section 1115 : applies to jurisdiction : Alabama </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Alabama : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Idaho : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Nevada : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Puerto Rico : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Texas : instance of : Section 1115 waiver </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : state plan </s><s> Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : states </s><s> Medicaid : subclass of : state plan </s><s> Texas : member of : HCBS </s><s> Tennessee : instance of : states </s><s> Texas : instance of : states </s><s> Tennessee : member of : HCBS </s><s> insurance pools : subclass of : insurance </s><s> private insurance : subclass of : insurance pools </s><s> FEMA : authority : President </s><s> Medicaid : different from : SCHIP </s><s> Medicaid : has part : SCHIP </s><s> SCHIP : different from : Medicaid </s><s> Section 1115 : instance of : demonstration waivers </s><s> Section 1115 demonstration waivers : instance of : waivers </s><s> Section 1115 : part of : CMS </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : stategovernments </s><s> Mississippi : instance of : stategovernments </s><s> Alabama : instance of : stategovernments </s><s> Louisiana : shares border with : Alabama </s><s> Mississippi : shares border with : Alabama </s><s> Alabama : shares border with : Louisiana </s><s> Alabama : shares border with : Mississippi </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : has effect : Section1115 waivers </s><s> National DisasterMedical System : parent organization : CMS </s><s> National DisasterMedical System : operator : CMS </s><s> National DisasterMedical System (NDMS) : parent organization : CMS </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Secretary of HHS : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Secretary of HHS : subsidiary : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Section 1903 : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Section 1903 </s><s> Section 1903 of the Social Security Act : point in time : 1903 </s><s> Social Security Act : point in time : 1903 </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : Titles XVIII </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : XIX </s><s> Social Security Act : has part : XXI </s><s> Titles XVIII : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> XIX : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> XXI : part of : Social Security Act </s><s> Section 1135 Waivers : used by : Secretary of HHS </s><s> PublicHealth Service Act : author : Secretary ofHHS </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : office held by head of the organization : Secretary ofHHS </s><s> PublicHealth Service Act : legislated by : Secretary ofHHS </s><s> SocialSecurity Act : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Waiver Under Section 1135 of the SocialSecurity Act : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Waiver Under Section 1135 of the SocialSecurity Act : inception : 2005 </s><s> physician : subclass of : health care professional </s><s> hospital : subclass of : health care provider </s><s> physician : subclass of : health care provider </s><s> Emergency Medical Treatmentand Labor Act : point in time : 1867 </s><s> Emergency Medical Treatmentand Labor Act : publication date : 1867 </s><s> out-of-network providers : part of : MedicareAdvantage </s><s> Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) : point in time : 1996 </s><s> HIPAA : has part : Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 </s><s> Medicare : parent organization : CMS </s><s> Medicare : operator : CMS </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : emergency situation </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : emergency situations </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : disaster relief </s><s> Section 1115 : parent organization : CMS </s><s> Section 1115 : legislated by : CMS </s><s> Federal Legislation : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : point in time : 109 </s><s> bill : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> House Committees on Energy and Commerce : part of : Ways and Means </s><s> Ways and Means : has part : House Committees on Energy and Commerce </s><s> House Proposals : part of : House Committees on Energy and Commerce </s><s> House Proposals : part of : House Committees on Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means </s><s> Alabama : instance of : directly impacted state </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : directly impacted state </s><s> Mississippi : instance of : directly impacted state </s><s> Alabama : instance of : states </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : states </s><s> Mississippi : instance of : states </s><s> disaster relief period : start time : August 29, 2005 </s><s> disaster relief period : end time : September30, 2006 </s><s> Part D : part of : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : has part : Part D </s><s> Medicaid : parent organization : HHS </s><s> SCHIP : parent organization : HHS </s><s> HHS : subsidiary : Energy and Commerce; Transportation andInfrastructure </s><s> Katrina : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Katrinaevacuees : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Katrina : located in the administrative territorial entity : Mississippi </s><s> Medicare Part D : part of : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : has part : Medicare Part D </s><s> Ways and Means : instance of : House Committees </s><s> Katrina survivors : point in time : August 28, 2005 </s><s> Katrina : point in time : August 28, 2005 </s><s> alcohol : subclass of : substance abuse </s><s> substance abuse : has part : alcohol </s><s> alcohol : has effect : substance abuse </s><s> Disaster ReliefMedicaid : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> Disaster ReliefMedicaid : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Katrina survivors : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Medicaid : applies to jurisdiction : Louisiana </s><s> Medicaid : located in the administrative territorial entity : stateof Louisiana </s><s> Judiciary, Financial Services,Energy and Commerce : has part : Senate Committee on Finance </s><s> Senate Committee on Finance : part of : Judiciary, Financial Services,Energy and Commerce </s><s> Senate Proposals : legislated by : Senate Committee on Finance </s><s> Katrina survivors : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : Medicaid </s><s> Louisiana : member of : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : part of : Medicare </s><s> SCHIP : part of : Medicare </s><s> Medicaid : different from : Medicare </s><s> major disaster area : subclass of : declared </s><s> major disaster area : subclass of : disaster period </s><s> SCHIP : parent organization : federal </s><s> major disaster area : author : President </s><s> major disaster area : creator : President </s><s> major disaster area : subclass of : state </s><s> categorized needy : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> categorically needy : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> categorized needy : subclass of : Medicaid program </s><s> SocialSecurity Disability Insurance : part of : Medicaid </s><s> SocialSecurity Disability Insurance : replaced by : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : replaces : SocialSecurity Disability Insurance </s><s> SocialSecurity Disability Insurance : instance of : federalpoverty level </s><s> Secretary of the : appointed by : President </s><s> Secretary of : appointed by : President </s><s> President : position held : Secretary of the </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : has effect : major disaster </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : major disaster </s><s> major disaster : has cause : Hurricane Katrina </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : authority : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : founded by : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : parent organization : Secretary of HHS </s><s> Medicaid : replaced by : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : replaces : Medicaid </s><s> Medicare : different from : Medicaid </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : start time : August 28, 2005 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : August 28, 2005 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Louisiana : instance of : state </s><s> Senate Budget Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> reconciliation : subclass of : budget resolution </s><s> House : instance of : committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : committees </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : end time : May 15, 2006 </s><s> FMAP : part of : Medicaid </s><s> major disaster county : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alabama </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : end time : October 1, 2005 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : October 1, 2005 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : September 1, 2005 </s><s> Cheney : position held : Vice President </s><s> Byrd rule : instance of : point of order </s><s> Byrd rule : subclass of : point of order </s><s> Secretary of HHS : part of : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Medicaid : inception : June 30, 2006 </s><s> Medicaid matching requirements : inception : June 30, 2006 </s><s> Medicaid : start time : June 30, 2006 </s> | Medicaid is jointly financed by the federal and state governments, but each state designs andadministers its own version of the program under broad federal guidelines. The complexity ofMedicaid can present an enormous challenge in meeting the needs of Hurricane Katrina's victims,especially when evacuees cross state lines. State variation in eligibility, covered services, and thereimbursement and delivery of services is the rule rather than the exception. Furthermore, althoughMedicaid is targeted at individuals with low income, not all of the poor are eligible, and not all thosecovered are poor.
As a federal-state program that helps to finance health care services for people with limitedresources, Medicaid is an obvious avenue of quick response for support of victims in the aftermathof a disaster. The program's federal budgetary status as mandatory spending means that federalfunding is available to support coverage for all people who meet the program's eligibility criteria,without the need for a supplemental appropriation.
However, the ability of Medicaid to respond to a disaster -- in terms of the numbers and typesof people who can rely on it for health care support -- may depend on a number of factors, includingcongressional action to modify statutory provisions (e.g., the level of federal Medicaidreimbursement offered to states), the Secretary of Health and Human Services' ability to waivecertain program requirements administratively (e.g., regarding eligibility and benefits), and actionsof the states (each of whom operates its own unique Medicaid program within federal guidelines).
This report, which will be updated as events warrant, discusses the following:
Medicaid's rules on eligibility, benefits, and financing in the context of currentquestions and issues raised by Hurricane Katrina.
Recent state actions in response to Medicaid issues raised by thehurricane.
Federal Medicaid waiver authority, including information on current activityin this area and the New York Disaster Relief Medicaid waiver granted in response to the September11 terrorist attacks.
Current federal legislation related to Medicaid and Hurricane Katrina reliefefforts. |
crs_R44153 | crs_R44153_0 | <s> Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance : instance of : wage supplement program </s><s> Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance : instance of : wage supplement </s><s> most recent reauthorization : has effect : T rade Adjustment Assistance for Workers </s><s> Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> exports : subclass of : international trade </s><s> Expanded trade : subclass of : reduced barriers to international trade </s><s> Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2015 : point in time : June 2015 </s><s> Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act : point in time : 2015 </s><s> Trade Promotion Authority : instance of : fast track </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Trade Promotion Authority : instance of : trade agreements </s><s> enacted by TAARA : point in time : 2015 </s><s> retroactivity : subclass of : provisions </s><s> federal government : instance of : funded by the federal government </s><s> federal government : parent organization : federal government </s><s> federal government : part of : federal government </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : part of : reauthorization law </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : instance of : TAA </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : has cause : reauthorization law </s><s> appropriates : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriates : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> Trade Readjustment Allowance : instance of : wage insurance </s><s> Trade Readjustment Allowance : instance of : wage insurance program </s><s> Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance : instance of : wage insurance </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> sequestration : part of : Budget Control Act of 2011 </s><s> sequestration : facet of : Budget Control Act of 2011 </s><s> wage insurance : subclass of : income support </s><s> wage insurance : instance of : income support </s><s> income support : instance of : wage insurance </s><s> One-Stop Career Centers : subclass of : American Job Centers </s><s> District of Columbia : instance of : 50 states </s><s> American Job Center : applies to jurisdiction : 50 states </s><s> articles : subclass of : goods </s><s> services : subclass of : goods </s><s> goods : different from : services </s><s> services : different from : goods </s><s> USITC : country : United States </s><s> USITC workers : country : United States </s><s> United States : instance of : country </s><s> imports : opposite of : exports </s><s> exports : opposite of : imports </s><s> Determinations of TAA petitions : published in : Federal Register </s><s> Determinations of TAA petition : published in : Federal Register </s><s> website : part of : Federal Register </s><s> Federal Register : publisher : DOL </s><s> Federal Register : owned by : DOL </s><s> Federal Register : maintained by : DOL </s><s> Appeals for judicial review : subclass of : judicial review </s><s> Appeals for judicial review : facet of : judicial review </s><s> Trade Readjustment Allowance : instance of : AJCs </s><s> unemployment compensation : subclass of : benefits </s><s> extended unemployment benefits : subclass of : unemployment compensation </s><s> unemployment compensation : subclass of : unemployment benefits </s><s> health insurance : instance of : benefits and services </s><s> Training and Reemployment Services : instance of : benefits and services </s><s> Training and Reemployment Services : instance of : benefits </s><s> job search : subclass of : relocation </s><s> job search : has part : relocation </s><s> relocation : subclass of : job search </s><s> federal : has part : states </s><s> states : part of : federal </s><s> governmental agencies : part of : TAA </s><s> occupational skills training : subclass of : training </s><s> remedial : subclass of : occupational skills training </s><s> on-the-job : subclass of : training </s><s> secondary school diploma : instance of : credential </s><s> industry-recognized credential : subclass of : diploma </s><s> industry-recognized credential : instance of : credential </s><s> Higher Education : instance of : state agency </s><s> Higher Education Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Higher Education : subclass of : state agency </s><s> Pell Grants : instance of : federal student aid </s><s> Pell Grants : instance of : student aid </s><s> Pell Grants : subclass of : student aid </s><s> case management : subclass of : employment services </s><s> case management : facet of : case management and employment services </s><s> case management and employment services : subclass of : reemployment services </s><s> per diem : subclass of : subsistence </s><s> per diem : instance of : subsistence </s><s> per diem rate : subclass of : subsistence </s><s> Relocation Allowance : subclass of : income support payment </s><s> commuting area : subclass of : commuting </s><s> UC benefits : instance of : income support payment </s><s> federal government : subsidiary : Treasury </s><s> Treasury : parent organization : federal government </s><s> TRA : instance of : unemployment insurance </s><s> Massachusetts : instance of : states </s><s> Arizona : instance of : states </s><s> TRA : instance of : income support </s><s> TRA benefit : instance of : income support </s><s> degree : different from : credential </s><s> credential : different from : degree </s><s> degree : different from : industry-recognized credential </s><s> industry-recognized credential : different from : degree </s><s> degree : subclass of : credential </s><s> wage supplement : subclass of : entitlement </s><s> Wage supplement : subclass of : entitlement </s><s> wage supplement : subclass of : welfare </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : instance of : tax credit </s><s> health coverage Tax Credit : instance of : tax credit </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : subclass of : tax credit </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : part of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : has part : Health Coverage Tax Credit </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit (HCTC) : part of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> TRA : instance of : benefits received </s><s> TRA : instance of : benefits </s><s> TRA : subclass of : benefits received </s><s> postsecondary : subclass of : credential </s><s> earning : subclass of : earnings </s><s> postsecondary : instance of : credential </s><s> first TAA programs : point in time : 1962 </s><s> first TAA programs : inception : 1962 </s><s> Trade Act : inception : 1962 </s><s> Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 : point in time : 1988 </s><s> Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 : point in time : 1981 </s><s> Trade Act of 1974 : point in time : 1974 </s><s> North American Free Trade Agreement : has part : Mexico </s><s> North American Free Trade Agreement : has part : Canada </s><s> Mexico : member of : North American Free Trade Agreement </s><s> Canada : member of : North American Free Trade Agreement </s><s> Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : part of : Trade Act of 2002 </s><s> Trade Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Health Coverage Tax Credit : inception : 2002 </s><s> service sector : part of : public sector </s><s> service sector : opposite of : public sector </s><s> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act : instance of : reauthorization </s><s> Trade Adjustment Assistance Extension Act : point in time : October 2011 </s><s> implementing bills : instance of : free trade agreements </s><s> three implementing bills : participant : Colombia </s><s> three implementing bills : participant : Panama </s><s> Sunset and Termination Provisions of 2011 Reauthorization : point in time : December 31, 2013 </s><s> Sunset and Termination Provisions of 2011 Reauthorization : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 : point in time : 2015 </s><s> 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Reversion 2014 provisions : part of : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 : has part : Reversion 2014 provisions </s><s> Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2015 : main subject : Trade Promotion Authority </s><s> Reversion 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s> | Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) provides federal assistance to workers who have involuntarily lost their jobs due to foreign competition. It was last reauthorized by the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2015 (TAARA; Title IV of P.L. 114-27). This report discusses the TAA program as enacted by TAARA.
To be eligible for TAA, a group of workers must establish that they were separated from their employment either because their jobs moved outside the United States or because of an increase in directly competitive imports. Workers at firms that are suppliers to or downstream producers of TAA-certified firms may also be eligible for TAA benefits. Private sector workers who produce goods or services are eligible for TAA benefits.
To establish eligibility for TAA benefits, a group of trade-affected workers (or their representative) must petition the Department of Labor (DOL) and a DOL investigation must verify the role of increased foreign trade in the workers' job losses. Once a petition is certified by DOL, covered workers may apply for individual benefits.
Individual benefits are funded by the federal government and administered by state agencies through their workforce systems and unemployment insurance systems. Benefits available to individual workers include the following:
Training and reemployment services are designed to assist workers in preparing for and obtaining new employment. Training subsidies are the largest reemployment services expenditure and support workers in developing skills for a new occupation. Workers may also receive case management services and job search assistance. In some cases, workers who pursue employment outside their local commuting area may be eligible for job search or relocation allowances. Trade Readjustment Allowance (TRA) is a weekly income support payment for TAA-certified workers who have exhausted their unemployment compensation (UC) and who are enrolled in an eligible training program. Weekly TRA payments are equal to the worker's final weekly UC benefit. Workers may collect UC and TRA for a combined maximum of 130 weeks, the final 13 of which are only available if necessary for the worker to complete a qualified training program. Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance (RTAA) is a wage insurance program available to certified workers age 50 and over who obtain reemployment at a lower wage. The wage insurance program provides a cash payment equal to 50% of the difference between the worker's new wage and previous wage, up to a two-year maximum of $10,000. The Health Coverage Tax Credit is a credit equal to 72.5% of qualified health insurance premiums. Eligibility is aligned with TRA. Unlike other TAA benefits, it is administered through the tax code.
TAA is a mandatory program that is supported through annual appropriations. Appropriations for the program in FY2018 were $790 million. |
crs_R40913 | crs_R40913_0 | <s> abundance of natural resources : country : United States </s><s> abundant of natural resources : country : United States </s><s> natural resources : country : United States </s><s> conservation of domestic resources : subclass of : energy efficiency </s><s> conservation : subclass of : energy efficiency </s><s> conservation of domestic resources : facet of : energy efficiency </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Department of Energy : field of work : renewable energy </s><s> Department of Agriculture : subsidiary : Small Business Administration </s><s> Small Business Administration : parent organization : Department of Agriculture </s><s> Energy Star : instance of : website </s><s> The Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency : instance of : website </s><s> Administration budget request : subclass of : budget </s><s> Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy : parent organization : U.S. Department of Energy </s><s> Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy : part of : Department of Energy </s><s> Biomass : subclass of : Bioenergy </s><s> Water Power Program : facet of : Water Power </s><s> Water Power Program : subclass of : Solar Energy Technologies Program </s><s> Building Technologies Program : facet of : Buildings </s><s> Vehicle Technologies Program : instance of : Inventions and Innovations Program </s><s> Vehicle Technologies Program : part of : Inventions and Innovations Program </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Dissemination, Outreach, Training, and Technical Analysis/Assistance Grant Program : part of : Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs : has part : Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Dissemination, Outreach, Training, and Technical Analysis/Assistance Grant Program </s><s> Renewable Energy Production Incentive : part of : Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs </s><s> Small Business Innovation Research Program : country : U.S. </s><s> Small Business Technology Transfer Program : country : U.S. </s><s> Financial Assistance Program (Office of Science) : country : U.S. </s><s> Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs : author : CRS </s><s> Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs : author : CRS Report </s><s> Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs : instance of : CRS Report </s><s> Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders : instance of : Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction </s><s> Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders : instance of : Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit </s><s> Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders : subclass of : Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Tax Deduction </s><s> Energy and Mineral Development Program : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program : part of : Energy and Mineral Development Program </s><s> FHA PowerSaver Loan Program : parent organization : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development </s><s> FHA PowerSaver Loan Program : part of : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development </s><s> Energy Efficient Mortgages (EEMs) : parent organization : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants Program : parent organization : Fannie Mae </s><s> Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants Program : operator : Fannie Mae </s><s> Fannie Mae : field of work : Renewable Energy </s><s> Renewable Energy Grants (1603 Program) : facet of : Renewable Energy </s><s> Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program : instance of : Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology Deployment, Demonstration, and Commercialization Grant Program </s><s> Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program : facet of : Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology </s> | Energy is crucial to the operation of a modern industrial and services economy. Concerns about the availability and cost of energy and about environmental impacts of fossil energy use have led to the establishment of a wide variety of federal incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency. These incentives are aimed at the implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and the development and commercialization of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.
Many of the existing energy efficiency and renewable energy programs have authorizations tracing back to the 1970s. Many of the programs have been reauthorized and redesigned repeatedly to meet changing economic factors. The programs apply broadly to sectors ranging from industry to academia, and from state and local governments to rural communities.
Since 2005, Congress has enacted several major energy laws: the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005; P.L. 109-58); the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA; P.L. 110-140); the Energy Improvement and Extension Act (EIEA), enacted as Division B of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA; P.L. 110-343); and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5). Each of those laws established, expanded, or modified energy efficiency and renewable energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) programs. The Department of Energy (DOE) operates the greatest number of efficiency and renewable energy incentive programs. The Department of the Treasury and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) operate several programs. A few programs can also be found among the Departments of the Interior (DOI), Labor (DOL), Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and Veterans Affairs (VA), and the Small Business Administration (SBA).
This report describes federal programs that provide grants, loans, loan guarantees, and other direct or indirect incentives for energy efficiency, energy conservation, and renewable energy. For each program, the report provides the administering agency, authorizing statute(s), annual funding, and the program expiration date. The appendixes provide summary information in a tabular format and also list recently expired programs. |
crs_RL34018 | crs_RL34018_0 | <s> petroleum : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> petroleum : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> carbon dioxide : has effect : global warming </s><s> global warming : has cause : carbon dioxide </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generating facilities : has part : carbon dioxide </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has part : carbon dioxide </s><s> CO 2 emissions : facet of : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> ozone : has part : NOx </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : greenhouse gases </s><s> SO 2 : instance of : greenhouse gases </s><s> NOx : instance of : greenhouse gases </s><s> SO 2 : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> NOx : instance of : greenhouse gas </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : pollutants </s><s> two air quality proposals : point in time : February 2002 </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Title IV of the Clean Air Act </s><s> Title IV of the Clean Air Act : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : Title IV </s><s> Title IV : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : 108 th Congress </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : 109 th Congress </s><s> 1992 UNFCCC : point in time : 1992 </s><s> 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> Clinton : participant in : 1992 UNFCCC </s><s> proposed Legislation and Legislative Action in the 110th Congress : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110th Congress : follows : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : followed by : 110th Congress </s><s> proposed legislation and Legislative Action in the 110th Congress : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> four-pollutant proposals : main subject : carbon dioxide </s><s> S. 2724 : legislated by : 109 th Congress </s><s> carbon dioxide : subject has role : pollutants </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : Hg </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : NOx </s><s> CO 2 caps : subclass of : emission caps </s><s> Clean Air Act Amendments : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) : point in time : 1990 </s><s> SO 2 allowance trading scheme : part of : Clean Air Act Amendments </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : CO </s><s> tradeable allowance : instance of : emission caps </s><s> utilities : instance of : economic sectors </s><s> sectors : has part : interests </s><s> interests : part of : sectors </s><s> utilities : instance of : economic sectors and interests </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : mercury </s><s> Title IV : main subject : CO 2 </s><s> Title IV program : main subject : CO 2 </s><s> credit trading : subclass of : cap-and-trade </s><s> credit trading : different from : cap-and-trade </s><s> cap-and-trade : different from : credit trading </s><s> credit trading : different from : cap-and-trade program </s><s> cap-and-trade program : different from : credit trading </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generation : subclass of : greenhouse gases </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generation : subclass of : greenhouse gas </s><s> voluntary programs : subclass of : voluntary reductions </s><s> comparing apples to oranges : subclass of : legally binding </s><s> comparing apples to oranges : facet of : legally binding </s><s> CO 2 reduction requirements : facet of : CO 2 emissions </s><s> methane : subject has role : greenhouse gas </s><s> sulfur hexafluoride : subject has role : greenhouse gas </s><s> New Source Performance Standards : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : New Source Performance Standards </s><s> New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Prevention of Significant Deterioration : different from : Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate </s><s> Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate : different from : Prevention of Significant Deterioration </s><s> Prevention of Significant Deterioration : followed by : Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate </s><s> carbon monoxide : has parts of the class : Hg </s><s> PSD Class 1 : part of : PSD-BACT </s><s> PSD-BACT : instance of : particulate matter standard </s><s> New Source Review : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> New Source Review : main subject : SO 2 </s><s> New Source Review : facet of : SO 2 </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : main subject : CO 2 </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : has part : NOx </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : has part : SO 2 </s><s> Clean Air Interstate Rule : main subject : NOx </s> | With the prospect of new layers of complexity being added to air pollution controls, and with electricity restructuring putting a premium on economic efficiency, interest is being expressed in finding mechanisms to achieve health and environmental goals in simpler, more cost-effective ways. The electric utility industry is a major source of air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and mercury (Hg), as well as unregulated greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). At issue is whether a new approach to environmental protection could achieve the nation's air quality goals more cost-effectively than the current system.
One approach being proposed is a "multi-pollutant" strategy—a framework based on a consistent set of emissions caps, implemented through emissions trading. Just how the proposed approach would fit with the current (and proposed) diverse regulatory regimes remains to be worked out; they might be replaced to the greatest extent feasible, or they might be overlaid by the framework of emissions caps.
In February 2002, the Bush Administration announced two air quality initiatives. The first, "Clear Skies," would amend the Clean Air Act to place emission caps on electric utility emissions of SO2, NOx, and Hg. Implemented through a tradeable allowance program, the emissions caps would generally be imposed in two phases: 2008 and 2018. "Clear Skies" was re-introduced in the 109th Congress as S. 131. The second initiative begins a voluntary greenhouse gas reduction program. This plan, rather than capping CO2 emissions, focuses on improving the carbon efficiency of the economy, reducing 2002 emissions of 183 metric tons per million dollars of GDP to 151 metric tons per million dollars of GDP in 2012.
In the 110th Congress, five bills have been introduced that would impose multi-pollutant controls on utilities. They are all four-pollutant proposals that include carbon dioxide. S. 1168 and S. 1177 are revised versions of S. 2724, introduced in the 109th Congress. S. 1201 and S. 1554 are expanded and revised versions of S. 150, introduced in the 109th Congress, while H.R. 3989 is a new proposal. All of these bills involve some form of emission caps, beginning in the 2009-2012 time frame, with all but S. 1554 including a second phase in 2013-2015 (CO2 only for H.R. 3989). They would employ a tradeable credit program to implement the SO2, NOx, and CO2 caps; all but H.R. 3989 permit plant-wide averaging in complying with the Hg requirements. The provisions concerning SO2, NOx, and Hg in the 110th Congress bills are generally more stringent than the comparable provisions of S. 131 of the 109th Congress. It is difficult to compare the CO2 caps contained in these bills with the Administration's proposal concerning CO2—both because the Administration's proposal is voluntary rather than mandatory and because it is broader (covering all greenhouse gas emissions rather than just utility CO2 emissions). |
crs_RS22921 | crs_RS22921_0 | <s> Economic conditions in China : country : China </s><s> Economic conditions in China : facet of : China's economy </s><s> China's economy : country : China </s><s> stock : part of : financial market </s><s> rise and fall of China's stock and real estate markets : has cause : hot money </s><s> real estate : part of : financial market </s><s> East Asian Financial Crisis : point in time : 1997 </s><s> Thailand : part of : Southeast Asia </s><s> Southeast Asia : has part : Thailand </s><s> Thailand : part of : Southeast Asian </s><s> Southeast Asian : has part : Thailand </s><s> trade surplus : opposite of : deficit </s><s> trade surplus : different from : accumulated trade surplus </s><s> accumulated trade surplus : different from : trade surplus </s><s> trade surplus : different from : deficit </s><s> deficit : different from : trade surplus </s><s> Zhang Ming : member of : Chinese Academy of Social Sciences </s><s> Li Deshui : employer : National Bureau of Statistics </s><s> Zhang Ming : employer : Chinese Academy of Social Sciences </s><s> China Investment Corporation : instance of : sovereign wealth fund </s><s> raising of reserve requirements : point in time : 2008 </s><s> federal funds rate : country : United States </s><s> federal funds rate : authority : U.S. Federal Reserve </s><s> federal funds rate : part of : U.S. Federal Reserve </s><s> hot money : subclass of : speculators </s><s> RMB : owned by : People's Bank of China </s><s> RMB : authority : People's Bank of China </s><s> managed float : inception : July 21, 2005 </s><s> managed float : opposite of : fixed exchange rate </s><s> fixed exchange rate policy : end time : July 21, 2005 </s><s> Academy for Social Sciences : country : China </s><s> Academy for Social Sciences : country : China's </s><s> China's Academy for Social Sciences : country : China </s><s> false foreign direct investment : subclass of : foreign direct investment </s><s> exports : opposite of : imports </s><s> over-reported or false foreign direct investment : subclass of : foreign direct investment </s><s> RMB : instance of : currencies </s><s> federal deficits : country : United States </s><s> U.S. subprime crisis : country : U.S. </s><s> consumer price index : country : China </s><s> producer price index : country : China </s><s> consumer price index : point in time : 2008 </s><s> money supply : has effect : inflation </s><s> China's money supply : has effect : inflation </s><s> inflation : has cause : money supply </s><s> ratio of reserves : facet of : commercial bank </s><s> ratio of reserves : facet of : bank </s><s> ratio of reserves : subclass of : commercial bank </s><s> RMB : opposite of : dollar </s><s> dollar : opposite of : RMB </s><s> appreciation in the RMB : opposite of : dollar </s><s> managed float : subclass of : revaluation </s><s> managed float : instance of : revaluation </s><s> maintained float : different from : managed revaluation </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> economic weakness in the United States : point in time : 2008 </s><s> first six months of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Wang Qishan : position held : Vice Premier </s><s> Wang Qishan : work period (start) : May 9, 2008 </s><s> Wang Qishan : inception : May 9, 2008 </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> oil and gas : instance of : economic sectors </s><s> high technology : instance of : economic sectors </s><s> federal deficit : country : United States </s><s> federal deficit : country : U.S. </s><s> U.S. federal deficit : country : United States </s><s> economic reforms : country : China </s><s> currency policy : country : China </s><s> one of the fastest growing economies : country : China </s><s> hot money inflows : facet of : hot money issue </s><s> free floating exchange rate : facet of : hot money inflows </s><s> hot money issue : facet of : inflation </s> | China has experienced a sharp rise in the inflow of so-called "hot money," foreign capital entering the country supposedly seeking short-term profits, especially in 2008. Chinese estimates of the amount of "hot money" in China vary from $500 billion to $1.75 trillion. The influx of "hot money" is contributing to China's already existing problems with inflation. Efforts to reduce the inflationary effects of "hot money" may accelerate the inflow, while actions to reduce the inflow of "hot money" may threaten China's economic growth, as well as have negative consequences for the U.S. and global economy. This report will be updated as circumstances warrant. |
crs_RL30850 | crs_RL30850_0 | <s> House of Representatives : instance of : legislative body </s><s> extraordinary majority votes : subclass of : majorities </s><s> House of Representatives : opposite of : Senate </s><s> compromise : subclass of : consensus </s><s> compromise : subclass of : legislative process </s><s> Senate's rules : part of : Senate </s><s> pragmatism : subclass of : principle </s><s> pragmatism : opposite of : principle </s><s> principle : opposite of : pragmatism </s><s> continuing body : subclass of : parliamentary </s><s> Senate : instance of : continuing body </s><s> continuing body : subclass of : parliamentary sense </s><s> rules governing : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate's rules governing : part of : Senate </s><s> Rules governing : legislated by : Senate </s><s> bipartisan : opposite of : partisan </s><s> bipartisan : different from : partisan </s><s> partisan : opposite of : bipartisan </s><s> end debate : subclass of : effective debate </s><s> effective debate : subclass of : natural flow of discussion </s><s> effective debate : subclass of : effective flow of discussion </s><s> cloture : subclass of : extraordinary majority vote </s><s> cloture : uses : extraordinary majority vote </s><s> extraordinary majority vote : used by : cloture </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : rollcall vote </s><s> rollcall vote : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : rollcall votes </s><s> committee : part of : Senate </s><s> Committee : part of : Senate </s><s> cloture : subclass of : vote </s><s> cloture rule : different from : Senate Rule XXVI </s><s> cloture rule : part of : Senate </s><s> Senate Rule XXVI : different from : cloture rule </s><s> opponents : opposite of : supporters </s><s> supporters : opposite of : opponents </s><s> legislative calendar : part of : Senate </s><s> legislative calendar : part of : Senate's </s><s> Senate's legislative calendar : instance of : calendar day </s><s> unanimous consent request : facet of : legislation </s><s> Congress : has part : Senator </s><s> Senator : part of : Congress </s><s> motion to proceed : subclass of : debatable motion </s><s> motion to proceed : subclass of : filibuster </s><s> motion to proceed : subclass of : debatable motion to proceed </s><s> cloture : part of : Senate rules </s><s> cloture : subclass of : motion to proceed </s><s> invoke cloture : part of : Senate rules </s><s> Morning Hour : part of : legislative day </s><s> adjournment : part of : legislative day </s><s> legislative day : has part : adjournment </s><s> motion to proceed : subclass of : motion </s><s> Senate reconvenes : different from : Senate recesses </s><s> motion to proceed : different from : motion to adjourn </s><s> majority leader : subclass of : leader </s><s> filibuster : opposite of : hold </s><s> filibuster : different from : hold </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : motion </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : motion to proceed to consideration </s><s> filibuster : subclass of : motion to proceed to consideration of the bill in question </s><s> cloture : part of : two-speech rule </s><s> two-speech rule : has part : cloture </s><s> motions to recommit the bill to committee : subclass of : motions </s><s> motion to recommit the bill to committee : subclass of : motions </s><s> votes on any of them : has part : motions to recommit the bill to committee </s><s> motion to table : subclass of : votes </s><s> votes : has part : motion to table </s><s> motion to table : part of : votes </s><s> votes on or in connection with each amendment : subclass of : votes </s><s> point of order : used by : presiding officer </s><s> roll call : subclass of : votes </s><s> votes : part of : roll call </s><s> simple majority : subclass of : quorum </s><s> simple majority : instance of : quorum </s><s> absence of a quorum : subclass of : quorum </s><s> call the roll : used by : presiding officer </s><s> adjourn : different from : quorum </s><s> rollcall vote : participant : presiding officer </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senate </s><s> majority leader : part of : Senators </s><s> united minority party : subclass of : dilatory tactics </s><s> cloture vote : part of : procedural </s><s> withhold their consent : instance of : procedural </s><s> withhold their consent : subclass of : procedural </s><s> majority leader : different from : majority floor manager </s><s> majority floor manager : different from : majority leader </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : consent </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : consent to an agreement </s><s> Complex unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : unanimous consent agreement </s><s> Complex unanimous consent agreement : instance of : unanimous consent agreement </s><s> majority leader : has part : majority floor manager </s><s> majority floor manager : part of : majority leader </s><s> cloture : subclass of : motion </s><s> Senators : has part : majority leader </s><s> Senators : office held by head of the organization : majority leader </s><s> adjourn : subclass of : motions </s><s> recess : subclass of : motions </s><s> recess : subclass of : motions to adjourn </s><s> Senate rule governing recognition : part of : Rule XIX </s><s> Rule XIX : part of : Senate rule governing recognition </s><s> Senate rule governing recognition : has part : Rule XIX </s><s> motion to adjourn : subclass of : motion </s><s> majority : subclass of : leaders </s><s> majority leader : part of : majority </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : bills </s><s> majority leader : opposite of : minority leader </s><s> minority leader : opposite of : majority leader </s><s> Rule XIV : facet of : Senate resolution </s><s> Rule XIV : main subject : unanimous consent </s><s> Rule XIV : part of : Senate resolution </s><s> non-debatable motion : subclass of : motion </s><s> Morning Hour : has part : morning business </s><s> morning business : part of : Morning Hour </s><s> Morning Hour : subclass of : Senate resolution </s><s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : subclass of : vote </s><s> unanimous consent agreement : different from : vote on a motion for its consideration </s><s> vote on a motion for its consideration : different from : unanimous consent agreement </s><s> first time : followed by : second reading </s><s> second reading : follows : first time </s><s> second reading : followed by : third reading </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : bill </s><s> referred to it : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> joint resolution : instance of : parliamentary status </s><s> unanimous consent : different from : motion to consider it </s><s> motion to consider it : different from : unanimous consent </s><s> unanimous consent : different from : motion to consider </s><s> motion to consider : different from : unanimous consent </s><s> general appropriations : subclass of : budget </s><s> cloture : uses : unanimous consent </s><s> budget : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> motion to table the amendment : part of : legislative procedures </s><s> motion to table : part of : legislative procedures </s><s> motion to table the amendment : part of : Senate's legislative procedures </s><s> congressional : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : congressional </s><s> veto : part of : congressional </s><s> passage : followed by : enactment </s><s> passage : has effect : enactment </s><s> amendments : part of : bill </s><s> Comity : subclass of : cooperation </s><s> Comity : opposite of : cooperation </s><s> Comity and cooperation : facet of : Senate </s> | The rules of the Senate emphasize the rights and prerogatives of individual Senators and, therefore, minority groups of Senators. The most important of these rules allows unlimited debate on a bill or amendment unless an extraordinary majority votes to invoke cloture. Senators can use their right to filibuster, and simply the threat of a filibuster, to delay or prevent the Senate from even considering a bill they oppose. The Senate's rules also are a source of other minority rights, including the right to propose non-germane amendments to most bills and to prevent bills from being referred to committees that might not consider and report them.
This report will be revised when necessary to reflect significant changes in relevant Senate rules, precedents, and practices. |
crs_R41774 | crs_R41774_0 | <s> widely accepted interpretation : court : Supreme Court </s><s> commonly accepted interpretation : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Willie Davis : place of birth : Greenville, Alabama </s><s> Arizona v. Gant : court : Supreme Court </s><s> New York v. Belton : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Weeks v. United States : publication date : 1914 </s><s> Weeks v. United States : point in time : 1914 </s><s> Weeks v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> in 1961 : court : Supreme Court </s><s> state actors : opposite of : federal actors </s><s> federal actors : opposite of : state actors </s><s> Davis : court : Supreme Court </s><s> decision in Davis : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Davis : court : Supreme Court jurisprudence </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : searches and seizures </s><s> Fourth Amendment : main subject : searches and seizures </s><s> criminal justice system : has part : trial </s><s> trial : part of : criminal justice system </s><s> good-faith exception : instance of : exception </s><s> good-faith exception : court : Supreme Court </s><s> good-faith exception : subclass of : exception </s><s> Herring v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> States v. Leon : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Davis : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : good-faith exception </s><s> good-faith exception : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : good-faith exception's </s><s> good-faith exception's : part of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> United States v. Heller : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Williams : court : Supreme Court </s><s> United States v. Ramos : court : federal circuit courts of appeals </s><s> United States v. Davis : has effect : direct review </s><s> United States v. Davis : main subject : direct review </s><s> Fourth : instance of : constitutionally mandated </s><s> Herring : instance of : culpability standard </s><s> Herring : main subject : culpability </s><s> Herring : instance of : culpability </s><s> Danforth v. Minnesota : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Danforth v. Minnesota : court : Supreme Court's </s><s> Danforth v. Minnesota : applies to jurisdiction : Supreme Court </s><s> good-faith exception : instance of : case law </s><s> good-faith exception : part of : case law </s><s> case law applying the good-faith exception : instance of : case law </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : police search </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : unconstitutional police searches </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : police searches </s><s> culpability standard : part of : Herring </s><s> culpability standard : facet of : Herring </s><s> Justice : part of : Supreme Court </s><s> Sotomotomous : position held : Justice </s><s> Supreme Court : office held by head of the organization : Justice </s><s> Supreme Court : has part : Justice </s><s> Sotomotomously : position held : Justice </s><s> earlier opinion in Davis : court : Eleventh Circuit </s><s> earlier opinion in Davis : applies to jurisdiction : Eleventh Circuit </s><s> Sotomayor : position held : Justice </s><s> precedent : facet of : legal questions </s><s> precedent : facet of : legal question </s><s> evidentiary exclusion : subclass of : precedents </s><s> deliberate : different from : culpable </s><s> culpable : different from : deliberate </s><s> evidentiary exclusion : facet of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Ginsburg : spouse : Justice Breyer </s><s> dissent : facet of : dissent </s><s> Breyer : spouse : Justice Ginsburg </s><s> Davis : applies to jurisdiction : lower courts' </s><s> Davis : applies to jurisdiction : lower courts </s><s> Second : facet of : law </s><s> vitiate : facet of : justice </s><s> justice : facet of : principles of fairness </s><s> justice : facet of : fairness </s><s> Fourth Amendment : part of : constitutional law </s><s> federal circuit courts : opposite of : lower court </s><s> lower court : opposite of : federal circuit courts </s><s> federal circuit courts : part of : U.S. Supreme Court </s><s> good-faith exception : part of : Supreme Court's exclusionary rule jurisprudence </s><s> dissent : facet of : Supreme Court's exclusionary rule jurisprudence </s><s> Exclusionary Rule Reform Act of 1995 : legislated by : 104 th Congress </s><s> Exclusionary Rule Reform Act of 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Exclusionary Rule Reform Act : legislated by : 104 th Congress </s><s> Davis v. United States : court : Supreme Court </s><s> Herring standard : facet of : unconstitutional search </s><s> Herring standard : main subject : unconstitutional search </s><s> Herring standard : instance of : unconstitutional search </s><s> Exclusionary rule jurisprudence : facet of : Fourth Amendment </s><s> Fourth Amendment : has part : legislatively </s><s> Exclusionary rule jurisprudence : instance of : narrows the rule's applicability </s><s> binding : subclass of : precedent </s><s> appellate precedent : subclass of : jurisprudence </s><s> non-binding : opposite of : binding </s> | In Davis v. United States, the Supreme Court held that evidence seized in violation of the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights is admissible at trial when the police seized the evidence in good-faith reliance on "binding appellate precedent." The petitioner in that case, Willie Davis, was a passenger in a car that was stopped by police for a traffic violation. The police arrested the driver for driving while intoxicated and Davis for giving a false name. After handcuffing Davis and placing him in the back of a patrol car, the police searched the passenger compartment of the car in which Davis had been riding. The police found a revolver inside Davis's jacket, and Davis was convicted of possessing a firearm as a convicted felon.
At the time of the search, the police were acting in conformity with controlling Eleventh Circuit precedent. However, after Davis was convicted and had filed an appeal, the Supreme Court ruled that this type of vehicle search incident to arrest was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment. Nevertheless, when Davis's appeal reached the Court, it held that even though the search was unconstitutional, the gun it produced was admissible under the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.
The exclusionary rule bars evidence obtained in an unconstitutional search from being introduced at trial. The rule is a pragmatic doctrine intended to deter Fourth Amendment violations. It traditionally applies when (1) no exception, such as the good-faith exception, bars its operability; (2) exclusion will achieve "appreciable deterrence" of Fourth Amendment violations; and (3) the benefits of evidentiary suppression outweigh its burdens on the justice system.
In 2009, the Supreme Court broadened the good-faith exception when it announced in Herring v. United States that unconstitutionally obtained evidence is admissible at trial unless the evidence was the product of "deliberate" and "culpable" police misconduct. Davis was the first Supreme Court case to apply the Herring standard. The case furthers the impression that police culpability is now the sole relevant factor in determining whether the exclusionary rule applies. The Court rejected Davis's contentions that other relevant factors include whether the exclusionary rule's application would facilitate the development of Fourth Amendment law and whether a recently announced Fourth and Fifth Amendment rule applies retroactively. Two Justices dissented from the Court's opinion. One Justice concurred in the judgment but rejected the Court's view that police culpability is the dispositive factor in an assessment of whether the exclusionary rule applies.
Congress has occasionally considered legislation codifying the exclusionary rule or its good-faith exception. The scope of Congress's authority to enact or modify exclusionary rule jurisprudence depends on the extent to which the exclusionary rule is constitutionally required. The Supreme Court in Davis emphasized that the exclusionary rule's application is not constitutionally mandated by either the Fourth Amendment or the retroactivity doctrine. Accordingly, Davis supports the view that Congress has substantial authority to mandate the exclusionary rule's applicability or inapplicability in federal court cases. |
crs_R41867 | crs_R41867_0 | <s> Russia : shares border with : China </s><s> China : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> freedom : instance of : human rights </s><s> democracy : instance of : human rights </s><s> freedom : part of : democracy </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : candidacy in election : re-election in 2013 </s><s> re-election in 2013 : successful candidate : Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : position held : Mongolian President </s><s> United States : member of : United Nations </s><s> United States : significant event : Iraq </s><s> United States : significant event : Afghanistan </s><s> Iraq : participant : United Nations </s><s> Afghanistan : participant : United Nations </s><s> North : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : North </s><s> Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party : political ideology : communist </s><s> Mongolia : contains administrative territorial entity : Ulaanbaatar </s><s> Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party : country : Mongolia </s><s> Ulaanbaatar : located in the administrative territorial entity : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : legislative body : State Great Hural </s><s> State Great Hural : country : Mongolia </s><s> State Great Hural : applies to jurisdiction : Mongolia </s><s> free and fair elections : country : Mongolia </s><s> freedom of speech : has part : freedom of press </s><s> State Department : country : sovereign country </s><s> State Department : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia's democratic development : country : Mongolia </s><s> Corruption Perceptions Index : maintained by : Transparency International </s><s> Corruption Perceptions Index : publisher : Transparency International </s><s> Corruption Perceptions Index : country : Denmark </s><s> Nambaryn Enkhbayar : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Nambaryn Enkhbayar : position held : President </s><s> rule of law : subclass of : human rights </s><s> rule of law : facet of : human rights </s><s> his son : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party : inception : 2011 </s><s> Mongolian People's Party : inception : 2011 </s><s> Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party : different from : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> Mongolian People's Party : different from : Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party </s><s> Bank Ki-moon : position held : UN Secretary General </s><s> UN Secretary General : officeholder : Bank Ki-moon </s><s> UN : office held by head of the organization : Secretary General </s><s> Bank Ki-moon : employer : UN </s><s> Bank Ki-moon : position held : Secretary General </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : member of political party : DP </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : member of political party : DP [Democratic Party] </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : member of political party : DP (Democratic Party) </s><s> next presidential election : point in time : 2017 </s><s> presidential election : point in time : 2017 </s><s> presidential election scheduled for 2017 : point in time : 2017 </s><s> National Security Council : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> National Security Council : office held by head of the organization : head of state </s><s> President : subclass of : head of state </s><s> parliamentary elections : office contested : Prime Minister </s><s> speaker : part of : State Great Hural </s><s> Democratic Party : followed by : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> Mongolian People's Party : followed by : Democratic Party </s><s> Democratic Party : follows : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> Democratic Party : replaced by : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> President : appointed by : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> Prime Minister : appointed by : Mongolian People's Party </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : position held : President </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : candidacy in election : re-elected to a second four-year term in June 2013 </s><s> re-elected to a second four-year term in June 2013 : successful candidate : Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj </s><s> most recent parliamentary election : successful candidate : Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj </s><s> Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj : candidacy in election : most recent parliamentary election </s><s> molybdenum : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> silver : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> iron : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> phosphates : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> nickel : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> zinc : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> fluorspar : instance of : rare earth element </s><s> molybdenum : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> silver : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> iron : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> phosphates : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> nickel : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> zinc : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> fluorspar : subclass of : rare earth elements </s><s> molybdenum : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> silver : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> iron : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> nickel : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> zinc : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> fluorspar : instance of : rare earth elements </s><s> Mongolia : member of : World Bank </s><s> mineral exports : country : Mongolia </s><s> World Bank : country : Mongolia </s><s> currency pressures : country : Mongolia </s><s> economic development : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : instance of : economic development </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Kazakhstan </s><s> Gobi desert : country : Mongolia </s><s> National Security Concept : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : Mongolia </s><s> a massive copper and gold mine : country : Mongolia </s><s> trade : participant : China </s><s> trade with and investment : participant : China </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi Copper and Gold Deposit : country : Mongolia </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi Copper and Gold Deposit : located in the administrative territorial entity : Oyu Tolgoi </s><s> Mongolia : legislative body : parliament </s><s> parliament : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Asian Development Bank </s><s> Asian Development Bank : country : Mongolia </s><s> Asian Development Bank : different from : Asian Development Bank </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi mine : country : Mongolia </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi mine : end time : 2013 </s><s> 2013 Investment Law of Mongolia : point in time : 2013 </s><s> 2013 Investment Law of Mongolia : point in time : November 1, 2013 </s><s> Strategic Entities Foreign Investment Law of Mongolia : point in time : 2012 </s><s> state-owned companies : opposite of : private firms </s><s> telecommunications : subclass of : services </s><s> telecommunications : instance of : services sector </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> U.S.-Mongolia Transparency Agreement : point in time : September 2013 </s><s> Mongolia : legislative body : Mongolian parliament </s><s> Mongolian parliament : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolian parliament : applies to jurisdiction : Mongolia </s><s> bribery : subclass of : corruption </s><s> bribery : has effect : corruption </s><s> bribery : facet of : corruption </s><s> Mongolia : member of : World Trade Organization </s><s> free-trade agreement : creator : World Trade Organization </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi : located on terrain feature : South Gobi Desert </s><s> Tavan Tolgoi : located on terrain feature : South Gobi Desert </s><s> Oyu Tolgoi : product or material produced : copper </s><s> Tavan Tolgoi : product or material produced : coking coal </s><s> Escondido copper mine : country : Chile </s><s> Escondido copper mine : product or material produced : copper </s><s> Ivanhoe Mines : country : Canada </s><s> Turquoise Hill Resources : country : Australia </s><s> Rio Tinto Group : country : Australia </s><s> Turquoise Hill Resources : owned by : Rio Tinto Group </s><s> Rio Tinto Group : owner of : Turquoise Hill Resources </s><s> Tavan Tolgoi Coal Deposit : part of : Tavan Tolgoi deposit </s><s> Government of Mongolia : country : Mongolia </s><s> Tavan Tolgoi Coal Deposit : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tavan Tolgoi </s><s> coking coal : subclass of : coal </s><s> coking coal : use : steel </s><s> coking coal : part of : steel </s><s> Concept of Foreign Policy : country : Mongolia </s><s> 2011 Concept of Foreign Policy : country : Mongolia </s><s> International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan : inception : 2003 </s><s> Iraq War : location : Iraq </s><s> Afghanistan : participant in : Operation Enduring Freedom </s><s> Operation Enduring Freedom : location : Afghanistan </s><s> Chuck Hagel : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Secretary of Defense : officeholder : Chuck Hagel </s><s> Department of Defense : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> United States : contains administrative territorial entity : Alaska </s><s> Alaska National Guard : country : United States </s><s> District of Columbia : country : United States </s><s> MINURCAT : country : Chad </s><s> MINURCAT : country : Central African Republic </s><s> UNM : country : Sudan </s><s> Department of Defense : country : United States </s><s> Khaan Quest : instance of : peacekeeping </s><s> Ethiopia and Eritrea : member of : UNOMIG </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Japan </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> Japan : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Japan : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Japan </s><s> Mongolia : member of : United Nations </s><s> Group of 77 : member of : United Nations </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> North Korea : member of : international organizations </s><s> Vietnam : member of : international organizations </s><s> Laos : member of : international organizations </s><s> Cuba : member of : international organizations </s><s> North Korea : member of : international organization </s><s> Vietnam : member of : international organization </s><s> Laos : member of : international organization </s><s> Cuba : member of : international organization </s><s> North Korea : instance of : international organization </s><s> Vietnam : instance of : international organization </s><s> Laos : instance of : international organization </s><s> Cuba : instance of : international organization </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Mongolia : member of : International Criminal Court </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Asia Europe Meeting </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe </s><s> Mongolia : member of : Shanghai Cooperation Organization </s><s> 1990 democratic revolution : country : Mongolia </s><s> India : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> India : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Brazil : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Brazil : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Laos : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Laos : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Cambodia : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Cambodia : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Burma : member of : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation </s><s> Burma : member of : Association of Southeast Asian Nations </s><s> Community of Democracies : instance of : inter-governmental coalition </s><s> Open Government Partnership : instance of : multilateral initiative </s><s> Freedom Online Coalition : instance of : inter-governmental coalition </s><s> Mongolia : capital : U </s><s> U : capital of : Mongolia </s><s> 5 th Freedom Online Conference : location : U </s><s> The Hague : country : The Netherlands </s><s> The Netherlands : capital : The Hague </s><s> Relations with the United States : country : Mongolia </s><s> perestroika : participant : Mikhail Gorbachev </s><s> United States Embassy in Mongolia : inception : 1988 </s><s> Mikhail Gorbachev : country of citizenship : Soviet Union </s><s> Soviet Union : head of state : Mikhail Gorbachev </s><s> 1990 democratic revolution : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Afghanistan : member of : United Nations </s><s> Dennis Hastert : position held : House Speaker </s><s> John Boehner : position held : House Minority Leader </s><s> Bilateral Investment Treaty : point in time : 1994 </s><s> Trade and Investment Framework Agreement with Mongolia : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Trade and Investment Framework Agreement : point in time : 2004 </s><s> Trade and Investment Framework Agreement with Mongolia : inception : 2004 </s><s> USAID : field of work : foreign assistance </s><s> economic growth in Mongolia : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : country : Mongolia </s><s> State Department : country : United States </s><s> personal protective equipment : subclass of : communications equipment </s><s> State Department : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> International Military Education and Training : country : Mongolia </s><s> Army War College : country : U.S. </s><s> Army War College : instance of : command and staff colleges </s><s> Military Engagement : country : Mongolia </s><s> Millennium Challenge Corporation : country : United States </s><s> Peace Corps volunteers have served in Mongolia : part of : Peace Corps </s><s> agreement : facet of : Peace Corps </s><s> agreement that brought the Peace Corps to Mongolia : facet of : Peace Corps </s><s> Department of Commerce : subsidiary : International Trade Administration </s><s> International Trade Administration : parent organization : Department of Commerce </s><s> Department of Commerce's : subsidiary : International Trade Administration </s><s> International Trade Administration : parent organization : Department of Commerce's </s><s> Soviet Union : significant event : World War II </s><s> main rail line : country : Soviet Union </s><s> Erdenet copper and molybdenum mine : inception : 1978 </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Chinese </s><s> Chinese : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Erdenet copper and molybdenum mine : start time : 1978 </s><s> withdrew its last troops from Mongolia in 1992 : point in time : 1992 </s><s> withdrew its last troops from Mongolia : point in time : 1992 </s><s> collapse of the Soviet Union : country : Soviet Union </s><s> Russian President : officeholder : Vladimir Putin </s><s> Vladimir Putin : position held : Russian President </s><s> Russian Railways : instance of : state-owned company </s><s> Erdenet copper mine : instance of : state-owned company </s><s> Hu Jintao : position held : Chinese President </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : Russian </s><s> Russian : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> Peacekeeping Mission 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Chinese President : officeholder : Xi Jinping </s><s> Xi Jinping : position held : Chinese President </s><s> China Daily : country : China </s><s> Russia : member of : Asia Pacific Economic Coooperation </s><s> Chalco : product or material produced : aluminum </s><s> Chalco : instance of : state-owned enterprises </s><s> China : contains administrative territorial entity : Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region </s><s> Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region : country : China </s><s> the Dalai Lama : religion : Tibetan Buddhism </s><s> Dalai Lama : religion : Tibetan Buddhism </s><s> Tibet : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tibet Autonomous Region </s><s> 3 rd Dalai Lama : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> 2 nd Dalai Lama : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> 1 st : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> 4 th Dalai Lama : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> Dalai Lama : officeholder : 4 th Dalai Lama </s><s> Dalai Lama : religious order : Gelugpa </s><s> Gelugpa : subclass of : Tibetan Buddhism </s><s> the 14 th : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> 14 th Dalai Lama : position held : Dalai Lama </s><s> Dalai Lama : officeholder : 14 th Dalai Lama </s><s> Mongolia : diplomatic relation : Japan </s><s> Japan : diplomatic relation : Mongolia </s><s> relations : inception : 1972 </s><s> democratic revolution : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolian wrestlers : sport : sumo </s><s> Economic Partnership Agreement : instance of : free-trade agreement </s><s> historical ties : country : Korean peninsula </s><s> historical ties : facet of : Korean peninsula </s><s> Soviet Union : diplomatic relation : Democratic People's Republic of Korea </s><s> Democratic People's Republic of Korea : diplomatic relation : Soviet Union </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : China </s><s> China : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> Rajin-Sonbong port : located in the administrative territorial entity : Tianjin </s><s> North Korea : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : North Korea </s><s> South Korea : contains administrative territorial entity : Ulaan </s><s> Ulaan : country : South Korea </s><s> Mongolian-North Korean relations : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia : contains administrative territorial entity : Baatar </s><s> Baatar : country : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia's role as a transit stop for North Korean refugees arriving from China : point in time : 2004 </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> North Korea : head of state : Kim Jong Un </s><s> South Korea : shares border with : United States </s><s> Kim Jong Un : father : his father </s><s> Kim Jong Un : educated at : Kim Il Sung University </s><s> Law of Mongolia on Its Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status : applies to jurisdiction : Mongolia </s><s> Law of Mongolia on Its Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status : country : Mongolia </s><s> Jargalsaikhan Enkhsaikhan : employer : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> Mongolia : member of : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> uranium : instance of : essential fuel </s><s> Sino-Soviet split : point in time : 1960 </s><s> Britain : member of : Permanent Five </s><s> China : member of : Permanent Five </s><s> France : member of : Permanent Five </s><s> Russia : member of : Permanent Five </s><s> United States : member of : Permanent Five </s><s> Britain : part of : Permanent Five </s><s> China : part of : Permanent Five </s><s> France : part of : Permanent Five </s><s> Russia : part of : Permanent Five </s><s> United States : part of : Permanent Five </s><s> Mongolia : member of : P-5 countries </s><s> P-5 countries : has part : Mongolia </s><s> Mongolia's single-state NWFZ : country : Mongolia </s> | Mongolia is a sparsely populated young democracy in a remote part of Asia, sandwiched between two powerful large neighbors, China and Russia. It made its transition to democracy and free market reforms peacefully in 1990, after nearly 70 years as a Soviet satellite state. A quarter of a century later, the predominantly Tibetan Buddhist nation remains the only formerly Communist Asian nation to have embraced democracy. Congress has shown a strong interest in Mongolia since 1990, funding assistance programs, approving the transfer of excess defense articles, ratifying a bilateral investment treaty, passing legislation to extend permanent normal trade relations, and passing seven resolutions commending Mongolia's progress and supporting strong U.S.-Mongolia relations.
Congressional interest is Mongolia has focused on the country's story of democratic development. Since passing a democratic constitution in 1992, Mongolia has held six direct presidential elections and six direct parliamentary elections. The State Department considers Mongolia's most recent elections to have been generally "free and fair" and said that in 2013, Mongolia "generally respected" freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and association. It raised concerns, however, about corruption and lack of transparency in government affairs.
On the economic front, Mongolia's mineral wealth, including significant reserves of coal, copper, gold, and uranium, offers investment opportunities for American companies. Foreign investors and the U.S. government have criticized Mongolia's unpredictable investment climate, however. In the fall of 2013, Mongolia passed a new investment law and, after years of negotiations, signed a transparency agreement with the United States. Both developments served to reassure investors, although the Mongolian parliament has yet to ratify the transparency agreement.
Mongolia was among the first nations to join the coalition for the Iraq War and its troops have been deployed in Afghanistan since 2003. It is also an active contributor of troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and, with the United States, hosts an annual multinational peacekeeping exercise in Mongolia known as Khaan Quest.
Mongolia is an active participant in many international organizations, in which it often supports U.S. positions. It has also been an active member of international groupings dedicated to promoting democracy, including the Community of Democracies, for which it held the rotating chairmanship from 2011 to 2013. In the summer of 2014, Mongolia took over the rotating chairmanship of the Freedom Online Coalition, which describes itself as "an inter-governmental coalition committed to advancing Internet freedom—free expression, association, assembly, and privacy online—worldwide." Mongolia is also in the process of joining the Open Government Partnership, a White House-backed multilateral initiative.
Mongolia seeks to maintain "balanced relations" with its two immediate neighbors, China and Russia. China has emerged as Mongolia's largest trading partner and foreign investor. Russia is Mongolia's largest source of energy products. Mongolia has diplomatic relations with both North and South Korea and has sought to play a role in reducing tensions on the Korean Peninsula. To ensure its continued independence and sovereignty, Mongolia has also prioritized the development of relations with so-called "third neighbors," countries that do not border Mongolia, but have close ties to Mongolia. That list includes the United States. In 1992, Mongolia declared itself a single-state nuclear-weapons-free zone; in 2012, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council each pledged to respect the designation. |
crs_RL34570 | crs_RL34570_0 | <s> Member voting : subclass of : voting </s><s> Member voting : part of : legislature </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 : publication date : 1970 </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (LRA) : point in time : 1970 </s><s> rules change : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Rules change : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> rules change : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> Constitution : author : Jefferson </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : House </s><s> Jefferson : notable work : Constitution </s><s> Manual and Rules of the House of Representatives of the United States : publication date : 1970 </s><s> Manual and Rules of the House of Representatives of the United States : publisher : Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 91 st Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : different from : House Administration Committee </s><s> Stuarts : country : ancient British </s><s> Stuarts : country : ancient British practice </s><s> 91 st Congress : follows : First </s><s> First : followed by : 91 st Congress </s><s> House rule in the 91 st Congress on voting : part of : First </s><s> Speaker : part of : House </s><s> House : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : part of : Congress </s><s> 1754 : point in time : 17654 </s><s> LRA : point in time : 17654 </s><s> 1764 : point in time : 1764 </s><s> Rules Committee : instance of : committee of jurisdiction </s><s> Rules Committee : has part : House Rules Committee </s><s> House Rules Committee : part of : Rules Committee </s><s> Rules Committee : part of : House </s><s> Robert McClory : position held : Representative </s><s> automated voting : subclass of : electronic voting system </s><s> Roll-call voting : replaced by : automated voting </s><s> automated voting : replaces : Roll-call voting </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : roll call </s><s> Rules of the House of Representatives : published in : Congressional Record </s><s> Congressional Record : part of : Rules of the House of Representatives </s><s> McClory : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Representative McClory : member of political party : Republican </s><s> John McClory : member of political party : Republican </s><s> ghost voting : subclass of : voting system </s><s> ghost voting : instance of : voting system </s><s> may : different from : shall </s><s> shall : different from : may </s><s> John F. Kennedy School of Government : part of : Harvard University </s><s> House : has part : committees </s><s> committees : part of : House </s><s> John F. Kennedy : position held : President </s><s> Special Subcommittee on Electrical and Mechanical Office Equipment : parent organization : House Administration Committee </s><s> Special Subcommittee on Electrical and Mechanical Office Equipment : part of : House Administration Committee </s><s> Robert L. Waggonner Jr. : member of : House Administration Committee </s><s> Richard M. Nixon : position held : President </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Rules Committee </s><s> Rules Committee : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Congressional Record : main subject : Members </s><s> Congressional Record : owned by : Members </s><s> Congressional Record : publisher : Committee of the Whole </s><s> first-degree amendment : part of : precedents of the House </s><s> first-degree amendment : instance of : precedents of the House </s><s> first-degree amendment : part of : precedents of the House generally allowed a recorded vote in the House </s><s> invasion of Cambodia : part of : Vietnam War </s><s> invasion of Cambodia : legislated by : 91 st Congress </s><s> invasion : location : Cambodia </s><s> Thomas P. Tip O'Neill Jr. : member of political party : Democratic </s><s> Charles S. Gubser : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Democratic : opposite of : Republican </s><s> Republican : opposite of : Democratic </s><s> John F. Kennedy : position held : President of the United States </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Members </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Congress </s><s> House : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Nixon : position held : President </s><s> 1970 LRA : point in time : 1970 </s><s> O'Neill-Gubser amendment : point in time : 1970 </s><s> 92 nd Congress : instance of : Congresses </s><s> 92 nd Congress : instance of : House rules </s><s> 92 nd Congress : instance of : new Congresses </s><s> 92 nd Congress : followed by : current Congress </s><s> current Congress : follows : 92 nd Congress </s><s> 92 nd Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress </s><s> 106 th Congress : follows : 92 nd Congress </s><s> Members : followed by : Delegates </s><s> Members : has part : Delegates </s><s> Delegates : part of : Members </s><s> Delegates : follows : Members </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : procedural </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : procedural determination </s><s> 106 th Congress : has part : House rules </s><s> Speaker : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> quorum : subclass of : voting </s><s> quorum : use : voting </s><s> Rules : subclass of : precedents </s><s> LRA of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> LRA : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : presiding officers </s><s> Committee of the Whole : subclass of : resolving </s><s> Committee of the Whole : subclass of : resolving the House </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Rules Committee </s><s> Rules Committee : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : House </s><s> yea-and-nay vote : subclass of : procedural consequence </s><s> LRA of 1970 : publication date : 1970 </s><s> Thomas P. Tip O'Neill Jr. : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Thomas P. Tip O'Neill : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Thomas P. Tip O'Neill Jr. : position held : Speaker </s><s> voice vote : subclass of : recorded vote </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : parliamentary inquiries </s><s> parliamentary inquiries : has part : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Speaker's Count in Support of the Yeas and Nays : part of : 101 st Congress </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : presiding officer </s><s> Congressional Record : has part : 102 nd Congress </s><s> Congressional Record : author : Speaker </s><s> 102 nd Congress : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : Member </s><s> point of order : subclass of : legislated </s><s> point of order : used by : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> 104 th Congress : point in time : 104 </s><s> Rules Change : part of : 104 th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : start time : 104 </s><s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : bill </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : bill </s><s> resolution : subclass of : bill </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> bill : different from : resolution </s><s> resolution : different from : bill </s><s> 1934 : point in time : 1934 </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : House </s><s> House Rules and Manual : author : Committee on Rules </s><s> 104 th Congress : follows : 104 th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : followed by : 104 th Congress </s><s> Rules Committee : chairperson : Gerald B. Solomon </s><s> 104 th Congress : start time : 1909 </s><s> Gerald B. Solomon : member of : Rules Committee </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 105 th Congress </s><s> 105 th Congress : has part : House </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : House Rules Committee </s><s> Committee of the Whole : parent organization : House Rules Committee </s><s> Committee of the Whole : instance of : committee of jurisdiction </s><s> Committee of the Whole : instance of : Committee of jurisdiction </s><s> Rules of the House of Representatives : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : parent organization : Rules Committee </s><s> energy bill : point in time : December 1973 </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : House proceedings </s><s> Congressional pay raise : participant : Members </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 96 th Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : instance of : quorum </s><s> Committee of the Whole : subclass of : quorum </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> 94 th Congress : followed by : 95 th Congress </s><s> 95 th Congress : follows : 94 th Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : different from : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : instance of : Committee </s><s> point of order : different from : quorum </s><s> point of order : different from : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : different from : point of order </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Members </s><s> 97 th Congress : has part : Members </s><s> Members : part of : 97 th Congress </s><s> point of order : facet of : legislation </s><s> point of order : part of : legislation </s><s> Congressional Record : collection : House </s><s> Richard A. Gephardt : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> Tom Ridge : position held : Representative </s><s> Richard A. Gephardt : occupation : Majority Leader </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : chairman </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : Chairman </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : chairman of the Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : inception : 1970 </s><s> House Rules and Manual : instance of : parliamentarian's notes </s><s> Speaker : part of : Congresses </s><s> Speaker : part of : House rules </s><s> House rules : used by : Speaker </s><s> 96 th Congress : follows : 93 rd Congress </s><s> 93 rd Congress : followed by : 96 th Congress </s><s> resolutions : subclass of : bills </s><s> bills : followed by : resolutions </s><s> bill : followed by : resolution </s><s> Rule of legislative business : part of : Private Calendar </s><s> Private Calendar : instance of : Rule </s><s> Private Calendar : has part : Rule 6 </s><s> votes to be postponed and clustered : subclass of : motions </s><s> votes : used by : presiding officer </s><s> votes : participant : presiding officer </s><s> Speaker : officeholder : Carl Albert </s><s> Carl Albert : position held : Speaker </s><s> de novo : subclass of : de novo </s><s> 3373 : instance of : de novo </s><s> de novo : instance of : de novo </s><s> rule XXVII : main subject : Speaker </s><s> cluster vote : subclass of : motions </s><s> cluster votes : subclass of : motions </s><s> 96 th Congress : instance of : House </s><s> cluster vote : subclass of : bills </s><s> Rule XV : used by : Speaker </s><s> resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Rule XV : main subject : Speaker </s><s> vote by electronic device : subclass of : rollcall </s><s> electronic device : use : rollcall vote </s><s> rollcall vote : subclass of : vote by electronic device </s><s> motion to recommit : instance of : procedural </s><s> motion to recommit : subclass of : procedural </s><s> Jim Wright : position held : Speaker </s><s> Jim Wright : member of political party : Democratic </s><s> Jim Wright : member of political party : Republican </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : rollcall vote </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : rollcall votes </s><s> quorum calls : subclass of : rollcall votes </s><s> Rule I : legislated by : Rules Committee </s><s> motions to suspend the rules : part of : Rule I </s><s> motions to suspend the rules : part of : Rule XV </s><s> motions to suspend the rules : subclass of : motions </s><s> 98 th Congress : office contested : Speaker </s><s> Committee on Rules : field of work : resolutions </s><s> 98 th Congress : followed by : 100th Congress </s><s> Parren J. Mitchell : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : part of : Representative </s><s> Representative : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> Rule I : part of : 99 th Congress </s><s> Speaker : different from : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : different from : Speaker </s><s> Rule I : legislated by : 99 th Congress </s><s> 99 th Congress : followed by : 100 th Congress </s><s> motions to suspend the rules : subclass of : votes </s><s> 100 th Congress : follows : 99 th Congress </s><s> 101st : followed by : 105th Congresses </s><s> Rules Changes, 101st through 105th Congresses : part of : 101 st Congress </s><s> 101st through 105th Congresses : has part : 101 st Congress </s><s> 101 st Congress : part of : 101st through 105th Congresses </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 102 nd Congress </s><s> roll call : different from : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : different from : roll call </s><s> roll call : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> Rule IX : instance of : rules change </s><s> Rules IX : main subject : privileges of the House </s><s> motion to suspend the rules : subclass of : roll-call vote </s><s> 105 th Congress : follows : 105 th Congress </s><s> 105 th Congress : followed by : 105 th Congress </s><s> 102 nd Congress : followed by : 105th Congresses </s><s> 101st : followed by : 102 nd Congress </s><s> 102 nd Congress : follows : 101st </s><s> 103 rd Congress : followed by : 104 th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : follows : 103 rd Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : presiding officer </s><s> 105 th Congress : point in time : 105 </s><s> votes on motions to suspend the rules : part of : 105 th Congress </s><s> 101 st Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress </s><s> Rules Changes, 106th Congress to Present : part of : 106 th Congress </s><s> 101 st Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress (1999-2001) </s><s> rule on five-minute votes : subclass of : record vote </s><s> Rule XV : instance of : rule on five-minute votes </s><s> Committee of the Whole : chairperson : chairman </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 107 th Congress </s><s> 109th Congress : follows : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : followed by : 109th Congress </s><s> 109 : followed by : 108 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : House </s><s> House : office held by head of the organization : presiding officer </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 : legislated by : 92 nd Congress </s><s> electronic voting system : subclass of : voting </s><s> first recorded teller vote : point in time : March 3,1903 </s><s> first recorded teller vote : point in time : March 3,1954 </s><s> Speaker : headquarters location : House chamber </s><s> Speaker : location : House chamber </s><s> Albert : position held : Speaker </s><s> Congressional Record for March 3 : point in time : March 3 </s><s> Electronic Voting : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Electronic Voting : inception : 1973 </s><s> Electronic Voting : start time : 1973 </s><s> 92 nd Congress : followed by : 93 rd Congress </s><s> 93 rd Congress : follows : 92 nd Congress </s><s> Speaker : officeholder : Nancy Pelosi </s><s> Nancy Pelosi : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker Albert : position held : Speaker </s><s> 92 nd Congress : followed by : next Congress </s><s> next Congress : follows : 92 nd Congress </s><s> Voting by electronic device : subclass of : electronic voting system </s><s> Wayne L. Hays : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Wayne L. Hays : position held : Speaker </s><s> Wayne L. Hays : position held : House Administration Committee Chair </s><s> [recorded] teller vote : subclass of : voting machine </s><s> Pairs : part of : Rule XV </s><s> Voting by electronic device : subclass of : vote </s><s> Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 : point in time : 70 </s><s> voting by electronic device : use : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : voting by electronic device </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : recorded vote </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : Members </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> Hays : position held : House Administration Committee </s><s> Hays : employer : House Administration Committee </s><s> Hays : position held : House Administration Committee Chairman </s><s> John M. Ashbrook : position held : Speaker </s><s> Chairman Hays : position held : Speaker </s><s> John M. Ashbrook : position held : Chairman Hays </s><s> Chairman Hays : position held : Chairman </s><s> Chairman Hays : member of : Members </s><s> Democrats : opposite of : Republicans </s><s> Republicans : opposite of : Democrats </s><s> Democrats' : opposite of : Republicans' </s><s> Republicans' : opposite of : Democrats' </s><s> 90 th : followed by : 91 st Congresses </s><s> 90 th : followed by : 91 st Congress </s><s> 90 th : followed by : 91 st </s><s> State government : applies to jurisdiction : Pennsylvania </s><s> Pennsylvania : legislative body : State government </s><s> State government of Pennsylvania : legislative body : general assembly </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : quorum </s><s> quorum call : uses : quorum </s><s> quorum call : facet of : quorum </s><s> ballot card : used by : tally clerk </s><s> tally clerk : uses : ballot card </s><s> tally clerk : item operated : ballot card </s><s> Hays : position held : House Administration Chairman </s><s> point of order : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> point of order : subclass of : quorum calls </s><s> Instances of failures in the electronic voting system in 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> occurrences of failures in the electronic voting system in 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> Instruments of failures in the electronic voting system in 1973 : point in time : 1973 </s><s> notice quorum : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : different from : notice quorum </s><s> notice quorum : different from : quorum call </s><s> 94th : followed by : 105th Congresses </s><s> 94 th Congress : followed by : 105th Congresses </s><s> 94th : followed by : 105th </s><s> Speaker : part of : parliamentary </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : Representative </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : Representative Bauman </s><s> Constitutionality : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitutionality : has part : House rules </s><s> rules of the House : part of : Constitution </s><s> Speaker : part of : rules of the House </s><s> Committee of the Whole : chairperson : Speaker </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Speaker </s><s> 1994 th Congress : followed by : 95 th Congress </s><s> 102 nd Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Members Changing Their Vote : main subject : 102 nd Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : Speakers </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : rollcall </s><s> rollcall : followed by : quorum call </s><s> rollcall : has effect : quorum call </s><s> 103 rd Congress : end time : 1995 </s><s> 103 rd Congress : instance of : House </s><s> 103 rd Congress : has part : House </s><s> Newt Gingrich : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Newt Gingrich : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker Foley : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker Foley's : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker Foley : position held : Member </s><s> address to the House : office contested : Speaker </s><s> address to the House : participant : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> his address to the House : participant : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> Allowing Late-Arriving Members to Vote/Changing an Outcome : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Members Attempting to Vote : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> Allowing Late-Arriving Members to Vote/Changing an Outcome : start time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> 106 th Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress (1999-2001) </s><s> 106 th Congress (1999-2001) : follows : 106 th Congress </s><s> House rules : legislated by : House </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : Speaker </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : appointed by : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : Member </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : Member </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : Chamber </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : applies to jurisdiction : Chamber </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : appointed by : Clerk of the House </s><s> House : has part : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> House : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Bill Thomas : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> House Administration Committee : chairperson : Bill Thomas </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : 107 th Congress </s><s> 107 th Congress : office contested : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> House Rules and Manual : part of : parliamentarian's notes </s><s> 108 th Congress : office contested : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tem </s><s> Speaker pro tem : member of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Speaker pro tem : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Inoperative Electronic Voting System : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Inoperative Electronic Voting System, and the Electronic vote : point in time : 1970 </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : voting </s><s> record vote : different from : quorum call </s><s> quorum call : different from : record vote </s><s> 102 nd Congress : followed by : 102 nd Congress </s><s> Speaker Foley : position held : Speakers </s><s> Speaker Gingrich : position held : Speakers </s><s> Speaker Gingrich : position held : Speaker </s><s> House Rule XV : part of : 91 st Congress </s><s> Voting by Electronic Device : part of : 91 st Congress </s><s> House Rule XV : applies to jurisdiction : 91 st Congress </s><s> Speaker : part of : parliamentarian </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : parliamentarian </s><s> Rule XV : publication date : January 3, 1969 </s><s> Rule XV : inception : January 3, 1969 </s><s> Rule XV : point in time : January 3, 1969 </s><s> 92 nd Congress : end time : 1973 </s><s> 92 nd Congress : officeholder : Speaker Albert </s><s> House rules : part of : 92 nd Congress </s><s> Speaker : different from : Speaker </s><s> House Administration Committee : office held by head of the organization : Chairman </s><s> Hays : member of : House Administration Committee </s><s> 93 rd Congress : start time : January 15, 1973 </s><s> electronic voting system : inception : January 15, 1973 </s><s> quorum call : facet of : voting by electronic device </s><s> voting by electronic device : subclass of : electronic voting system </s><s> Committee of the Whole : office held by head of the organization : Chair </s><s> 96 th Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : Representative </s><s> 96 th Congress : office contested : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> John M. Ashbrook : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : different from : presiding officer </s><s> presiding officer : different from : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Mickey Edwards : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : subclass of : Chair </s><s> Speaker : officeholder : Jim Wright </s><s> 103 rd Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> 103 rd Congress : followed by : 104th Congress </s><s> 104 th Congress : chairperson : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> 104 th Congress : head of government : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> Speaker Gingrich : participant in : 104 th Congress </s><s> dispute over a vote on June 21, 1995 : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> dispute over a vote : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> a dispute over a vote on June 21, 1995 : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> Dick Armey : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : Dick Armey </s><s> Richard A. Gephardt : position held : Minority Leader </s><s> Committee of the Whole : significant event : June 21 vote </s><s> Committee of the Whole : inception : June 21 </s><s> Thomas M. Foglietta : member of political party : Democratic </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Chamber </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : the Chamber </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Members Attempting to Vote : main subject : Voting by electronic device </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Members Attempting to Vote : point in time : 1970 </s><s> 105 th Congress : chairperson : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> 106th Congress : follows : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : followed by : 106th Congress </s><s> Minority Leader : officeholder : Nancy Pelosi </s><s> Nancy Pelosi : position held : Minority Leader </s><s> 110 th Congress : member of political party : Democrats </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Exchanging a Vote for a Benefit : main subject : 110 th Congress </s><s> voting by electronic device : instance of : method of voting </s><s> 110 th Congress : officeholder : Speaker Pelosi </s><s> voting by electronic device : subclass of : method of voting </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : appointed by : Members </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : appointed by : Speaker XX </s><s> card : subclass of : electronic device </s><s> establishment : opposite of : reversal </s><s> establishment : opposite of : reversal of an already-established outcome </s><s> reversal of an already-established outcome : opposite of : establishment </s><s> preamble : part of : resolution </s><s> shall : part of : preamble </s><s> clause 2(a) : part of : rule XX </s><s> argument : has part : point of order </s><s> argument : uses : point of order </s><s> argument on a point of order : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Members Changing Their Vote : part of : House Rules and Manual </s><s> Members Changing Their Vote : published in : House Rules and Manual </s><s> House Rules and Manual : author : parliamentarian </s><s> 94 th Congress : start time : September 22, 1975 </s><s> 94 th Congress (1975-1977) : start time : September 22, 1975 </s><s> 94 th Congress : inception : September 22, 1975 </s><s> Speaker : applies to jurisdiction : House </s><s> Speaker Albert : position held : Speaker of the House </s><s> 109 th Congress : follows : 95 th Congress </s><s> 95 th Congress : followed by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : headquarters location : Hall of the House </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : First Congress </s><s> First Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> military service : conflict : wartime </s><s> Military Service : conflict : wartime </s><s> House Rules and Manual : author : Parliamentarian's </s><s> Rules and Precedents after the LRA : legislated by : 94 th Congress </s><s> Rules and Precedents after the LRA : part of : 94 th Congress </s><s> Rule VIII : part of : 94 th Congress </s><s> Nicholas Longworth : position held : Speaker </s><s> conflict of interest : subclass of : personal interest </s><s> point of order : used by : presiding officer </s><s> 96 th Congress : instance of : point of order </s><s> presiding officer : uses : point of order </s><s> Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : part of : 96 th Congress </s><s> Ghost Voting : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Ghost Voting : point in time : 1970 </s><s> 106 th Congress : follows : 113th Congress </s><s> 106 th Congress : follows : 106 th Congress </s><s> Congressional Record : author : Clerk </s><s> Congressional Record : author : clerk </s><s> Congressional Record : maintained by : Clerk </s><s> vote : participant : Members </s><s> Pairing : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> vote : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> Live pair : published in : Congressional Record </s><s> Live pair : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> policies on electronic voting : point in time : January 15, 1973 </s><s> policies on electronic voting : publication date : January 15, 1973 </s><s> 94 th Congress : followed by : 106 th Congress </s><s> 106th Congress : follows : 94 th Congress </s><s> quorum call by call of the roll : subclass of : record vote </s><s> record vote : subclass of : quorum call by call </s><s> record vote : subclass of : quorum call by call of the roll </s><s> unanimous consent : part of : House rules </s><s> H : instance of : House rules </s><s> H. : instance of : House rules </s><s> Voting Rights Act of 1917 : point in time : 1917 </s><s> Congressional Record : has part : Members </s><s> Members : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> electronic voting system : inception : January 23, 1973 </s><s> first use of the electronic voting system : point in time : January 23, 1973 </s><s> House Rules and Manual : part of : House Rules and Manual </s><s> Congressional Record : has part : Journal and Record </s><s> Journal and Record : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> Congressional Record : part of : Journal and Record </s><s> Congressional Record : different from : Journal and Record </s><s> Journal and Record : different from : Congressional Record </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Inoperative Display Boards : legislated by : 106 th Congress </s><s> Congressional Record : publisher : Journal </s><s> Issues Related to Voting since 1970: Inoperative Display Boards : part of : 106 th Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : has part : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 103 rd Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 103 rd Congress (1993-1995) </s><s> 103 rd Congress : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Puerto Rico : instance of : state of the Union </s><s> Delegate : subclass of : Members of the House </s><s> Resident Commissioner to the United States : applies to jurisdiction : Puerto Rico </s><s> Puerto Rico : instance of : territories </s><s> Democrats : opposite of : Republicans' </s><s> Representatives of states : different from : Members of the House </s><s> Members of the House : different from : Representatives of states </s><s> Members : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Members : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Eleanor Holmes Norton : member of political party : Republican </s><s> Bill Clinton : position held : President </s><s> Delegate : part of : House </s><s> House : located in the administrative territorial entity : District of Columbia </s><s> District of Columbia Delegate : applies to jurisdiction : District of Columbia </s><s> 106 th Congress : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : follows : 106 th Congress </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Members of the House </s><s> Members of the House : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Members of the House : has part : Delegates </s><s> 103 rd Congress : office contested : Speaker </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> Speaker pro tempore : appointed by : Delegates </s><s> Chairman : part of : Committee of the Whole </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : full House </s><s> full House : has part : Committee of the Whole </s><s> point of order : different from : appeal </s><s> Mr. Price : country of citizenship : Georgia </s><s> appeal : different from : point of order </s><s> Chairman : applies to jurisdiction : Georgia </s><s> House : applies to jurisdiction : Georgia </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : Committee of the Whole House </s><s> Speaker : applies to jurisdiction : Georgia </s><s> Speaker's Vote : part of : House </s><s> Speaker : part of : House Rules and Manual </s><s> House Rules and Manual : has part : Speaker </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : 98 th Congress </s><s> 109 th Congress : office contested : Speaker </s><s> 109 th Congress : follows : 108 th Congress </s><s> 108 th Congress : followed by : 109 th Congress </s><s> Manual Roll Call : subclass of : Suspension of the Rules </s><s> 1 long bell and light : subclass of : notice quorum call </s><s> 1 long bell and light : instance of : notice quorum call </s><s> notice quorum : followed by : regular quorum </s><s> regular quorum : follows : notice quorum </s><s> Manual Quorum Call : subclass of : Quorum call </s><s> bell and light system : inception : January 23, 1973 </s><s> bell and light system : start time : January 23, 1973 </s><s> inoperative electronic voting system : subclass of : Voting issues </s><s> Rules of the House : used by : presiding officer </s><s> inoperative electronic voting system : subclass of : Voting issue </s><s> Irregularities of August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Inoperative Electronic Voting System : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Inoperative Electronic Voting System : facet of : Electronic voting system </s><s> 93rd Congress : start time : March 7, 1973 </s><s> call of the roll : subclass of : quorum calls </s><s> Committee on House Administration : part of : 93 rd Congress </s><s> 93 rd Congress : has part : Committee on House Administration </s><s> 93 rd Congress : subsidiary : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : parent organization : 93 rd Congress </s><s> 99th Congress : start time : September 19, 1985 </s><s> 99th Congress : inception : September 19, 1985 </s><s> 99th Congress : point in time : September 19, 1985 </s><s> 100th Congress : end time : May 4, 1988 </s><s> 100th Congress : start time : May 4, 1988 </s><s> Clerk : subclass of : clerk </s><s> 101st Congress : start time : October 3, 1989 </s><s> 101st Congress : end time : October 3, 1989 </s><s> 101st Congress : point in time : October 3, 1989 </s><s> Clerk : subclass of : Clerk </s><s> record vote : uses : electronic device </s><s> record vote : subclass of : voting machine </s><s> Speaker : officeholder : Foley </s><s> Foley : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker Foley : position held : Members </s><s> Speaker Foley : member of : Members </s><s> Journal and Record : editor : Clerk </s><s> 106th Congress : start time : October 6, 1999 </s><s> Journal and Record : owned by : Clerk </s><s> Thomas : position held : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : chairperson : Thomas </s><s> Committee on House Administration : office held by head of the organization : Chairman </s><s> 107th Congress : start time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> 107th Congress : end time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> 109th Congress : start time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> 109th Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> 108th Congress : office held by head of the organization : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> malfunctioned : point in time : July 13, 2004 </s><s> malfunctioned : start time : July 13, 2004 </s><s> malfunctioned during Roll Call No. 363 : point in time : July 13, 2004 </s><s> Speaker : part of : Members </s><s> Members : office held by head of the organization : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : inception : 1973 </s><s> Speaker : location : House floor </s><s> Clerk : item operated : voting station </s><s> 93rd Congress : start time : August 7, 1974 </s><s> Speaker's dais : location : press gallery </s><s> Speaker's dais : part of : press gallery </s><s> 95th Congress : end time : June 6, 1977 </s><s> 95th Congress : start time : June 6, 1977 </s><s> electronic voting system : use : electronic vote </s><s> election : point in time : June 21, 1978 </s><s> election of 1977 : point in time : 1977 </s><s> election : point in time : June 7, 1978 </s><s> Speaker's : subclass of : presiding officer </s><s> Speaker's dais : officeholder : presiding officer </s><s> 99th Congress : end time : September 18, 1985 </s><s> Trent Lott : position held : Representative </s><s> 99th Congress : start time : September 18, 1985 </s><s> 106th Congress : start time : February 10, 2000 </s><s> 106th Congress : end time : February 10, 2000 </s><s> 105th Congress : start time : February 10, 2000 </s><s> Speaker of the House : officeholder : Nancy Pelosi </s><s> Nancy Pelosi : position held : Speaker of the House </s><s> Edward T. Danner : member of political party : Democratic </s><s> Steny H. H. : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : Steny H. H. </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : Steny H. H. Steny H. </s><s> Steny H. H. Steny H. H. : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> 96 th Congress : followed by : 100 th Congress </s><s> 100 th Congress : follows : 96 th Congress </s><s> Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : applies to jurisdiction : House </s><s> Committee on House Administration : chairperson : Frank Thompson </s><s> House of Representatives : country : Cambodia </s><s> Frank Thompson : member of : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : chairperson : Representative Thomas </s><s> Lucille Roybal-Allard : participant in : 106th Congress </s><s> John Thomas : position held : Chairman </s><s> John Thomas : member of political party : Conservative Party </s><s> VA, HUD and Independent Agencies Appropriations bill : instance of : Extension of Remarks of the Congressional Record </s><s> VA, HUD and Independent Agencies Appropriations bill : has part : Extension of Remarks of the Congressional Record </s><s> VA : part of : Appropriations bill </s><s> HUD : part of : Appropriations bill </s><s> Independent Agencies : part of : Appropriations bill </s><s> Appropriations bill : has part : VA </s><s> Appropriations bill : has part : HUD </s><s> Appropriations bill : has part : Independent Agencies </s><s> Committee on House Administration : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> House of Representatives : subsidiary : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : parent organization : House of Representatives </s><s> Congressional Record : editor : Clerk </s><s> Congressional Record : author : presiding officer </s><s> Committee on House Administration : office held by head of the organization : Chair </s><s> Clerk : part of : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Committee on House Administration : part of : Committee </s><s> Speaker : part of : Committee on House Administration </s><s> Members' Personal Explanations on Votes : published in : Congressional Record </s><s> 29 th Congress : end time : June 26, 2000 </s><s> 29 th Congress : start time : June 26, 2000 </s><s> Extension of the Remarks : part of : Congressional Record </s><s> Congressional Record : has part : Extension of the Remarks </s><s> Extension of the Remarks : subclass of : Congressional Record </s><s> 176 : instance of : House Concurrent Resolutions </s><s> 94 : instance of : House Concurrent Resolutions </s><s> 176 : instance of : House Concurrent Resolution </s><s> 94 : instance of : House Concurrent Resolution </s><s> House Concurrent Resolutions 176 : point in time : November 9, 2007 </s><s> Rollcall 1077—nay; rollcall 1078—nay; rollcall 1079—nay; rollcall 1080—yea; rollcall 1081—nay. : part of : 93 rd Congress </s><s> Rollcall 1077 : instance of : rollcall votes </s><s> Rollcall 1078 : instance of : rollcall votes </s><s> Rollcall 1079 : instance of : rollcall votes </s><s> Rollcall 1080 : instance of : rollcall votes </s><s> Rollcall 1081 : instance of : rollcall votes </s><s> 93 rd Congress : has part : Rollcall 1077—nay; rollcall 1078—nay; rollcall 1079—nay; rollcall 1080—yea; rollcall 1081—nay. </s><s> House Resolution 402 : instance of : rule for the conference report </s><s> rule for the conference report : main subject : House Resolution 402 </s><s> rule for the conference report : has part : House Resolution 402 </s><s> House Resolution 402 : part of : rule for the conference report </s><s> Homeland Security Appropriations bill : point in time : FY2007 </s><s> FY2007 : instance of : Homeland Security Appropriations bill </s><s> FY2007 : has part : Homeland Security Appropriations bill </s><s> Homeland Security Appropriations bill : part of : FY2007 </s><s> 95 th Congress (1977-1979) : followed by : 109 th Congress (2005-2007) </s><s> Speaker Gingrich : employer : 102 nd Congress </s><s> 102 nd Congress : chairperson : Speaker Gingrich </s><s> Speaker Gingrich : employer : Hall of the House </s><s> a vote on June 21, 1995 : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> vote on June 21, 1995 : point in time : June 21, 1995 </s><s> David E. Bonior : position held : Minority Whip </s><s> markup : subclass of : roll-call vote </s><s> Dick Armey : position held : Speaker </s><s> 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Voting : uses : electronic voting system </s><s> electronic voting system : use : Voting </s><s> September 14, 2001 : point in time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> memorial service : point in time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> a memorial service : point in time : September 14, 2001 </s><s> Mickey Edwards : position held : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : different from : presiding officer </s><s> presiding officer : different from : Speaker </s><s> Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 : point in time : November 21, 2003 </s><s> Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 : publication date : November 21, 2003 </s><s> House Office of Congressional Ethics : inception : March 11, 2008 </s><s> Office of Congressional Ethics : inception : March 11, 2008 </s><s> Roy Blunt : employer : House Office of Congressional Ethics </s><s> John A. Boehner : position held : Minority Leader </s><s> Rule XX : part of : rules of the House </s><s> Rule IX : instance of : privileges of the House </s><s> electronic voting system : inception : January 23, 2007 </s><s> Voting Since 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> electronic voting system : start time : January 23, 2007 </s><s> electronic voting : inception : 1973 </s><s> House rules : part of : House </s><s> Austin Murphy : participant in : 100 th Congress </s><s> Chicago : instance of : city </s><s> Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chicago </s><s> Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chicago </s><s> three votes cast : point in time : May 14, 1979 </s><s> John Murtha : work location : Ohio </s><s> John Murtha : position held : Representatives </s><s> Bill Thomas : position held : Representatives </s><s> Austin Murphy : employer : House of Representatives </s><s> Austin Murphy : member of : House of Representatives </s><s> Austin Murphy : participant in : 100th Congress </s><s> Code of Ethics of Government Service : part of : 31 U.S.C. </s><s> Code of Ethics of Government Service : publication date : 31 </s><s> Code of Ethics of Government Service : number of participants : 31 </s><s> Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : parent organization : Committee on Standards and Ethics </s><s> Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : part of : Committee on Standards and Ethics </s><s> Committee on Standards and Ethics : different from : Committee on Standards of Official Conduct </s><s> Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : different from : Committee on Standards and Ethics </s><s> Committee Rule 18(a) : part of : Committee on Standards of Official Conduct </s><s> Congress : has part : Members of the House </s><s> Members of the House : part of : Congress </s><s> Committee Rule 18(a) : used by : Committee on Standards of Official Conduct </s><s> Brad Smith : sibling : Nick Smith </s><s> Nick Smith : sibling : Brad Smith </s><s> House : has part : Committee </s><s> Committee : part of : House </s><s> Tom DeLay : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : Tom DeLay </s><s> his son : candidacy in election : his son's campaign </s><s> his son's campaign : candidate : his son </s><s> Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Tom DeLay : position held : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Report to the House : author : Speaker pro tempore </s><s> Hoyer : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> vote rejection : instance of : record vote </s><s> H. R. 3161 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Speaker : part of : privileges of the House </s><s> minority leader : part of : privileges of the House </s><s> Speaker : field of this occupation : privileges of the House </s><s> Select Committee to Investigate the Voting Irregularities of August 2, 2007 : inception : September 27, 2007 </s><s> Speaker's : appointed by : Members </s><s> Lorraine Miller : position held : Clerk of the House </s><s> Clerk of the House : officeholder : Lorraine Miller </s><s> Clerk of the House : office held by head of the organization : Speaker's dais </s><s> Charles Johnson : position held : Parliamentarian Emeritus of the House </s><s> Mark O'Sullivan : position held : Chief Tally Clerk </s><s> Charles Johnson : position held : Parliamentarian Emeritus </s><s> Voting Irregularities of August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Voting Irregularities : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Select Committee to Investigate the Voting Irregularities of August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Rules and procedures of the House related to voting : facet of : voting in the House </s><s> Rules and procedures of the House related to voting : facet of : voting </s><s> Rules and procedures of the House : facet of : voting </s><s> resolution : main subject : House rules </s><s> resolution : part of : House rules </s><s> House Rules : instance of : House rules </s><s> majority leadership : opposite of : minority party </s><s> minority party : opposite of : majority leadership </s><s> majority : opposite of : minority party </s><s> minority party : opposite of : majority </s><s> discharge petition : instance of : special rule </s><s> discharge petition : subclass of : special rule </s><s> discharge petition : uses : special rule </s><s> rulemaking power of Congress : subclass of : legislation </s><s> rulemaking power of Congress : subclass of : statute </s><s> rulemaking power of Congress : facet of : legislation </s><s> House rules : part of : legislative process </s><s> House rules : facet of : legislative process </s><s> Standing Order : subclass of : directive </s><s> enrolled measure : used by : clerk of the House </s><s> enrolled measure : used by : Clerk of the House </s><s> enrolled measure : used by : President </s><s> Constitution : main subject : House of Representatives </s><s> The Constitution : main subject : House of Representatives </s><s> House of Representatives : has part : floor of the House </s><s> floor of the House : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> electronic device : use : voting </s><s> votes : uses : votes </s><s> electronic voting system : subclass of : votes </s><s> Speaker : part of : House chamber </s><s> Speaker : applies to jurisdiction : House chamber </s><s> Steny Hoyer : position held : Majority Leader </s><s> Majority Leader : officeholder : Steny Hoyer </s><s> House Rule XX : instance of : House rule </s><s> House Rule XX : legislated by : 110 th Congress </s><s> House Rule XX : part of : 110 th Congress </s><s> Democratic Caucus : part of : House rules </s><s> Republican Conference : part of : House rules </s><s> House rules : used by : Clerk of the House </s><s> Clerk of the House : applies to jurisdiction : House floor </s><s> Clerk of the House : uses : House rules </s><s> Clerk : subclass of : parliamentarian </s><s> Clerk : part of : parliamentarian </s><s> parliamentarian : has part : Clerk </s><s> votes : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Members </s><s> Members : part of : Congress </s><s> voting procedures : facet of : electronic voting system </s><s> voting procedures : uses : electronic voting system </s><s> electronic voting system : used by : voting procedures </s><s> Lord Mayor of London : subclass of : Lord Chancellor </s><s> Lord Mayor of London : different from : Lord Mayor of London </s><s> Lord Mayor of London : position held : Lord Chancellor of the Exchequer </s><s> Medicare prescription drug measure : point in time : 2003 </s><s> 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> prescription drug measure : point in time : 2003 </s><s> vote on August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> the vote on August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> vote : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Clerk : different from : clerk </s><s> clerk : different from : Clerk </s><s> official record : subclass of : tally </s><s> Clerk : field of this occupation : vote </s><s> Clerk's : field of this occupation : vote tally </s><s> bell and light system : part of : chamber </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : vote </s><s> House Administration Committee : part of : Standards </s><s> House Administration Committee : subsidiary : Standards </s><s> Standards : parent organization : House Administration Committee </s><s> Office of Congressional Ethics : field of work : voting irregularities </s><s> Official Conduct Committee : part of : House Rules Committee </s><s> House Rules Committee : has part : Official Conduct Committee </s><s> Speaker : part of : House Administration Committee </s><s> Speaker's dais : part of : House Administration Committee </s><s> events of August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> August 2, 2007 : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> events : point in time : August 2, 2007 </s><s> Article 1 : part of : Constitution </s><s> Quorum : subclass of : Quorum to do Business </s><s> Article 1 : has part : Section 7 </s><s> Section 7 : part of : Article 1 </s><s> Article 1 : part of : Article 1 </s><s> Speaker : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : President of the United States </s><s> President of the United States : appointed by : Senate </s><s> Member : appointed by : Speaker </s><s> Member : different from : Delegate </s><s> Delegate : different from : Member </s><s> Member : has part : Delegate </s><s> Delegate : part of : Member </s><s> Delegate : subclass of : Member </s><s> decisive : different from : voting by ballot </s><s> voting by ballot : different from : decisive </s><s> decisive : subclass of : voting by ballot </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : main subject : state of the Union </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : facet of : state of the Union </s><s> Members of the House : part of : Committee of the Whole House </s><s> Members of the House : country : Union </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : has part : Members of the House </s><s> joint rule : subclass of : rule </s><s> Joint rule : subclass of : rule </s><s> order of business : subclass of : rule </s><s> rule : part of : order </s><s> rule : subclass of : order </s><s> rule : has part : order </s><s> majority : opposite of : debate </s><s> majority : subclass of : vote </s><s> majority without debate : subclass of : rule </s><s> rule XIV : instance of : rule </s><s> rule XIV : has part : quorum </s><s> rule XIV : main subject : quorum being present </s><s> quorum : subclass of : quorum </s><s> Members : has part : Speaker </s><s> Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union : has part : Members </s><s> Members : part of : Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union </s><s> quorum call : subclass of : point of order </s><s> Committee of the Whole : has part : Chairman </s><s> five-minute rule : subclass of : point of order </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : part of : Committee of the Committee of the Chairman </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : has part : Committee of the Committee of the Chairman </s><s> Chairman : part of : Committee of the Whole House </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : part of : Whole House </s><s> Rules of the House : used by : Speaker </s><s> Voting and Quorum Calls : part of : Committee of the Whole House </s><s> Voting and Quorum Calls : used by : Committee of the Whole House </s><s> Committee of the Whole House : country : state of the Union </s><s> rule I : used by : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : part of : rule I </s><s> rule I : has part : Speaker </s><s> rule I : part of : House </s><s> tie vote : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> tie vote : subclass of : record vote </s><s> Chairman : subclass of : Speaker </s><s> Chairman : appointed by : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : different from : Chairman </s><s> Chairman : different from : Speaker </s><s> record vote : subclass of : quorum call </s><s> Clerk : item operated : Journal </s><s> Journal : operator : Clerk </s><s> Clerk : field of this occupation : Members voting </s><s> Members voting : practiced by : Clerk </s><s> Clerk : location : Hall of the House </s><s> Clerk : headquarters location : Hall of the House </s><s> House : headquarters location : Hall of the House </s><s> without a quorum : subclass of : catastrophic circumstances </s><s> without a quorum : subclass of : call of the House </s><s> without a quorum due to catastrophic circumstances : facet of : House </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : appointed by : Speaker </s><s> Speaker : different from : Speaker-at-Arms </s><s> Speaker-at-Arms : different from : Speaker </s><s> catastrophic circumstances : subclass of : natural disaster </s><s> natural disaster : has effect : catastrophic circumstances </s><s> catastrophic circumstances : has cause : natural disaster </s><s> contagion : subclass of : calamity </s><s> incapacitated : subclass of : calamity </s><s> epidemic : subclass of : attack </s><s> Clerk : part of : Congress </s><s> Clerk : part of : the Congress </s><s> whole number of the House : subclass of : quorum </s><s> whole number of the House : instance of : quorum </s><s> entirety : subclass of : quorum </s><s> call of the House : subclass of : quorum </s><s> quorum : subclass of : vote </s><s> Speaker : subclass of : Clerk </s><s> Speaker : has part : Sergeant-at-Arms </s><s> quorum : subclass of : majority </s><s> majority : subclass of : quorum </s><s> quorum : has effect : majority </s><s> vote : subclass of : point of order </s><s> point of order : subclass of : vote </s><s> voted : different from : quorum </s><s> voted : subclass of : quorum </s><s> quorum : different from : voted </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> joint resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Chairperson : appointed by : Speaker </s><s> legislated by : subclass of : legislated by </s><s> legislated by : followed by : legislated by </s><s> 9ߎFive-minute votes : subclass of : electronic voting </s><s> concurrent resolution : followed by : joint resolution </s><s> concurrent resolution : subclass of : joint resolution </s><s> ballot for election : subclass of : election </s><s> ballot for election : facet of : election </s><s> ballot : use : election </s><s> Joint Resolution : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Members voting : subclass of : quorum </s><s> Member : part of : House </s><s> House : has part : Member </s><s> House : has part : Delegate </s><s> House : chairperson : Nancy Pelosi </s><s> events of October 30, 1991 : point in time : October 30, 1991 </s><s> 110 th Congress : start time : 1995 </s><s> events : point in time : October 30, 1991 </s><s> October 30, 1991 : point in time : October 30, 1991 </s><s> record votes : subclass of : electronic votes </s><s> record vote : subclass of : electronic votes </s><s> House Voting Procedures : facet of : voting clock </s><s> House Voting Procedures : uses : voting clock </s><s> House Voting Procedures : instance of : voting clock </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Representatives </s><s> voice vote : subclass of : Voting </s><s> Article I : part of : Constitution </s><s> Constitution : has part : Article I </s><s> quorum : different from : quorum </s><s> Constitution : has part : Yeas and Nays of the Members...on any question </s><s> nay : subclass of : vote </s><s> nay (or rollcall) vote : part of : House Rule XX </s><s> nay (or rollcall) vote : subclass of : vote </s><s> presidential vetoes : part of : Constitution </s><s> Rule XX : has part : Clause 10 of Rule XX </s><s> concurrent budget resolution : subclass of : measures or matters </s><s> computerized voting system : inception : 1973 </s><s> electronic device : different from : computerized voting system </s><s> computerized voting system : different from : electronic device </s><s> electronic device : subclass of : voting system </s><s> voice : subclass of : voting </s><s> division : subclass of : voting </s><s> point of order : opposite of : quorum </s><s> Committee of the Whole : parent organization : House </s><s> Committee of the Whole : part of : Rule XX </s> | Record voting in the House of Representatives appears to be a straightforward process but is an activity steeped in parliamentary complexity. While this report analyzes the evolution of voting beginning with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (LRA), some House rules related to voting have existed since the First Congress. The House has had nearly 220 years of experience with voting that manifests itself in precedents relevant today.
The LRA contained two major departures related to record voting. First, it authorized development of an electronic voting system. Second, it allowed record votes in the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, the form in which the House usually operates to consider amendments to legislation.
Since the LRA's enactment, there have been notable developments in record voting procedures in the House. In general, the House through rules changes and precedents has limited votes that might be viewed as dilatory rather than substantive, and has expanded opportunities for votes that might be viewed as substantive. Changes in rules have also authorized the presiding officer to postpone and cluster votes and to reduce voting time to five minutes; largely ended pairing; and allowed Delegates and the Resident Commissioner to vote in the Committee of the Whole. Policy announcements by the Speaker and rulings by presiding officers have ended the correction of Members' votes; sought to limit the duration of votes; and dictated the manner by which Members may change a vote once cast.
Controversies have arisen on occasion. Some were related to the use of the electronic voting system, some to Members being able to cast or change a vote after the 15-minute minimum voting-time had expired. Others were related to a perception that a vote had been "held open" beyond a reasonable amount of time. Only a very few controversies have resulted in an investigation. The Standards of Official Conduct Committee has made three investigations. A select committee is currently investigating the manner by which a vote was ended.
Should the House wish to address rules, precedents, or practices, or the sources of particular controversies, it has a number of possible vehicles and potential options. Vehicles include House and party rules, the Speaker's policies, and administrative policies. Changes might be made to the electronic voting system, operations on the Speaker's dais, Members' ability to vote after the 15-minute minimum, and other aspects of voting in the House.
Complementary analyses to this report may be found in CRS Report RL34366, Electronic Voting System in the House of Representatives: History and Evolution, by [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report 98-396, Guide to Individuals Seated on the House Dais, by [author name scrubbed]. See also supplementary information at the CRS Congressional Processes website, /analysis/pages/congressionaloperations.aspx. This report will be updated after the Select Committee to Investigate the Voting Irregularities of August 2, 2007 issues its final report. |
crs_R41216 | crs_R41216_0 | <s> 2010 Review Conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Review Conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : location : New York </s><s> 2010 Nuclear Posture Review : author : Obama Administration </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : author : Obama Administration </s><s> 2010 Nuclear Posture Review : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 NPT Review Conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> NPT Review Conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : publication date : 2010 </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : nuclear nonproliferation regime </s><s> nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : inception : 1970 </s><s> Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : inception : 1970 </s><s> United States : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> Russia : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> France : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> Britain : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> China : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> North Korea : member of : UN Security Council </s><s> Syria : member of : UN Security Council </s><s> Kazakhstan : instance of : non-nuclear-weapon states </s><s> Iraq : instance of : non-nuclear-weapon states </s><s> Libya : instance of : non-nuclear-weapon states </s><s> nuclear disarmament : facet of : nuclear energy </s><s> nuclear disarmament : facet of : nuclear arms race </s><s> nuclear arms race : has effect : nuclear disarmament </s><s> Article IV of the NPT : part of : NPT </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon state : facet of : Non-nuclear-weapon NPT </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon state : member of : NPT </s><s> Iran : member of : UN Security Council </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> UN Security Council resolution 1540 : legislated by : UN Security Council </s><s> Security Council Resolution 1887 : point in time : 1887 </s><s> United States : member of : IAEA </s><s> 2010 NPT review conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 NPT review conference : point in time : January 2010 </s><s> 2010 Review Conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> IAEA : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : subsidiary : IAEA </s><s> Possible Outcomes and Potential Impact : facet of : NPT </s><s> Possible Outcomes and Potential Impact : facet of : Past NPT Review Conferences </s><s> Possible Outcomes and Potential Impact : facet of : NPT Review Conferences </s><s> Consensus document : subclass of : final declaration </s><s> NPT Preparatory Committee : inception : 1970 </s><s> Consensus documents : point in time : 1975 </s><s> PrepComs : inception : 1995 </s><s> Middle East resolution : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 : instance of : Middle East resolution </s><s> 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference : point in time : 1995 </s><s> 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference : instance of : Review Conferences </s><s> disarmament : facet of : nonproliferation </s><s> Resolution : publication date : 1995 </s><s> Resolution : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Resolution on the Middle East : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Resolution on the Middle East : publication date : 1995 </s><s> Egypt : part of : Middle East </s><s> 13 Practical Steps : publication date : 2000 </s><s> 2000 Review Conference Final Document : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 13 Practical Steps : part of : 2000 Review Conference </s><s> Iraq : diplomatic relation : North Korea </s><s> North Korea : diplomatic relation : Iraq </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests by India and Pakistan : point in time : 1998 </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests : country : India </s><s> 1998 nuclear tests : country : Pakistan </s><s> Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty : inception : 2000 </s><s> Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty : instance of : treaty </s><s> Libran Cabactulan : country of citizenship : Philippines </s><s> Philippines : member of : United Nations </s><s> disarmament : facet of : nuclear energy </s><s> disarmament : different from : nonproliferation </s><s> nonproliferation : different from : disarmament </s><s> Article VI : facet of : Non-Proliferation Treaty </s><s> Article VI of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : facet of : Non-Proliferation Treaty </s><s> Article VI of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : facet of : nonproliferation </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : main subject : nuclear disarmament </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : facet of : nuclear disarmament </s><s> 2005 NPT Review Conference : point in time : 2005 </s><s> nonstrategic nuclear weapons : subclass of : nuclear stockpile </s><s> nonstrategic nuclear weapons and nuclear stockpile : country : United States </s><s> PrepComs : followed by : 2010 Review Conference </s><s> 1991 START Treaty : point in time : 1991 </s><s> deployed and nondeployed nuclear weapons : point in time : 1991 </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : publication date : 2002 </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : author : Bush Administration </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : publisher : Obama Administration </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : creator : Obama Administration </s><s> nuclear arsenal : country : United States </s><s> evolution and proliferation : facet of : biological weapons threat </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon states : participant in : Treaty </s><s> evolution and proliferation : has cause : biological weapons threat </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : part of : NPT </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : followed by : NPT23 </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : has part : NPT23 </s><s> NPT23 : part of : Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty </s><s> 2000 NPT Review Conference : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : point in time : 2000 </s><s> United States : office held by head of government : President </s><s> Russia : member of : NPT </s><s> China : member of : NPT </s><s> China : member of : non-NPT states </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon states : facet of : nuclear disarmament </s><s> nuclear disarmament : opposite of : nuclear proliferation </s><s> nuclear proliferation : has effect : nuclear disarmament </s><s> plutonium : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> plutonium : followed by : enriched uranium </s><s> enriched uranium : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> Conference on Disarmament : location : Geneva </s><s> Conference on Disarmament : headquarters location : Geneva </s><s> Conference on Disarmament (CD) : location : Geneva </s><s> ceased fissile material production for weapons : instance of : disarmament </s><s> ceased fissile material production for weapons : subclass of : disarmament </s><s> ceased fissile material production for weapons : facet of : disarmament </s><s> United States : member of : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> United States : instance of : nuclear-weapon states </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon states : facet of : multilateral disarmament measure </s><s> Comprehensive safeguards : subclass of : safeguards </s><s> nuclear explosive devices : subclass of : nuclear weapons </s><s> nuclear explosive devices : use : nuclear weapons </s><s> NPT : has part : Article II </s><s> NPT : has part : Article III </s><s> Article II : part of : NPT </s><s> Article III : part of : NPT </s><s> NPT articles : has part : Article II </s><s> NPT articles : has part : Article III </s><s> Article II : part of : NPT articles </s><s> Article III : part of : NPT articles </s><s> UN General Assembly : has part : UN Security Council </s><s> UN : has part : General Assembly </s><s> UN : has part : UN Security Council </s><s> General Assembly : part of : UN </s><s> UN Security Council : parent organization : UN </s><s> General Assembly : part of : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : has part : General Assembly </s><s> Security Council : parent organization : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : has part : Security Council </s><s> Libya's clandestine nuclear weapons program : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> Iraq's undeclared nuclear program : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> Iraq's undeclared nuclear program : country : Iraq </s><s> Libya's clandestine nuclear weapons program : country : Libya </s><s> Additional Protocol : country : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : participant in : Additional Protocol </s><s> Additional Protocol : participant : South Korea </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : South Korea </s><s> South Korea : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> North Korea : contains administrative territorial entity : Pyongyang </s><s> Pyongyang : country : North Korea </s><s> Pyongyang : located in the administrative territorial entity : North Korea </s><s> Syria : member of : NPT </s><s> Syria : capital : Damascus </s><s> Damascus : country : Syria </s><s> Resolution 1887 : point in time : 1887 </s><s> North Korea : product or material produced : nuclear weapons </s><s> North Korea's 2003 announced withdrawal from the treaty : country : North Korea </s><s> UN Security Council Resolution 1887 : point in time : 1887 </s><s> UN Security Council Resolution 1887 : publication date : 1887 </s><s> Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone : instance of : treaties in force </s><s> Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones : instance of : treaties in force </s><s> Mongolia : country : Mongolia </s><s> Latin America : has part : Latin America </s><s> Latin America : part of : Latin America </s><s> Treaty of Antarctica : continent : Antarctica </s><s> Treaty of Antarctica : applies to jurisdiction : Antarctica </s><s> Treaty of Antarctica : instance of : international treaties </s><s> India : member of : Nuclear Suppliers Group </s><s> India : member of : NPT </s><s> 2008 decision : point in time : 2008 </s><s> India : member of : IAEA </s><s> India : capital : New Delhi </s><s> New Delhi : country : India </s><s> Article IV of the NPT : main subject : IAEA safeguards as required </s><s> NPT : has part : Article IV of the NPT </s><s> Article IV : part of : NPT </s><s> NPT : has part : Article IV </s><s> NPT Review Conference Final Document : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Iran : member of : IAEA </s><s> South Africa : part of : developing world </s><s> Brazil : part of : developing world </s><s> Egypt : part of : developing world </s><s> Indonesia : part of : developing world </s><s> Malaysia : part of : developing world </s><s> enrichment : subclass of : nuclear fuel </s><s> fissile material : has part : nuclear fuel </s><s> nuclear fuel : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> Article IV of the NPT : facet of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> operation of an enrichment plant : country : Iran </s><s> operation of an enrichment plant : country : Iran's </s><s> operation of an enrichment plant : operator : Iran </s><s> fuel bank : product or material produced : nuclear fuel </s><s> nuclear fuel : part of : fuel cycle </s><s> fuel cycle : has part : nuclear fuel </s><s> IAEA Board of Governors : part of : IAEA </s><s> IAEA : has part : IAEA Board of Governors </s><s> Angarsk : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> United States : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> India : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Israel : diplomatic relation : Pakistan </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : India </s><s> Pakistan : diplomatic relation : Israel </s><s> Security Council Resolution 1887 : publication date : 1887 </s><s> Security Council Resolution 1887 : publication date : September 2009 </s><s> Pakistan : capital : Islamabad </s><s> Islamabad : country : Pakistan </s><s> conducted explosive tests of nuclear devices in 1998 : country : India </s><s> conducted explosive tests of nuclear devices in 1998 : country : Pakistan </s><s> Ehud Barak : position held : Israeli Prime Minister </s><s> Ehud Barak : position held : Israel Prime Minister </s><s> Ehud Barak : position held : Israel's Prime Minister </s><s> 1995 NPT Review Conference : point in time : 1995 </s><s> 1995 NPT Review Conference : instance of : NPT Review Conference </s><s> NPT Review Conference : inception : 1995 </s><s> 1995 resolution : legislated by : UN Security Council </s><s> Brazil : member of : NPT </s><s> Egypt : member of : NPT </s><s> Ireland : member of : NPT </s><s> Mexico : member of : NPT </s><s> New Zealand : member of : NPT </s><s> South Africa : member of : NPT </s><s> Sweden : member of : NPT </s><s> 1995 resolution : legislated by : UN General Assembly </s><s> 2000 Conference : point in time : 2000 </s><s> final document of the 2000 Conference : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 1995 Conference : point in time : 1995 </s><s> Susan Burk : position held : Ambassador </s><s> Susan Burk : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> Susan Burk : position held : United States Ambassador </s><s> Israel's nuclear program : country : Israel </s><s> Iran's : member of : Group of Non-Aligned States </s><s> Syria's : member of : Group of Non-Aligned States </s><s> Syria's nuclear programs : country : Iran's </s><s> Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty : has part : Chemical Weapons Convention </s><s> Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty : has part : Biological Weapons Convention </s><s> Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty : part of : Chemical Weapons Convention </s><s> Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty : part of : Biological Weapons Convention </s><s> Egypt : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Egypt </s><s> Libya : member of : Arab Group </s><s> Libya : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Israel : part of : Middle East </s><s> non-conventional : subclass of : arms control </s><s> delivery systems : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> conventional : subclass of : arms control </s><s> NPT 2010 Review Conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> NPT Preparatory Committee : chairperson : Henrik Salander </s><s> 1995 : point in time : 1995 </s><s> 1995 : followed by : 2000 Review Conference </s><s> 2000 Review Conference : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Prague speech last spring : author : President Obama </s><s> Prague speech : author : President Obama </s><s> revelations in fall of 2009 about undisclosed an Iranian centrifuge plant : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Iran : diplomatic relation : Syria </s><s> Syria : diplomatic relation : Iran </s><s> Iranian nuclear brinkmanship : country : Iran </s><s> Resolution 1887 : legislated by : UN Security Council </s><s> NPT Review Conference : facet of : NPT </s><s> Susan Burk : participant in : NPT Review Conference </s><s> Annalisa Giannella : position held : EU nonproliferation representative </s><s> Millibrand : position held : UK Foreign Minister </s><s> Global Nuclear Security Summit : facet of : post-9/11 security environment </s><s> Senate Resolution 446 : publication date : April 13, 2010 </s><s> Senate Resolution 446 : legislated by : 111th Congress </s><s> Nuclear material security : subclass of : safeguards agreements </s><s> Additional Protocol : part of : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : has part : Additional Protocol </s><s> Additional Protocol : part of : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) </s><s> resolutions : legislated by : United Nations General Assembly </s><s> resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly : main subject : proliferation of nuclear weapons </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : safeguards system </s><s> safeguards system : parent organization : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system : parent organization : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> 1963 Treaty : point in time : 1963 </s><s> 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in under water in atomic energy for peaceful purposes : point in time : 1963 </s><s> nuclear disarmament : opposite of : nuclear arms race </s><s> Charter of the United Nations : main subject : international relations </s><s> Charter of the United Nations : main subject : United Nations </s><s> Treaty on general and complete disarmament : instance of : Treaty </s><s> State : member of : United Nations </s><s> State Party : member of : United Nations </s><s> nuclear explosive devices : subclass of : explosive devices </s><s> nuclear explosive device : subclass of : explosive device </s><s> nuclear explosive device : subclass of : explosive devices </s><s> special fissionable material : subclass of : nuclear explosive devices </s><s> fissionable material : subclass of : nuclear explosive devices </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon : subclass of : peaceful nuclear activities </s><s> non-nuclear-weapon : subclass of : nuclear activities </s><s> peaceful nuclear activities : opposite of : non-nuclear-weapon </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : peaceful nuclear activities </s><s> international exchange of nuclear material and equipment : facet of : peaceful nuclear activities </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : peaceful purposes </s><s> Statute : main subject : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency : instance of : treaties </s><s> Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency : part of : Treaty of Utrecht </s><s> Article V : part of : Treaty </s><s> Articles I : part of : Treaty </s><s> Treaty : has part : Articles I </s><s> Treaty : has part : II </s><s> II : part of : Treaty </s><s> Treaty : has part : Article V </s><s> special international agreement : subclass of : agreements </s><s> explosive device : use : nuclear explosion </s><s> non-nuc1ear-weapon : subclass of : explosive device </s><s> treaty on general and complete disarmament : facet of : nuclear disarmament </s><s> treaty on general and complete disarmament : subclass of : nuclear disarmament </s><s> Article VIII : facet of : treaties </s><s> Article VIII : part of : treaties </s><s> treaty : participant : Parties to the Treaty </s><s> Board of Governors : part of : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : has part : Board of Governors </s><s> Geneva : country : Switzerland </s><s> Switzerland : capital : Geneva </s><s> Geneva, Switzerland : country : Switzerland </s><s> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland : diplomatic relation : United States of America </s><s> United States of America : diplomatic relation : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </s><s> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland : instance of : Depositary Governments </s><s> United States of America : instance of : Depositary Governments </s><s> exploded : facet of : nuclear weapon </s><s> exploded : facet of : nuclear explosive device </s><s> Article 102 : part of : Charter of the United Nations </s><s> Charter of the United Nations : has part : Article 102 </s><s> Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations : main subject : Depositary Governments </s><s> Article XI : part of : Treaty </s><s> Article XI : part of : treaty </s><s> Article XI : legislated by : United Nations Security Council </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : facet of : international non-proliferation regime </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : part of : international non-proliferation regime </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : has effect : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons </s><s> statement of 31 January 1992 : publication date : 31 January 1992 </s><s> statement of 31 January 1992 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> statement of 31 January 1992 : point in time : 31 January 1992 </s><s> Security Council resolution 687 : followed by : Security Council resolution 984 </s><s> Security Council resolution 984 : follows : Security Council resolution 687 </s><s> Security Council resolution 687 : instance of : Security Council resolution </s><s> Security Council resolution 984 : instance of : Security Council resolution </s><s> nuclear explosive devices : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> nuclear explosive device : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> nuclear explosive devices : instance of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Middle East : facet of : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons </s><s> Middle East : significant event : Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : participant : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> chemical : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> biological : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> chemical : instance of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons : main subject : Weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Weapons of mass destruction : has part : delivery systems </s><s> delivery systems : part of : Weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Treaty : instance of : multilateral </s><s> Treaty : instance of : Treaty </s><s> treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons : instance of : Treaty </s><s> nuclear arsenals : facet of : nuclear </s><s> treaty : facet of : arms control </s><s> nuclear arsenals : facet of : nuclear-weapon </s><s> START II : followed by : START III </s><s> START III : follows : START II </s><s> START II : part of : ABM Treaty </s><s> ABM Treaty : has part : START II </s><s> nuclear arsenals : subclass of : nuclear weapons </s><s> non-strategic nuclear weapons : subclass of : nuclear arsenals </s><s> non-strategic nuclear weapon : subclass of : nuclear arsenals </s><s> total elimination of their nuclear weapons : facet of : nuclear weapons </s><s> nuclear weapons : has part : fissile material </s><s> fissile material : part of : nuclear weapons </s><s> Advisory Opinion : court : International Court of Justice </s><s> Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice : publication date : 8 July 1996 </s><s> Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice : point in time : 8 July 1996 </s> | The nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which entered into force in 1970 and was extended indefinitely in 1995, is the centerpiece of international nuclear nonproliferation efforts. The NPT recognizes five nations (the United States, Russia, France, Britain, and China) as nuclear-weapon states; 189 countries are parties to the NPT. India, Israel, and Pakistan have never signed the treaty and possess nuclear weapons. North Korea acceded to the NPT but announced its withdrawal in 2003. Several countries, including Argentina, Brazil, and South Africa, ended their nuclear weapons programs and joined the NPT in the 1990s. Others—Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan—gave up former Soviet nuclear weapons on their territories and joined the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon states in the 1990s. Iraq had a nuclear weapons program prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War. UN inspectors subsequently oversaw the program's dismantlement, and Iraq is now in full compliance with the NPT. Libya gave up a clandestine nuclear weapons program after a 2003 agreement. Iran was found in noncompliance with its International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards obligations in 2005, and the matter was referred to the UN Security Council. The IAEA has reported that Syria has not fully cooperated with an investigation into its nuclear activities.
There are three key dimensions, or "pillars," of the NPT: nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear disarmament, and the peaceful use of nuclear energy. In exchange for non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) pledging not to acquire nuclear weapons, they are guaranteed access to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. For their part, the NPT nuclear-weapon states agree to pursue nuclear disarmament and not assist another country in developing nuclear weapons. The IAEA implements the treaty in as far as it is responsible for monitoring the peaceful use of nuclear energy and providing technical assistance to states.
Events in the past decade have stressed the nonproliferation regime. Revelations about illicit procurement networks, advancements in India and Pakistan's nuclear arsenals, North Korea's nuclear tests, Iran's defiance of UN Security Council resolutions regarding its nuclear program and noncompliance with IAEA safeguards, and questions about the Syrian nuclear program have all contributed to uncertainty over the robustness of the regime. There has been increased interest in nuclear power, placing additional resource demands on the IAEA. The United States and Russia continue formal efforts to reduce their nuclear arsenals. At the same time, several states have given up their nuclear weapons programs during the past decade, and countries have been working together to prevent illicit nuclear transfers and improve nuclear security.
Many see the 2010 NPT Review Conference, beginning on May 3, 2010, as an important test of the viability of the treaty and how it will evolve to meet new challenges. History suggests that the United States plays a leadership role in all aspects of the nonproliferation regime. The Obama Administration has emphasized in strategy documents that it views the NPT as the "centerpiece" of the nonproliferation regime and has pledged to strengthen the treaty. The Administration sees a linkage between the disarmament and nonproliferation commitments under the treaty. The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review, for example, says that progress on arms control is "a means of strengthening our ability to mobilize broad international support for the measures needed to reinforce the nonproliferation regime and secure materials worldwide." The Nuclear Posture Review also says that the conditions for nuclear disarmament will not be possible without stronger proliferation controls. The ability of the Administration to garner international support for its proposals to strengthen the nonproliferation regime may be tested at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. This report will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_RS21405 | crs_RS21405_0 | <s> proclamation : author : President </s><s> legislation : legislated by : Congress </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> executive branch : has part : President </s><s> Code of Federal Regulations : has part : Title 38 </s><s> Code of Federal Regulations : has part : Title 38, Part 3 </s><s> Title 38, Part 3 : part of : Code of Federal Regulations </s><s> Spanish-American War : end time : December 31, 1898 </s><s> Spanish-American War : point in time : December 31, 1898 </s><s> Indian Wars : start time : January 1, 1817 </s><s> Indian Wars : end time : December 31, 1898 </s><s> Treaty signed at Paris : point in time : December 10, 1898 </s><s> Treaty : location : Paris </s><s> Philippine Insurrection : end time : December 10, 1898 </s><s> Mexican Border Period : country : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : Mexico </s><s> Compiègne : country : France </s><s> Armistice : point in time : November 11, 1918 </s><s> Armistice signed near Compiègne : point in time : November 11, 1918 </s><s> Compiègne : point in time : November 11, 1918 </s><s> World War II : end time : November 11, 1918 </s><s> Alfred Jodl : conflict : World War II </s><s> World War II : has effect : Treaty of Peace </s><s> unconditional act of surrender : location : Reims </s><s> second German surrender ceremony : point in time : May 7, 1945 </s><s> Cessation of hostilities : point in time : December 31, 1946 </s><s> Cessation of hostilities declared as of noon, December 31, 1946 : point in time : December 31, 1946 </s><s> Multilateral Treaty of Peace with Japan : point in time : September 2, 1945 </s><s> Multilateral Treaty of Peace with Japan : point in time : December 31, 1946 </s><s> Multilateral Treaty of Peace with Japan : location : San Francisco </s><s> Treaty of Peace : point in time : February 10, 1947 </s><s> Treaty of Peace : location : Paris </s><s> attacked South Korean positions : point in time : June 25, 1950 </s><s> resolution : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> armistice : location : Panmunjom </s><s> armistice : point in time : July 27, 1953 </s><s> Panmunjom : country : Korea </s><s> Tonkin Gulf Resolution : instance of : Joint Resolution of Congress </s><s> Vietnam Era : country : Republic of Vietnam </s><s> Vietnam Era : start time : February 28, 1961 </s><s> Vietnam Era : end time : May 7, 1975 </s><s> Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam : point in time : January 27, 1973 </s><s> Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam : location : Paris </s><s> 1982-1983 : point in time : 1982 </s><s> Troubles in Lebanon 1982-1983 : point in time : 1982 </s><s> Temporary multinational force in Lebanon : point in time : October 25, 1983 </s><s> Grenada : member of : Organization of Eastern Caribbean States </s><s> Operation Urgent Fury : point in time : December 15, 1983 </s><s> Operation Just Cause : point in time : February 13, 1990 </s><s> cease-fire terms : point in time : April 6, 1991 </s><s> Persian Gulf War : start time : August 2, 1990 </s><s> Persian Gulf War : end time : April 6, 1991 </s><s> Persian Gulf War : location : Iraq </s><s> Operation Desert Storm : start time : January 17, 1991 </s><s> air war phase : part of : Operation Desert Storm </s><s> air war : part of : Operation Desert Storm </s><s> Safwan : country : Iraq </s><s> President : officeholder : Donald J. Trump </s><s> Donald J. Trump : position held : President </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Osama bin Laden : significant event : September 11, 2001 </s><s> United States : member of : United Nations </s><s> Osama bin Laden : date of death : September 11, 2001 </s><s> 9/11 attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> George W. Bush : position held : President </s><s> Operation Enduring Freedom : start time : October 7, 2001 </s><s> Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan : publication date : March 27, 2009 </s><s> Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan : author : Barack Obama </s><s> Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan : point in time : March 27, 2009 </s><s> President Obama : conflict : Afghanistan </s><s> drawdown of U.S. troops to Afghanistan : start time : June 22, 2011 </s><s> drawdown : location : Afghanistan </s><s> Chuck Hagel : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> follow-on mission : start time : January 1, 2015 </s><s> Kabul : country : Afghanistan </s><s> Afghanistan : capital : Kabul </s><s> Afghanistan : member of : North Atlantic Treaty Organization </s><s> Resolute Support Mission : organizer : NATO </s><s> Resolute Support Mission : number of participants : 28 </s><s> United States : member of : NATO </s><s> Resolute Support Mission : participant : United States </s><s> Resolute Support : country : Afghanistan </s><s> Resolute Support : conflict : Counter-Terrorism </s><s> Resolute Support : part of : 9,800 U.S. troops in Afghanistan </s><s> President : officeholder : Donald Trump </s><s> Donald Trump : position held : President </s><s> strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia : point in time : August 21, 2017 </s><s> strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia : author : Donald Trump </s><s> his strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia : point in time : August 21, 2017 </s><s> his strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia : author : Donald Trump </s><s> Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 : legislated by : 107 th Congress </s><s> Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 : legislated by : 107 th Congress (2001-2002) </s><s> Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 : point in time : October 16, 2002 </s><s> Resolution 1441 : publication date : November 8, 2002 </s><s> Resolution 1441 : legislated by : U.N. Security Council </s><s> Resolution 1441 : point in time : November 8, 2002 </s><s> Camp Victory : located in the administrative territorial entity : Baghdad </s><s> Operation Iraqi Freedom : start time : March 19, 2003 </s><s> Multinational Forces-Iraq : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : January 1, 2010 </s><s> American combat mission in Iraq : end time : August 31, 2010 </s><s> American combat mission in Iraq : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : August 31, 2010 </s><s> United States Forces-Iraq : inception : August 31, 2010 </s><s> Operation New Dawn : end time : December 15, 2011 </s><s> Operation New Dawn : start time : September 1, 2010 </s><s> Operation New Dawn : point in time : September 1, 2010 </s><s> Leon E. Panetta : position held : Defense Secretary </s><s> Defense Secretary : officeholder : Leon E. Panetta </s><s> Operation Inherent Resolve : participant : Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant </s><s> Operation Inherent Resolve : start time : October 15, 2014 </s><s> Combined Joint Task Force–Operation Inherent Resolve : inception : October 17, 2014 </s><s> Combined Joint Task Force–Operation Inherent Resolve : inception : August 8, 2014 </s><s> Combined Joint Task Force–Operation Inherent Resolve : start time : October 17, 2014 </s> | Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated "periods of war," dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for "periods of war" in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for "periods of war" found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn in Iraq on December 15, 2011, and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan on December 28, 2014. Operation Inherent Resolve continues along the Syrian-Iraqi border effective October 15, 2014.
For additional information, see the following CRS Products: CRS In Focus IF10539, Defense Primer: Legal Authorities for the Use of Military Forces, by Jennifer K. Elsea; CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Matthew C. Weed. |
crs_R41997 | crs_R41997_0 | <s> premium credits : part of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> premium credits : facet of : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </s><s> modified adjusted gross income : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : used by : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : part of : Department of Veterans Affairs </s><s> Supplemental Security Income (SSI) : different from : Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) </s><s> Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) : different from : Supplemental Security Income (SSI) </s><s> health insurance exchange : part of : ACA </s><s> Medicaid : part of : ACA </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : means-tested program </s><s> Medicaid : instance of : means-tested </s><s> Section 2001 of ACA : main subject : Medicaid </s><s> National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius : publication date : June 28, 2012 </s><s> National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius : court : United States Supreme Court </s><s> exchanges : part of : Medicaid </s><s> ACA Medicaid expansion : instance of : exchanges </s><s> Medicaid matching funds : has effect : ACA Medicaid expansion </s><s> ACA expansion : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid's other nonelderly populations : part of : Medicaid </s><s> ACA expansion : has part : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : part of : ACA expansion </s><s> blind : subclass of : disabled </s><s> disabled : subclass of : medically needy </s><s> blind : instance of : disabled </s><s> MAGI counting rules : end time : 2014 </s><s> MAGI counting rules : inception : 2014 </s><s> Health and Human Services : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> health insurance exchange : inception : January 1, 2014 </s><s> Secretary of Health and Human Services : inception : January 1, 2014 </s><s> premium tax credits : inception : 2014 </s><s> premium tax credits : point in time : 2014 </s><s> Premium tax credits : inception : 2014 </s><s> 2014 : point in time : 2014 </s><s> refundable tax credit : inception : 2014 </s><s> AHIPACA : inception : 2014 </s><s> minimum essential coverage : subclass of : health insurance </s><s> minimum essential coverage : facet of : health insurance market </s><s> minimum essential coverage : different from : individual health insurance market </s><s> individual health insurance market : different from : minimum essential coverage </s><s> 100% FPL : different from : 133% FPL </s><s> 133% FPL : different from : 100% FPL </s><s> 100% FPL : followed by : 133% FPL </s><s> second-lowest-cost silver plan : part of : ACA </s><s> silver plan : part of : ACA </s><s> second-lowest-cost silver plan : part of : exchange coverage </s><s> 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> in 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Sec. : has part : Sec. </s><s> premium credits : part of : ACA </s><s> AHCA : part of : ACA </s><s> Social Security : different from : Medicare </s><s> Medicare : different from : Social Security </s><s> Social Security benefits : subclass of : non-taxable </s><s> Social Security benefits : instance of : non-taxable </s><s> Medicare : different from : Medicaid </s><s> health care exchanges : part of : ACA </s><s> health care exchange : instance of : newly established </s><s> health care exchanges : instance of : newly established </s><s> annuity : subclass of : pension </s><s> pension : different from : annuity </s><s> annuity : different from : pension </s><s> Pension : different from : annuity </s><s> annuity : different from : Pension </s><s> adjusted gross income : part of : federal tax return </s><s> adjusted gross income : instance of : federal tax return </s><s> adjusted gross income : facet of : federal tax return </s><s> Social Security : instance of : pensions </s><s> Social Security : instance of : pension </s><s> Social Security : part of : federal </s><s> Title IV-E : has part : foster care and adoption assistance programs </s><s> foster care and adoption assistance programs : part of : Title IV-E </s><s> Title IV-E : has part : foster care and adoption assistance </s><s> foster care and adoption assistance : part of : Title IV-E </s><s> foster care and adoption assistance programs : instance of : cash assistance program </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : has part : 209(b) states </s><s> 209(b) states : part of : Supplemental Security Income </s><s> Supplemental Security Income : has part : 211(b) states </s><s> child support : subclass of : income </s><s> child support : instance of : income </s><s> earned income disregards : instance of : standard of need </s><s> unearned income : different from : earned income </s><s> earned income : different from : unearned income </s><s> unearned income : opposite of : earned income </s><s> disabled : has part : blind </s><s> disabled : subclass of : impairment </s><s> disability : subclass of : impairment </s><s> state option : inception : 2014 </s><s> state option : point in time : 2014 </s><s> in-kind : subclass of : gifts </s><s> federal poverty level : facet of : social programs </s><s> federal poverty level : instance of : definition of income </s><s> in-kind : subclass of : cash </s><s> food : subclass of : living expenses </s><s> cash : different from : in-kind </s><s> in-kind : different from : cash </s><s> mandatory eligibility group : inception : 2014 </s><s> new mandatory eligibility group : inception : 2014 </s><s> non-taxable : subclass of : income </s><s> non-taxable income : subclass of : income </s><s> unemployment compensation laws : instance of : agencies </s><s> unemployment compensation law : instance of : agencies </s><s> unemployment compensation laws : instance of : Social Security number </s><s> Social Security Administration : subsidiary : Internal Revenue Service </s><s> state Medicaid program : subclass of : Medicaid </s><s> Internal Revenue Service : parent organization : Social Security Administration </s><s> Medicaid : has part : state exchanges </s><s> Medicaid : part of : Medicaid </s><s> Medicaid : different from : subsidized exchange coverage </s><s> subsidized exchange coverage : different from : Medicaid </s><s> spouse : subclass of : dependents </s><s> income tax system : facet of : income tax </s><s> income tax system : facet of : collect income taxes </s><s> single household : subclass of : household </s><s> household : has parts of the class : tax unit </s><s> household : has part : tax unit </s><s> personal income tax : subclass of : Income for tax purposes </s><s> personal income tax : instance of : Income for tax purposes </s><s> personal income tax : use : Income for tax purposes </s><s> retirement : subclass of : saving </s><s> concept of need : facet of : social program </s><s> saving for retirement : subclass of : tax unit </s><s> income tax : subclass of : taxes </s><s> Administration : has part : Congress </s><s> Administration : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Congress : part of : Administration </s> | Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended), the definition of income for eligibility for certain Medicaid populations and premium credits in the exchanges is based on modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). The initial intent of using MAGI was to standardize the definition of income for Medicaid eligibility purposes to reduce some of the variability and complexity that exists under the current program and to provide consistency between Medicaid and the health insurance exchange.
The use of MAGI, however, raised some concerns among Congress and the Obama Administration, as the definition in ACA excluded some types of income either partially or altogether. Of particular interest was the potential impact on eligibility for Medicaid and premium credits for early retirees (aged 62 through 64) receiving Social Security benefits, as some or all of their Social Security income may have been excluded from the MAGI definition of income. By excluding some types of income from the ACA definition, individuals and families with a higher percentage of total income relative to the federal poverty level may qualify for Medicaid and premium credits.
To address these concerns, P.L. 112-56 was enacted into law on November 21, 2011, which among other things, amended the definition of income for these programs and included non-taxable Social Security in the definition of MAGI. The new law, however, does not address other forms of non-taxable income that are not currently in the MAGI definition (e.g., retirement plan contributions, gifts and inheritance). In evaluating the definition of MAGI, a number of issues might be considered. First, an alternative definition may add complexity compared with the use of MAGI. Specifically, because adjusted gross income (on which MAGI is based) can be computed largely from information on an individual's federal tax return, verification of income is streamlined. If an alternative definition is used that is not based on tax return information, the administrative complexity of verifying nontaxable income from different sources comes into play. Second, the definition was developed to ensure coordination between Medicaid and premium credits in the health insurance exchange. A change in the definition of income for Medicaid also would be necessary for premium credits to ensure consistency between Medicaid and the premium credit offered to selected individuals who purchase private health insurance through the exchanges. Finally, the enactment of P.L. 112-56 focused largely on the inclusion of Social Security benefits in income definitions for eligibility purposes. However, most other low-income programs include other types of income (e.g., nontaxable pensions) and asset holdings that are also excluded from MAGI. |
crs_R44509 | crs_R44509_0 | <s> constituent : subclass of : citizen </s><s> constituent : has part : citizen </s><s> constituent : has part : constituent </s><s> 19 th : followed by : 20 th centuries </s><s> 20 th centuries : follows : 19 th </s><s> telephone : use : communication </s><s> blog : subclass of : website </s><s> email : subclass of : electronic communications </s><s> Facebook : instance of : website </s><s> Members : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Members </s><s> Congress : headquarters location : Capitol Hill </s><s> representative democracy : subclass of : representation </s><s> Members : facet of : representative democracy </s><s> Members : part of : representative democracy </s><s> postal mail : subclass of : communication </s><s> postal mail : subclass of : communications </s><s> telephone calls : subclass of : communication </s><s> Twitter : instance of : social media </s><s> Facebook : instance of : social media </s><s> First Continental Congress : point in time : 1775 </s><s> Post Office Act of 1792 : point in time : 1792 </s><s> Post Office Act of 1792 : legislated by : First Congress </s><s> Post Office Act of 1792 : publication date : 1792 </s><s> act of 1825 : point in time : 1825 </s><s> act of 1825 : publication date : 1825 </s><s> 18 th : followed by : 19 th centuries </s><s> Andrew Jackson : position held : President </s><s> President : officeholder : Andrew Jackson </s><s> Andrew Jackson : position held : Members </s><s> veins : connects with : arteries </s><s> arteries : connects with : veins </s><s> press release : subclass of : communication </s><s> newspapers : instance of : media </s><s> press releases : subclass of : communication </s><s> Representatives : opposite of : Senators </s><s> Senators : opposite of : Representatives </s><s> By law, Representatives and Senators : subclass of : chamber regulations </s><s> By law, Representatives and Senators are provided an annual allowance : instance of : By law </s><s> email : instance of : modes of communication </s><s> social networking site : subclass of : website </s><s> House of Representatives : opposite of : Senate </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House of Representatives </s><s> electronic mail : opposite of : postal mail </s><s> Communications from Congress : participant : Members </s><s> email : subclass of : mass communication </s><s> email : instance of : mass communication </s><s> email communications : subclass of : mass communication </s><s> YouTube channels : instance of : website </s><s> Facebook : instance of : Social media </s><s> Congressional committees : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> Members of Congress : part of : Congressional committees </s><s> YouTube : instance of : social media service </s><s> Instagram : instance of : social media service </s><s> Flickr : instance of : social media service </s><s> Instagram : instance of : social media </s><s> Instagram : instance of : social media platforms </s><s> Instagram : instance of : social media platform </s><s> Representatives : has part : House </s><s> Senators : part of : Senate </s><s> Representatives : has part : Senate </s><s> Senators : part of : Representatives </s><s> Senate : has part : Senators </s><s> email : subclass of : Electronic communication </s><s> email : subclass of : Electronic communications </s><s> Internet access : subclass of : Electronic communications </s><s> email : instance of : communication media </s><s> social media : subclass of : communication media </s><s> Tweets : instance of : social media </s><s> Tweets : subclass of : social media </s><s> Tweets : part of : social media </s><s> press release : subclass of : electronic communications </s><s> email list : facet of : electronic communications </s><s> The Logic of Congressional Action : publication date : 1990 </s><s> The Logic of Congressional Action : author : R. Douglas Arnold </s><s> Members : subclass of : legislators </s><s> John F. Kennedy School of Government : part of : Harvard University </s><s> Members : part of : legislative </s><s> Coalition to End the Permanent Government v. Marvin T. Runyon, et al. : court : federal court </s><s> Coalition to End the Permanent Government v. Marvin T. Runyon : court : federal court </s><s> Coalition to End the Permanent Government v. Marvin T. Runyon, et al. : applies to jurisdiction : federal court </s><s> YouTube : instance of : social media </s><s> Committee on House Administration : part of : House </s><s> Committee on House Administration : parent organization : House </s><s> House : has part : Representatives </s><s> Representatives : part of : House </s><s> Congressman : subclass of : Representative </s><s> Congresswoman : subclass of : Congressman </s><s> Representative : subclass of : Congressman </s><s> Congressman : has part : Representative </s><s> Senate Internet Services and Technology Resources Usage Rules : inception : 2008 </s><s> Senate Internet Services and Technology Resources Usage Rules : publication date : 2008 </s><s> Senate Internet Policy : inception : 2008 </s><s> Dear Colleague : author : Senate Rules Committee </s><s> Dear Colleague : legislated by : Senate Rules Committee </s><s> Senate Internet Policy : author : Senate Committee on Rules and Administration </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : House </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> congressional franking privilege : used by : Members of Congress </s><s> House : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Senate : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> social media : subclass of : communication </s><s> social media platforms : subclass of : electronic communications </s><s> social media platform : subclass of : electronic communications </s><s> Twitter : instance of : mass communication </s><s> Tweet : part of : Twitter </s><s> Representatives : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> Senators : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> Email : subclass of : email </s><s> email : different from : postal system </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> in 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> In 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Twitter : length : 140 characters </s><s> Twitter : length : 140 </s><s> Representatives : subclass of : Members </s><s> Senators : subclass of : Members </s><s> Representatives : subclass of : Member </s><s> Senators : subclass of : Member </s><s> Representatives : subclass of : Members' personal offices </s><s> Senators : subclass of : Members' personal offices </s><s> social media : subclass of : electronic media </s><s> social media : subclass of : new media </s><s> social media : instance of : new media </s><s> social media : subclass of : electronic communications </s><s> social media : part of : electronic communications </s><s> in 1995 : followed by : in 2011 </s><s> in 2011 : follows : in 1995 </s><s> email : different from : postal mail </s><s> postal mail : different from : email </s><s> constituent opinion : different from : constituent thinking </s><s> constituent thinking : different from : constituent opinion </s><s> constituent opinion : facet of : constituent thinking </s><s> constituent : has part : constituent opinion </s><s> social media : subclass of : communications </s><s> markup : part of : committee </s><s> social media platforms : subclass of : communications </s><s> costs : opposite of : benefits </s><s> benefits : opposite of : costs </s><s> Twitter : instance of : live-tweeting </s><s> Twitter : owned by : Members of Congress </s><s> Twitter : operator : Members of Congress </s><s> Tweets : part of : Twitter </s><s> Twitter : has part : Tweets </s><s> Flickr : instance of : social media </s><s> House of Representatives : instance of : respective chambers </s><s> Senate : instance of : respective chambers </s><s> House of Representatives : instance of : chambers </s><s> Senate : instance of : chambers </s><s> name-calling : subclass of : personal attacks </s><s> name-calling : subclass of : threats </s><s> names : subclass of : threats </s><s> geographic constituency : subclass of : foundation of representation </s><s> geographic constituency : instance of : foundation of representation </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : geographic constituency </s><s> geographic constituency : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Jane Mansbridge : field of work : Political scientist </s><s> Members : subclass of : Members </s><s> women's rights : studied by : Political scientist </s><s> television : instance of : mass media </s><s> television : subclass of : mass media </s><s> television : part of : mass media </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : Representatives </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : Senators </s><s> Representatives : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Senators : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> Representatives : subclass of : Members of Congress </s><s> Senators : subclass of : Members of Congress </s><s> wall : instance of : social media </s><s> wall : part of : social media </s><s> feed : part of : social media </s><s> timeline : part of : social media </s><s> feed : instance of : social media </s><s> timeline : instance of : social media </s><s> one-directional communication : opposite of : third-party </s><s> one-directional communication : has part : third-party </s><s> one-directional communication paradigm : opposite of : third-party </s><s> Changing Representation : facet of : Members </s><s> Members : has part : House </s><s> Members : has part : Senate </s><s> House : part of : Members </s><s> Senate : part of : Members </s><s> surrogate representation : opposite of : traditional district and state representation </s><s> surrogate representation : different from : traditional district and state representation </s><s> traditional district and state representation : different from : surrogate representation </s> | The mediums through which Members and constituents communicate have changed significantly over American history and continue to evolve today. Whereas most communications traditionally occurred through the media, via postal mail, or over a telephone, the adoption and use of electronic communications via email and social media technologies (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other sites) changes how Representatives and Senators disseminate and gather information, who they communicate with, and what types of information they share and receive from the general public, many not residing in their district or state. In less than 20 years, the entire nature of Member-constituent communication has been transformed, perhaps more than in any other period in American history.
Over the last several years, the number of Representatives and Senators adopting social media and the number of different services being utilized has increased. In 2009, for example, Members of Congress were just beginning to adopt social media and only a small number were actively using Twitter, mostly as a dissemination tool. Today, all 100 Senators and almost all Representatives have adopted Twitter, Facebook, and other social media tools as a way to supplement their overall office communication strategies and disseminate information.
Electronic communication and social media differ from traditional Member-constituent communication in three key ways.
Electronic communication is inexpensive. Members can reach large numbers of constituents for a fixed cost, and constituents can reach Members at virtually zero cost. Electronic communication is fast. The relay of information from Capitol Hill to the rest of the country (and vice versa) has been reduced, time-wise. As soon as something happens in Congress, it can be known everywhere in real time. Electronic communication reaches a wide audience. Members can reach large numbers of citizens who are not their own constituents.
The cost, speed, and reach of social media have wide-ranging implications for the work of Congress. When Members choose to use electronic communication, they must consider many issues, including office operations (communications expectations and staff allocation); communications strategies (gathering and evaluating constituent opinions, content, interactivity, policies for posting and responding to content); and consequences for representation, including whether the office will respond to postings and, if so, how often. How an office evaluates and manages its social media presence varies from Member to Member. |
crs_RS22675 | crs_RS22675_0 | <s> European Union : member of : Council of Europe </s><s> European Union : member of : Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe </s><s> Armenia : member of : Council of Europe </s><s> Armenia : member of : Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe </s><s> Armenia : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : Armenia </s><s> Rule of Law Party : inception : May 2006 </s><s> Rule of Law Party : country : Armenia </s><s> Republican Party of Armenia : country : Armenia </s><s> Armenian Revolutionary Federation : country : Armenia </s><s> Prosperous Armenia Party : inception : 2004 </s><s> Gagik Tsarukyan : member of political party : Prosperous Armenia Party </s><s> Prosperous Armenia Party : founded by : Gagik Tsarukyan </s><s> Levon Ter-Petrossyan : member of political party : Pan-Armenian National Movement </s><s> Vazgen Manukyan : member of political party : National Democratic Union </s><s> Artur Baghdasaryan : member of political party : Rule of Law Party </s><s> Rule of Law Party : chairperson : Artur Baghdasaryan </s><s> Rule of Law Party : founded by : Artur Baghdasaryan </s><s> CEC : part of : OSCE </s><s> COE : parent organization : OSCE </s><s> COE : part of : OSCE </s><s> last legislative election : candidate : Republican Party of Armenia </s><s> last legislative election : successful candidate : Republican Party of Armenia </s><s> last legislative election : followed by : previous legislature </s><s> EU : member of : OSCE </s><s> OSCE : diplomatic relation : EU </s><s> EU : diplomatic relation : OSCE </s><s> 2003 : point in time : 2003 </s><s> Justice Bloc : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> OSCE : has part : COE </s><s> Artashes Geghamyan : member of political party : National Unity Party </s><s> Aram Sargisyan : member of political party : Republic Party </s><s> Tsovinar Khachatrian : position held : CEC spokesperson </s><s> Tsovinar Khachatrian : employer : CEC </s><s> Pan-Armenian National Movement : member of : Rule of Law and Heritage </s><s> Sargisyan : member of political party : Republican Party of Armenia </s><s> presidential election in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> President Kocharyan : member of political party : Republican Party of Armenia </s><s> previous ones : office contested : president </s><s> president : part of : legislature </s><s> previous ones : has part : president if he chooses to run </s><s> president if he chooses to run : part of : previous ones </s><s> coalition government : opposite of : one-party government </s><s> a coalition government : opposite of : one-party government </s><s> a coalition government : opposite of : a one-party government </s><s> presidential race : candidate : Sargisyan </s><s> Sargisyan : candidacy in election : presidential race </s><s> the presidential race : candidate : Sargisyan </s><s> Sargisyan : candidacy in election : the presidential race </s><s> Nagorno Karabakh conflict : location : Nagorno Karabakh </s><s> Nagorno Karabakh conflict : participant : Azerbaijan </s><s> conflict : location : Nagorno Karabakh </s><s> OSCE : instance of : European institutions </s><s> COE : instance of : European institutions </s><s> EU : member of : COE </s><s> OSCE : part of : European institutions </s><s> COE : part of : European institutions </s><s> Anela Merkel : position held : EU Council President </s><s> Anela Merkel : position held : German Chancellor </s><s> German Chancellor : officeholder : Anela Merkel </s><s> Georgia : part of : South Caucasus </s><s> South Caucasus : has part : Georgia </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : inception : 2004 </s><s> Millennium Challenge Account : start time : 2004 </s><s> Black Sea : has part : Caspian Sea </s><s> Caspian Sea : part of : Black Sea </s><s> Frank Pallone : position held : Representatives </s><s> Joe Knollenberg : position held : Representatives </s><s> Frank Pallone : member of political party : MCA </s><s> Joe Knollenberg : member of political party : MCA </s><s> Kocharyan : position held : President </s><s> Sargisyan : position held : Prime Minister </s><s> Prime Minister : officeholder : Sargisyan </s> | This report discusses the campaign and results of Armenia's May 12, 2007, legislative election and examines implications for Armenian and U.S. interests. Many observers viewed the election as marking some democratization progress. The Republican Party of Armenia increased its number of seats to a near-majority and termed the results as a mandate on its policies. The party leader, Prime Minister Serzh Sargisyan, was widely seen as gaining stature as a possible candidate in the upcoming 2008 presidential election. This report may be updated. Related reports include CRS Report RL33453, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests , by [author name scrubbed]. |
crs_R42644 | crs_R42644_0 | <s> President's request for FY2013 funding : point in time : 2013 </s><s> President's request for FY2013 funding for the Department of Homeland Security : point in time : 2013 </s><s> President's request for FY2013 funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) : point in time : 2013 </s><s> President's FY2013 Budget Request Submitted : publication date : February 13, 2012 </s><s> President's FY2013 Budget Request Submitted : point in time : February 13, 2012 </s><s> President's FY2013 Budget Request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> enacted for FY2012 : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> enacted for FY2012 : followed by : FY2013 </s><s> enacted for FY2012 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> H.R. 5855 : point in time : June 7, 2012 </s><s> House : opposite of : Senate </s><s> House Passes H.R. 5855 : point in time : June 7, 2012 </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology : parent organization : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology : operator : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology account : parent organization : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> continuing resolution : legislated by : House </s><s> Urban Search and Rescue : parent organization : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Urban Search and Rescue : part of : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : March 26, 2013 </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> impact of sequestration : point in time : 2013 </s><s> sequestration : point in time : 2013 </s><s> impacts of sequestration : point in time : 2013 </s><s> President's Budget Documents : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> House-passed : part of : 112 th Congress </s><s> Senate-reported version : part of : 112 th Congress </s><s> House-passed : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> Senate-reported version : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> Post-sequester : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : country : U.S. </s><s> Post-sequester funding levels : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : inception : 2002 </s><s> Office of Secretary and Executive Management : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Office of the Under Secretary for Management : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Office of Secretary and Executive Management </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Office of the Under Secretary for Management </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : parent organization : Transportation Security Administration </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : parent organization : U.S. Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : subsidiary : Immigration and Customs Enforcement </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : instance of : emergency appropriation </s><s> Senate : opposite of : House </s><s> statement of managers : part of : congressional budget process </s><s> House : instance of : Committees on Appropriations </s><s> Senate : instance of : Committees on Appropriations </s><s> conference report : part of : congressional budget process </s><s> point of order : facet of : budget discipline </s><s> Budget Control Act : main subject : point of order </s><s> Budget Control Act : has effect : point of order </s><s> Director of National Intelligence : parent organization : Intelligence Community Management Account </s><s> Director of National Intelligence : part of : Intelligence Community Management Account </s><s> Intelligence Community Management Account : office held by head of the organization : Director of National Intelligence </s><s> House-passed budget resolution : legislated by : House </s><s> sequestration : start time : January 2, 2013 </s><s> automatic spending reduction process : start time : January 2, 2013 </s><s> Budget Control Act : point in time : January 15, 2012 </s><s> Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 : point in time : 1985 </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (BBEDCA) : point in time : 1985 </s><s> joint committee sequester : point in time : March 1, 2013 </s><s> temporary continuing resolution : has cause : Sequestration </s><s> temporary continuing resolution : instance of : Sequestration </s><s> Temporary continuing resolution : has cause : Sequestration </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : part of : Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : followed by : Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act </s><s> American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 : part of : Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act </s><s> FY2013 discretionary spending limits : authority : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> FY2013 discretionary spending limits : maintained by : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> FY2013 discretionary spending limits : author : Congressional Budget Office </s><s> DHS : instance of : program </s><s> nonsecurity budget authority : different from : security budget authority </s><s> security budget authority : different from : nonsecurity budget authority </s><s> nonsecurity budget authority : opposite of : security budget authority </s><s> security budget authority : opposite of : nonsecurity budget authority </s><s> Overseas Contingency Operations : part of : Global War on Terror </s><s> Overseas Contingency Operations : conflict : Global War on Terror </s><s> Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terror : part of : Budget Control Act </s><s> overseas contingency operations : part of : Global War on Terror </s><s> overseas contingency operations : facet of : Global War on Terror </s><s> FEMA Disaster Relief Fund : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> FEMA Disaster Relief Fund : inception : FY2013 </s><s> pre-sequestration : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> House-passed : followed by : Senate-reported versions of the FY2013 appropriations bill </s><s> House-passed : followed by : Senate-reported </s><s> Appropriations Act of 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> military personnel : has part : Coast Guard </s><s> military personnel : subclass of : civilians </s><s> pre-sequester discretionary budget authority for FY 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> pre-sequester : point in time : FY 2013 </s><s> pre-sequester discretionary budget authority : point in time : FY 2013 </s><s> Supplemental Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> appropriations : different from : budget authority </s><s> DHS Appropriations Compared to the Total DHS Budget : part of : FY </s><s> DHS Appropriations Compared to the Total DHS Budget : facet of : DHS budget </s><s> DHS Appropriations Compared to the Total DHS Budget : part of : DHS budget </s><s> Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Budget Control Act : has effect : enacted budget </s><s> FY2003 : followed by : FY2013 </s><s> FY2011 : point in time : FY2011 </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : different from : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : different from : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : opposite of : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : opposite of : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : Departmental Management and Operations </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : Administration </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : Management and Operations </s><s> across-the-board cuts : has cause : sequestration </s><s> sequestration : has effect : across-the-board cuts </s><s> across-the-board cuts : facet of : sequestration </s><s> Office of the Secretary and Executive Management : subsidiary : Immediate Office of the Secretary </s><s> Immediate Office of the Secretary : parent organization : Office of the Secretary and Executive Management </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Chief Administrative Officer </s><s> Chief Administrative Officer : parent organization : Secretary for Management </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Chief Human Capital Officer </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Chief Procurement Officer </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Chief Security Officer </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Office of the Chief Financial Officer </s><s> Secretary for Management : subsidiary : Office of the Chief Information Officer </s><s> Chief Human Capital Officer : parent organization : Secretary for Management </s><s> Chief Procurement Officer : parent organization : Secretary for Management </s><s> Chief Security Officer : parent organization : Secretary for Management </s><s> post-sequester : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Office of the Secretary and Executive Management : parent organization : OCIO </s><s> DHS headquarters : located in the administrative territorial entity : St. Elizabeths </s><s> Office of the Secretary and Executive Management : subsidiary : OCIO </s><s> Secure Communities : operator : ICE </s><s> ICE Secure Communities : has part : 287(g) </s><s> 287(g) : part of : ICE Secure Communities </s><s> Office of Policy : parent organization : Citizenship and Immigration Services </s><s> Office of the Chief Administrative Officer : parent organization : OCAO </s><s> Under Secretary for Management : part of : Immediate Office of the Under Secretary for Management </s><s> OCAO : subsidiary : Office of the Chief Administrative Officer </s><s> Nebraska Avenue Complex : occupant : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Nebraska Avenue Complex : owned by : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Office of the Chief Financial Officer : headquarters location : Nebraska Avenue Complex </s><s> CBP : parent organization : Administration </s><s> Administration : subsidiary : Infrastructure and Security Activities </s><s> Infrastructure and Security Activities : parent organization : Administration </s><s> TSA : parent organization : Administration </s><s> USCIS : parent organization : Administration </s><s> OSEM : parent organization : USM </s><s> USM : subsidiary : OSEM </s><s> budget : subclass of : appropriations bill </s><s> budget for management : part of : Office of the Office of Management and Budget </s><s> budget for management : parent organization : Office of the Office of the President </s><s> Urban Search and Rescue Response System : parent organization : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Urban Search and Rescue Response System : part of : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> Office of the Under Secretary for Management : parent organization : Office of the Secretary and Executive Management </s><s> Office of the Under Secretary for Management : part of : Office of the Secretary and Executive Management </s><s> Office of the Secretary and Executive Management : subsidiary : Office of the Under Secretary for Management </s><s> Office of Policy : parent organization : OSEM </s><s> Secretary of Defense : officeholder : Donald Rumsfeld </s><s> Donald Rumsfeld : position held : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Commandant of the Coast Guard : appointed by : Secretary of DHS </s><s> Vice Commandant : appointed by : Commandant of the Coast Guard </s><s> Vice Commandant : appointed by : Secretary of DHS </s><s> Office of the Chief Financial Financial Office : parent organization : OCPO </s><s> OCPO : subsidiary : Office of the Chief Financial Office </s><s> Office of the Chief Financial Financial Office : parent organization : Under Secretary for Management (USM) </s><s> FY2014 budget request : point in time : FY2014 </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : instance of : Appropriations Committees </s><s> budget request : point in time : FY2014 </s><s> software : part of : information technology </s><s> software : use : information technology </s><s> software : use : services </s><s> President's budget request : instance of : appropriations </s><s> S. 3216 : legislated by : Senate Committee on Appropriations </s><s> Senate : subsidiary : Committee on Appropriations </s><s> Committee on Appropriations : parent organization : Senate </s><s> Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties : parent organization : Office of the Secretary and Executive Management </s><s> Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties : headquarters location : St. Elizabeths </s><s> Office of the Secretary and Executive Management : subsidiary : Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties </s><s> historian : employer : OCRCL </s><s> historian : subclass of : historian </s><s> historian : part of : OCRCL </s><s> Under Secretary for Management : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Under Secretary for Management </s><s> Under Secretary for Management : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Under Secretary for Management </s><s> USM : different from : OSEM </s><s> OSEM : different from : USM </s><s> part-year appropriation : part of : Title I </s><s> Title I : has part : part-year appropriation </s><s> OCFO : part of : DHS Operating Plan </s><s> 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> 2016 : point in time : 2016 </s><s> Deputy Secretary : subclass of : Secretary </s><s> Deputy Secretary : appointed by : Secretary </s><s> President's : significant event : President's FY2014 budget proposal </s><s> President's annual budget request : instance of : appropriations committees </s><s> annual budget request : subclass of : appropriations committees </s><s> President's annual budget request : subclass of : appropriations committees </s><s> sequestration : point in time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> sequestration : start time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> sequestration was applied : point in time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> Office of International Affairs : parent organization : OSEM </s><s> OSEM : subsidiary : Office of International Affairs </s><s> Office of State and Local Law Enforcement : parent organization : Private Sector Office </s><s> John F. Kennedy School of Government : part of : Harvard University </s><s> OSEM : subsidiary : Office of Policy </s><s> Intergovernmental Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> Public Affairs : office held by head of the organization : Secretary </s><s> House committee : part of : House </s><s> Chief Financial Officer : office held by head of the organization : Chief Financial Officer </s><s> Chief Financial Officer : has part : Chief Financial Officer's section </s><s> bill : subclass of : legislation </s><s> bill : legislated by : Congresses </s><s> budgeting : part of : legislation </s><s> appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Appropriations : legislated by : Congress </s><s> appropriations work : legislated by : Congress </s><s> oversight : legislated by : Congressional </s><s> Congressional : part of : American people </s><s> American people : has part : Congressional </s><s> Congressional : applies to jurisdiction : American people </s><s> American people : legislative body : Congressional </s><s> USM : parent organization : OSEM </s><s> CFO : parent organization : OSEM </s><s> CFO : part of : OSEM </s><s> General Services Administration : subsidiary : Office of Inspector General </s><s> Office of Inspector General : parent organization : General Services Administration </s><s> Inspector General : parent organization : General Services Administration </s><s> Memorandum M-12-12 : author : OMB </s><s> M-12-12 : instance of : Memorandum </s><s> Memorandum M-12-12 : legislated by : OMB </s><s> inspectors general : subclass of : ethics officials </s><s> operation conference : subclass of : training </s><s> inspectors general : instance of : ethics officials </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : headquarters location : Washington, DC </s><s> National Capital region : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : headquarters location : Washington, DC, area </s><s> St Elizabeths : location : Anacostia </s><s> St Elizabeths : located in the administrative territorial entity : Anacostia </s><s> General Services Administration : headquarters location : St Elizabeths </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : GSA </s><s> GSA : parent organization : DHS </s><s> GSA : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> Department of Transportation : parent organization : General Services Administration </s><s> Department of Transportation : different from : General Services Administration </s><s> Department of Transportation : subsidiary : General Services Administration </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> Homeland Security bill : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Congress : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> Coast Guard headquarters : located in the administrative territorial entity : St. Elizabeths </s><s> Departmental Headquarters Consolidation : located in the administrative territorial entity : St. Elizabeths </s><s> move of the Coast Guard headquarters to St. Elizabeths : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> USM : subsidiary : Coast Guard </s><s> Coast Guard : parent organization : USM </s><s> headquarters construction site : operator : USM </s><s> transportation : has part : road </s><s> Transportation Act of 1968 : point in time : 1968 </s><s> FEMA : headquarters location : DHS central headquarters </s><s> DHS central headquarters : inception : 2013 </s><s> DHS central headquarters : occupant : FEMA </s><s> Coast Guard operating expenses : facet of : Coast Guard </s><s> Department of Defense : office held by head of the organization : Secretary of Defense </s><s> Coast Guard operating expenses : applies to jurisdiction : Coast Guard </s><s> General Services Administration : office held by head of the organization : Under Secretary for Management </s><s> mission support consolidation : subclass of : headquarters consolidation </s><s> mission support consolidation : part of : General Services Administration </s><s> DHS Operating Plan for FY2013 : inception : 2012 </s><s> DHS Operating Plan for FY2013 : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> DHS Operating Plan for FY2013 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Office of Operations Coordination and Planning : part of : Office of Intelligence and Analysis </s><s> Office of Operations Coordination and Planning : parent organization : Office of Intelligence and Analysis </s><s> Office of Intelligence and Analysis : field of work : homeland security </s><s> National Intelligence Program : part of : intelligence community </s><s> National Intelligence Program : instance of : intelligence community </s><s> National Operations Center : part of : intelligence community </s><s> 2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> FY2012 : point in time : 2012 </s><s> 2012 : followed by : 2013 </s><s> FY2012 : followed by : FY2013 </s><s> enacted : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> FY2013 : follows : FY2012 </s><s> Chief Intelligence Officer : parent organization : DHS </s><s> Chief Intelligence Officer : part of : DHS </s><s> Chief Intelligence Officer : part of : intelligence community </s><s> sequester : point in time : 2013 </s><s> pre-sequester : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> President's FY2013 request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> sequestration : point in time : January 2012 </s><s> Issues for Congress : inception : January 2012 </s><s> Sue Myrick : position held : Members of Congress </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Subcommittee on Terrorism, Human Intelligence, Analysis, and Counterintelligence : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : parent organization : House of Representatives </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : instance of : federal agency </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : DHS </s><s> Federal Information Security Management Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Office of the Inspector General : parent organization : Secretary of DHS </s><s> natural disasters : subclass of : disasters </s><s> acts of terrorism : has effect : disasters </s><s> act of terrorism : has effect : disasters </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : ICE </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : CBP </s><s> ICE : parent organization : DHS </s><s> CBP : parent organization : DHS </s><s> ICE : subsidiary : CBP </s><s> CBP : parent organization : ICE </s><s> FEMA : subsidiary : Disaster Relief Fund </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : OIG </s><s> OIG : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS OIG : parent organization : State Homeland Security Program and </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 : has part : P.L. 113-6 </s><s> across-the-board cuts : has effect : sequestration </s><s> Sequestration : follows : FY2012 enacted levels </s><s> FY2012 enacted levels : followed by : Sequestration </s><s> DHS FY2013 expenditure plan : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> ICE : parent organization : CBP </s><s> 287(g) agreements : participant : ICE </s><s> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : subsidiary : OIG </s><s> OIG : parent organization : United States Citizenship and Immigration Services </s><s> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : subsidiary : FEMA </s><s> House : instance of : appropriations committees </s><s> Senate : instance of : appropriations committees </s><s> Title II : part of : DHS appropriations bill </s><s> DHS appropriations bill : has part : Title II </s><s> Title II : part of : appropriations bill </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : subsidiary : U.S. Coast Guard </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : has part : U.S. Coast Guard </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : country : U.S. </s><s> post-sequester : follows : sequestration </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> post-sequester : has cause : sequestration </s><s> instruments of terrorism : used by : terrorists </s><s> instruments of terrorism : subclass of : terrorists </s><s> instruments of terrorism : subclass of : terrorism </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology : has part : Facilities Management </s><s> Facilities Management : part of : Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology : part of : Facilities Management </s><s> Border Security Fencing, Infrastructure, and Technology (BSFIT) : parent organization : CBP </s><s> sequestration : facet of : Budget Control Act of 2011 </s><s> sequestration : part of : Budget Control Act of 2011 </s><s> sequestration : has cause : Budget Control Act of 2011 </s><s> Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology : operator : National Protection Programs Directorate </s><s> Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology : parent organization : National Protection Programs Directorate </s><s> National Protection Programs Directorate : subsidiary : Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology </s><s> Automated Targeting System : part of : Cargo Security </s><s> Automated Targeting System : use : Cargo Security </s><s> human resources : subclass of : administrative staff </s><s> human resources : part of : administrative </s><s> human resources : has part : administrative staff </s><s> Office of Information Technology : field of work : information technology </s><s> nonintrusive inspection : subclass of : fleet acquisition </s><s> Office of Administration : field of work : information technology </s><s> last year's appropriation : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> FY2013 : follows : last year's appropriation </s><s> last year's appropriation : part of : FY2013 </s><s> BSFIT : parent organization : CBP </s><s> last year's level : instance of : President's request </s><s> Operations, Maintenance and Procurement : parent organization : Office of Air and Marine Interdiction </s><s> Operations, Maintenance and Procurement : part of : Office of Air and Marine Interdiction </s><s> Sequestration : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Sequestration : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> Immigration and Naturalization Service : parent organization : Congress </s><s> Immigration and Naturalization Service : replaced by : CBP </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Arrival and Departure Information System : operator : DHS </s><s> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act : point in time : 1996 </s><s> Automated Biometric Identification System : instance of : database </s><s> air and seaport : subclass of : ports of entry </s><s> air : opposite of : land port </s><s> land port : opposite of : air </s><s> Overstays : subclass of : non-citizens </s><s> President's FY2013 budget request : country : United States </s><s> Overstays : subclass of : non-citizens exiting the United States </s><s> Citizenship and Immigration Canada : facet of : Canadian border </s><s> Citizenship and Immigration Canada : country : Canada </s><s> Canadian border : country : Canada </s><s> Citizenship and Immigration Canada : applies to jurisdiction : Canada </s><s> Chertoff : position held : DHS Secretary </s><s> Directorate of Border and Transportation Security : inception : 2003 </s><s> Directorate of Border and Transportation Security : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2003 </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : inception : FY2008 </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : replaces : Screening Coordination Office </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : replaces : US-VISIT </s><s> Office of Biometric Identity Management : parent organization : NPPD </s><s> NPPD : subsidiary : Office of Biometric Identity Management </s><s> US-VISIT : parent organization : Office of Biometric Identity Management </s><s> US-VISIT Program : replaced by : Office of Biometric Identity Management </s><s> Office of Biometric Identity Management : replaces : US-VISIT Program </s><s> Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms : instance of : parent organization </s><s> Bureau of Passports : parent organization : United States Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Customs User Fee : instance of : user fees </s><s> Customs User Fee : instance of : user fee </s><s> Customs User Fees : instance of : user fees </s><s> border : subclass of : ports of entry </s><s> border : has part : ports of entry </s><s> border : different from : ports of entry </s><s> sequestration : start time : March 1, 2013 </s><s> sequestration : point in time : March 1, 2013 </s><s> sequestration : instance of : automatic spending cuts </s><s> Border Security and Control : instance of : POEs Account </s><s> Border Security and Control : subsidiary : POEs Account </s><s> POEs Account : parent organization : Border Security and Control </s><s> Border Security and Control : has part : POEs Account </s><s> POEs Account : part of : Border Security and Control </s><s> infrastructure : subclass of : public-private partnerships </s><s> infrastructure : subclass of : public-private partnership </s><s> infrastructure : facet of : public-private partnerships </s><s> Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 : point in time : 1986 </s><s> COBRA fees : part of : Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 </s><s> Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 : has part : COBRA fees </s><s> discretionary appropriations : subclass of : appropriations acts </s><s> discretionary appropriations : subclass of : appropriations act </s><s> preclearance : part of : customs </s><s> Government Accountability Office : country : United States </s><s> United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement Implementation Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> NAFTA Implementation Act of 1993 : point in time : 1993 </s><s> Western Hemisphere : has part : Mexico </s><s> Western Hemisphere : has part : Canada </s><s> Canada : part of : Western Hemisphere </s><s> Members of Congress : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : Members of Congress </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : instance of : Members of Congress </s><s> CBP : headquarters location : headquarters </s><s> Southwest Border Surveillance : facet of : Southwest Border </s><s> America's Shield Initiative : inception : 1998 </s><s> SBI net : part of : Secure Border Initiative </s><s> Secure Border Initiative : has part : SBI net </s><s> Arizona Border Technology Plan : inception : January 2011 </s><s> SBI net : replaced by : Arizona Border Technology Plan </s><s> Arizona Border Technology Plan : replaces : SBI net </s><s> SBI net : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : January 2011 </s><s> SBI net towers : located in the administrative territorial entity : Arizona </s><s> BSFIT : located in the administrative territorial entity : Arizona </s><s> SBI net towers : has part : SBI net technology </s><s> unmanned aircraft : subclass of : manned </s><s> unmanned aircraft : use : ground-based surveillance </s><s> Office of Air and Marine Interdiction : field of work : border surveillance </s><s> Northern border : shares border with : Southwest border </s><s> Southwest border : shares border with : Northern border </s><s> border : located in or next to body of water : Gulf of Mexico </s><s> BSFIT : subclass of : unmanned aircraft systems </s><s> Inspector General : parent organization : DHS </s><s> BSFIT : instance of : unmanned aircraft systems </s><s> 2011 levels : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Transportation Security Act of 1968 : point in time : 1968 </s><s> Salaries and Expenses : part of : Security and Accountability </s><s> For Every Port Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 : country : United States </s><s> 9/11 Act : has part : 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 </s><s> Napolitano : position held : Homeland Security Secretary </s><s> Homeland Security Secretary : officeholder : Napolitano </s><s> Homeland Security Secretary : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Automated Targeting System : use : cargo security screening </s><s> Automated Targeting System : instance of : cargo security screening </s><s> Container Security Initiative : instance of : cargo security screening </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : field of work : enforcement of immigration and customs laws </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : field of work : enforcement of immigration and customs laws within the United States </s><s> Immigration and Customs Enforcement : field of work : enforcement of immigration </s><s> money laundering : subclass of : terrorist financing </s><s> smuggling : subclass of : money laundering </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2011 : has effect : sequestration </s><s> ICE : subsidiary : Executive Office of Immigration Review </s><s> Executive Office of Immigration Review : replaces : National Protection and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology </s><s> Executive Office of Immigration Review : parent organization : ICE </s><s> 287(g) : operator : ICE </s><s> 287(g) program : operator : ICE </s><s> Office of Principle Legal Advisor : parent organization : ICE </s><s> FY2012 enacted level : followed by : FY2013 </s><s> enacted level : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> sequestration : has cause : across-the-board cuts </s><s> Sequestration : point in time : 2013 </s><s> FY2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 : instance of : P.L. </s><s> removing : different from : detaining </s><s> DHS : parent organization : Congress </s><s> removing (deporting) aliens : subclass of : detaining </s><s> Enforcement and Removal Operations : instance of : immigration enforcement </s><s> Enforcement and Removal Operations : field of work : immigration enforcement </s><s> Enforcement and Removal Operations : part of : immigration enforcement </s><s> Office of Enforcement and Removal Operations : field of work : removal proceedings </s><s> Office of Enforcement and Removal Operations : parent organization : ICE </s><s> Office of Enforcement and Removal Operations : instance of : removal proceedings </s><s> noncriminal alien detainees : country : United States </s><s> ERO : country : United States </s><s> noncriminal alien detainees : subclass of : deported </s><s> sequestration : instance of : continuing resolution </s><s> sequestration : has cause : continuing resolution </s><s> President : appointed by : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : President </s><s> President : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : office held by head of the organization : President </s><s> ankle bracelet : subclass of : electronic monitoring device </s><s> ankle bracelet : subclass of : electronic monitoring devices </s><s> Alternatives to Detention : operator : ICE </s><s> Department of Justice : subsidiary : Secure Communities </s><s> Secure Communities : instance of : information sharing program </s><s> Secure Communities : operator : Department of Justice </s><s> enforcement of immigration laws : part of : INA </s><s> Secure Communities : part of : INA </s><s> Level 1 offenders : part of : INA </s><s> Secure Communities : has part : §287(g) </s><s> Secure Communities : has part : §287(g) program </s><s> FY2012 : followed by : FY2017 </s><s> Secure Communities : parent organization : ICE </s><s> ICE : subsidiary : Secure Communities </s><s> Public Advocate Office : inception : 2012 </s><s> ICE Public Advocate : inception : 2012 </s><s> 287(g) : inception : 2012 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : inception : 2001 </s><s> Transportation Security Administration : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> Department of Transportation : subsidiary : Transportation Security Administration </s><s> sabotage : subclass of : acts of violence </s><s> seaport : subclass of : modes of transportation </s><s> seaport : subclass of : land modes of transportation </s><s> direct discretionary appropriations : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> direct discretionary appropriations : different from : appropriations </s><s> appropriations : different from : direct discretionary appropriations </s><s> TSA budget : part of : DHS Appropriations bill </s><s> FY2012 : followed by : FY2013 Request </s><s> direct appropriations : different from : direct discretionary appropriation </s><s> direct discretionary appropriation : different from : direct appropriations </s><s> direct appropriations : opposite of : direct discretionary appropriation </s><s> Federal Flight Deck Officer : subclass of : flight crew </s><s> Federal Flight Deck Officer : field of this occupation : flight crew training </s><s> passenger checkpoint : use : passenger security fees </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : instance of : threat assessment and credentialing </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : use : threat assessment and credentialing </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : use : transportation threat assessment and credentialing </s><s> House-Passed H.R. 5855 : legislated by : House </s><s> House-Passed H.R. 5855 : instance of : Appropriations Act </s><s> House-Passed H.R. 5855 : instance of : H.R. 5855 </s><s> aviation security : instance of : budget authority </s><s> aviation security : subclass of : budget authority </s><s> aviation security : subclass of : passenger security </s><s> FAMS : field of work : surface transportation security </s><s> FAMS : field of work : transportation security </s><s> FAMS : facet of : surface transportation security </s><s> appropriations bill : legislated by : House committee </s><s> appropriations bill : subclass of : budget </s><s> S.3216 : instance of : bill </s><s> bill for aviation security : instance of : appropriations </s><s> bill for aviation security : legislated by : Senate </s><s> appropriations : part of : budget </s><s> body scanners : subclass of : screener </s><s> body scanners : part of : checkpoint </s><s> post-sequester : follows : Sequestration </s><s> sequestration in some areas : point in time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> Airlines : industry : air travel </s><s> Airlines : industry : passenger air travel </s><s> Airlines : field of work : air travel </s><s> George W. Bush : followed by : Obama </s><s> Obama : follows : George W. Bush </s><s> Bush : followed by : Obama </s><s> FY2012 : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> budget sequestration : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> budget sequestration impacts : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> FAMS : parent organization : TTAC </s><s> PreCheck : operator : TSA </s><s> Global Entry : operator : CBP </s><s> Global Entry : instance of : trusted traveler program </s><s> SENTRI : operator : CBP </s><s> NEXUS : operator : CBP </s><s> crew member : subclass of : flight attendant </s><s> flight attendant : subclass of : pilots </s><s> crew member : different from : flight attendant </s><s> flight attendant : different from : crew member </s><s> Behavior Detection Officer : subclass of : screening </s><s> behavioral-based observation and screening : has part : Behavior Detection Officers </s><s> Behavior Detection Officers : part of : behavioral-based observation and screening </s><s> Behavioral-based observation and screening : has part : Behavior Detection Officers </s><s> Armed Pilots and Crew Member Self-Defense Training : has part : Federal Flight Deck Officer </s><s> Armed Pilots and Crew Member Self-Defense Training : part of : Federal Flight Deck Officer </s><s> pilot : employer : airline </s><s> air marshals : subclass of : law enforcement </s><s> air marshals : subclass of : law enforcement assets </s><s> air marshals : subclass of : federal law enforcement assets </s><s> sequestration cuts : facet of : budget environment </s><s> Coast Guard : field of work : homeland security </s><s> Coast Guard : field of work : maritime component of homeland security </s><s> Department of Transportation : replaced by : DHS </s><s> DHS : replaces : Department of Transportation </s><s> Coast Guard : parent organization : Department of Transportation </s><s> Overseas Contingency Operations Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> across-the-board cuts : has cause : Sequestration </s><s> across-the-board cuts in Division G : has cause : Sequestration </s><s> MH-60 : subclass of : helicopter </s><s> MH-60 : subclass of : helicopters </s><s> MH-60 helicopter : subclass of : aircraft </s><s> national security cutter : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> fast response cutter : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> a new icebreaker : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> new icebreaker : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> Coast Guard housing and aids to navigation : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> St. Elizabeths : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> St. Elizabeths campus : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> new headquarters building : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington, DC </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : instance of : biometric security card </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : instance of : biometric </s><s> Transportation Worker Identification Credential : subclass of : biometric security card </s><s> White House : has part : Vice President's residence </s><s> Vice President's residence : part of : White House </s><s> Vice President : residence : White House </s><s> White House : occupant : Vice President </s><s> President : residence : White House </s><s> White House : occupant : President </s><s> National Guard : located in the administrative territorial entity : District of Columbia </s><s> National Guard : location : District of Columbia </s><s> National Special Security Events : location : District of Columbia </s><s> in FY2012 : followed by : FY2013 </s><s> DHS appropriations bill : legislated by : House </s><s> 2012 Presidential campaign season : point in time : 2012 </s><s> 2012 Presidential campaign : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Center for Missing and Exploited Children : dissolved, abolished or demolished date : 2012 </s><s> Center for Missing and Exploited Children : parent organization : USSS </s><s> FY2012 USSS appropriation : followed by : FY2013 request </s><s> DHS appropriations bill : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Cartagena : country : Colombia </s><s> Colombia : legislative body : Congress </s><s> Colombia : capital : Cartagena </s><s> Protection and Investigation Missions Funding and Activities : parent organization : USSS </s><s> Protection and Investigation Missions Funding and Activities : part of : USSS </s><s> Office of Health Affairs : parent organization : Federal Emergency Management Agency </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : parent organization : Office of Health Affairs </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : subsidiary : Office of Health Affairs </s><s> Budget Control Act of 2013 : point in time : 2013 </s><s> sequestration : facet of : across-the-board cuts </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : inception : 2006 </s><s> Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> Office of Cybersecurity and Communications : subsidiary : National Cyber Security Division </s><s> National Cyber Security Division : parent organization : Office of Cybersecurity and Communications </s><s> Office of Cybersecurity and Communications : subsidiary : National Communications System </s><s> National Communications System : parent organization : Office of Cybersecurity and Communications </s><s> cybersecurity : subclass of : infrastructure protection </s><s> Office of Policy : parent organization : DHS </s><s> Infrastructure Protection and Information Security Program : field of work : infrastructure protection </s><s> Federal Information Security Management : facet of : information systems </s><s> Federal Information Security Management : subclass of : information systems </s><s> Federal Information Security Management : developer : federal government's </s><s> National Cybersecurity Protection System : use : intrusion detection </s><s> National Cybersecurity Protection System : developer : National Security Agency </s><s> National Cybersecurity Protection System : instance of : intrusion detection </s><s> Multi-State Information Security and Analysis Center : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> Multi-State Information Security and Analysis Center : industry : cybersecurity </s><s> Multi-State Information Security and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC) : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> H.R. 5855 : legislated by : House </s><s> H.R.5855 : legislated by : House </s><s> Office of Biometric Identity Management : parent organization : Management and Administration </s><s> Office of Biometric Identity Management : subsidiary : IPIS </s><s> CFATS : operator : Coast Guard </s><s> CFATS : parent organization : Coast Guard </s><s> CFATS : part of : Coast Guard </s><s> Federal Network Security : part of : Programs to Study and Enhance Telecommunications </s><s> Programs to Study and Enhance Telecommunications : part of : Federal Network Security </s><s> Federal Network Security : followed by : Programs to Study and Enhance Telecommunications </s><s> bombing prevention : subclass of : vulnerability assessment </s><s> Federal Network Security : followed by : Security Compliance </s><s> Federal Network Security : has part : Security Compliance </s><s> Global Cybersecurity Management : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> Global Cybersecurity Management : facet of : cybersecurity </s><s> Global Cybersecurity Management project : field of work : cybersecurity </s><s> National Cyber Security Review : main subject : cybersecurity </s><s> first National Cyber Security Review : main subject : cybersecurity </s><s> FY2013 operating plan : instance of : operating plan </s><s> its FY2013 operating plan : instance of : operating plan </s><s> NPPD/IPIS : has part : Biometric Identity Management </s><s> Federal : has part : Congress </s><s> Congress : part of : Federal </s><s> GAO : parent organization : Federal </s><s> Federal : subsidiary : GAO </s><s> Network Security program : part of : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act </s><s> software : part of : equipment </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act : has part : Further Continuing Appropriations Act </s><s> Further Continuing Appropriations Act : part of : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act : instance of : Act </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act : main subject : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> post-sequester : start time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> 112 th Congress : point in time : 112 </s><s> Congress : has part : 112 th Congress </s><s> 112 th Congress : part of : Congress </s><s> 112 th Congress : instance of : Congress </s><s> Federal Protective Service : parent organization : National Protection and Programs Directorate </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : subsidiary : Federal Protective Service </s><s> National Protection and Programs Directorate : parent organization : DHS </s><s> President's FY2013 budget request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> National Special Security Events : operator : U.S. Secret Service </s><s> National Special Security Events : organizer : U.S. Secret Service </s><s> P.L. 113-6 : legislated by : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : House of Representatives </s><s> House of Representatives : has part : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> GAO-12-852 : author : GAO </s><s> GAO-12-852 : publisher : GAO </s><s> GAO-12-852, DHS Needs to Refocus Its Efforts to Lead the Government Facilities Sector. : author : GAO </s><s> 112 th Congress : followed by : 113 th Congress </s><s> 113 th Congress : follows : 112 th Congress </s><s> BioWatch : parent organization : Office of Health Affairs </s><s> BioWatch : operator : Office of Health Affairs </s><s> Office of Health Affairs : subsidiary : BioWatch </s><s> FY2012 appropriations : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> BioWatch : parent organization : OHA </s><s> BioWatch : parent organization : Administration </s><s> across-the-board : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> sequestration : point in time : 2017 </s><s> across-the-board cuts : point in time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Defense : field of work : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : replaced by : Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Defense </s><s> Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Defense : replaces : Domestic Nuclear Detection Office </s><s> Congress : has part : House </s><s> House : part of : Congress </s><s> OHA : replaced by : DNDO </s><s> DNDO : replaces : OHA </s><s> BioWatch : operator : OHA </s><s> BioWatch : instance of : sensors </s><s> Congressional appropriators : subclass of : Members of Congress </s><s> Congressional appropriator : subclass of : Members of Congress </s><s> Congressional appropriators : has part : Members of Congress </s><s> manmade : subclass of : natural disasters </s><s> manmade : subclass of : natural disaster </s><s> natural disasters : studied by : preparedness </s><s> enacted : part of : Budget Control Act </s><s> enacted FY2012 level : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> enacted FY2012 : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> President's request : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> President's request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> across-the-board cuts by prior to applying sequestration : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> State and local governments : part of : federal government </s><s> state and local governments : field of work : public safety </s><s> State and local governments : part of : federal </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 8 : inception : March 30, 2011 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 8 : point in time : March 30, 2011 </s><s> Presidential Policy Directive 8 : publication date : March 30, 2011 </s><s> vulnerabilities : subclass of : risk </s><s> vulnerabilities : subclass of : threats </s><s> 9/11 : country : United States </s><s> disasters : subclass of : emergencies </s><s> major disasters : subclass of : emergencies </s><s> National Preparedness Goal : publication date : October 7, 2011 </s><s> Metropolitan Medical Response System : parent organization : Department of Health and Human Services </s><s> Department of Health and Human Services : subsidiary : Metropolitan Medical Response System </s><s> Department of Justice : instance of : federal grant programs </s><s> Federal Emergency Management Agency : instance of : federal grant programs </s><s> Metropolitan Medical Response System : instance of : federal grant programs </s><s> Transitional Security Assistance : facet of : Transit </s><s> Transitional Security Assistance : facet of : Public Transportation </s><s> Transitional Security Assistance : instance of : Public Transportation Security Assistance </s><s> police protection : facet of : public safety </s><s> police protection : facet of : Public safety </s><s> police protection : subclass of : Public safety expenditures </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : Congress </s><s> FY2013 funding recommendations for DHS : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : appointed by : President </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : appointed by : President's </s><s> Secretary of Homeland Security : appointed by : President's request </s><s> Section 501(c)(3) : part of : Internal Revenue Code </s><s> 501(c)(3) : part of : Internal Revenue Code </s><s> Internal Revenue Code : has part : Section 501(c)(3) </s><s> Amtrak : owner of : Public Transportation Security/Bus Assistance </s><s> Amtrak : item operated : Public Transportation Security/Bus Assistance </s><s> Amtrak : subsidiary : Public Transportation Security/Bus Assistance </s><s> FY2012 enacted : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> post-sequester : point in time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> SAFER : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> SAFER : parent organization : First Responder Assistance Programs </s><s> SAFER : instance of : First Responder Assistance Programs </s><s> SLP Management and Administration : inception : 2009 </s><s> SLP : parent organization : Management and Administration </s><s> Management and Administration : subsidiary : SLP </s><s> SLP Management and Administration : inception : FY2013 </s><s> SAFER : part of : State and Local Programs </s><s> AFG : part of : State and Local Programs </s><s> AFG : instance of : firefighter assistance </s><s> FEMA Salaries and Expense account : has part : firefighter assistance </s><s> SAFER : parent organization : FEMA Salaries and Expense </s><s> Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Gulf Coast hurricane : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Gulf Coast hurricanes : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Budget Control Act : main subject : discretionary spending caps </s><s> Budget Control Act : has part : discretionary spending caps </s><s> discretionary spending caps : part of : Budget Control Act </s><s> Hurricane Gustav : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Hurricane Gustav : part of : 2008 </s><s> Hurricane Gustav in 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> sequestration : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Office of Management and Budget : instance of : discretionary </s><s> Budget Control Act : main subject : Office of Management and Budget </s><s> disaster declaration : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> major disaster declaration : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> Disaster Relief Fund : part of : Stafford Act </s><s> Hurricane Sandy : location : northeastern United States </s><s> Hurricane Sandy : country : United States </s><s> Hurricane Sandy : point in time : October 2012 </s><s> pre-sequester : point in time : 2013 </s><s> Hazard Mitigation Grant Program : part of : Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act </s><s> Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act : has part : Hazard Mitigation Grant Program </s><s> Hazard Mitigation Grant Program : part of : Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act </s><s> Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act : has part : Hazard Mitigation Grant Program </s><s> National Flood Insurance Program : different from : NFIP </s><s> NFIP : different from : National Flood Insurance Program </s><s> HMGP : different from : National Flood Insurance Program </s><s> National Flood Insurance Program : different from : HMGP </s><s> DHS operating plan for FY2013 : follows : FY2012 </s><s> Emergency Food and Shelter : operator : FEMA </s><s> Emergency Food and Shelter : parent organization : FEMA </s><s> Emergency Food and Shelter (EFS) Program : operator : FEMA </s><s> appropriated level of funding in FY2012 : point in time : FY2012 </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : parent organization : Science and Technology directorate </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : parent organization : Administration </s><s> McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act : instance of : authorizing legislation </s><s> across-the-board cuts : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> Title IV : main subject : U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services </s><s> naturalization petition : subclass of : immigration petition </s><s> naturalization petition : subclass of : citizenship petition </s><s> naturalization petition : has effect : citizenship </s><s> E-verify : operator : USCIS </s><s> E-verify program : operator : USCIS </s><s> E-verify program : part of : USCIS </s><s> E-Verify : instance of : direct appropriations </s><s> E-Verify : part of : Systematic Alien Verification Entitlements </s><s> E-Verify program : instance of : direct appropriations </s><s> USCIS : instance of : direct appropriations </s><s> USCIS : field of work : information and customer services </s><s> USCIS : instance of : information and customer services </s><s> E-Verify : part of : Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements </s><s> E-Verify : instance of : Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements </s><s> Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements : has part : E-Verify </s><s> military : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : military </s><s> military : part of : Department of Defense </s><s> E-Verify : operator : USCIS </s><s> SAVE : operator : USCIS </s><s> SAVE program : operator : USCIS </s><s> Office of Citizenship Services : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Office of Citizenship Services </s><s> P.L. 113-6 : part of : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 </s><s> post-sequester : instance of : cuts enacted as part of that legislation </s><s> pre-sequester : followed by : post-sequester </s><s> post-sequester : follows : pre-sequester </s><s> E-Verify : part of : USCIS Transformation </s><s> refugee : subclass of : asylum </s><s> E-Verify : part of : USCIS Transformation program </s><s> Senate : part of : Congress </s><s> Congress : has part : Senate </s><s> USCIS Transformation : facet of : application and petition process for immigration benefits </s><s> USCIS Transformation : facet of : USCIS </s><s> USCIS Transformation : facet of : application and petition process </s><s> President's budget request : legislated by : Congress </s><s> E-Verify : maintained by : USCIS </s><s> Enterprise Document Management System : operator : USCIS </s><s> Enterprise Document Management System : developer : USCIS </s><s> Enterprise Document Management System (EDMS) : operator : USCIS </s><s> Haitian earthquake : point in time : January 2010 </s><s> Haitian earthquake on January 2010 : point in time : January 2010 </s><s> Haitian earthquake : instance of : natural disaster </s><s> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : country : United States </s><s> federal entities : country : United States </s><s> Salaries and Expenses : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> Acquisition, Construction, Improvements, and Related Expenses : subclass of : appropriations </s><s> House-passed bill : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Salaries and Expenses : subclass of : appropriation </s><s> Salaries and Expenses : has part : Acquisition, Construction, Improvements, and Related Expenses </s><s> Acquisition, Construction, Improvements, and Related Expenses : part of : Salaries and Expenses </s><s> Acquisition, Construction, Improvements, and Related Expenses : subclass of : appropriation </s><s> Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Directorate of Science and Technology : office held by head of the organization : Under Secretary for Science and Technology </s><s> Under Secretary for Science and Technology : part of : Directorate of Science and Technology </s><s> Science and Technology Directorate : office held by head of the organization : Under Secretary for Science and Technology </s><s> S&T Directorate : subsidiary : Research, Development, and Innovation </s><s> Research, Development, and Innovation : parent organization : S&T Directorate </s><s> Plum Island Animal Disease Center : replaced by : National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility </s><s> National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility : replaces : Plum Island Animal Disease Center </s><s> Plum Island Animal Disease Center : followed by : National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility </s><s> S&T Directorate : instance of : six thrust areas </s><s> across-the-board rescissions : has effect : sequestration </s><s> sequestration : has cause : across-the-board rescissions </s><s> across-the-board rescissions : has part : sequestration </s><s> sequestration : part of : across-the-board rescissions </s><s> post-sequester : end time : April 26, 2013 </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : parent organization : DHS </s><s> DHS : subsidiary : Domestic Nuclear Detection Office </s><s> FY2011 : followed by : FY2012 </s><s> FY2012 : follows : FY2011 </s><s> S&T : has part : Systems Development </s><s> Systems Development : part of : S&T </s><s> DNDO : field of work : nuclear detection architecture </s><s> nuclear detection architecture : operator : DHS </s><s> nuclear detection architecture : part of : DHS </s><s> Office of Health Affairs : parent organization : DHS </s><s> Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Defense : parent organization : DHS </s><s> global nuclear detection architecture : operator : DHS </s><s> DNDO : field of work : global nuclear detection architecture </s><s> Title V : part of : DHS appropriations bill </s><s> DHS appropriations bill : has part : Title V </s><s> FY2013 Request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> FY2012 DHS Appropriations bill : followed by : FY2013 Request </s><s> Appropriations bill : subclass of : bill </s><s> appropriations : subclass of : general provisions </s><s> appropriations : instance of : general provisions </s><s> fees : subclass of : general provisions </s><s> E-Verify : instance of : pilot program </s><s> Colombia : instance of : Trade Promotion Agreement </s><s> Colombia : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> House-passed H.R. 5855 : legislated by : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House : has part : House Appropriations Committee </s><s> House Appropriations Committee : part of : House </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act : point in time : 2007 </s><s> Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 : country : United States </s><s> petroleum fuel : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> petroleum fuel : subclass of : transportation fuels </s><s> Section 1301(a) : part of : 31, United States Code </s><s> Presidential Memorandum on alternative-fuel vehicles : point in time : May 24, 2011 </s><s> Immigration and Naturalization Service : country : United States </s><s> Immigration and Nationality Act : country : United States </s><s> Presidential Memorandum on alternative-fuel vehicles : country : United States </s><s> Section 287(g) : part of : Immigration and Nationality Act </s><s> Immigration and Nationality Act : has part : Section 287(g) </s><s> Immigration and Nationality Act : has part : 8 U.S.C. </s><s> Title V : part of : appropriations </s><s> Title V : facet of : appropriations </s><s> S. 3216 : instance of : Appropriations </s><s> House : has part : Senate Appropriations Committee </s><s> Senate Appropriations Committee : part of : House </s><s> score : maintained by : CBO </s><s> score : creator : CBO </s><s> appropriations : part of : scoring of the bill </s><s> enacted budget authority : legislated by : Congress </s><s> enacted budget authority : instance of : budget authority </s><s> enacted budget authority : subclass of : budget authority </s><s> direct spending legislation : subclass of : appropriations act </s><s> direct spending legislation : subclass of : appropriations acts </s><s> appropriations act : subclass of : direct spending legislation </s><s> Outlay : subclass of : Outlay </s><s> Multi-year budget authority : opposite of : no-year budget authority </s><s> no-year budget authority : opposite of : Multi-year budget authority </s><s> Appropriations Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Appropriations act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> discretionary : subclass of : appropriations act </s><s> mandatory spending : subclass of : appropriations act </s><s> Act of 1990 : instance of : Appropriations Act </s><s> Act of 1990 : instance of : Act </s><s> Coast Guard retirement pay : instance of : appropriated mandatory spending </s><s> negative outlays : subclass of : offset </s><s> net discretionary budget authority : subclass of : discretionary budget authority </s><s> negative outlays : subclass of : offsets to outlays </s><s> Trust and Public Enterprise Funds : part of : President's budget </s><s> Trust and Public Enterprise Fund : part of : President's budget </s><s> President's budget : has part : Trust and Public Enterprise Funds </s><s> terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of Health and Human Human Services </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of Health and Human Human Security </s><s> Department of Health and Human Human Services : parent organization : Department of Defense </s> | This report describes the FY2013 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested $39.510 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority for DHS for FY2013, as part of an overall budget of $59.501 billion (including fees, trust funds, and other funding that is not appropriated or does not score against the budget caps). The request amounted to a $90 million, or 0.2%, decrease from the $39.600 billion enacted for FY2012 through the consolidated appropriations act (P.L. 112-74).
Congress did not enact final FY2013 appropriations legislation prior to the beginning of the new fiscal year. From October 1, 2012, through March 26, 2013, the federal government (including DHS) operated under the terms of P.L. 112-175, a part-year continuing resolution. While operating under this resolution, two major events impacted the DHS budget. First, Hurricane Sandy struck the east coast of the United States, which started a legislative process that resulted in enactment of legislation that provided $50.7 billion in disaster relief and emergency appropriations, including $12.072 billion for DHS, and $9.7 billion in additional borrowing authority for the National Flood Insurance Program. Weeks later, On March 1, 2013, an across-the-board reduction in budget authority, or sequestration, was ordered as required under the terms of the Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25). The Office of Management and Budget's sequestration report indicated that DHS would lose $3.191 billion as a result of sequestration.
On March 26, 2013, the President signed into law P.L. 113-6, the FY2013 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act. Division D of that act is the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2013, which includes $39.646 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority for DHS. Two across-the-board cuts unrelated to the March 1 sequestration that were included in the final legislation to ensure the bill complies with discretionary budget caps reduced this by $54 million to $39.592 billion. According to a DHS operating plan for FY2013, after the impact of sequestration, P.L. 113-6 provided $38.348 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority for DHS.
This report will be updated as events warrant. |
crs_RS22660 | crs_RS22660_0 | <s> Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control : instance of : Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act </s><s> Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control : part of : Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act </s><s> Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act : author : FDA </s><s> Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Safety Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> S. 525 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Safety Act : point in time : 2009 </s><s> manufacturer : product or material produced : prescription drug </s><s> pharmacists : field of this occupation : prescription drug </s><s> prescription drug : practiced by : pharmacists </s><s> manufacturer : product or material produced : pharmaceutical </s><s> Medicine Equity and Drug Safety (MEDS) Act of 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Medicine Equity and Drug Safety : instance of : Act of 2000 </s><s> FDA : field of work : drug importation </s><s> drug importation : subclass of : prescription drug </s><s> FDA : product or material produced : prescription drug </s><s> FDA : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> FDA : country : United States </s><s> non-FDA-approved drugs : subclass of : prescription drug </s><s> 109 th : followed by : 110 th Congresses </s><s> 109 th : followed by : 110 th </s><s> 109 th : followed by : 110 th Congress </s><s> Safe and Effective Drugs : main subject : safe and effective </s><s> Safe and Effective Drugs : facet of : safe and effective </s><s> Safe and Effective Drugs : main subject : safe </s><s> HHS Secretary : country : United States </s><s> HHS Secretary : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> Australia : member of : European Union </s><s> Canada : member of : European Union </s><s> Japan : member of : European Union </s><s> New Zealand : member of : European Union </s><s> Switzerland : member of : European Union </s><s> Secretary : country : United States </s><s> Secretary : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> prescription drug : country : United States </s><s> packaging : part of : manufacturing </s><s> manufacturer : product or material produced : distribution </s><s> manufacturer : product or material produced : supply </s><s> shrink wrap : subclass of : packaging </s><s> blister pack : subclass of : packaging </s><s> pharmacist : field of this occupation : prescription </s><s> prescription : practiced by : pharmacist </s><s> pharmacist : field of this occupation : prescriptions </s><s> prescriptions : practiced by : pharmacist </s><s> Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 : publication date : 2008 </s><s> Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act : point in time : 2008 </s><s> pricing : subclass of : price </s><s> manufacturer : part of : industry </s><s> drug manufacturer : product or material produced : drug </s><s> federal court : country : U.S. </s><s> federal court case : country : U.S. </s><s> Patent and Trademark Act : country : United States </s><s> Patent and Trademark Act : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> drug manufacturer : product or material produced : patented </s><s> proportional registration fee : subclass of : fees </s><s> proportional registration fee : subclass of : fee </s><s> Funding : subclass of : funding mechanism </s><s> importer : different from : exporter </s><s> exporter : different from : importer </s><s> Importer : different from : exporter </s><s> exporter : different from : Importer </s><s> importer : opposite of : exporter </s><s> exporter : opposite of : importer </s><s> Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Safety Act of 2009 : country : United States </s><s> Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Safety Act of 2009 : applies to jurisdiction : United States </s><s> CRS Reports On Prescription Drug Importation : main subject : importation of prescription drugs </s><s> Legal Issues Related to Prescription Drug Sales on the Internet : published in : CRS Reports On Prescription Drug Importation </s><s> Legal Issues Related to Prescription Drug Sales on the Internet : part of : CRS Reports On Prescription Drug Importation </s> | Current law prohibits the importation of a prescription drug by anyone other than its manufacturer. S. 1232 would amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to change that. It would allow commercial and personal-use importation. The legislation would create a detailed set of procedures to address concerns relating to the safety and effectiveness of imported drugs, cost savings to U.S. consumers, and administration of the program. S. 1232 contains the same text as previously introduced S. 525 and H.R. 1298. |
crs_R40180 | crs_R40180_0 | <s> irrigation diversions : use : irrigation </s><s> irrigation diversions : subclass of : dams </s><s> water resource development and management : facet of : water use conflicts </s><s> dam : use : flood damage reduction </s><s> dams : use : flood damage reduction </s><s> locks : subclass of : dams </s><s> 2008 Midwest flooding : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 Midwest flooding : instance of : Natural disasters </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : instance of : Natural disasters </s><s> Hurricane Ike : instance of : Natural disasters </s><s> Atlanta : part of : Southeast </s><s> desalination : subclass of : water supplies </s><s> desalination : subclass of : water supply </s><s> water rights : subclass of : legal decisions </s><s> water rights : subclass of : law </s><s> climate variability : has cause : change </s><s> Platte River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Mississippi River System : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Platte River : mouth of the watercourse : Mississippi River System </s><s> WRDA 2000 : instance of : Water Resources Development Act </s><s> WRDA 2007 : instance of : Water Resources Development Act </s><s> San Joaquin : mouth of the watercourse : California Bay-Delta </s><s> California Bay-Delta : tributary : San Joaquin </s><s> Appalachicola : tributary : Chattahoochee </s><s> Chattahoochee : mouth of the watercourse : Appalachicola </s><s> Klamath : mouth of the watercourse : California Bay-Delta </s><s> Missouri : mouth of the watercourse : California Bay-Delta </s><s> California Bay-Delta : tributary : Klamath </s><s> California Bay-Delta : tributary : Missouri </s><s> Bureau of Reclamation : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : Bureau of Reclamation </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> potential for further climate variability due to climate change : facet of : climate change </s><s> climate variability due to climate change : facet of : climate change </s><s> climate change : subclass of : climate variability </s><s> San Francisco Bay : tributary : San Joaquin </s><s> San Joaquin : mouth of the watercourse : San Francisco Bay </s><s> San Francisco Bay : tributary : Sacramento River </s><s> Sacramento River : mouth of the watercourse : San Francisco Bay </s><s> Everglades : located in the administrative territorial entity : Florida </s><s> riparian area : subclass of : river </s><s> Florida Everglades : instance of : river </s><s> Everglades : has part : Bay-Delta restoration </s><s> Bay-Delta restoration : part of : Everglades </s><s> Everglades : instance of : water supply </s><s> WRDA : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Federal Energy Regulatory Commission : inception : 111 th Congress </s><s> dams : use : water diversion </s><s> dam : use : water diversion </s><s> dams and reservoirs : use : water diversion </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric plant </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric plants </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric </s><s> Energy and Water Development Appropriations act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Water Resources Development Act : subclass of : act </s><s> 2000 : point in time : 2000 </s><s> 2000 : followed by : 2007 </s><s> 2007 : followed by : 111 th Congress </s><s> flood damage reduction : subclass of : ecosystem restoration </s><s> ecosystem restoration : subclass of : environmental effects </s><s> ecosystem restoration : instance of : economic stimulus </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Hurricane Katrina : part of : 2005 </s><s> WRDA 2007 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Hurricane Ike : part of : 2008 </s><s> Hurricane Ike : point in time : 2008 </s><s> 2008 : point in time : 2008 </s><s> greater New Orleans : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> greater New Orleans area : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> New Orleans area : located in the administrative territorial entity : Louisiana </s><s> Appalachicola : mouth of the watercourse : Chattahoochee </s><s> Chattahoochee : tributary : Appalachicola </s><s> Hoover Dam : located on terrain feature : Colorado River </s><s> Grand Coulee Dam : located on terrain feature : Columbia River </s><s> water rights : subclass of : contractual obligations </s><s> water rights : has part : contractual obligations </s><s> contractual obligations : part of : water rights </s><s> water rights : facet of : contractual obligations </s><s> economic stimulus legislation : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> economic stimulus : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> water resource management : facet of : water supply </s><s> water resources development agency : different from : water resource management </s><s> water resource management : different from : water resources development agency </s><s> water resources development agency : facet of : water resource management </s><s> recycling : subclass of : water reuse </s><s> recycling : subclass of : reuse </s><s> desalination : subclass of : water reuse </s><s> 110 th Congress : point in time : 110 th </s><s> 110 th Congress : follows : 110 th Congress </s><s> 110 th Congress : follows : 110 th </s> | The federal government is involved in management of water resources throughout the country, primarily through construction, operation, and management of numerous infrastructure projects, such as dams, levees, and navigation works. Increasingly, the federal government is also involved in ecosystem restoration and protection of species and areas damaged by past construction and operations of federal projects, as well as restoration of other degraded ecosystems. This work involves restoration of some of the country's largest estuaries; for example, the California Bay-Delta and Chesapeake Bay.
Management of federal water resource facilities often involves trade-offs among project purposes, as well as local, regional, and national interests. Water resources development is particularly controversial because of budgetary constraints, conflicting policy objectives, environmental impacts, and demands for local control. Hurricane Katrina, hurricane Ike, and the 2008 Midwest floods have brought to the forefront long-simmering policy disputes involving local control and federal financing of projects, environmental and social tradeoffs, and multi-level accountability and responsibility for flood damage reduction projects, such as levees. Construction, improvement, and management of other federal water resource projects face similar challenges.
The 111th Congress faces numerous issues and trade-offs as it considers water resource development and protection legislation. These issues are likely to arise as Congress considers economic stimulus legislation, as well as other authorizations and appropriations for Bureau of Reclamation and Army Corps of Engineers projects. Some of these may be addressed as part of omnibus authorization bills such as S. 22 or potential Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) legislation), while others may be addressed via stand-alone legislation or as part of committee oversight of agency programs and policy changes. Congress will also likely play a role in overseeing federal responses to natural disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods. Oversight issues related to the federal role in hurricane and flood protection, and levee construction and management, also are ongoing. |
crs_RS20991 | crs_RS20991_0 | <s> legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> legislation : part of : legislative plan </s><s> one-session : different from : one-Congress </s><s> one-Congress : different from : one-session </s><s> state : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> district : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> subcommittee : part of : committee </s><s> subcommittee : located in the administrative territorial entity : Washington </s><s> subcommittee : part of : legislative process </s><s> Dear Colleague : instance of : lobbying </s><s> Dear Colleague : instance of : inside strategy </s><s> Dear Colleague letters : instance of : lobbying </s><s> Istituto d'arte : located in the administrative territorial entity : Venice </s><s> Istituto d'arte : has part : Istituto d'arte </s><s> Istituto d'Elephant : named after : Istituto d'Elephant </s><s> the same type : said to be the same as : the same type </s><s> the same type : different from : the same type </s><s> committee leadership : subclass of : party leadership </s><s> party leadership : different from : committee leadership </s><s> committee leadership : different from : party leadership </s><s> President : part of : executive branch </s><s> Cabinet Secretary : part of : executive branch </s><s> Cabinet Secretary : appointed by : President </s><s> Social media : has part : Blogs </s><s> Social media : has part : Blog </s><s> Campaign committees : part of : political party </s><s> amendments : subclass of : legislation </s><s> bill : subclass of : legislation </s><s> legislative counsel : field of this occupation : legislation </s><s> legislation : practiced by : legislative counsel </s><s> companion legislation : subclass of : legislation </s><s> cosponsor : subclass of : legislation </s> | The Congressional Research Service frequently receives inquiries about legislative planning. Legislative and office action plans are often used by congressional offices for almost every significant project, from organizing an extensive conference in the district or state to introducing and guiding legislation. A major action plan requires a firm understanding of the project's goal, a research strategy, and a time line for completing the project.
This report presents some of the factors usually considered in preparing an action plan. The information is provided in three sections. The first provides an overview that lays out summary considerations. The second raises questions to consider in preparing an outline for a project. The third details a sample action plan. |
crs_R41507 | crs_R41507_0 | <s> Energy's Water Use : country : United States </s><s> Affordable water supplies : country : United States </s><s> Affordable water supplies are limited : country : United States </s><s> withdrawal of water : point in time : 2005 </s><s> withdrawal of water : facet of : water </s><s> water-dependent energy : subclass of : energy sector </s><s> droughts : has cause : Climate change impacts on water supplies </s><s> droughts : has cause : Climate change </s><s> droughts : facet of : Climate change impacts on water supplies </s><s> water consumption : subclass of : water use </s><s> national : has part : regional </s><s> regional : part of : national </s><s> water use : has part : water consumption </s><s> water consumption : part of : water use </s><s> state and local governments : part of : federal </s><s> federal : has part : state and local governments </s><s> state and local government : part of : federal </s><s> water-efficient energy : subclass of : energy </s><s> research : part of : decision-making </s><s> research : subclass of : decision-making </s><s> Secure Water Act of 2009 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Secure Water Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Secure Water Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> managing and meeting water demand : facet of : water demand </s><s> water demand : facet of : national water consumption </s><s> water tradeoffs : subclass of : energy choices </s><s> High Plains : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> shale gas : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> hydraulic fracturing : product or material produced : shale gas </s><s> Deepwater Horizon oil spill : has cause : mountaintop mining </s><s> Deepwater Horizon oil spill : instance of : mountaintop mining </s><s> Deepwater Horizon oil spill : part of : mountaintop mining </s><s> wind : subclass of : electricity </s><s> wind : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> thermoelectric electricity : subclass of : electricity </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Energy Information Administration </s><s> Energy Information Administration : part of : Department of Energy </s><s> concentrating solar power : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> concentrating solar power : subclass of : electricity </s><s> oil shale : instance of : fuels </s><s> Low-flow : subclass of : drought </s><s> thermoelectric facilities : use : Electricity generation </s><s> Low-flow : has cause : drought </s><s> coal mining : subclass of : Energy extraction </s><s> coal mining : instance of : Energy extraction </s><s> coal mining : use : Energy extraction </s><s> nuclear reactor : operator : Nuclear Regulatory Commission </s><s> nuclear reactor : owned by : Nuclear Regulatory Commission </s><s> Nuclear Regulatory Commission : item operated : 104 nuclear reactors </s><s> Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant : operator : Tennessee Valley Authority </s><s> Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant : owned by : Tennessee Valley Authority </s><s> Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant : located in the administrative territorial entity : Alabama </s><s> rain : subclass of : precipitation </s><s> snow : subclass of : precipitation </s><s> precipitation : has part : rain </s><s> air conditioning : use : cooling </s><s> air conditioning : subclass of : power plant </s><s> power plant : product or material produced : electricity </s><s> Energy Information Administration : instance of : federal data agency </s><s> Energy Information Administration : parent organization : federal </s><s> Energy Information Administration : applies to jurisdiction : federal </s><s> U.S. Geological Survey : parent organization : Department of the Interior </s><s> Department of the Interior : subsidiary : U.S. Geological Survey </s><s> Secure Water Act : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Secure Water Act of 2009 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Deborah Elcock : employer : Argonne National Laboratory </s><s> Argonne National Laboratory : owned by : Deborah Elcock </s><s> Deborah Elcock : educated at : Argonne National Laboratory </s><s> 1978 : point in time : 1978 </s><s> 1978 : instance of : national water census </s><s> drought : facet of : climate change </s><s> drought : has cause : climate change </s><s> 1980s : point in time : 1980 </s><s> 1990s : point in time : 1990 </s><s> energy's water use : facet of : energy </s><s> 1980 : point in time : 1980 </s><s> energy's water consumption : facet of : energy </s><s> irrigated biofuel : subclass of : bioenergy </s><s> irrigated biofuels : subclass of : bioenergy </s><s> bioenergy : part of : energy sector </s><s> previous high set in 1980 : point in time : 1980 </s><s> generation : product or material produced : electricity </s><s> biofuels : subclass of : energy </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : energy </s><s> biofuels : subclass of : energy sector </s><s> Great Plains : located on terrain feature : West </s><s> Great Plains : location : West </s><s> drought years : opposite of : wet years </s><s> wet years : opposite of : drought years </s><s> Great Plains : part of : Midwest </s><s> Midwest : has part : Great Plains </s><s> Midwest : shares border with : Northeast </s><s> Northeast : shares border with : Midwest </s><s> concentrating solar power : uses : electricity </s><s> concentrating solar power : uses : evaporation </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuel </s><s> coal : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : fossil fuels </s><s> dams : use : hydropower </s><s> dam : use : hydropower </s><s> dams : use : hydropower generation </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric </s><s> dam : use : hydroelectric generation </s><s> dam : product or material produced : water </s><s> pumped-storage : subclass of : reservoirs </s><s> pumped-storage power : subclass of : reservoirs </s><s> pumped-storage power facilities : has part : reservoirs </s><s> floodplain : subclass of : aquatic ecosystem </s><s> ecosystem : has part : species </s><s> floodplain : subclass of : ecosystem </s><s> West : part of : United States </s><s> West : country : United States </s><s> West : located in the administrative territorial entity : United States </s><s> hydraulic fracturing : subclass of : Fracturing </s><s> hydraulic fracturing : use : Fracturing </s><s> Fracturing : uses : hydraulic fracturing </s><s> unconventional gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> fracture : subclass of : rock formation </s><s> fracture : part of : well </s><s> fracturing : facet of : shale gas </s><s> fracturing : product or material produced : shale gas </s><s> Freshwater : opposite of : saline water </s><s> Chesapeake Energy : product or material produced : natural gas </s><s> shale gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> fracturing : use : extraction </s><s> biofuel : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> onshore oil : subclass of : transportation fuel </s><s> onshore oil : instance of : transportation fuel </s><s> Fort Worth : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Barnett formation : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Barnett formation : product or material produced : shale gas </s><s> permitted disposal well : located in the administrative territorial entity : Texas </s><s> Produced Water Utilization Act of 2009 : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Produced Water Utilization Act : legislated by : 111 th Congress </s><s> Water quantity concerns related to shale gas development : facet of : shale gas development </s><s> Pennsylvania : part of : Northeast </s><s> New York : part of : Northeast </s><s> Arkansas : located in or next to body of water : Missouri River </s><s> concentrating solar power : subclass of : thermoelectric process </s><s> Missouri River : located in the administrative territorial entity : Arkansas </s><s> evaporative cooling : subclass of : thermoelectric process </s><s> evaporative cooling : uses : evaporated </s><s> evaporative cooling : uses : heat </s><s> photovoltaic solar : uses : solar cell </s><s> solar cell : use : photovoltaic solar </s><s> photovoltaic solar : has parts of the class : solar cell </s><s> dish engine : subclass of : CSP </s><s> engines : opposite of : thermoelectric process </s><s> dish engine CSP : subclass of : engines </s><s> ethanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> ethanol : subclass of : biofuel </s><s> corn-based ethanol : instance of : biofuel </s><s> Ogallala aquifer : located in the administrative territorial entity : Colorado </s><s> High Plains : located in the administrative territorial entity : New Mexico </s><s> High Plains : located in the administrative territorial entity : Colorado </s><s> irrigated corn- and soybean-based biofuels : subclass of : biofuels </s><s> irrigated corn- and soybean-based biofuels : subclass of : biofuel </s><s> cellulosic : subclass of : biomass </s><s> cellulosic biofuels : subclass of : biofuels </s><s> switchgrass : subclass of : Dedicated biomass crops </s><s> irrigated : subclass of : irrigation </s><s> irrigated : different from : irrigation </s><s> irrigation : different from : irrigated </s><s> water is used in the energy sector : instance of : Historically </s><s> water is used in the energy sector : facet of : energy sector </s><s> Historically : facet of : states </s><s> legislation affecting energy's water demand : legislated by : 112 th Congress </s><s> water constraints : facet of : managing the energy sector's water demand </s><s> water constraints : subclass of : managing the energy sector's water demand </s><s> cost of actions : subclass of : tradeoffs </s><s> cost of actions : facet of : costs </s><s> cost of actions : subclass of : costs </s><s> more sensitive to water constraints : subclass of : less water intense </s><s> less water intense : subclass of : energy policies </s><s> more sensitive to water constraints : facet of : less water intense </s><s> 111 th Congress : point in time : 111 </s><s> 111 th Congress : part of : federal </s><s> 111 th Congress : instance of : federal </s><s> federal entities : opposite of : state entities </s><s> federal entities : different from : state entities </s><s> federal entities : different from : level of government </s><s> level of government : different from : federal entities </s><s> drought-prone : subclass of : water-scarce </s><s> drought : subclass of : water-scarce </s><s> Bureau of Land Management : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Bureau : instance of : federal agencies </s><s> Bureau of Land Management : subsidiary : Bureau of Water Resources </s><s> Central Valley : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> Central Valley : located in the administrative territorial entity : California's </s><s> irrigation : use : agriculture </s><s> population growth : has cause : climate change </s><s> concerns about the adequacy and reliability of freshwater supplies due to population growth and climate change : facet of : freshwater availability </s><s> concerns about the adequacy and reliability of freshwater supplies : facet of : climate change </s><s> freshwater : subclass of : finite resource </s><s> finite resource : subclass of : physical input </s><s> finite resource : subclass of : physical inputs </s><s> endangered species : subclass of : threatened </s><s> droughts : has cause : climate change </s><s> federal government : has part : Congress </s><s> federal government : authority : Congress </s><s> federal funding : part of : federal government </s><s> electricity : subclass of : energy </s><s> electricity sector : subclass of : energy </s><s> electricity sector : instance of : policies </s><s> geothermal : subclass of : Thermoelectric </s><s> geothermal sources : subclass of : Thermoelectric </s><s> Thermoelectric : has parts of the class : fossil fuel </s><s> ecosystems : has part : marine life </s><s> marine life : part of : ecosystems </s><s> marine life : subclass of : ecosystems </s><s> fossil fuel mining : product or material produced : fossil transportation </s><s> fossil fuel mining : product or material produced : fossil fuel transportation </s><s> fossil fuel mining : use : fossil transportation </s><s> water intensity : facet of : water consumption </s><s> irrigated : subclass of : fuels </s><s> electricity sector : has part : electricity generation </s><s> electricity generation : part of : electricity sector </s><s> water-efficient electricity : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> water-efficient electricity generation : subclass of : electricity generation </s><s> water-efficient electricity generation : has parts of the class : water-efficient thermoelectric cooling </s><s> Elcock study : main subject : Electricity's Water Use </s><s> fuel mining : product or material produced : fossil fuel </s><s> concentrating solar power : subclass of : photovoltaics </s><s> wind : subclass of : photovoltaics </s><s> 2007 report : publisher : NETL </s><s> CCS : use : carbon mitigation </s><s> CCS : subclass of : carbon mitigation </s><s> CCS : instance of : carbon mitigation </s><s> hybrid dry-wet cooling : subclass of : dry cooling </s><s> dry-wet cooling : subclass of : Emerging cooling technologies </s><s> dry-wet cooling : instance of : Emerging cooling technologies </s><s> fan : use : steam condensation </s><s> fans : subclass of : fan </s><s> fans : use : steam condensation </s><s> solar parabolic trough : use : electric generation </s><s> parabolic trough : subclass of : solar </s><s> solar parabolic trough : subclass of : electric generation </s><s> power generation : subclass of : energy generation </s><s> power generation : use : energy generation </s><s> power generation : facet of : energy generation </s><s> wastewater treatment plant : uses : effluent </s><s> wastewater treatment plant : product or material produced : effluent </s><s> effluent : use : wastewater treatment plants </s><s> Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Omnibus Public Land Management Act : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 : publication date : 2009 </s><s> Turbine : subclass of : turbine </s><s> Turbines : subclass of : turbine </s><s> Washington : part of : western states </s><s> Alaska : part of : western states </s><s> Oregon : part of : western states </s><s> California : part of : western states </s><s> Idaho : part of : western states </s><s> Montana : part of : western states </s><s> photovoltaic : subclass of : Renewable electricity </s><s> Wind turbine : use : Renewable electricity </s><s> solar photovoltaic : subclass of : Renewable electricity </s><s> Wind turbine : subclass of : Renewable electricity </s><s> pumped storage : subclass of : storage </s><s> intermittency : facet of : intermittent electricity </s><s> pumped storage hydropower : subclass of : intermittent electricity </s><s> turbines : part of : thermoelectric power plant </s><s> turbine : part of : thermoelectric power plant </s><s> hydrothermal : subclass of : geothermal energy </s><s> heat exchanger : part of : turbines </s><s> turbines : has part : heat exchanger </s><s> heat exchanger : subclass of : turbines </s><s> USGS : country : United States </s><s> Enhanced geothermal power plant : subclass of : coproduction </s><s> Enhanced geothermal power plants : subclass of : coproduction </s> | The energy choices before Congress represent vastly different demands on domestic freshwater because water is used in varying amounts in most aspects of the energy sector. Transitions in the energy sector, such as the pursuit of greater energy independence and security, produce changes in how much and where the energy sector uses water. The energy sector is the fastest-growing water consumer in the United States, in part because of energy policies. Whether the federal government addresses the energy sector's rising water demand, and if so how, is one of the many energy decisions that may be considered by the 112th Congress.
Much of the growth in the energy sector's water demand is concentrated in regions with already intense competition over water. Whether the energy sector exacerbates or alleviates future water tensions is influenced by near-term energy policy and investment decisions. These decisions also may determine whether water will limit or harm U.S. capability to reliably meet the nation's energy demand. Part of the policy issue for Congress is identifying the extent of the federal role in responding to the energy sector's water use. Currently, the energy industry and states have the most responsibility for managing and meeting the energy sector's water demand.
The energy sector's water consumption is projected to rise 50% from 2005 to 2030. Projections attribute to the energy sector 85% of the growth in domestic water consumption between 2005 and 2030. The drivers of the energy sector's increasing water use are rising energy demand, greater development of domestic energy, and shifts to more water-intense energy sources and technologies. The more water used by the energy sector, the more vulnerable the energy system is to water availability. Climate change alterations of historic water patterns may exacerbate this vulnerability in some regions. While the energy sector's water demand is anticipated to rise across the United States, the West is likely to experience some of the more significant constraints in meeting this demand. Examples of regional water use concerns related to energy are shale gas production using hydraulic fracturing in many regions across the nation, some solar electricity generation in the Southwest, and current biofuel feedstock production in the High Plains.
The 112th Congress may see the issue of energy's water demand in a variety of contexts, including oversight and legislation on energy, infrastructure, environment, agriculture, public lands, climate, research, and water. Approaches for addressing energy's water demand range from maintaining the current approach to taking a range of actions. One set of available actions includes those that attempt to minimize the growth in energy's freshwater use (e.g., through promotion of water-efficient energy alternatives and energy demand management), which could be accomplished through changes to broad policies or legislation targeted at water use. Many of the possible actions to decrease water use come with energy cost, generation, and reliability penalties. Another set of actions includes measures that facilitate access to water for the energy sector. While water allocations and permits generally are a state responsibility, limited federal actions to provide water to the energy sector are possible (e.g., access to surplus water at federal reservoirs). An additional set of actions encompasses investments in data and research to inform decision making and to expand water-efficient energy technology choices. These approaches represent different potential roles and expenses for government, the energy sector, and energy consumers. Legislation in the 111th Congress proposed a variety of actions, including provisions in H.R. 469, H.R. 2454, H.R. 3598, H.R. 1145, S. 1462, S. 1733, S. 3396, and the Secure Water Act of 2009, Subtitle IV of P.L. 111-11 (H.R. 146). A significant challenge to a federal response to the energy sector's water demand is that the available options are not equally needed, attractive, or feasible across the United States. |
crs_RL30878 | crs_RL30878_0 | <s> Clean Air Act of 1970 : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Clean Air Act : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Clean Air Act of 1970 : main subject : air pollution </s><s> ozone : part of : smog </s><s> smog : has part : ozone </s><s> ozone : has effect : smog </s><s> smog : has cause : ozone </s><s> ozone : subclass of : Particulates </s><s> ozone : has part : NOx </s><s> ozone : has part : SO 2 </s><s> Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> mercury : instance of : hazardous air pollutant </s><s> mercury : subject has role : hazardous air pollutant </s><s> Kyoto : part of : United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : part of : United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change </s><s> Carbon dioxide : subject has role : greenhouse gas </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : main subject : CO 2 </s><s> Kyoto Protocol : point in time : 1990 </s><s> 1990 CO 2 levels : point in time : 1990 </s><s> coal-fired : has effect : emissions </s><s> coal-fired facilities : has effect : emissions </s><s> coal-fired : subclass of : emissions </s><s> acid rain : has part : SO 2 </s><s> acid rain : has cause : SO 2 </s><s> acid rain : has part : NOx </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : Hg </s><s> Hg : has parts of the class : CO 2 </s><s> Hg : has part : CO 2 </s><s> mercury : instance of : pollutants </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : SO 2 </s><s> sulfur dioxide : instance of : pollutants </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> campaign : candidate : Bush </s><s> campaign : candidate : President Bush </s><s> emissions : subclass of : air pollution </s><s> regulatory framework : facet of : industry </s><s> regulatory framework : facet of : air pollution control </s><s> NOx : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> NOx : instance of : air pollutants </s><s> PM : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> National Ambient Air Quality Standards : inception : 1970 </s><s> New Source Performance Standards : inception : 1970 </s><s> NOx : instance of : pollutants </s><s> 1970 CAA : point in time : 1970 </s><s> require new sources : point in time : 1970 </s><s> State Implementation Plan : facet of : State Implementation Plan </s><s> Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate : inception : 1970 </s><s> Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate (LAER) : inception : 1970 </s><s> SO 2 : subclass of : air pollution </s><s> NOx : subclass of : air pollution </s><s> PM 10 : subclass of : air pollution </s><s> Prevention of Significant Deterioration : inception : 1977 </s><s> Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) : inception : 1977 </s><s> Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and visibility impairment provisions : inception : 1977 </s><s> national park : subclass of : recreation area </s><s> National Park : subclass of : recreation area </s><s> New Source Review : subclass of : preconstruction review </s><s> NAAQS : main subject : air pollution </s><s> NSPS : main subject : air pollution </s><s> haze : subclass of : air pollution </s><s> regional haze program : inception : 1999 </s><s> regional haze program : point in time : 1999 </s><s> SO 2 : instance of : pollutants </s><s> Statutory SO2 Cap and Allowance Trading System : inception : 1990 </s><s> acid rain : has cause : pollutants </s><s> Acid Rain : facet of : acid rain </s><s> SO 2 : has effect : acid rain </s><s> cap and trade : instance of : emission rights </s><s> low-NOx burner : facet of : NOx emissions </s><s> low-NOx burner : subclass of : NOx emissions </s><s> low-NOx burner : product or material produced : NOx </s><s> NOx : has parts of the class : SO 2 </s><s> ozone NAAQS : main subject : fine particulates </s><s> ozone NAAQS : facet of : air quality control regime </s><s> NOx SIP Call : instance of : cap and trade </s><s> NOx SIP Call : instance of : cap and trade program </s><s> NOx SIP Call : operator : EPA </s><s> acid rain control regime : instance of : statutory </s><s> ozone NAAQS : point in time : 1990 </s><s> cap and trade : facet of : ozone NAAQS </s><s> Hg : subclass of : Hg </s><s> Hg : has part : Hg </s><s> Hg : instance of : Hg </s><s> CAAA of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CAAA : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has effect : global climate change </s><s> Energy Policy Act : point in time : 1992 </s><s> SO 2 : instance of : air pollution </s><s> NOx : instance of : air pollution </s><s> Energy Policy Act : publication date : 1992 </s><s> 1970 CAAA : point in time : 1970 </s><s> Economic and Regulatory Drivers Affecting Perspectives on Air Quality Controls : publication date : 1970 </s><s> 1990 CAAA : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CAAA : inception : 1990 </s><s> Ozone Transport Region : inception : 1990 </s><s> NOx SIP Call : publisher : EPA </s><s> SIP Call : operator : EPA </s><s> market forces : has effect : compliance </s><s> market forces : part of : market </s><s> market forces : has effect : compliance with environmental standards </s><s> The Four Pollutant Strategies : main subject : air pollution </s><s> The Four Pollutant Strategies : main subject : air pollution controls </s><s> The Four Pollutant Strategies : main subject : acid rain program </s><s> emissions trading : uses : emissions caps </s><s> emissions trading : facet of : emissions caps </s><s> emissions trading : uses : emissions cap </s><s> uncertainty : opposite of : certainty </s><s> certainty : subclass of : economic uncertainty </s><s> certainty : opposite of : uncertainty </s><s> title IV cap : facet of : SO 2 emissions </s><s> title IV : main subject : SO 2 </s><s> title IV cap : main subject : SO 2 emissions </s><s> Title V : instance of : NSR </s><s> NSR : followed by : PSD </s><s> Title V permit program : instance of : NSR/PSD permitting process </s><s> NAAQS : facet of : air quality </s><s> current system : instance of : cap and trade </s><s> NAAQS : main subject : air quality </s><s> sulfur dioxide : has effect : acid rain </s><s> acid rain : has cause : sulfur dioxide </s><s> sulfur dioxide : has parts of the class : Sulfur Dioxide </s><s> 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> 1990 of 1990 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CO2 reduction : has part : CO2 </s><s> air emissions : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> SO 2 program : point in time : 1995 </s><s> automatic tracking system : facet of : SO 2 </s><s> trading mechanics : has part : brokers </s><s> brokers : part of : trading mechanics </s><s> automatic tracking system : part of : continuous monitoring system </s><s> 1990 CAAA title IV program : point in time : 1990 </s><s> 1990 CAAA title IV : point in time : 1990 </s><s> title IV : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : pollutants </s><s> CO 2 : subject has role : pollutants </s><s> CO 2 : instance of : pollutant </s><s> ozone : has part : Nitrogen oxide </s><s> ozone : has cause : Nitrogen oxides </s><s> ozone : has cause : Nitrogen oxide </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : located in the administrative territorial entity : Chesapeake </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : origin of the watercourse : Chesapeake </s><s> Chesapeake Bay : has part : nitrogen oxides </s><s> Ozone Transport Commission : operating area : Northeast </s><s> D.C. : member of : 48 state SO 2 market </s><s> D.C. : part of : 48 state SO 2 market </s><s> model cap and trade program : instance of : cap and trade </s><s> Ozone Transport Rule : instance of : model cap and trade program </s><s> OTC program : product or material produced : NOx </s><s> OTC program : has part : NOx </s><s> OTC : product or material produced : NOx </s><s> ozone : has parts of the class : NOx </s><s> northeast : located in the administrative territorial entity : California </s><s> northeast : has part : California </s><s> California : part of : northeast </s><s> Northeast : shares border with : East </s><s> East : shares border with : Northeast </s><s> California : part of : Northeast </s><s> hazardous air pollutants section : part of : CAA </s><s> hazardous air pollutants : subclass of : air pollutant </s><s> hazardous air pollutants : part of : CAA </s><s> PM : has parts of the class : Hg </s><s> four-pollutant strategy : has part : Hg </s><s> Hg : has part : Hg allowances </s><s> Kyoto : participant : Clinton Administration </s><s> United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : point in time : 1992 </s><s> 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : point in time : 1992 </s><s> CO 2 emissions at their 1990 levels : point in time : 1990 </s><s> emissions trading under Kyoto : part of : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> emissions trading : part of : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> emissions trading under Kyoto : facet of : Kyoto Protocol </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generation : has part : CO 2 </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generation have risen about 23% from 1990 to 2000 : point in time : 1990 </s><s> CO 2 emissions from electric generation : point in time : 1990 </s><s> Joint Implementation program : instance of : CO 2 cap and trade </s><s> Joint Implementation program : country : U.S. </s><s> Joint Implementation : instance of : CO 2 cap and trade </s><s> Hg deposition : has effect : acid rain </s><s> acid rain : has cause : Hg deposition </s><s> fine particulates : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> visibility impairment : has cause : fine particulates </s><s> visibility impairment : has cause : fine particulates (SO 2 and NOx) </s><s> H.S. : subclass of : bill </s><s> S. 172 : instance of : bill </s><s> S. 172 / H.S. : instance of : bill </s><s> NOx : has part : SO 2 </s><s> NOx : has part : NOx </s><s> SO 2 : has parts of the class : NOx </s><s> 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> title IV program : operator : EPA </s><s> 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> SO 2 : has part : SO </s><s> SO 2 allowance surplus : organizer : EPA </s><s> S. 172 : followed by : H.R. 2569 </s><s> CO 2 controls : facet of : CO 2 </s><s> CO 2 controls : has part : Hg </s><s> Selective Cat : subclass of : coal-fired </s><s> Selective Cat : subclass of : coal-fired capacity </s><s> Selective Catcher : subclass of : coal-fired </s><s> Flue Gas Desulfurization : subclass of : scrubbers </s><s> Flue Gas Desulfurization : subclass of : scrubber </s><s> CO 2 emissions : has cause : SO 2 </s><s> coal production in 2010 : point in time : 2010 </s><s> natural gas : instance of : fuels </s><s> natural gas : instance of : fuel </s><s> natural gas : has part : carbon </s><s> natural gas : has parts of the class : carbon </s><s> natural gas : subclass of : natural gas </s><s> 1999 analysis of multi-pollutant options : point in time : 1999 </s><s> cost : opposite of : benefits </s><s> benefits : opposite of : cost </s><s> 1999 analysis of multi-pollutant options : publication date : 1999 </s><s> PM 2.5 : has parts of the class : SO 2 </s><s> health benefits : subclass of : benefits </s><s> visibility improvements : instance of : health benefits </s><s> air quality program : facet of : multi-pollutant </s><s> Title V : facet of : air quality control </s><s> pollutants : has effect : air quality control </s><s> regulatory effects : facet of : impacts on air quality control programs </s><s> NAAQS/SIP : facet of : cap and trade </s><s> NAAQS : different from : SIP </s><s> SIP : different from : NAAQS </s><s> NAAQS/SIP : has part : NAAQS </s><s> NAAQS : part of : NAAQS/SIP </s><s> cap and trade : facet of : emissions </s><s> ambient concentrations : subclass of : loadings </s><s> ambient concentration : part of : loadings </s><s> tradeoffs : subclass of : negotiation </s><s> tradeoffs : part of : negotiation </s><s> legislative process : subclass of : political point of view </s><s> cap and trade : facet of : air pollution control </s><s> cap and trade : subclass of : air pollution control </s><s> cap and trade : subclass of : air pollution control management </s><s> cap and trade : facet of : pollution control </s><s> cap and trade : subclass of : pollution control </s><s> smokestack : facet of : pollution control </s><s> title IV program : instance of : cap and trade </s><s> title IV : instance of : cap and trade </s><s> title IV : instance of : multi-pollutant system </s><s> effects : facet of : pollutants </s><s> SIP Call : main subject : NOx </s><s> SIP Call : facet of : NOx </s><s> national one : main subject : SO 2 </s><s> national one exists : main subject : SO 2 </s><s> national one exists for SO 2 : facet of : NOx </s><s> emission credits : subclass of : allowances </s><s> emission credits : instance of : allowances </s><s> acid rain : has cause : emissions caps </s><s> emissions monitoring : subclass of : monitoring </s><s> Permitted : subclass of : emissions monitoring </s><s> emissions monitoring : use : monitoring </s><s> NAAQS : instance of : visibility objectives </s><s> PSD : instance of : visibility objectives </s><s> NAAQS : part of : visibility objectives </s><s> NAAQS : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : title IV SO 2 </s><s> title IV SO 2 : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> Clean Air Act : has part : title IV SO 2 program </s><s> title IV SO 2 program : part of : Clean Air Act </s><s> emissions of most air pollutants : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> emissions : subclass of : pollutants </s><s> emissions : subclass of : air pollutants </s><s> PM : instance of : pollutants </s><s> ozone : instance of : pollutants </s><s> SO 2 : instance of : currently regulated pollutants </s><s> NOx : instance of : currently regulated pollutants </s><s> PM : instance of : currently regulated pollutants </s><s> ozone : instance of : currently regulated pollutants </s><s> So 2 : instance of : pollutants </s><s> CO 2 : has parts of the class : pollutants </s> | Fossil fuel fired electric generating facilities are major sources of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and mercury (Hg), and of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). A patchwork of regulations to limit PM, SO 2 , and NOx emissions exists, with further requirements on the horizon. The piecemeal nature of the regulations and the uncertainty of future requirements impose not only direct costs on utilities, but also make planning difficult in an environment already characterized by industry restructuring, volatile energy prices, and technological changes.
To bring some consistency and stability to the regulations affecting utility emissions, legislative initiatives have proposed a "multi-pollutant" strategy. Key elements of the strategy include:
aligning pollution control processes and procedures for PM, SO 2 , and NOx so that both regulators and utility managers could anticipate requirements and integrate their decisions about how to control emissions; adopting efficient economic mechanismsâmost notably "cap and trade" strategiesâfor the control of the pollutants; stabilizing requirements over time; and incorporating potential future control requirements for other emitted gases (e.g., Hg, CO 2 ) into this more stable scheme.
This approach to controlling powerplant emissions would have several tradeoffs. Overall, it exchanges regulatory and economic uncertainty for short to mid-term certainty. For the environment, the current controversy that accompanies the setting of standards and the implementing of regulatory reduction requirements would be exchanged for a specific reduction target that would not change for 10-15 years. From an economic standpoint, implementing emission caps through emission trading would reduce costs, and the straightforward enforcement mechanism would also provide industry with certainty with respect to their responsibilities and potential penalties, and allow industry to plan for the future in the context of a consistent regulatory regime. Finally, the program might open the door for simplifying or replacing elements of the current piecemeal requirements. However, cap and trade systems could conflict with health standards to protect local areas from "hot spot" emissions.
Although the Clean Air Act's evolution has resulted in a structure that some characterize as unwieldy, the number of persons living in areas where air pollution exceeds standards has diminished. Arguably, the Act's success puts the burden of proof concerning amendment on those favoring change. Amending the Act has always proved contentious; but for many, the opportunities for greater predictability of requirements, fixed emission reductions, and cost efficiency are enticing. |
crs_R41169 | crs_R41169_0 | <s> Nuclear Security Summit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review Report : publication date : April 2010 </s><s> Nuclear Security Summit : location : Washington, DC </s><s> improvised nuclear device : uses : fissile material </s><s> improvised nuclear device : subclass of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> improvised nuclear device : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> highly enriched uranium : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> plutonium : subclass of : fissile material </s><s> highly enriched uranium : has part : plutonium </s><s> United States government : subsidiary : Departments of Defense </s><s> United States government : subsidiary : Energy </s><s> United States government : subsidiary : Homeland Security </s><s> United States government : subsidiary : State </s><s> Departments of Defense : parent organization : United States government </s><s> Energy : parent organization : United States government </s><s> Homeland Security : parent organization : United States government </s><s> State : parent organization : United States government </s><s> United States government : subsidiary : Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, and State </s><s> Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, and State : parent organization : United States government </s><s> 2012 Seoul Summit : point in time : 2012 </s><s> 2012 Nuclear Security Summit : point in time : 2012 </s><s> Fukushima nuclear accident : country : Japan </s><s> Obama : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> April 2010 Nuclear Security Summit : point in time : April 2010 </s><s> Hillary Clinton : employer : United Nations </s><s> United Nations : diplomatic relation : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United Nations </s><s> Biden : position held : Vice President </s><s> highly enriched uranium : subclass of : weapons-usable nuclear material </s><s> plutonium : subclass of : weapons-usable nuclear material </s><s> nuclear terrorism threat : facet of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> nuclear terrorism : facet of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> nuclear terrorism : facet of : weapons-usable nuclear material </s><s> treaties : subclass of : multilateral initiatives </s><s> treaties : part of : multilateral initiatives </s><s> multilateral initiatives : has part : treaties </s><s> Ukraine : diplomatic relation : Chile </s><s> HEU : subclass of : weapons-usable material </s><s> nuclear security : facet of : civilian fuel cycle </s><s> Canada : diplomatic relation : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : diplomatic relation : Canada </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Mexico </s><s> Mexico : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> Egypt : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> Pakistan : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> Israel : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> India : member of : Non-Aligned Movement </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Russian Federation </s><s> Russian Federation : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> United States : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : United States </s><s> India : member of : non-NPT states </s><s> China : member of : non-NPT states </s><s> India : member of : non-NPT </s><s> nuclear terrorism attack : facet of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> nuclear terrorism attack : subclass of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> nuclear security : facet of : nuclear terrorism </s><s> 2010 Nuclear Security Summit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> next nuclear security summit in 2012 : country : South Korea </s><s> next nuclear security summit : country : South Korea </s><s> Thomas D'Agostino : position held : NNSA Administrator </s><s> Biden's : position held : Vice President </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : nuclear security </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : field of work : nuclear material </s><s> Barack Obama : position held : President </s><s> Obama : position held : President </s><s> four-year goal : named after : President Obama </s><s> nuclear explosive device : subclass of : weapons-usable material </s><s> nuclear explosive device : instance of : weapons-usable material </s><s> nuclear explosive device : subclass of : weapon </s><s> separated plutonium : subclass of : HEU </s><s> separated plutonium : has part : HEU </s><s> International Panel on Fissile Material : field of work : nuclear security </s><s> Nuclear Materials Information Program : inception : 2006 </s><s> Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP) : inception : 2006 </s><s> National Security Presidential Directive 48 : point in time : 2006 </s><s> HEU : subclass of : research reactor </s><s> HEU research reactor : uses : HEU </s><s> HEU research reactor : has part : HEU </s><s> HEU research reactor : subclass of : research reactor </s><s> LEU : different from : highly enriched uranium </s><s> highly enriched uranium : different from : LEU </s><s> LEU : opposite of : highly enriched uranium </s><s> 2010 Review Conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : point in time : 2010 </s><s> 2010 Review Conference : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Review Conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty : point in time : 2010 </s><s> Annalisa Giannella : position held : EU nonproliferation representative </s><s> Millibrand : position held : UK Foreign Minister </s><s> Annalisa Giannella : field of work : EU nonproliferation </s><s> separate summit on this topic : follows : nuclear security summit </s><s> nuclear security summit : followed by : separate summit on this topic </s><s> separate summit on this topic : different from : nuclear security summit </s><s> nuclear security summit : different from : separate summit on this topic </s><s> separate summit on this topic : part of : nuclear security summit </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : national laboratories </s><s> national laboratories : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Defense : country : United States </s><s> Department of Energy : country : United States </s><s> national laboratories : country : United States </s><s> Massachusetts Institute of Technology : country : United States </s><s> University of Missouri : country : United States </s><s> Y-12 Security Complex : part of : Nevada Test Site </s><s> Los Alamos National Laboratory : product or material produced : special nuclear material </s><s> Los Alamos National Laboratory : instance of : sites with special nuclear material </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Y-12 nuclear complex : has part : HEU Materials Facility </s><s> HEU Materials Facility : part of : Y-12 nuclear complex </s><s> Energy Policy Act of 2005 : main subject : Nuclear Regulatory Commission </s><s> Customs and Border Protection : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : Customs and Border Protection </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : country : United States </s><s> U.S Customs and Border Protection : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Homeland Security : subsidiary : U.S Customs and Border Protection </s><s> The IAEA document : main subject : The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities </s><s> The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Facilities : has part : The IAEA document </s><s> Protocol strengthening the convention : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Protocol : subclass of : international instrument </s><s> Protocol : subclass of : legally binding </s><s> INFCIRC/153 : instance of : IAEA safeguards </s><s> INFCIRC/225 : has part : INFCIRC/153 </s><s> INFCIRC/153 : part of : INFCIRC/225 </s><s> INFCIRC/225 : followed by : INFCIRC/153 </s><s> INFCIRC/153 : follows : INFCIRC/225 </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> September 11, 2001 : point in time : September 11, 2001 </s><s> Chernobyl accident : has cause : September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks </s><s> September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks : has effect : Chernobyl accident </s><s> Nuclear Security Fund : country : United States </s><s> Nuclear Security Fund : inception : 2009 </s><s> Nuclear Security Program : country : United States </s><s> Bush : followed by : Obama </s><s> Bush : followed by : Obama Administration </s><s> Bush : country : United States </s><s> Obama : country : United States </s><s> Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism : country : United States </s><s> G-8 Global Partnership : country : United States </s><s> Proliferation Security Initiative : country : United States </s><s> Fissile Material Working Group : field of work : nuclear material security </s><s> Fissile Material Working Group : instance of : Nongovernmental organizations </s><s> Fissile Material Working Group : field of work : nuclear terrorism </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : main subject : nuclear security </s><s> Nuclear Posture Review : author : Obama Administration </s><s> START treaty : facet of : nuclear weapons policies </s><s> World Institute of Nuclear Security : instance of : industry-oriented organization </s><s> 2010 summit : point in time : 2010 </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : headquarters location : Vienna </s><s> 2005 SUA Protocols : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Nuclear Terrorism Convention, CPPNM Amendment, 2005 SUA Protocols : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Nuclear Security Summit : point in time : 2005 </s><s> American Medical Isotopes Production Act of 2011 : point in time : January 2011 </s><s> American Medical Isotopes Production Act of 2011 : point in time : 2011 </s><s> American Medical Isotopes Production Act of 2011 : legislated by : Senate </s><s> Ilebdenum-99 : instance of : medical isotope </s><s> Ilebdenum-99 : instance of : medical isotopes </s><s> House Foreign Affairs Committee : part of : House Committee on Science, Space and Technology </s><s> International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism : facet of : nonproliferation </s><s> International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism : main subject : nonproliferation </s><s> Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material : facet of : nonproliferation </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act : point in time : 2002 </s><s> Homeland Security Act of 2002 : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Strengthening the Oversight of Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 2009 : point in time : 2009 </s><s> life imprisonment : subclass of : prison term </s><s> criminal law : main subject : crime against humanity </s><s> Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism : field of work : nuclear terrorism </s><s> Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism : main subject : nuclear terrorism </s><s> Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism : field of work : nuclear terrorism prevention </s><s> NNSA : parent organization : DOE </s><s> NNSA Defense Nonproliferation : parent organization : DOE </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : NNSA </s><s> NNSA : parent organization : DOD </s><s> continuing resolution : subclass of : appropriations bill </s><s> continuing resolution : subclass of : appropriations bills </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> DOD : subsidiary : DHS </s><s> State Department : parent organization : DOD </s><s> DHS : parent organization : DOD </s><s> Department of Energy : field of work : nuclear nonproliferation </s><s> Energy and Water Appropriations bill : point in time : April 15, 2011 </s><s> Department of Energy : owner of : Energy and Water Appropriations bill </s><s> Energy and Water Appropriations bill : owned by : Department of Energy </s><s> Budget Committee : chairperson : Paul Ryan </s><s> Budget Committee Chairman : chairperson : Paul Ryan </s><s> House Armed Services Committee : chairperson : Paul Ryan </s><s> Anne Harrington : employer : NNSA </s><s> Anne Harrington : field of work : nonproliferation </s><s> Anne Harrington : employer : NNSA nonproliferation programs </s><s> National Defense Authorization Act : legislated by : Congress </s><s> Global Nuclear Lockdown : facet of : nuclear security </s><s> Defense Threat Reduction Agency : parent organization : Defense Department </s><s> Defense Department : subsidiary : Defense Threat Reduction Agency </s><s> rail car procurement efforts in Russia : country : Russia </s><s> rail car procurement : country : Russia </s><s> Russia : part of : former Soviet Union </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Moldova </s><s> Ukraine : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Moldova : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Moldova : shares border with : Russia </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Ukraine </s><s> Russia : shares border with : Moldova </s><s> regular appropriations process : has part : supplemental appropriations process </s><s> supplemental appropriations process : part of : regular appropriations process </s><s> regular appropriations process : different from : supplemental appropriations process </s><s> supplemental appropriations process : different from : regular appropriations process </s><s> nuclear material security : facet of : proliferation </s><s> Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs : part of : Nonproliferation Programs </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : NNSA </s><s> NNSA : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Energy : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> Loretta Sanchez : member of : HASC </s><s> Loretta Sanchez : member of : HASC Strategic Forces Subcommittee </s><s> Loretta Sanchez : employer : HASC </s><s> Department of Defense : country : People's Republic of China </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : United States-China Center of Excellence on Nuclear Security </s><s> United States-China Center of Excellence on Nuclear Security : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : National Nuclear Safety Administration </s><s> National Nuclear Safety Administration : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Defense : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : Department of Defense </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : National Nuclear Nuclear Safety Administration </s><s> Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Account : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Account : operator : Department of Energy </s><s> FY2012 Energy and Water Appropriations Act : point in time : July 15, 2011 </s><s> research reactor conversion : part of : Global Threat Reduction Initiative </s><s> Second Line of Defense : subsidiary : International Nuclear Materials Protection and Control </s><s> International Nuclear Materials Protection and Control : parent organization : Second Line of Defense </s><s> Highly Enriched Uranium : subclass of : research reactor </s><s> Highly Enriched Uranium : instance of : research reactor </s><s> Loretta Sanchez : field of work : Highly Enriched Uranium </s><s> Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States : inception : 2009 </s><s> Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States : point in time : 2009 </s><s> Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States : publication date : 2009 </s><s> unrest in Libya : country : Libya </s><s> unrest in Libya : location : Libya </s><s> recent unrest in Libya : country : Libya </s><s> Department of State : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Department of State </s><s> Department of State Appropriations : parent organization : State Department </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : Department of State Appropriations </s><s> Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund : field of work : nonproliferation </s><s> Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund : country : Libya </s><s> Obama Administration : subsidiary : Departments of Defense </s><s> Obama Administration : subsidiary : Energy </s><s> Obama Administration : subsidiary : State </s><s> Departments of Defense : parent organization : Obama Administration </s><s> Energy : parent organization : Obama Administration </s><s> State : parent organization : Obama Administration </s><s> Defense Threat Reduction Agency : field of work : Cooperative Threat Reduction </s><s> Defense Threat Reduction Agency : field of work : Global Nuclear Security </s><s> Cooperative Threat Reduction : part of : Defense Threat Reduction Agency </s><s> Russian Ministry of Defense : country : Russia </s><s> Kazakhstan : diplomatic relation : Russia </s><s> Russia : diplomatic relation : Kazakhstan </s><s> FY2013 Department of Energy Request : point in time : FY2013 </s><s> NNSA : part of : DOD CTR </s><s> DOD CTR : parent organization : NNSA </s><s> NNSA : subsidiary : DOD CTR </s><s> MOX : has part : plutonium </s><s> Centrifuge : subclass of : enrichment </s><s> American Centrifuge enrichment technology : operator : USEC </s><s> Russian Ministry of Defense : applies to jurisdiction : Russia </s><s> International Nuclear Materials Protection and Cooperation : country : Russia </s><s> Global Threat Reduction Initiative : has part : Nuclear and Radiological Materials Removal </s><s> Nuclear and Radiological Materials Removal : part of : Global Threat Reduction Initiative </s><s> terrorism : subclass of : weapons of mass destruction </s><s> Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs : part of : State Department </s><s> Resolution 1540 : legislated by : U.N. Security Council </s><s> Resolution 1540 Trust Fund : legislated by : U.N. Security Council </s><s> 1540 Trust Fund : instance of : U.N. Security Council Resolution </s><s> Nuclear Nonproliferation Efforts : facet of : nuclear security </s><s> Nuclear Nonproliferation Efforts: Are We Effectively Securing Nuclear Materials Around the World? : point in time : March 14, 2012 </s><s> Nuclear Nonproliferation Efforts: Are We Effectively Securing Nuclear Materials Around the World? : start time : March 14, 2012 </s><s> diplomatic : subclass of : diplomacy </s><s> diplomatic : part of : diplomacy </s><s> diplomacy : country : United States </s><s> Resolution 1887 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> Resolution 1887 : point in time : 1887 </s><s> Resolution 1540 : legislated by : U.N Security Council </s><s> UNSCR 1540 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> 1673 : instance of : Security Council Resolution </s><s> 1810 : instance of : Security Council Resolution </s><s> 1977 : instance of : Security Council Resolution </s><s> 1673 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> 1810 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> 1977 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> 1673 : instance of : Security Council Resolutions </s><s> 1810 : instance of : Security Council Resolutions </s><s> 1977 : instance of : Security Council Resolutions </s><s> Chapter VII : part of : U.N. Charter </s><s> U.N. Charter : has part : Chapter VII </s><s> UNSCR 1540 : instance of : Chapter VII </s><s> UNSCR 1540 : instance of : resolution </s><s> Chapter VII : subclass of : resolution </s><s> Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material : point in time : 1987 </s><s> Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material : inception : 1987 </s><s> Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Amendment : point in time : 1987 </s><s> 2005 Amendment : point in time : 2005 </s><s> nuclear terrorism : uses : nuclear material </s><s> ratification : participant : States Parties </s><s> nuclear facilities : product or material produced : nuclear materials </s><s> nuclear facilities and materials : subclass of : nuclear materials </s><s> Letter of Transmittal : author : Secretary of State </s><s> President Bush : position held : Secretary of State </s><s> International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism : instance of : treaty </s><s> International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism : point in time : 2005 </s><s> Bush : position held : President </s><s> President Bush : position held : President </s><s> Putin : position held : Russian President </s><s> armed forces : conflict : armed conflict </s><s> armed conflict : participant : armed forces </s><s> G-8 Summit : location : St. Petersburg </s><s> G-8 Summit : location : St Petersburg </s><s> Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism : inception : July 2006 </s><s> United Kingdom : member of : European Union </s><s> European Union : diplomatic relation : United Kingdom </s><s> European Union : contains administrative territorial entity : United Kingdom </s><s> 1540 : instance of : Security Council Resolutions </s><s> 1373 : instance of : Security Council Resolutions </s><s> 1540 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> 1373 : legislated by : Security Council </s><s> United States : member of : Group of Eight </s><s> President Obama : country of citizenship : United States </s><s> G-8 Global Partnership : inception : 2002 </s><s> Deauville : country : France </s><s> United States : member of : G-8 </s><s> 2011 Summit : point in time : 2011 </s><s> Resolution 1540 : publication date : May 31, 2003 </s><s> Statement of Interdiction Principles : author : Operational Experts Group </s><s> Statement of Interdiction Principles : publisher : Operational Experts Group </s><s> Statement of Interdiction Principles : creator : Operational Experts Group </s><s> Global Initiative : founded by : Obama </s><s> Global Initiative : creator : Obama </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : Defense Threat Reduction Agency </s><s> Defense Threat Reduction Agency : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Defense Threat Reduction Agency : inception : 1991 </s><s> Department of Defense : subsidiary : State Department </s><s> State Department : parent organization : Department of Defense </s><s> Russia : part of : former Soviet states </s><s> former Soviet states : has part : Russia </s><s> former Soviet states : location : Russia </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : National Nuclear Security Administration </s><s> National Nuclear Security Administration : parent organization : Department of Energy </s><s> National Nuclear Security Administration : part of : Department of Energy </s><s> GRRS program : organizer : IAEA </s><s> GRRS program : operator : IAEA </s><s> GRRS : organizer : IAEA </s><s> Global Threat Reduction Initiative : parent organization : National Nuclear Security Administration </s><s> Global Threat Reduction Initiative : operator : National Nuclear Security Administration </s><s> Global Threat Reduction Initiative : part of : National Nuclear Security Administration </s><s> LEU : subclass of : nuclear fuel </s><s> HEU : subclass of : nuclear fuel </s><s> Reliable Fuel Supply Initiative : facet of : nuclear reactor </s><s> Second Line of Defense : instance of : detection capabilities for nuclear materials </s><s> nuclear reactor : uses : nuclear materials </s><s> nuclear materials : used by : nuclear reactor </s><s> Department of State : subsidiary : International Security and Nonproliferation </s><s> International Security and Nonproliferation : parent organization : Department of State </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : instance of : inter-governmental coordination </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : instance of : inter-governmental </s><s> State Department : subsidiary : International Atomic Energy Agency </s><s> International Atomic Energy Agency : parent organization : State Department </s><s> Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism : part of : G-8 Global Partnership </s><s> Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism : part of : Security and Nonproliferation </s><s> G-8 Global Partnership : has part : Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : instance of : notwithstanding authority </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : parent organization : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : part of : Department of Homeland Security </s><s> Department of Energy : subsidiary : National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) </s><s> National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) : parent organization : Department of Energy </s> | In an April 2009 speech in Prague, President Obama pledged that his Administration would launch "a new international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years." To motivate world leaders to achieve this goal, the President hosted a Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, DC, on April 12-13, 2010. Leaders of 47 countries attended the summit, including many heads of state. Attendees represented a wide geographic range of states and nuclear capabilities, and include China, India, Israel, and Pakistan. The summit resulted in a joint statement saying that international cooperative action is necessary to prevent an act of nuclear terrorism. Summit attendees also pledged to improve nuclear security standards, bring international agreements into force, and share best practices. A second summit will be held in South Korea in March 2012.
Nuclear security measures refer to a wide range of actions to prevent theft or diversion of nuclear material or sabotage at an installation or in transit. They could include physical protection measures, material control and accounting, personnel reliability screening, and training. A broader understanding of nuclear security also includes measures to prevent and detect illicit trafficking—cargo inspections, border security, and interdiction measures.
The U.S. government has worked for more than a decade both domestically and in partnership with other countries to address this problem through multiple programs at the Departments of Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, and State. The International Atomic Energy Agency has also played a lead role in these efforts, particularly since the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Congress will continue to decide on funding for the U.S. domestic and international programs focused on nuclear material security and nuclear terrorism prevention. Congress is also likely to assess implementation of the Administration's efforts to secure nuclear materials by the end of 2013. The Obama Administration's FY2011, FY2012, and FY2013 congressional budget requests proposed overall increases in funding for nuclear security-related accounts, with the stated purpose of ramping up programs to meet the President's four-year goal. |
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