BD08USRd2M8.json

[
    {
        "text": "[AUDIO LOGO]",
        "start": 0.0,
        "duration": 3.437
    },
    {
        "text": "[? CARTER ZENKE: ?] Well, hello, one\nand all, and welcome back to CS50's",
        "start": 16.72,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "Introduction to Databases with SQL.",
        "start": 20.08,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "My name is Carter [? Zenke, ?]\nand last we left off,",
        "start": 22.48,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "we learned how to create our\nvery own database schemas--",
        "start": 25.72,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "that is, a way to organize\ndata in our database.",
        "start": 28.45,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "Today, we'll learn how to actually\nadd data to our databases--",
        "start": 31.6,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "to insert, to update, and delete data.",
        "start": 34.45,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll do all of this in the context of\nBoston's very own Museum of Fine Arts,",
        "start": 38.15,
        "duration": 5.18
    },
    {
        "text": "or the MFA for short.",
        "start": 43.33,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So the MFA here in Boston is a century--",
        "start": 45.17,
        "duration": 2.447
    },
    {
        "text": "well, maybe, about a\ncentury-old museum that",
        "start": 47.617,
        "duration": 1.833
    },
    {
        "text": "has many artifacts and artwork inside\nof it, both historical and contemporary.",
        "start": 49.45,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's worth asking, how do they\nkeep track of the thousands of items",
        "start": 54.64,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "that are in their collections?",
        "start": 58.72,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "What could they possibly use?",
        "start": 60.41,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, chances are, they're likely\nusing some kind of database.",
        "start": 62.29,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And on that database, they\nwant to do four actions",
        "start": 66.58,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "we've learned about back in week zero.",
        "start": 70.63,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "They could, perhaps, create data-- to\nadd data or insert data to the database",
        "start": 73.18,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "when they get some new piece\nof artwork, for instance.",
        "start": 77.62,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "They might want to query the\ndatabase, to read from it.",
        "start": 80.27,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "They could also update data, change the\nartist, change the artwork in some way.",
        "start": 82.97,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And they could also just delete\ndata to remove it all together.",
        "start": 87.25,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "But if we think about these--",
        "start": 91.34,
        "duration": 1.58
    },
    {
        "text": "creating, reading, updating,\nand deleting-- we'll",
        "start": 92.92,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "notice that reading,\nupdating, and deleting-- we",
        "start": 96.37,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "can't do those if we don't\nactually have data in our database.",
        "start": 99.04,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "And so today, we'll see\nhow to create data--",
        "start": 102.91,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "how to insert data into\nour very own database.",
        "start": 106.21,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let's think about the MFA's\n[? collections, ?] [? their ?]",
        "start": 110.86,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "[? collection ?] of art and artifacts.",
        "start": 114.4,
        "duration": 1.583
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me propose that they\nhave a database [? that ?]",
        "start": 115.983,
        "duration": 2.292
    },
    {
        "text": "looks a bit like this.",
        "start": 118.275,
        "duration": 1.265
    },
    {
        "text": "It's a single table, and it has\na title column and accession",
        "start": 119.54,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "number, which is a fancy way of saying\na unique ID internal to the museum,",
        "start": 123.7,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "and also, a date it was acquired.",
        "start": 128.38,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "We have, of course, a primary\nkey on this table called ID.",
        "start": 130.96,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's think.",
        "start": 135.61,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the museum might want\nto acquire this piece here--",
        "start": 136.63,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "this one called Profusion of Flowers.",
        "start": 139.66,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, how could they log that this\nartwork is inside of their database?",
        "start": 142.39,
        "duration": 5.55
    },
    {
        "text": "They could maybe just add a new row.",
        "start": 147.94,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "They could say, let's\nput Profusion of Flowers",
        "start": 150.16,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "as the first item in\nour collections here.",
        "start": 152.29,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll give it a title and\naccession number-- which, again,",
        "start": 154.9,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "is just a unique ID\ninternal to the museum--",
        "start": 157.43,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "and the date it was acquired.",
        "start": 160.1,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "And that row then has\nits own primary key",
        "start": 162.25,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "to identify this row\nuniquely in our database.",
        "start": 165.34,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Now let's say they get\nanother piece of artwork.",
        "start": 169.0,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "They get this one, called\nFarmers Working at Dawn,",
        "start": 171.04,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "and they want to add this\none to their table, too.",
        "start": 174.13,
        "duration": 2.323
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, they could do the very same thing.",
        "start": 176.453,
        "duration": 1.667
    },
    {
        "text": "They could just add a new row.",
        "start": 178.12,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "They could say, let's make a\ntitle, an accession number,",
        "start": 179.38,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "and a date it was acquired,\nand this brand-new row",
        "start": 181.93,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "here for that piece of artwork.",
        "start": 184.24,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe they get another one, too.",
        "start": 186.67,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Same thing.",
        "start": 188.83,
        "duration": 0.78
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe they'll get back\nSpring Outing, and they",
        "start": 189.61,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "want to add this to their collection.",
        "start": 191.77,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "They could simply add\nanother row like this.",
        "start": 193.72,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, it turns out that the database\nadministrator behind the MFA",
        "start": 197.81,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "might be running a SQL statement\nthat looks a bit like this--",
        "start": 202.06,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "INSERT INTO.",
        "start": 206.62,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "We can use INSERT INTO to add\na new row to any given table.",
        "start": 208.87,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how insert into needs to\nknow a few pieces of information.",
        "start": 214.18,
        "duration": 4.72
    },
    {
        "text": "The first is what table to insert into.",
        "start": 218.9,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "What is the name of that table?",
        "start": 222.55,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Second, it needs to\nknow what columns are",
        "start": 225.01,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "we adding data to inside of this table?",
        "start": 227.71,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "We give it a list of those columns here.",
        "start": 231.13,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Then, of course, it needs to\nknow what new values should",
        "start": 233.38,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "go into this new row for\neach of these columns.",
        "start": 237.13,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Like we saw before, is\nit Profusion of Flowers?",
        "start": 240.79,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Is it Spring Outing?",
        "start": 243.82,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Et cetera.",
        "start": 245.2,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, we can see that we\nhave this list of values.",
        "start": 246.31,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how value 0, the\nfirst value in this list,",
        "start": 249.38,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "corresponds to the new value that will\nbe inserted [? to ?] this first column.",
        "start": 252.61,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can keep having value 1,\nor column 1, value 2 and column 2,",
        "start": 257.56,
        "duration": 3.899
    },
    {
        "text": "each one aligning with that\nparticular column there.",
        "start": 261.459,
        "duration": 4.451
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's see an example\nof this actually in code,",
        "start": 265.91,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "understand it a bit more concretely.",
        "start": 269.3,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer here.",
        "start": 271.54,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's actually create\nour very own database",
        "start": 273.73,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "that involves this schema of having our\nvery own table which can keep artists",
        "start": 276.07,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "and artwork and artifacts as well.",
        "start": 280.99,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type",
        "start": 284.63,
        "duration": 0.77
    },
    {
        "text": "1: [? TRANSCRIPT BREAK ?]\nSo I'll type sqlite3 mfa.db",
        "start": 285.4,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "to create a database for the Museum\nof Fine Arts, abbreviated as MFA.",
        "start": 289.51,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter here.",
        "start": 295.45,
        "duration": 1.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how I can now have access\nto my very own mfa.db inside my SQLite",
        "start": 296.69,
        "duration": 6.62
    },
    {
        "text": "environment.",
        "start": 303.31,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, now, I can type .schema to\nsee the schema of this database.",
        "start": 304.39,
        "duration": 5.12
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I hit Enter here,\nwell, nothing's there.",
        "start": 309.51,
        "duration": 2.973
    },
    {
        "text": "Because I just made this database.",
        "start": 312.483,
        "duration": 1.417
    },
    {
        "text": "There's nothing in it yet.",
        "start": 313.9,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, it turns out I do actually\nhave a schema file prepared for me",
        "start": 316.0,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "already in schema.sql.",
        "start": 319.84,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I propose we make a table called\n\"collections,\" and like our table",
        "start": 322.33,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "visually, it has let's say four columns.",
        "start": 326.53,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "One as an \"id,\" the primary key\nof this table, one for a \"title,\"",
        "start": 329.32,
        "duration": 6.195
    },
    {
        "text": "one for the \"accession_number,\" the\nunique ID internal to the museum,",
        "start": 335.515,
        "duration": 4.095
    },
    {
        "text": "and finally, the date it was acquired.",
        "start": 339.61,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice here, that \"title\" has to\nbe actually added to our database.",
        "start": 342.67,
        "duration": 5.05
    },
    {
        "text": "It can't be [? NULL. ?] It\ncan't have an empty value.",
        "start": 347.72,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "Same thing for \"accession_number.\"",
        "start": 350.5,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And further, \"accession_number\"\nhas to be unique.",
        "start": 352.69,
        "duration": 3.445
    },
    {
        "text": "I can't have two items [? with ?]\n[? a ?] [? different ?]",
        "start": 356.135,
        "duration": 2.375
    },
    {
        "text": "\"accession_number.\"",
        "start": 358.51,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Otherwise, I might get them\nconfused in my database",
        "start": 359.59,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "or inside my museum archives as well.",
        "start": 362.38,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me then add this\nschema to my database.",
        "start": 365.33,
        "duration": 4.22
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can do so with\nthis command right here.",
        "start": 369.55,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "This is a SQLite command called .read,\nthat we saw a little bit last week",
        "start": 372.28,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 376.78,
        "duration": 0.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I could type .read and then the\nname of this file I want to read.",
        "start": 377.69,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say .read schema.sql.",
        "start": 381.44,
        "duration": 4.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 385.62,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I type, let's say .schema,\nI can see that same [? sql ?]",
        "start": 388.02,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "[? schema, ?] same database\nschema. now inside of my terminal.",
        "start": 393.45,
        "duration": 5.83
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so now as promised, let's try\nadding some rows to this table.",
        "start": 399.28,
        "duration": 5.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Because right now, if I do SELECT\n[? star ?] from [? collections ?]",
        "start": 404.42,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "[? semicolon, ?] I don't see anything\nbecause nothing is inside yet.",
        "start": 408.04,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could add something\nusing INSERT INTO.",
        "start": 412.93,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that.",
        "start": 416.0,
        "duration": 1.39
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say INSERT INTO\nthe \"collections table.\"",
        "start": 417.39,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I have to ask, what\ncolumns inside of \"collections\"",
        "start": 421.63,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "[? do I ?] [? want ?] to add data to.",
        "start": 425.38,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I probably want to add\nto the first the \"id\" column,",
        "start": 428.08,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "that primary key column.",
        "start": 431.62,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Then maybe, I want to add a\n\"title\" to this row, and also",
        "start": 433.48,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "an \"accession_number,\" and also,\nof course, the date this piece",
        "start": 437.47,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "was \"acquired.\"",
        "start": 441.31,
        "duration": 1.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I have the table\nI'm inserting into along",
        "start": 442.67,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "with the columns I'm adding values for.",
        "start": 445.75,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "So for style's sake,\nI'll hit Enter here.",
        "start": 448.24,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I could type a list of\nvalues to insert into this new row.",
        "start": 451.06,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say VALUES, and then\ninside parentheses, the values",
        "start": 455.71,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to insert.",
        "start": 460.06,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe the first primary key\nthat I give to this item",
        "start": 461.65,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to be just [? 1, ?] start\nat 1, and add up as we add new items.",
        "start": 465.01,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "For the title, I'll say let's call\nthis one \"Profusion of flowers.\"",
        "start": 469.42,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "This is the piece we recently\nacquired into our collection.",
        "start": 473.53,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "The accession number that\nwe gave it was 56.257.",
        "start": 476.83,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "And the date it was acquired\nwas back in 1956-04-12.",
        "start": 480.4,
        "duration": 5.72
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I have all these values here.",
        "start": 486.12,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type [? semicolon ?] hit\nEnter, and nothing seems to happen.",
        "start": 487.68,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I type, let's say, select\n[? star ?] from collections",
        "start": 492.03,
        "duration": 5.34
    },
    {
        "text": "[? semicolon, ?] what do I\nsee, but this new row inside.",
        "start": 497.37,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's do it again to get a hang of this.",
        "start": 502.83,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to now add \"Farmers\nworking at dawn\" to my collection.",
        "start": 504.54,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll do the same thing,\nI'll say let's INSERT INTO",
        "start": 507.6,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"collections\" table.",
        "start": 511.08,
        "duration": 1.589
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's add values for\nthe \"id\" column, the \"title\"",
        "start": 512.669,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "column, the \"accession_number,\" and\nalso the \"acquired\" column like this.",
        "start": 516.929,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "Again for style's sake, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 522.659,
        "duration": 1.981
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I give some list of values\nto add into this new row.",
        "start": 524.64,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say VALUES here, then this list\nof values to add for each column.",
        "start": 528.78,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the first column, I have\nto give a value for is \"id.\"",
        "start": 533.28,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "If you remember, our last id was\n1, so what should this id be?",
        "start": 537.36,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe 2.",
        "start": 542.46,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type 2 here as the next\nincrement of my primary key,",
        "start": 543.54,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "then I'll give it a title.",
        "start": 548.19,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And this title was\n\"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 549.33,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "We gave it an accession\nnumber to keep track of it",
        "start": 553.47,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "in our own internal museum\nrecords, our own archives here.",
        "start": 555.81,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say 11.6152 is the\n[? accession ?] [? number ?] for this",
        "start": 558.91,
        "duration": 6.2
    },
    {
        "text": "particular item, then I'll say we\nacquired it back in 1911-08-03.",
        "start": 565.11,
        "duration": 7.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit a semicolon\nhere, hit Enter.",
        "start": 572.74,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I should be able to see if\nI type [? SELECT ?] [? star ?] FROM",
        "start": 576.01,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "\"collections,\" SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"collections\"",
        "start": 579.52,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "[? semicolon, ?] I now have these\ntwo items inside of my collection.",
        "start": 582.52,
        "duration": 6.22
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let's do one more here.",
        "start": 588.74,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's focus in particular\non this primary key.",
        "start": 591.44,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice here, how we've been actually\ninserting our very own primary key",
        "start": 595.64,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "1 and then 2.",
        "start": 599.57,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But maybe that's not the best design.",
        "start": 601.4,
        "duration": 3.823
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try this again.",
        "start": 605.223,
        "duration": 0.917
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say INSERT INTO, let's go for,\n\"collections\" [? is ?] our table name.",
        "start": 606.14,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I'll try again to add\nto the \"id\" column, the \"title\"",
        "start": 612.08,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "column, the \"accession_number,\"\nand the \"acquired\" column here.",
        "start": 616.79,
        "duration": 7.14
    },
    {
        "text": "What could go wrong do you think if I\ntry to specify the primary key myself?",
        "start": 623.93,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me ask this as an\naudience question here.",
        "start": 629.96,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "Feel free raise your hand.",
        "start": 631.88,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "What might go wrong if I try\nto make the primary key myself?",
        "start": 633.14,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Insert a value myself?",
        "start": 637.7,
        "duration": 1.485
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [INAUDIBLE].",
        "start": 643.01,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 2: Yeah, what we could do when\nwe have to [INAUDIBLE] a lot of values,",
        "start": 644.9,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "like maybe like big data or something,\nis there a way to add it to a CSV file",
        "start": 649.94,
        "duration": 6.87
    },
    {
        "text": "or something rather than typing\n[? insert ?] [? into ?] tables?",
        "start": 656.81,
        "duration": 2.915
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: A good question.",
        "start": 659.725,
        "duration": 1.125
    },
    {
        "text": "I think you're onto\nsomething here, which",
        "start": 660.85,
        "duration": 1.708
    },
    {
        "text": "is we're inserting one row at a time,\nwhich could get easily repetitive.",
        "start": 662.558,
        "duration": 3.042
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me hold that thought\nfor just a minute here",
        "start": 665.6,
        "duration": 2.297
    },
    {
        "text": "and focus on the primary keys before\nwe see some more efficient ways",
        "start": 667.897,
        "duration": 2.833
    },
    {
        "text": "to actually add data to our table.",
        "start": 670.73,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm with you on this\nidea of maybe we don't want",
        "start": 672.96,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "to duplicate this primary key, right?",
        "start": 675.8,
        "duration": 1.897
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe we could do a\nlittle better than that.",
        "start": 677.697,
        "duration": 1.833
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll come back to my computer here.",
        "start": 679.53,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I specify the primary\nkey, I might actually",
        "start": 681.78,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "add a value that's already in there.",
        "start": 685.67,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could, thankfully, leave it\nup to SQLite to actually increment",
        "start": 687.84,
        "duration": 4.34
    },
    {
        "text": "this value for me.",
        "start": 692.18,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try leaving\noff \"id\" in this case.",
        "start": 693.62,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll omit the \"id\"\naltogether, which seems",
        "start": 696.44,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "at first like a bit of a bad\nthought, like shouldn't every row",
        "start": 699.35,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "have its own id?",
        "start": 702.17,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's just try and\nfigure out what happened.",
        "start": 703.28,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter here.",
        "start": 705.83,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll say, let\nme give the VALUES.",
        "start": 707.06,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, now the first column\nis the title column.",
        "start": 709.56,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and say that this\none will be called \"Spring outing.\"",
        "start": 712.77,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "We're going to add this\none to our collection here.",
        "start": 715.97,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "The accession number,\nin this case, is 14.76.",
        "start": 718.52,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "And we acquired this one all the way\nback in 1914-01-08 [? semicolon. ?]",
        "start": 721.61,
        "duration": 6.93
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll hit Enter here.",
        "start": 728.54,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how there's no\n[? id ?] that I have specified.",
        "start": 730.17,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "But now if I hit Enter, seems to work.",
        "start": 733.34,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type SELECT [? star ?]\n[? FROM ?] \"collections,\"",
        "start": 736.85,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "and what do I see but\nthe new primary key of 3.",
        "start": 740.12,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So it seems like SQLite actually\nincrements the primary key for me.",
        "start": 744.71,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "If I add some new row, it looks, what\nis the current highest primary key",
        "start": 750.29,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "and adds 1 to that automatically for me.",
        "start": 755.18,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And I've gotten that by\nspecifying in my schema",
        "start": 758.12,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "this primary key\nconstraint down on line 6.",
        "start": 761.39,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "So pretty handy for me here.",
        "start": 765.05,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "I see a few other questions too.",
        "start": 767.84,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take those\nbefore we move on as well.",
        "start": 770.03,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Andre. ?]",
        "start": 774.57,
        "duration": 1.19
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 3: I just want to ask\nif I delete the, let's say,",
        "start": 775.76,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "the [? first ?] record and type again,\nwill it number it [? on ?] the fourth",
        "start": 779.03,
        "duration": 7.38
    },
    {
        "text": "number or the first one.",
        "start": 786.41,
        "duration": 1.093
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: A great question.",
        "start": 787.503,
        "duration": 1.167
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll see this a little\nbit later on too.",
        "start": 788.67,
        "duration": 1.708
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I delete some row, let's say, I\ndeleted the row with primary key of 1,",
        "start": 790.378,
        "duration": 4.612
    },
    {
        "text": "well, what SQLite will\ndo, at least by default,",
        "start": 794.99,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "is actually take the highest value.",
        "start": 797.99,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say the highest value\nis still three in my database.",
        "start": 800.06,
        "duration": 3.28
    },
    {
        "text": "It will add 1 to that, and I\nwant to insert that new row it'll",
        "start": 803.34,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "have the [? id ?] of 4 in this case.",
        "start": 806.51,
        "duration": 3.163
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so let's explore a bit more\nsome of these constraints on tables.",
        "start": 809.673,
        "duration": 4.757
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, we're talking about the primary\nkey constraint, but we also have,",
        "start": 814.43,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "as we saw before, the\n[? NOT ?] [? NULL ?] constraint",
        "start": 817.85,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "and the [? UNIQUE ?] constraint.",
        "start": 820.31,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try inserting given\nthose constraints here.",
        "start": 822.0,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "[? I'll go ?] back to my computer.",
        "start": 825.23,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, notice in my schema,\nI specified that this \"title\"",
        "start": 827.28,
        "duration": 5.06
    },
    {
        "text": "column should always be NOT NULL.",
        "start": 832.34,
        "duration": 3.172
    },
    {
        "text": "It should never have a\n[? null ?] value inside of it.",
        "start": 835.512,
        "duration": 2.208
    },
    {
        "text": "And similarly, \"accession_number\"\nshould also be NOT NULL.",
        "start": 837.72,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "It should also be [? unique. ?]\nI should have no two rows",
        "start": 841.28,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "that have the same accession number.",
        "start": 845.27,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe kind of a\nplayfully, subversively here,",
        "start": 847.55,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "let's try to run\nagainst this constraint.",
        "start": 851.3,
        "duration": 2.158
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's actually try to add the same\naccession number and see what happens.",
        "start": 853.458,
        "duration": 3.042
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll come back to my\n[? TERMINAL. ?] Let me just reinsert,",
        "start": 856.5,
        "duration": 4.4
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say \"Spring outing.\"",
        "start": 860.9,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice how if I SELECT [? star ?] FROM\n\"collections,\" it's already in here.",
        "start": 862.49,
        "duration": 4.81
    },
    {
        "text": "But I'll try to add it yet again with\nthe same [? accession ?] [? number. ?]",
        "start": 867.3,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say INSERT INTO \"collections.\"",
        "start": 870.75,
        "duration": 1.658
    },
    {
        "text": "And by now this is [? hopefully ?]\n[? becoming ?] a little more familiar.",
        "start": 872.408,
        "duration": 3.042
    },
    {
        "text": "I now want to say the columns\nI want to add data to.",
        "start": 875.45,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say the \"title\" column,\nthe \"accession_number\" column,",
        "start": 878.87,
        "duration": 7.65
    },
    {
        "text": "and also the \"acquired\"\ndate I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 886.52,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll say the VALUES again.",
        "start": 889.55,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's reinsert [? \"Spring ?]\n[? outing.\" ?] I'll say \"Spring outing\"",
        "start": 891.62,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "as a title, the accession\nnumber is 14.76,",
        "start": 894.65,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "and the date it was acquired\nwas again 1914-01-08 semicolon.",
        "start": 898.64,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Now if I hit Enter, what do we see?",
        "start": 904.67,
        "duration": 4.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Runtime error-- UNIQUE\nconstraint failed.",
        "start": 909.1,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "So it seems we ran\nagainst this constraint",
        "start": 912.49,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "here that we specified on line 4 here.",
        "start": 914.89,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "[? \"Accession number\" ?]\nshould always be unique.",
        "start": 918.46,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "But by trying to add a new row that\nhad that same accession number,",
        "start": 920.83,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "we ran into this runtime error and\nour operation was not completed.",
        "start": 924.82,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "If I say in this case, SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 929.78,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "notice how I guarded myself from\nadding Spring outing more than once",
        "start": 933.19,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "with the same accession number.",
        "start": 938.05,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So some usefulness here to\nthese kinds of constraints.",
        "start": 940.07,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try violating NOT NULL too.",
        "start": 943.63,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll try adding a title that is\nactually [? null, ?] non-existent.",
        "start": 946.18,
        "duration": 3.072
    },
    {
        "text": "It's trying to add a painting\nwithout a title itself.",
        "start": 949.252,
        "duration": 2.208
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try this.",
        "start": 951.46,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I might try INSERT INTO\nthe \"collections\" table,",
        "start": 952.42,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "and I'll add to the \"title\" columns,\nthe \"accession_number,\" and also",
        "start": 956.02,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"acquired\" column.",
        "start": 961.66,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say the VALUES here.",
        "start": 963.94,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "But remember, this [? null ?] value.",
        "start": 966.02,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "Null meaning nothing.",
        "start": 967.87,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "This value doesn't exist.",
        "start": 969.28,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I could insert that into my\ntable, or at least try to.",
        "start": 970.63,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say NULL is a title.",
        "start": 974.26,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And similarly, NULL is\nthe accession number.",
        "start": 976.69,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "Now let's say, just playfully, we\ngot this painting back in 1900-01-10",
        "start": 979.61,
        "duration": 5.84
    },
    {
        "text": "like this.",
        "start": 985.45,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "OK now, semicolon.",
        "start": 986.77,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter, and we see the same\nruntime error-- constraint failed,",
        "start": 988.96,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "in this case, the NOT NULL constraint.",
        "start": 993.97,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So notice again how in my schema, I\nspecified \"title\" should be NOT NULL.",
        "start": 996.2,
        "duration": 5.75
    },
    {
        "text": "But here when I try to insert a\n[? null ?] [? value, ?] I run into that",
        "start": 1001.95,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "constraint and I can't\ninsert that value.",
        "start": 1006.09,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "If I try to SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 1008.67,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see in this case\nthat insert didn't work.",
        "start": 1011.4,
        "duration": 6.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So these constraints are\nreally guardrails against me,",
        "start": 1017.41,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "against other users to\nadding values that we really",
        "start": 1020.52,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "shouldn't add to our table.",
        "start": 1022.98,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so presumably here, we're onto\nsomething by adding some rows.",
        "start": 1026.48,
        "duration": 5.92
    },
    {
        "text": "But if the museum acquires more\nthan one item, maybe 100 at a time,",
        "start": 1032.4,
        "duration": 5.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't want to be the programmer who's\nsitting there writing 100 INSERT INTO.",
        "start": 1037.73,
        "duration": 3.389
    },
    {
        "text": "That's like not what I want to do.",
        "start": 1041.119,
        "duration": 1.621
    },
    {
        "text": "There's probably a\nbetter way to do this.",
        "start": 1042.74,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "[? And ?] [? we ?] show\nyou one way to do this.",
        "start": 1044.63,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "One way is to instead of inserting\none row, like this, to instead insert",
        "start": 1047.04,
        "duration": 5.15
    },
    {
        "text": "multiple separated by commas.",
        "start": 1052.19,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, I might say this is my\nfirst row for each of these columns.",
        "start": 1054.9,
        "duration": 4.97
    },
    {
        "text": "This is my second row, again,\nfor each of these columns,",
        "start": 1059.87,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "and so on and so forth.",
        "start": 1063.08,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's worth noting, this is\nnot just a manner of convenience.",
        "start": 1065.37,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Like if I tried to insert 100 rows,\nthis is certainly convenient for me.",
        "start": 1069.53,
        "duration": 4.6
    },
    {
        "text": "But it's also most often\nin most cases going",
        "start": 1074.13,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "to be faster for me to\ninsert 100 rows in one go,",
        "start": 1077.21,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "than to insert one row 100 times.",
        "start": 1081.2,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is both a convenience\nthing for programmers",
        "start": 1084.39,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "and also an efficiency thing to\nactually optimize your database as well.",
        "start": 1086.93,
        "duration": 4.81
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this syntax now to avoid\nme sitting there for hours and hours",
        "start": 1091.74,
        "duration": 4.61
    },
    {
        "text": "writing many insert interviews.",
        "start": 1096.35,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 1098.24,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "And this time, let's say we\ngot two paintings at once.",
        "start": 1100.46,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "We got two.",
        "start": 1103.94,
        "duration": 0.81
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll try to add both of them.",
        "start": 1104.75,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say INSERT INTO\nthe \"collections\" table.",
        "start": 1106.67,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, I want to keep adding to my\n\"title\" column, my \"accession_number\"",
        "start": 1110.51,
        "duration": 5.22
    },
    {
        "text": "column, and even my\n\"acquired\" column, like this.",
        "start": 1115.73,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to add in some values.",
        "start": 1120.2,
        "duration": 2.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type VALUES here.",
        "start": 1122.64,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "And as a matter of style, let me\njust say I'll make a new line.",
        "start": 1124.37,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll Enter here.",
        "start": 1128.39,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I can type each of my\nnew rows on their very own line.",
        "start": 1129.65,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So again, I'll type all of the\nvalues that I want in my first row.",
        "start": 1134.36,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I might call this one\n\"Imaginative landscape.\"",
        "start": 1139.22,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "We got this one back in--",
        "start": 1142.22,
        "duration": 1.565
    },
    {
        "text": "actually, we don't quite\nknow when we got this one.",
        "start": 1143.785,
        "duration": 2.125
    },
    {
        "text": "If I type 56.496 is the accession\nnumber, like, yeah, 56.496.",
        "start": 1145.91,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "The MFA actually doesn't know\nwhen they got this painting.",
        "start": 1152.21,
        "duration": 3.22
    },
    {
        "text": "So if they don't know,\nlet's just insert NULL.",
        "start": 1155.43,
        "duration": 3.38
    },
    {
        "text": "This is intentionally left blank.",
        "start": 1158.81,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "This is my first row.",
        "start": 1162.8,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to add a\nsecond one in one go.",
        "start": 1164.15,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll follow this up with a comma.",
        "start": 1166.97,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'll type out\nmy next set of values.",
        "start": 1168.69,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "This next one we acquired is\ncalled \"Peonies and butterfly.\"",
        "start": 1172.25,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say the [? accession ?]\n[? number ?] is 06.1899.",
        "start": 1176.0,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And we got this one-- it was back in\n1906-01-01 now I'll hit semicolon here.",
        "start": 1180.71,
        "duration": 7.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, if I hit\nEnter, nothing happens.",
        "start": 1188.57,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I type Select [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\" semicolon,",
        "start": 1192.3,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "what do we see, but now two\nnew rows being inserted.",
        "start": 1197.33,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So a handy way to insert\nmore than one value.",
        "start": 1201.96,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And also, if you have a lot of\nvalues, a more efficient way as well.",
        "start": 1205.5,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So we pause here.",
        "start": 1210.51,
        "duration": 1.52
    },
    {
        "text": "And ask what questions we have on\nINSERT INTO, Whether adding one row",
        "start": 1212.03,
        "duration": 5.9
    },
    {
        "text": "or adding multiple.",
        "start": 1217.93,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [INAUDIBLE].",
        "start": 1219.55,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 4: [? So ?] [? imagine ?]\nyou are [? writing ?] [? code ?]",
        "start": 1221.32,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "or inserting a row, so by mistake\nyou have entered the wrong spelling",
        "start": 1224.07,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "of the title, so how we will rename it?",
        "start": 1228.7,
        "duration": 3.017
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: A great question too.",
        "start": 1231.717,
        "duration": 1.333
    },
    {
        "text": "And often as is the case with\nme, I make typos all the time.",
        "start": 1233.05,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I might add the artwork title\nand misspell it for instance.",
        "start": 1235.9,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, in that case, I can't\nuse INSERT INTO to correct it,",
        "start": 1240.04,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "but I can use a new statement we'll\nsee a little later called [? update. ?]",
        "start": 1244.6,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And so with [? update, ?]\nyou can actually",
        "start": 1248.41,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "change the spellings of things.",
        "start": 1250.21,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see that a little later today.",
        "start": 1251.83,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "But great question to\npeek ahead as well.",
        "start": 1253.93,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so let's keep going here.",
        "start": 1257.77,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's think about how we can keep\nadding values to our data set.",
        "start": 1260.27,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And so far we've seen INSERT INTO\nwith one row and with multiple.",
        "start": 1264.5,
        "duration": 5.12
    },
    {
        "text": "But one more way to keep in\nmind is you might already",
        "start": 1269.62,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "have your data, perhaps\nin some other format.",
        "start": 1273.64,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "And one common format looks a bit\nlike this on our screen over here.",
        "start": 1277.3,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "This file is called CSV\nfor Comma Separated Values.",
        "start": 1282.94,
        "duration": 6.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, why Comma Separated Values?",
        "start": 1289.75,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's just look at it.",
        "start": 1291.76,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Here we see some presumably\ncolumn or column names,",
        "start": 1293.35,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "like [? id, ?] [? title, ?]\n[? accession number, ?]",
        "start": 1296.71,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "and [? acquired, ?] but what\nseparates these column names?",
        "start": 1299.53,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, it looks like commas--",
        "start": 1302.98,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "\"id\" comma \"title,\" comma\n\"accession_number,\" and so on.",
        "start": 1304.51,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Every row is still its own row.",
        "start": 1308.47,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "That makes sense here.",
        "start": 1311.35,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, those row values\nare also separated by commas.",
        "start": 1312.67,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice here, the first\nvalue before the first comma",
        "start": 1317.41,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "corresponds to the first\ncolumn, this id is 1.",
        "start": 1321.1,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Similarly, the next Comma Separated\nValue Profusion of flowers",
        "start": 1325.21,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "belongs to that next column\nhere-- \"title\" as well,",
        "start": 1329.05,
        "duration": 3.4
    },
    {
        "text": "and so on and so forth.",
        "start": 1332.45,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "You could if you wanted\nto draw a snaky line",
        "start": 1334.07,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "to see how these columns\ncorrespond down our file here.",
        "start": 1336.82,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, you might often have\ndata already in this format.",
        "start": 1341.78,
        "duration": 3.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's actually\npretty convenient to try",
        "start": 1345.72,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "to import this data into\nSQLite into your very own table",
        "start": 1347.47,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "so you can use [? SQL ?] on it.",
        "start": 1351.76,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try doing that\nhere, taking a CSV like this",
        "start": 1354.17,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "and adding it to our database.",
        "start": 1357.73,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back to my computer.",
        "start": 1360.61,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And at this point, I want to start over.",
        "start": 1362.6,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say, I didn't use\n[? insert ?] at all.",
        "start": 1365.87,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I actually got a CSV from the MFA\nof all the items in our collection.",
        "start": 1368.59,
        "duration": 3.97
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type .quit to\nleave this database.",
        "start": 1372.56,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'll type rm mfa.db to\nremove this file all together.",
        "start": 1375.34,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me show you mfa.csv, the\nCSV file I have that looks exactly",
        "start": 1381.04,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "like what we just saw.",
        "start": 1387.07,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type code mfa.csv.",
        "start": 1388.48,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I can indeed see, I\nhave an iD column, a title",
        "start": 1391.3,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "column, and accession_number,\nand the date these pieces were",
        "start": 1395.44,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "acquired all separated by commas.",
        "start": 1398.83,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say I want to quickly import\nthis data into its very own database",
        "start": 1402.59,
        "duration": 5.69
    },
    {
        "text": "to run [? SQL ?] [? queries ?] on it.",
        "start": 1408.28,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "As it stands, I can't use [? SQL ?]\n[? queries ?] on this table",
        "start": 1410.05,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "because it's not inside\nof a SQLite database.",
        "start": 1413.2,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "But let me add one.",
        "start": 1416.11,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type SQLite3 mfa.db to\nremake [? MFA ?] down below.",
        "start": 1417.37,
        "duration": 6.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me now introduce this new\ncommand that is not a SQL keyword,",
        "start": 1423.47,
        "duration": 4.55
    },
    {
        "text": "but is actually a SQLite command.",
        "start": 1428.02,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And this command is called .import.",
        "start": 1430.4,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": ".import lets you take\na file, like a CSV,",
        "start": 1434.17,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "and automatically insert it row by row\ninto a table of your own making or one",
        "start": 1437.56,
        "duration": 6.45
    },
    {
        "text": "you can let SQLite create for you.",
        "start": 1444.01,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's actually create\nthe table ourselves,",
        "start": 1446.59,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "and then insert this CSV using .import.",
        "start": 1448.66,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to SQLite.",
        "start": 1452.08,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me recreate the schema.",
        "start": 1453.99,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Right now, there's no tables inside\nthis database, but let me create one.",
        "start": 1455.83,
        "duration": 4.66
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll instead type .read schema.sql\nto read in that old schema.sql file,",
        "start": 1460.49,
        "duration": 5.75
    },
    {
        "text": "so I can have my own table here.",
        "start": 1466.24,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type that schema again.",
        "start": 1468.46,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I see, I have that table back.",
        "start": 1470.0,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I type SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\" semicolon,",
        "start": 1473.15,
        "duration": 4.94
    },
    {
        "text": "nothing is inside.",
        "start": 1478.09,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could fix this.",
        "start": 1479.98,
        "duration": 1.09
    },
    {
        "text": "I could to import this CSV into\ncollections to insert all at once from",
        "start": 1481.07,
        "duration": 5.15
    },
    {
        "text": "[? its ?] [? own, ?] from the\nCSV file we have right here.",
        "start": 1486.22,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "So to do this, let me type .import.",
        "start": 1489.35,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Now before I finish this off, there are\na few arguments or options I can give",
        "start": 1492.91,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": ".import to make sure it works properly.",
        "start": 1499.27,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "The ones for this look as follows.",
        "start": 1502.66,
        "duration": 2.77
    },
    {
        "text": "I should type .import, and then\n[? dash ?] [? dash ?] CSV to say",
        "start": 1505.43,
        "duration": 5.3
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm importing a CSV.",
        "start": 1510.73,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "If I don't type\n[? dash ?] [? dash ?] CSV,",
        "start": 1512.56,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "SQLite I might assume something\nabout this file that just isn't true.",
        "start": 1515.62,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "It should know that numbers\nare here separated by commas,",
        "start": 1519.04,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "[? numbers, ?] or [? values, ?]\nwhatever's inside my table are",
        "start": 1522.49,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "separated by commas.",
        "start": 1525.13,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And then [? dash ?] [? dash ?] skip 1--",
        "start": 1527.3,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "well, let's take a look.",
        "start": 1529.84,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go back to this\nfile here, let's see.",
        "start": 1531.07,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I have the first row, the second\nrow, the third row, the fourth row.",
        "start": 1534.28,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Are there any rows I probably\nshouldn't insert into my table here?",
        "start": 1538.9,
        "duration": 5.015
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me ask the audience.",
        "start": 1543.915,
        "duration": 1.0
    },
    {
        "text": "You're free to raise your hand.",
        "start": 1544.915,
        "duration": 1.545
    },
    {
        "text": "Are there any rows I shouldn't\ninsert into this table?",
        "start": 1546.46,
        "duration": 3.315
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Sukanya. ?]",
        "start": 1552.97,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 5: Yes, I think they\nshouldn't include the first one,",
        "start": 1554.32,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "because it doesn't give\nus any value that we need.",
        "start": 1557.41,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, you're right.",
        "start": 1559.91,
        "duration": 0.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I look at this\nheader row, as we call it,",
        "start": 1560.45,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "I see id, title, accession_number, and\nacquired-- the names for my columns.",
        "start": 1562.63,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "But notice in my schema, I already\nhave those column names existing.",
        "start": 1568.3,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "So I shouldn't insert the\nvalue id into my \"id\" column.",
        "start": 1572.92,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to just skip that row\nand only do the next one.",
        "start": 1577.84,
        "duration": 3.22
    },
    {
        "text": "So here by typing [? dash ?] [? dash ?]\nskip 1, I'll skip that header row.",
        "start": 1581.06,
        "duration": 4.82
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this now.",
        "start": 1585.88,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say .import\n[? dash ?] [? dash ?] CSV.",
        "start": 1586.9,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to import a CSV.",
        "start": 1589.42,
        "duration": 1.874
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, [? dash ?] [? dash ?] skip,\nhow many rows should I skip?",
        "start": 1591.294,
        "duration": 3.346
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, just one, the header row there.",
        "start": 1594.64,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I say the file to import.",
        "start": 1597.04,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type mfa.csv, the CSV\nfile to import into my database.",
        "start": 1599.5,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I type the name of the\ntable I'm importing into,",
        "start": 1604.96,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "collections, in this case.",
        "start": 1609.04,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how I no longer need to\n[? quote ?] collections or [? quote ?]",
        "start": 1611.03,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "CSV, because this is not a SQL\nstatement this is a SQLite statement,",
        "start": 1616.06,
        "duration": 5.448
    },
    {
        "text": "so I can get away with not\n[? quoting ?] anything here.",
        "start": 1621.508,
        "duration": 2.292
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 1623.8,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, nothing seems to happen,\nbut it's probably a good sign.",
        "start": 1625.81,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try selecting [? star ?]\n[? from ?] \"collections\" semicolon,",
        "start": 1628.57,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Enter.",
        "start": 1634.24,
        "duration": 0.9
    },
    {
        "text": "And now all my data is\njust magically in there.",
        "start": 1635.14,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "It's went from my CSV\ninto my very own table.",
        "start": 1637.96,
        "duration": 5.943
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so that's a pretty\nnice step forward.",
        "start": 1643.903,
        "duration": 3.687
    },
    {
        "text": "No longer do we have to use\njust single line inserts or even",
        "start": 1647.59,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "bulk inserts, those multi-line inserts.",
        "start": 1651.1,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "We can now just import an\nentire table from a CSV.",
        "start": 1653.53,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "But I think I've been showing you a\nbit of an inaccuracy here, at least",
        "start": 1657.79,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "that's not often going to happen to you.",
        "start": 1662.08,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go back to this\nfile here, this CSV.",
        "start": 1664.48,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "What you might notice is that\nI specified the primary key.",
        "start": 1669.28,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I said [? id ?] of 1,\n[? id ?] of 2, [? id ?] of 3.",
        "start": 1673.48,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "But if we'd heard before, this\nmight not be the best design.",
        "start": 1677.47,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "Because what if I import\nthis CSV, and there's already",
        "start": 1681.19,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "an item that has the id\nof [? 1 ?] or the id of 2.",
        "start": 1684.61,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Ideally, I could let SQLite\ncreate its very own primary keys",
        "start": 1687.82,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "for each of these rows.",
        "start": 1692.02,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "And more often than\nnot, you'll likely have",
        "start": 1693.7,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "a database or CSV that looks a bit\nmore like this without the primary key.",
        "start": 1695.95,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "But you'll still want to have a primary\nkey when you import into your database.",
        "start": 1700.87,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try working\nwith this kind of CSV now",
        "start": 1705.71,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "and having SQLite generate some\nof the primary keys for us.",
        "start": 1709.0,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "Come back to my computer.",
        "start": 1712.87,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's update our mfa.csv just to\nremove those primary key column here.",
        "start": 1714.73,
        "duration": 5.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So I will open up again mfa.csv.",
        "start": 1720.44,
        "duration": 4.46
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try to just delete\nthis column all together.",
        "start": 1724.9,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll move [? id, ?] remove 1,\nand 2, and 3, and 4, and 5.",
        "start": 1727.6,
        "duration": 7.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me save it, and now\nthat id column is gone.",
        "start": 1734.68,
        "duration": 4.57
    },
    {
        "text": "But now there's a problem.",
        "start": 1739.25,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Like if I go to my schema,\nand I type .schema,",
        "start": 1741.02,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "notice how there are four\ncolumns in this table--",
        "start": 1745.55,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "\"id,\" \"title,\" \"accession_number,\"\nand \"acquired.\"",
        "start": 1749.3,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, now my CSV only has three columns.",
        "start": 1753.35,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I try to import\nthis CSV into this table,",
        "start": 1756.99,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to run into trouble, because\nI have different numbers of columns",
        "start": 1760.52,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "[? between ?] my CSV and my table.",
        "start": 1763.73,
        "duration": 3.025
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, what can I do instead?",
        "start": 1766.755,
        "duration": 2.375
    },
    {
        "text": "It turns out that I could\nactually import this data",
        "start": 1769.13,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "into a temporary table,\nand then take that data",
        "start": 1772.91,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "and insert that data in that\ntemporary table into my real one",
        "start": 1776.48,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "called \"collections\" here.",
        "start": 1780.05,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I can use both .import and INSERT\nINTO to accomplish that task for me.",
        "start": 1781.67,
        "duration": 6.0
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this.",
        "start": 1787.67,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say .import.",
        "start": 1788.81,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to import a CSV now-- [? dash ?]\n[? dash ?] [? CSV. ?] Which one?",
        "start": 1790.76,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, mfa.csv in this case.",
        "start": 1794.99,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, though, I want to create a brand\nnew table that doesn't yet exist.",
        "start": 1798.08,
        "duration": 3.822
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type the name of the table.",
        "start": 1801.902,
        "duration": 1.458
    },
    {
        "text": "And I just call it temp for\nnow to temporarily import",
        "start": 1803.36,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "this data into a brand new table.",
        "start": 1806.9,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how here I'm not\nusing [? dash ?] [? dash ?]",
        "start": 1809.39,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "skip 1, because now I want to take\nadvantage of those header rows.",
        "start": 1812.26,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "SQLite, if I import into a new table,\nwill notice I have a header row",
        "start": 1816.35,
        "duration": 6.46
    },
    {
        "text": "and make my columns the very same\nnames that are in my header row--",
        "start": 1822.81,
        "duration": 4.79
    },
    {
        "text": "title, accession number, and acquired.",
        "start": 1827.6,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't want to skip them.",
        "start": 1830.21,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I want SQLite to see them and create\nthis table using those header rows.",
        "start": 1831.38,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I'll hit Enter, and\nnothing seems to happen.",
        "start": 1836.61,
        "duration": 3.38
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I type .schema, what do I see,\nbut a brand new table called \"temp\"",
        "start": 1839.99,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "that SQLite has just made automatically\nand notice how it used that header row.",
        "start": 1845.0,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I have \"title,\" \"accession_number,\"\nand \"acquired\" as my column names.",
        "start": 1849.05,
        "duration": 5.745
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, let's now look\ninside the temp table,",
        "start": 1854.795,
        "duration": 2.585
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"temp\" semicolon.",
        "start": 1857.38,
        "duration": 5.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I see all that data in there.",
        "start": 1862.52,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But I don't have primary keys yet.",
        "start": 1864.35,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "So my goal [? is ?] [? really ?]\nto take all this data and insert it",
        "start": 1866.2,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "into my collections table to give it\nthat primary key I've been wanting",
        "start": 1870.07,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "here.",
        "start": 1874.63,
        "duration": 0.72
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, if I type SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections,\" well, nothing-- oh,",
        "start": 1875.35,
        "duration": 5.648
    },
    {
        "text": "something is still there.",
        "start": 1880.998,
        "duration": 1.042
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me actually just\ndelete this [INAUDIBLE]",
        "start": 1882.04,
        "duration": 2.177
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say DELETE FROM \"collections\"\nto remove it all together-- we'll",
        "start": 1884.217,
        "duration": 2.833
    },
    {
        "text": "[? get ?] [INAUDIBLE] just a minute.",
        "start": 1887.05,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "And now let me try, SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 1888.55,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "and I should see nothing\ninside of collections.",
        "start": 1893.02,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So what could I do?",
        "start": 1896.75,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "I could [? INSERT ?] [? INTO ?]\n[? collections ?] using the data from",
        "start": 1898.04,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "my temp table.",
        "start": 1901.63,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll try that.",
        "start": 1903.13,
        "duration": 0.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say INSERT INTO \"collections\"\nand choose those columns yet again.",
        "start": 1903.98,
        "duration": 5.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say the \"title,\" and\nthe \"accession_number,\"",
        "start": 1909.46,
        "duration": 4.99
    },
    {
        "text": "and now let's go for the\n\"acquired\" column as well.",
        "start": 1914.45,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 1918.9,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "But instead of typing\nmany new lines of values,",
        "start": 1920.37,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I actually have a way to dynamically\nselect all the values I want to insert,",
        "start": 1924.33,
        "duration": 5.91
    },
    {
        "text": "and it looks a bit like this.",
        "start": 1930.24,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say INSERT INTO [? some ?]\ntable and some columns of that table.",
        "start": 1932.17,
        "duration": 6.72
    },
    {
        "text": "But I want to insert the results\nof this SELECT down below.",
        "start": 1938.89,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll [? SELECT ?] some columns\n[? FROM ?] some separate table.",
        "start": 1943.33,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "And so long as these columns align, I'll\nbe able to actually take the results",
        "start": 1946.72,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "of that [? SELECT ?] and [? insert ?]\nall of them [? into ?] this new table",
        "start": 1951.85,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "using INSERT INTO.",
        "start": 1955.18,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me finish my statement\nhere, we can see the results.",
        "start": 1957.07,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "Come back to my computer.",
        "start": 1959.92,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, I'll type a SELECT to get\nback all the items from my temp table.",
        "start": 1962.05,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT-- in\nthis case, SELECT, let's",
        "start": 1967.69,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "go for the \"title\" column,\nthe \"accession_number\"",
        "start": 1972.07,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "column, and the \"acquired\"\ncolumn from my \"temp\" table.",
        "start": 1976.45,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I hit semicolon, I should see--",
        "start": 1981.1,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "well, nothing at first.",
        "start": 1985.27,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I type SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 1986.47,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I see all my data now in there\nselected from my temporary table.",
        "start": 1991.0,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I type\n.schema, I still see temp.",
        "start": 1996.61,
        "duration": 3.013
    },
    {
        "text": "But what can I do now?",
        "start": 1999.623,
        "duration": 0.917
    },
    {
        "text": "I could just delete\nthat table altogether.",
        "start": 2000.54,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say DROP TABLE \"temp,\" as we\nsaw last week, semicolon, hit Enter,",
        "start": 2002.71,
        "duration": 5.66
    },
    {
        "text": ".schema again.",
        "start": 2008.37,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we're back where we\nwant to be with a single table,",
        "start": 2010.09,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "and now we've import our data\nfrom our CSV with primary keys.",
        "start": 2013.68,
        "duration": 5.35
    },
    {
        "text": "If I type \"collections\" here,\nwe see it all in this table.",
        "start": 2019.03,
        "duration": 5.62
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so we've seen several\nversions of import, one",
        "start": 2024.65,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "to import into an existing table and\none to import into a brand new table.",
        "start": 2028.19,
        "duration": 4.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me ask then what questions we have\non how to use .import or how to insert",
        "start": 2032.46,
        "duration": 6.08
    },
    {
        "text": "more data into our database.",
        "start": 2038.54,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go [? Louise. ?]",
        "start": 2043.24,
        "duration": 1.19
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 6: Can we ask the\nINSERT INTO command to place",
        "start": 2044.43,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "a column in a specific position?",
        "start": 2048.33,
        "duration": 2.057
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Good question.",
        "start": 2050.387,
        "duration": 1.042
    },
    {
        "text": "Can we ask INSERT INTO the place\na column in a certain position?",
        "start": 2051.429,
        "duration": 4.599
    },
    {
        "text": "There's a few ways of getting [? it-- ?]\nwhat I think you're asking here,",
        "start": 2056.028,
        "duration": 3.042
    },
    {
        "text": "so let me show you a few of those here.",
        "start": 2059.07,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back to my computer, and let\nme pull up the syntax for INSERT INTO",
        "start": 2060.695,
        "duration": 5.694
    },
    {
        "text": "again.",
        "start": 2066.389,
        "duration": 0.821
    },
    {
        "text": "I will choose this, and I'll\nshow it on the screen over here.",
        "start": 2067.21,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say INSERT INTO some\ntable given some columns.",
        "start": 2071.8,
        "duration": 4.609
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how down below,\nI actually have [? values ?]",
        "start": 2076.409,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "to insert into those columns.",
        "start": 2079.139,
        "duration": 2.461
    },
    {
        "text": "I could, to your question,\nrearrange these values.",
        "start": 2081.6,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might have this first value here is\nsome value that goes into this column.",
        "start": 2085.12,
        "duration": 4.55
    },
    {
        "text": "The second column here is\nattached to that column.",
        "start": 2089.67,
        "duration": 2.489
    },
    {
        "text": "And that would rearrange the\nvalues I insert into those columns.",
        "start": 2092.159,
        "duration": 3.841
    },
    {
        "text": "If you're asking, though, if\nI can reorder the columns,",
        "start": 2096.0,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "that is up to [? CREATE ?] [? TABLE ?]\nand [? CREATE ?] [? TABLE ?] only.",
        "start": 2099.27,
        "duration": 3.463
    },
    {
        "text": "And in general, I encourage you not so\nmuch out of ordering of your columns,",
        "start": 2102.733,
        "duration": 3.167
    },
    {
        "text": "[? because ?] [? it ?] could\nbe in any order whatsoever.",
        "start": 2105.9,
        "duration": 2.333
    },
    {
        "text": "But you could just rearrange\nyour selection of columns",
        "start": 2108.233,
        "duration": 2.647
    },
    {
        "text": "here to insert the data\nyou want to insert.",
        "start": 2110.88,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, let's take one more question here.",
        "start": 2114.78,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 7: What happens if one of\nthe rows you're trying to insert",
        "start": 2117.61,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "violates a constraint on the table?",
        "start": 2120.39,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, so here\nwe're inserting multiple rows.",
        "start": 2122.34,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And if one actually\nviolates some constraint,",
        "start": 2125.14,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "then we won't actually\ninsert any of those rows.",
        "start": 2128.43,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is because this\ninsert is bundled inside",
        "start": 2131.61,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "of a transaction, which we'll learn\nmore about later on in the course.",
        "start": 2134.01,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's take another one.",
        "start": 2138.64,
        "duration": 1.593
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 8: I noticed that when you did\nSELECT [? star ?] FROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 2140.233,
        "duration": 3.167
    },
    {
        "text": "that one of the acquired\ndates was just blank.",
        "start": 2143.4,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "It didn't say NULL.",
        "start": 2145.74,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Is that because the CSV itself just\nhad an empty value next to the comma?",
        "start": 2147.03,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, great observations.",
        "start": 2151.29,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this again.",
        "start": 2152.79,
        "duration": 1.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can see the results\nof this [? SELECT. ?]",
        "start": 2153.85,
        "duration": 1.958
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back to my computer\nhere, and let me show you again.",
        "start": 2155.808,
        "duration": 4.212
    },
    {
        "text": "If I say SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\"",
        "start": 2160.02,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "semicolon, notice how this acquired\ncolumn-- this acquired cell here, if I",
        "start": 2163.14,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "go back to my screen, it's just blank.",
        "start": 2167.97,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "But we saw before that if I\n[? selected ?] [? star, ?] I would have",
        "start": 2171.33,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "seen [? NULL ?] there if this\nvalue was truly [? NULL. ?] Well,",
        "start": 2174.72,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "it turns out one downside of importing\nfrom a CSV is that all of your data is",
        "start": 2179.46,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "imported initially as text.",
        "start": 2184.89,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I have just a\nblank cell in my CSV,",
        "start": 2187.23,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "it won't be converted to\n[? NULL ?] automatically.",
        "start": 2190.92,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I need to do that myself\nperhaps using an [? update ?]",
        "start": 2194.13,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "statement that we'll see in just a bit.",
        "start": 2196.83,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So be wary of this if you do want to\nkeep track of [? null ?] [? values ?]",
        "start": 2198.79,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "and so on.",
        "start": 2202.14,
        "duration": 0.79
    },
    {
        "text": "If you don't actually manually\nmake this value a [? null, ?]",
        "start": 2202.93,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "it'll appear as just a\nblank value not a null,",
        "start": 2206.07,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "which is different in this respect.",
        "start": 2209.23,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "OK so here, we've seen how to insert\nnot just one row, but multiple,",
        "start": 2212.77,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "and also how to import data from a CSV.",
        "start": 2218.38,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "When we come back, we'll see how to\nactually update our data altogether,",
        "start": 2221.84,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "and even delete it too.",
        "start": 2225.98,
        "duration": 1.295
    },
    {
        "text": "So come back in just a\nfew and talk about how",
        "start": 2227.275,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "to delete data from our tables.",
        "start": 2229.15,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're back.",
        "start": 2230.95,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "So we just saw how to insert\nsome rows into our database,",
        "start": 2232.69,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "and also to import some data.",
        "start": 2236.54,
        "duration": 1.94
    },
    {
        "text": "But presumably, we also want to be\nable to delete some data from our table",
        "start": 2238.48,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 2242.32,
        "duration": 0.97
    },
    {
        "text": "You can imagine the MFA,\nthe Museum of Fine Arts,",
        "start": 2243.29,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe they're selling a piece of\nartwork, or maybe they've lost one,",
        "start": 2246.13,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "or maybe it was stolen.",
        "start": 2249.46,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "But either way, they want to\nremove the row from their table.",
        "start": 2250.75,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's see here.",
        "start": 2254.98,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "We can go back to our schema with\na table of artifacts and artwork",
        "start": 2256.39,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "that is inside of the MFA.",
        "start": 2261.1,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Now if I want to delete\na particular piece,",
        "start": 2263.62,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "you could visually think\nof it a bit like this.",
        "start": 2265.87,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I could first identify\nthat row I want to delete.",
        "start": 2267.95,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say it's Spring outing here.",
        "start": 2271.27,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "We've sold this piece.",
        "start": 2272.98,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could visually\njust remove this row.",
        "start": 2274.81,
        "duration": 3.4
    },
    {
        "text": "So it's no longer there and shift\nthe remaining ones up metaphorically.",
        "start": 2278.21,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out that\nto do this in SQL, we",
        "start": 2282.46,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "have our very own statement we can use.",
        "start": 2285.61,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "This one reads DELETE FROM some\ntable WHERE a condition is true.",
        "start": 2288.22,
        "duration": 6.61
    },
    {
        "text": "So we see our old\nfriend WHERE back again.",
        "start": 2294.83,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And WHERE is vitally\nimportant to this DELETE FROM.",
        "start": 2297.55,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "If I say DELETE FROM\ntable with no WHERE,",
        "start": 2300.61,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "what do you think is going to happen?",
        "start": 2303.91,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "We might drop everything\nfrom our table, right?",
        "start": 2306.79,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I instead say WHERE\nsome condition is true,",
        "start": 2309.85,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I can select the rows I want to\ndelete and only delete those rows.",
        "start": 2312.91,
        "duration": 5.26
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this here.",
        "start": 2318.17,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll try to delete some artwork\nfrom our collections table,",
        "start": 2319.9,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, maybe we sold\nit and we want get rid of it.",
        "start": 2323.08,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back to my computer over here,\nand I will open up our SQLite database.",
        "start": 2325.61,
        "duration": 6.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say sqlite3 mfa.db.",
        "start": 2331.96,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I can type SELECT\n[? star ?] [? FROM ?] \"collections,\"",
        "start": 2334.54,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "and I see a few more items than last\ntime now all inside of our table.",
        "start": 2338.29,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "But per the visual, I want\nto delete Spring outing,",
        "start": 2343.99,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "to remove it from this table.",
        "start": 2347.65,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So what could I do?",
        "start": 2349.82,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try DELETE FROM and then\nthe table I want to delete from.",
        "start": 2350.9,
        "duration": 4.37
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, I'll use the let's say\n[? collections' ?] [? name, ?] DELETE",
        "start": 2355.27,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "FROM \"collections.\"",
        "start": 2360.4,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "But I don't want to do this.",
        "start": 2362.32,
        "duration": 1.3
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't want to say\nDELETE FROM \"collections\"",
        "start": 2363.62,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "semicolon end of statement,\nbecause then I'll delete every row.",
        "start": 2365.59,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "What I should instead do is this.",
        "start": 2370.78,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "DELETE FROM \"collections\"\nWHERE some condition is true.",
        "start": 2373.54,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe the title in this case is\na title I'm trying to remove.",
        "start": 2377.59,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say \"title\" equals \"Spring\nouting,\" just like this, semicolon,",
        "start": 2381.37,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "Enter.",
        "start": 2387.43,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, nothing seems to happen.",
        "start": 2388.51,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I do SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\" semicolon,",
        "start": 2389.74,
        "duration": 5.4
    },
    {
        "text": "we no longer see Spring outing.",
        "start": 2395.14,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice here, how the id\ncolumn, the id of 3 is now gone.",
        "start": 2397.42,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "If I were to insert some new\nrow here, I would start over",
        "start": 2402.58,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "with the highest number, which is\n7 in this case, going from 7 to 8.",
        "start": 2405.88,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "But 3 is no longer part of our database.",
        "start": 2410.11,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try this again, notice how\nthis one called Imaginative Landscape,",
        "start": 2414.15,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "the acquired date is NULL.",
        "start": 2418.17,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "We don't know when we got it.",
        "start": 2419.94,
        "duration": 1.873
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's say that we eventually sell.",
        "start": 2421.813,
        "duration": 1.667
    },
    {
        "text": "It's no longer part of our database.",
        "start": 2423.48,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "We could use a condition based on NULL\nto remove this particular artwork.",
        "start": 2425.01,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say this.",
        "start": 2429.81,
        "duration": 1.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try to DELETE FROM\n\"collections\" WHERE \"title\" equals--",
        "start": 2430.81,
        "duration": 5.96
    },
    {
        "text": "not Spring outing, but WHERE\nthe acquired date-- sorry,",
        "start": 2436.77,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"acquired\" date IS NULL semicolon.",
        "start": 2439.92,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I could also use is NOT NULL--",
        "start": 2444.48,
        "duration": 3.01
    },
    {
        "text": "WHERE \"acquired\" IS NOT NULL, but that\nwould delete all the pieces of artwork",
        "start": 2447.49,
        "duration": 3.86
    },
    {
        "text": "that actually have an acquired date.",
        "start": 2451.35,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I want to leave only those\nthat do not have an acquired date.",
        "start": 2453.51,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say where \"acquired\" IS NULL.",
        "start": 2457.26,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter,\nnothing seems to happen,",
        "start": 2460.77,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "but I'll say Select [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\" semicolon.",
        "start": 2463.32,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see that piece\nof artwork is now gone.",
        "start": 2467.85,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I only have those that\nhave an acquired date.",
        "start": 2472.02,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so similar to [? INSERT, ?] we've\nbeen able to [? delete ?] one row",
        "start": 2476.82,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "at a time.",
        "start": 2482.88,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "But it would probably be helpful for\nus to delete multiple rows at a time",
        "start": 2483.99,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 2488.37,
        "duration": 1.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's look again at our table.",
        "start": 2489.55,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Here we have our artwork, as\nit currently stands, and maybe",
        "start": 2491.46,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say we want to delete those\npieces that we acquired before 1909.",
        "start": 2496.2,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Here in Boston, the MFA actually\nmoved locations in 1909 to a new place",
        "start": 2502.02,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "still in Boston, but a brand\nnew building altogether.",
        "start": 2506.97,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say that perhaps they left\nsome items at their old location,",
        "start": 2509.77,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "they're no longer part\nof their collections.",
        "start": 2513.09,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Via what condition do you think\ncould I select these three rows from",
        "start": 2515.76,
        "duration": 7.16
    },
    {
        "text": "my [? DELETE ?] [? FROM? ?] What could\nI put in my condition to delete these",
        "start": 2522.92,
        "duration": 5.75
    },
    {
        "text": "three rows?",
        "start": 2528.67,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me ask the audience here.",
        "start": 2529.9,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "What might you propose for [? delete ?]\n[? from ?] here to delete those three",
        "start": 2531.67,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "particular rows?",
        "start": 2535.78,
        "duration": 0.795
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Shiv. ?]",
        "start": 2541.54,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 9: Greater than [? 5. ?]\n[? id ?] equals greater than 5.",
        "start": 2542.65,
        "duration": 3.818
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: That's a good observation.",
        "start": 2546.468,
        "duration": 1.542
    },
    {
        "text": "So we could look at our table here.",
        "start": 2548.01,
        "duration": 1.458
    },
    {
        "text": "We see the id could be greater\nthan or equal to 5, that would",
        "start": 2549.468,
        "duration": 4.022
    },
    {
        "text": "remove these three rows certainly.",
        "start": 2553.49,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "There's probably another\nway to do this too.",
        "start": 2556.22,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Any other ideas besides the\nid, what else can we use?",
        "start": 2558.38,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Yasavi. ?]",
        "start": 2569.86,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 10: So we could compare the\ndates and use greater than or less",
        "start": 2571.71,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "than sign with the acquired dates.",
        "start": 2575.07,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: So you're proposing\nto use the date column too.",
        "start": 2578.34,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "That makes sense to me as well.",
        "start": 2580.8,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "We could see acquired\nhere, perhaps we could see,",
        "start": 2582.12,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "is the acquired value less than 1909,\nthat year that we move locations,",
        "start": 2585.3,
        "duration": 5.8
    },
    {
        "text": "we could also probably use the title,\nthe [? accession ?] [? number, ?]",
        "start": 2591.1,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "and so on.",
        "start": 2594.51,
        "duration": 0.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And each has their own [? trade-offs. ?]",
        "start": 2595.39,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Remember, though, for this\nparticular query, which",
        "start": 2597.6,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "is deleting those items\nthat were part of the museum",
        "start": 2600.03,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "acquired before 1909, probably\nbest to use the acquired",
        "start": 2603.48,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "date to actually delete those rows.",
        "start": 2609.21,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "What if, for instance, our ids\nare actually not like this.",
        "start": 2612.24,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "But they're kind of interspersed around.",
        "start": 2615.93,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "I couldn't really do a query like if\nthe id is greater than or equal to 5,",
        "start": 2618.21,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "because I could also include those\nthat were maybe acquired 1911,",
        "start": 2621.87,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "[? 1956, ?] and so on. [? It's ?]\n[? probably ?] ideal for me to use this",
        "start": 2625.11,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "date if it's the date that\nI ultimately care about.",
        "start": 2628.68,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this.",
        "start": 2632.14,
        "duration": 1.07
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my environment.",
        "start": 2633.21,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll try to delete\nthese three particular rows.",
        "start": 2635.58,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll try DELETE FROM\n\"collections,\" as we saw before.",
        "start": 2639.09,
        "duration": 4.66
    },
    {
        "text": "But now here comes my condition.",
        "start": 2643.75,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say WHERE the \"acquired\" column\nis less than some date that I'll give.",
        "start": 2645.63,
        "duration": 6.6
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, I'll give 1909-01-01.",
        "start": 2652.23,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "It turns out that SQLite has\na few ways to represent dates.",
        "start": 2657.18,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "One of which is this format that\nfollows the YYYY or the year,",
        "start": 2661.26,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "four digits, and then dash, and then\nMM or the month with two digits,",
        "start": 2666.3,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "and then dash again, DD, in this\ncase, the day in two digits.",
        "start": 2671.28,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So 1909-01-01 means January 1st, 1909.",
        "start": 2675.34,
        "duration": 7.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can use these same\noperators with dates.",
        "start": 2682.47,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say greater than, or less\nthan, or equal to this particular date.",
        "start": 2686.43,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And SQLite will be able to parse this\nfor me to understand what I mean,",
        "start": 2691.23,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "which is earlier than 1909.",
        "start": 2694.38,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this then.",
        "start": 2698.01,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter, and\nnothing seems to happen.",
        "start": 2699.33,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I do SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections,\"",
        "start": 2702.45,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I now see I'm down to two paintings,\ntwo pieces of artwork that",
        "start": 2705.87,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "were acquired only after 1909.",
        "start": 2710.82,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so given this part on DELETE, we're\nable to delete one row or even multiple",
        "start": 2715.72,
        "duration": 7.47
    },
    {
        "text": "rows at a time.",
        "start": 2723.19,
        "duration": 1.125
    },
    {
        "text": "But there are still\ninstances where you might",
        "start": 2724.315,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "want to think about, should we delete\nsomething or can we delete something.",
        "start": 2726.19,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll talk about those in just a\nminute in terms of constraints.",
        "start": 2731.08,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "We back in a few.",
        "start": 2735.01,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're back.",
        "start": 2736.18,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "So we just saw how to delete\none row, even multiple rows.",
        "start": 2737.86,
        "duration": 5.4
    },
    {
        "text": "We haven't yet talked about\nwhether we should delete some data",
        "start": 2743.26,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "or whether we should delete\nsome data and particularly",
        "start": 2746.62,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "in the context of these\nconstraints, where",
        "start": 2749.02,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "you might have maybe a\npiece of data you actually",
        "start": 2751.18,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "shouldn't delete to maintain\nthe integrity of your table.",
        "start": 2753.34,
        "duration": 4.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, one example of this is\na [? Foreign ?] [? Key ?]",
        "start": 2757.46,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "[? Constraint, ?] which means that you\nhave some table with a primary key that",
        "start": 2760.87,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "is referenced by some other table.",
        "start": 2765.88,
        "duration": 2.283
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll get concrete\nabout this in a minute.",
        "start": 2768.163,
        "duration": 1.917
    },
    {
        "text": "But it might mean that if you\nwere to delete that primary key,",
        "start": 2770.08,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "that other table would\nhave nothing to reference.",
        "start": 2773.38,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's update our schema here for\nthe MFA, the Museum of Fine Arts.",
        "start": 2776.21,
        "duration": 4.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's say that they have not just\na collection now, but also artists",
        "start": 2780.61,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "involved.",
        "start": 2785.14,
        "duration": 0.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And there exists a [? many ?] [? to ?]\n[? many ?] relationship among artists",
        "start": 2785.89,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "and items in the collection.",
        "start": 2789.97,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "We could say that an artist might\nmake more than one piece of art",
        "start": 2792.16,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "in the collection.",
        "start": 2796.48,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And a piece of art might be\ncreated by more than one artist.",
        "start": 2797.71,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Now concretely in our database,\nthis might look as follows.",
        "start": 2802.48,
        "duration": 4.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I could have a table for artists\nand a table for collections.",
        "start": 2807.05,
        "duration": 4.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how each has\ntheir own primary key.",
        "start": 2811.48,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Artists has an id column,\ncalled our primary key column.",
        "start": 2814.78,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Collections too has an id called\nour primary key column here.",
        "start": 2818.11,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, in the middle is this\ntable created that symbolizes,",
        "start": 2822.4,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "that represents the relationship among\nartists and items in the collection.",
        "start": 2826.42,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Here on the first row, we see the\nartist id of 1 created the piece of art",
        "start": 2831.28,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "with the collection id of 2.",
        "start": 2836.38,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So who did what here?",
        "start": 2838.75,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, we can see that the artist\nwith the ID of 1 is Li Yin.",
        "start": 2840.83,
        "duration": 4.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Li Yin created this piece of art, the\nid of 2, which is Imaginative landscape.",
        "start": 2845.2,
        "duration": 6.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can kind of relate in this\ncase artists with collections",
        "start": 2851.74,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "as we saw just a few weeks ago.",
        "start": 2855.34,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's say we decide to\ndelete a particular artist,",
        "start": 2857.89,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe we delete Unidentified\nartists down here.",
        "start": 2861.88,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, we could just delete\nfrom the artist table.",
        "start": 2865.51,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe we find a condition to select\nthis row and we delete from artists.",
        "start": 2868.1,
        "duration": 5.84
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll do that here remove that row.",
        "start": 2873.94,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "But what have we done wrong?",
        "start": 2876.61,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "If we look at our created\ntable in particular,",
        "start": 2879.52,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "what have we now done wrong?",
        "start": 2883.56,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "What kind of problem might we [? run ?]\n[? into? ?] Let's go to [? Karim. ?]",
        "start": 2886.35,
        "duration": 7.51
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 11: [? Yeah ?] [INAUDIBLE]\n[? was ?] [? only ?] [? deleted ?]",
        "start": 2893.86,
        "duration": 3.455
    },
    {
        "text": "[? from ?] [? the ?] [? artist ?]\n[INAUDIBLE] without the other",
        "start": 2897.315,
        "duration": 2.625
    },
    {
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE].",
        "start": 2899.94,
        "duration": 0.813
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, good point.",
        "start": 2900.753,
        "duration": 1.167
    },
    {
        "text": "We only deleted the artist with\nthe id of 3 from the artists table.",
        "start": 2901.92,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "Now if I look at the created table and\nI look for the artist with id of 3,",
        "start": 2907.65,
        "duration": 6.693
    },
    {
        "text": "do you see them?",
        "start": 2914.343,
        "duration": 0.667
    },
    {
        "text": "They don't exist anymore.",
        "start": 2915.01,
        "duration": 1.18
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can't understand this relationship.",
        "start": 2916.19,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't know the artist\nwith the id of 3.",
        "start": 2918.19,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this now with a new\nkind of schema now in our database.",
        "start": 2922.12,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 2927.79,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me open up our new\nversion of our database.",
        "start": 2930.28,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll type sqlite3, in this case, mfa.db,\nsame name, but now a different schema.",
        "start": 2933.85,
        "duration": 7.59
    },
    {
        "text": "If I type .schema,\nnotice a few things here.",
        "start": 2941.44,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I have those same\ntables we saw visually.",
        "start": 2945.64,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I have collections, artists,\nand a created table.",
        "start": 2949.09,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And [? let me ?] focus in\nparticular on this created table.",
        "start": 2953.74,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "If I say .schema, in this\ncase, created, Enter,",
        "start": 2956.68,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll see I have a FOREIGN KEY\nconstraint on my \"artist_id\"",
        "start": 2961.09,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "column and my \"collection_id\" column.",
        "start": 2966.61,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I tried to delete an artist that\nis referenced in my created table,",
        "start": 2970.04,
        "duration": 6.26
    },
    {
        "text": "I would probably raise\na constraint error--",
        "start": 2976.3,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "a FOREIGN KEY [? constraint ?] error.",
        "start": 2979.99,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's just try this\nand see what happens.",
        "start": 2982.37,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try DELETE FROM the\n[? artist's ?] [? table, ?] DELETE FROM",
        "start": 2985.67,
        "duration": 4.88
    },
    {
        "text": "\"artists\" WHERE, let's say the \"name\"\nof the artist is literally \"Unidentified",
        "start": 2990.55,
        "duration": 8.51
    },
    {
        "text": "artist.\"",
        "start": 2999.06,
        "duration": 0.88
    },
    {
        "text": "This is the name they have in the\nMuseum of Fine Arts collections--",
        "start": 2999.94,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3003.56,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So now I want to delete\nthem from that table.",
        "start": 3005.27,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, if I hit Enter, I do get\nthat FOREIGN KEY constraint error.",
        "start": 3008.27,
        "duration": 5.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So does this mean I just can't delete\nthis artist or is there a workaround?",
        "start": 3014.13,
        "duration": 5.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's look at it visually again.",
        "start": 3019.61,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to what we\nhad before as our table,",
        "start": 3021.29,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "and let me ask the audience here.",
        "start": 3024.74,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "What's the solution?",
        "start": 3027.62,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "If I can't delete Unidentified\nartist, because they",
        "start": 3029.21,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "have an id referenced by this\ntable, what should I maybe do first?",
        "start": 3033.14,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "What should I do instead?",
        "start": 3038.3,
        "duration": 1.395
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 12: Yeah, I want\nto say that first we",
        "start": 3039.695,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "can delete the id that is being\nreferenced by this [? id ?]",
        "start": 3041.57,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "that we want to delete,\nthen we can delete it.",
        "start": 3046.16,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "In fact, if we want to\ndelete it from the artists,",
        "start": 3048.74,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "first we have to delete from the\ncreated table [INAUDIBLE] table, which",
        "start": 3051.17,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "it is referencing, then we can\ndelete from the artist [INAUDIBLE]",
        "start": 3054.95,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, I like\nyour thinking here.",
        "start": 3058.07,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "So if we look at the\ncreated table, you notice",
        "start": 3060.06,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can't delete\nUnidentified artist, because it's",
        "start": 3062.48,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "referenced in the created table.",
        "start": 3065.51,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "What we should maybe first do is delete\nthis row delete their affiliation",
        "start": 3067.43,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "with their work, and then\ndelete the artist so we don't",
        "start": 3072.23,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "run into this FOREIGN KEY constraint.",
        "start": 3076.1,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this in\nour SQLite environment.",
        "start": 3078.9,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Come back to my computer.",
        "start": 3082.52,
        "duration": 2.26
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, our plan was to first delete\nthe artists affiliation with their work",
        "start": 3084.78,
        "duration": 5.54
    },
    {
        "text": "from the created table.",
        "start": 3090.32,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me show you\nfirst the created table.",
        "start": 3092.21,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT\n[? star ?] from \"created,\"",
        "start": 3094.46,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "and see how it's exactly like\nthe table we just visualized.",
        "start": 3098.24,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me try delete this artist\naffiliation with their work.",
        "start": 3102.08,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm not deleting the artist.",
        "start": 3106.82,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm deleting their affiliation\nwith their authorship,",
        "start": 3108.87,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "their [? artist ?] [? ship, ?] whatever\nyou want to call it for their work.",
        "start": 3112.28,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say DELETE FROM--",
        "start": 3115.71,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say, DELETE FROM \"artists\"\nWHERE the \"artist_id\" is equal to",
        "start": 3119.81,
        "duration": 7.5
    },
    {
        "text": "or equals 3.",
        "start": 3127.31,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could do this.",
        "start": 3130.6,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "But there's probably a better way,\nlike I know the id, and that's fine.",
        "start": 3132.77,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "But we could also use, as\nwe saw a little bit ago,",
        "start": 3136.84,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "which were [? subqueries, ?]\na way to write a query that",
        "start": 3139.37,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "returns me the result. And that\nresult gets included in another query",
        "start": 3142.51,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "altogether.",
        "start": 3145.96,
        "duration": 0.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that instead.",
        "start": 3146.84,
        "duration": 1.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I don't know the artist_id.",
        "start": 3148.27,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "What I could do is\nmake a [? subquery. ?]",
        "start": 3151.03,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say inside of this, let me\nselect the \"id\" FROM the \"artists\"",
        "start": 3153.13,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "table WHERE, in this case, the \"name\"\nequals \"Unidentified artist,\" and then,",
        "start": 3159.43,
        "duration": 9.12
    },
    {
        "text": "let me close out this\nquery, hit a semicolon.",
        "start": 3168.55,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And I already see a typo in this,\nbut I'm just going to try it anyway.",
        "start": 3171.13,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I will go ahead, and hit Enter.",
        "start": 3174.34,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's see if I type SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"artists,\" Enter,",
        "start": 3177.04,
        "duration": 6.66
    },
    {
        "text": "I still see Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3183.7,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "And I think my typo here was as follows.",
        "start": 3186.55,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "If I up my query using the\nup arrow on my keyboard,",
        "start": 3188.48,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I see DELETE from \"artists,\" where the\n\"artist_id\" equals some value here.",
        "start": 3191.05,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "But do I want to delete from artists?",
        "start": 3196.3,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't.",
        "start": 3199.27,
        "duration": 0.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I actually can't delete from artists.",
        "start": 3199.99,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "What I should do instead is\ndelete from the created table.",
        "start": 3201.61,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this.",
        "start": 3205.34,
        "duration": 1.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say DELETE FROM\n\"created,\" making sure I only",
        "start": 3206.35,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "have double quotes\naround created, then I'll",
        "start": 3210.64,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "say WHERE the artist_id\nequals, let's say, either 3--",
        "start": 3213.37,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "but it could also be the\nresult of this [? subquery. ?]",
        "start": 3218.47,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say 1, 2, 3, 4,\nand then SELECT the \"id\"",
        "start": 3221.53,
        "duration": 5.88
    },
    {
        "text": "FROM the \"artist\" table WHERE the\n\"name\" equals \"Unidentified artist.\"",
        "start": 3227.41,
        "duration": 8.47
    },
    {
        "text": "Then I'll close this [? subquery, ?]\nhitting semicolon, hit Enter.",
        "start": 3235.88,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, if I say SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"created\" semicolon,",
        "start": 3240.23,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see that this artist's\naffiliation with their work",
        "start": 3245.75,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "no longer exists.",
        "start": 3249.5,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "And because it no longer exists.",
        "start": 3251.6,
        "duration": 1.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I can now delete them\nfrom the artists table.",
        "start": 3253.11,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't have this FOREIGN\nKEY artist_id referencing",
        "start": 3255.99,
        "duration": 4.22
    },
    {
        "text": "the primary key of this artist.",
        "start": 3260.21,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's now try that.",
        "start": 3262.52,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"artists,\"",
        "start": 3263.9,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I see that Unidentified\nartist is still in here.",
        "start": 3266.96,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's delete them now.",
        "start": 3270.65,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say delete from,\nlet's say, \"artists\" WHERE",
        "start": 3272.51,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"name\" equals \"Unidentified artist,\"\nclosing my quotes, semicolon, hit",
        "start": 3276.29,
        "duration": 6.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Enter.",
        "start": 3282.62,
        "duration": 0.66
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I Select [? star ?]\nFROM \"artists\" semicolon,",
        "start": 3283.28,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see they're no longer in\nthis table to our earlier example.",
        "start": 3287.78,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "This becomes a 2-step process.",
        "start": 3292.52,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "First delete their affiliation,\nthen delete their name.",
        "start": 3294.75,
        "duration": 4.73
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, So let's try this yet again,\nbut now using some additional tools",
        "start": 3299.48,
        "duration": 8.43
    },
    {
        "text": "that we have at our disposal.",
        "start": 3307.91,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's look back at this FOREIGN KEY\nconstraint that existed in this table.",
        "start": 3310.14,
        "duration": 6.72
    },
    {
        "text": "If you remember, it\nlooked a bit like this.",
        "start": 3316.86,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "In my created table, I had this line.",
        "start": 3319.22,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "FOREIGN KEY, artist_id, REFERENCES\nthe \"id\" column in \"artists.\"",
        "start": 3321.98,
        "duration": 6.24
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, if that is the case, I can't\ndelete the artist with the id",
        "start": 3328.22,
        "duration": 6.21
    },
    {
        "text": "referenced by this [? foreign ?]\n[? key. ?] But it turns out that I",
        "start": 3334.43,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "could specify some alternative action\nthat happens when I try to delete",
        "start": 3339.17,
        "duration": 5.22
    },
    {
        "text": "the id that is referenced by this\n[? foreign ?] [? key. ?] I can specify",
        "start": 3344.39,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "that using a keyword called ON DELETE.",
        "start": 3348.59,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So after FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES\n[? \"artist id,\" ?] I could say",
        "start": 3352.04,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "afterwards ON DELETE, and then specify\nsome action I want to actually happen",
        "start": 3354.86,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "when I tried to delete the primary\nkey referenced by this [? foreign ?]",
        "start": 3359.6,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "[? key. ?]",
        "start": 3363.5,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "One thing I could use\nwould be RESTRICT, which",
        "start": 3364.43,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "is kind of like what we saw before.",
        "start": 3368.0,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "If I try to delete a primary key is\n[? referenced ?] by this [? foreign ?]",
        "start": 3369.98,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "[? key, ?] I will not\nbe allowed to do it.",
        "start": 3374.6,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "That action is restricted.",
        "start": 3377.09,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "I could also decide to take NO ACTION.",
        "start": 3379.72,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, I could delete the\nprimary key [? referenced ?] by this",
        "start": 3383.41,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "[? foreign ?] [? key, ?]\nand nothing would happen.",
        "start": 3388.15,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I would actually be allowed to do that,\nwhich may be unwise in some cases,",
        "start": 3390.56,
        "duration": 4.73
    },
    {
        "text": "but I could give myself that power.",
        "start": 3395.29,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I could also decide to SET NULL.",
        "start": 3398.05,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "That is if I delete the primary key\nthat is [? referenced ?] by this",
        "start": 3401.59,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "[? foreign ?] [? key, ?] what I'll do\nis set the [? foreign ?] [? key ?] to be",
        "start": 3406.33,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "NULL, meaning that\nvalue no longer exists.",
        "start": 3409.69,
        "duration": 3.967
    },
    {
        "text": "I can alternatively [? set ?] it to a\n[? default ?] value for that column.",
        "start": 3413.657,
        "duration": 3.083
    },
    {
        "text": "Or perhaps, most compellingly, I\ncould try to CASCADE the deletion.",
        "start": 3416.74,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Where CASCADE means if I delete\nthe artist, for instance,",
        "start": 3422.77,
        "duration": 3.82
    },
    {
        "text": "let's also delete their affiliation\nwith their artwork all in one go.",
        "start": 3426.59,
        "duration": 5.0
    },
    {
        "text": "This converts our 2-step\nprocess into a 1-step process.",
        "start": 3431.59,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's visualize this.",
        "start": 3436.43,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say we have now applied\nthis constraint ON DELETE CASCADE.",
        "start": 3438.71,
        "duration": 5.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I delete the artist, I'll\nalso delete their affiliation",
        "start": 3444.04,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "with their work.",
        "start": 3447.85,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll have the same two tables--",
        "start": 3449.11,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "artists, collections, and created.",
        "start": 3450.61,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Now again, artist_id references\nthis primary key in artists.",
        "start": 3453.61,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'm going to try.",
        "start": 3459.43,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to delete\nUnidentified artist here.",
        "start": 3460.51,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could do that.",
        "start": 3463.55,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I could just delete their row.",
        "start": 3464.51,
        "duration": 1.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, instead of a FOREIGN\nKEY constraint error, what I get",
        "start": 3465.94,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "is the following.",
        "start": 3470.44,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE] [? created ?]\nthat this row is also gone.",
        "start": 3471.49,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "The row that had the\nartist_id of 3 gets removed.",
        "start": 3475.69,
        "duration": 4.27
    },
    {
        "text": "We've cascaded the deletion\nonward to the created table.",
        "start": 3479.96,
        "duration": 5.0
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this now with\na new database schema.",
        "start": 3484.96,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer here.",
        "start": 3488.76,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm back in my [? TERMINAL ?] here.",
        "start": 3494.497,
        "duration": 1.583
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can type sqlite3 mfa.db\nto reopen this database.",
        "start": 3496.08,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how if I type .schema, I've\nupdated this schema to now have ON",
        "start": 3501.18,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "DELETE CASCADE.",
        "start": 3506.16,
        "duration": 0.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me show you over here on the screen.",
        "start": 3507.15,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "Here on the created table, I now have\nthe very same kind of table schema,",
        "start": 3509.13,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "but now my only difference is\nI've applied this ON DELETE action",
        "start": 3514.29,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "to my [? foreign ?]\n[? key ?] constraints.",
        "start": 3518.61,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, I'm going\nto [? cascade ?] the delete",
        "start": 3520.56,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "from the artist's table\nto the created table.",
        "start": 3522.87,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that out in SQLite.",
        "start": 3526.57,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here,\nand I will now try just",
        "start": 3529.11,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "DELETE FROM the \"artists\" table WHERE\nthe \"name\" equals \"Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3532.77,
        "duration": 8.67
    },
    {
        "text": "semicolon.",
        "start": 3541.44,
        "duration": 0.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter, and I don't get\na FOREIGN KEY constraint anymore.",
        "start": 3542.43,
        "duration": 5.85
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I say SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"created\" semicolon,",
        "start": 3548.28,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "notice how I've also deleted the\nartist's affiliation with their work.",
        "start": 3552.78,
        "duration": 5.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So that is wherever in\nthe artist_id column,",
        "start": 3558.13,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "I saw the id for the artist I\ndeleted, I would to delete that row,",
        "start": 3561.96,
        "duration": 5.98
    },
    {
        "text": "so I have no references to that primary\nkey, which is now gone from my table.",
        "start": 3567.94,
        "duration": 6.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me ask here.",
        "start": 3574.29,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen how to delete single\nrows, how to delete multiple rows,",
        "start": 3576.34,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "and now how to delete data\namong some constraints,",
        "start": 3581.61,
        "duration": 2.985
    },
    {
        "text": "like our [? foreign ?]\n[? key ?] constraints.",
        "start": 3584.595,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "What questions do we\nhave on those techniques?",
        "start": 3586.47,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Han. ?]",
        "start": 3591.63,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 13: I have a\nquestion regarding deleting.",
        "start": 3592.65,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "The [? id ?] numbers have been removed\nwhile we were removing the record.",
        "start": 3595.74,
        "duration": 5.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I was wondering if do we\nhave to clean it up somehow",
        "start": 3601.29,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "later or will they be populated\nwith the new data as it comes along?",
        "start": 3603.9,
        "duration": 4.017
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, great question.",
        "start": 3607.917,
        "duration": 1.333
    },
    {
        "text": "So the question is, what happens to our\nprimary keys when we delete our data.",
        "start": 3609.25,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So for this one, let\nme show you the visual",
        "start": 3613.69,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "again that we had before of our\ntables nicely printed on the side.",
        "start": 3615.9,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll come back here, and I will go\nback to our idea of these joint tables",
        "start": 3619.68,
        "duration": 7.11
    },
    {
        "text": "where we had an artists table, a\ncollections table, and a created table.",
        "start": 3626.79,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And we saw before that\nwe're going to delete",
        "start": 3631.44,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "this artist called Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3633.33,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll delete them, and to your\npoint, [? well ?] the idea of 3",
        "start": 3636.0,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "no longer exists in this case.",
        "start": 3640.29,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Now by default, at least in SQLite,\nif I insert a new row, what I'll do",
        "start": 3643.41,
        "duration": 6.69
    },
    {
        "text": "is take the highest id\nvalue and I will then",
        "start": 3650.1,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "make that the new primary key\nfor the new row that I insert.",
        "start": 3653.94,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "That is the default situation.",
        "start": 3658.44,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I could if I wanted\nto get more specific,",
        "start": 3661.14,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "and if I had done in my id integer\ncolumn here in my [? create ?]",
        "start": 3664.17,
        "duration": 7.38
    },
    {
        "text": "[? table, ?] if I had also said\nthis [? keyword ?] [? call ?]",
        "start": 3671.55,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "[? autoincrement, ?] all one word,\nwhat would happen instead is I would",
        "start": 3674.7,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "actually reinsert an\nID that is not used.",
        "start": 3679.68,
        "duration": 4.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So in this case 3 is not used,\nI could insert that one here.",
        "start": 3683.71,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "So up to you what you want to do.",
        "start": 3688.09,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "In general, SQlite by default will take\nthe highest ID, add one from there.",
        "start": 3690.36,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "If you specify this constraint\n[? called ?] [? autoincrement, ?] you",
        "start": 3695.67,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "will instead take whatever id is not\nbeing used and use that in your insert",
        "start": 3698.94,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "afterwards.",
        "start": 3704.31,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so now we've seen how to\ninsert, and how to delete data.",
        "start": 3706.46,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "But of course, we make mistakes when we\nadd data or even when we delete data.",
        "start": 3711.53,
        "duration": 4.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll see in just a minute\nhow to update our values",
        "start": 3715.56,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "as well to correct typos and\neven to update associations",
        "start": 3718.58,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "between artists and artwork.",
        "start": 3721.91,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're back.",
        "start": 3724.79,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So we've so far seen how to\ninsert some data into our tables",
        "start": 3726.51,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "and how to delete it.",
        "start": 3730.25,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But sometimes, we don't want\nto fully delete something,",
        "start": 3732.08,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "we just want to change its\nvalue to correct some typo",
        "start": 3735.47,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "or correct some association.",
        "start": 3738.5,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's think to our MFA example,\n[? where ?] the Museum of Fine Arts",
        "start": 3740.48,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "has some tables that look like this.",
        "start": 3744.95,
        "duration": 2.32
    },
    {
        "text": "They have artists in their\ncollection, and they also",
        "start": 3747.27,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "have art work in their collection.",
        "start": 3750.05,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "They also have a created table to\nassociate artists with their artwork.",
        "start": 3752.18,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Now in this case, we know that\nI have this Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3756.95,
        "duration": 6.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can see that they authored\nthis item in the collections,",
        "start": 3763.19,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3767.42,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's say that later on, we find\nout it wasn't an Unidentified artist.",
        "start": 3770.0,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "It was instead Li Yin, who\ncreated \"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3775.73,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "How could we update our tables to\nmake sure it's Li Yin, who we have",
        "start": 3780.02,
        "duration": 6.33
    },
    {
        "text": "creating \"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3786.35,
        "duration": 4.31
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 14: So what we could do is--",
        "start": 3790.66,
        "duration": 4.494
    },
    {
        "text": "we know that in created, we have our\nartist_id and [? collection id, ?]",
        "start": 3795.154,
        "duration": 5.536
    },
    {
        "text": "so we could update it there.",
        "start": 3800.69,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "But somehow, we need to cascade it over\nto the [? artists ?] [INAUDIBLE] now",
        "start": 3803.92,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "this unidentified [? artist ?]\n[? through-- ?] I think we probably",
        "start": 3808.84,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "don't need it.",
        "start": 3812.38,
        "duration": 0.727
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, so a good point here.",
        "start": 3813.107,
        "duration": 1.583
    },
    {
        "text": "We could actually probably change the\ncreated table to [? re-associate ?]",
        "start": 3814.69,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "an artist with some new artwork here.",
        "start": 3819.25,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's visualize this.",
        "start": 3821.75,
        "duration": 1.13
    },
    {
        "text": "I go to my created table.",
        "start": 3822.88,
        "duration": 1.66
    },
    {
        "text": "And here the artist_id is currently\n3, but I want it really to be 1.",
        "start": 3824.54,
        "duration": 6.47
    },
    {
        "text": "I want Li Yin to be associated with this\npiece called \"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3831.01,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could update the created table\nto instead of having 3 here have 1.",
        "start": 3835.87,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, we see Li Yin created \"Farmers\nworking at dawn.\" [? And if ?]",
        "start": 3841.6,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "you're concerned about this\nUnidentified artist here,",
        "start": 3846.22,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "I think it's OK to have\nan artist in our table",
        "start": 3848.83,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "who may or may not have\nan item in collections.",
        "start": 3851.38,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll say that's OK at least for now.",
        "start": 3854.35,
        "duration": 2.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So if we can update our associations\nbetween artists and collections",
        "start": 3857.24,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "like this, let's actually try to do\nthat in our very own database here.",
        "start": 3862.27,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my SQLite environment,\nand now, let me try to open it first.",
        "start": 3866.77,
        "duration": 6.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll use sqlite3 mfa.db.",
        "start": 3873.01,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "And now let me type .schema to show you\n[INAUDIBLE] the very same schema from",
        "start": 3875.56,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "before.",
        "start": 3879.46,
        "duration": 0.79
    },
    {
        "text": "So I want to update the artists\nassociation between Li Yin and \"Farmers",
        "start": 3880.25,
        "duration": 5.09
    },
    {
        "text": "working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3885.34,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say, I'll SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"created,\" like this, semicolon.",
        "start": 3886.57,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I have my artist_ids\nand my collection_ids.",
        "start": 3891.37,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I see that we have the\nUnidentified artist, id of 3,",
        "start": 3895.99,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "creating \"Farmers working at dawn,\"\nwith the id of 1 in our collection here.",
        "start": 3900.34,
        "duration": 5.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, let's try to update the artist\nwho created this particular painting.",
        "start": 3905.69,
        "duration": 5.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I have 3 associated with 1,\nbut I want 1 associated with 1,",
        "start": 3911.17,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "where 1 is the id for Li Yin.",
        "start": 3916.66,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "And [? 1 ?] [? in ?] my collection\nid is the id for this artwork here.",
        "start": 3918.58,
        "duration": 4.278
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this.",
        "start": 3922.858,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say UPDATE \"created\" and\nSET, let's say, \"artist_id\"",
        "start": 3923.65,
        "duration": 5.97
    },
    {
        "text": "equal to some particular value.",
        "start": 3929.62,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, what value should I set it to?",
        "start": 3932.77,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try to set it to Li Yin's\nid, which we know is just 1.",
        "start": 3935.65,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "But let me try instead to\nuse a [? subquery ?] here.",
        "start": 3939.94,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try to say parentheses, and then\nwrite some query to update this value.",
        "start": 3943.3,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"id\" from\n\"artists\" like this Enter again,",
        "start": 3949.12,
        "duration": 6.18
    },
    {
        "text": "WHERE the \"name\" equals Li Yin.",
        "start": 3955.3,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And then let me close\nthis [? subquery. ?] Well,",
        "start": 3960.19,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "if I try to run this query, what might\nHappen I'm updating the created table,",
        "start": 3964.09,
        "duration": 6.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm setting the artist_id equal to the\nid for Li Yin, but what I've forgotten",
        "start": 3970.51,
        "duration": 6.09
    },
    {
        "text": "is this WHERE to only\nchoose some rows to update.",
        "start": 3976.6,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE] not close it yet.",
        "start": 3981.52,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll instead say WHERE, in this\ncase, the \"collection_id,\" the piece",
        "start": 3983.2,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "of artwork in our collection,\nis equal to [? while ?] the id",
        "start": 3989.14,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "for this painting.",
        "start": 3994.12,
        "duration": 1.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"id\" from\n\"collections,\" and then I'll",
        "start": 3995.33,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "say WHERE the \"title\" equals\n\"Farmers working at dawn.\"",
        "start": 3999.1,
        "duration": 6.61
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll close this\n[? subquery, ?] and hit semicolon.",
        "start": 4005.71,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, we've seen our first\nexample of an UPDATE query.",
        "start": 4009.7,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm trying to update\nthe artist_id column",
        "start": 4013.6,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "in created to be the id for Li Yin.",
        "start": 4016.51,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I only want to do that\nthough on the row where",
        "start": 4019.99,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "collection_id is equal to the\nid for this particular painting.",
        "start": 4023.05,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE] change the attribution for.",
        "start": 4027.46,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 4029.47,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I SELECT\n[? star ?] FROM \"created,\"",
        "start": 4031.36,
        "duration": 3.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I should hopefully see in this\ncase that the artist_id associated",
        "start": 4034.37,
        "duration": 5.9
    },
    {
        "text": "with this painting is 2 and also\ndown below here is 1 as well.",
        "start": 4040.27,
        "duration": 5.41
    },
    {
        "text": "So I have Li Yin associated\nwith now two paintings overall.",
        "start": 4045.68,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's get a grasp on what\nthis [? UPDATE ?] syntax really",
        "start": 4051.29,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "looks like in general.",
        "start": 4054.76,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And for that, let's show the slide here.",
        "start": 4056.14,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "We have this [? UPDATE ?] [? keyword, ?]\n[? UPDATE ?] statement in SQL to take",
        "start": 4058.72,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "a table name and update\nthe columns inside of it.",
        "start": 4064.09,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I say UPDATE, then the name\nof the table I want to update,",
        "start": 4067.51,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "then I say SET some column\nequal to some value.",
        "start": 4071.41,
        "duration": 5.4
    },
    {
        "text": "I could if I wanted to have\nmore than one column here.",
        "start": 4076.81,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say maybe title\nand even maybe if we're",
        "start": 4079.91,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "talking about authors, authors\nover here, or even acquired date.",
        "start": 4083.62,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I could update more than one column\nin my [? SET ?] [? portion ?] here.",
        "start": 4087.04,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Then comes this WHERE portion,\nwhere some condition is true.",
        "start": 4091.93,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to make sure I don't\nupdate all of my rows.",
        "start": 4096.37,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "I only update those where some\ncondition is actually true.",
        "start": 4099.97,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is your syntax\nfor updating some columns.",
        "start": 4104.27,
        "duration": 3.799
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say, if you want to\nchange an artist's attribution",
        "start": 4108.069,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "or if you want to change\na typo you've made.",
        "start": 4110.859,
        "duration": 4.091
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's see this now, not\njust in terms of changing",
        "start": 4114.95,
        "duration": 3.86
    },
    {
        "text": "artists and their attributions,\nlet's see a use case for update",
        "start": 4118.81,
        "duration": 3.584
    },
    {
        "text": "where we've made some\nmistakes in our data.",
        "start": 4122.394,
        "duration": 2.906
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's say the museum decides\nto host some kind of event",
        "start": 4125.3,
        "duration": 4.309
    },
    {
        "text": "where people vote on their\nfavorite piece of artwork,",
        "start": 4129.609,
        "duration": 2.551
    },
    {
        "text": "they kind of [? handwrite ?] or\ntype it into some online form.",
        "start": 4132.16,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, when I get back, a\nCSV of those responses,",
        "start": 4134.92,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "some Comma Separated Values, one\nline for each vote from our people",
        "start": 4138.01,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "who've attended this convention.",
        "start": 4142.6,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go back over here,\nand I'll show you that CSV.",
        "start": 4144.64,
        "duration": 3.839
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go to my environment.",
        "start": 4148.479,
        "duration": 2.581
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll type code mfa.csv to\nopen this CSV that I already have.",
        "start": 4151.06,
        "duration": 5.879
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, actually,\nit's not called mfa.csv.",
        "start": 4156.939,
        "duration": 2.491
    },
    {
        "text": "It's called code votes.csv.",
        "start": 4159.43,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "And now here we can see, I\nhave a table of one column",
        "start": 4162.43,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "that has several votes inside of it.",
        "start": 4167.89,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's see, we have maybe\n20 votes to be exact.",
        "start": 4169.87,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "So the first row is the header row.",
        "start": 4173.14,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I have in this CSV, one\ncolumn called title.",
        "start": 4175.84,
        "duration": 3.809
    },
    {
        "text": "And each line here is one vote for\na [? museum-goers ?] favorite piece",
        "start": 4179.649,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "of artwork.",
        "start": 4184.029,
        "duration": 0.721
    },
    {
        "text": "We see \"Farmers working at dawn,\"\nwe see \"Imaginative landscape,\"",
        "start": 4184.75,
        "duration": 3.569
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Profusion of flowers.\"",
        "start": 4188.319,
        "duration": 1.471
    },
    {
        "text": "And our goal is to count up these\nvotes to see which is the most popular.",
        "start": 4189.79,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's try using .import again to\nactually turn this CSV into our very",
        "start": 4195.28,
        "duration": 6.39
    },
    {
        "text": "own SQLite database.",
        "start": 4201.67,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back to my [? TERMINAL, ?]\nand I'll type sqlite3 votes.db",
        "start": 4203.53,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "to create a votes database.",
        "start": 4208.24,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 4210.58,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I can use .import.",
        "start": 4211.63,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say .import a CSV called\nvotes.csv into a table also called",
        "start": 4214.39,
        "duration": 7.05
    },
    {
        "text": "votes.",
        "start": 4221.44,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll Enter now.",
        "start": 4222.37,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"votes\" semicolon,",
        "start": 4223.39,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll see all of my votes\nnow in a single table.",
        "start": 4228.28,
        "duration": 4.93
    },
    {
        "text": "So I want to tally these votes.",
        "start": 4233.21,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And we could do that using a\ntechnique we learned back in the week",
        "start": 4235.04,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "on querying and relating.",
        "start": 4237.79,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "What if I wanted to group by my\ntitles and count up those groups,",
        "start": 4240.01,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I could do that.",
        "start": 4244.93,
        "duration": 1.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT, let's say,\n\"title,\" and also the COUNT of \"title,\"",
        "start": 4245.99,
        "duration": 5.0
    },
    {
        "text": "and [? they ?] count up the votes\nfor each title FROM, in this case,",
        "start": 4250.99,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "my \"votes\" table like this.",
        "start": 4255.53,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to count not just each vote\nindividually, but I want to group them.",
        "start": 4258.05,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to count votes by group\nwhere that group is, in this case,",
        "start": 4263.51,
        "duration": 4.36
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"title\" itself.",
        "start": 4267.87,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try running this\nquery and hitting Enter.",
        "start": 4269.61,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, [? I'll ?] [? see ?] I've\nstarted to count some votes,",
        "start": 4273.11,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "like I have Imaginative landscape here,\nSpring outing, Farmers working at dawn,",
        "start": 4277.37,
        "duration": 5.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Spring outing down below here too.",
        "start": 4283.13,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "But I seem to be missing something,\nlike I shouldn't have this many groups.",
        "start": 4285.11,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "I should only have four groups.",
        "start": 4288.95,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Why do I have so many?",
        "start": 4290.57,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, it seems like there\nare some typos here.",
        "start": 4292.94,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "What typos do you see?",
        "start": 4295.01,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Feel free to raise your hand.",
        "start": 4297.66,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 15: So I think\nthat it is a title--",
        "start": 4300.68,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "when you count it is case sensitive,\nso maybe it is counting one by one.",
        "start": 4303.92,
        "duration": 5.295
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: Yeah, good idea.",
        "start": 4309.215,
        "duration": 1.125
    },
    {
        "text": "So maybe it's case sensitive our\n[? GROUP ?] [? BY, ?] and you'd be",
        "start": 4310.34,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "correct if you said that. [? GROUP ?]\n[? BY ?] is, in this case,",
        "start": 4313.67,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "case sensitive.",
        "start": 4316.55,
        "duration": 1.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So if we see here, we see\nFarmers Working at Dawn,",
        "start": 4317.91,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "all capitalized, at least the\nFarmers Working and Dawn capitalized.",
        "start": 4321.02,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, that won't be\npart of the same group",
        "start": 4324.89,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "as let's say Farmers working at dawn\nall properly capitalized, in this case,",
        "start": 4327.23,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": "with lowercase working and lowercase\ndawn as it is the MFA collections.",
        "start": 4333.59,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So we could probably fix\nsome capitalization here.",
        "start": 4337.94,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "What other things could we fix?",
        "start": 4341.36,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's hear from one more person.",
        "start": 4343.24,
        "duration": 2.425
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Lawrence. ?]",
        "start": 4345.665,
        "duration": 1.125
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 16: [? The ?]\n[? count ?] on each typo.",
        "start": 4346.79,
        "duration": 2.873
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER 1: There are some\ntypos in here, absolutely.",
        "start": 4349.663,
        "duration": 2.167
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I look at some of\nthese, I see not farmers,",
        "start": 4351.83,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "but [? Famers ?] working at dawn.",
        "start": 4355.4,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "I might see instead of\nImaginative landscape,",
        "start": 4357.62,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "I just see [? Imagintive ?]\nlandscape, so definitely some",
        "start": 4360.41,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "typos in here to fix as well.",
        "start": 4363.47,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's start working on using our\n[? UPDATE ?] tool or [? UPDATE ?]",
        "start": 4366.12,
        "duration": 3.26
    },
    {
        "text": "keyword to fix some of this data,\nto clean it up, so to speak,",
        "start": 4369.38,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "so we can count up our\nvotes for these artworks.",
        "start": 4373.23,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Come back to my [? TERMINAL. ?] And now,\nlet's try updating to at least remove",
        "start": 4376.46,
        "duration": 6.09
    },
    {
        "text": "some of this [? whitespace ?] here.",
        "start": 4382.55,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "You might notice that Imaginative\nlandscape has a space before it,",
        "start": 4384.17,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "and so does Spring outing here.",
        "start": 4387.9,
        "duration": 1.67
    },
    {
        "text": "That space counts as part of the\ntitle, and I want to remove it.",
        "start": 4389.57,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "So what could I do?",
        "start": 4393.86,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try using a function in SQLite,\none called [? trim. ?] [? Trim ?] takes",
        "start": 4395.85,
        "duration": 5.9
    },
    {
        "text": "a string and just removes leading and\ntrailing [? whitespace, ?] [INAUDIBLE]",
        "start": 4401.75,
        "duration": 4.27
    },
    {
        "text": "back only the characters in the middle.",
        "start": 4406.02,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try that.",
        "start": 4408.65,
        "duration": 1.18
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say UPDATE \"votes,\"\nmy table here, and SET",
        "start": 4409.83,
        "duration": 4.58
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"title\" column equal to what?",
        "start": 4414.41,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the trimmed version of title.",
        "start": 4418.71,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Trim looks like this--",
        "start": 4421.13,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "trim, and then some parentheses\nto say the input to this function.",
        "start": 4422.81,
        "duration": 4.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll give it the \"title\" column.",
        "start": 4427.5,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit semicolon.",
        "start": 4429.62,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And this query will run as follows.",
        "start": 4431.61,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "It will update the votes table.",
        "start": 4434.25,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside the votes table\nset, the title column",
        "start": 4436.37,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "equal to the trimmed version of\nwhatever values are inside that column,",
        "start": 4439.88,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "trimming here means remove trailing\nand leading [? whitespace. ?]",
        "start": 4444.95,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't need to apply any condition.",
        "start": 4449.21,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't need to say WHERE dot\ndot dot, because I want this",
        "start": 4451.85,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "to apply to all rows in my data set.",
        "start": 4455.27,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 4458.91,
        "duration": 1.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try running this again.",
        "start": 4460.22,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say up arrow to\nget back my old query.",
        "start": 4461.75,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll try counting again, and\nI think we're making some progress,",
        "start": 4464.84,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "like I can see that I've removed--",
        "start": 4469.43,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "[? removed ?] [? quote ?] [? unquote, ?]\nthose titles that had leading",
        "start": 4471.62,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "or trailing [? whitespace. ?]\nThey're now part of a group",
        "start": 4474.89,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "because their titles\nnow match those groups.",
        "start": 4477.8,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's keep going.",
        "start": 4481.4,
        "duration": 0.72
    },
    {
        "text": "We noticed before, we had\nsome capitalization issues.",
        "start": 4482.12,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's fix those as well.",
        "start": 4484.62,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "I can go back to my [? TERMINAL, ?] and\nwe could introduce this other function,",
        "start": 4486.93,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "one called [? upper. ?]",
        "start": 4490.67,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "[? Upper ?] converts\na string like Farmers",
        "start": 4492.17,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "working at dawn to be all in\nuppercase, kind of shout it out.",
        "start": 4495.62,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's useful for us here because\nwe could kind of force everything",
        "start": 4499.49,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "to uppercase, thereby removing any\ninconsistencies in capitalization.",
        "start": 4503.06,
        "duration": 4.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try that.",
        "start": 4507.84,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say UPDATE, again,\nthe \"votes\" table.",
        "start": 4508.95,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And this time, I'll set \"title\" equal\nto the uppercase version of \"title.\"",
        "start": 4512.13,
        "duration": 6.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So upper here is a\nfunction in SQLite that",
        "start": 4518.48,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "takes some values associated with\nthe column and [? uppercases ?]",
        "start": 4522.2,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "the entire thing to remove any\ninconsistencies in capitalization.",
        "start": 4525.53,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, no condition here, because\nI want to apply this to all rows.",
        "start": 4530.42,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 4534.62,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"collections\" semicolon--",
        "start": 4535.73,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "oops, SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"votes,\" in this case--",
        "start": 4541.34,
        "duration": 2.278
    },
    {
        "text": "no longer as collections table.",
        "start": 4543.618,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT [? star ?]\nFROM \"votes\" semicolon,",
        "start": 4544.91,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see all of\nmy titles capitalized.",
        "start": 4548.03,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, I want to group by.",
        "start": 4551.39,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this.",
        "start": 4553.13,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go up arrow to get back to my old\nquery that GROUP BY \"title,\" hit Enter.",
        "start": 4554.06,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we're still\nmaking some more progress.",
        "start": 4560.12,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm reducing my number of\ngroups until I get to 4.",
        "start": 4562.76,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "But there's still some typos, like\nwe see Famers working at dawn,",
        "start": 4565.97,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "or Farmers working, or\nFarmesr working at dawn.",
        "start": 4570.26,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "We want these to be included\nas part of this group--",
        "start": 4574.13,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Farmers working at dawn.",
        "start": 4576.56,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So we should fix some\nof these typos here.",
        "start": 4578.87,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back to my [? TERMINAL. ?]\nNow, let's try this out.",
        "start": 4582.24,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I could, in this case, just\nmanually correct these.",
        "start": 4585.38,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "You could imagine me\ndoing something like this.",
        "start": 4589.04,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "UPDATE \"votes\" and SET the\n\"title\" equal to all caps",
        "start": 4591.17,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "\"FARMERS WORKING AT DAWN,\" now\nincluding a condition, WHERE the \"title\"",
        "start": 4596.9,
        "duration": 6.27
    },
    {
        "text": "presently is equal to for \"FAMERS\nWORKING\" like this, semicolon--",
        "start": 4603.17,
        "duration": 7.447
    },
    {
        "text": "or not Famers work--",
        "start": 4610.617,
        "duration": 0.833
    },
    {
        "text": "I think it's Farmers Working, just all--",
        "start": 4611.45,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "in two words.",
        "start": 4614.48,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "That was one title we saw.",
        "start": 4615.62,
        "duration": 1.083
    },
    {
        "text": "[? TRANSCRIPT BREAK ?]",
        "start": 4616.703,
        "duration": 0.917
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: I could manually\nupdate it a bit like this.",
        "start": 4617.62,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me hit Enter, and\nlet me do the same query",
        "start": 4619.95,
        "duration": 2.66
    },
    {
        "text": "by hitting the up arrow on my keyboard.",
        "start": 4622.61,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me find this one,\nhit Enter, and now we",
        "start": 4625.55,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "can see that that title,\n\"Farmers Working,\"",
        "start": 4627.91,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "is now just part of the main group.",
        "start": 4630.88,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Farmers Working At Dawn.\"",
        "start": 4633.04,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "I could keep going here.",
        "start": 4635.47,
        "duration": 1.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try to convert \"Farmers Working\nAt Dawn\" to \"Farmers Working At Dawn.\"",
        "start": 4637.04,
        "duration": 4.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try it.",
        "start": 4641.56,
        "duration": 0.94
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say select.",
        "start": 4642.5,
        "duration": 1.61
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say-- not select.",
        "start": 4644.11,
        "duration": 1.842
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me update.",
        "start": 4645.952,
        "duration": 0.583
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me update in this\ncase votes, and set",
        "start": 4646.535,
        "duration": 3.155
    },
    {
        "text": "title equal to \"Farmers Working\nAt Dawn\" where the title equals",
        "start": 4649.69,
        "duration": 7.65
    },
    {
        "text": "in this case \"Farmers Working At Dawn.\"",
        "start": 4657.34,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Semicolon, Enter, let me hit up arrow\nto go back to my old query to group by,",
        "start": 4661.33,
        "duration": 6.0
    },
    {
        "text": "and now we're getting somewhere.",
        "start": 4667.33,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm seeing now only two groups\nfor \"Farmers Working At Dawn,\"",
        "start": 4668.89,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "but one more to fix.",
        "start": 4672.37,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Now we'd be here for a while\nif I spend all this time",
        "start": 4675.19,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "one by one fixing these typos,\nso there's probably a better way.",
        "start": 4679.15,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "There is.",
        "start": 4684.38,
        "duration": 0.77
    },
    {
        "text": "This one is going to be\nusing the like keyword.",
        "start": 4685.15,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "We don't have to say equal so much.",
        "start": 4688.09,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "We can just say like.",
        "start": 4690.34,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I could try to match any title that\nlooks like \"Farmers Working At Dawn\"",
        "start": 4691.84,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "and update it to be the correct title.",
        "start": 4696.85,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that here.",
        "start": 4699.4,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "I could now try update votes and\nset title equal to \"Farmers Working",
        "start": 4701.39,
        "duration": 7.76
    },
    {
        "text": "At Dawn.\"",
        "start": 4709.15,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Farmers Working At Dawn\"\nwhere the title is like--",
        "start": 4710.98,
        "duration": 7.51
    },
    {
        "text": "the title is like some\npattern I could give.",
        "start": 4718.49,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Now for this data set, it turns out that\nthe only artwork that begins with F-A",
        "start": 4722.0,
        "duration": 6.21
    },
    {
        "text": "is Farmers Working At Dawn.",
        "start": 4728.21,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So to match any title with F-A\nand then anything afterwards,",
        "start": 4729.98,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "I could use F-A percent, and\nthen close out that pattern.",
        "start": 4735.11,
        "duration": 6.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice how I don't have to\nhave consistent capitalization.",
        "start": 4741.11,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Like is case insensitive, and\nnotice how, too, the percent matches",
        "start": 4744.8,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "anything that comes after F-A.\nNow in this data set, this is OK,",
        "start": 4749.42,
        "duration": 6.45
    },
    {
        "text": "but in a larger data set, you probably\nwant to avoid this kind of query",
        "start": 4755.87,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "because you could match much more\nthan Farmers Working At Dawn.",
        "start": 4760.49,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "You'd match anything that begins\nwith F-A, so be careful with this",
        "start": 4763.58,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "and think through what pattern\nshould you use to fix up your titles.",
        "start": 4767.6,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me just hit Enter here, and now\nlet me try hitting up arrow again",
        "start": 4772.37,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "to show you the result, and now\nwe're in a pretty good place.",
        "start": 4776.12,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I see all of my titles like Farmers\nWorking At Dawn are correctly",
        "start": 4780.53,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "capitalized, consistently\nspelled, and all in one place.",
        "start": 4784.82,
        "duration": 5.53
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, let's try the others here.",
        "start": 4790.35,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I also have \"Imaginative landscape\nwhich could be a little bit",
        "start": 4792.2,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "better designed here.",
        "start": 4795.53,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "A little bit better grouped as\nwell by fixing some of these typos.",
        "start": 4796.79,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, here, I could try to\nmatch on to maybe imaginative.",
        "start": 4800.21,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "That seems like a long enough word\nthat it could be useful for me here.",
        "start": 4805.19,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say something like select--",
        "start": 4808.38,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "not select.",
        "start": 4810.26,
        "duration": 0.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll do update votes and set the title\nequal to \"Imaginative Landscape.\"",
        "start": 4810.77,
        "duration": 8.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I want to match any rows that\nhave a title like \"Imaginative space",
        "start": 4819.05,
        "duration": 7.59
    },
    {
        "text": "percent,\" end quote, semicolon.",
        "start": 4826.64,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll match any title that\nhas imaginative as a full word",
        "start": 4830.15,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "at the very beginning of this phrase.",
        "start": 4835.01,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "This is, I would say,\na better query than F-A",
        "start": 4837.65,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "because F-A could match much\nmore than this painting name.",
        "start": 4841.1,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, if we have only one painting\nthat begins with imaginative,",
        "start": 4844.1,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "this could work for us now.",
        "start": 4848.15,
        "duration": 2.082
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll try this.",
        "start": 4850.232,
        "duration": 0.708
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say Enter, and now,\nlet me rerun the query.",
        "start": 4850.94,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Group by, and we're so close.",
        "start": 4855.1,
        "duration": 2.732
    },
    {
        "text": "There's still one more.",
        "start": 4857.832,
        "duration": 0.958
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Imagintive Landscape,\"\nso for this one, I",
        "start": 4858.79,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "might just need to\nmanually update that piece.",
        "start": 4862.09,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say let's do update,\nvotes, and set title equal to",
        "start": 4864.97,
        "duration": 6.51
    },
    {
        "text": "in this case \"Imaginative Landscape\"\nwhere, of course, the title currently",
        "start": 4871.48,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "is \"Imagintive Landscape\"\nwithout the A in there.",
        "start": 4876.46,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "Now hit semicolon to run this query.",
        "start": 4881.14,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll show you the results, and now,\nI think we're literally almost there.",
        "start": 4883.24,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "There's only one more to do.",
        "start": 4887.8,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Profusion of Flowers.",
        "start": 4889.15,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's fix that one now.",
        "start": 4890.53,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say select votes--",
        "start": 4892.09,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "not select.",
        "start": 4894.88,
        "duration": 0.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Update.",
        "start": 4895.72,
        "duration": 0.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm always updating here.",
        "start": 4896.29,
        "duration": 1.042
    },
    {
        "text": "Update votes, and then\nwe want to set the title",
        "start": 4897.332,
        "duration": 4.178
    },
    {
        "text": "column to be equal to profusion--",
        "start": 4901.51,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Profusion of Flowers\" like this.",
        "start": 4905.11,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Then where the title is like, in this\ncase, profusion at the beginning.",
        "start": 4909.16,
        "duration": 6.72
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice how I can't use\nperfusion space and then",
        "start": 4915.88,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "afterwards because we have one title\nthat is literally just \"Profusion,\"",
        "start": 4919.33,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "plain and simple.",
        "start": 4924.19,
        "duration": 0.84
    },
    {
        "text": "No spaces afterwards.",
        "start": 4925.03,
        "duration": 1.065
    },
    {
        "text": "No spaces at the beginning.",
        "start": 4926.095,
        "duration": 1.125
    },
    {
        "text": "To match that, I should just\nsay profusion at the beginning.",
        "start": 4927.22,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I can hit Enter, and\nif I do my usual query",
        "start": 4930.86,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "to show you the votes\ngrouped by title, I",
        "start": 4934.66,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "see I'm finally at my correct,\nfully-formatted data set.",
        "start": 4937.27,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Farmers Working At Dawn has six votes.",
        "start": 4941.8,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Imaginative Landscape has\nfive, and so on down the row.",
        "start": 4944.23,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So here we've seen update being\nused not just to associate artists",
        "start": 4948.46,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "with new paintings, but\nalso to clean our data,",
        "start": 4953.08,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure we can actually\ntally votes up in a way that's",
        "start": 4956.14,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "consistent and clean in this case.",
        "start": 4959.11,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "What questions do we have on update now?",
        "start": 4962.75,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to [? Vixay. ?]",
        "start": 4968.38,
        "duration": 1.82
    },
    {
        "text": "[? VIXAY: ?] Yeah, so\nwhat I wanted to ask",
        "start": 4970.2,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "is if there is a specific\nfunction for like lowercase.",
        "start": 4971.95,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "So there's a function for upper, and\nthese are the ones for all lowercase.",
        "start": 4975.43,
        "duration": 4.607
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Yeah, a good\ncorresponding question here.",
        "start": 4980.037,
        "duration": 2.083
    },
    {
        "text": "We used upper, but is there lower?",
        "start": 4982.12,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Turns out, there is a lower function.",
        "start": 4983.98,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "It's spelled lower, and is in\nall lowercase like upper was,",
        "start": 4985.6,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "so I could use that as well.",
        "start": 4989.68,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "There is a whole list of what SQLite\ncalls these scalar functions, functions",
        "start": 4991.57,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "that take in some set of values\nand return to you some modified",
        "start": 4995.95,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "version of those values.",
        "start": 4999.94,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So if you do some googling, look\nfor SQLite scalar functions.",
        "start": 5001.48,
        "duration": 2.69
    },
    {
        "text": "You can find all those functions in\none place in the SQLite documentation.",
        "start": 5004.17,
        "duration": 6.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's take one more question here.",
        "start": 5010.42,
        "duration": 1.78
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to Rupinder.",
        "start": 5012.2,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "RUPINDER: So, yeah, my question is so\ninstead of updating all the titles,",
        "start": 5013.62,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "is it possible to create a new\ncolumn with the four categories",
        "start": 5018.39,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "that we want to have actually?",
        "start": 5022.32,
        "duration": 3.035
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Yeah, I could\nsee that working, too.",
        "start": 5025.355,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "So there's a few ways to fix this data.",
        "start": 5027.23,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "You could imagine adding a\nnew column, and maybe you",
        "start": 5028.855,
        "duration": 4.205
    },
    {
        "text": "assign values to the rows in that column\nbased on what you see in the title",
        "start": 5033.06,
        "duration": 6.482
    },
    {
        "text": "that they've given you.",
        "start": 5039.542,
        "duration": 0.958
    },
    {
        "text": "So if you can match\nsomething like imaginative,",
        "start": 5040.5,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "and you'd know that all your\npaintings associated with imaginative",
        "start": 5043.26,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "have the same title, you could group\nthem into the one category, the two",
        "start": 5046.5,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "category, and so on.",
        "start": 5050.34,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, you wouldn't be\nmodifying those titles.",
        "start": 5052.11,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "You'd just be trying\nto strategically apply",
        "start": 5054.27,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "different categories, which could\nalso work as a solution here,",
        "start": 5056.97,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "too, so good thinking.",
        "start": 5059.61,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so we've seen now how to\ninsert data, how to update data,",
        "start": 5062.43,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "and previously, how to delete data.",
        "start": 5067.74,
        "duration": 2.51
    },
    {
        "text": "What we can still do though, are\nlearn how to have other SQL command--",
        "start": 5070.25,
        "duration": 5.65
    },
    {
        "text": "other SQL statements that can run\nafter we make our very own SQL",
        "start": 5075.9,
        "duration": 3.918
    },
    {
        "text": "statements as well.",
        "start": 5079.818,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll come back and talk about\nthese things called triggers.",
        "start": 5080.61,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're back.",
        "start": 5084.15,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So we've seen now a whole collection\nof ways to write data to a database.",
        "start": 5085.84,
        "duration": 4.79
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen how to insert data, how\nto update data, and even delete data.",
        "start": 5090.63,
        "duration": 5.45
    },
    {
        "text": "What we'll see now though,\nthis idea of a trigger,",
        "start": 5096.08,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "a way of writing a SQL statement to run\nin response to some other SQL statement",
        "start": 5099.0,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "like an insert, an update, or a delete.",
        "start": 5104.67,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's consider our museum\nyet again, and let's say they",
        "start": 5108.78,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "have a schema a bit like this one now.",
        "start": 5112.89,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "They have items in their\ncollections, but they also",
        "start": 5115.86,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "have a transactions table.",
        "start": 5118.92,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Now wouldn't it be nice if whenever I\ndeleted something from the collections",
        "start": 5121.29,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "table, it would show up in\ntransactions as sold, having been",
        "start": 5126.39,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "sold from the museum's collections.",
        "start": 5131.19,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could use a\ntrigger to do just that.",
        "start": 5133.12,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's see it visually first though.",
        "start": 5136.12,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say, let's try to delete \"Spring\nOuting\" from our collections table.",
        "start": 5138.27,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, if I do that, I could pretty\neasily do it with delete from, right?",
        "start": 5143.16,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Now it's no longer part\nof my database, but if I",
        "start": 5147.3,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "have created a trigger to\nrun an insert whenever I hear",
        "start": 5150.54,
        "duration": 5.22
    },
    {
        "text": "or have listened to a delete\non my collections table,",
        "start": 5155.76,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I could then see that same\ntitle in my transactions table",
        "start": 5159.21,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "as sold all automatically.",
        "start": 5164.37,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's think to maybe the museum\nacquires some piece of artwork.",
        "start": 5168.25,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe they actually add something\nnew to their collection.",
        "start": 5172.32,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "We want that to show up in our\ntransactions as well with the action of",
        "start": 5175.44,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "bought.",
        "start": 5179.88,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's try it.",
        "start": 5180.57,
        "duration": 0.87
    },
    {
        "text": "I could probably add a new row here.",
        "start": 5181.44,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say let's add \"Peonies and\nButterfly\" to my collection here.",
        "start": 5183.49,
        "duration": 4.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I have the\nappropriate trigger, I",
        "start": 5188.28,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "could run an insert into on\ntransactions automatically",
        "start": 5191.7,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "that would insert this same\ntitle with the action of bot,",
        "start": 5196.32,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "thereby keeping a log of all of our\nsold pieces of artwork and all of our",
        "start": 5200.19,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "bought pieces of artwork.",
        "start": 5205.11,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Now to create what we're\ncalling a trigger here,",
        "start": 5207.36,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "we can use the following syntax.",
        "start": 5210.0,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say first create\ntrigger, and then some name.",
        "start": 5212.43,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So I tend to give triggers\nnames to identify them",
        "start": 5217.62,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "among all of my database [INAUDIBLE],,\nlike my tables and so on.",
        "start": 5220.26,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, after I say create\ntrigger, I have to specify.",
        "start": 5224.67,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "Should this trigger, this statement,\nrun after or before some other SQL",
        "start": 5228.84,
        "duration": 6.24
    },
    {
        "text": "statement?",
        "start": 5235.08,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's keep going with before here.",
        "start": 5236.19,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe it runs before an\ninsert on some table.",
        "start": 5238.35,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "That's fine.",
        "start": 5242.85,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "It could also run before an\nupdate of a column on some table.",
        "start": 5243.96,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "It could even run before a delete\non some table, and keep in mind,",
        "start": 5249.19,
        "duration": 5.0
    },
    {
        "text": "this could be before or after any\nof these kinds of SQL statements.",
        "start": 5254.19,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, we have\ninsert, update, and delete.",
        "start": 5258.45,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "Now after we say this, what we\nshould say, too, is for each row.",
        "start": 5262.77,
        "duration": 5.28
    },
    {
        "text": "For each row means that if I were\nto maybe delete multiple rows,",
        "start": 5268.05,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I should run my SQL statement\nfor each row that I delete.",
        "start": 5273.21,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "If I delete two rows, I should run\nthis statement coming soon two times.",
        "start": 5277.41,
        "duration": 6.57
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so now we've set up our trigger,\nat least kind of the data, the setup",
        "start": 5283.98,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "for it here.",
        "start": 5289.47,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "What we haven't done yet is specify\nwhat statement should run whenever",
        "start": 5290.55,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "we see a delete on particular table.",
        "start": 5295.62,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's try this.",
        "start": 5298.02,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Here I could say begin.",
        "start": 5299.64,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Begin means here comes my\nstatement I want to run",
        "start": 5301.59,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "whenever I hear a delete on this table.",
        "start": 5304.86,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, all right.",
        "start": 5308.37,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "That query down below.",
        "start": 5309.84,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "That statement inside my\nbegin, and I'll finish it off",
        "start": 5311.43,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "with an end to say this is\nthe end of my statement,",
        "start": 5314.7,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "and my entire trigger looks like\nall of this lines of code here",
        "start": 5317.91,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "to say listen for a delete and run\nthis statement in here for each row",
        "start": 5321.6,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "that I delete, or update, or insert.",
        "start": 5327.21,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try actually\nimplementing in this case",
        "start": 5330.53,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "the museum's collections where\nthey're trying to sell or buy",
        "start": 5333.9,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "pieces of artwork, and\nautomatically add them",
        "start": 5337.46,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "to their transaction table whenever\nthey create or delete some piece of data",
        "start": 5339.8,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "from their collections.",
        "start": 5343.76,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Go back to my terminal here,\nand let me pull up a database.",
        "start": 5345.71,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll do SQLite 3 mfa.db,\nand you'll notice",
        "start": 5350.3,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "that this is the same schema\nthat we've had before.",
        "start": 5354.26,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "We have collections, artists,\nand the created table.",
        "start": 5357.38,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "What's missing here, though,\nis our transactions table.",
        "start": 5361.49,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me make that for us here.",
        "start": 5364.62,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say let me go create\ntable, transactions,",
        "start": 5366.53,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "and now let me give it an\nID column of type integer.",
        "start": 5370.58,
        "duration": 5.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll also give it a title column\nas we saw before called \"Text.\"",
        "start": 5376.0,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "It's in this column\n[INAUDIBLE],, the title",
        "start": 5381.03,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "of the piece we either bought or sold.",
        "start": 5383.31,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me also include the\naction column, also of type text",
        "start": 5386.1,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "to say whether we bought\nor sold this piece.",
        "start": 5390.96,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, finally, I'll make the\nID column my primary key.",
        "start": 5395.21,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I say semicolon here and hit\nEnter, I now have created this table.",
        "start": 5400.05,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I say dot schema, notice\nhow I can now see my transactions",
        "start": 5406.08,
        "duration": 4.13
    },
    {
        "text": "table down below, and\nI'm safe to run insert",
        "start": 5410.21,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "on this table to add some data to it.",
        "start": 5413.99,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's try now creating\nour very first trigger.",
        "start": 5418.1,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "We're going to try to create a trigger\nthat whenever an item is deleted",
        "start": 5421.49,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "from our collections table, we actually\nadd it to our transactions table",
        "start": 5425.3,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "with the action of sold, meaning\nwe sold this particular item.",
        "start": 5428.99,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me say create\ntrigger, as we saw before,",
        "start": 5433.2,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "and give it some name to identify it.",
        "start": 5436.55,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll call this one sell.",
        "start": 5438.83,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say I want to run this trigger\nbefore I delete on the collections",
        "start": 5441.03,
        "duration": 6.26
    },
    {
        "text": "table.",
        "start": 5447.29,
        "duration": 0.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So before I run the delete\nquery on my collections table,",
        "start": 5448.17,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to run this statement instead.",
        "start": 5452.87,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say for each row, begin.",
        "start": 5456.98,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to now give you some\nstatement to run for each row",
        "start": 5460.83,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "that I delete from collections.",
        "start": 5464.18,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's make it this query here.",
        "start": 5466.73,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "On 1, 2, 3, 4 spaces\nto indent and make sure",
        "start": 5468.35,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "this is clearly the query I want to run\nafter I run the delete on collections.",
        "start": 5472.16,
        "duration": 6.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say I want to\ninsert into transactions.",
        "start": 5478.85,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to insert into the\ntitle and action columns.",
        "start": 5483.02,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "What value should I insert?",
        "start": 5487.73,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I should insert the old\ntitle, and actually, in triggers,",
        "start": 5489.41,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "you get access to this\nkeyword called old.",
        "start": 5494.21,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "This is the title that we've\njust deleted from our collection.",
        "start": 5497.33,
        "duration": 4.27
    },
    {
        "text": "So old.title gives me access to\nthe old row, the row we deleted,",
        "start": 5501.6,
        "duration": 4.94
    },
    {
        "text": "its title column in particular.",
        "start": 5506.54,
        "duration": 2.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me add in the action, which\nis just plain and simple \"sold.\"",
        "start": 5509.16,
        "duration": 5.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is the query to run\nbefore I delete on collections.",
        "start": 5514.21,
        "duration": 4.61
    },
    {
        "text": "I will take the title of the row\nI'm about to delete, and insert it",
        "start": 5518.82,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "into transactions along\nwith the action sold.",
        "start": 5523.35,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me type a semicolon here to say this\nis my entire query, hit Enter again,",
        "start": 5526.95,
        "duration": 4.12
    },
    {
        "text": "and now I can end that\nparticular statement",
        "start": 5531.07,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to run after I hear\na delete on collections.",
        "start": 5534.0,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll hit Enter now, and\nlet me type dot schema.",
        "start": 5538.11,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "I can actually see this\ntrigger is part of my schema.",
        "start": 5541.77,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I can see create trigger sell\nbefore delete on transactions",
        "start": 5546.48,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "underneath the transactions table.",
        "start": 5549.81,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, let's try putting\nthis into action here.",
        "start": 5553.41,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try actually deleting\nsomething from our collections table.",
        "start": 5556.68,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say delete from collections\nwhere the title equals",
        "start": 5559.47,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "\"Profusion of Flowers.\"",
        "start": 5564.09,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to sell this particular piece\nof artwork from our collection.",
        "start": 5565.92,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit semicolon here, and now\nnothing seems to happen as usual,",
        "start": 5569.46,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "but if I select star from collections--",
        "start": 5574.53,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "from collections, I\nsee that piece is gone.",
        "start": 5578.29,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "It's no longer in here, and if I\nselect star from transactions--",
        "start": 5582.82,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "select star from transactions,\nI actually see it's been sold.",
        "start": 5588.07,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So automatically, I added\n\"Profusion of Flowers\"",
        "start": 5592.72,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "with the action of sold\nto my transactions table.",
        "start": 5595.84,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "I did not type insert myself.",
        "start": 5598.81,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "I instead created a trigger\nto run this statement,",
        "start": 5601.4,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "insert into, whenever I\ndelete it on collections.",
        "start": 5604.96,
        "duration": 4.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try one more.",
        "start": 5609.72,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "We want to not just be\nable to sell artwork,",
        "start": 5611.01,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "but also add it to our\ncollection by buying it.",
        "start": 5612.9,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So I create a trigger called buy.",
        "start": 5616.26,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me type create\ntrigger \"buy,\" and now I",
        "start": 5619.05,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "want to run this statement forthcoming\nafter an insert on collections.",
        "start": 5624.75,
        "duration": 7.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So I want to first insert a new item to\ncollections, and when I do, after I do,",
        "start": 5632.46,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to run this query coming next.",
        "start": 5638.82,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to, for each row,\nbegin the statement I want to run.",
        "start": 5641.61,
        "duration": 5.98
    },
    {
        "text": "So as we said before, I want to\ninsert into the transactions table.",
        "start": 5647.59,
        "duration": 4.79
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to insert into the title\nand action columns, just like this.",
        "start": 5652.38,
        "duration": 5.71
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to insert some values.",
        "start": 5658.09,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "The values I want to insert--",
        "start": 5661.38,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "well, I want to insert the new\ntitle, the new row I've just added.",
        "start": 5663.06,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So in addition to old,\nwe also have new when",
        "start": 5667.41,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm talking when I'm using\na trigger on an insert.",
        "start": 5670.74,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say new.title, where again, new\nis the new row or rows I'm inserting,",
        "start": 5673.32,
        "duration": 6.78
    },
    {
        "text": "and the dot title is\na column called title.",
        "start": 5680.1,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, here I'll say\nthe action was bought.",
        "start": 5684.93,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "We bought this artwork.",
        "start": 5687.36,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit semicolon here,\nand now, I'll say end",
        "start": 5689.07,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "to say this is the end of my statement\nI want to run for every row I",
        "start": 5692.25,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "insert on collections.",
        "start": 5696.51,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me hit Enter here.",
        "start": 5698.58,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I've created this trigger.",
        "start": 5700.2,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "I can type dot schema to\nsee it in my actual schema.",
        "start": 5701.52,
        "duration": 4.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let's try inserting.",
        "start": 5706.18,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say insert into collections.",
        "start": 5707.91,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to insert into the\ntitle and accession number,",
        "start": 5711.63,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "as well as the acquired columns here.",
        "start": 5715.68,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to insert some new artwork.",
        "start": 5718.95,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I sold Profusion of Flowers,\nbut now I want to just buy it back.",
        "start": 5721.26,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say I'll insert \"Profusion\nof Flowers\" is the title.",
        "start": 5724.63,
        "duration": 5.88
    },
    {
        "text": "The accession number was 56.257,\nand the date we acquired it, well,",
        "start": 5730.51,
        "duration": 6.65
    },
    {
        "text": "that was in 1956/04/12.",
        "start": 5737.16,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's hit semicolon here.",
        "start": 5741.36,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll insert, and I'll say\nselect star from collections.",
        "start": 5743.31,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see Profusion of\nFlowers back in my table.",
        "start": 5748.77,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "Now though, if I say select\nstar from transactions--",
        "start": 5753.31,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "select star from\ntransactions, I should see",
        "start": 5756.78,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I previously sold Profusion of\nFlowers, and later bought it back.",
        "start": 5760.02,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So again, I didn't run\nthis insert myself.",
        "start": 5763.98,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I instead triggered it by making my very\nown insert on the collections table.",
        "start": 5768.04,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is the power of triggers.",
        "start": 5774.16,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "You're able to run\nstatements that I myself",
        "start": 5776.43,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "didn't create in response to\nstatements that I actually did.",
        "start": 5778.83,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me ask here, what questions\ndo we have on these triggers",
        "start": 5783.03,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "and what they can do for us?",
        "start": 5787.44,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go to Simon.",
        "start": 5791.65,
        "duration": 1.58
    },
    {
        "text": "SIMON: I'd like to know\nif there are only--",
        "start": 5793.23,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "there is only one SQL\ninquiry that you can write",
        "start": 5798.39,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "in a trigger or multiple inquiries.",
        "start": 5802.44,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Yeah, we saw begin\nand end in our triggers",
        "start": 5806.17,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "here, where begin indicates\nthe start of our statement,",
        "start": 5809.7,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "and end indicates the end.",
        "start": 5812.29,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "You actually can have\nmultiple statements",
        "start": 5814.02,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of the begin\nand end separated by,",
        "start": 5816.48,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "of course, that usual\nsemicolon that we have.",
        "start": 5819.45,
        "duration": 3.68
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so one final idea here\nthat we're getting at-- we're",
        "start": 5823.13,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "kind of touching at with\nthis transactions table is",
        "start": 5827.03,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "this idea of having a soft deletion.",
        "start": 5829.37,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So when I dropped something\nfrom my collections table,",
        "start": 5832.7,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "it actually ended up in\nmy transactions table,",
        "start": 5837.38,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "so it wasn't fully deleted in the\nsense that I'm keeping a record of it",
        "start": 5840.89,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "somewhere else.",
        "start": 5844.49,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "There's also one more\nway among many others",
        "start": 5846.33,
        "duration": 2.6
    },
    {
        "text": "to implement this idea of soft\ndeletions, that is not quite fully",
        "start": 5848.93,
        "duration": 3.193
    },
    {
        "text": "deleting something from my\ndatabase but instead keeping it",
        "start": 5852.123,
        "duration": 2.417
    },
    {
        "text": "around with a log that we've\nremoved it in some way.",
        "start": 5854.54,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's look at this table here.",
        "start": 5857.97,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "I have collections, but I also\nhave this column called \"deleted,\"",
        "start": 5859.94,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "and by default, the\nvalue here will be 0.",
        "start": 5865.25,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "That is, by default, I'll add some\nartwork to my collections table",
        "start": 5869.0,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "and deleted will be 0.",
        "start": 5874.19,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "If I want to delete a piece of\nartwork though, what could I do?",
        "start": 5876.98,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of deleting it fully from\nmy table or removing the row,",
        "start": 5881.21,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "I could mark it as deleted.",
        "start": 5885.05,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "I could change the deleted\ncolumn from a 0 to a 1.",
        "start": 5887.09,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I wanted to delete\nFarmers Working At Dawn",
        "start": 5890.63,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "instead of writing literally\ndelete from collection",
        "start": 5893.27,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "where title equals\nFarmers Working At Dawn, I",
        "start": 5896.33,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "could say update the deleted column of\ncollections, where the title is Farmers",
        "start": 5898.67,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Working At Dawn, and\nmake it not 0, but 1.",
        "start": 5903.5,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I've marked this item as deleted.",
        "start": 5907.49,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "I could run a query that\nexcludes deleted items,",
        "start": 5910.49,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "but this row is still\naround in my table.",
        "start": 5913.43,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try implementing\nthis idea of a soft deletion",
        "start": 5917.88,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of our collections\ntable so that we",
        "start": 5921.41,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "don't lose records of things that\nactually had in our collection.",
        "start": 5923.96,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back to my\ncomputer here, and let's work",
        "start": 5928.31,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "on altering our table\nfor collections here.",
        "start": 5931.25,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "If I type dot schema collections--",
        "start": 5934.94,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "dot schema collections, you should see\nI have a table \"collections,\" and also",
        "start": 5938.36,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "the triggers associated with it.",
        "start": 5944.48,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "What I don't have yet in collections,\nif I go over here and show you,",
        "start": 5946.43,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't have a deleted column.",
        "start": 5950.42,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "I have ID, title, accession number,\nand acquired, but I don't have deleted.",
        "start": 5952.91,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So as you learned last\nweek, we can use alter table",
        "start": 5958.64,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "to add a column to our collections\ntable, and by default, make the value",
        "start": 5962.39,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "0.",
        "start": 5967.55,
        "duration": 0.75
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that.",
        "start": 5968.3,
        "duration": 1.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my environment,\nand now I'll run alter table.",
        "start": 5969.94,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I might say alter table, and a table I\nwant to alter, which is \"collections.\"",
        "start": 5974.45,
        "duration": 6.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I want to add the column\n\"deleted\" to collections,",
        "start": 5981.44,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "and I want to make this type\ninteger, so our whole numbers",
        "start": 5986.93,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "whether positive or negative, and the\ndefault value will be 0 in this case.",
        "start": 5990.41,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter, and if I\ntype dot schema collections,",
        "start": 5996.02,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "I should see I have my very own\ndeleted column inside of collections.",
        "start": 6001.21,
        "duration": 6.42
    },
    {
        "text": "If I type, for instance, select\nstar from collections semicolon,",
        "start": 6007.63,
        "duration": 6.49
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll see that by default, all of these\nvalues are 0 in my new deleted column.",
        "start": 6014.12,
        "duration": 6.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So instead of trying to literally\ndelete from collections,",
        "start": 6020.33,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I could instead just update it.",
        "start": 6025.58,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say take the updated\ncolumn, and flip it from a 0 to a 1.",
        "start": 6027.23,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try update collections\nand set the deleted column",
        "start": 6031.88,
        "duration": 6.45
    },
    {
        "text": "equal to 1, where let's say the\ntitle equals Farmers Working At Dawn.",
        "start": 6038.33,
        "duration": 7.5
    },
    {
        "text": "And my query wraps here, but\nit should still work just fine.",
        "start": 6045.83,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit semicolon, Enter.",
        "start": 6048.9,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I didn't use delete from.",
        "start": 6051.05,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I used update.",
        "start": 6053.6,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "If I select star from\ncollections semicolon here,",
        "start": 6054.74,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll see, well, Farmers Working\nAt Dawn is in this table,",
        "start": 6059.57,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "but technically-- at least\nwe marked it as deleted.",
        "start": 6063.42,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "So it seems now, I don't want to use\njust select star from collections",
        "start": 6067.56,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "to see what's inside my collection.",
        "start": 6072.83,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to apply a filter\nto remove those that have",
        "start": 6074.54,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "a deleted value that's not equal to 0.",
        "start": 6078.23,
        "duration": 3.515
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try this.",
        "start": 6081.745,
        "duration": 0.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say select star from collections\nwhere deleted does not equal 1.",
        "start": 6082.37,
        "duration": 8.28
    },
    {
        "text": "If I hit semicolon here, what do I see?",
        "start": 6090.65,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "Only those values that are not deleted.",
        "start": 6093.71,
        "duration": 3.808
    },
    {
        "text": "I could go ahead and find them.",
        "start": 6097.518,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say maybe select star from\ncollections where deleted actually",
        "start": 6098.81,
        "duration": 6.81
    },
    {
        "text": "is 1.",
        "start": 6105.62,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Really equals 1 like this,\nand now I see all those rows",
        "start": 6106.7,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "that I marked as deleted.",
        "start": 6110.87,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Now this has some advantages.",
        "start": 6113.63,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "One of them is we keep data around.",
        "start": 6115.94,
        "duration": 2.03
    },
    {
        "text": "We don't actually formally delete it.",
        "start": 6117.97,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "We can still recover it later on, but it\nalso has some tricky ethical questions,",
        "start": 6119.53,
        "duration": 4.93
    },
    {
        "text": "too.",
        "start": 6124.46,
        "duration": 0.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Like it's OK if we're\ntalking about artwork here,",
        "start": 6124.96,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "but if you're talking about user data,\nis it right to only soft delete it",
        "start": 6127.24,
        "duration": 5.28
    },
    {
        "text": "if they ask you to delete it?",
        "start": 6132.52,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Particularly in conversation\nwith new frameworks like GDPR,",
        "start": 6134.02,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "and the right to be forgotten,\nand so on, it's up to you",
        "start": 6137.8,
        "duration": 2.77
    },
    {
        "text": "as a programmer to make\nthe right decision here.",
        "start": 6140.57,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "When should you find data that\n[INAUDIBLE] and actually delete it,",
        "start": 6142.57,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "or when is it better to just\nsoft delete it and keep it around",
        "start": 6145.48,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "in case you need it for later?",
        "start": 6148.57,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll end here on this note where\nif I say select star from collections,",
        "start": 6151.21,
        "duration": 5.28
    },
    {
        "text": "and I want to find those only where\ndeleted is not equal to 0 like this--",
        "start": 6156.49,
        "duration": 7.08
    },
    {
        "text": "or not equal to 1, this gives me back\nall of the items that are not deleted.",
        "start": 6163.57,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "But wouldn't it be nice\nif I could actually",
        "start": 6169.15,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "run a query on some brand new temporary\ntable that actually only will ever have",
        "start": 6171.67,
        "duration": 5.91
    },
    {
        "text": "those items that are not soft deleted?",
        "start": 6177.58,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Turns out, we can do that\nwith an idea called views,",
        "start": 6180.25,
        "duration": 2.89
    },
    {
        "text": "and we'll see those in\nmuch more depth next week.",
        "start": 6183.14,
        "duration": 2.99
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll see you then.",
        "start": 6186.13,
        "duration": 1.88
    }
]