diff --git "a/wikipedia_46.txt" "b/wikipedia_46.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/wikipedia_46.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,1987 @@ + Badische Staatskapelle + Bamberg Symphony Orchestra (Bamberger Symphoniker) + Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) + Bavarian State Orchestra (Bayerisches Staatsorchester) + Bayreuth Festival Orchestra + Berlin Philharmonic (Berliner Philharmoniker) + Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra (East Berlin) (Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Berlin) + Berliner Symphoniker + Bochumer Symphoniker + Detmold Chamber Orchestra + Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen + Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg + Deutsche Radio Philharmonie Saarbrücken Kaiserslautern + Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin + Dortmunder Philharmoniker + Dresden Philharmonic (Dresdner Philharmonie) + Duisburg Philharmonic (Duisburger Philharmoniker) + Frankfurter Opern- und Museumsorchester (Frankfurt Opera) + Fulda Symphonic Orchestra (Fuldaer Symphonisches Orchester) + Freiburger Barockorchester + Gürzenich-Orchester Köln + Hamburger Symphoniker + Hannoversche Hofkapelle + Hofer Symphoniker + hr-Sinfonieorchester + Jenaer Philharmonie + Klassische Philharmonie Bonn + Konzerthausorchester Berlin (formerly Berlin Symphony Orchestra) + Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (Gewandhausorchester Leipzig) + Mahler Chamber Orchestra + MDR Symphony Orchestra + Mecklenburgische Staatskapelle + Münchner Rundfunkorchester + Munich Philharmonic (Münchner Philharmoniker) + +N–Z + + NDR Radiophilharmonie (Hannover) + NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra (Hamburg Elbphilharmonie) + Neue Philharmonie Frankfurt (Offenbach am Main) + Niedersächsisches Staatsorchester Hannover + Norddeutsche Philharmonie Rostock + Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie + Nuremberg Symphony (Nürnberger Symphoniker) + Philharmonia Hungarica, founded by Hungarian exiles, disbanded 2001 + Philharmonie Festiva + Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg + Philharmonisches Kammerorchester Berlin + Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Mainz + Reuss Chamber Orchestra + Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra + Staatskapelle Berlin + Staatskapelle Dresden (Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden) + Staatskapelle Halle + Staatskapelle Weimar + Staatsorchester Braunschweig (State Orchestra Brunswik) + Staatsorchester Stuttgart + Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra + Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra + SWR Symphonieorchester + WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln + WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne + Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn + +Greece + + Greek Youth Symphony Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + Philharmonic Society of Corfu (Orchestra) + +Hungary + + Budapest Festival Orchestra + Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra + Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, also known earlier as Budapest Symphony Orchestra + Hungarian National Philharmonic + Philharmonia Hungarica, founded by Hungarian exiles, based in Germany; dissolved in 2001 + Szeged Symphony Orchestra + +Iceland + + Iceland Symphony Orchestra (Sinfóníuhljómsveit Íslands) + +Ireland + + RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra + RTÉ Concert Orchestra + Irish Chamber Orchestra + Hibernian Orchestra + Camerata Ireland + Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra + Dublin Orchestral Players + University College Dublin Symphony Orchestra + National Youth Orchestra of Ireland (national youth orchestra) + +Italy + + Accademia Filarmonica Romana, Rome + Camerata de' Bardi, academic orchestra, Pavia + I Musici, Rome + I Solisti Veneti, Padua + Orchestra del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Florence + Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Rome + Orchestra di Piazza Vittorio + Orchestra Filarmonica della Fenice, Venice + Orchestra Giovanile Italiana (national youth orchestra) + Orchestra i Pomeriggi Musicali, Milan + Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, Milan + Orchestra Sinfonica Nazionale della RAI, Turin + Orchestra Mozart, founded by Claudio Abbado in Bologna + Orchestra Roma Sinfonietta, directed by Ennio Morricone + Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma, Rome + RCA Italiana Orchestra + Rondò Veneziano, Venice + Teatro San Carlo Orchestra, Naples + Teatro Carlo Felice Orchestra, Genova + Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Orchestra, Rome + Teatro Petruzzelli Orchestra, Bari + Teatro Comunale di Bologna Orchestra, Bologna + Venice Baroque Orchestra + +Latvia + + Latvian National Symphony Orchestra + Liepaja Symphony Orchestra + +Lithuania + + Klaipėda Chamber Orchestra + Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra + Lithuanian State Symphony Orchestra + Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra + +Luxembourg + + Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra + Luxembourg Sinfonietta + +Malta + + Malta Philharmonic Orchestra + +Moldova + + Moldovan National Youth Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + +Monaco + + Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra + +Montenegro + + Montenegrin Symphony Orchestra + +The Netherlands + + National Youth Orchestra of the Netherlands (national youth orchestra) + Holland Symfonia + Metropole Orchestra + Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra + Netherlands Radio Philharmonic + Netherlands Chamber Orchestra + Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra + Netherlands Symphony Orchestra + North Netherlands Symphony Orchestra + Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century + Residentie Orchestra + Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra + Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra + Symfonisch Blaasorkest ATH + +Norway + + Ungdomssymfonikerne (national youth orchestra) + Norwegian Arctic Philharmonic Orchestra + Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra + Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra + Norwegian Chamber Orchestra + Norwegian Radio Orchestra + Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra + Oslo Sinfonietta + Stavanger Symphony Orchestra + Trondheim Symphony Orchestra + +Poland + + Polish Sinfonia Iuventus Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + Pomeranian Philharmonic (Bydgoszcz) + Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra (Kraków) + Łódź Philharmonic (Łódź) + Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra (Katowice) + Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra (Warsaw) + Polish Baltic Philharmonic (Gdańsk) + Poznań Philharmonic (Poznań) + National Forum of Music Symphony Orchestra (Wrocław) + Silesian Philharmonic (Katowice) + Sinfonia Varsovia (Warsaw) + Sudecka Philharmonic (Wałbrzych) + Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra (Warsaw) + Szczecin Philharmonic (Szczecin) + Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz, youth orchestra at concentration camp (historic) + +Portugal + + Gulbenkian Orchestra + Portuguese Chamber Orchestra + +Romania + + Banatul Philharmonic Orchestra (Timișoara) + Bucharest Symphony Orchestra + George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra (Bucharest) + Moldova Philharmonic Orchestra (Iași) + National Radio Orchestra (Bucharest) + Oltenia Philharmonic Orchestra (Craiova) + Paul Constantinescu Philharmonic Orchestra (Ploiești) + Romanian Youth Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + Sibiu Philharmonic Orchestra + Transylvania State Philharmonic Orchestra (Cluj-Napoca) + +Russia + + Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra + Moscow Chamber Orchestra + Moscow City Symphony Orchestra + Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra + Moscow State Symphony Orchestra + Moscow Symphony Orchestra + Moscow Virtuosi + Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra + National Philharmonic of Russia + Novosibirsk Youth Symphony Orchestra + Osipov State Russian Folk Orchestra + Persimfans + Russian National Orchestra + Russian Philharmonic Orchestra + Sochi Symphony Orchestra + Saint Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra + Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra + State Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Russian Federation + State Symphony Capella of Russia + State Symphony Cinema Orchestra + Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra + Ural Philharmonic Orchestra + +Serbia + + Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra + Niš Symphony Orchestra + +Slovakia + + Cappella Istropolitana + Slovak Philharmonic + Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra + Slovak Youth Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + +Slovenia + + RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra + Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra + +Spain + + Bilbao Orkestra Sinfonikoa + Castile and León Symphony Orchestra + Chamartín Symphony Orchestra + Community of Madrid Orchestra + Málaga Philharmonic + Madrid Academic Orchestra + Madrid Symphony Orchestra + Orquesta Ciudad de Granada + Orquesta Clásica Santa Cecilia + Orquestra de Cadaqués + Orquesta Filarmónica de Málaga + Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya + Orquesta Sinfónica de Burgos + Orquesta Sinfónica de Galicia + Orquesta Sinfónica de las Islas Baleares + Orquesta Sinfonica de Tenerife + Orquestra Simfònica del Gran Teatre del Liceu + Orquestra Simfònica del Vallès + Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra + Real Compañía Ópera de Cámara + Real Orquesta Sinfónica de Sevilla + RTVE Symphony Orchestra (based in Madrid) + Sociedad de Conciertos de Madrid + Spanish National Youth Orchestra (national youth orchestra) + Orquesta Nacional de España (based in Madrid) + Valencian Community Orchestra + Valencia Orchestra + +Sweden + + Gävle Symphony Orchestra + Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra + Kungliga Hovkapellet + Malmö Symphony Orchestra + Norrköping Symphony Orchestra + Örebro Chamber Orchestra + Royal Academic Orchestra + Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra + Stockholm Youth Symphony Orchestra + Swedish Chamber Orchestra + Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra + +Switzerland + + Basel Sinfonietta + Berner Symphonie-Orchester + Biel Solothurn Symphony Orchestra + Camerata Bern + Kammerorchester Basel + Lucerne Festival Strings + Luzerner Sinfonieorchester + Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur + Orchestra della Svizzera Italiana + Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne + Orchestre de chambre de Neuchâtel + Orchestre de la Suisse Romande + Sinfonieorchester Basel + Tonhalle Orchester Zurich + Zurich Chamber Orchestra + Zurich Opera House Orchestra + Zurich Symphony Orchestra + +Turkey + + Antalya State Symphony Orchestra + Barış Youth Symphony Orchestra + Bilkent Symphony Orchestra + Borusan Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra + Bursa State Symphony Orchestra + Cukurova State Symphony Orchestra + Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra + Izmir State Symphony Orchestra* + Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra + +Ukraine + + Ukrainian Radio Symphony Orchestra + National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine + Symphony Orchestra of the National Philharmonic of Ukraine + Kyiv Symphony Orchestra + Kyiv Classic Orchestra + Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic + +United Kingdom + +England + + Academy of Ancient Music + Academy of St Martin in the Fields + BBC Concert Orchestra + BBC Philharmonic + BBC Symphony Orchestra + Bournemouth Sinfonietta + Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra + Britten Sinfonia + Camerata of London + City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra + City of London Sinfonia + Docklands Sinfonia + English Baroque Soloists + English Chamber Orchestra + English Concert + Hallé Orchestra + Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra + Hull Philharmonic Orchestra + Kensington Symphony Orchestra + Kings Chamber Orchestra + Leeds Symphony Orchestra + Leicester Symphony Orchestra + London Chamber Orchestra + London Classical Players + London Festival Orchestra + London Mozart Players + London Philharmonic Orchestra + London Shostakovich Orchestra + London Sinfonietta + London Symphony Orchestra + Manchester Camerata + National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain + New London Orchestra + Northern Sinfonia + Orchestra of Opera North + Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment + Orchestra of the City + Oxford Philharmonic Orchestra + Philharmonia + Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra + Royal Philharmonic Orchestra + Sheffield Symphony Orchestra + Sinfonia ViVA + Sunderland Symphony Orchestra + The King's Consort + Worthing Symphony Orchestra + Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra + +Northern Ireland + + Ulster Orchestra + +Scotland + + BBC Scottish Radio Orchestra + BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra + National Youth Orchestra of Scotland + Royal Scottish National Orchestra + Scottish Chamber Orchestra + Scottish Ensemble + Scottish Festival Orchestra + West of Scotland Schools Symphony Orchestra + +Wales + + BBC National Orchestra of Wales + Cardiff Philharmonic Orchestra + National Youth Orchestra of Wales + Welsh Sinfonia + Welsh Chamber Orchestra (founded in 1986) + +References + +Symphony orchestras in Europe + +Symphony orchestras in Europe +Europe +Europe, symphony +Georges River was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1930 to 2007. It was replaced by Oatley. + +Members for Georges River + +Election results + +References + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1930 establishments in Australia +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1930 +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +Gosford is an electoral district of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in Australia. The electorate covers the western parts of the City of Gosford, including central Gosford and Woy Woy. + +It is represented by Liesl Tesch of the Labor Party, elected at the 2017 by-election. + +The electorate was created in 1950. At the redistribution prior to the 2007 election much of the district of Gosford, then held by Chris Hartcher for the Liberal Party, became part of the district of Terrigal while Gosford absorbed most of the former district of Peats, then held by Marie Andrews for the Labor Party. Antony Green describes the redistribution as effectively being that Gosford was renamed Terrigal while Peats was renamed Gosford. + +Demographics +The percentage of people in Gosford who were born overseas was 15% which is slightly lower than the national average at 22.2% and the percentage of people who have Australian citizenship is only slightly higher than the national average of 86.1% at 88.4%. As for languages spoken at home English only was the most common language spoken by 90.4% of the population which is substantially higher than national average at 78.5%. Italian was second with 0.4%, while no other language was spoken by more than 0.3% of the total population. Anglicanism was the most common religion at 28.2%, followed by Catholicism at 26.6%, No Religion with 14.9% and Uniting Church at 5.6%. Median incomes for the population aged 15 years and over was only slightly lower in both weekly individual income and weekly household income but slightly higher in the weekly family income category. + +Members for Gosford + +Election results + +References + +Gosford +Gosford +1950 establishments in Australia +Central Coast (New South Wales) +Central Coast Council (New South Wales) +Granville is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Julia Finn of the Labor Party. + +Granville includes the suburbs of Clyde, Granville, Holroyd, Mays Hill, Merrylands, Merrylands West, South Wentworthville and parts of Greystanes, Guildford, Parramatta, South Granville, Wentworthville and Westmead. + +History +Granville was first established in 1894, partly replacing part of Central Cumberland. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Parramatta. Granville was recreated in 1927. It has historically tended to be a seat. + +Members for Granville + +Election results + +References + +Granville +Bathurst, New South Wales +1894 establishments in Australia +Granville +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Granville +1927 establishments in Australia +Granville +Hawkesbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Robyn Preston of the Liberal Party. + +It includes all of the City of Hawkesbury and the far north of both The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire. + +History +Hawkesbury was originally created in 1859, replacing part of Cumberland (North Riding) and named after the Hawkesbury River. It elected two members simultaneously from 1859 to 1880. It was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and absorbed into Cumberland. It was recreated in 1927. + +Hawkesbury is a conservative seat, having been won by the main centre-right party at every election since 1947. At the Liberal Party landslide victory in 2011, Liberal candidate Ray Williams achieved 84.7% of the two-party preferred vote, with a primary vote share of 75.4%. + +Members for Hawkesbury + +Election results + +References + +Hawkesbury +Heathcote is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was established in 1971 abolished in 1991 and re-established in 1999. Since 2023, it has been represented by Maryanne Stuart of the Labor Party. + +Members for Heathcote + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Heathcote +1971 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1971 +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1991 +1999 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1999 +Captain Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar Gopinath (born 13 November 1951) is an Indian entrepreneur, the founder of Air Deccan, a retired Captain of the Indian Army, an author and a politician. + +Early life +Gopinath was born in Gorur, Hassan, in a Tamil iyengar family and was brought up in small village in Gorur in the Hassan district of Karnataka State. + +Gopinath's father Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, a school teacher (not to be confused with Kannada Novelist Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar who is his mother's uncle), believed that schools were systems of regimentation and was resolved to teach Gopinath at home. + +However, Gopinath was admitted to a Kannada medium school quite late and straight away he joined Standard V. In 1962, Gopinath cleared the admission test and joined Sainik School, Bijapur. The school helped and prepared Gopinath to clear the NDA entrance exams. + +After 3 years of vigorous training, Gopinath completed education from the National Defence Academy, Pune. He then went on to graduate from the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun. + +Career +After school, he earned a commission in the Indian Army, earning the rank of Captain. He spent eight years in the army and fought in the 1971-72 Bangladesh Liberation War. + +The army life seemed to somehow tie him down. He took early retirement from Indian Army, at the age of 28. Upon retirement from the armed forces, he established an ecologically sustainable sericulture farm; his innovative methods earned him the Rolex Laureate Award in 1996. Next, he started the Malnad Mobikes (Enfield dealership) and opened a hotel in Hassan. + +In 1997 he co-founded Deccan Aviation, a charter helicopter service with his two friends,who were also in air force. In 2003, Gopinath founded Air Deccan, a low cost airline; Air Deccan merged with Kingfisher Airlines in 2007. In 2009 he founded Deccan 360, a freight flight business. In July 2013, Deccan 360 was ordered to wind up by the Karnataka High Court order based on petitions filed by Dubai-based United Aviation Services (UAS) and another by M/s Patel Integrated Logistics (PIL) Pvt. Ltd. — seeking recovery of amounts due to them by winding up the company. + +In May 2006, he was knighted with "Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur" the civilian award conferred by the French Government. He has received many awards for Air Deccan. + +In 2009, Gopinath contested as an independent candidate in Bangalore South constituency at the Lok Sabha elections but was defeated. + +In 2014, he unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabha elections on the ticket of the Aam Aadmi Party. + +Aviation career + +Deccan Aviation +Gopinath moved to Bengaluru in 1992 where he bumped into Captain K.J. Samuel, who was his friend in the army. Samuel was a freelance pilot and was planning to set-up a commercial Helicopter service. In 1995, when the Indian government started a regulatory reforms process to encourage entrepreneurship, Gopinath partnered with Samuel and established Deccan Aviation. +Deccan's helicopters were chartered by most politicians and the company also got involved in many rescue missions in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Kabul and South India. +The Company grew to become one of the largest private air charter companies in India and Sri Lanka. + +Inspired by the success of Southwest Airlines in the United States and Ryanair in Europe, Deccan Aviation launched India's first low-cost airline, Air Deccan in 2003. +Deccan Aviation went public in May 2006, however by then the airline was losing money. The following year, the Vijay Mallya lead UB group purchased a strategic 26 per cent stake in Deccan Aviation. +At the time of purchase, Air Deccan connected sixty nine cities around India. +Mallya merged the two airlines soon after and Capt. Gopinath sold most of his stake in the company in 2009. + +Deccan Charters +During the merger process of Kingfisher with Air Deccan, the Charter services division of Deccan Aviation was transferred into a new company named Deccan Charters Limited after it received its Non-Scheduled Air Operator Permit (NSOP) from the DGCA on 10 October 2008. During that period, the Charter operations continued to perform satisfactorily and increased its presence in off shore flying for the oil sector. + +Gopinath used the money from the UB Group deal to start Deccan 360, a cargo airline, in May 2009. But that enterprise too was squeezed by a severe cash crunch and shut shop in 2011. The same year, Gopinath became the 100% owner of Deccan Charters by purchasing the stake Mallya held in the company as part of the 2007 deal. +The following year, Gopinath launched daily charter flights in the state of Gujarat under the brand name of Deccan Shuttles. The flights connected Ahmedabad, Surat, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar and Kandla using a nine-seater Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft. The service wound up in 2013. +In April 2017, Deccan charters bid for and won 34 regional Indian routes under the UDAN scheme. +Operating under the brand name Air Deccan, it will commence operations in December 2017 with flights between Mumbai and Nashik. Air Deccan will operate 19-seater Beechcraft 1900D turboprop aircraft that are suitable for short-haul flights. The airline has plans to connect Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Shillong to regional towns in the vicinity of these cities. + +Awards and honors + 1996 - Rolex Awards for Enterprise + 2005 - Rajyotsava Award (Karnataka) + 2007 - Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France) + Personality of the Decade Award (K.G. Foundation) + Sir M Visvesvaraya Memorial Award (Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce & Industry) + +In popular culture + +The 2020 Indian Tamil-language film Soorarai Pottru was partly inspired by events from the life of Gopinath and is based on his memoir Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey.The Film's Hindi language name is Udaan(2020) is inspired by book 'simply fly ' now streaming on prime video. + +Books by Gopinath + Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey, Collins Business, 2010, + "You Cannot Miss This Flight: Essays on Emerging India", HarperCollins, 2017, + +References + +External links + +Lok Sabha members from Karnataka +People from Hassan district +Kannada people +Living people +Indian aviation businesspeople +Sainik School alumni +Knights of the Legion of Honour +1951 births +Businesspeople from Karnataka +Aam Aadmi Party politicians +21st-century Indian politicians +Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005 +Indian Military Academy alumni +Air Deccan +Heffron is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales located primarily in Sydney's Inner Southern Region. It is named after Robert Heffron, a former Labor premier of New South Wales. It is a safe seat, currently represented by Ron Hoenig of the Labor Party since August 2012. Created in 1973 from the abolished seat of Cook's River, the seat was represented from 2003 to 2012 by former New South Wales Premier Kristina Keneally of the Labor Party. At the 2011 election, Keneally suffered a swing of over 16 percent, more than halving her majority from 23 percent to seven percent. She resigned the seat on 29 June 2012 to start her new career as CEO of Basketball Australia, prompting an August Heffron by-election. At the by-election, Ron Hoenig won with 70 percent of the two-candidate preferred vote. + +Heffron includes the suburbs of Alexandria, Beaconsfield, Waterloo, Zetland, Rosebery, Mascot, St Peters, Sydenham, Tempe, most of Eastlakes and Kensington and parts of Kingsford. Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport is located within the electorate. The district was named after Bob Heffron who was the local MP for Botany and Maroubra. The seat was contested for the first time in the year 1973, won by Laurie Brereton and has always been held by the Labor party. + +Members for Heffron + +Election results + +References + +Heffron +1973 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1973 +Meristogenys is a genus of true frogs from Borneo. Its tadpoles are adapted to fast-flowing mountain streams and easily recognizable by their divided upper lip with ribs on the outside. + +Taxonomy and systematics +Its closest living relative is apparently the hole-in-the-head frog (Huia cavitympanum), type species of the highly polyphyletic "wastebin genus" Huia. Meristogenys, having been proposed far more recently than Huia, might be included in the latter on grounds of phylogeny, as most if not all species placed in the Huia seem to belong elsewhere. But a group of species traditionally placed in Huia as well as the genus Clinotarsus are very close relatives, and therefore a taxonomic revision of this group is probably better deferred until the relationships of all taxa involved have been properly assessed. Meristogenys on its own is a monophyletic group. + +Ecology +Meristogenys are common frogs around the mountain streams of Borneo and among the commonest frogs in the mountainous regions of the island. Tadpoles are specialized for living in strong currents and have a heavy body. The snout is broadly rounded with a relatively oral disk underneath it. The body is flat below and has a large sucker, covering a larger portion of the abdomen. + +Description +The largest species is Meristogenys kinabaluensis; males reach and females in snout–vent length. Adults of different species are usually morphologically similar and difficult identify to species, and even difficult to distinguish from other ranid frogs, notably Hylarana. In contrast, and unusually, the tadpoles are easier to identify to species than the adults. + +Species +There are 13 species: + +Footnotes + +References + (2007): Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus. Zootaxa 1531: 49–55. PDF abstract and first page text + (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49-60. (HTMl abstract) + + +True frogs +Endemic fauna of Borneo +Amphibians of Borneo +Amphibian genera +Electoral district of Hornsby is an electoral district of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in Australia. Hornsby is one of two post-1927 electorates to have never been held by the party and always by the Liberals, a predecessor party to the Liberals, or an independent, the other such district being Vaucluse. It is represented by Matt Kean of the Liberal Party. + +Members for Hornsby + +Election results + +References + +Notes + +External links + +Hornsby +1927 establishments in Australia +Hornsby +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1991 +Hornsby +Constituencies established in 1999 +Illawarra was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was located in the Illawarra area and originally created in 1859, replacing East Camden. It was replaced by Wollongong in 1904 and recreated in 1927. In 1968, it was abolished and partly replaced by Kembla. In 1971, Kembla was abolished and Illawarra was recreated. In 2007, it was abolished and replaced by Shellharbour. + +Members for Illawarra + +Election results + +References + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1859 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1859 +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1904 +1927 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1927 +1968 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1968 +1971 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1971 +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +Keira is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Ryan Park of the Labor Party. + +Keira is a northern Illawarra electorate taking in the northern and western Wollongong suburbs of Figtree, Keiraville, Mount Ousley, Mount Pleasant, Balgownie, Corrimal, Bellambi, Woonona, Bulli, Thirroul, Austinmer and Coledale. + +Keira was established in 1988 largely as a replacement to the seat of Corrimal. Like its predecessor, it is a safe seat for the Labor Party. Labor have only ever fallen below 60 percent of the two-party preferred vote three times; twice to the Liberal Party in 1988 and 2011 and once to an independent in 1999. + +Members for Keira + +Election results + +References + +Keira +Keira +1988 establishments in Australia +The General Education Board was a private organization which was used primarily to support higher education and medical schools in the United States, and to help rural white and black schools in the South, as well as modernize farming practices in the South. It helped eradicate hookworm and created the county agent system in American agriculture, linking research as state agricultural experiment stations with actual practices in the field. + +The Board was created in 1902 after John D. Rockefeller donated an initial $1 million () to its cause. The Rockefeller family would eventually give over $180 million to fund the General Education Board. Prominent member Frederick Taylor Gates envisioned "The Country School of To-Morrow," wherein "young and old will be taught in practicable ways how to make rural life beautiful, intelligent, fruitful, re-creative, healthful, and joyous." By 1934 the Board was making grants of $5.5 million a year. It spent nearly all its money by 1950 and closed in 1964. + +History +The formation of the General Education Board began in early 1902. On January 15, 1902, two months after the Southern Education Board was founded, a small group of men gathered at the home of banker Morris K. Jessup to discuss education. This meeting included John D. Rockefeller Jr., Robert Curtis Ogden, George Foster Peabody, Jabez L. M. Curry, William H Baldwin Jr., and Wallace Buttrick. That day, the men discussed raising educational standards, and widening educational opportunities. + +On February 27, 1902, a second meeting was held at John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s home. This meeting was attended by the guests of the original meeting but also included Daniel Coit Gilman, Albert Shaw, Walter Hines Page, and Edward Morse Shepard. At the climax of the meeting, it was announced that John D. Rockefeller Sr. would give $1,000,000 for the inauguration of an educational program. Thus, the General Education Board was born. + +The General Education Board was incorporated by an Act of Congress that took place on January 12, 1903. Their main object being "the promotion of education within the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex, or creed" + +The original members of the General Education Board were: William H. Baldwin Jr., Jabez L.M. Curry, Frederick T. Gates, Daniel C. Gilman, Morris K. Jesup, Robert C. Ogden, Walter Hines Page, George Foster Peabody, and Albert Shaw. + +Upon evidence that this work would be effectively carried out, and Wallace Buttrick’s 1905 observation that “the fundamental problem of the South is the recovery of the fertility of the soil,” the program grew further. on 30 June 1905 he made an additional gift of $10,000,000 and in 1907 a further sum of $32,000,000. + +Rockefeller eventually gave it $180 million, which was used primarily to support higher education and medical schools in the United States and to improve farming practices in the South. It helped eradicate hookworm and created the county agent system in American agriculture, linking research at state agricultural experiment stations with actual practices in the field. By 1934 it was making grants of $5.5 million a year. It spent nearly all its money by 1950 and ceased operating as a separate entity in 1960, when its programs were subsumed into the Rockefeller Foundation. + +Programs +It had four main programs: + +1. The promotion of practical farming in the southern states. Through the Department of Agriculture the board had made accumulative annual appropriations amounting in by 1912-1913 to $673,750 for the purpose of promoting agriculture by the establishment of demonstration farms under the direction of Dr. Seaman A. Knapp. About 236 men were employed in supervising such farms. In 1906 the General Education Board contributed $7,000, and due to the increased success of the programs in reaching the distant southern farming communities, G.E.B. contributions grew each year. In addition to promoting demonstration farms, instructors for the education of farmers were also furnished. The work of the Board also influenced the practical teaching of agriculture in the schools of the southern United States. + +2. The establishment of public high schools in the southern states. Upon the General Education Board's foundation in 1902, it was stated that the immediate prerogative of the organization was to "devote itself to studying and aiding to promote the educational needs of the people of our southern states." For this purpose, the board appropriated for state universities or state departments of education in the South sums to pay for the salaries of high school representatives to travel throughout their states and stimulate public sentiment in favor of high schools. As a result of this work, 912 high schools had been established in 11 southern states by 1914. + +3. The promotion of institutions of higher learning. By 1914 the board had made conditional appropriations to the amount of $8,817,500, gifts towards an approximate total of $41,020,500. This money was expended throughout the United States. The General Education Board also provided funds to fund existing medical schools for Black students, such as Meharry Medical College and Howard University Medical School. However, the General Education Board encouraged graduates to stay working in the rural South. Schools with graduates that established private medical practices in the North received less funding. Additionally, fellowships awarded to Black medical programs discouraged medical scientific research projects and encouraged more remedial education. In a 1910 report, Abraham Flexner stated that Black schools should focus on "hygiene rather than surgery" and noted that for Black doctors, "their duty calls them away from large cities to the village and the plantation." + +4. Schools for Negroes. By 1914, the board had made contributions, amounting to $620,105, to schools for Negroes, mainly those for the training of teachers. Anna T. Jeanes had contributed $1,000,000 for that purpose. The schools for Black Americans were often designed to teach rural agricultural skills that would keep them tied to the South and discourage migration to Northern cities. William H. Baldwin gave this advice to Black Americans: + +"Learn that any work, however menial, if well done, is dignified; learn that the world will give full credit for labor and success, even though the skin is black; learn that it is a mistake to be educated out of your necessary environment; know that it is a crime for any teacher, white or black, to educate the Negro for positions which are not open to him; know that the greatest opportunity for a successful life lies in the Southland where you were born, where the people know you and need you, and will treat you far better than in any other section of the country." + +The work of the General Education Board had a social side as well. “Corn” and educative clubs to study house management, poultry, preservation of fruit and other subjects directly related with agricultural life were encouraged in various ways, more especially in connection with the girl's clubs. Other clubs of a purely social nature were organized for the promotion of more social life in farming communities. + +The investigations which preceded the gifts of the Board were perhaps of as great importance to the development of education in the United States as the gifts themselves. The Board consisted of 17 members and maintained headquarters in New York City. In 1920 the president was Wallace Buttrick, and the secretary, Abraham Flexner. + +Implications +The General Education Board emphasized the need for real world applicational skills. Two areas which the General Education Board highlighted was Demonstrative Farming as well as Industrial Education. Wallace Buttrick an influential member in the development of the General Education Board highlighted that, "the fundamental problem of the South is the recovery of the fertility of the soil.” For this reason as well, the lack of literacy and overall knowledge on modern farming techniques the General Education Board implemented interactive learning techniques rather than "how-to manuals." Because these demonstrations were so effective at informing white and black farmers at the time, the General Education Board invested in committees which were more willing to build/sponsor programs which provided vocational and nonvocational information. Education in a time of racial discrimination became vehicles for African American empowerment. Because of the discriminatory philosophy of the time, African Americans were granted limited knowledge in the realm of industrial training. In most cases information ranged from basic skills to learning strong working habits, which in most cases was no where close to the information needed to obtain higher learning. However, because of this learning African Americans were able to secure better jobs, teach others industrial learning, and receive higher training to pursue increase educations. + +Future +The work done by the General Education Board paved the way for philanthropic foundations which provided financial grants throughout the American south. These funds were distributed in areas to stimulate the growth of educational practices and bring men and women from all over the country to "promote enlightened and sympathetic understanding of the South’s educational problems following the Reconstruction period." + + Peabody Fund (1867) + Slater Fund (1882) + Anna T. Jeanes Foundation (1907)' + Jeanes Teachers + Julius Rosenwald Fund (1917) + Phelps-Stokes Fund + +Philosophy +"In our dream, we have limitless resources and the people yield themselves with perfect docility to our molding hand. The present educational conventions fade from their minds; and, unhampered by tradition, we work our own good will upon a grateful and responsive rural folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their children into philosophers or men of learning, or men of science. We have not to raise up from among them authors, editors, poets or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians nor lawyers, doctors, preachers, politicians, statesmen, of whom we have an ample supply…The task we set before ourselves is very simple as well as a very beautiful one, to train these people as we find them to a perfectly ideal life just where they are… So we will organize our children into a little community and teach them to do in a perfect way the things their fathers and mothers are doing in an imperfect way, in the homes, in the shops and on the farm." - + General Education Board, Occasional Papers, No. 1 "The country school of to-morrow" (General Education Board, New York, 1913) p. 6. + +See also + Philanthropy in the United States +Rockefeller family +Rockefeller Foundation +John D. Rockefeller +John D. Rockefeller Jr. + +References + +Further reading + Fleming, Louise E. and Rita S. Saslaw. "Rockefeller and General Education Board Influences on Vocational ism in Education, 1880-1925" (1992) online +Fosdick, Raymond Blaine. Adventures in Giving: The Story of the General Education Board, (1962). +Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, (1988). + General Education Board. The General Education Board: An Account of Its Activities, 1902-1914. (1915) online free + General Education Board. Annual Report Of The General Education Board 1934-1935 (1936) online free + +External links + Activities in Tennessee + Activities in 1939 1939: General Education Board - Archive Article - MSN Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31) + "Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed": The General Education Board, 1903-1964 (Rockefeller Archive Center) + General Education Board Archives, (1901-1964) - 1967 Southern Secondary and Elementary Education (Rockefeller Archive Center) +https://web.archive.org/web/20070323030240/http://www.thememoryhole.org/edu/school-mission.htm + +Institutions founded by the Rockefeller family +Rockefeller Foundation +Education in the United States +Educational foundations in the United States +1902 establishments in the United States +Kiama is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Gareth Ward. Originally elected as a member of the Liberal Party, Ward stood down from the party in May 2021 following allegations of sexual misconduct. + +The electorate is named after and includes the Municipality of Kiama. It also includes the southern part of the City of Shellharbour (including the suburbs of Albion Park and the western part of Albion Park Rail) and the part of the City of Shoalhaven to the north of the Shoalhaven river (including Bomaderry and Berry). It includes a thinly populated area to the west of Nowra south of the Shoalhaven. It also includes Marshall Mount in the City of Wollongong. + +History + +Kiama was created in 1859. It was abolished in 1904 with the downsizing of parliament after federation and replaced by Allowrie. It was recreated in 1981, replacing parts of Illawarra and South Coast. + +Members for Kiama + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Kiama +1859 establishments in Australia +Kiama +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Kiama +1981 establishments in Australia +Kiama +Kogarah is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The electorate is located in St George. It is represented by Chris Minns of the Australian Labor Party. + +Kogarah includes the Sydney suburbs of Allawah, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Carss Park, Kogarah and parts of Bexley, Bexley North, Blakehurst, Hurstville, Kingsgrove, Penshurst and South Hurstville. + +History +Kogarah was created for the 1930 election, partly replacing the abolished districts of Oatley and St George. It was a marginal seat in the 1930s and 1940s but, since 1953, it became increasingly safe for Labor. + +The seat was first won by former state MP for St George and Oatley, Mark Gosling of the Labor Party. However, following factionalism, splits and sectarianism within the state and federal Labor parties, the United Australia Party, later the Liberal Party, won the seat at the 1932 election. Winning back the seat in 1941, the Labor Party have since held the seat for seventy-eight of the seats ninety-three years of its existence. + +Members for Kogarah + +Election results + +References + +Kogarah +1930 establishments in Australia +Kogarah +Ku-ring-gai was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The electorate covers the suburbs and parts of the suburbs of Gordon, Hornsby, Killara, Lindfield, Normanhurst, North Turramurra, North Wahroonga, Pymble, South Turramurra, Thornleigh, Turramurra, Wahroonga, Waitara, Warrawee and West Pymble. + +History +Ku-ring-gai was created before the 1973 election and was held by John Maddison, a minister in the government of Askin, who had previously been the member for Hornsby. Maddison retired in 1980 and future Premiers of New South Wales Nick Greiner won the seat at a by-election. He held the seat until resigning from Parliament and as Premier in 1992 in the aftermath of the ICAC enquiry into the Metherell affair. He was succeeded by Stephen O'Doherty, who in 1999 chose to follow the majority of his constituents into the re-created seat of Hornsby. Barry O'Farrell transferred to Ku-ring-gai in 1999 after his seat of Northcott was abolished, and held it when he became Premier after leading the Coalition to a massive landslide victory in the 2011 state election. He resigned as premier in 2014 and retired from politics after the 2015 state election, handing the seat to current member Henskens. + +Located in the heartland of the North Shore, Ku-ring-gai has been in Liberal hands for its entire existence, and for much of that time has been an ultra-safe seat even by North Shore standards. The Liberals have never tallied less than 65 percent of the two-party vote, and have always taken the seat on the first count with no need for preferences. At the 2011 election, for instance, O'Farrell was reelected with 81.3% of the two-candidate-preferred vote, making Ku-ring-gai the safest seat in the entire NSW parliament. + +While frequently runs dead in north Sydney, Ku-ring-gai is particularly hostile territory for Labor. Since the 1990s, Labor has usually been lucky to get 20 percent of the primary vote. In 2011, for example, Labor was pushed into third place behind the Greens. The seat is almost entirely within the equally safe federal seat of Bradfield, previously one of the safest federal Liberal seats in the country, prior to the 2022 election where it became marginal. + +Ku-ring-gai is one of four current electorates in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly to have been held by two Premiers of New South Wales while in office. Both Premiers Greiner and O'Farrell held Ku-ring-gai while in office. The other three electorates being Maroubra, Willoughby and Wollondilly. + +As a result of a redistribution in 2021, Ku-ring-gai was abolished at the 2023 election, largely replaced by Wahroonga. + +Members for Ku-ring-gai + +Election results + +References + +Ku-ring-gai +1973 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1973 +2023 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2023 +Lachlan was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. During the first two Parliaments (1856–1859), there was an electorate in the same area called Lachlan and Lower Darling, named after the Lachlan and Darling Rivers. Lachlan was created in 1859 and abolished in 1880, partly replaced by Forbes. In 1894 Forbes was abolished and Lachlan was recreated. In 1920 Lachlan and Ashburnham were absorbed into Murrumbidgee and elected three members under proportional representation. At the end of proportional representation in 1927, Lachlan was recreated. It was abolished in 1950, recreated in 1981 and abolished in 2007. + +The abolition of Lachlan for the 2007 election prompted its member, former Deputy Premier Ian Armstrong to retire at that election rather than seek the option of remaining in Parliament by contesting another seat. + +Members for Lachlan + +Election results + +References + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +Constituencies established in 1859 +1859 establishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1880 +1880 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1894 +1894 establishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1920 +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1927 +1927 establishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1950 +1950 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1981 +1981 establishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Lake Macquarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in Greater Newcastle, Hunter Region of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by the independent Greg Piper. + +Lake Macquarie is entirely located in the City of Lake Macquarie, Greater Newcastle and includes suburbs as far north as Killingworth, Boolaroo and Cardiff and as far east as Cardiff South. Suburbs further north are in Cessnock and Wallsend and suburbs further east are in Charlestown and Swansea. + +Members for Lake Macquarie + +Election results + +References + +Lake Macquarie +City of Lake Macquarie +1950 establishments in Australia +Lake Macquarie +Lakemba was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, located in the South-Western suburbs of Sydney. It has been held by the Labor Party since its creation in 1927. It was represented by Morris Iemma, who was Premier of New South Wales from 3 August 2005 until his resignation on 5 September 2008. It was last held by Jihad Dib from the 2015 election to its abolishment. + +Lakemba included the suburbs of Chullora, Greenacre, Lakemba, Mount Lewis, Punchbowl, Wiley Park and parts of Bankstown, Belmore, Beverly Hills, Narwee, Riverwood and Roselands. + +As a result of a redistribution in 2021, Lakemba was abolished at the 2023 election; its territory split between Bankstown, Canterbury and Oatley. + +Members for Lakemba + +Election results + +References + +Lakemba +1927 establishments in Australia +Lakemba +Lakemba +Constituencies disestablished in 2023 +Micrixalus (commonly known as dancing frogs, tropical frogs, and torrent frogs) is a genus of frogs from that are endemic to the Western Ghats in India. They are monotypic within the family Micrixalidae. Before being raised to the family level they were classified as the subfamily Micrixalinae within Ranidae. Micrixalus frogs, such as Micrixalus saxicola, are popularly known as "dancing frogs" due to their peculiar habit of waving their feet to attract females during the breeding season. Dancing frogs are extremely vulnerable as their habitat is severely threatened. + +Description +The family is characterized by having a pectoral girdle that is firmisternal and tadpoles having a single row of labial teeth. Biju et al. (2014) list the following characteristic features as common to all species of Micrixalus: + +Natural history + +Dancing frogs are found in the vicinity of fast and slow moving perennial streams in the forests of the Western Ghats. Typical habitats include high altitude shola forests, wet evergreen forests, Myristica swamps, and secondary forests. Both the genus and the family are also known by the epithets "tropical frogs" and "torrent frogs". + +During the breeding season, male dancing frogs call from spots close to running water and display their prominent white vocal sacs. Males tap their hindfeet and extend it, subsequently stretching the foot outward and shaking it, both at prospective mates and rival males. This type of hindleg movement has been termed as "foot-flagging" and has been observed in many, but not all, Micrixalus species and evidence inferred for a few other species as well. Foot flagging is done with either hindlimb and also while calling. The mating pair enter the water where the eggs are fertilised. The female dancing frog excavates in the streambed with her hindlimbs. The pair detach, the female lays her eggs in the chamber in the streambed and buries the spawn with sand and gravel using the hindlimbs. + +DNA analysis +In 2014, researchers uncovered 14 new species in the genus Micrixalus. This was the result of a DNA analysis of the dancing frogs from the Western Ghats region of South India. In addition, they noted that the two species M. narainensis and M. swamianus are junior synonyms of M. kottigeharensis, and that M. herrei is elevated from a synonym of M. fuscus to a valid species. + +The members of the team were S.D. Biju and Sonali Garg (both from Delhi University), K.V. Gururaja from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and, Yogesh Shouche and Sandeep A. W. (both from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune). The results, which were published in the peer-reviewed Ceylon Journal of Science in May 2014, have arisen from a study conducted over a dozen years in the forests of the Western Ghats in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. + +The species were differentiated due to molecular markers from DNA analysis which also indicated that the endemic group had evolved in this habitat approximately 85 million years ago. The Western Ghats is a biodiversity hotspot for amphibians with 75 new amphibian species having been discovered in the last fifteen years alone. This discovery raised the number of endemic amphibian species in the Western Ghats to 181. However, S.D. Biju, the leader of the research team, stated that the potential for discovering new amphibian species is far from exhausted, and as many as a hundred new species could be awaiting discovery. + +This study has serious conservation implications for India as many as seven species of dancing frogs are only found outside protected areas. + +Species +The genus (and the family) contains 24 species: + +Image gallery + +See also + Staurois, another Asian genus of frogs that signal each other by leg waving + +References + +External links + + Photo gallery : Meet the Dancing Frogs of the Western Ghats + Video : Meet the hilarious dancing frogs as scientists discover new species + + +Amphibians of Asia +Amphibians of India +Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats +Amphibian genera +Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger +Lane Cove is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Anthony Roberts of the Liberal Party. The electoral district of Lane Cove encompasses the suburbs and localities of Artarmon, Chatswood West, East Ryde, Gladesville, Gore Hill, Greenwich, Henley, Hunters Hill, Huntleys Point, Lane Cove, Linley Point, Longueville, Macquarie Park, Monash Park, North Ryde, Northwood, Putney, Riverview, Ryde, St Leonards, Tambourine Bay and Woolwich. + +Members for Lane Cove + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Lane Cove +1904 establishments in Australia +Lane Cove +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Lane Cove +1913 establishments in Australia +Lane Cove +Lismore is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Janelle Saffin of the Labor Party. + +The electoral district includes all of the City of Lismore (including Lismore, Lindendale, Nimbin, Dunoon and Clunes), much of inland Tweed Shire (including Murwillumbah, Tyalgum and Uki), all of Kyogle Council (including Kyogle, Bonalbo, Tabulam and Woodenbong) and all of Tenterfield Shire. (including Tenterfield, Drake, Jennings, Liston, Legume, Torrington and Urbenville) + +History +Lismore was first created with the end of multi-member districts in 1894, when it was split from Richmond. In 1904, it was abolished with the reduction in the size of the Legislative Assembly, after Federation. In 1913, Lismore was recreated, replacing Richmond. With the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, Lismore and Clarence were absorbed into Byron. With the end of proportional representation in 1927, Lismore and Clarence were recreated. + +Historically a Country Party/National Party seat, Lismore has only been represented by two Labor MPs: Keith Compton, who was elected at a by-election in 1959 and re-elected in 1962, and Janelle Saffin, who was elected in 2019 who is also the first woman to represent the division. + +Members for Lismore + +Election results + +References + +Lismore +Liverpool is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Charishma Kaliyanda of the Labor Party. + +The district is located in Western Sydney, within the boundaries of the Liverpool City Council. It includes the suburbs of Ashcroft, Busby, Carnes Hill, Cartwright, Green Valley, Heckenberg, Hinchinbrook, Horningsea Park, Hoxton Park, Liverpool, Miller, Sadleir, Warwick Farm and West Hoxton. + +History +Liverpool was created in 1950 and has since always been represented by a member of the Labor Party. It has historically been one of the safest seats in New South Wales and is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney. +At the 2011 election it became the safest ALP seat with sitting member Paul Lynch winning 64.7% of the two party preferred vote although Ron Hoenig won a larger vote at the Heffron by-election held in August 2012 but that was achieved in the absence of a Liberal opponent. + +Members for Liverpool + +Election results + +References + +Liverpool +Londonderry is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Prue Car of the Labor Party. + +It includes the suburbs of Berkshire Park, Caddens, Cambridge Park, Castlereagh, Claremont Meadows, Colyton, Jordan Springs, Llandilo, Londonderry, Melonba, Mount Pleasant, North St Marys, Oxley Park, Ropes Crossing, Shanes Park, St Marys, Tregear, Werrington, Werrington County, Werrington Downs, Whalan, Willmot and parts of Agnes Banks, Cranebrook, Emerton, Kingswood, Lethbridge Park, Marsden Park, Mount Druitt and Orchard Hills. + +Members for Londonderry + +Election results + +References + +Londonderry +Londonderry +1988 establishments in Australia +Macquarie Fields is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, located in the outer south-western suburbs of Sydney. It is currently represented by Anoulack Chanthivong of the Labor Party. + +It currently includes the suburbs of Bardia, Bow Bowing, Casula, Cross Roads, Denham Court, Edmondson Park, Eschol Park, Glenfield, Ingleburn, Kearns, Kentlyn, Leppington, Leumeah, Long Point, Macquarie Fields, Macquarie Links, Minto, Minto Heights, Raby, St Andrews and Varroville. + +Members for Macquarie Fields + +Election results + +References + +Macquarie Fields +Macquarie Fields +1988 establishments in Australia +Macquarie Fields +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Macquarie Fields +1999 establishments in Australia +Frank Norman (9 June 1930 – 23 December 1980) was a British novelist and playwright. + +His reputation rests on his first memoir Bang to Rights (1958) and his musical play Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be (1960), but much of the remainder of his work remains fresh and readable. Norman's early success was based in part on the frankness of his memoirs and in part on the style of his writing, which contained both renditions of cockney speakers and his own poor spelling. Jeffrey Bernard in an obituary of Norman wrote that he was + +"a 'natural' writer of considerable wit, powers of sardonic observation and with a razor sharp ear for dialogue particularly as spoken in the underworld." + +Early life + +Norman was born in Bristol, England, in 1930 and was abandoned by his natural parents. After an unsuccessful adoption, he was committed to a succession of children's homes in and around London—the story of which is recounted in his childhood autobiography, Banana Boy (1969). After the homes came a succession of petty crimes for which he was imprisoned, finally leading to a three-year stretch at Camp Hill Prison on the Isle of Wight. + +John Norman was not born within the sound of Bow Bells so was not a true Cockney sparrow. He was born on 9 June 1930, the illegitimate son of Frank Charles Booth and Beatrice Smith Née Norman, a secretary who worked at the engineering works owned by Frank Smith's father. The place of birth was given as 151 Whiteladies Road, Clifton, Bristol. John was abandoned by his mother some years later and was placed with The Church of England Adoption society. After a few unsuccessful adoptions John was placed with a wealthy women who it is recorded had servants who looked after Master John. It was thought it was about this time his name got changed around while living with Lady W as he calls her. This adoption did not work out, so Frank was placed in the care of Dr Barnardo's on 24 March 1937 at Stepney HQ where he stayed for a short time. Frank was then moved to Cardington Abbey Howard House 17 Cardington Road, Bedford on 3 April 1937. This is recorded as a home for children with learning disabilities. One of his teachers wrote, "This lad will never amount to much." How wrong she was. + +At Howard House, Bedford Frank had started to settle down but soon found it was time to move to another home, and on 21 August 1941 Frank ended up at Kingston-upon-Thame s, which by all accounts was not a happy time for Frank. On 8 July 1944 he set off for Goldings together with several other boys, which for him turned out to be the most fearsome establishment, recounted in his childhood autobiography Banana Boy (1969). This time at Goldings would stand him in good stead during the time he would spend on "holiday" in prison. + +While at Goldings, he tried a few trades but could not master any, most likely due to his limited reading and writing skills, so he ended up in the kitchen. He then requested a transfer to the gardening department. He left Goldings aged 16 on 17 October 1946. + +After leaving Dr. Barnardo's, Frank was involved in petty crimes for which he was imprisoned, finally leading to a three-year stretch at Camp Hill Prison on the Isle of Wight. + +Writing career +Released from prison in 1957, he started writing what was to become his best known book. Norman's several accounts of how he came to write are at variance with one another, but within a year of his release, he had published in Encounter magazine a 10,000-word extract from his prison memoir, Bang to Rights. Championed at first by the editor of Encounter, Stephen Spender, and subsequently by Raymond Chandler, who wrote the foreword to Bang to Rights, Norman's literary success was assured. + +After the success of Bang to Rights Norman wrote a draft of what was to become the musical Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be. This draft found its way to Joan Littlewood who produced it for the Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal, Stratford, with Lionel Bart writing the music for the songs. The play transferred to the West End, and Norman won the Evening Standard Drama Award for best musical in 1960. + +Around the same period Norman was writing Stand on Me, an autobiographical memoir of his life in Soho in the 1950s before imprisonment. His next book The Guntz was a follow-up to Bang to Rights, relating stories from his life as a successful writer. Soho Night and Day (1966) was a collaboration with Jeffrey Bernard whose photographs enlivened Norman's text. Two novels followed in quick succession: The Monkey Pulled His Hair in 1967 and Barney Snip – Artist (1968). + +Later work +A further novel, Dodgem Greaser, published in 1971, contained the fictionalised memoirs of a fairground boy, certainly based on Norman's own boyhood fairground experiences. + +Norman's London reprinted a selection of Norman's early journalism, while Lock'em up and Count'em provides an appraisal of and a plan of reform for the British prison system. The Penguin collection The Lives of Frank Norman (1972) contains extracts from four of his previously published autobiographical books. A further memoir Why Fings Went West (1975) deals specifically with theatre life in the late 1950s and early 1960s. His last published work of non-fiction was The Fake's Progress written in collaboration with its subject Tom Keating, the art forger, and his wife Geraldine Norman, whom he married in 1971. + +Norman's novels of the 1970s lacked some of the power of his earlier work. One of our Own is a rambling novel of East End life; Much Ado About Nuffink (1974), is a semi-autobiographical novel of a working-class playwright whose play Who Do They Fink They're 'Aving A Go At, Then becomes a critical success. Down and Out in High Society (1975) is a novel about Soho. + +Three late novels—Too Many Crooks Spoil the Caper (1979), The Dead Butler Caper (1980) and The Baskerville Caper (1981)—found Norman back in strong form in a series featuring Ed Nelson, an under-employed Soho private detective with a penchant for Hankey Bannister Scotch whisky. + +In 1960, Frank Norman appeared as a contestant on the TV game show "To Tell the Truth". He was an impostor pretending to be British long-distance runner Fred Norris. The host, Bud Collyer, acknowledged Norman's writing career by letting the audience know his prize-winning play Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be had been playing in London's West End for 14 months. + +Death +Frank Norman died of Hodgkin's lymphoma aged 50, on 23 December 1980. + +General Works +Bang to Rights (1958) +Stand on Me (1960) +The Guntz (1962) +Soho Night and Day (1966) +The Monkey Pulled His Hair (1967) +Barney Snip – Artist (1968) +Banana Boy (1969) +Norman's London (1969) +Lock'em up and Count'em (1970) +Dodgem Greaser (1971) +The Lives of Frank Norman (1972) +One of our Own (1973) +Much Ado About Nuffink (1974) +Why Fings Went West (1975) +Down and Out in High Society (1975) +The Fake's Progress (1977) (with Tom Keating and Geraldine Norman) +Too Many Crooks Spoil the Caper (1979) +The Dead Butler Caper (1980) +The Baskerville Caper (1981) + +Plays +Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be (1959) +A Kayf Up West (1964) +Insideout (1969) +Costa Packet + +References + +Jeffrey Bernard, "Mr Frank Norman", The Times, 28 December 1980. + +External links + + +1930 births +1980 deaths +20th-century British novelists +20th-century British dramatists and playwrights +British male novelists +British male dramatists and playwrights +People from Clifton, Bristol +Betzdorf () is a town and municipality in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. +Betzdorf is part of the district of Altenkirchen. Betzdorf is located on the river Sieg, approx. south-west of Siegen. Betzdorf is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Betzdorf-Gebhardshain. Betzdorf (Sieg) station is a railway junction with closed marshalling yard on the Sieg Railway, the Betzdorf–Haiger railway and the . + +It is twinned with the town of Ross-on-Wye, England. + +References + +Altenkirchen (district) +Maitland is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. + +The district encompasses most of the City of Maitland. + +History +Maitland was created in 1904, replacing East Maitland and West Maitland. With the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, it absorbed parts of Upper Hunter, Singleton, Cessnock and Durham and elected three members. With the end of proportional representation in 1927, Maitland was split into the single-member electorates of Maitland, Upper Hunter and Cessnock. + +Members for Maitland + +Election results + +References + +Maitland +Maitland, New South Wales +1904 establishments in Australia +Maitland +Manly is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, and covers a large portion of the Northern Beaches Council local government area. Created in 1927, although it has historically tended to be a -leaning seat, Manly has had a history of independent local members. It is represented by James Griffin for the Liberal Party, and was previously represented by the former Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird. + +On 23 January 2017, Baird resigned as Premier and member for Manly, triggering a by-election in the district which was held on 8 April and won by Liberal candidate James Griffin. + +Members for Manly + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Manly +Constituencies established in 1927 +Manly, New South Wales +Northern Beaches +Maroubra is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales located south-east of Sydney CBD. It is currently represented by Michael Daley, former leader of the Labor Party, + +Maroubra includes the suburbs of Banksmeadow, Botany, Chifley, Daceyville, Eastgardens, Hillsdale, Kingsford, La Perouse, Little Bay, Malabar, Maroubra, Maroubra Junction, Matraville, Pagewood, Phillip Bay, Port Botany and parts of Eastlakes. + +History +Maroubra is one of four current electorates in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly to have been held by two Premiers of New South Wales while in office. Both Premiers Bob Heffron and Bob Carr have held Maroubra while in office, the other three electorates being Ku-ring-gai, Willoughby and Wollondilly. + +Maroubra has always been a safe seat for the Labor Party. It has had one of the fewest turnover of members of current seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, with just four members in over 60 years - equal with the electorates of Lake Macquarie and Wagga Wagga. + +Members for Maroubra + +Election results + +References + +Maroubra +Maroubra, New South Wales +1950 establishments in Australia +Maroubra +Menai was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1999 to 2015. It was most recently represented by Melanie Gibbons of the Liberal Party. Currently, it is the only state seat in the state of New South Wales to have always been represented by a woman. This district was abolished in the 2013 redistribution, largely replaced by Holsworthy. + +Members for Menai + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1999 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1999 +2015 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2015 +Miranda is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Eleni Petinos of the Liberal Party. + +Miranda is located in the north of Sutherland Shire on the south shore of Georges River. It includes the suburbs of Alfords Point, Bonnet Bay, Como, Gymea, Illawong, Jannali, Kangaroo Point, Kareela, Kirrawee, Miranda, Oyster Bay, Sylvania, Sylvania Waters, Taren Point and parts of Caringbah and Sutherland. + +History + +Created in 1971, Miranda had traditionally been a electorate, being won by only at landslide elections, two under Neville Wran in 1978 and 1981, and again under Bob Carr in 1999 and 2003. According to ABC psephologist Antony Green, the seat should have been recovered by the Liberals in 2007 but was narrowly retained by Labor. On a margin of 0.8 percent it was the Labor government's most marginal seat. In 2011 the Liberals won government in a landslide, and the seat of Miranda on a very safe 21.0 percent margin, with 39 seats held by the Coalition on smaller margins. + +The seat was made vacant following the resignation of Liberal MP Graham Annesley. The 2013 Miranda by-election was conducted on 19 October, Labor's Barry Collier won the seat with a two-party swing of 26 percent in the largest by-election swing in the state's history. He did not stand for re-election at the 2015 NSW State election and the seat was subsequently won by the Liberal Party's Eleni Petinos. + +Members for Miranda + +Election results + +References + +Miranda +1971 establishments in Australia +Miranda +Stephen Harris Holt (born 1974 in Darwin, Northern Territory) is a former field hockey defender and midfielder from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. + +He was nicknamed Shaggy by his teammates. + +He now resides in Yankalilla South Australia where he spends time with his family and competes in the local hockey competition and mentors young aspiring players to follow in his footsteps. + +References + Profile on Hockey Australia + +External links + +1974 births +Living people +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Sportspeople from Darwin, Northern Territory +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from the Northern Territory +Nannophrys is a genus of frogs endemic to Sri Lanka. It used to be placed in the large frog family Ranidae but a phylogenetic study was undertaken using DNA sequences and it is now included in the family Dicroglossidae. They are sometimes known under the common name streamlined frogs. + +Ecology +Nannophrys species are flat-bodied frogs that are adapted to live among narrow, horizontal rock crevices near clear-water streams. + +Species +Four species are placed in the genus: + Nannophrys ceylonensis Günther, 1869 + †Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882 (extinct) + Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946 + Nannophrys naeyakai Fernando, Wickramasinghe, and Rodrigo, 2007 + +References + + +Dicroglossidae +Amphibians of Asia +Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka +Amphibian genera +Taxa named by Albert Günther +Monaro, also known as Maneroo (1856–1858), Monara (1858–1879) and Manaro (1894–1904) is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Steve Whan of the Labor party since the 2023 New South Wales state election. + +Monaro is a regional district in the south of the state. It encompasses the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council and Snowy Monaro Regional Council. Its significant population centres include Queanbeyan, Bungendore, Braidwood, Cooma, Bombala, Captains Flat, Nimmitabel, Delegate, Bredbo, Michelago, Berridale, Jindabyne and Adaminaby. + +History +The electorate was created in 1856 for the First Parliament under the name Maneroo, derived from an Aboriginal name for the area, now spelt Monaro. It was renamed Monara for the second Parliament in February 1858. The spelling was changed to Monaro from 1877 until 1894. It elected two members between 1880 and 1894. In 1894, single-member electorates were introduced statewide and part of the electorate, (including Bombala), was absorbed into Eden-Bombala. At this time the spelling was changed to Manaro. The 1903 New South Wales referendum required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90, the district was expanded to include parts of Queanbeyan and the abolished seat of Eden-Bombala and the spelling reverted to Monaro. In 1913, it absorbed much of the electoral district of Queanbeyan, including Queanbeyan, which is its major city. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Goulburn, along with Monaro. It was recreated in 1927. + +Nationals member Nichole Overall made history in 2022 by being elected as the first female representative of the Monaro. Overall's husband was previously mayor of the City of Queanbeyan. + +Members for Monaro + +Election results + +References + +Monaro +Monaro +1858 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1858 +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1920 +1927 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1927 +Mulgoa was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. + +Mulgoa includes the suburbs of Abbotsbury, Austral, Badgerys Creek, Cecil Hills, Cecil Park, Eastern Creek, Elizabeth Hills, Erskine Park, Glenmore Park, Horsley Park, Kemps Creek, Luddenham, Middleton Grange, Mount Vernon, Mulgoa, Orchard Hills, Regentville, St Clair, Wallacia and West Hoxton. + +Mulgoa was originally created 1988, but was abolished in 1991, when it was largely replaced by Badgerys Creek. It was recreated in 1999, largely replacing Badgerys Creek. As a result of a redistribution in 2021, Mulgoa will once again be abolished at the 2023 election, replaced by a new incarnation of Badgerys Creek. + +Members for Mulgoa + +Election results + +References + +Mulgoa +Mulgoa +1988 establishments in Australia +Mulgoa +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Mulgoa +1999 establishments in Australia +2023 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2023 +Murray-Darling is a former electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. + +It included Urana Shire, Jerilderie Shire, Berrigan Shire, Murray Shire, Conargo Shire, Deniliquin Council, Wakool Shire, Hay Shire, Balranald Shire, Wentworth Shire, part of Carrathool Shire (including Goolgowi and Merriwagga), Central Darling Shire, the City of Broken Hill and the Unincorporated Far West. + +History + +Murray-Darling was created in 1999 from a merger of the Electoral district of Broken Hill and part of the Electoral district of Murray. In 2015, the southern parts of the electorate were absorbed into the new Electoral district of Murray and the northern parts (the City of Broken Hill, the Central Darling Shire and the Unincorporated Far West were absorbed into the Electoral district of Barwon. + +Members for Murray-Darling + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1999 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1999 +2015 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2015 +Wyong is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The district is a 640.55 km² urban and semi-rural electorate on the Central Coast. It covers part of Central Coast Council, including the towns of Wyong and Toukley. + +History +Wyong was originally established in 1962. In 1973, it was replaced by Munmorah and a redistricted Gosford. In 1988, a recreated Wyong and The Entrance replaced Tuggerah. + +In 2011 local businessman Darren Webber won the seat, becoming the first Liberal MP for Wyong, gaining a 9.5% swing. Former MP David Harris regained the seat for Labor in 2015. + +Members for Wyong + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Wyong +1962 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1962 +1973 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1973 +1988 establishments in Australia +Wyong +City of Lake Macquarie +Wollongong is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Paul Scully of the Labor Party. Since a redistribution in 2013, it has covered an area of 79.25 square kilometres and includes the localities of Berkeley, Coachwood Park, Coniston, Cordeaux Heights, Corrimal, Cringila, Fairy Meadow, Farmborough Chase, Farmborough Heights, Figtree, Gwynneville, Kembla Grange, Kembla Heights, Kemblawarra, Lake Heights, Lindsay Heights, Mangerton, Mount Kembla, Mount Saint Thomas, North Wollongong, Port Kembla, Primbee, Spring Hill, Towradgi, Unanderra, Warrawong, West Wollongong, Windang, Wollongong. + +In August 2016, Noreen Hay resigned from the Legislative Assembly triggering a third by-election to be held on 12 November 2016, the other two being Canterbury and Orange. Scully won the by-election, retaining the seat for the Labor party. + +History +Wollongong was created in 1904, replacing parts of Woronora and Illawarra. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Wollondilly, along with Allowrie. In 1927, with the abolition of proportional representation, it was recreated, along with a new Illawarra electorate. In 1930, it was replaced by Bulli. In 1941, a new electorate of Wollongong-Kembla was created. This was split into Wollongong and Kembla in 1968. Wollongong has rarely been won by the right wing party and in recent decades has become one of Labor's safest seats. + +Members for Wollongong + +Election results + +References + +Wollongong +Wollongong +1904 establishments in Australia +Wollongong +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Wollongong +1927 establishments in Australia +Wollongong +1930 disestablishments in Australia +Wollongong +1968 establishments in Australia +Willoughby is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has been represented by Tim James of the Liberal Party since 12 February 2022. + +History +Willoughby was an electoral district of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, first created in 1894 with the abolition of multi-member electoral districts from part of St Leonards, and named after and including the Sydney suburb of Willoughby. It was abolished in 1904 and re-established in 1913. In 1920 with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into the multi-member electorate of Ryde along with Burwood and Gordon. It was recreated in 1927 with the return to single-member electorates. It was abolished in 1988, with most of its territory becoming Middle Harbour. In 1991, Middle Harbour was abolished and replaced by a recreated Willoughby. + +Like most seats in the North Shore, Willoughby is a stronghold for the Liberal Party. Counting its time as Middle Harbour, the Liberals or their predecessors have held the seat for all but two terms since the return to single-member seats in 1927. The one break in this tradition came in the "Wranslide" of 1978, when a split in the Liberal vote allowed 's Eddie Britt to sweep into office. However, a redistribution ahead of the 1981 election erased Britt's majority and made Willoughby notionally Liberal. Britt narrowly lost to future state opposition leader Peter Collins even in the face of the second "Wranslide." + +The seat reverted to form in 1984, with Collins easily seeing off Britt in a rematch. Since then, Labor has usually run dead in Willoughby, and on some occasions has been pushed into third place. The only time the Liberal hold on the seat has been seriously threatened since the 1980s came on Collins' retirement in 2003. Pat Reilly, the longtime mayor of the City of Willoughby, ran as an independent and nearly defeated Liberal Gladys Berejiklian on Labor preferences. The swing against the Liberals was large enough to drop the Liberal margin over Labor to 7.2 percent, the closest in two decades. However, Berejiklian easily dispatched Reilly in a rematch and has held the seat without serious difficulty ever since. + +Willoughby is one of four electorates in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly to have been held by two Premiers of New South Wales while in office. Both Premiers (Sir) Charles Wade and Gladys Berejiklian held Willoughby while in office, the other three electorates being Ku-ring-gai, Maroubra and Wollondilly. + +Berejiklian has facts in common with her predecessor in Willoughby, Collins in that both had served as state Liberal leaders and prior to that served as Deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer although unlike Collins, Berejiklian held the positions of Deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer simultaneously. + +Members for Willoughby + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Willoughby +1894 establishments in Australia +Willoughby +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Willoughby +1913 establishments in Australia +Willoughby +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Willoughby +1927 establishments in Australia +Willoughby +1988 disestablishments in Australia +Willoughby +1991 establishments in Australia +Willoughby +James Ellis may refer to: + +Arts and entertainment +James G. Ellis (composer) (1880–1966), American violinist, silent film theater pioneer, and composer +James Ellis (actor) (1931–2014), British actor +James Ellis (musician), British rock guitarist and record producer + +Politics and law +James Ellis (antiquary) (1763–1830), English lawyer and antiquary +James Ellis (British politician) (1829–1901), British MP for Bosworth 1885–1892 +James Ellis (Australian politician) (1843–1930), Australian politician +James A. Ellis (1864–1934), mayor of Ottawa +James L. Ellis, California state legislator +James M. Ellis, lawyer and state legislator in West Virginia +James F. Ellis (1870–1937), Canadian physician and politician + +Others +James Ellis (footballer) (fl. 1892), Scottish footballer +Mooney Ellis (James Ellis, born 1896), American baseball player +James H. Ellis (1924–1997), British engineer and cryptographer +James G. Ellis (born 1947), American academic; dean of the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California +James O. Ellis (born 1947), U.S. Navy admiral + +See also +Jim Ellis (disambiguation) +Jimmy Ellis (disambiguation) +Wentworthville was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, first created in 1962. The seat was absorbed into surrounding electorates in a redistribution prior to the 1991 election and recreated in the redistribution prior to the 1999 election. At the 2003 election, Pam Allan won the seat with 54% of the first preference votes. This was a marginal improvement over the 1999 election. It was abolished again for the 2007 election, with the larger part of it going to the new electoral district of Toongabbie. + +Between 2003 and 2007, the electorate covers 21,589 km2, taking in suburbs from several local government areas including Girraween, Greystanes, Northmead, Pendle Hill, Toongabbie, Winston Hills, Wentworthville and part of Prospect. + +Members + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1962 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1962 +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1991 +1999 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1999 +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +The Electoral district of Wakehurst is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It covers a significant part of Sydney's Northern Beaches as well as parts of the Forest District. Created in 1962, it has been won by the Liberal Party at all but three elections over the last half-century. + +History +The seat of Wakehurst was created in the August 1961 electoral redistribution, with its territory drawn partly from the seats of Manly and Collaroy. First contested at the 1962 state election, Wakehurst was named in honour of the popular long-serving Governor of New South Wales from 1937 to 1946, Lord Wakehurst. It was held by the Liberal Party from its creation until the 1978 election, when it was won by the Labor Party as part of the first Wranslide. Although the seat is historically Liberal, Labor held the seat until the 1984 election, when the Liberals retook the seat. + +The seat was first won in 1962 by Dick Healey of the Liberal Party. He moved to the new seat of Davidson in 1971. He served as a minister in the Coalition state government from 1973 to 1976, and retired in 1981. Wakehurst was won in 1971 by Allan Viney. He held the seat until his defeat in 1978 by the ALP's Tom Webster. Webster was re-elected at the 1981 election but was defeated in 1984 by Liberal candidate John Booth. Booth held the seat until 1991, when he lost preselection to Brad Hazzard. Hazzard joined the Coalition shadow frontbench after the 1995 election, and served as a minister in the O'Farrell, Baird, Berejiklian and Perrottet governments. + +Hazzard retired at the 2023 NSW election, when the Mayor of Northern Beaches Council, Michael Regan, won the seat as an independent candidate. + +Members for Wakehurst + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Wakehurst +1962 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1962 +Northern Beaches +Wagga Wagga is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The district has been held by MP Joe McGirr since the September 2018 by-election. + +Wagga Wagga is a regional electorate. It entirely covers two local government areas: the City of Wagga Wagga and Lockhart Shire. It also covers part of the Snowy Valleys Council, which was established following the merger of Tumut Shire and Tumbarumba Shire. + +History +Wagga Wagga was created in 1894. In 1920, Wagga Wagga, Albury and Corowa was absorbed into Murray and elected three members under proportional representation. When proportional representation was replaced by single-member electorates in 1927, Wagga Wagga was recreated, with Matthew Kilpatrick, the Country Party candidate, winning the October election. According to the Wagga Daily Advertiser, it was a decisive vote against the continuance of the Labor government led by Jack Lang. + +Labor regained the seat in its 1941 landslide, holding it until the Liberals took it back in 1957. It remained safely Liberal for most of the last half-century, despite being located in the midst of an area considered Country/ National heartland. This tradition was broken in 2018, when longtime Liberal member Daryl Maguire was forced out of politics due to a corruption scandal. At the ensuring by-election, the Liberal primary vote almost halved, allowing independent Joe McGirr to take the seat on 59.6 percent of the two-candidate vote. Although Labor was knocked down to third place on the primary vote, the swing against the Liberals was large enough to make Wagga Wagga a notional Labor seat in a "traditional" two-party matchup with the Liberals. + +McGirr retained the seat with an increased majority at the 2019 state election, with the Liberals standing down in favour of the Nationals. Unlike the preceding by-election, the National candidate won the notional "traditional" two-party matchup with Labor. + +Members for Wagga Wagga + +Election results + +References + +Wagga Wagga +Wagga Wagga +1894 establishments in Australia +Wagga Wagga +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Wagga Wagga +1927 establishments in Australia +Vaucluse is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, located east of Sydney CBD. The electorate gets its name from the suburb of Vaucluse in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs. Vaucluse is one of two original (post 1927 redistribution) electorates to have never been held by the opposing party and always by the Liberal Party or its predecessors, the other district being Hornsby. It has been represented in the past by former Leaders of the Opposition Murray Robson and Peter Debnam of the Liberal Party. + +Members for Vaucluse + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Vaucluse +Wihtburh (also Withburga or Withburge; died 743) was an East Anglian saint, princess and abbess. According to tradition, she was the youngest daughter of Anna, king of the East Angles, but Virginia Blanton has suggested that the royal connection was probably a fabrication. One story says that the Virgin Mary sent a pair of female deer to provide milk for Wihtburh's workers during the construction of her convent at Dereham, in Norfolk. When a local official attempted to hunt down the does, he was thrown from his horse and killed. + +Withburh died in 743 and was buried at Dereham. Her body was said to be uncorrupted by age or decay when her tomb was opened half a century after her death, and the church and the tomb subsequently became a place of pilgrimage. When her relics were stolen on the orders of the abbot of Ely Abbey, the remains were re-interred at Ely next to her sisters Æthelthryth and Seaxburh. In 1106, Withburh's body was again examined and found to be intact. + +Wihtburh’s cult in Eastern England, which was never large, was closely linked with that of her sister Æthelthryth. It was suppressed during the Reformation in the 1540s, and her relics were all destroyed. + +Family +Wihtburh was supposedly one of the daughters of Anna of East Anglia, a son of Eni, a member of the Wuffingas dynasty, and a nephew of Rædwald, king of the East Angles from 600 to 625. East Anglia was an early and long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom that corresponds with the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Due to their rivalry for control over the Middle Anglian people, East Anglia and its neighbour Mercia probably became hereditary enemies, and Mercia's king Penda repeatedly attacked the East Angles from the mid-630s to 654. + +The sources for information about Wihtburh's family and the life and reign of Anna include the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), completed in Northumbria by the English monk Bede in 731, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which dates the from 9th century. The Liber Eliensis, written at Ely in the 12th century, also provides information about Anna and his daughters. + +Wihtburh is not mentioned by Bede, whose writings about her elder sisters Seaxburh of Ely, Æthelthryth, Æthelburh of Faremoutiers and Sæthryth, her older half-sister, indicate that he was well-informed about the family. References to Wihtburh first appear in 10th and 11th century records, and the medievalist Virginia Blanton has suggested that the connection between Wihtburh and the family of Anna is likely to be a fabrication, invented to enhance the status of Ely Abbey. + +Legend of the does + +After the death of her father in , Wihtburh built a convent in Dereham, Norfolk. In the hagiographical account of Æthelthryth's life in the , Wihtburh is said to have "voluntarily elected to live in solitude near Dereham". + +A traditional story relates that while she was building the convent, she had nothing but dry bread to give to the workmen. She prayed to the Virgin Mary and was told to send her maids to a local well each morning. There they found two wild does that were gentle enough to be milked, and so provided a nutritious drink for the workers. According to the story, a local official did not approve of the miracle, and decided to hunt down the does with his dogs and prevent them from coming to be milked. He was punished for this cruelty when he was thrown from his horse and broke his neck. + +The legend is commemorated in the town sign in the centre of Dereham. The original sign, which was made in 1954 by Harry Carter and boys from Hamond's Grammar School, was replaced in 2004 by a fibreglass replica. + +Death and veneration at Dereham +Wihtburh died at a great age in 743, and was buried at Dereham. The historian Barbara Yorke has commented on this date for Wihtburh's death, stating that it is "rather late for a daughter of Anna". + +Wihtburh is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle annal for 799, in an addition to the original text that was written after the Norman Conquest of 1066: + +The incorruptibility of Wihtburh's body was considered a miracle and her remains were re-interred in the church which she had built in Dereham. The church and the tomb became a place of pilgrimage. The large church at Dereham has a chapel dedicated to Wihtburh, and a plan that, according to the historian Tim Pestell, "is possibly indicative of its former status". + +Removal to Ely + +In 974, Brithnoth, the abbot of Ely, accompanied by monks and armed men, travelled to Dereham with the intention of taking Wihtburh's body by force. They organised a feast for the townspeople as a diversion tactic. After waiting until the Dereham men were properly drunk, Brithnoth stole Wihtburh's body and set off during the night for the Isle of Ely. After discovering the theft, the people of Dereham set off after the tomb-robbers, who were attacked at Brandon by the townspeople. Using their knowledge of the Fens to evade their pursuers, Brithnoth and his men successfully reached Ely, and Wihtburh's remains were re-interred there. When the Dereham men returned home, they discovered that a spring had arisen in Wihtburh's tomb. + +Saints' cults were a feature of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England, and their remains attracted benefactions. Smaller monasteries may not have been able to resist the requests of places like Ely to acquire their relics, which accounts for the theft of the remains of Wihtburh in 974. The story of the theft, which appeared in the , was taken from an earlier Life of the saint. The abbey attempted to relate the story as an "appropriate holy sacrilege", which gave her honour, as she was being laid to rest close to the remains of her older sister, Æthelthryth. + +At the site of Wihtburh's tomb outside the west end of the town's parish church, there is the remains of a holy well associated with the saint, which according to her legend rose on the site of her grave after her body had been stolen. Of a second spring, located further west and called Wihtburh's Well, which was recorded in the 18th century, no remains exist. + +Wihtburh's interment at Ely is first recorded in the Hyde Register, an 11th century list of the burial places of English saints. A sentence of the text of the register, now kept in the British Library as MS Stowe 944, reads: + According to the register, she was placed near Æthelthryth, Sexburga, and Ermenilda, Sexburga's daughter. + +In 1106, when their remains were moved closer to the main altar, the bodies of Wihtburh and her sisters were publicly displayed before a group of bishops, abbots, and clergymen, including Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was found that the body of Æthelthryth had been preserved and that Wihtburh was so conserved but that her limbs were flexible, her cheeks were rosy, and her breasts were firm, a sign of her body's vitality, youthfulness and "burgeoning productivity". + +The description of her life and miraculous incorruptibility closely follows that of Æthelthryth, who was also a virgin who founded an East Anglian monastery. According to Blanton, "the prominence of the tombs [of Wihtburh and other members of her family at Ely] demonstrated that kinship was an important ideological construct that needed to be presented visually". This, and the family's inclusion in texts such the , "indicated a complementary focus on the strength and cohesion of this holy family as the cornerstone of the monastery's history". Other documents originating from the abbey show that the cults of Wihtburh and her sisters Æthelthryth and Seaxburh formed part of what the historian Virginia Blanton describes as Ely's "ideology of kinship". Ely strove to promote and enhance itself as a place renowned for its holiness and connections with the East Anglian royal family, something that was achieved by placing the royal tombs of Wihtburh and her sisters in close proximity, and documenting that the daughters of Anna were abbesses at Ely. + +The relics of the sisters were all destroyed during the Reformation; no trace of the royal tombs, including that of Wihtburh, now exists. + +Dissemination of the legend + +The process by which the story of Wihtburh was disseminated is not known for certain. Between 1325 and 1340, the English chronicler John of Tynemouth included the of the Ely saints, including Wihtburh, in his . The work was enlarged during the 15th century and a revised edition printed in English by Wynkyn de Worde in 1516 and translated into English by Richard Pynson the same year. + +Wihtburh is included as "St Withburge" in The Lives of Women Saints of our Contrie of England, also Some Other Liues of Holie Women Written by Some of the Auncient Fathers, written during the first half of the 1610s. + +The story of Wihtburh appears only to have been influential at a local level; four images depict Wihtburh (as well as Æthelthryth) on Norfolk church rood screens. According to Blanton, the depiction of the sisters together in these churches "was a result of, if not a directive of, Ely's narrative history". The localized concentration of images suggests that Wihtburh's cult was never large, and was closely linked with the cult associated with her more illustrious sister, Æthelthryth. + +Notes + +References + +Sources + +Further reading + +Primary sources + +External links + + + Venerable Withburgh (Withburga) of Dereham from Orthodox Christianity + St. Withburga of Dereham, Virgin (Withburge, Witburh) from CelticSaints + Record of a pilgrim badge associated with Wihtburh's cult, kept at the British Museum + +7th-century Christian saints +8th-century Christian saints +743 deaths +Anglo-Saxon royalty +East Anglian saints +Anglo-Saxon nuns +Burials at Ely Cathedral +Incorrupt saints +Year of birth unknown +Female saints of medieval England +8th-century English nuns +7th-century English nuns +7th-century Christian nuns +People from Norfolk +Pain (typeset as PAIN) is a musical project from Sweden that mixes heavy metal with influences from electronic music and techno. The project started out as a hobby project for frontman Peter Tägtgren, whose idea was to fuse heavy metal with 1980s-inspired electro-industrial and techno influences. Tägtgren, who is also the vocalist/guitarist of Hypocrisy and producer of his own The Abyss studios, is the only current member. + +History + +Pain's self-titled debut was released in 1997, and since then Pain has released six more albums and a DVD. Starting with their second, all of Pain's albums have made the Swedish charts, thanks in large part to hit singles such as "End of the Line", "Shut Your Mouth", and "Same Old Song". In early February 2006, Blabbermouth.net reported that Pain had signed with Roadrunner Records. Currently, Pain is under the Nuclear Blast Records banner. +In 2008, Pain was on tour as a supporting performer for the Finnish symphonic power metal band Nightwish. During this tour singer Peter Tägtgren, drummer David Wallin, and bassist Johan Husgafvel were assaulted by a gang in Leipzig. Tägtgren received 10 stitches in his face, Wallin suffered a concussion and stitches to his head, and Husgafvel had his nose broken. + +Pain supported Nightwish on the second half of their Dark Passion Play World Tour, along with Finnish pop rock band Indica, beginning with the first show in London, UK on 11 March 2009. Pain released their seventh album, You Only Live Twice, on 3 June 2011 via Nuclear Blast. They released their eighth studio album entitled Coming Home on 9 September 2016. + +Discography + +Studio albums + +Singles + +Video albums + +Music videos + +Members + +Current members +Peter Tägtgren – vocals, all instruments on CD (1996–present) + +Current touring musicians +David Wallin – drums (2003–present) +Jonathan Olsson – bass (2016–present) +Sebastian Svalland – guitars (2019–present) + +Former touring musicians +Yngve "Saroth" Liljebäck – bass (1999-2005) +Mathias Kamijo – guitars (1999-2003) +Reidar "Horgh" Horghagen – drums (1999-2003) +Andrea Odendahl – guitars (2003-2007) +Alla Fedynitch – bass (2005-2007) +Marcus Jidell – guitars (2007) +André Skaug – bass (2007/2011) +René Sebastian – guitars (2007) +Michael Bohlin – guitars (2007–2016) +Johan Husgafvel – bass (2007–2016) +Greger Andersson – guitars (2016–2019) + +References + +External links + + + + +Musical groups established in 1997 +Swedish industrial metal musical groups +Swedish heavy metal musical groups +Swedish alternative metal musical groups +Nuclear Blast artists +Electronic rock musical groups +Metal Mind Productions artists +Upper Hunter is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The seat is currently held by Dave Layzell for the National Party after he was elected at a by-election to replace Michael Johnsen. + +Upper Hunter covers the entirety of Dungog Shire, Muswellbrook Shire, Upper Hunter Shire, Liverpool Plains Shire (excluding the area around Werris Creek), the northern half of Singleton Shire (including Singleton itself), northeastern Mid-Western Regional Council (including Bylong) and part of Mid-Coast Council. + +History + +In 1859, Upper Hunter replaced the Electoral district of Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh, established in the first Parliament in 1856. It had two members from 1880 to 1894. It was abolished in 1894 and largely replaced by Robertson and Singleton. In 1904 Robertson was abolished and Upper Hunter was recreated. It was abolished from 1920 with the introduction of proportional representation, but was recreated in 1927. + +Upper Hunter is one of three electorates to have never been held by the Labor Party and always by the conservative side of politics since the abolition of proportional representation in 1927, the other two being Tamworth and Oxley. The Nationals have held the district without interruption since 1931. + +Members for Upper Hunter + +First incarnation 1856–1894 + +Second incarnation 1904–1920 + +Third incarnation 1927–present + +Election results + +References + +Electoral districts of New South Wales +1859 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1859 +1894 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1894 +1904 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1904 +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1920 +1927 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1927 +Dungog Shire +Mid-Coast Council +Muswellbrook Shire +Singleton Council +Upper Hunter Shire +Nanorana is a genus of dicroglossid frogs. They are found in Asia, from the Himalayan region of northern Pakistan and northern India, Nepal, and western China east to montane southern China and southeast to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and northern Vietnam. Common names of these frogs reflect the complex taxonomic history of the genus (see below) and include Yunnan slow frogs (or simply slow frogs) and High Himalaya frogs (for the now-synonymized genus Altirana). + +Taxonomy +The taxonomy of true frogs and their allies has been subject to numerous changes during the last decade and is not yet fully settled. Nanorana in particular has seen big changes. As currently delineated, Nanorana is a quite large genus with 28 species, resulting from considering Chaparana, Paa, and Feirana as junior synonyms. Currently these taxa may be recognized as subgenera, but their delineation is not entirely settled and not all species have been assigned to subgenera. Note, however, that species at one point placed in these (sub)genera might currently be placed also in genera other than Nanorana (Quasipaa, Ombrana, and Allopaa). + +Species +The following species are recognised in the genus Nanorana: + +References + + +Dicroglossidae +Amphibian genera +Amphibians of Asia +Taxa named by Albert Günther +Tweed is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Geoff Provest of The Nationals. It is located in the Tweed Valley and eastern Tweed Shire, including Tweed Heads, Kingscliff, Fingal Head, Chinderah, Cudgen, Bogangar, Pottsville and Burringbar. + +History +Tweed was first created with the end of multi-member districts in 1894. In 1904, it was abolished with the reduction in the size of the Legislative Assembly, after Federation. The region was part of Richmond from 1904 to 1913, Byron from 1913 until 1988 when the district was renamed Murwillumbah. In 1999 the district was renamed Tweed. + +Members for Tweed + +Election results + +References + +Tweed +1894 establishments in Australia +Tweed +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Tweed +1999 establishments in Australia +Tweed +Tweed Heads, New South Wales +The Entrance is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly located on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. + +The Entrance represents the towns and suburbs of Bateau Bay, Berkeley Vale, Blue Bay, Fountaindale, Glenning Valley, Kangy Angy, Killarney Vale, Lisarow, Long Jetty, Mount Elliot, Niagara Park, Ourimbah, Shelly Beach, Somersby, The Entrance, The Entrance North, Toowoon Bay, Tuggerah, Tumbi Umbi and Wyoming. + +Members for The Entrance + +Election results + +References + +The Entrance +1988 establishments in Australia +The Entrance +Central Coast (New South Wales) +Tamworth is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by the Honourable Kevin Anderson MP of the National Party. In 2019 Anderson was sworn in as the Minister for Better Regulation & Innovation, with additional responsibility for Thoroughbred, Greyhound and Harness Racing codes in New South Wales. + +Tamworth covers the entirety of Tamworth Regional Council, Gunnedah Shire, Walcha Shire and a small part of Liverpool Plains Shire around Werris Creek. + +History +Tamworth was created in 1880 and it elected two members between 1891 and 1894. In 1894, with the abolition of multi-member electorates, new electorates were established such as Quirindi, Bingara and Uralla-Walcha, and Tamworth became a single-member electorate. Proportional representation was introduced in 1920 and Tamworth, along with Gwydir, was absorbed into Namoi. In 1927 single-member electorates were re-established, including Tamworth. + +Members for Tamworth + +First incarnation 1880–1920 + +Second incarnation 1927–present + +Election results + +References + +Tamworth +1880 establishments in Australia +Tamworth +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Tamworth +1927 establishments in Australia +Tamworth +New England (New South Wales) +Swansea is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Hunter and Central Coast regions of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Yasmin Catley of the Labor Party. + +Swansea is situated between Lake Macquarie and the Pacific Ocean in eastern City of Lake Macquarie and northeastern Central Coast Council. It includes Swansea and extends as far north as Valentine, Belmont North and Jewells and as far south as San Remo and Budgewoi. + +Swansea was created in 1981 and has usually been held by Labor. + +Members for Swansea + +Election results + +References + +Swansea +Swansea +Electoral District of Swansea +City of Lake Macquarie +Southern Highlands was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1988 to 2007, named after the Southern Highlands. It was replaced by a recreated Goulburn electorate. + +Members for Southern Highlands + +Election results + +References + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +1988 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1988 +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Niederentzen () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. + +Geography +The village of Niederentzen was established between the Vosges and the Rhine on the left bank of the Ill, at an altitude of 205 meters. It has an area of 8.81 square kilometres. It stretches between the Forest of the Thur and the vestiges of the . The wooded area is and is assigned to agriculture. The local climate is characterized by weak precipitation, 539 mm per annum on average, and an average annual temperature of 10.2 °C. + +History +In this area a place called "Giessen" was discovered, along with tombs, jewels and ceramics dating from the first period of the Iron Age to the end of the Bronze Age. + +The name (Nidern Enszheim 1276) is a contraction of "Nieder-Ensisheim" ("Nieder": lower). Niederentzen and Oberentzen were originally a single holding. In the thirteenth century, this holding was dissociated and Niederentzen became part of the territory of Murbach Abbey. In 1358, the village was taken by the Habsburgs, who gave it first to the lords of Hattstatt, and then, on their extinction (1585), to the Swiss noble family of Truchsess von Rheinfelden. Jean-Melchior Truchsess von Rheinfelden, who died in 1699, returned the property to the church. After the French Revolution, Niederentzen became part of Ensisheim. + +During the nineteenth century, the American businessman Henri Castro offered lands in the state of Texas. Some inhabitants of Niederentzen responded and settled in Castroville and D'Hanis. This second city is currently twinned with Niederentzen; a portion of the village bears its name. + +Coat of arms + +The coat of arms of the village of Niederentzen was created in 1978 by M. Lucien Bilger, then mayor of the commune. It combines elements of the armorial bearings of the Hattstatt lords and the Truchsess nobles, illustrating the history of the village. + +Administration + +Demographics + +See also + Communes of the Haut-Rhin department + +References + +External links + + Town's official site (French) + +Communes of Haut-Rhin +South Coast is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It incorporates almost all of the City of Shoalhaven to the south of the Shoalhaven River, notably Nowra, Ulladulla and Milton. + +Members for South Coast + +Election results + +References + +External links + +South Coast +Constituencies established in 1927 +1927 establishments in Australia +Smithfield was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1988 to 2015. It was abolished in 2015 and largely replaced by Prospect. + +Members for Smithfield + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Smithfield +1988 establishments in Australia +Smithfield +2015 disestablishments in Australia +Smithfield +Ryde is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It includes the suburbs and localities of Denistone, Denistone East, Denistone West, Macquarie Park, Marsfield, Meadowbank, Melrose Park, Ryde, North Ryde, West Ryde; and parts of Eastwood and Epping. + +It is currently represented by Jordan Lane of the Liberal Party. + +History +Ryde was created originally in 1894 with the abolition of multi-member districts, from part of Central Cumberland and named after and including Ryde. It was abolished in 1904 with the downsizing of the Legislative Assembly after Federation, but recreated in 1913. In 1920, the electoral districts of Ryde, Burwood, Drummoyne, Gordon and Willoughby were combined to create a new incarnation of Ryde, which elected five members by proportional representation. This was replaced by single member electorates, including Ryde, Burwood, Drummoyne, Eastwood, Gordon and Willoughby for the 1927 election. Ryde was abolished in 1968, being partly replaced by Yaralla and Fuller. In 1981 Ryde was recreated from the part of the abolished district of Yaralla north of the Parramatta River and part of the abolished district of Fuller. In 1991, Ryde was abolished again, but in 1999, Gladesville and Eastwood were abolished and largely replaced by a fourth incarnation of Ryde and Epping. + +In its previous incarnations, Ryde was a marginal seat that frequently traded hands between and the conservative parties. In its current incarnation, Ryde was originally a safe Labor seat before a massive swing to the Liberals at a 2008 by-election made it a safe Liberal seat. Dominello currently holds it with a majority of 11.5 percent. On 17 August 2022, Dominello announced his plan to retire at the upcoming state election. At the election in March, the Liberal candidate, Jordan Lane, won by a two-party preferred margin of 50 votes. The result was so close, a recount was held on 15 April which increased Lane's margin to 54 votes. + +Members for Ryde + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Electoral districts of New South Wales +1894 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1894 +1904 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1904 +1913 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1913 +1968 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1968 +1981 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1981 +1991 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1991 +1999 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1999 +Rockdale is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Suburbs within the electoral district include Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Park, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Dolls Point, Earlwood, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, New South Wales, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandrigham, Sans Souci, Turella and Wolli Creek. + +It is represented by Steve Kamper of the Labor Party. + +History +Rockdale electoral district was first created in 1927, with the breakup of the multi-member St George. In 1930, it was abolished and largely replaced by Arncliffe. + +Rockdale Council sought a new electorate for Rockdale as early as 1937. In 1941, Arncliffe was abolished and replaced by a recreated Rockdale and Cook's River. + +Members for Rockdale + +Election results + +References + +Rockdale +Constituencies established in 1927 +Constituencies disestablished in 1930 +1927 establishments in Australia +1930 disestablishments in Australia +1941 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1941 +Port Stephens is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Kate Washington of the Labor Party. + +Port Stephens includes most of the Port Stephens LGA (excluding and ), and parts of southern Mid-Coast Council (including Hawks Nest and Tea Gardens). + +History +Port Stephens was created in 1988, partly replacing Gloucester. + +Members for Port Stephens + +Election results + +References + +Port Stephens +Port Stephens +1988 establishments in Australia +Port Stephens Council +Politics of Newcastle, New South Wales +Port Macquarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Leslie Williams of the Liberal Party. + +It presently includes parts of coastal Port Macquarie-Hastings City Council (including Port Macquarie, Dunbogan, Bonny Hills, Kendall, Kew, Laurieton, North Haven and West Haven) and the northeast of the Mid-Coast Council (including Coopernook, Lansdowne, Moorland, Hannam Vale, Johns River and Stewarts River). Since 1991, the district also includes Lord Howe Island. + +It is a conservative electorate and has never been held by the Labor Party. + +History +Port Macquarie was created in 1988, replacing Oxley (which was recreated in 1991). It has historically been a comfortably safe seat for the National Party and has remained a centre-right seat for its entire existence. Dating to its time as Oxley, the Port Macquarie area had been held by a conservative party since the return to single-member seats in 1927, and had been in National hands for all but six years since 1945. + +This tradition was broken in 2002, when three-term National member and shadow minister Rob Oakeshott resigned from the party to become an independent. He was handily reelected as an independent in 2003 and 2007. In 2003, he was returned with 82 percent of the two-party vote, making Port Macquarie the safest seat in the legislature. + +Oakeshott resigned in 2008 to run in a by-election for the federal seat of Lyne, which was based on Port Macquarie at the time. He was succeeded by longtime friend and staffer Peter Besseling. + +However, Besseling was swept out by the Nationals' Leslie Williams at the 2011 state election amid the massive National wave that swept through rural NSW that year. This was due in part to voter anger at Oakeshott's support for the minority federal Labor government. Despite Oakeshott's personal popularity, the Port Macquarie area was still National heartland. "Traditional" two-party matchups between the Nationals and Labor during Oakeshott and Besseling's tenures had always shown Port Macquarie as a comfortably safe National seat. + +Proving this, Williams easily retained Port Macquarie in 2015. Despite suffering a 9.8 percent swing against Labor, she still sits on a majority of 19 percent, making Port Macquarie the sixth-safest National seat and the 17th-safest Coalition seat. + +In 2020 Williams defected to the Liberals whilst still member for Port Macquarie making it the first time the seat has been held by a Liberal. + +It marks the second time, after Oakeshott, that a member for Port Macquarie has quit the Nationals whilst holding the seat. + +Prior to Williams' defection to the Liberals, the Liberal Party had never contested Port Macquarie. + +As part of the redistribution of electoral districts for the 2023 state election, a proposal was received to move Lord Howe Island back into the electorate of Sydney. However, the NSW Electoral Commission eventually decided to retain the island within the electorate of Port Macquarie, where it has been included since 1991. + +Members for Port Macquarie + +Election results + +References + +Port Macquarie +Port Macquarie +1988 establishments in Australia +Mid North Coast +Port Jackson was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was created at the 1991 election, largely from the electorates of Balmain and McKell, and was abolished at the 2007 election being substantially replaced by the recreated electorates of Balmain and Sydney following a redistribution of electoral boundaries completed during 2004. + +Members + +Election results + +References + +Port Jackson +1991 establishments in Australia +Port Jackson +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Port Jackson +Penrith is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales since 1973. It is represented by Karen McKeown of the Labor Party. It has been traditionally a safe seat for most of its history but has had times where it has fallen to the Liberal Party. + +Penrith includes the suburbs of Penrith, Emu Heights, Emu Plains, Glenbrook, Jamisontown, Lapstone, Lemongrove, Leonay, South Penrith and parts of Blaxland, Caddens, Cambridge Park, Castlereagh, Cambridge Gardens, Cranebrook, Kingswood and Werrington. + +Members for Penrith + +Election results + +References + +Penrith +1973 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1973 +Peats was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1973 to 2007. It was replaced by Gosford for the 2007 state election. + +Members + +Election results + +References + +Peats +1973 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1973 +2007 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 2007 +Orange is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a regional electorate that covers four local government areas in their entirety: the City of Orange, Cabonne Council, Parkes Shire and Forbes Shire. + +The seat has been held by Philip Donato since a by-election in November 2016. Donato was initially elected as a member of the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party but resigned in 2022 and became an Independent. + +History +The electorate of Orange was created in 1859. Between 1920 and 1927, Orange and Hartley were absorbed into Bathurst, which elected three members under proportional representation. In 1927, Bathurst, Hartley and Orange were recreated as single-member electorates. + +The area leans strongly toward the National Party. The Labor Party hasn't held the seat since 1947, although it came close to winning at a 1996 by-election. The Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party won the seat at the 2016 by-election, after Andrew Gee resigned to successfully contest the federal electorate of Calare. + +Members for Orange + +First incarnation 1859-1920 + +Second incarnation 1927- + +Election results + +References + +Electoral districts of New South Wales +1859 establishments in Australia +Orange +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Orange +1927 establishments in Australia +Orange