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I just noticed that the upcoming Wine Spectator has rated the 2003 Colgin Cariad Napa Valley 91 points and made it a highly recommended collectable. It sells for $225.
Also recommended at 91 points is the 2004 Jean-Louis Chave Côtes du Rhône. It sells for $20.
Isn't 91 points a lousy score for a $225 bottle of wine? | [
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|
Lamberts® Taurine is a pure, free-form amino acid that is ready to be absorbed by the body without needing to be broken down by digestive enzymes. Each capsule provides a full 500mg of Taurine. One capsule will double the typical daily intake of taurine from food and two capsules provides the same amount of taurine as found in popular energy drinks.
This product is made in the UK to pharmaceutical GMP standards.
A white powder in a clear hard shell.
Rice Flour, Capsule Shell (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose), Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide.
1 to 3 capsules daily. It is preferable to take Amino Acids with fruit juice or water rather than milk.
An Amino Acid is best taken 1/2 hour before any meal or at bedtime. | [
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|
Q: Updating attribute based on time - Rails I building a rewards system for a coffee shop. Basically a customer can sign up for a year subscription. Right now when they sign up the active attribute is toggled to true. I'm trying to write a method that will toggle the attribute to false after a year passes. I have a method right now that I want to use but I don't know where to use it at? I also have a failing test. I'll show my current code for clarity.
Controller:
def create
@subscriber = Subscriber.new(subscriber_params)
if @subscriber.save
@subscriber.touch(:subscription_date)
@subscriber.update(active: true)
SubscriberMailer.welcome_subscriber(@subscriber).deliver_now
flash[:notice] = "Subscriber Has Been Successfully Created"
redirect_to new_subscriber_path(:subscriber)
else
render "new"
end
end
Model method I want to use:
def not_active(subscriber)
if subscription_date < 1.year.ago
self.update(active: false)
end
end
Failing Test:
it "sets active to false after a year" do
subscriber = create(:subscriber)
subscriber.update(active: true)
Time.now + 366.days
expect(subscriber.active).to eq(false)
end
So hopefully this idea is clear. I just want to update to active: false if the user was created over a year ago.
A: You must run the not_active method in order for the method to have an effect. The method has no way of knowing what the date is today and updating a subscriber unless it is actually run. I agree with matt that you would likely run this method in a sidekiq job daily on on all of your subscribers who subscribed a year or longer ago and are active (You can write a scope for this). This way you can call the not_active method and set each subscriber's active appropriately, or write it as a Subscriber class method and apply it to the results of your scope. In the case of testing the not_active method itself all you need to do is call it and test the result. Its also not clear to me why the not_active method takes a subscriber as an arg, it seems like it would make more sense to just call it from a subscriber instance. Is this not whats already happening? I would personally call this method something like deactivate!, as its making changes. not_active kind of sounds like it would return a boolean or an inactive subscriber. I would also recommend using update! instead of update in not_active. update! will raise an error if the update fails. Adding to time.now does actually change the time. You can use rspec mocks to fake the current time if you need to. In any case here is what your not_active test might look like:
it "sets active to false after a year" do
subscriber = Subscriber.create(subscription_date: (1.year.ago - 1.day), active: true)
#changed not_active to deactivate, called from instance instead of passing in subscriber
subscriber.deactivate!
expect(subscriber.active?).to eq(false)
end
You can also write a test for the other case
it "does not deactivate a recent subscriber" do
subscriber = Subscriber.create(subscription_date: Date.today, active: true)
subscriber.deactivate!
expect(subscriber.active?).to eq(true)
end
A: A simple solution to this would be to use cron. There is a rubygem to interface with cron, called whenever. The setup is simple and well documented.
With cron setup on your server, you would create some kind of class method that would iterate through Subscribers, calling the not_active method.
Btw, if the not_active method is defined within your Subscriber model, you won't need to pass subscriber as an argument, as self will be implicitly set to the subscriber.
The code would end up looking something like:
in subscriber.rb
def self.set_subscribers_to_inactive
find_each(active: false) do |subscriber|
subscriber.inactive!
end
end
def inactive!
update(active: false) if subscription_date < 1.year.ago
end
in schedule.rb
every 1.day do
runner "Subscriber.set_subscribers_to_inactive"
end
As mentioned, your test is not actually calling the not_active method.
it "sets active to false after a year" do
last_year = DateTime.current - 366.days
subscriber = create(:subscriber, active: true, subscription_date: last_year)
subscriber.inactive!
expect(subscriber.active).to eq false
end
A: Take a look at cron and whenever gem which works on top of cron. You just need to write a super simple script which will extract data from DB and update it.
Another way to solve your problem is not to update anything. You only need *_expires_at column and check if its value less than current date.
It is pretty agile method, because by using activation_expires_at column you are able to implement #active? method and .active scope to select only users with active subscriptions.
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Sharing a border with both Italy & Austria, Slovenian skiing is Alpine skiing. The vast majority of resorts are in the North as the Alps east of Cortina in Italy & south of the Austiran Tyrollean Alps continue through Slovenia parting around major city of Ljubljana before giving way to rolling hills & broader valleys. The exception to the rule are the resorts of Bela & Sviscaki on the southern border offering a unique but brief ski experience. With over 10 major resorts in the Slovenian Alps there's more going on in Slovenian skiing than you might imagine. Kranjska Gora, Vogel & Krvavec are amongst the most popular with Brits but we make up a tiny fraction of those that ski there. Prices are excellent, pistes, lifts & facilities are good & getting better fast resorts both modern & more traditional can be found.
Dominated by the majestic Julian Alps, the pretty village has just 20km of piste in spectacular surroundings. | [
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|
package com.esri.core.geometry;
//An internal helper class. Do not use.
public class OGCStructureInternal {
private static class EditShapeCursor extends GeometryCursor {
EditShape m_shape;
int m_geom;
int m_index;
EditShapeCursor(EditShape shape, int index) {
m_shape = shape;
m_geom = -1975;
m_index = index;
}
@Override
public Geometry next() {
if (m_shape != null) {
if (m_geom == -1975)
m_geom = m_shape.getFirstGeometry();
else
m_geom = m_shape.getNextGeometry(m_geom);
if (m_geom == -1) {
m_shape = null;
} else {
return m_shape.getGeometry(m_geom);
}
}
return null;
}
@Override
public int getGeometryID() {
return m_shape.getGeometryUserIndex(m_geom, m_index);
}
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
if (m_geom == -1975) {
return m_shape != null && m_shape.getFirstGeometry() != -1;
}
return m_shape != null && m_shape.getNextGeometry(m_geom) != -1;
}
}
public static GeometryCursor prepare_for_ops_(GeometryCursor geoms, SpatialReference sr) {
assert (geoms != null);
EditShape editShape = new EditShape();
int geomIndex = editShape.createGeometryUserIndex();
for (Geometry g = geoms.next(); g != null; g = geoms.next()) {
int egeom = editShape.addGeometry(g);
editShape.setGeometryUserIndex(egeom, geomIndex, geoms.getGeometryID());
}
Envelope2D env = editShape.getEnvelope2D();
double tolerance = InternalUtils.calculateToleranceFromGeometry(sr,
env, true);
CrackAndCluster.execute(editShape, tolerance, null, true);
return OperatorSimplifyOGC.local().execute(new EditShapeCursor(editShape, geomIndex), sr, false, null);
}
}
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|
(IND5) john deere Model 3950/3970 Forage Harvester Operator's manual (IND6) john deere Model A400/B400/G400 Series Tractor Cultivators for A, B G Tractors, Operator's Manual (IND6) john deere QXD-3 Hercules Engine Service online slot bonus 2013 Manual, original john deere Technical Manual: 500 Series EnginesStationary Power UnitsAccessories: factory original looseleaf.
15.00 The Complete History of General Motors, by Langworth/Norbye; large 1986 hardbound .00 Elements of Automotive Mechanics: A Pre-Induction Training Course by Heitner/Shidle/Bissell, a double u casino fan page War Department publication; hardbound, 1943, 390 pages, shows very little wear, great older pix illustrations, neat book, hard.
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2-1-18 Aircraft Engine Module Management by Operating Limits Pipeline Times (H3 11-15-80) commercial helicopter hiller Aircraft Corp factory original service parts manual: UH-12E helicopter foreign ( have many in Russian/Polish/Eastern bloc langauge, also! .
Challenger Series Automated Refuse Collection Bodies Parts Manual.4 Happy Hits features four levels of mystery jackpots named after the card suits, Diamonds, Hearts, Spades and Clubs, with major prizes given out to just players in a single casino, a local area (LAP) or a countrywide 'wide area' (WAP).16: Thunderbird/Tiger 110/Trophy/Bonneville 120 Factory yamaha YAS1C Parts List (IND4) Factory yamaha TT/XT/SR500 Models Service Manual (IND#1) Factory yamaha Series AT1 CT1 (1969-71 includes AT1/AT1B/AT1C/AT1-M/AT1B-MX/ AT1C-MX/CT1/CT1B/CT1C) Service manual (IND4) Factory yamaha DT1 (1968-71 includes Service manual (IND4) clymer'S yamaha 650cc Twins (1970-1979) manual (IND3) yamaha.Proprietary or In-House Progressives.This is the first edition, softcover, very hard to find; for the collector; pic soon! .
shows some wear/tear, penciled inscription dated 1898 .00 1934 "Pictorial Souvenir of the United States Fleet 30p photographic collection of warships decklife, mainly out of San Diego Harbor; great old photos! | [
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|
Koń nowokirgiski – rasa koni.
Grupa: konie gorącokrwiste.
Rejon hodowli: Kirgistan.
Wysokość w kłębie: 1,41 - 1,54m.
Użytkowość: konie wierzchowe, pociągowe, juczne.
Charakter: spokojny, posłuszny, chętny do współpracy, bardzo wytrzymały.
Pokrój: umaszczenie gniade, kasztanowate, siwe. Mała, elegancka i dobrze uformowana głowa; długa i muskularna szyja. Strome łopatki; lekko spadzisty zad. Krótkie kończyny o mocnym kośćcu; mocne, dobrze ukształtowane kopyta. Ogon wysoko osadzony.
Zastosowanie: dobrze czują się w terenie górzystym, doskonale się sprawdzają zarówno jako konie wierzchowe, jak i konie zaprzęgowe oraz juczne. Z łatwością pokonują strome zbocza. Zachowały najlepsze ze swoich pierwotnych cech: mocne kopyta, siłę, wytrzymałość i dobry charakter. Klacze nowokirgizów dają smaczne mleko.
Bibliografia
Minikompendium Konie, czyli jak rozpoznać najpopularniejsze rasy koni, Firma Księgarska Jacek i Krzysztof Olesiejuk - Inwestycje Sp. z. o. o.
Linki zewnętrzne
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|
Basil Spence
Title: Basil Spence
Subject: Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove, DoCoMoMo Key Scottish Monuments, University of Southampton, Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove, Coventry Cathedral
Collection: 1907 Births, 1976 Deaths, 20Th-Century Architects, 20Th-Century British Architects, Academics of the University of Leeds, Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art, Architects of Cathedrals, British Army Personnel of World War II, Brutalist Architects, Camoufleurs, English Ecclesiastical Architects, People Educated at George Watson's College, People from Edinburgh, Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Scottish Architects, Scottish Knights
Sir Basil Urwin Spence
(1907-08-13)13 August 1907
19 November 1976(1976-11-19) (aged 69)
Yaxley, Suffolk
Basil Spence & Partners
Coventry Cathedral
Hyde Park Barracks
New Zealand parliament extension
Sir Basil Urwin Spence, OM, OBE, RA (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) was a Scottish architect, most notably associated with Coventry Cathedral in England and the Beehive in New Zealand, but also responsible for numerous other buildings in the Modernist/Brutalist style.
Early career 2
Army service 3
Post-war career 4
Coventry Cathedral 4.1
Later work 4.2
List of projects 6
Spence was born in Edinburgh College of Art (ECA) in 1925, studying architecture, where he secured a maintenance scholarship on the strength of the "unusual brilliance" of his work. He won several prizes at the college, and meanwhile carried out paid work drawing architectural perspectives for practising architects including Leslie Grahame-Thomson and Reginald Fairlie.
In 1929–1930 he spent a year as an assistant, along with William Kininmonth, in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens, whose work was to have a profound influence on Spence's style, where he worked on designs for the Viceroy's House in New Delhi, India. While in London he attended evening classes at the Bartlett School of Architecture under A. E. Richardson. Returning to ECA in 1930 for his final year of studies, he was appointed a junior lecturer, despite the fact that he was still a student. He continued to teach at ECA until 1939.
Southside Garage in the art deco style
After graduating in 1931, Kininmonth and Spence set up in practice together, based in a room within the office of Rowand Anderson & Paul (at that time having Arthur Forman Balfour Paul as sole partner), in Rutland Square, Edinburgh. The practice was founded on two residential commissions which Kininmonth had obtained that year. Spence also received commissions to illustrate other architect's work, including the Southside Garage, on Causewayside, Edinburgh, in an Art Deco style (although credited to Spence his name appears nowhere on the official warrant drawings and only appears as a signature on the artist's perspective).[1]
In 1934 Spence married, and the Kininmonth & Spence practice merged with Rowand Anderson & Paul. Balfour Paul died in 1938, leaving Kininmonth and Spence in charge of the renamed Rowand Anderson & Paul & Partners. Spence's work was now concentrated on exhibition design, including three pavilions for the 1938 Empire Exhibition in Glasgow, and country houses. The first two of these, Broughton Place at Broughton near Biggar, and Quothquhan in Lanarkshire, were executed in traditional Scottish styles at the client's request. The third was entirely modern. Gribloch was designed for John Colville, grandson of the founder of Colville's Iron Works, and his American wife. It was designed in a modernist Regency style, with assistance from Perry Duncan, an American architect hired by the Colvilles when Spence was too busy with exhibition work to progress the project.
Army service
In 1939, Spence was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant into the Camouflage Training and Development Unit of the British Army.[2] He was initially based at Farnham in Surrey, and took part in the D-Day landings in 1944. He was demobilised in September 1945, having reached the rank of major and been mentioned in despatches twice.[3]
Post-war career
Spence returned to Rowand Anderson & Paul & Partners briefly, before setting up his own practice, Basil Spence & Partners, with Bruce Robertson. He was awarded an OBE in 1948 for his work in exhibition design, work which he continued with the Sea and Ships Pavilion for the 1951 Festival of Britain.[4] That year he opened a London office, moving there permanently from 1953. A second office was opened in 1956 at Canonbury, which became the creative hub of the practice. Spence was External Professor of Architecture at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1957 and from 1958 to 1960 he was the President of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Coventry Cathedral (1956–1962)
On 14 November 1940, Coventry's Anglican Cathedral was extensively damaged by German bombing, a year into World War II.
In 1944, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott submitted a design proposal to rebuild the cathedral but this was rejected by the Royal Fine Arts Commission. In 1950, a competition was launched to find the most suitable design from a Commonwealth of Nations architect. Over 200 entries were received, and Spence's radical design was chosen. Work began in 1956 and the structure was completed in 1962. Spence was knighted in 1960 for his work at Coventry, while the cathedral was still being built.
On 23 February 2012 the Royal Mail released a stamp featuring Coventry Cathedral as part its "Britons of Distinction" series.[5]
Later work
The New Zealand Parliament's executive wing, the Beehive
In 1959 Spence secured two important commissions, for the British Embassy in Rome (completed 1971), and for the Hyde Park Cavalry Barracks in London (completed 1970). He was also responsible for designing the high-rise Hutchesontown C housing in Glasgow. These were intended to replace the notorious slum tenements in the Gorbals area of the city. A combination of social deprivation and exclusion in the relevant areas, coupled to poor execution of his designs meant that the developments created as many problems as they solved, and led to their demolition in 1993. He was also responsible for modernist buildings on The Canongate in Edinburgh, opposite the new Scottish Parliament and in view of Holyrood Palace. This area is named Brown's Close and was listed in 2008. These buildings are privately owned and are currently undergoing repairs to the roofs and spallings (Nov 2010) to preserve this early example of his work. Other work in the 1960s included the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings in Wellington, nicknamed "The Beehive", Edinburgh University Library, and Abbotsinch Airport (now Glasgow Airport). In 1960, Spence designed Mortonhall Crematorium in Edinburgh's Braid Hills area (based on the same angled fin concept as found at Coventry Cathedral). He also designed Trawsfynydd nuclear power station, which was unveiled in Snowdonia, north Wales, in 1964.
The Spence practice was rearranged in 1964, with the Canonbury office being renamed Sir Basil Spence OM RA, and the second London office Spence Bonnington & Collins. The Edinburgh office was also renamed for its partners, Spence Glover & Ferguson. From 1961 to 1968, Spence was Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy. Through the 1970s, Spence continued to work on public and private commissions, universities and offices including Aston University Library and Management Centre. His last work was for an unexecuted cultural centre for Bahrain, which he worked on during illness in 1976. Some of his final commissions were built after his death; for example, his design for the new Glasgow Royal Infirmary was completed in 1981.
Spence died in November 1976 at his home at Yaxley, Suffolk and was buried at nearby Thornham Parva. His practice – Spence, Ferguson and Glover continued until 1992 before being disbanded.
The British Embassy in Rome
In 2006 he was the subject of a DoCoMoMo as one of Scotland's sixty key monuments of the post-war years, in the same year as it was demolished.
In August 2010 English Heritage recommended that the Spence-designed Sydenham School be given Grade II listed status: the building was due to be demolished to make way for a new building.
50 Queen Anne's Gate, completed 1976
Falmer House (grade 1 listed), part of the University of Sussex campus, 1962
Broughton Place (a private house in the style of a 17th-century Scottish tower house in Broughton, Scottish Borders with decorative reliefs by architectural sculptor Hew Lorimer) (1938)
Gribloch (a house near Kippen, Stirling) (1938–39)
Kilsyth Academy, Kilsyth (opened 1954, designed 1930)
Sea and Ships Pavilions for Festival of Britain (1951)
Duncanrig Secondary School, East Kilbride, Greater Glasgow (1953)
St Paul's Church, Wordsworth Avenue, Sheffield
Sydenham School, Sydenham, London (1956)
Agricultural Science Building, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus (1956–58)
The churches of St Oswald, Tile Hill – St Chad, Wood End – St John the Divine, Willenhall. Built simultaneously in Coventry (1957).
Thurso High School Thurso, Scotland (1957)
The Chadwick Physics Laboratory (1957–9), University of Liverpool
Campus development plan at the University of Nottingham (1957–60) including Chemistry Building, Physics and Mathematics Building, Mining and Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Pope Building, Coates Building
Thorn EMI House, 5 Upper St. Martin's Lane, London (1959) (Spence's original exterior was demolished in the 1990s; reborn as Orion House with a full-height floor plate addition and re-skinned elevations. A 60-foot-tall (18 m) metal sculpture by Geoffrey Clarke for the original façade (incorporating allusions to electric lamp filaments) has been remounted onto the added lift and service riser.)
Great Michael Rise and Laverockbank Crescent, social housing developments in Newhaven, Edinburgh
Erasmus Building, Friars Court, Queens' College, Cambridge (1959–1960)
Swiss Cottage Leisure Centre (originally 'Swimming Baths'), London (1962–4)
Spence House, near Beaulieu, Hampshire (designed 1961, for Spence's own use and listed Grade II)
Coventry Cathedral, completed 1962
The initial campus design at the University of Sussex (1960s) including Falmer House (1962, now a Grade I listed building)
Hutchesontown C flats, Gorbals, Glasgow (1962 – demolished in 1993)
Physics Building, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter.
Herschel Building, Newcastle University (1962)[7]
Nuffield Theatre, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton (1964)
The "Beehive", the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings Wellington, New Zealand (1964)
Trawsfyndd Nuclear Power Station (1965)
St Aidan's College, University of Durham
Edinburgh University Main Library
Glasgow Airport (1966) (Spence's original façade was covered over in 1989 when an extension was built to house new check-in desks. The original structure can now only be seen from the departure gates and runway.)
British pavilion, Expo 67 (1967).[8]
Newcastle Central Library (1968)[9] - demolished in 2007
65 – 103 Canongate, social housing developments in The Canongate, Edinburgh
Civic Centre, Sunderland (1970)
Hyde Park Barracks, London (1970)
British Embassy, Rome (1971)
Glasgow Royal Infirmary redevelopment – Phases 1 & 2 (1971–82) – now known as the Queen Elizabeth Building and University Block
Kensington and Chelsea Town Hall (1972-6), including chambers, offices, and public areas[10][11]
Aston University Library (1975) (Sir Basil Spence, Glover and Ferguson). Extended and remodelled in 2010
50 Queen Anne's Gate (the former Home Office building), London (1976)
The Sydney Jones Library (1976) at the University of Liverpool
Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove
Category:Basil Spence buildings
^ City of Edinburgh Council: Building Warrant Archive
^ "Edinburgh, Ravelston Dykes Road, Ravelston House, Garden". A set of oblique aerial photographs of Ravelston House garden with military vehicles, Edinburgh taken as a camouflage test. Sir Basil Spence Archive. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. 14 March 1944. pp. Canmore ID 273364. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/oct/16/communities
^ http://canmore.org.uk/collection/1028251
^ "Coventry Cathedral architect in Royal Mail stamp set". BBC. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ http://www.stuartbrown.info/#ArtworksScotland_Spence
^ http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/9567/
^ "Ex. 4". Expo 67 press kit. Citynoise. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
^ http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/286495/details/tyne+and+wear+newcastle+upon+tyne+city+library/
^ Twentieth Century Society: Kensington and Chelsea Town Hall
^ Canmore database: Kensington and Chelsea civic centre
Long, Philip and Thomas, Jane, (eds.) Basil Spence: Architect, National Galleries of Scotland/RCAHMS, 2007
Stringer, Michael (2010-08-06). "Heritage listing threatens Sydenham School rebuild".
"Site record for Greater London, Southwark, Camberwell And Dulwich, Dartmouth Road, Sydenham School".
Article published by WalesHome about Trawsfynydd, October 2009
Last-ditch attempt to save Sir Basil's Trawsfynydd from demolition
"Sir Basil Spence Archive Project". Homepage for the archive of nearly 40,000 items held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS).
"Basil Urwin Spence". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Architect biography.
"Basil's Bairns". Royal Scottish Academy. Exhibition held from 1 January 2008 at the Royal Scottish Academy, looking at careers of the architects who worked in the studio of Sir Basil Spence.
Rudden, Liam (2006-09-08). "Rebuilding Sir Basil Spence's battered reputation". The Scotsman. UK.
"Basil Spence archive exclusive". Extract from the Sir Basil Spence archive, featuring 57 images of his work.
Camoufleurs
1st World War
Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
Loyd A. Jones
John Graham Kerr
Alister Hardy
André Mare
Solomon Joseph Solomon
Abbott Handerson Thayer
Maximilian Toch
Leon Underwood
Edward Wadsworth
Everett Warner
Norman Wilkinson
2nd World War
Tony Ayrton
Geoffrey Barkas
Hugh Casson
John Codner
Edward Bainbridge Copnall
Hugh B. Cott
Victorine Foot
Frederick Gore
Stanley William Hayter
Ivan Konev
Jasper Maskelyne
Oliver Messel
Colin Moss
Roland Penrose
Peter Proud
Fred Pusey
Edward Seago
Alan Sorrell
Steven Sykes
Ernest Townsend
Julian Trevelyan
Wilfred Clement Von Berg
20th-century architects
Academics of the University of Leeds
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Architects of cathedrals
British Army personnel of World War II
Brutalist architects
English ecclesiastical architects
People from Edinburgh
Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Scottish architects
Scottish knights
20th-century British architects
University of Cambridge, England, Imperial College London, Durham University, University of Edinburgh
Diocese of Coventry, Berlin, Coventry, Church of England, John Witcombe | [
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|
We live in a world where impressions and opinions on games are not what they used to be. Reviews and Impressions are so mixed that it's hard to tell if a game really is worth the purchase. There is bias and prejudice everywhere, and what could be a great game could be praised by one person and hated by another.
"There is bias everywhere in reviews, nowadays. I've seen Killzone reviews from people who hate the series. This is not acceptable. Reviews need to be by an unbiased party and give the audience a true, real image of the game in question." ~ Trent Berlinger~
The PlayStation Vita Reviews Network was founded on the ideal of giving its audience non-biased, thorough reviews of games available for the PlayStation Vita. It is my ultimate goal to aid you in your pursuit of games and deciding if they are worth your purchase or not.
The reviews on this site will not be limited to Vita titles, alone, but all games available for the system, outside of Remote Play, which requires the use of a PlayStation 4 system. These reviews will consist of Vita titles, as well as PlayStation Portable, PS One Classics, PlayStation Minis, and PlayStation Mobile titles.
The staff of the PlayStation Reviews Network are around all times of the day, Eastern Standard time. If you need to contact them for review requests, please fill out a Review Request Form. Otherwise, please use the information below.
Name: Trent Berlinger
Email: [email protected]
PlayStation Network ID: L2K7
Please be patient with waiting for a response. We are readily available, and will make sure any questions will always be answered as soon as possible. | [
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Important Figures
Getting to Chania
Live Like A Cretan
Learning Greek
Invest in Chania
Why Choose Chania
Where in Chania
Traditional Cretan Knives
Published by Visit Chania Editorial on 01/06/2019
The Cretan knives are known almost all over the world. The knife is the first tool made by man for his survival. At the time of Mycenaean Greece, many bronze and brass knives were manufactured, which were marketed at that time and traveled to other European states.
In the Minoan era, remarkable knives were made, few samples of which have so far reached, unfortunately. It is noteworthy to note that, according to ancient mythology, guns and helmets were made in Crete, since their inventors are considered the Kourites, followers of Zeus. During the classical uprising, the metallurgy was developed in Crete, and hence the construction of weapons to strengthen the defense of the island.
This art, from generation to generation, from Middle Ages to Middle Ages, Venetian domination, Turkish Occupation, etc., this emotional and practical martial value of the Cretan Knife evolved and continues to our rightful century.
The Cretan knife, in the form we know today,<<saita>> was created in the 18th century. Its elements are the fire, the steel, the anvil, the hammer, the long arm pliers, and the craftsmanship of the cutlery. Its steel blade is solid and has only one edge, while the opposite side of the knife is flat, reinforced towards its base and gradually tapering as it approaches the edge to reach an acute edge. In the middle of the 19th century, the Cretan knives made oversized knives, knives, which could also be used as spades.
The parts of the knife are:
Spikes or nails
croissant or tassel or spades.
Masia or Masa.consisting of petal, gem, and tongue.
Foukari or Sheath.The knife case.
Quercus(kerkeli). The loop on the chest where the spades hang.
Permane or Kamtze.Binding of the blade with the handle with silver or bronze
Zekia or Zechia.Parallel rings at the base of the hammer
Skafi.The Cretan knives were famous because they were "wet". This term should have originally meant a decorative groove like a hook that was made in the middle and along the back of the blade and gave the impression of a "skafi". Later it began to mean the T-shape that created the mating of the blade's back. When the root of the blade comes in and attached to the handle, it is covered with a silver stripe patterned for practical and sensual purposes.
Knife Construction:
In the 19th century, the knife-constructor was making the steel himself, the raw material for the blade. Today it is bought ready for trade. The process begins by cutting the piece to the length we want, shaping it with the spinner in the shape of the blade, the flame and the forging of the piece, the finishing on the wheel and the polishing of the back.
The socket for the blade is made in the blade, it is drilled to pass the nails later and the spine is carved with the characteristic traditional designs. Then it is followed by the painting of the blade with a flame until the color becomes deep orange (about 1500 degrees Celsius), allowed to cool because it is steel air, while other steels want to plunge into water or oil, grinds to become abrasion, rubbed with abrasive paper and polished with pure wax.
With a sharp tool, the pattern is sculpted on the waxed surface, acid is poured onto the engraved patterns. Then the blade is thoroughly washed and is ready to fit the knife.
For Cretans, the knife means a lot, as it is a sign of friendship and love. This is also apparent from the mantinades that carve on the lama, thus perpetuating the spirit of hospitality and friendship that characterizes the island.
Categories: Traditions
The Cretan Lyra
I hear a lyre ringing, like the sevda in my ears, Crete seems to be having fun, and let it be away from me.
Cretan Women's Dresses
The three women's costumes that are still preserved today
The Cretan Scarf
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|
3Souls - Are you ready to use the Wii U™ GamePad?
Are you ready to use the Wii U™ GamePad?
3Souls is a game for Wii U™, available right now on the Nintendo eShop.
With 3Souls, you will discover the world of Mustland, a place full of rules and secrets... and its own people, the Ánimas, who are mysterious characters wearing a mask with them own soul floating around them.
This adventure is not really about you. It is more about them! So perhaps you could offer them some assistance from your world.
In the world of Mustland, each Ánima has a different soul, and they will see, feel, hear and play the world in a different way!
With 3Souls, you will be able to play as Nelesa, Nophes and Nidemon in this game of 3 chapters.
Solves the different puzzles of Mustland using the Wii U™ GamePad in many ways to move through the platorms!
Find out the at any moment how the Ánima feels by looking down to the GamePad and discover what he is thinking by touching his soul.
Find the portals that will let you to connect to Mustland and help the Ánimas on their journey by using the GamePad in different ways to solve the puzzles that you encounter on your way.
By a single touch, you will be able to look back on the all the memories and ML-rules that you have found so far.
mixed with retro pixel-art and many secrets!
3 Ánimas with 3 different styles!
Discover the rules of Mustland, which will define the story and adventure of the game.
Find out the past of each of the Ánimas with the secret memories in their journey. Guide yourself with the Ánima's soul to find them all.
Let a friend to take control of the platform parts with the Wii Remote or Wii U™ Pro Controller, while you take control of the puzzles of the game with the Wii U™ GamePad.
Exclusive only on the Wii U™ version!
Discover our secret Easter Egg with a more than of 30 indie games cameo songs.
Play 3Souls in 5 different languages: english, french, german, italian and spanish! | [
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|
Who is stronger Ryu or Ken? Street Fighter 2 producer puts the age-old debate to rest
Posted by Steven 'Dreamking23' Chavez • July 13, 2020 at 11:22 a.m. PDT • Comments: 80
Yoshiki Okamoto is a game designer with 38 years of industry experience. Though his body of work extends quite far, we know him best as a producer on classic Capcom titles such as Final Fight and Street Fighter 2.
Okamoto recently released a video in which he puts an age-old debate to rest: who is strong, Ryu or Ken? This video is one of numerous videos he plans to release that shares behind-the-scenes knowledge and secrets to his success.
"This one publisher put 1P and 2P into auto-mode and made Ryu and Ken fight," Okamoto began. "Ken came out proportionally on top."
According to Okamoto, when he was a part of Capcom's Osaka division and interviewers would ask him if Ken was the stronger of the two, he would say that they are the same — which is untrue. Apparently, Ken is stronger, or more accurately, Ryu is weaker.
As Okamoto explains it, back during Street Fighter 2's development the team was working on a mechanic that made a character performing a special move more vulnerable for a quick moment. This mechanic was called "Core," and it would see the fighter who got hit during a special move animation take a large amount of damage.
The mechanic kept getting put in and then taken out again because it too heavily messed with game balance. However, the development team forgot to remove the Core mechanic from one of Ryu's special moves, making him still susceptible to it and ultimately weaker than Ken.
At the end of the day, Ryu is indeed weaker than Ken. However, you could still technically slip by in saying that neither is stronger.
Be sure to watch the full explanation from Okamoto below. He also goes into details about why Zangief was so weak back in the day and some interesting balance details about Chun-Li. | [
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|
HOME LIBRARYILOPOLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ON INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE LABOUR DISPUTE SETTLEME...
Policy Recommendations on individual and collective labour dispute settlement system and facilities for the trade union officials and members to exercise their rights
The present policy recommendations address some areas of possible changes in the Greek labour law framework that could modernise dispute settlement systems on the one hand, and facilities for trade union officials and members in Greece on the other. They are formulated in response to specific queries and comments received from the Greek government and the social partners.
The policy recommendations are based on international labour standards and relevant comments by the ILO supervisory bodies. They are also built on the comparative knowledge and experience developed by the Office over the years. The present policy recommendations are published as Volume I in a series of three reports which were developed in the framework of the EU /ILO project on "Supporting the implementation of the roadmap on tackling undeclared work in Greece". The series of reports read as follows:
"Policy recommendations on "Individual and Collective Labour Dispute Settlement Systems" and on "Facilities for trade union officials and members to exercise their rights" (Volume I);
International Comparative Report on "Individual and Collective Labour Dispute Settlement Systems" (by Dr. Aristea Koukiadaki) (Volume II);
International Comparative Report on "Facilities for trade union officials and members to exercise their rights" (by Prof. Filip Dorssemont) (Volume III).
THEMEUNDECLARED WORK
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|
Sesame Street and Big Bird puppeteer Caroll Spinne dies aged 85
Aoibhin Bryant
Sesame Street's puppeteer for both Big Bird and Oscar The Grouch, Caroll Spinney, has died aged 85.
Spinney brought both the flamboyant bird and grumpy monster to life over 50 years ago ago on children's television series Sesame Street.
He had retired from the show last year after hand-picking worthy successors for his two characters — who he had been mentoring for more than two decades.
Sesame Street's puppeteer for both Big Bird and Oscar The Grouch, Caroll Spinney, has died aged 85. Pic: Theo Wargo/Getty Images
'Caroll was an artistic genius whose kind and loving view of the world helped shape and define Sesame Street from its earliest days in 1969 through five decades,' Sesame Workshop said in a statement.
'His enormous talent and outsized heart were perfectly suited to playing the larger-than-life yellow bird who brought joy to generations of children and countless fans of all ages around the world, and his lovably cantankerous grouch gave us all permission to be cranky once in a while.'
In 2000, he was named a Living Legend by the US Library of Congress and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Spinney brought both the flamboyant bird and grumpy monster to life over 50 years ago ago on children's television series Sesame Street. Pic: Robin Marchant/Getty Images for SiriusXM
Upon his retirement, he said that his Big Bird alter ego had 'opened my mind and nurtured my soul'.
He also revealed that he modeled Oscar the Grouch on a cross between a New York taxi driver and a 'magnificently rude' waiter.
Big Bird sang Kermit the Frog's 'It's Not Easy Being Green' at the funeral of Jim Henson, the creator of Sesame Street, back in 2000.
Upon Caroll Spinney's retirement, he said that his Big Bird alter ego had 'opened my mind and nurtured my soul'. Pic: Getty Images/Getty Images.
Henson's family released a statement upon Spinney's death, where they said he managed to 'perfectly convey the humor and heart in our father's creations'.
'Big Bird was childlike, without being childish. And Oscar the Grouch reflected universal feelings we all share, no matter our age,' the statement continued.
In 2000, he was named a Living Legend by the US Library of Congress and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Pic: Dimitrios Kambouris/Getty Images
'That he could do this work so brilliantly, responsibly and with such infectious love and joy is his gift to us all.'
Heartbeat actor Derek Fowlds has passed away after a battle with pneumonia, aged 82
Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson's dad and former wrestler Rocky 'Soul Man' Johnson dies aged 75
Larry Gogan 1938-2020: Nine of the funniest answers from the infamous Just A Minute Quiz
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CHEVRON OIL CO. v. HUSON
CHEVRON OIL CO. v. HUSON, 404 U.S. 97 (1971)
CHEVRON OIL CO. v. HUSON(1971)
No. 70-11
Argued: October 20, 1971Decided: December 6, 1971
Respondent was injured in December 1965 while working on petitioner's artificial island drilling rig, located on the Outer Continental Shelf off the Louisiana coast. Allegedly, not until many months later were the injuries discovered to be serious. In January 1968 respondent brought suit for damages against petitioner in federal district court. The District Court, relying on Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 395 U.S. 352 (1969), held that Louisiana's one-year limitation on personal injury actions applied rather than the admiralty laches doctrine, and granted petitioner's motion for summary judgment. Rodrigue had held that state law and not admiralty law applied to fixed structures on the Outer Continental Shelf under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (hereinafter Lands Act), and extended to that area as federal laws the laws of the adjacent State "to the extent that they are applicable and not inconsistent" with federal laws. Respondent argued on appeal that in view of pre-Rodrigue jurisprudence making admiralty law (including the laches doctrine) applicable, it would be unfair to give that decision retrospective effect. The Court of Appeals, not reaching that argument, reversed, holding that Louisiana's "prescriptive" time limitation, which barred the remedy but did not extinguish the right to recovery, was not binding outside a Louisiana forum. Consequently, the court concluded that the time limitation was not "applicable" of its own force and was "inconsistent" with the admiralty laches doctrine, which though not directly applicable by virtue of Rodrigue was applicable as a matter of federal common law. Held:
1. The Lands Act, as interpreted in Rodrigue, requires that a State's statute of limitations be applied to actions for personal injuries occurring on fixed structures on the Outer Continental Shelf. The fact that the Louisiana law is "prescriptive" does not make it inapplicable as federal law under the Lands Act, and a [404 U.S. 97, 98] federal court may not apply a laches test to preclude application of the state time limitation. Pp. 100-105.
2. The Louisiana one-year statute of limitations should not, however, bar respondent's action here since retroactive application of that statute under Rodrigue would deprive respondent of any remedy at all on the basis of the unforeseeable superseding legal doctrine of that decision. Pp. 105-109.
430 F.2d 27, affirmed.
STEWART, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C. J., and BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, and BLACKMUN, JJ., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed a separate opinion, post, p. 109.
Lloyd C. Melancon argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.
Samuel C. Gainsburgh argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.
MR. JUSTICE STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.
The respondent, Gaines Ted Huson, suffered a back injury while working on an artificial island drilling rig owned and operated by the petitioner, Chevron Oil Co., and located on the Outer Continental Shelf off the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. The injury occurred in December 1965. Allegedly, it was not until many months later that the injury was discovered to be a serious one. In January 1968 the respondent brought suit for damages against the petitioner in federal district court. The respondent's delay in suing the petitioner ultimately brought his case to this Court.
The issue presented is whether the respondent's action is time barred and, more particularly, whether state or federal law determines the timeliness of the action. That issue must be resolved under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 67 Stat. 462, 43 U.S.C. 1331 et seq. (hereinafter "Lands Act"), which governs injuries occurring [404 U.S. 97, 99] on fixed structures on the Outer Continental Shelf. When this lawsuit was initiated, there was a line of federal court decisions interpreting the Lands Act to make general admiralty law, including the equitable doctrine of laches, applicable to personal injury suits such as the respondent's. 1 The petitioner did not question the timeliness of the action as a matter of laches. While pretrial discovery proceedings were still under way, however, this Court announced its decision in Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 395 U.S. 352 . That decision entirely changed the complexion of this case. For it established that the Lands Act does not make admiralty law applicable to actions such as this one. Relying on Rodrigue, the District Court held that Louisiana's one-year limitation on personal injury actions, rather than the admiralty doctrine of laches, must govern this case. It concluded, therefore, that the respondent's action was time barred and granted summary judgment for the petitioner. 2
On appeal, the respondent argued that Rodrigue should not be applied retroactively to bar actions filed before the date of its announcement. 3 But the Court of Appeals declined to reach that question. Instead, it held that the interpretation of the Lands Act in Rodrigue does not compel application of the state statute of limitations or prevent application of the admiralty doctrine of laches. It concluded that the doctrine of laches should have been applied by the District Court and, therefore, reversed that court's judgment and remanded the case for trial. 430 F.2d 27. We granted certiorari to consider the Court of Appeals' construction of the Lands [404 U.S. 97, 100] Act and of Rodrigue. 402 U.S. 942 . We hold that the Lands Act, as interpreted in Rodrigue, requires that the state statute of limitations be applied to personal injury actions. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, however, on the ground that Rodrigue should not be invoked to require application of the Louisiana time limitation retroactively to this case.
The Lands Act makes the Outer Continental Shelf, including fixed structures thereon, an area of exclusive federal jurisdiction, 43 U.S.C. 1333 (a) (1). The Act extends the laws of the United States to this area, 43 U.S.C. 1333 (a) (1), and provides that the laws of the adjacent State shall also apply "[t]o the extent that they are applicable and not inconsistent" with applicable federal laws, 43 U.S.C. 1333 (a) (2). 4 To the extent [404 U.S. 97, 101] that a comprehensive body of federal law is applicable under 1333 (a) (1), state law "inconsistent" with that law would be inapplicable under 1333 (a) (2).
In Rodrigue, we clarified the scope of application of federal law and state law under 1333 (a) (1) and 1333 (a) (2). By rejecting the view that comprehensive admiralty law remedies apply under 1333 (a) (1), we recognized that there exists a substantial "gap" in federal law. Thus, state law remedies are not "inconsistent" with applicable federal law. Accordingly, we held that, in order to provide a remedy for wrongful death, the "gap" must be filled with the applicable body of state law under 1333 (a) (2).
The Court of Appeals acknowledged that Rodrigue clearly establishes that the remedy for personal injury, as for wrongful death, cannot be derived from admiralty law but must be governed by the law of the adjacent State, Louisiana. But the court held that Louisiana's time limitation on personal injury actions need not be applied with the substantive remedy. It supported this holding by reference to the terms of 1333 (a) (2) that limit the application of state law under the Lands Act. The Louisiana time limitation, the Court of Appeals reasoned, is not "applicable" of its own force and is "inconsistent" with the admiralty doctrine of laches. The court held that, despite the holding in Rodrigue, the laches doctrine is applicable as a matter of federal common law. We must disagree.
The Court of Appeals did not suggest that state statutes of limitations are per se inapplicable under 1333 (a) (2). Rather, it focused on the peculiar nature of [404 U.S. 97, 102] the Louisiana time limitation on personal injury actions found in Art. 3536, La. Civ. Code Ann. Article 3536 provides that personal injury actions shall be "prescribed" by one year. The Court of Appeals attached much significance to the fact that Art. 3536 "prescribes," rather than "perempts," such actions. Under Louisiana law, "prescription," unlike "peremption," bars the remedy but does not formally extinguish the right to recovery. See Page v. Cameron Iron Works, 259 F.2d 420, 422-424; Istre v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., 226 So.2d 779, 794-795 (La. App.); Succession of Pizzillo, 223 La. 328, 335, 65 So.2d 783, 786. This characterization has importance under principles of the conflict of laws. It has been held, as a matter of Louisiana conflicts law, that mere "prescriptive" time limitations are not binding outside their own forum. See Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. C/B Mr. Kim, 345 F.2d 45, 50; Kozan v. Comstock, 270 F.2d 839, 841; Istre v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., supra, at 795. Reasoning from this principle of conflicts law, the Court of Appeals concluded that the "prescriptive" limitation is not "applicable" in a federal court adjudicating a claim under the Lands Act.
We hold, however, that the "prescriptive" nature of Art. 3536 does not undercut its applicability under the Lands Act. Under 1333 (a) (2) of the Act, "[s]tate law bec[omes] federal law federally enforced." Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., supra, at 365. It was the intent of Congress, expressed in the Senate Committee Report, in the Conference Report, and on the floor of the Senate, that state laws be "adopted" or "enacted" as federal law. See id., at 357-358. Thus a federal court applying Louisiana law under 1333 (a) (2) of the Lands Act is applying it as federal law - as the law of the federal forum. Since the federal court is not, then, applying the law of another forum in [404 U.S. 97, 103] the usual sense, ordinary conflict of laws principles have no relevance. Article 3536 is "applicable" in federal court under the Lands Act just as it would be applicable in a Louisiana court. 5
The policies underlying the federal absorption of state law in the Lands Act make this result particularly obvious. As we pointed out in Rodrigue, Congress recognized that "`the Federal Code was never designed to be a complete body of law in and of itself'" and thus that a comprehensive body of state law was needed. Id., at 358, 361. Congress also recognized that the "special relationship between the men working on these artificial islands and the adjacent shore to which they commute" favored application of state law with which these men and their attorneys would be familiar. Id., at 365; see id., at 363. If Congress' goal was to provide a comprehensive and familiar body of law, it would defeat that goal to apply only certain aspects of a state personal injury remedy in federal court. A state time limitation upon a remedy is coordinated with the substance of the remedy and is no less applicable under the Lands Act. 6
The application of Louisiana's Art. 3536 is, of course, subject to the absence of "inconsistent" and applicable federal law. The Court of Appeals acknowledged that Rodrigue forecloses direct applicability of the "inconsistent" laches doctrine through admiralty law. But, by applying laches as a matter of federal common law, it [404 U.S. 97, 104] sought to reintroduce the doctrine through a back door. 7 This approach subverts the congressional intent documented in Rodrigue, id., at 359-366, that admiralty doctrines should not apply under the Lands Act.
Moreover, the Court of Appeals' approach amounts to an inappropriate creation of federal common law. Even when a federal statute creates a wholly federal right but specifies no particular statute of limitations to govern actions under the right, the general rule is to apply the state statute of limitations for analogous types of actions. See Auto Workers v. Hoosier Corp., 383 U.S. 696 ; Cope v. Anderson, 331 U.S. 461 ; Campbell v. Haverhill, 155 U.S. 610 ; Note, Federal Statutes Without Limitations Provisions, 53 Col. L. Rev. 68 (1953). A special federal statute of limitations is created, as a matter of federal common law, only when the need for uniformity is particularly great or when the nature of the federal right demands a particular sort of statute of limitations. See Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392 ; McAllister v. Magnolia Petroleum Co., 357 U.S. 221 . But, under the Lands Act, there is not even such limited freedom to create a federal statute of limitations, for Congress specified that a comprehensive body of state law should be adopted by the federal courts in the absence of existing federal law. Congress specifically rejected national uniformity and specifically provided for the application of state remedies which demand state, not federal, statutes of limitation. Thus, Congress made clear provision for filling in the "gaps" in federal law; it did not intend that federal [404 U.S. 97, 105] courts fill in those "gaps" themselves by creating new federal common law. 8
Although we hold that Louisiana's one-year statute of limitations must be applied under the Lands Act as interpreted in Rodrigue, we do not blind ourselves to the fact that this is, in relevant respect, a pre-Rodrigue case. The respondent's injury occurred more than three years before the announcement of our decision in Rodrigue. He instituted the present lawsuit more than one year before Rodrigue. Yet, if the Louisiana statute of limitations controls in this case, his action was time barred more than two years before Rodrigue. In these circumstances, we must consider the respondent's argument that the state statute of limitations should be given nonretroactive application under Rodrigue.
In recent years, the nonretroactive application of judicial decisions has been most conspicuously considered [404 U.S. 97, 106] in the area of the criminal process. E. g., Mackey v. United States, 401 U.S. 667 ; Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 ; Desist v. United States, 394 U.S. 244 ; Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618 . But the problem is by no means limited to that area. The earliest instances of nonretroactivity in the decisions of this Court - more than a century ago - came in cases of nonconstitutional, noncriminal state law. E. g., Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175; Havemeyer v. Iowa County, 3 Wall. 294; Railroad Co. v. McClure, 10 Wall. 511. 9 It was in a noncriminal case that we first held that a state court may apply its decisions prospectively. Great Northern R. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358 . And, in the last few decades, we have recognized the doctrine of nonretroactivity outside the criminal area many times, in both constitutional and nonconstitutional cases. Cipriano v. City of Houma, 395 U.S. 701 ; Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 ; Hanover Shoe v. United Shoe Machinery Corp., 392 U.S. 481 ; Simpson v. Union Oil Co., 377 U.S. 13 ; England v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 375 U.S. 411 ; Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U.S. 371 .
In our cases dealing with the nonretroactivity question, we have generally considered three separate factors. First, the decision to be applied nonretroactively must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, see, e. g., Hanover Shoe v. United Shoe Machinery Corp., supra, at 496, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed, see, e. g., Allen v. State Board of Elections, supra, at 572. Second, it has been stressed that "we must . . . weigh the merits [404 U.S. 97, 107] and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard its operation." Linkletter v. Walker, supra, at 629. Finally, we have weighed the inequity imposed by retroactive application, for "[w]here a decision of this Court could produce substantial inequitable results if applied retroactively, there is ample basis in our cases for avoiding the `injustice or hardship' by a holding of nonretroactivity." Cipriano v. City of Houma, supra, at 706.
Upon consideration of each of these factors, we conclude that the Louisiana one-year statute of limitations should not be applied retroactively in the present case. Rodrigue was not only a case of first impression in this Court under the Lands Act, but it also effectively overruled a long line of decisions by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit holding that admiralty law, including the doctrine of laches, applies through the Lands Act. See, e. g., Pure Oil Co. v. Snipes, 293 F.2d 60; Movible Offshore Co. v. Ousley, 346 F.2d 870; Loffland Bros. Co. v. Roberts, 386 F.2d 540. When the respondent was injured, for the next two years until he instituted his lawsuit, and for the ensuing year of pretrial proceedings, these Court of Appeals decisions represented the law governing his case. It cannot be assumed that he did or could foresee that this consistent interpretation of the Lands Act would be overturned. The most he could do was to rely on the law as it then was. "We should not indulge in the fiction that the law now announced has always been the law and, therefore, that those who did not avail themselves of it waived their rights." Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 26 (Frankfurter, J., concurring in judgment).
To hold that the respondent's lawsuit is retroactively time barred would be anomalous indeed. A primary purpose underlying the absorption of state law as federal [404 U.S. 97, 108] law in the Lands Act was to aid injured employees by affording them comprehensive and familiar remedies. Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., supra, at 361, 365. Yet retroactive application of the Louisiana statute of limitations to this case would deprive the respondent of any remedy whatsoever on the basis of superseding legal doctrine that was quite unforeseeable. To abruptly terminate this lawsuit that has proceeded through lengthy and, no doubt, costly discovery stages for a year would surely be inimical to the beneficent purpose of the Congress.
It would also produce the most "substantial inequitable results," Cipriano v. City of Houma, supra, at 706, to hold that the respondent "slept on his rights" at a time when he could not have known the time limitation that the law imposed upon him. In Cipriano v. City of Houma, supra, we invoked the doctrine of nonretroactive application to protect property interests of "cities, bondholders, and others connected with municipal utilities"; and, in Allen v. State Board of Elections, supra, we invoked the doctrine to protect elections held under possibly discriminatory voting laws. Certainly, the respondent's potential redress for his allegedly serious injury - an injury that may significantly undercut his future earning power - is entitled to similar protection. As in England v. State Board of Medical Examiners, supra, nonretroactive application here simply preserves his right to a day in court. 10 [404 U.S. 97, 109]
Both a devotion to the underlying purpose of the Lands Act's absorption of state law and a weighing of the equities requires nonretroactive application of the state statute of limitations here. Accordingly, although holding that the opinion of the Court of Appeals reflects a misapprehension of Rodrigue, we affirm its judgment remanding this case to the trial court.
[ Footnote 1 ] See infra, at 107.
[ Footnote 2 ] The decision of the District Court is unreported (ED La., Civil Action No. 68-19D).
[ Footnote 3 ] The respondent has made the same argument to this Court.
[ Footnote 4 ] The full text of 1333 (a) (1) and 1333 (a) (2) reads: "(a) (1) The Constitution and laws and civil and political jurisdiction of the United States are extended to the subsoil and seabed of the outer Continental Shelf and to all artificial islands and fixed structures which may be erected thereon for the purpose of exploring for, developing, removing, and transporting resources therefrom, to the same extent as if the outer Continental Shelf were an area of exclusive Federal jurisdiction located within a State: Provided, however, That mineral leases on the outer Continental Shelf shall be maintained or issued only under the provisions of this subchapter. "(2) To the extent that they are applicable and not inconsistent with this subchapter or with other Federal laws and regulations of the Secretary now in effect or hereafter adopted, the civil and criminal laws of each adjacent State as of August 7, 1953 are declared to be the law of the United States for that portion of the subsoil and seabed of the outer Continental Shelf, and artificial islands and fixed structures erected thereon, which would be within the area of the State if its boundaries were extended seaward to the outer margin of the outer Continental Shelf, and the President shall determine and publish in the Federal Register such projected lines extending [404 U.S. 97, 101] seaward and defining each such area. All of such applicable laws shall be administered and enforced by the appropriate officers and courts of the United States. State taxation laws shall not apply to the outer Continental Shelf."
[ Footnote 5 ] This is not to imply that a federal court adjudicating a claim under state law as absorbed in the Lands Act must function as it would in a diversity case. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 ; Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99 ; Levinson v. Deupree, 345 U.S. 648, 651 . We hold only that the state statute of limitations is part of the law to be applied in federal court as it would be part of the law to be applied in a state court.
[ Footnote 6 ] Here we are not dealing with mere "housekeeping rules" embodied in state law. Cf. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 473 .
[ Footnote 7 ] The Court of Appeals justified its creation of federal common law in this instance by suggesting that personal injury actions under the Lands Act are in a "quasi maritime area which is traditionally imbued with the laches doctrine and which presents a strong federal urge toward uniformity." 430 F.2d, at 32.
[ Footnote 8 ] Contrary to the suggestion by MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, our holding today is consonant with Levinson v. Deupree, supra, n. 5. Since Levinson involved a federal court's obligation to adopt state procedural rules in an admiralty action, it has very limited relevance to the instant case, which involves an action under a statute which ousts admiralty law and specifically directs that state law shall be adopted as federal law. Moreover, Levinson held only that state "procedural niceties relating to amendments of pleadings" need not be applied by federal admiralty courts, and the opinion emphasized that it was not dealing with an important part of the state action, such as a statute of limitations. 345 U.S., at 651 -652. As pointed out above, our holding today does not extend to such state "housekeeping rules." See n. 6, supra. Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1 , also referred to by MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, held that, under the Federal Tort Claims Act, a federal court must apply "the whole law of the State where the act or omission occurred." Id., at 11. Insofar as Richards bears on the present case, it supports our holding that federal courts should not create interstitial federal common law when the Congress has directed that a whole body of state law shall apply.
[ Footnote 9 ] These cases were decided in the era before Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, supra, n. 5. The first case involving nonretroactive application of state law concerned interpretation of the Mississippi Constitution. Rowan v. Runnels, 5 How. 134.
[ Footnote 10 ] We do not hold here that Rodrigue, in its entirety, must be applied nonretroactively. Rather, we hold only that state statutes of limitations, applicable under Rodrigue's interpretation of the Lands Act, should not be applied retroactively. Retroactive application of all state substantive remedies under Rodrigue would not work a comparable hardship or be so inconsistent with the purpose of the Lands Act.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS.
Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 395 U.S. 352 , does not, with all respect, require reversal in this case. Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals without reaching the question of the retroactivity of Rodrigue.
Rodrigue, like the present case, arose under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 67 Stat. 462, 43 U.S.C. 1331 et seq. That Act created a federal cause of action for offshore injuries enforceable in the federal courts, but made state laws applicable. 43 U.S.C. 1333 (a) (2).
In Rodrigue, La. Civ. Code Ann., Art. 2315 (1970) was relevant, which provides in part: "The right to recover all other damages caused by an offense or quasi offense, if the injured person dies, shall survive for a period of one year from the death of the deceased . . . ."
In the present case Art. 3536 of the code is applicable and it reads: "The following actions are also prescribed by one year:
"That for injurious words, whether verbal or written, and that for damages caused by animals, or resulting from offenses or quasi offenses."
The latter limitation is "prescriptive" only, i. e., that while the Louisiana remedy is barred, the right is not. Under Art. 3536, the limitation runs only to the remedy [404 U.S. 97, 110] and would not be applicable in another forum applying the substantive right. Istre v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., 226 So.2d 779, 794-799 (La. App. 1969). Respondent, therefore, argues that the federal doctrine of laches is the only limitation upon his right of recovery and that it is inapplicable where, as here, there is no prejudice to the defendant and any delay in filing the lawsuit was reasonably excusable. See, e. g., Akers v. State Marine Lines, 344 F.2d 217.
The Louisiana courts consider the distinction between peremptive and prescriptive limitations important; 1 and by reason of the federal statute, making Louisiana law applicable, federal courts are bound by the distinction. Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1 . As stated in Rodrigue the federal Act "supplemented gaps in the federal law with state law through the `adoption of State law as the law of the United States.'" 395 U.S., at 357 .
In Rodrigue - an action for wrongful death - the right is extinguished, if the action for recovery is not brought within a year of the death. Kenney v. Trinidad Corp., 349 F.2d 832; Mejia v. United States, 152 F.2d 686. Under Art. 3536 - which governs here - Louisiana law holds that it is merely a "procedural restraint which bars the remedy, but does not extinguish the right." Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. C/B Mr. Kim, 345 F.2d 45, 50 (CA5 1965). See also Page v. Cameron Iron Works, 259 F.2d 420, 422 (CA5 1958); Jackson v. Continental [404 U.S. 97, 111] Southern Lines, 172 F. Supp. 809 (WD Ark. 1959); Succession of Pizzillo, 223 La. 328, 65 So.2d 783 (1953); Devoe & Raynolds Co. v. Robinson, 109 So.2d 226 (La. App. 1959).
A district court, sitting in diversity jurisdiction in Arkansas, applied these principles of Louisiana law and held - properly in my mind - that Art. 3536 did not bar an action filed more than one year after the injury complained of. Jackson v. Continental Southern Lines, supra. See also Page v. Cameron Iron Works, supra. That decision is in perfect harmony with long-established rules of conflict of laws. 2 A different result [404 U.S. 97, 112] should not obtain here where federal jurisdiction, 43 U.S.C. 1333, flows from a head other than diversity.
Apart from traditional conflict of laws is the congressional mandate to apply state laws to these federal causes of action. If we are faithfully to apply the state law of Louisiana we would apply here not the Louisiana peremption rule applied in Rodrigue but the Louisiana prescriptive rule applicable to the instant personal injury case.
Today's decision conflicts with Levinson v. Deupree, 345 U.S. 648 , where the District Court was enforcing in admiralty a state cause of action for wrongful death. Although procedural irregularities in the appointment of the administrator would have barred - under the state statute of limitations - an action in state court, we held that federal courts were free to formulate their own procedural rules. If we were to follow Levinson, we would not bind federal courts to state rules of procedure designed to have no application beyond the state forum for which they were created. 3 Cf. Byrd v. Blue Ridge [404 U.S. 97, 113] Electric Cooperative, 356 U.S. 525, 533 -539; Angel v. Bullington, 330 U.S. 183, 192 ; Atkins v. Schmutz Manufacturing Co., 435 F.2d 527 (CA4 1970); Note, 71 Col. L. Rev. 865 (1971).
Today's decision also conflicts with our decision in Richards v. United States, supra. There, the Federal Tort Claims Act referred us to the local law for a rule of decision, just as Rodrigue and the Lands Act do in the present case. We concluded that the Act "require[d] application of the whole law of the State where the act or omission occurred," 369 U.S., at 11 , including its conflict of laws decision. 4 If we were to follow Richards and Rodrigue in the present case, we would apply Louisiana's [404 U.S. 97, 114] prescriptive rule as it has been construed by Louisiana courts and not use it to bar an action in a different forum.
For in that other forum - here the federal district court - Louisiana law allows the federal court, consistently with conflict of laws, to apply a different limitation than Louisiana would apply in her own courts.
In Rodrigue, we said:
"The purpose of the Lands Act was to define a body of law applicable to the seabed, the subsoil, and the fixed structures such as those in question here on the outer Continental Shelf. That this law was to be federal law of the United States, applying state law only as federal law and then only when not inconsistent with applicable federal law, is made clear by the language of the Act." 395 U.S., at 355 -356.
We then concluded: "It is evident from this that federal law is `exclusive' in its regulation of this area, and that state law is adopted only as surrogate federal law." Id., at 357.
Since the federal court is not a Louisiana forum, 5 the Louisiana law of prescription permits enforcement of this claim after Louisiana's one-year statute has run. 6 Therefore, if we are to be faithful to the federal scheme we must apply Louisiana law; and Louisiana law would [404 U.S. 97, 115] not apply Rodrigue in a personal injury case where the suit is not brought in a Louisiana forum.
The Court of Appeals, speaking through our leading admiralty authority, Judge Brown, so held and went on to rule that in harmony with Louisiana's prescriptive rule this personal injury suit was not barred under the laches doctrine familiar to maritime law.
This is not a stale claim and its assertion after the one-year period ran was not prejudicial; no prejudice was indeed pleaded. Cf. Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392 .
One who reads this record will be impressed with the grave injustice of applying the Louisiana one-year statute as if it were peremptive, rather than prescriptive. Death comes with a finality lacking in some personal injury cases; and the rigid rule applied in Rodrigue can do no injustice. But personal injuries are often lingering and one may not know for months whether he is partially or permanently crippled, whether he must be retrained for wholly different work, and so on. In this case it took some months after the injury for respondent (1) to realize that he could not return to his old work, and (2) to discover the kind of work he could do.
If we followed Louisiana law, as Congress directed, we would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, reflecting as it does good law and a measure of justice not always allowable when the rigidity of Rodrigue governs a case.
[ Footnote 1 ] Guillory v. Avoyelles R. Co., 104 La. 11, 15, 28 So. 899, 901 (1900): "When a statute creates a right of action and stipulates the delay within which that right is to be executed, the delay thus fixed is not properly speaking one of prescription, but is one of peremption. "Statutes of prescription simply bar the remedy. Statutes of peremption destroy the cause of action itself. That is to say, after the limit of time expires the cause of action no longer exists; it is lost."
[ Footnote 2 ] G. Stumberg, Principles of Conflict of Laws 146-147 (3d ed 1963): "The traditional reaction in Conflict of Laws . . . has been that ordinarily limitation is procedural. This view was taken by the Dutch jurists, and where the question arises out of a general statute, it is the view generally accepted by Anglo-American courts. The result is that in the absence of a statute to the contrary in most jurisdictions, when the claim is based upon foreign facts, even though the foreign period of limitation has not run, the plaintiff may not recover if the time allowed for suit at the forum has expired. Conversely, if the foreign period has expired, suit may nevertheless be brought at the forum if the time specified there has not run." (Footnotes omitted.) Accord, Restatement of Conflict of Laws 603-604 (1934); Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws 142, 143 (1971); 3 J. Beale, Conflict of Laws 584.1 (1935); B. Currie, Conflict of Laws 232-234, 255 (1963); A. Ehrenzweig, Conflict of Laws 428-436 (1962); H. Goodrich, Conflict of Laws 267 (4th ed. 1964); Ailes, Limitation of Actions and the Conflict of Laws, 31 Mich. L. Rev. 474 (1933); Comment, The Statute of Limitations and the Conflict of Laws, 28 Yale L. J. 492 (1919). While still sitting on the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Mr. Justice Harlan said: "In actions where the rights of the parties are grounded upon the law of jurisdictions other than the forum, it is a well-settled conflict-of-laws rule that the forum will apply the foreign substantive law, [404 U.S. 97, 112] but will follow its own rules of procedure." Bournias v. Atlantic Maritime Co., 220 F.2d 152, 154 (CA2 1955). Mr. Justice Harlan went on to hold that a Panamanian statute of limitations was not applicable where a Panamanian statutory right was being enforced under the admiralty jurisdiction of the Federal District Court.
[ Footnote 3 ] The majority supports its limitation on actions by saying that "we are not dealing with mere `housekeeping rules' embodied in state law. Cf. Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 473 ." Ante, at 103 n. 6. This conclusion, however, is directly contrary to the characterization given the prescriptive limitation by Louisiana courts: ". . . It is conceded by the five defendants-appellees that had plaintiff filed this suit in the federal court, the doctrine of laches would apply. The cases cited by plaintiff . . . were filed in the federal forum and are distinguished on this basis. "But plaintiff chose the State forum. Plaintiff may have preferred some procedural advantages afforded in the State court, such [404 U.S. 97, 113] as: agreement of only nine of twelve jurors needed; ability to call under cross-examination any employee of a party as opposed to the federal rule wherein the right to call witnesses under cross-examination is limited to executive or top supervisory personnel; no procedural vehicle provided for directed verdict or judgment n. o. v. in State court; or shorter delay in State court between filing petition and trial. Having chosen the State forum, he is bound by State procedural rules. The argument that uniformity requires us to import the Federal procedural law of laches rather than use the Louisiana procedural law of prescription, is unacceptable. If we adopt the federal procedural rule in this instance, it would logically follow that more Louisiana procedural rules will, for the same reason, be abandoned in the future. We hold that our State courts are bound to apply State procedural rules." Istre v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., 226 So.2d 779, 794. The court then concluded, "The applicable Louisiana prescription statute, LSA-C.C. Art. 3536, is procedural." Id., at 794-795.
[ Footnote 4 ] The majority would limit Richards' reasoning "that federal courts should not create interstitial federal common law when the Congress has directed that a whole body of state law shall apply." Ante, at 105 n. 8. It is precisely because we must apply the "whole body" of state law, however, that we should apply the Louisiana interpretation of that law and not use the prescriptive rule to bar an action in a federal forum. H. Hart & H. Wechsler, The Federal Courts and the Federal System 456-457 (1953).
[ Footnote 5 ] The majority acknowledges that the federal court still retains its identity as a federal forum when it indicates that it is not to "function as it would in a diversity case," ante, at 103 n. 5, and that only certain state rules are adopted, ante, at 103 n. 6.
[ Footnote 6 ] O'Sullivan v. Felix, 233 U.S. 318 , does not require a contrary result because there we considered only whether Art. 3536 could be applied to a federal action in a federal court and not how it should be applied. Petitioner conceded that his action was barred if Art. 3536 applied and "the sole question pressed by counsel and which we [were] called upon to decide [was] the application of the state statute to the conceded [federal] cause of action." Id., at 321. [404 U.S. 97, 116] | [
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|
Q: Production build always put MUI CSS at the top Could someone give me some insights about this.
Overriding Material UI CSS works in development environment,
but then it swapped in production environment.
This one is wrong, Material UI css should be at the bottom
This one is right, I'm overriding Material UI css.
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|
Just thought I'd send you a picture of the canoe I built with 1/4x3/4x48 balsa strips from your shop. It's 20 feet long, 4 feet wide, weighs about 100 lbs and survived its first outing on the lakes of the Allagash waterway.
Two summers ago my friend Ben and I bought balsa from you to make a surfboard.
I thought you would appreciate the photographs I took of the process and final product.
Let me know if you would like to use any of them. The surfboard rides great, thanks for the quality balsa!
L19 Bird Dog built by Mike P.
"My engineering class (high school seniors) created a suspension bridge from balsa you supplied last year. It took my entire class of 18 students about 4 months to build. In the end, a 50lb cart drove across the full length of the bridge and I stood in the middle of the span with a total load of 200lbs on the road deck. The bridge itself is 2m long and 40 cm wide with a tower height of about 1m." Hamilton High school AZ.
I just wanted to share with you the quality hand carved custom duck decoys I make with Natl Balsa wood.
I appreciate the service and quality of your Balsa wood for duck decoys it is a great product" | [
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|
Penny stock crash scandal's 'treasurer' sentenced to three years' jail
2013 Penny Stock Crash
Pauline Wong 20/03/2019, 6:10pm
SINGAPORE (Mar 20): Goh Hin Calm, the "treasurer" for 2013 penny stock crash masterminds John Soh Chee Wen and Quah Su Ling, has been sentenced to serve three years in prison for aiding and abetting the duo in what is the largest-ever market manipulation case seen in Singapore.
Goh, who was interim CEO of IPCO International (now known as Renaissance United), pleaded guilty to two charges pertaining to his involvement in the scandal, which wiped out $8 billion in market value.
In delivering the sentence, Justice See Kee Oon said there is evidence of extensive losses at unprecedented levels, which has led to an adverse reaction and injured the confidence and reputation of the country.
He ruled that Goh played an integral role in the scheme. "He had autonomy, and [I] cannot accept that his role is peripheral. [He was] entrusted with some authority and some powers of oversight because he is trusted and loyal," said See.
See: Two stock market manipulation precedents invoked as prosecutors call for 3-year sentence for Goh Hin Calm
See also: Banks, brokerages incurred over $350 million in losses from penny stock crash
Goh, who was calm when the sentence was read out to him in court on Wednesday, had acted as the treasurer for Soh and Quah. He managed payments for the numerous trading accounts controlled by the duo and kept track of the shareholding schedules of those accounts.
He also gave Quah and Soh control of trading accounts held in his and his wife's name. The trading accounts were used to manipulate shares in Asiasons Capital (now known as Attilan Group), Blumont Group and LionGold Corp.
Deputy Public Prosecutor Nicholas Tan submitted that Goh's role as Soh and Quah's "finance manager" was instrumental to the extensive damage of the scheme hatched by the duo to rig the markets, and to the misrepresentation of the stocks in Asiasons, Blumont and LionGold.
"His role in managing the finances of the scheme was substantial, egregious and instrumental to a scheme of this nature," Tan said. "He was no mere automaton, he had autonomy as he liaised directly with brokers and facilitated payments without seeking permission from Soh and Quah."
Tan also argued that Goh was indispensable to Quah, with whom he had a good working relationship, and that he was motivated by the need to keep that relationship due to opportunities afforded him by Quah.
"The accused was a senior accountant and director, and was well qualified to appreciate the importance of what he was doing," said Tan.
Defense counsel Adrian Wee, Director, Characterist LLC, in his submission argued that Goh's role was "peripheral" and he had no part in conducting, strategising, nor formulating any of the trades which were part of the scheme to manipulate the shares.
"He did [as he was told by Quah] out of a misguided sense of loyalty. He was, if I may use the analogy, part of 'backroom operations'. Not only is his function peripheral, but his discretion in respect to the performance of his function was limited," Wee said.
However, Tan objected to the idea of Goh merely being a "backroom boy," given that he was managing payments of over $30 million to the various accounts.
Goh, through Wee, expressed remorse for his participation in the scheme and for the injuries caused to the shareholders and parties who suffered losses due to the scheme.
Justice See sentenced Goh to 36 months in prison on each of the two proceeded charges, with the sentences to be run concurrently.
Goh will proceed to serve his sentence immediately.
The trial of Soh and Quah, who face 189 and 178 charges, respectively, will begin on March 25.
ISR Capital's former executive director David Rigoll ceases to be substantial shareholder
ISR seeking legal advice over 'inaccurate' media reports
IPCO sacks CFO Carlson Smith on grounds of misconduct | [
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|
Sharp XE-A203 Electronic Cash Registers at Cash Register Store.
REPLACED BY SHARP XE-A207. CLICK HERE.
The Sharp XE-A203 is a powerful little cash register with a low cost! Excelling features include 99 departments, 1200 PLU's, and 15 Clerks. The XE-A203 replaces the XE-A202 with the advantage of an LCD operator display. Other standard features include an alpha-character thermal printer with an electronic journal for end of day printing for all transactions.
Each Sharp XE-A203 cash register includes a FREE package of programming / reporting software. The software adds extra security as it serves as a secure program back-up on your PC. The Sharp XE-A203 is configured with a USB interface. Now you can interface to laptops and avoid dealing with old style serial ports! This is our lowest cost cash register that will let you upload your end of day sales data to your PC for organized report viewing. This software is designed for ONLY ONE cash register and will NOT connect multiple cash registers for polling of reports. | [
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|
Woody is a beautiful QH who is 85% blind. We were contacted by his previous owners when he started having eye problems. Unfortunately they did not provide the proper care and his eyes got worse so they asked us to take him 3 months later. Although we did everything we could to fix his eyes, it was too late. Woody tends to get scared easily especially by loud noises. We decided to try finding him a companion that would help keep him calm but also guide him. We got a 6 month old miniature donkey, we named Gus, and slowly introduced him to Woody. Gus is Woody's service donkey and they are doing exceptionally well together. We are very happy with the success of this project and expect Woody to lead a very happy life. Woody is a permanent resident at W.A.R.
Woody is sponsored by Angelica Lozano.
Thank you for helping to provide Woody with a long and happy life at W.A.R. | [
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A Pacific Surfliner egy regionális vasúti járat az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban. Az Amtrak üzemelteti 2000 június 1 óta. A legutolsó pénzügyi évben összesen utas utazott a járaton, naponta átlagosan utasa volt. San Diego (Kalifornia állam) és San Luis Obispo (Kalifornia állam) között közlekedik, az 560 kilométert 27 megállással 8 óra 15 perc alatt teszi meg az San Diego Northern Railway, a BNSF, az SCRRA és az Union Pacific Railroad vágányain.
A vonat egy Siemens SC-44 dízelmozdonyból (2018-ig: EMD F59PHI) és superliner emeletes személykocsikból áll.
További információk
Pacific Surfliner
Amtrak California - a partnership of Caltrans and Amtrak
LOSSAN Board
Amtrak's January 2006 Monthly Performance Report
Források
Nevezetes Amtrak vonatok
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Misono (13 d'octubre de 1984 –), nascuda , és una cantant de J-Pop originària de la Kyoto, Japó.
Història
Vida prèvia
Des de xiqueta Misono va donar els seus primers passos en la música, sempre estant exposada a l'ambient artístic a l'interior de la seua família. Ja des dels vuit anys va començar a prendre classes de piano, i ja més gran en la secundària començà a prendre classes de cant. Les experiències de des de menuda acompanyant a la seua mare i germana a càstings i audicions, on cercaven oportunitats per a convertir-se en cantant, va ser una mica el que es creu que marcà a la jove Misono.
En el 2000, amb setze anys i poc després que la seua germana major coneguda com a Kumi Koda es convertira en la guanyadora de l'audició avex dream 2000 organitzat per Avex cercant nous talents, Misono també va decidir presentar-se a un dels càstings que es van fer posteriorment dins del mateix any, avex natsu yasumi audition -l'audició d'estiu d'Avex-, en el qual igual que si germana, també va eixir guanyadora.
Debut en day after tomorrow
En el 2001 la jove va abandonar la casa dels seus pares, i va viatjar a la capital de Tòquio, on va començar a entrenar-se musicalment, per a poder estar millor preparada. A l'abril del mateix any Misono s'uní com a vocalista per a la banda day after tomorrow, amb els quals va debutar oficialment en el mes d'agost. La banda rebé un gran suport per part del seu productor Mitsuru Igarashi, i també per part dels executius d'Avex, que tenien grans expectatives per a ells i esperaven que es convertiren en un èxit a gran escala, com pocs anys arrere altres bandes del mateix segell com Every Little Thing i Do As Infinity ho havien aconseguit. A la fi d'eixe any day after tomorrow guanyava el Japan Record Award al Millor Novençà de l'Any, i en temps que procedirien la banda s'anà acostumant a gaudir d'un èxit estable. Es va convertir en un hàbit que cadascun dels treballs que llançaven arribaren fàcilment als llocs alts de les llistes d'Oricon en l'estiu del 2003, amb dos dels seus senzills, "moon gate" i "Dear Friends/It's My Way" arribant al segon lloc de les llistes.
Després d'haver llançat bastants senzills, miniàlbums i àlbums d'estudi, finalment day after tomorrow acabà la seua activitat el juliol del 2005. L'any posterior a l'escàndol provocat pel guitarrista de la banda Kitano juntament amb Sayaka Kanda, es va anunciar que els tres integrants anaven a continuar els seus camins en solitari. Es va especular que hi havia certes rancúnies a l'interior del grup, però ells ho van desmentir dient que a pesar que se separaven seguien mantenint bones relacions.
Començament com solista
El seu debut com solista ho realitzà el 29 de març del 2006 amb el llançament del seu primer senzill, "VS", tema principal del videojoc de Nintendo DS Tales of the Tempest. El senzill, que combinava elements molt més propers a melodies pop rock comparat amb els seus treballs anteriors amb day after tomorrow, i una imatge més d'ídol i infantil amb el vídeo musical i la sessió fotogràfica del senzill inspirada en la història del conte clàssic infantil de Blancaneus, es va convertir en un èxit tal com s'esperava, debutant en el lloc núm. 4 de les llistes setmanals de'Oricon en la primera setmana que va eixir a la venda, arribant a vendre més de trenta mil còpies. En aquesta nova faceta de Misono ha estat utilitzat com enganxe per al públic utilitzar elements de contes i rondallas en la seua imatge, va utilitzar tant en vídeos musicals, sessions fotogràfiques i presentacions elements i personatges de famoses històries infantils.
Per al seu segon senzill en solitari, "Kojin Jugyō" -cover de la popular cançó dels anys setanta interpretat original per la banda Finger 5, banda que misono considera una de les seues favorites, llançat uns mesos més tard, va ser utilitzat com inspiració el conte de La Cendrellosa. El senzill igualment es creia que anava a tenir un acompliment fort en les llistes, però finalment va vendre la meitat del que va vendre el seu treball anterior, el que el molts ho van considerar com un fracàs. Però amb el següent senzill llançat al mercat, "SPEEDRIVE", inspirat en L'ànec lleig i que també va ser el primer tema que Misono interpretà en televisió en aquesta nova etapa solista per a ajudar a la promoció, les vendes van baixar de manera alarmant. Des de quinze mil còpies aproximades arribades amb el senzill anterior i haver arribat amb sort al núm. 15 de les llistes d'Oricon, aquest últim ni tan sols abastà a entrar al Top 20 de la llista, amb vendes que no van assolir superar la barrera de les deu mil còpies.
La sobrecàrrega
La popularitat de Misono ha anat descendint rotundament des del seu debut amb day after tomorrow com una ídol fins als seus més recents treballs, i es creu que la principal causa és que la seua imatge s'ha vist considerablement danyada per la sobrecàrrega que Misono ha anat adquirint des que va debutar en solitari, i tant és el nivell d'açò que molts fins i tot arribaren a considerar-la fins i tot a la vora d'arribar a l'obesitat. A causa d'açò, el setembre del 2006 Misono va decidir participar en un reality show de la cadena MTV del Japó on començaria una dieta, transmesa a escala nacional i controlada per la Beauty Clinic i aquest canal musical. Al començament de la seua dieta les seues dades van ser registrats computacionalment, presentant que des de 42kg que tenia al moment de començar la seua carrera solista, va augmentar fins a arribar als 56,2 kg, augmentant el seu greix corporal en un 32,1%. A l'octubre començà a transmetre's el programa, que va ser dit Girls meet Beauty, conduït per Yuri Takano.
never+land
Per a promocionar Girls meat Beauty, Misono per primera vegada en tota la seua carrera va deixar que el seu cos fos exposat en un seminuu -en topless- en fotografies que van aparèixer en fitxes i revistes, fet que també va causar un gran impacte entre els seus fanàtics i de l'entreteniment japonès en general. El seu quart senzill, titulat "Lovely Cat's Eye", va ser llançat alguns mesos després d'aquest polèmic fet, i igual que el seu primer senzill, va ser utilitzat per a promocionar a Tales of the Tempest, i assolí convertir-se en un èxit moderat en les llistes, recuperant el nivell de vendes arribant a almenys a del seu segon senzill.
Així continuà Misono fins a acabar el seu agitat any 2006, i les seues activitats musicals es van reprendre ja en el segon mes del 2007. Ací va veure la llum la seua primer senzill belada i també el seu primer de doble cara A, "Hot Time/ A. answer", sent el segon tema principal del seu reality show, i on se li veu en la portada apareix en topless i considerablement més prima que en la seua anteriors fotografies d'aquest tipus.
Després d'haver llançat ja cinc senzills promocionals, a finals del mateix mes el seu primer àlbum original d'estudi, titulat "never+land", va veure la llum. L'àlbum, igualment orientat al gènere de contes i rondalles, no va obtenir ni la meitat de l'èxit que s'esperava per al primer àlbum d'una artista que anteriorment havia gaudit de molta popularitat, debutant en el lloc núm. 20 en la seua primera setmana en Oricon, amb vendes inicials de deu mil còpies i mitjana aproximadament. Que diversos dels seus senzills anteriorment llançats hagen venut més que l'àlbum pot explicar-se pel fet que tal vegada no va cridar molt l'atenció en matèria de promoció, a part que molts dels temes presents en el disc ja havien estat llançades en treballs anteriors.
Per a abril del mateix any havia estat programat el llançament d'un àlbum de covers de Misono, en el qual es creia serien inclosos els seus enregistraments de "Complicated" d'Avril Lavigne i "TOMORROW" de Mayo Okamoto, a part d'un nou senzill titulat "Pochi", esperat per al mes de maig. No obstant això el primer fou posteriorment cancel·lat a la fi de març; les raons de la cancel·lació es desconeixen, encara que s'infereix que haja estat a causa del fracàs del primer àlbum original d'estudi. Finalment només "Pochi" va veure la llum, sent llançat al mercat el 16 de maig.
El Rock Project
Després d'estar quatre mesos sense cap nou treball, el setembre de 2007 comença un nou projecte musical per a Misono: el denominat Rock Project, que consistiria en llançaments de diversos senzills Rock produïts per un artista distint. El primer d'aquests senzills va ser "Zasetsu Chiten", produït pel músic Hidekazu Hinata -integrant de la banda japonesa Straightener-, que va ser llançat el 12 de setembre. El 14 de novembre d'aquest mateix any va ser llançat el segon senzill del projecte, "Jūnin Toiro", produït per la banda GO!GO!7188; i el 30 de gener del 2008 és llançat "Mugen Kigen", produït per Onsoku Line.
Per a març del 2008 estaven també prevists els llançaments del quart i últim senzill del Rock Project, "Ninin Sankyaku", i el segon àlbum original d'estudi de Misono; no obstant això, per raons que no van ser aclarides, aquests llançaments van ser cancel·lats fins a nou avís. Finalment, el senzill "Ninin Sankyaku" fou llançat el 25 de juny.
Discografia
Senzills
VS (29 de març del 2006) - #4 32.920 còpies venudes
(10 de maig del 2006) - #15 14.084 còpies venudes
(12 de juliol del 2006) - #21 9.797 còpies venudes
(1 de novembre del 2006) - #14 14.682 còpies venudes
(7 de febrer del 2007)
(16 de maig del 2007)
(12 de setembre del 2007)
(14 de novembre del 2007)
(30 de gener del 2008)
(25 de juny del 2008)
(29 d'octubre, 2008)
(18 de febrer del 2009)
Àlbums
never+land (28 de febrer del 2007)
(16 de juliol del 2008)
Altres senzills
11 eleven (Cyber X feat. misono) (28 de maig, 2003)
Tribute to Avril Lavigne-Master's Collection- (25 d'octubre, 2006)
En este àlbum tribut a Avril Lavigne per artistes japonesos, Misono interpreta el seu primer senzill "Complicated".
Àlbum de covers; títol per anunciar-se (18 d'abril del 2007)
(Mai Satoda amb Gōda Kyōdai) (12 de novembre del 2008)
(Mai Satoda amb Gōda Kyōdai) (14 de gener del 2009)
It's all Love! (Koda Kumi × misono) (31 de març de 2009)
Filmografia
2007: Obachan Chips
2009: The Harimaya Bridge
Enllaços externs
Siti Oficial de Misono
Misono a Oricon Style
Cantants japonesos
Artistes d'Avex Trax
Artistes de Kyoto | [
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|
News of the past month and what's ahead
In this edition:
Congressional and Land & Water Conservation Fund Updates
PNTS Updates: Executive Director Search, D.C. Office Move, and Intern Grants
Fall National Trails Workshop - Willingness To Travel Survey Due June 7th
PNTS Publishes Spring Pathways Magazine and "Saving Fones Cliffs" Case Study
Upcoming June Webinars
COVID-19 Resources for National Trails
#RecreateResponsibly and Take the #NationalTrailsDay Pledge
National Trails System: New Book and USFS Trails Lead
Funding, Scholarship, and Award Opportunities
A Visit to a Trail Can Enhance Your Health and Well-Being
It is still possible to secure cosponsors of S. 3422, The Great American Outdoors Act, to maintain momentum for when Congress meets again. Click below to tell your Senators to support the act.
Congressional and LWCF Update
Congress is slowly getting back to work on "regular order" legislation after approving four funding packages aimed at addressing the economic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on individuals and businesses. There is good news regarding upcoming Senate action on S. 3422, The Great American Outdoors Act (GAOA), a bipartisan legislative package to jointly address both full and dedicated funding of the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) and a dedicated fund to address backlog maintenance needs in our national parks, forests, and other public lands. This pdf illustrates some of the economic benefits of GAOA.
The Partnership for the National Trails System, its member groups and hundreds of other organizations, businesses, and individuals have endorsed this bill and sent a letter to Congress in early May urging prompt action on the bill. Just before the Senate recessed for Memorial Day, Majority Leader McConnell announced that the bill would be put in the queue for floor consideration in June, perhaps as early as the first full week.
In the House, a bipartisan "Dear Colleague" letter urging action on GAOA as part of an infrastructure package got 118 signers over a short period of time — signaling strong support for quick action — and a companion measure to S. 3422 is expected to be introduced in the House very soon.
In the meantime, PNTS sent a second letter to Congressional leaders in early May requesting specific attention to trails needs in a COVID-19 economic recovery or infrastructure package, and along with many other organizations has continued to urge Congress to include the outdoor recreation economy and public lands in its stimulus plans.
PNTS Update on Executive Director, Office, and Trail Intern Grants
The Partnership for the National Trails System Transition Task Force reports that the hiring of a new Executive Director is on schedule for mid-summer with a start date on or before September 1st. We are delighted with the number and caliber of applicants, and interviews are underway.
PNTS leadership is also exploring several promising options for its office move to Washington, D.C., including co-locating with a peer/partner organization.
Of the 13 National Trail Intern Grants awarded in 2020, so far 7 interns have been hired, 3 of which have started their internships. The rest of the trails had to delay the start dates/hire dates due to COVID-19 and are planning on starting their internships by June.
Are You Willing to Travel?
The Overmountain Victory Trail Association (OVTA) is planning to host the PNTS Fall National Trails Workshop in Spartanburg, South Carolina on October 26-30, 2020. This workshop is intended to serve the interests of both national scenic and historic trails. At this time, the planning team needs to make a recommendation to the PNTS Trail Leaders Council about whether the workshop will be an in-person event or held virtually. There are a variety of factors to consider but of the utmost importance is safety and your willingness to attend an in-person event in October. Please help us in this process by filling out this very short survey by June 7th. We don't have the details of what things will be like in October so we are asking you to use your best judgement with what you know today.
PNTS Publishes Spring Magazine and Case Study
REMINDER: Email [email protected] to submit story ideas for potential inclusion in the summer issue of Pathways by June 12th.
Spring Issue of Pathways
The cover story for our spring issue of Pathways Across America focuses on how the trails community has been adjusting to change amid a global pandemic and collaborating by sharing resources and creating virtual engagement opportunities during COVID-19. Other stories include updates from PNTS leadership, a recap of Hike the Hill, Electronic Tour Sites on historic trails, recent land purchases and reroutes on scenic trails, trail partner comings and goings, and an update from the National Trails System Council.
VIEW PATHWAYS
Fones Cliffs Case Study
The Partnership just published its second case study about land protection efforts. "Saving Fones Cliffs: A Remarkable Conservation Success Story along the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail," relays the 15-year sustained effort by conservation organizations to acquire Fones Cliffs in eastern Virginia in 2018. The cliffs, located in the heart of the ancestral home of the Rappahannock Tribe, are also home to one of the largest concentrations of bald eagles in the continental U.S.
The Partnership for the National Trails System will share additional webinars hosted by other organizations on its webinar page. Registration information and costs may vary. Since March, this has included dozens of COVID-19 related webinars and virtual town hall meetings. Some recordings are also available.
Leveraging Outdoor Recreation to Revitalize Rural Economies
June 2nd at 1-2:30PM EDT
Hosted by American Trails
Ratcheting Up Rural Response, Recovery and Resilience: Five Good Ideas for Philanthropy
June 2nd at 2-4PM EDT
Hosted by Aspen Institute
Community Engagement for Trails
June 11th at 1PM EDT
Women-Led Stewardship and Conservation - A Panel Discussion
COVID-19 Trail Resources
PNTS has created a COVID-19 Updates for National Scenic and Historic Trails webpage to track, to the best of its ability, trail-related responses, guidelines, policies, event cancellations, related news articles, and resources. If you would like something shared to this page, please email Samantha Haas, PNTS Communications Coordinator, at [email protected]. Examples of specific resources are listed below.
American Trails Report
American Trails recently wrote this article about "How COVID-19 is Affecting the Trails Community," referencing this report based on data from a nationwide survey.
CARES Act Info
Explore opportunity and eligibility, and take advantage of CARES Act 2020 funding opportunities, accessible via a number of different pathways - national, state and local levels.
Infrastructure Grants
Environmental grassroots nonprofits may be eligible to apply for COVID-19 Rapid Response Infrastructure Grants from Mosaic. Applications are due June 12th and July 2nd.
We've temporarily experienced life with limited access to trails and public lands and, now more than ever, realize how much we need them. The need to recreate responsibly will continue even after the pandemic is behind us. We have a shared responsibility to care for these places and ensure they remain for future generations to enjoy. As some trails, parks, and public lands open up for us to get back outdoors, join us in committing to get out there responsibly and join the #RecreateResponsibly Coalition. American Hiking Society (AHS) is shifting from promoting in-person events to a digital activation for National Trails Day® on June 6, 2020. Take the #NationalTrailsDay Pledge and commit to taking at least one action in 2020 to preserve trails and fight for equitable access to quality green space.
More National Trails System News
Trails Book Will Benefit PNTS
Steve Elkinton's book, "The National Trails System – An Illustrated History" (VertelPress, 2020), is now available from Amazon Books, Books-a-Million, and Barnes & Noble for $26.99. Steve Elkinton served in the National Park Service for 25 of those 50 years helping to build this system of trails. He uses oral history interviews and archived documents to fill in hitherto undocumented gaps in this uplifting story. Once publishing expenses are met, all additional proceeds will be donated to the Partnership for the National Trails System.
USFS New Acting Trails Lead
The U.S. Forest Service has announced that Brenda Yankoviak will be stepping into the role of its Acting National Trails Program Lead beginning June 8. Brenda has worked around the west in recreation and trails and is currently the manager of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail program. She has terrific program management and facilitation skills and the department looks forward to having her step into the role of convening and leading the many trails teams currently working across the country. Welcome, Brenda!
Matching Awards Program
The National Forest Foundation is soliciting proposals for its Matching Awards Program (MAP), which provides U.S. Forest Service federal funds for on-the-ground projects benefiting America's National Forests and Grasslands. A 1:1 non-federal match is required.
Round 2 Deadline: Tuesday, June 9th
2020 Beneficiaries
Camber Outdoors opened its applications for Camber Exchange Beneficiary "mini-grants" to nonprofits with a 501(c)(3) status, annual revenue of $250,000 or less, and initiatives or programs that promote workplace equity in the active-outdoors industries.
Application Deadline: Tuesday, June 30th
A Breath of Fresh Air!
During stressful times, it is well known that a breath of fresh air can help reduce stress and even physical symptoms. Don't overlook the national scenic and historic trails that may be nearby. A visit to a trail can enhance your health and well being. Your gift of $50, $100, $250 or more will help the Partnership for the National Trails System (PNTS) expand the diversity of trail experiences including virtual ones.
Donations to the Partnership for the National Trails System will help bring more trails, scenic and historic, to you. Your tax-deductible contribution will help us to create opportunities to explore your natural and historic heritage throughout America and support the work of citizen stewards who build and maintain these trails in your backyard. We thank you!
National Pony Express Association's Annual Re-Ride • June 3-13, 2020
National Trails Day • June 6, 2020
North Country Trail Association Virtual Celebration • August 2020
SORP National Outdoor Recreation Conference • September 14-17, 2020
38th Annual OCTA Convention • (2020 event is rescheduled for September 12-16, 2021)
Santa Fe Trail Center Rendezvous • September 24-26, 2020
National Wilderness Workshop • October 13-17, 2020
National Trails Workshop - South Carolina • October 26-30, 2020
Protecting America's Great Outdoors
U.S. Senate Will Take Up Bill To Fully Fund LWCF
Idaho Author Prepares to Sift Through Oregon Trail Center Donations
Job Postings:
Assistant Crew Leader • Pacific Northwest Trail Association
Do you have an upcoming event, news story, or job posting that is not listed above?
Send us an e-mail at [email protected].
Partnership for the National Trails System
306 E Wilson, Suite 2E, | Madison, Wisconsin 53703
608-249-7870 | [email protected]
www.pnts.org | [
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|
Q: ASP.NET checkbox changes focus? I have a checkbox control, and when it's clicked, the focus of the page changes to the top--the window scrolls to the top of the page.
Nowhere in the code am I specifying a change in focus, either in JavaScript on codebehind.
What could be causing this?
A: Is the checkbox set with Autopostback = true? This could cause the page to postback and reset the form.
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|
ABAP Unit does not replace good system or integration testing, but it can prepare your code so that these tests can be successfully completed in a shorter time period.
ABAP Unit Test class, a simpler way to verify the behavior of our code. The unit test class not only check the code coverage but helps a developer to cover all possible scenarios of a code leading to more reliable code with less chances of rework.
Executing and interacting with the host operating system in ABAP is easy to do. SAP has created a framework for you to first configure via SM69 and then use via the delivered API SXPG_COMMAND_EXECUTE.
The SQL Trace, which is part of the Performance Trace (transaction ST05), is the most important tool to test the performance of the database. Now you as of ABAP 7.2, you execute it and other important measurements from inside the New ABAP Debugger.
How many of us have had this happen during debugging? You need to analyze a bug, or you want to find out how an application works. And you don't know where exactly to set a breakpoint. So you start the ABAP Debugger and start stepping through the code. And you keep on stepping through the code, endlessly, without reaching any of the application logic in which you are interested! Well there is a solution and its Software Layer-Aware Debugging (SLAD), sometimes referred to as Profile Controlled Debugging.
Typically, you use the delivered WHERE-USED functionality of the Repository Information System (SE84) inside an SAP instance to discover where the subject object is called or referenced. But what if the objects calling reference is not in the system that has the RFC? You could log on to every SAP system and do a Where-Used, or we can learn from Henry and use his tool. Part 2 of this series does a deep dive into the ALV design and programming, and delivers the user the entire code base.
Typically, you use the delivered WHERE-USED functionality of the Repository Information System (SE84) inside an SAP instance to discover where the subject object is called or referenced. But what if the objects calling reference is not in the system that has the RFC? You could log on to every SAP system and do a Where-Used, or we can learn from Henry and use his tool. Part 1 of this series lays the foundation for understanding the problem and how to address it.
ots of factors can give rise to slow execution of a transaction or a report. Sometimes there are general system problems. Sometimes users use the program in a way it was not designed for. Sometimes the nature of the application and workload calls for parallel processing. And sometimes the source of the performance issue can be traced back to your ABAP code, mainly the construction of your OPEN SQL.
While there are many reasons other than database performance that could be causing the performance problem, this blog series will focus on just this aspect. If you've ruled out deficiencies in the system setup, mishandling by users, or the need for parallel processing, then you need to revisit your code and see if the source of your performance problem is hiding there.
Lots of factors can give rise to slow execution of a transaction or a report. Sometimes there are general system problems. Sometimes users use the program in a way it was not designed for. Sometimes the nature of the application and workload calls for parallel processing. And sometimes the source of the performance issue can be traced back to your ABAP code, mainly the construction of your OPEN SQL. | [
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|
Q: Minimum tls configuration not working in docker private repository Using below configuration to set minimum tls version in Docker private registry.
http:
addr: 0.0.0.0:5000
net: tcp
relativeurls: false
draintimeout: 60s
host: https://example.com:443
tls:
certificate: /certs/domain.crt
key: /certs/domain.key
minimumtls: tls1.3
ciphersuites:
- TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
But when u run below command. It is showing tlsv1 is enabled.
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -tls1
********
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
Session-ID: A611949FBC6ED8ED322D4360C7B32887C75BE6HJFU5BA9B536C3721924A103F3E
********
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|
Since 1979, the award-winning Tallahassee Magazine has been capturing the essence of Florida's vibrant capital to share with readers.
Features, quick-read and department stories are provocative, in tune with the area and its people and are chock-full of useful information highlighting life, style, culture and food.
Whether the story is about a local controversy, arts and culture, travel, an interesting personality or local lore, it will be on point and well written.
Complementing our regular story offerings are our popular Social Studies photos, the Buzz and a comprehensive calendar of events.
Tallahassee Magazine is direct-mailed to selected upper income ($100,000+) homes, professional offices, government officials, civic leaders, local businesses and frequently visited reception and waiting areas.
The magazine is sold on newsstands, including Barnes & Noble, Books-A-Million, Costco and Walgreens, and reaches thousands of tourists and visitors through our extended distribution model.
Tallahassee Magazine is also distributed to high-end executive hotels that host business and state personnel who visit the Capitol district.
For additional inquiries, feel free to contact us. | [
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|
Parkway 2-2 Argyle
Published by academyadmin at April 7, 2018
ARGYLE'S young guns put in a valiant display on Thursday night in the Southwest Peninsula League, as they came back from 2-0 down to draw 2-2 with runaway leaders Plymouth Parkway.
Parkway had won 26 of their 28 league matches this season, losing only once. Argyle fell behind in the 21st minute of the match as a Parkway free-kick flew into the net, and it looked even worse for the young Pilgrims when former Argyle midfielder Ryan Lane doubled Parkway's advantage in the 51st minute.
The Greens didn't give up though, and 19-year-old development player Alex Battle scored his 17th goal of the league season on the hour mark to pull Argyle within touching distance. It was soon to be goal number 18 of the season for Battle as he hit a superb strike from distance to draw Argyle level in the 72nd minute.
Battle almost completed his hat-trick late on but was denied by a sprawling save from Parkway's Kyle Moore. In the end both teams had to settle for a point each, but Robbie Herrera will be delighted with the way his young side came back at the likely champions. | [
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Yellow (engl. für die Farbe Gelb) steht für:
Yellow (Album), Musikalbum von Emma-Jean Thackray (2021)
Yellow (Manga), Mangaserie von Makoto Tateno
Yellow, umgangssprachlich für den Buntbarsch Labidochromis caeruleus
Yellow (2006), ein Musikfilm von Alfredo De Villa
Yellow (2012), ein Filmdrama von Nick Cassavetes
Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company, ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Automobilhersteller
Yellow (Lied), ein Lied von Robin Schulz und Disciples
ein Content-Management-System von Datenstrom
Yellow ist ein Namensteil von:
Colton Yellow Horn (* 1987), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
Siehe auch:
Yello, Schweizer Musik-Band
Yellow, ein Song der Band Coldplay
Yellow Winterthur, ein Schweizer Handballverein
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]
|
This guide and the accompanying doxygen documentation are targetted at
developpers that wish to design their own switch model using the building blocks
exposed by bmv2. We have not documented every single method in doxygen; instead
only the public methods which can help you design and implement your own model
have been documented and are visible here.
If you are not yet familiar with bmv2 (if you have never used bmv2 before), you
should be starting with the [bmv2 README]
(https://github.com/p4lang/behavioral-model).
The bmv2 code already comes with 3 example targets: [simple_router]
(https://github.com/p4lang/behavioral-model/tree/master/targets/simple_router),
[l2_switch]
(https://github.com/p4lang/behavioral-model/tree/master/targets/l2_switch) and
[simple_switch]
(https://github.com/p4lang/behavioral-model/tree/master/targets/simple_switch).
simple_router is the smallest and simplest one, and I suggest starting with
it. l2_switch introduces some additional complexity by including a packet
replication engine (to support multicast). simple_switch is the standard P4
target and although it includes a lot of functionality, the code is still
relatively small and straightforward.
As the bmv2 code becomes more stable, we intend to improve this documentation
and include a step-by-step guide on how to design and implement your target
using bmv2. I believe that a step-by-step guide recreating the implementation of
the l2_switch target would be most useful.
## FAQ
TODO
| [
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|
Q: Signal/Method for every executed sql statement According to this 12 years old issue, django does not support a signal for every executed sql statement: https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/5415
I need this in a production environment where debug=False.
This means overwriting connection.queries does not work.
Is there a way to run some custom code after each sql statement (even if debug=False)?
A: I do believe that the interesting solution posted by @Louis should be flagged as the the correct one.
Having said this, if your need is that of logging and analyzing all executed queries, you might consider installing django-debug-toolbar and configuring it to be optionally available in production for the superuser or a specific administration user.
For example, put this in myproject/settings.py:
def show_toolbar(request):
from constance import config
if not config.DEBUG_SHOW_TOOLBAR:
return False
return request.user.is_superuser
DEBUG_TOOLBAR_CONFIG = {
'SHOW_TOOLBAR_CALLBACK': 'myproject.settings.show_toolbar',
'INTERCEPT_REDIRECTS': False,
}
django-debug-toolbar has a specific panel with very detailed informations about all database activity.
A: I've taken a look at how Django populates connection.queries. When DEBUG = True, the base database backend code that is used by all backend wraps the database-specific cursors with CursorDebugWrapper. Otherwise, it uses CursorWrapper. It would be in theory possible to force Django to populate it even when DEBUG = False by overriding the queries_logged property or setting the flag force_debug_cursor on the database connection object. Either method would force Django to use CursorDebugWrapper even when DEBUG is False. However, I don't recommend this approach because CursorDebugWrapper is not particularly efficient for cases where the only thing you want is to know that a query was executed. For instance, besides populating connection.queries it logs the queries to a logger. If you do not need this logging, then it is just a waste.
So taking inspiration from how CursorDebugWrapper works, I've come up with a custom way to know when a SQL query has been made.
I created an app called first whose __init__.py is:
from django.db.backends import utils
from contextlib import contextmanager
# This is inspired by Django's stock CursorDebugWrapper class.
class Mixin(object):
def execute(self, sql, params=None):
with self.notify(sql, params, use_last_executed_query=True):
return super().execute(sql, params)
def executemany(self, sql, param_list):
with self.notify(sql, param_list):
return super().executemany(sql, param_list)
@contextmanager
def notify(self, sql=None, params=None, use_last_executed_query=False):
try:
yield
finally:
if use_last_executed_query:
sql = self.db.ops.last_executed_query(self.cursor, sql, params)
# I've used print for this proof-of-concept, replace with whatever
# mechanism suits you.
print("Executed: ", sql)
class CustomWrapper(Mixin, utils.CursorWrapper):
pass
class CustomDebugWrapper(Mixin, utils.CursorDebugWrapper):
pass
utils.CursorWrapper = CustomWrapper
utils.CursorDebugWrapper = CustomDebugWrapper
Then in my settings.py file, I've put the first app first INSTALLED_APPS. This makes it so that the __init__.py file for it executes before anything that accesses the database.
What this is doing is essentially replacing the stock CursorWrapper and CursorDebugWrapper classes with custom ones that allow knowing when an SQL query has occurred. This change takes effect for all the backends that are shipped with Django.
I don't know of another way to add this capability in one fell swoop like I'm doing above. I first looked to see if I could derive a new backend from an existing one. I'm sure it is doable but it requires a lot of boilerplate. Also, projects that use multiple backends at once would have to derive a new backend for each stock backend that was originally used.
A: Maybe you could add a logger to your db backends:
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger('django.db.backends')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) #set the log level you want
logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
This will track all database transactions.
I remember seeing this some years ago, but I think it should work, since the logging system is pretty much the same.
It is not a signal, but I think it would do what you want.
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|
Q: Always get a Security Error for Internal HTTPS Website Full disclosure, I asked this question over at Ask Different (https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/96776/always-get-a-security-error-for-internal-https-website) but didn't get much helpful feedback. I'm hoping this question fits better here.
My company recently changed an internal site to use HTTPS instead of HTTP (it is our Jira site in case that matters). From what I can tell, this site is using an internal certificate. On our work computers this certificate appears to be pre installed so the website comes up without trouble in IE, Firefox, and Chrome. However, my personal computer is a Mac (OS X 10.8.4) and I am having major troubles accessing the site through any browser. I have followed instructions to install the certificate in my Keychain and I believe I have successfully done that, but I am still not able to access the site.
When Accessing the site I Get:
Chrome: Invalid Server Certificate You attempted to reach jira.surescripts.local, but the server presented an invalid certificate.
Safari: Safari can't open the page Safari can't open the page "https://jira.local:8081/" because Safari can't establish a secure connection to the server "jira.local"
In Chrome when I view the certificate information it I see: Intermediate certificate authority. Expires: Thursday, May 21, 2015 1:19:28 PM Central Daylight Time. This certificate is valid
To make sure that it wasn't something strange with our company's VPN, I installed a Windows 7 virtual machine on my Mac and installed the certificate in Windows and am able to successfully log on to the site how I always would.
I am not much of an expert with certificates and I really don't know where to go from here. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thanks.
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|
bool(false) The Legacy of RuneClan: Book 1 Please do not copy!
Please check out the forum: 'Warriors Movie Stuff'! Just read all of it to see if you are interested. We are in desperate need of Story Writers, so please join in! We really, REALLY want this to happen! More details in the forum.
The Legacy of RuneClan: Book 1 Please do not copy!
cat's nose as she peeked through the entrance of the soft MeadowClan nursery.
hearing. Ravenkit leaned in to hear more of the conversation. SPLASH!
Ravenkit thought bitterly wading in the foul-smelling dirt.
over the dirt pile, a distasteful look on his dark face.
away and into the entrance to the leader's den which was the Stone Tree.
looked at the dark tabby or heard his menacing voice, she remembered her dream.
cave, until they reached a rock, one side very smooth, the other, rough.
gray tabby appeared in the rock, which Ravenkit later recognized as Darkmoon.
that dream, which she often did, it sent shudders down her spine.
kit? A lonely kit, in fact.
Ravenkit had three brothers and sisters.
Dawnrise mewed to her kit.
scent of flower beds and young cats surrounded Ravenkit.
herself in the patch of rose petals that was her nest.
It's so lovely to see you again." Spottedpaw mewed in her soft tone.
Ravenkit always wished she had a beautiful, luscious voice like hers.
when are you going to be an apprentice?" Wildpaw suddenly blurted.
nursery. Ravenkit always wanted to be an apprentice, and looked up to them.
for his sake to shape his Clan's destiny, he had to be Medicine Cat."
Oh, sorry. I got a little lost in my thoughts."
Foxstar granted us permission to play in the flower patch near our camp."
Leopardpaw's menacing stare follow them out.
dropped into a stealthy crouch. She knew that dark, savage scent. Darkmoon!
Re: The Legacy of RuneClan: Book 1 Please do not copy!
I don't know why it turned out like that (You know, sentence placement); I just copied it from Word.
anyway, great story (well, part of the story)!!!!
hey!!! i like that name!! it suits the character really well!!
Ya right? DUSKcloud and DAWNrise! perfect couple!
It's not done. Read Fawnleaf's.
Join our RPG now! | New to RPG? Go here! | New to Warriors? Go here! | [
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|
All are welcome from 10:30-11:30AM at the Topolosky home to burn your leftover chametz and witness the sale of chametz. You can download the Sale of Chametz Form here. Please return to Rabbi Topolosky before 10:30AM on April 19. | [
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|
Cosmisoma batesi är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Dmytro Zajciw 1962. Cosmisoma batesi ingår i släktet Cosmisoma och familjen långhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Långhorningar
batesi | [
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]
|
Saurauia floccifera är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av José Jéronimo Triana och Planch. Saurauia floccifera ingår i släktet Saurauia och familjen Actinidiaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Tvåhjärtbladiga blomväxter
floccifera | [
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|
What was the environment of early Earth like when life first emerged and what do we know about life on the earliest Earth? How did life evolve to cope with survival in extreme environments? What have been the major evolutionary transitions of life on the Earth?
Earth became clement for life rather early on.
But what is the evidencee for early life on Earth?
billion years ago, possibly as early as 3.8 billion years ago.
evidence is probably not preserved in the fossil record.
after the formation of the crust and oceans.
period of intense asteroid and comet impacts on the surface of early Earth.
that the evidence is subject to intense scientific controversy.
Earth is one of the most hotly debated areas of astrobiology.
developed to suggest the presence of life on early Earth.
One line of evidence of early life on Earth, is features called stromatolites.
which formed today in shallow marine water.
You can find them in Shark Bay in Australia, for example.
and microbes, and also rocks such as calcium carbonate.
with these macroscopically visible mounds of microbial activity.
church silica rocks in Western Australia's Warraweena group.
features that can form by non-biological processes.
scale, a little bit like stromatolites.
So, further lines of evidence have been the search for microfossils.
types of rocks that can be evidence for life.
these filamentous structures which are thought to resemble modern cynobacteria.
which is the alteration product of heated and pressurized organic matter.
And you can see some examples here of proported filaments in these apex charts.
These micro fossils have also been subject to intense debate.
can also form filamentous structures.
life on Earth, fossils of individual microorganisms.
There are also indirect ways to show the presence of life.
And one way is through chemical fossils.
backbone of most molecules used by life, comes in different forms or isotopes.
Carbon-13 has seven neutrons, Carbon-12 has six neutrons.
In other words, they have a slightly different atomic mass.
Life will preferentially use this lighter isotope, or Carbon-12.
will tend to be made up of the Carbon-12 rather than the much rarer Carbon-13.
used as evidence for the presence of life.
here, in which these early signatures can be preserved.
These are much more recent fossils.
billion years ago and slightly more controversially earlier as well.
So what is the problem with all of this evidence?
indirect evidence such as chemical signatures.
Well, first of all, these are rocks very heavily metamorphosed.
pressure since their formation those many billions of years ago.
This makes it much more difficult to interpret the evidence.
The geological settings are usually uncertain while heavily disputed.
rocks were formed, and so were they really conducive for life?
or chemical signatures that we see are really plausible evidence for life.
observed can be produced by nonbiological processes.
The wavy textures in stromatolites can be produced in sediments without biology.
types of structures by non biological processes.
Filamenters, non biological structures that just look like biology.
be caused by non biological processes.
does provide some compelling evidence for life on the early earth.
on the Earth by at least 3.5 billion years ago.
such as the fractionation of carbon isotopes.
similar features could be a result of non-biological processes.
the evidence for life on early Earth is an ongoing challenge of astrobiology.
billion years ago or earlier, and what the nature of this life might have been. | [
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To Be Picturesque As The Sun Going Into The Sea, Don Our Improved Mix-N-Match Pink Art Silk Sari With Croquis Pattern Pallu. It Comes With Designer Latkan Work, Embroidery Work & Jacquard Half Saree Blouse Anchal (Pallu). This Designer Blouse Has Half Sleeves & Round Neck That Completes The Set.
It is a worth fit For Ultra-Cool Women having Hourglass Body. | [
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|
Interview with Eric D. Goodman, author of Setting the Family Free
Happy publication day to Eric D. Goodman.
Eric D. Goodman is the author of four books, including Tracks: A Novel in Stories, which I reviewed back in 2012. His new novel, Setting the Family Free, is about a preserve of exotic animals being released into an Ohio community.
Today we talk with Eric about his new book and his writing.
Setting the Family Free sounds like an unusual and interesting premise. What inspired you to write this novel?
Setting the Family Free was inspired by a real event, although the characters and actions in my book are entirely fictional and the locations have been changed to similar but different places.
There are many times when I read or see or hear an extended news story, especially the ones that unfold over a period of time, and think that it would be a great idea for a novel. Usually I write a few pages of notes and file it away for the future. In this instance, I was inspired to jump on the topic right away.
I spent a good amount of my time in Ohio during early adulthood, so I knew the places well. I'd always wanted to write an "Ohio book" and an "animal book," and this was an opportunity to do both. I visited the places where the real events happened, and the places where I set my scenes, and I made a point to drop in on a number of zoos and animal reserves during the writing of the book.
Another unique thing about this novel is the way you tell it. Some sections are traditional narrative from main characters, but others sections are news transcripts, newspaper article excerpts, and sound bites from people involved with the events or who knew the people involved. Tell me about that choice.
My main inspiration was to explore the story of why a person would release his dangerous animals into the community and what would happen when he did. But I also found myself interested in how a real news story unfolds and how different people and groups view what transpired differently.
The entire issue of exotic animal ownership was one that conjured many different viewpoints, but adding the personal perspectives of people involved seemed like a great opportunity to experiment not only with multiple perceptions of individuals, but different ways to tell a story.
As happens in real life, I wanted to "break" the story with the sensational headlines and reports, and show how the news was reported differently by different sources with various agendas. In an almost mockumentary way, I wanted to paint a picture of the situation and the main characters involved with sound bites and news clips, and then to delve deeper through the perspectives of the characters involved. Not only the owner of the animals, but his estranged wife, workers, those attacked by the animals, the hunting party with their own varying views—from veterans to veterinarians—and even the animals themselves.
It's interesting how often we see a news headline or catch a few minutes of a news broadcast and think we already know the story. I wanted to dig deeper and get the story as it existed to those intimately involved.
Did the novel or series, Zoo by James Patterson, influence Setting the Family Free?
It's funny you should bring that up. To be honest, I have not read the book or watched the movie. I wouldn't allow myself to, because I didn't want it to influence my rewrites in any way. I wrote the first draft of Setting the Family Free before I knew Zoo existed.
I wrote the first draft of the book while I was the Fall 2012 writer-in-residence at the Ox-Bow Artist Colony, part of the Art Institute of Chicago's School of Art. I finished the first draft and felt really good about having an original story unlike anything else. On the way home, I stopped in at an airport book store and what do I see? James Patterson's Zoo.
I'm sure a lot of writers can relate to this, but it's not the first time this serendipity has happened to me. I wrote my first draft of Womb: a novel in utero ten years before it was published in 2017. Within the same year, Ian McEwan published a novel in utero, Nutshell.
But more important than the similarities in these novels are the differences that make each story unique. Although I haven't read or watched Zoo yet, I believe it's about the animals in zoos across the world changing genetically and attacking people. I think it has a supernatural or science fiction or aspect to it in that way. My book is closer to literary fiction than it is to science fiction; it's about absolutely normal animals being put in a bad situation—and the people of nearby communities being put in equally bad situations as a result.
Now that Setting the Family Free is out, I'll look forward to reading Zoo, just as I waited until Womb was published before reading Nutshell.
So, Zoo did not inspire Setting the Family Free. Did you find inspiration from any other books?
Certainly. I found inspiration in the Tim O'Brien novel, In the Lake of the Woods. I really admire O'Brien's work, and was blown away years ago by the way he told that story with "evidence" chapters and "what if" chapters. In an earlier draft of Setting the Family Free, I actually had some "what if" sections that contemplated different outcomes and motivations, but decided it didn't work in this book. But the alternate formats and perspectives, I think, made for an interesting way to explore this story.
Also, John Steinbeck would sometimes weave very short and seemingly unrelated chapters between the ongoing story chapters—like a turtle crossing the road—and that inspired some of the animal-POV chapters.
You've been writing for a long time. When did you first discover you were a writer?
Sea turtles instinctively know to head for the water after they hatch on the beach. Writing, for me, is like an instinct, or drive, that I've had for as long as I can remember. I vividly recall an early elementary school assignment that solidified that storytelling instinct. I was in the third grade when our teacher instructed us to write a short story. Most kids came in with two or three pages of scribbling. I came in with an epic romp about a boy creating a good monster to fight off the evil beasts of an apocalyptic world. From that point, I realized that writing was not just something I liked to do—it was something I instinctively needed to do.
What is it about writing that drove you to pursue it as a career?
Although I didn't understand it at the time, back during that elementary school writing assignment, I believe the desire to bring people together and to promote understanding through common storytelling was what sparked my interest and kept me writing. Even before I realized it, many of the stories I told had common themes at their heart: bringing unlike people together, getting opposites to understand one another, and trying
to see things from multiple perspectives. I remember writing a story that was essentially a retelling of Star Wars from the point of view of a Stormtrooper wising the terrorists (rebels) would stop undermining the laws of the government.
Much of my writing is centered on just trying to tell a good story. But beneath that surface, I do want to create work that people from different walks of life can relate to, and to perhaps help people meet in the middle to look at things in a new way.
How does Setting the Family Free compare to your past books?
Setting the Family Free is similar to my other books because of my empathetic writing style and my effort to look at each individual as a flawed but decent person—not good or bad, but human. It's similar to Tracks: A Novel in Stories due to my use of multiple perspectives, although Tracks told different stories that intertwined while Setting the Family Free is essentially telling one story from multiple perspectives. Like my previous books, this one character-focused. That is, the characters tend to be more important that the plot.
But Setting the Family Free is very different from anything I've written before. Although characters matter most, this book is far more action-driven. The characters grew out of the "what" of the story rather than the other way around. And my storytelling method is something new to me: moving the story forward with the use of broadcasts and quotes from those involved and article excerpts and political tape transcripts—even blending in real quotes with the fictional ones.
The effect, I hope, is a story about the event, but one enriched with multiple perspectives and multiple storytelling methods. And one that will keep readers turning the page.
Is there a connection between the title of the book and the plot?
Setting the Family Free is what Sammy, the owner of the exotic pets, believes he is doing when he releases them into the community. He considers his animals his family. But it also refers to other families in the book: the traditional families that react to the animals, the self-made families or fraternities of people who join together for a common interest or cause, or the family of community, like the sheriff's team. I try to examine the family unit, which isn't always as cut and dry as the traditional definition.
Setting the Family Free has earned endorsements from authors like Jacquelyn Mitchard, Juno Diaz, Lucrecia Guerrero, and Rafael Alvarez. If you could get this book into anyone's hands, who's would it be?
Besides Oprah and Spielberg? I'd love for Tom O'Brien to read it; I sent a copy to him. But I'm really thankful for the blurbs and reviews I've received and feel like the validation from other authors and journals is worth its weight in book sales. Every review and rating on GoodReads or Amazon or anywhere helps, especially for small-press authors.
I think it would be great for the people involved with the real incident or similar incidents to read it. I think and hope they would see that I didn't demonize or glorify anyone, but instead tried to show everyone involved from different perspectives as well rounded—just as real people tend to be.
Thanks, Eric, for stopping by today to share with us your new book. Please do check out his book launch in Baltimore, Md., if you're in the area or pick up a copy of the book from your local bookstore or on Amazon.
Loyola University's Apprentice House Press releases Setting the Family Free by Eric D. Goodman as a hardcover, trade paperback, and e-book on October 1, 2019. The Ivy Bookshop (6080 Falls Road, Baltimore) is hosting the official book launch on Sunday, October 6 at 5 p.m., and animal-themed wine and snacks will be served, along with a reading from the novel.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Eric D. Goodman, Setting the Family Free
Q&A and Giveaway: The Tourist Trail by John Yunker
September 25, 2018 by Serena
Ashland Creek Press has a giveaway for my dear readers after the Q&A with John Yunker. I hope that you'll give him a warm welcome and check out his new environmental thriller, The Tourist Trail.
The Tourist Trail is a literary thriller about endangered species in the world's most remote areas, and those who put their lives on the line to protect them.
Biologist Angela Haynes is accustomed to dark, lonely nights as one of the few humans at a penguin research station in Patagonia.
She has grown used to the cries of penguins before dawn, to meager supplies and housing, to spending most of her days in one of the most remote regions on earth. What she isn't used to is strange men washing ashore, which happens one day on her watch.
The man won't tell her his name or where he came from, but Angela, who has a soft spot for strays, tends to him, if for no other reason than to protect her birds and her work. When she later learns why he goes by an alias, why he is a refugee from the law, and why he is a man without a port, she begins to fall in love—and embarks on a journey that takes her deep into Antarctic waters, and even deeper into the emotional territory she thought she'd left behind.
Against the backdrop of the Southern Ocean, The Tourist Trail weaves together the stories of Angela as well as FBI agent Robert Porter, dispatched on a mission that unearths a past he would rather keep buried; and Ethan Downes, a computer tech whose love for a passionate animal rights activist draws him into a dangerous mission.
Please welcome, John Yunker:
The Tourist Trail was released by Ashland Creek Press in 2010. What has and has not changed in the past eight years in terms of animal protection in the regions you write about?
Sadly, not very much has changed. Japan still hunts whales, as does Iceland. Fortunately, the Sea Shepherd Society, the inspiration for the Cetacean Defense Alliance (CDA) organization in the book, continues to fight back. As for the penguins, Argentina has made some efforts to protect them at sea, but their numbers continue to decline. The fishing industry continues to extract entirely too much from the oceans, including penguins that are caught up in nets and on longlines.
You'll be going to Argentina with Adventures by the Book in October to take readers to visit the Magellanic penguin colony that inspired the novel. What are you looking forward to sharing with readers on this journey?
I'm most looking forward to the sounds the penguins make. They (and a few other penguin species) are often referred to as "jackass" penguins for the noises they emit. And it can be quite a chorus during breeding season. Seeing them in their element — standing in or alongside windswept, dirt burros — is an experience that will stick with you. It certainly has with me.
You write in many genres — fiction, nonfiction, plays — and yet your works usually focus on animals. Why are you drawn toward animal themes?
Humans have used animals for thousands of years — for food, labor, entertainment. It's time the animals got much-deserved break. Much of what I write centers around the conflicted and slowly evolving relationships between humans and animals, and I'd clearly like to see that relationship continue to evolve, and rapidly. I'd like to see animals, and not just the animals we keep in our homes, treated with empathy. They've earned it.
The Tourist Trail is set in some of the most remote places on earth — Antarctica, Arctic Norway, the Patagonia region of Argentina. For readers who love the animals and their human heroes in your novel, what can they do from where they live to help animals and the planet?
First, stop eating seafood. The only way to put an end to fishing is to put an end to demand. It's simple, really. And, honestly, seafood is no good for anyone. The oceans are polluted, fishing practices are dangerous, and you can't even be confident that the seafood you purchase, no matter what the label says, is sustainable. Due to 90 percent of the oceans having already been depleted, here is no such thing as sustainable seafood. Second, try to give up eating meat. I know it's not easy for many people — I certainly never imagined I would one day give it up. But once
you do, it's really not a big deal, and it does so much good for the planet and for the animals. There are plenty of health benefits for doing so as well.
The sequel to The Tourist Trail, WHERE OCEANS HIDE THEIR DEAD, comes out in February. What can readers expect from this new novel?
This book picks up where The Tourist Trail leaves off, with Robert in Namibia searching for Noa. But there are new characters as well, and a story that will transport readers from Africa to Iowa to New Zealand to Australia. It is a darker novel than the first, but more ambitious, and I
hope readers will enjoy the journey.
Please enter below for 1 print copy of The Tourist Trail. U.S. addresses only. Deadline for comments is Oct. 1, 2018, at 11:59 PM EST.
Filed Under: giveaway, Interviews Tagged With: Ashland Creek Press, John Yunker, The Tourist Trail
Giveaway & Interview with Liz from In Good Conscience by Cat Gardiner
I'm gobbling up the final Cat Gardiner adventure with Iceman Fitzwilliam Darcy and his leading lady, Liz. You'll have to wait for my review!
As part of her kick-off blog tour, I had a unique opportunity to interview Liz about her life and the adventure.
Don't worry there's an international giveaway for my readers, too.
Please give Liz a warm welcome.
I'm seated here with Liz Darcy, on her private balcony overlooking a magnificent estate. Imagine my surprise when, after only a few days following her dangerous trip to Europe, she consented to an exclusive interview just for my Savvy readers. There's a certain twinkle to her eye, even a quirk to her lips like she's holding onto a doozy of a secret beyond the private plane and the secrecy of our locale. She's radiating an inner joy. Maybe its love or maybe it's something else. Don't worry, friends, I'll find out!
Hi Liz, how are you today? I'm dying to ask how your life has changed for the good and bad since meeting Iceman?
Hi, Serena! I'm really honored that you'd want to get to know me and Fitzwilliam a little more. Most people want to know about the dangerous adventures we've taken, so this is refreshing. I'm sorry we had to blindfold you when you got off the Cessna, but I'm sure you understand—we're still working out the security details having only just arrived ourselves.
I do understand you've been through a lot recently. It's quite an estate!
It is gorgeous here—isn't it? I don't think I've ever been happier! *grins*. This setting—this place—I have goose pimples!
Albeit, there were a few months there where we'd been sort of hiding out following Paris and Moscow, and, of course danger wasn't far behind, but that time secluded in Pemberley with Fitzwilliam was a blissful paradise. And if you can believe it, it's already promising to be even better after the hell we've been through!
*Shrugs* Dark clouds messed up this past summer, but, now … I love it here with him, and honestly, there's not much that I'd consider bad anymore—not even the fact that he still leaves the toilet seat up and that he hangs the t.p roll the wrong way. He'll always adore his head-banging music and grunt his displeasure about something, and, of course, there's his need to control certain things, but that's not bad, per se. Heck, it'll take some time before he completely shares everything he's locked away in his mental Icebox, but those are all little things, things that'll take time to work out. We're not yet married a year, you know. As for the good: I feel soooo loved—and safe—and valued like I never have. It's a different kind of "value," different from the value in how my father viewed me.
My opinion matters; Fitzwilliam completely respects me and thinks of me as his equal. I'm one with him—but independent—if that makes sense. Gosh, last year's adventure really taught us both some things and this year's adventure took our relationship to a whole new level. Fitzwilliam lets me spread my wings to fly but I get that he needs to "coach" me on certain things. It's his nature and it's mine to rebel a bit. Any discord we work out either in a one-minute shouting match, tango-ing, or between the sheets.
How much have you learned from Darcy since the last book? And what are you most eager about in your life with him?
Goodness! I've learned so much. And I don't just mean about self defense or weapon usage. We practice those things every day, particularly knife throwing—and, yes, he's still trying to teach me to be a horsewoman, but I've learned so much about him, the man beneath Iceman. He has this patient, confidence-building manner about him. He helps me to feel impervious, skilled and self-assured in everything I do.
It's that nurturing characteristic that answers your second question … I'm so looking forward to parenthood. We'd been trying to get pregnant after our trip to Santorini last year. I just know that Fitzwilliam Darcy (not Iceman) will make an incredible father one day. It's our dream to have the family-life we were denied in our "before each other" meager existences. We hope to be the kind of parents that we missed out on in our own lives.
All the ladies are dying to know if he's as sizzling hot in In Good Conscience as he was in the previous book. And are you still riding your bike?
*Blushing* I don't kiss and tell, but … it's—as you say—sizzling (giggles). The man is so damned hot that even when I'm angry—and I mean blazing angry enough to kill him—I can't stay angry with him … if you know what I mean! That smoldering gaze of his defuses my time bomb! And then his touch gets me all worked up again. *Another blush*
I am definitely still riding and, given the incredible landscape of this area, we are looking forward to the exciting twisties—pushing the limits beside each other.
Do you feel like you're ready to step into his darker world and adequately protect yourself and him?
His darker world is low light and bright … but if I had to go there again, I'd say: Absolutely. I think—after what we've been through over the last two months—Fitzwilliam has that same confidence in me. And although I don't think we'll find ourselves in a dangerous situation again, he does remind me to practice situational awareness and has honed into me that paranoia is the height of awareness. LOL If trouble does come, we have each other's six. Protecting our family is paramount, above all things.
And right now, he's not at his 100% physical best. So as we get settled here and until our full security team arrives, he's truly dependent on me.
Give us a glimpse into your relationship with Iceman and his family.
*Snort* Let's start with his aunt. On second thought, let's not. She irritates me, so I never speak of her. The last time I saw her, I was at my worst and her facelift made it difficult for her to talk, which was fine by me since I could barely even form words myself.
Fitzwilliam's family (apart from his aunt) is my family as much as his. And as much as I hate to admit it, they are Obsidian. It's weird … we're all broken in some way, yet made whole by our commitment to each other. It's hard to explain.
Rick is more a brother than a cousin to both of us and that's true of John Knightley as well. Both guys understand Fitzwilliam and I don't know—maybe it's also a military mindset—but where he (or I) go, they'd go, even if it meant to the death. And that holds true for how we feel about them. Charlie, what can I say of Charlie? He's solid gold in every way and I'm glad my sister has finally wised up to that!
Even Caroline in some strange way is part of our family. She might be the evil step-sister, but she'll always have our back if needed; she proved that this summer. Sarah, Rick's girl is awesome and will be staying in America. I'm glad because they are perfect for each other.
We also have new family members who came to Pemberley as our security team. All former military. But, I tell ya', I couldn't have gotten through some of the things I have without one salty Marine named Dixon. He's so much more than my personal bodyguard: good friend, confidant, uncle, brother. He's awesome.
And then there's Gigi and Justin my sister and brother-in-law. They are loving life in California. I hadn't seen her since her wedding last year, but we reunited during the horrific circumstances over the summer, but now that the clouds have packed away, we'll be getting together soon at an upcoming wedding. Even the Reynoldses will be in attendance!
So what is on the horizon for you two love birds?
Just living every day beside each other, appreciating even the smallest of things, remembering only the good things of the past, and forgetting about everything else. We live in the moment and all that matters is that we're together, taking each day as it comes. It's amazing, Serena–seven weeks changed our life, and we had to get through it to experience this absolute complete joy. As Fitzwilliam is always singing … "It's a
new dawn … a new day … and he's feelin' good." We both are!
Okay. Here's my last question. Do you have secret to share because I sense you're holding something back. You're positively glowing.
*Giggles* You'll have to read the book!
Thank you, Liz, for joining us today! What a wild ride it has been and here's to a calmer future together for you and your husband.
Dear readers, here's a picture of the swag Cat Gardiner is offering:
1 ebook for an international reader and 1 paperback for a U.S. reader.
Also an exclusive IGC mug, Bottle of Cabernet, a woman's journal with inspirational quotes, series bookmark for a U.S. Winner.
Giveaway info:
Leave a comment here for Liz and Cat or ask a question.
Winner will be selected on Sept. 21, 11:59 PM EST.
Filed Under: giveaway, Interviews Tagged With: Cat Gardiner, In Good Conscience: The Final Adventure
Literary Book Gifts & Promo Code for You
August 15, 2018 by Serena
I wanted to share with you a unique gift find for the book lover in your life. Have you ever wanted to find that perfect t-shirt or tote bag for your best friend?
Literary Book Gifts might have just the thing for you and your friends.
I talked with Melissa about her store and she's generously offering my readers a 20% discount on their orders. You'll find out the promo code later on.
Why did you start your shop?
I started my shop because I love the stories that come out of novels. Books are rarely expressed in the visual medium. Book covers often capture the essence of a novel, but these days with the rise of eBooks you don't often see many book covers around. Wearing a book on your shirt or on a tote bag makes it tangible and allows you to experience the artwork during your daily life. A simple reminder of our attachment to the narratives of our own lives.
I am inspired by the ability of some of the stories to make it's readers feel such complex and often powerful emotions.
What's unique about your gifts?
The massive variety of sizes and colors makes these gifts really unique in the industry. Each print is available in tons of colors, anywhere from about 8 to 15 (it varies based on the design itself). And women's shirt sizes range from XS – 3XL and men's sizes from S – 5XL. Beyond the print itself, I think color and sizing are the most important factors involved when buying clothing.
Why you think people should buy them?
Self expression is a primary part of the human experience. It allows for you to connect with others on a more intimate level than simply not expressing yourself at all by wearing a blank shirt. However, you cannot just wear any random clothing, you must feel as though it matches your personal style, and that is what these shirts are aiming to do.
Thanks, Melissa. I agree, self-expression is a big part of what makes us human.
Now, for the promo code and details, dear readers. I know you're salivating.
The promo code SAVVYVERSEANDWIT20 is good for 20% off anything in the store, no minimum, and can be used unlimited times.
Go shop.
Filed Under: announcements, Interviews Tagged With: Literary Book Gifts
Interview with Carly Severino, author of Bruised Brain: A Poetic Memoir
June 15, 2018 by Serena
Welcome readers. I've had a very long few weeks at work in which the work just kept piling up and I felt like I was going to drown.
I want to apologize to Carly Severino for not getting this interview up in a timely manner. I hope you'll forgive me.
First here's a little bit about her new memoir, Bruised Brain: A Poetic Memoir:
"bruised brain" is a poetic memoir that explores themes of child abuse, self harm, depression, mother-daughter relationships, healing, and more. Examining hardship through poetry, this debut work serves to let readers everywhere know they are not alone.
Please give Carly a warm welcome:
1. When writing, do you outline how you want to structure your books or do you just go with the flow?
I've tried to be better about outlining but I find it distracts from the creative direction the writing wants to go in. When I try to outline, it feels like I'm trying to tell the story what it should do when really I should be listening to what the story thinks I should do to make it happen the way it's supposed to. I try to write as soon as inspiration strikes so I can ride the creative wave and let the story take shape. I'll worry about the technical stuff during editing.
2. Explain a little bit about your day job in PR and how it relates to your other writing pursuits.
I love books and reading and writing, and so a lot of people think I should be in publishing. For a while, I really wanted to do just that but after working for a few literary magazines and working at a literary agency, I sort of realized I didn't want to make what I was super passionate about my job because then all the things I loved the most became work. So I compromised by working in PR and advertising, and honestly it was the best decision. I get to work with some really creative people and the work is never the same. I have such interesting clients that do all sorts of different things, so the material is never boring and I'm always learning something new.
I really love working in PR because it's a challenge. I have to do a lot of research about things I never thought I'd be writing about, and to me, that's the best when a job can teach you something new every day. Then on the weekends or at night after work, I take an hour to do the kind of reading and writing I really love.
3. Your memoir deals with some very tough and traumatic issues. Did you find the process of writing the poetic memoir cathartic? How so?
It's funny; I never wanted this to be my first book. I didn't want to be pigeon-holed as the writer with "mommy issues." But the more I let it fester inside, the more I felt like I needed to let it out. I started writing this accidentally, to be honest.
I just wanted to compile a bunch of poems to sell at slams, but it just morphed into something else altogether. I realized I had a poem for every traumatic event in my life that described my relationship with my mother, so I wrote them and then compiled them in chronological order starting with my birth.
Cathartic is a really great word to use; it's how I describe most of my writing—especially this book. It was great to sit down and unpack all this emotional heaviness.
I love poetry because even though it tends to deal with some tough topics, ultimately what you're doing is taking that pain and trauma and making it into something beautiful and artistic, and I think that's really important. If you let your pain sit there, the pain wins and gets worse with time. But if you try to paint it in a different light, you're understanding it in an entirely different way and are able to move on from it.
Thank you, Carly, for answering my questions and best of luck with the new book.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Bruised Brain: A Poetic Memoir, Carly Severino
Giveaway & Interview with John Kessel, Author of Pride and Prometheus
It has been quite some time since I've conducted an interview with an author, but today, John Kessel, author of Pride and Prometheus, will answer a few questions. And there is a giveaway to be had.
First, a bit about the book:
Pride and Prejudice meets Frankenstein as Mary Bennet falls for the enigmatic Victor Frankenstein and befriends his monstrous Creature in this clever fusion of two popular classics.
Threatened with destruction unless he fashions a wife for his Creature, Victor Frankenstein travels to England where he meets Mary and Kitty Bennet, the remaining unmarried sisters of the Bennet family from Pride and Prejudice. As Mary and Victor become increasingly attracted to each other, the Creature looks on impatiently, waiting for his bride. But where will Victor find a female body from which to create the monster's mate?
Meanwhile, the awkward Mary hopes that Victor will save her from approaching spinsterhood while wondering what dark secret he is keeping from her.
Pride and Prometheus fuses the gothic horror of Mary Shelley with the Regency romance of Jane Austen in an exciting novel that combines two age-old stories in a fresh and startling way.
Now, for the interview; give John a warm welcome:
1. When did you start writing and what was the first story or poem you wrote?
I was writing stories as early as grade school and sent my first submission to a magazine when I was in seventh grade. It was a terrible little one-page science fiction story that ended with a pun. I sent it to the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and it was rejected, but I was very excited to have the form rejection slip, which meant that some editor had read my story. I was not discouraged.
I did not send another story out until I was in college, and did not sell a story that actually appeared until I was in my late 20s. Ironically, my first sale that eventually got published was to the same magazine, Fantasy and Science Fiction, where I have since sold eighteen stories.
2. Why Jane Austen as a basis for a novel?
I love Austen's novels but I would not have considered writing a novel based on Pride and Prejudice if I had not seen the opportunity to fuse Austen's characters with the characters and plot of Frankenstein. I became intrigued as much by the differences between Jane Austen's and Mary Shelley's writing as by the similarities, and in writing the book thought a lot about the differences between the novel of manners and the gothic, and the odd ways in which they might speak to one another. Also, it was fun, a kind of challenging puzzle, to make them come together in a satisfying way without disrespecting either writer or her work.
3. What character surprised you the most when writing Pride & Prometheus?
Mary Bennet surprised me the most. The Mary portrayed in Pride and Prejudice is a minor character, the most socially maladroit of the Bennet sisters, the only one who is not pretty. She's the bookish one who quotes morality at her sisters and who cannot see how odious Mr. Collins is. Every time she appears in the book she says something pompous or clueless and everyone ignores her.
But I picked her to be my heroine, so I had to try to understand her and imagine how she might have an interior life that would not make her obnoxious or tedious even though others might see her that way. I had to grow her up—my story happens 13 years after Austen's, so Mary has had a chance to evolve and mature. She became a stronger and more admirable character the farther the story went, and I liked her more and more. She
struggled to make things better in situations where others would give up, and she said and did a few things that surprised even me.
4. What was left on the cutting room floor during the editing process that you love most?
I don't remember having to cut anything very substantial that I regretted losing. Mostly the story grew with successive drafts. There were some options I considered early on—notably a number of different endings—that I let go of as I worked through the story, but I think the ending I came to is the right one for this book.
5. What is next on the writing horizon? Future book?
I have been working on a story about the assassination of President William McKinley by the anarchist wannabe Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition, a world's fair, in Buffalo, New York in 1901. I grew up in Buffalo. Czolgosz was the son of Polish immigrants; my father was a Polish immigrant. The turn of the 20th century was a time of great wealth and poverty, political, and social change—like our own time. The fair was designed to promote electrification and the wonders of the future, a subject of interest to a person as obsessed with science fiction as I was as a young man.
There was an attraction at the fair called "A Trip to the Moon," the first "dark ride" ever designed, like the ones at Disneyworld or Universal. One could take this ride to the moon and meet the underground Selenites, modeled after H.G. Wells's novel First Men in the Moon. I think maybe Leon Czolgosz went to the moon before he shot the president. I think there's a story in this, an opportunity for comedy and tragedy and social comment, though I am not sure exactly how it will work out. My tentative title is The Dark Ride.
Thanks, John, for taking the time to share with us your latest work and how Mary Bennet surprised you.
ENTER the U.S. giveaway below:
1. Leave a comment on the post with an email
2. Share on social media #giveaway #Pride&Prometheus @SavvyVerseWit #JohnKessel for another entry
Deadline to enter is March 14, 2018, 11:59 PM EST
Photo Credit: John Pagliuca
Born in Buffalo, New York, John Kessel's most recent book is the new novel Pride and Prometheus. He is the author of the earlier novels The Moon and the Other, Good News from Outer Space and Corrupting Dr. Nice and in collaboration with James Patrick Kelly, Freedom Beach. His short story collections are Meeting in Infinity (a New York Times Notable Book), The Pure Product, and The Baum Plan for Financial Independence.
Kessel's stories have twice received the Nebula Award given by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, in addition to the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award, the Locus Poll, and the James Tiptree Jr. Award. His play "Faustfeathers'" won the Paul Green Playwright's Prize, and his story "A Clean Escape" was adapted as an episode of the ABC TV series Masters of Science Fiction. In 2009 his story "Pride and Prometheus" received both the Nebula Award and the Shirley Jackson Award. With Jim Kelly, he has edited five anthologies of stories re-visioning contemporary short sf, most recently Digital Rapture: The Singularity Anthology.
Kessel holds a B.A. in Physics and English and a Ph.D. in American Literature. He helped found and served as the first director of the MFA program in creative writing at North Carolina State University, where he has taught since 1982. He and his wife, the novelist Therese Anne Fowler, live and work in Raleigh, N.C.
Filed Under: giveaway, Interviews Tagged With: John Kessel, Pride and Prometheus
Interview with Toni Stern, author of As Close as I Can
November 14, 2017 by Serena
It's been 2 years since I reviewed Toni Stern's work when WET appeared on my blog. I cannot wait to read her new collection, As Close as I Can.
About her new collection:
The eagerly awaited new poems from the author of Wet. Toni Stern enjoyed a highly productive collaboration with the singer-songwriter Carole King. Stern wrote the lyrics for several of King's songs, most notably "It's Too Late" for the album Tapestry. Here, with affection and insight, she examines the breadth and boundaries of family, place, language, and self. As Close as I Can is her second volume of poetry.
Today, please give Toni a warm welcome as she answers questions about her poetry and her hobbies:
Tell us about your latest book, As Close as I Can.
These poems, written over the last three to four years, continue to explore the recurring themes of family, place, language, and self. There are stories in As Close as I Can that have followed me my entire life. It's been a cathartic experience, examining, through poetry, the emotional and formative impact those experiences have had on me.
What are your favorite poems in As Close as I Can?
I'm fond of "State of Emergency" and "As Close as I Can." They surprise me. I'm especially fond, too, of some of the shorter poems: "Self Portraits," "Pyrolysis," "The Paved Road," "Everything is Singing." I enjoy their directness and economy. My favorite poem though, is always the next one. The one I've yet to write.
Wet, your first volume of poetry was well received. What has been the most rewarding part of the publication process so far? The most challenging part?
Working with my editor, Trish Reynales, was divine. I loved the few readings I did. I especially loved the laughter. I discovered I'm an unapologetic ham. The most challenging part is explaining myself outside the medium of poetry.
What made you decide to release the poems in As Close as I Can and Wet in book formats? Will any of these poems become songs?
After having written a hundred or so poems, I decided I wanted to create a chapbook-size book; something that looked beautiful and fit happily in the hands. It was a very tactile desire. The poems were never intended as songs.
When did you begin writing? Did you initially decide to write "straight" poetry and transition into music, or was music always the goal?
Music was always the goal. Carole King was my very first reader. She was looking for a new writing partner after her divorce from lyricist Gerry Goffin. I'd recently written four lyrics and sent them to my friend and producer, Bert Schneider, who, during a meeting with Carole, showed her what I'd written. I was a complete unknown. You might say I started at the top. I didn't even know if the lyrics I created could be fashioned into song. I think it speaks to Carole's prescience that she chose to work only with me, an opportunity I am forever grateful for. I was twenty-three years old.
How do you structure your work day? Do you work in an office.
I work at the dining room table. I get down to it early, especially if I'm working on a poem I've already begun. I can't sit still for long, so I also work standing at the banquette. Vera, my Jack Russell terrier, often lays on the table, beside my laptop, overseeing my efforts.
You are also an artist. When did you begin painting?
I began painting in the early nineties. I wanted to know, if possible, what it felt like to paint something wonderful. I painted myself off my feet for twenty years. I made pilgrimages to New York city twice a year, for several years, to work at the Art Students League with master Knox Martin. Painting has informed me more than any other art form about the creative process and the commitment it requires.
What advice do you have for aspiring poets and songwriters?
Read and listen to the best. Only the best. If you have something to say, say it. Keep your chops up. Art is noble and necessary. It is akin to love.
My next book. The poems are structured very differently. They're story-poems, in paragraph form. The autobiographical "I," evident in my last two books is absent. It's very engaging territory.
Thanks, Toni. I cannot wait to read the latest collection.
About the Poet:
Born and raised in Los Angeles, Toni Stern enjoyed a highly productive collaboration with singer-songwriter Carole King. Stern wrote the lyrics for several of King's songs of the late '60s and early '70s, most notably "It's Too Late," for the album Tapestry. The album has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide, and received numerous industry awards. In 2012, Tapestry was honored with inclusion in the National Recording Registry to be preserved by the Library of Congress; in 2013, King played "It's Too Late" at the White House. That song and Stern's "Where You Lead" feature in the Broadway hit Beautiful: The Carole King Musical. "Where You Lead" is also the theme song for the acclaimed television series Gilmore Girls. Stern's music has been recorded by numerous artists throughout the years.
As Close as I Can is her second volume of poetry. She lives with her family in Santa Ynez, California. Her website is https://www.tonistern.com.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: As Close as I Can, Toni Stern
Meet Meg Kerr, Author of Devotion, and Giveaway
July 18, 2017 by Serena
Please welcome Meg Kerr to the blog today and stay tuned for the giveaway.
Georgiana Darcy at the age of fifteen had no equal for beauty, elegance and accomplishments, practised her music very constantly, and created beautiful little designs for tables. She also made secret plans to elope with the handsome, charming and immoral George Wickham. Will the real Georgiana Darcy please stand up? In Devotion, Georgiana, now twenty years of age and completely lovely, does just that. Taking centre stage in this sequel to Experience that sweeps the reader back into the world of Pride and Prejudice, she is prepared to shape her own destiny in a manner that perplexes and horrifies not only the Darcy-de Bourgh connexion but the whole of fashionable London. The arrival of a long-delayed letter, and a clandestine journey, bring Georgiana and her fortune into the arms of an utterly wicked young man whose attentions promise her ruin. At the same time, events in Meryton are creating much-needed occupation for Mrs. Bennet and an amorous quandary for Lydia Bennet's girlhood companion Pen Harrington; and the former Caroline Bingley is given—perhaps—an opportunity to re-make some of her disastrous romantic choices. Meg Kerr writing effortlessly and wittily in the style of Jane Austen gives Pride and Prejudice fans the opportunity to visit the year 1816 to re-unite with favourite characters, and meet some intriguing new ones.
https://savvyverseandwit.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DEVOTION_3TheOthers.mp4
Please give Meg a warm welcome:
Hello readers of Savvy Verse & Wit! My name is Meg Kerr, and I'm thrilled to be here with you. First, I'd like to thank Serena for allowing me to contribute this guest post on my writing process, writing quirks, and my life-long love for Jane Austen. My new book, Devotion, explores events after Pride and Prejudice ends through fan-favourite characters including Georgiana Darcy and Mrs. Bennet, and I think you'll find it an interesting read as I've added several twists.
Also, in celebration of Jane Austen's 200th anniversary, I'm offering Devotion for FREE on July 18th. To get your free copy of Devotion, click here to visit the giveaway page!
Can you describe your writing process? Is it difficult to write in the style of Jane Austen?
Jane Austen said in a letter to her nephew J. Edward Austen, "What should I do with your strong, manly, spirited sketches, full of variety and glow? How could I possibly join them on to the little bit (two inches wide) of ivory on which I work with so fine a brush, as produces little effect after much labour?"
Writing in the style of Jane Austen is indeed "much labour"! There is nothing slap dash or stream-of- consciousness (or manly and spirited) about it. The overall plot and chapters' place within it and the characters themselves have to be meticulously considered and planned out before any actual "writing" takes place. Each chapter, each paragraph, each sentence have to be constructed with care. And the result has to look as though no effort was required!
Do you have any writing quirks?
I would love to say that when I work I retire to my drawing room and sit at a mahogany writing desk, with fine linen paper, a quill pen, blotting paper, a pen knife and a pot of India ink. It sounds so elegant! However, I write at my computer, which has a dual screen. I could use three or four screens to keep all the information I need right under my eye! But the room I write in has French doors looking out onto a beautiful garden, so I glance outside every now and then to refresh my soul.
What is it about Jane Austen and her writing that most interests you? Are there any themes you've found influence your own writing?
I think the great underlying theme that draws me to Austen is one of "quiet desperation" (to quote Thoreau rather than Austen). Many of Austen's characters are in genuine danger of penury and/or social degradation (that would be all of the Bennet sisters in Pride and Prejudice; Jane Fairfax and her family in Emma; the Dashwoods in Sense and Sensibility, as well as Colonel Brandon's ill-fated first love and her ruined daughter; Maria Rushworth (née Bertram)—and Fanny Price's mother who married "to disoblige her family"—in Mansfield Park; the Watson sisters in The Watsons. (Just a partial list!).
The apparent calm and graciousness of Regency life can be a thin cover atop a terrifying reality for Austen's women, and even some of her men (such as Edward Ferrars in Sense and Sensibility, who is disowned by his wealthy mother). Austen and Mrs. Bennet's family in Pride and Prejudice hold Mrs. Bennet in contempt, but really, she is the only person who appears to appreciate the peril she and her daughters are in.
On a livelier note, I am fascinated by Jane Austen's bad boys. Clearly, she was too. Wickham (Pride and Prejudice), John Willoughby (Sense and Sensibility), Henry Crawford (Mansfield Park) are chief among them—young men with serious problems with their moral compasses … but in the latter two cases, with some hope of redemption. Austen couldn't quite bring Willoughby or Crawford into the light although she came close.
I decided to try my hand at it: Devotion is the story of a bad boy (John Amaury) who seizes on the idea of marriage to wealthy, lovely Georgiana Darcy to extricate himself from a life of poverty and petty crime. Will he destroy Georgiana or will he be redeemed? As you can imagine, with Austen as my guide, it's up in the air right until the end of the story.
If you're so inclined, Devotion will be available as a FREE digital download on July 18th as my way to commemorate the life and literary contributions of Jane Austen. You'll find the link to get your copy near the top of this post. I'd love to hear your feedback on the book!
Thanks, Meg, for sharing your writing practices with us and for the wonderful giveaway.
About Meg Kerr:
What do you do when you live in the twenty-first century but a piece of your heart lies in the nineteenth? If you are author Meg Kerr you let your head and hand follow your heart. With her love of country life—dogs and horses, long walks in the woods and fields, dining with family and neighbours and dancing with friends, reading and writing and the best conversation—and her familiarity with eighteenth and nineteenth century history and literature, Meg has a natural gift to inhabit, explore and reimagine the world that Jane Austen both dwelt in and created, and to draw readers there with her.
Filed Under: giveaway, Interviews Tagged With: Devotion, Meg Kerr
Interview with Beth Kephart, Juncture Workshops Co-Founder
In case you missed my review of this must have workbook — Tell the Truth. Make It Matter.: A Memoir Writing Workbook by Beth Kephart, illustrated by William Sulit — you must check out my review.
Today, Beth Kephart stops by to answer a few questions about her workbook and Juncture, memoir workshops and a newsletter. Please give her a warm welcome.
After teaching memoir at Penn, what prompted you to create your own series of workshops focused on writing memoir? Was the process from idea to launching your first workshop long? And what obstacles did you face and how did you deal with those?
Serena, I helplessly love memoir. I read it with real hunger, deep interest, open questions. I have been asked by many adult writers if I could work privately on individual manuscripts. I have given memoir talks across the country and run one day memoir workshops in communities and seen what can happen when adults gather to write about their lives. It felt like it was time to create something like Juncture. It took more than a year to roll this out. We wanted to make something beautiful. Find the right sites. Create a gorgeous web site and brochure series. Build a robust syllabi. It took a lot of time and love.
Juncture is a joint project with your equally talented husband; how has that journey been? How do you find artistic balance when you're working closely together?
Bill is enormously talented. I love his art, his eye, his interest in building meaningful and artful communities. We have collaborated on many projects throughout the years. The creation of Juncture, which involves an Illustrated newsletter, videos, and the workshops themselves, has been deeply engaging and very personal and something we talk about and plan together. We rarely disagree on any aspect of this initiative.
Tell the Truth. Make It Matter.: A Memoir Writing Workbook is a collection of exercises or more. Are these the same exercises you use in your workshops? What have been the reactions from participants to those exercises?
I actually never teach the same thing twice. I develop themes for each workshop and work towards them. I may teach some version of some of these exercises but mostly what is in the book was created for buyers of the book. The exercises are holistic. One thing builds to the next and the next. You can do each exercise as a singular experience or you can progressively build toward key elements of your memoir. I loved thinking about the accretive process.
While I never teach the same thing, while I build an intense curriculum that creates many opportunities to study memoir and to write multiple pieces, while I supplement all teaching with excerpts I have on hand and use to develop ideas that rise spontaneously … I always see incredible growth in the Juncture writers over the five days we have together. The kind of growth that makes me cry. And because these writers most often come back for another session months later, I see how they have continued to find their voices and stories in the meantime. It is hugely emotional to be a part of this. We memorialize the experience with a book each writer receives. Portraits Bill will take. Final pages published. Proof of our community and process.
You've included illustrations from your husband in this workbook. Did you give him the freedom to create anything he wanted or did you offer him guidance? Are there plans to include photography in future editions (I know there will be second and third editions)?
Bill has absolute freedom with the art. I am surprised by each sketch he shows me. I love each sketch. His work makes me happy. No plans for another version, but yes, as I have established, I can't stop thinking about memoir.
For those interested in signing up for your workshop, what advice would you give about preparing for the workshop in advance? How should they approach the experience? Do you expect them to have a memoir project already in mind?
I prepare my workshop goers. Two months ahead of time the participants are sent PDF packages with excerpt readings, assignments, a guide to the one full book we all read as part of the process, and so much more. I run a workshop for those who have not yet defined their memoir project and one for those already deep into their book. They are entirely different and very respectful of where each writer is in the process.
Thank you, Beth, for sharing your thoughts with us. If you're looking for a great memoir teacher, Beth is your lady.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Beth Kephart, Juncture, Tell the Truth Make It Matter: A Memoir Writing Workbook
Interview with Poet Sandra Hochman, author of Loving Robert Lowell
Poets are often an intriguing bunch, and Sandra Hochman is no exception. She was on the front lines of the women's movement and even interviewed Gloria Steinem. She also directed 1973 documentary Year of the Woman.
Her first book in 40 years is a memoir, Loving Robert Lowell (Turner Publishing, June 27, 2017). Lowell also was a poet and a married man. The book description says, "Sandra Hochman was 25 when she received a journalism assignment that changed her life: interview Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert Lowell. She called him to set a time to speak and he suggested they meet immediately at the Russian Tea Room in New York. There, he confessed he had just left his wife. Many martinis later, they began a heady and disorienting affair with more heat than city asphalt baking in the sun."
I was lucky enough to send her a few interview questions. Please give her a warm welcome.
How did you begin as a writer? What inspired you to write, how did you keep going, and what stumbling blocks did you face and overcome?
My parents hated each other. They got divorced when I was young and they sent me to boarding school. In boarding school, I was lucky. God blessed me. I had a great teacher who took an interest in me and encouraged my writing. I was so lonely. His encouragement meant everything to me. I kept writing to get his attention. I found that by writing I was able to get a lot of attention.
Later, having a child of my own was a stumbling block to my writing career because it was expensive to support her. Because her father didn't support her, I had to write to make money, rather than write for pleasure.
I wrote novels to make money to send my daughter to private school and pay for her nanny. With every book, I got paid. Jogging was Ariel's 6th grade payment. Happiness Is Too Much Trouble paid for her 10th grade. Each book represented 2 years of her private school. Only my poetry I wrote for pleasure.
You've interviewed a number of famous celebrities and feminists in the past, particularly as part of the Year of the Woman documentary. How did that experience influence or not influence your writing?
Making Year of the Woman with the producer Porter Bibb was the most fun I ever had in my life. I was the co-producer, director, and star. Art Buchwald plays the chauvinist pig and I play the revolutionary feminist.
I had an all-woman crew long before that was a fashionable thing to do. The difference between making a documentary and writing is the difference between going to Pittsburgh or to Paris. Making a film is Paris. It's so much fun. Especially when you are in charge. Porter let me call the shots.
I also learned the unglamorous parts of making a film: hiring lawyers, making contracts. I loved it all. Movie making made me feel good. It was a boost to my ego, and when you feel good it's easier to write. When you feel like shit it's hard to write.
Your memoir, Loving Robert Lowell, will be published this month, what should readers take away from it about being a poet and how the relationship shaped your future?
Robert Lowell gave me wonderful advice. He said, "Sandra, never compete with your peers. Take your poem and float it down the stream of history. The greatest poets don't compare their work to their peers'. They compare it to the greatest poets of all time." It was interesting advice and an important takeaway for me.
The other thing I learned from him is how he framed his problems as "grist for the mill." He joked that the problem was the mill itself (his mind).
After our affair ended, I was very depressed. Then a few years after Robert Lowell and I broke up, I realized I could not have handled the problems of his illness. I was glad that I was no longer with him. But it took a few years. I never was as happy with any man as I was with Robert Lowell. It was the only time in my life when I had a really great relationship. I admired him more than any other man on earth.
Thank you so much, Sandra, for answering my questions. I have so many more!
Sandra Hochman is a Pulitzer Prize-nominated poet with six volumes of poetry. She also authored two nonfiction books and directed a 1973 documentary, Year of the Woman, currently enjoying a renaissance. Her work has appeared in The New Yorker and she was a columnist for Harper's Bazaar.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Loving Robert Lowell, Sandra Hochman
Interview with Teddy Durgin
If you missed my review of The Totally Gnarly Way Bogus Murder of Muffy McGregor by Teddy Durgin, you'll have to check that out here.
1. I know you've been writing this one for a long time, so how long did it take you to write the first draft and then edit it into the final product?
I actually treated the book like I was making a movie. I had started novels before, gotten halfway or more into them, realized the stories weren't quite working, and gave up. The old cliche. But with "Muffy," I really knew I had something. I had pretty much the basics of the entire story in my head for years, and I didn't want to screw it up. A good story really does seize you. It almost becomes a responsibility to tell!
So, I spent nearly six months before I even started writing the book plotting out each beat of the story, outlining each chapter, jotting down lines of dialogue and character exchanges I knew had to be in the novel in a notebook. So, by the time I was ready to "start production" — i.e., writing the first draft — I was totally ready. That was September 2015, and I finished the book in February, on President's Day of this year. And then I spent the next three months in "post-production," revising, tweaking, getting it proof-read (four minor typos still slipped through … aargh … but there's always the 2nd edition in August).
2. Why self-publish? And are there plans for more with Sam, Chip, and Buddy?
I liken independent publishing in 2016 to where indie filmmaking was in the late 1980s and '90s. With all of the consolidation going on in the publishing industry, all of the bricks-and-mortars stores closing, less risk-taking in general, some of the best and most daring work is not coming out of Random House or the other biggies. When I also saw the success some other authors I greatly admire who have gone this route were enjoying, both creatively and financially, it just seemed like the right way for me.
I am friends with Gus Russo, the best-selling, non-fiction crime author. One of his last books, "Boomer Days," was published via CreateSpace and he raved about the process and the people involved. It was a niche book, very different from his previous titles like "The Outfit" and "Supermob." But it became really successful, too. Then, when I saw the kind of numbers and the following authors like Patti Davis, mystery author M. Louisa Locke, and the very witty Jennifer Tress were attracting, I was 100-percent convinced.
Now, it has helped that I have been able to build off my own audience via my weekly film reviews that run in Teddy's Takes, the East County Times in Baltimore, and ScreenIt.com, as well as my monthly column in the Maryland and Washington Beverage Journals. My readers' support has gotten "Muffy" off to a great start!
As for turning this into a series, if I were to do another, I would pick a similar goofy title; probably keep the action in the '80s in my hometown of Laurel, Md.; but introduce new characters. Some of the minor ones from "Muffy," like the gossipy mall geezers Mel and Rodney, would cross over. But that would be about it. If I did a direct sequel, it would be set 20 years later with a grown-up Sam as a dad to a teenager who's similarly flirting with danger.
3. How many times did you re-watch episodes of "Magnum P.I." to get that scene just right with Rabinowitz, Sam, and Chip when they enter that office?
HA! No, that was all from memory. I've sworn over the years to my wife that somehow, some way I was going to make money on all of this "useless" "70s and 80s pop culture trivia knowledge I have. Personally, I wish there was a purely '80s cable TV channel. You really can't find reruns of shows like "Magnum" or "Riptide" or "Remington Steele" anymore.
Follow-up question: Were you listening to all that 80s music you referenced in the acknowledgments on repeat while writing?
I would listen to those tunes before I would write to get me "in the zone." I can't listen to music while I type … not even abstracts.
4. How much of Sam Eckert is you? And are any of these characters based on real people? How do you meld fact and fiction?
It's an old, OLD saying, but you really are most successful when you "write what you know." Like Sam, I really did work as a 15-year-old stock boy at the Laurel Centre Mall's 16 Plus clothing store for plus-sized women during the summer of 1986. Like Sam, I was a Lutheran attending the local Catholic High School. And, like Sam, I would get together with a couple of buddies whenever I could at the mall food court and talk flicks, pop music, bad TV, and we'd lament about our social status (or lack thereof). Unlike Sam, I am not a child of divorce, and I never lived in an apartment. He is also VERY different from me physically.
Most characters in the book have elements of people I knew growing up. But then I would add other quirks to them to make them their own people. Collette was my boss at 16 Plus, but she was not a former BBW supermodel. There really were about a half-dozen senior citizens who would gather at the mall each day and bust each other's chops. And they knew EVERYTHING that went on in the mall. I condensed them down to Mel and Rodney. Rabinowitz is modeled more after my college journalism professor, Tom Nugent, than anyone. But Bernie Sanders was growing in popularity as I was writing the novel, and so I kept hearing his voice and tenor as I was writing Mervyn.
And then, I would just throw in last names and first names here and there of people I knew and grew up with to delight those who I hoped would one day read the book. In fact, I've actually had a few people e-mail me from my past who have asked, "Hey, why didn't I make it in the book in some way?!" So, yeah, I am definitely going to have to do some kind of sequel or follow-up!
5. Now that you've moved out of Maryland into another state, did you find that you could finish the book more easily because you missed your former home?
Writing this book was actually a way to deal with whatever residual "homesickness" I was feeling for Maryland (and, uh, my lost youth). The Laurel of 2016 is VERY different from the Laurel of 1986. It's silly to say, but I actually got to a point when I was still living in Maryland where I would kind of mourn all that had been lost and was no longer there in my hometown. The mall? Gone. Woolworth's and its legendary lunch counter? Long gone. The Laurel Twin Cinema? It's almost impossible for a two-screen theater to survive today. But it was wonderful to remember and "rebuild" each of these places again on the page.
6. Readers always want to know about writing routines, so did you have a specific time set aside to write this novel, as I know you have a full-time writing job and do other projects as well? How do you fit it all in?
I am one of those writers that absolutely has to compartmentalize pretty much all aspects of my life in order to be productive. I can't mix and match. I never pen movie reviews during my day-job hours. I don't write news articles immediately after coming back from a film premiere, when I really need to write about the movie I just saw while it's fresh in my head.
But tackling a novel?! There was only one way that I could do it. Because I had plotted out the chapters and story beats so specifically for months, I would clock out of my day job on Friday afternoons, my family and I would go to a nice dinner (I never feel like cooking on a Friday), and then I would come home and write the novel until about 11 p.m. or midnight and then throughout the day on Saturday and parts of Sunday whenever I had a free hour or two.
My goal was one chapter a week. If I maintained that pace, I would have the planned 16 chapters done in 16 weeks. Well, it took me about 22 weeks with the holidays and various life happenings. But on the weekends, I would just bang it out. Rather than being tired from a week of writing and editing, it would energize me. I would look forward to writing "Muffy!" It actually became the most fun I've ever had writing anything!
One other thing that I don't recommend, but I did it. I didn't tell ANYONE! Not even my wife. It's not uncommon to find me pounding away at the keyboard, writing at all hours of the day and evening. So, I never attracted any suspicion. I thought I would tell her at some point. But it was so much fun having a little secret, and I was really moving at a good pace. She was remarkably understanding when I finally told her I had finished it on President's Day. Just to be safe, though, I told her in a crowded public restaurant!
7. I ask this question of all interviewees: Do you read poetry? If not, why? If so, Who or what collections would you recommend?
I don't read as much poetry now as when I was young. I was an English major in college. And, I tell you, one of the most fun times I have EVER had was taking a 200-level summer Poetry course as an elective. Summer classes were a couple of times a week for six weeks, I recall. So, each of the classes was three hours long. And it was just bliss. We would read poetry, write poetry, read each other's poetry, act out poems. It was the summer of 1989, and "Dead Poets Society" was a big movie that summer. It felt almost fourth-dimensional.
I did find I was not very good at writing poetry. But it was still so much fun. There was a real "intimacy" to that class and a few other summer writing courses I took over the years at UMBC that I still miss to this day. My favorite poet, by the way, will probably always be Dylan Thomas. "Do not go gentle into that good night!"
8. Did you read a lot of mysteries before writing this one, and do you have favorite mystery authors?
I read a LOT of Sherlock Holmes mysteries growing up. I had seen the 1939 Basil Rathbone-starring film "The Hound of the Baskervilles" when I was maybe 10 or 11 on Saturday morning TV (one of the DC-area UHF channels ran it) and then started checking out volumes of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle whenever it was "library day" at school. There was about a two- or three-year span where my teachers were, like, "Read someone else!"
Then, years later, Data on "Star Trek: The Next Generation" did several Holmes-holodeck episodes, and I had a whole second "Sherlock" era.
First, I have to say, Dylan Thomas is awesome. And Second, I cannot believe he didn't tell his wife he was writing a novel until it was nearly done!
Thanks, Teddy, for this fantastic interview, and I wish you great success!
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Teddy Durgin, The Totally Gnarly Way Bogus Murder of Muffy McGregor
Interview with Jenetta James, Author of The Elizabeth Papers
June 9, 2016 by Serena
Welcome to today's interview with Jenetta James, the author of The Elizabeth Papers.
"It is settled between us already, that we are to be the happiest couple in the world." —Jane Austen, Pride & Prejudice
Charlie Haywood is a London-based private investigator who has made his own fortune—on his own terms. Charming, cynical, and promiscuous, he never expected to be attracted to Evie Pemberton, an emerging and independent-minded artist living with the aftermath of tragedy. But when he is hired to investigate her claims to a one hundred and fifty year old trust belonging to the eminent Darcy family, he is captivated.
Together they become entwined in a tale of love, loss, and mystery tracing back to the grand estate of Pemberley, home to Evie's nineteenth century ancestors, Fitzwilliam and Elizabeth Darcy.
How could Evie know that in 1817 Elizabeth Darcy began a secret journal? What started as an account of a blissful life came to reflect a growing unease. Was the Darcy marriage perfect or was there betrayal and deception at its heart?
Can Evie and Charlie unearth the truth in the letters of Fitzwilliam Darcy or within the walls of present-day Pemberley? What are the elusive Elizabeth papers and why did Elizabeth herself want them destroyed?
Without further ado, please give Jenetta a warm welcome:
When did you first read Pride & Prejudice? And what about the story stuck with you enough to write The Elizabeth Papers?
I first read Pride & Prejudice in the autumn of 1995, when I was 13. The reason I can be so specific is that a school friend and I decided to read it whilst watching the now famous mini series which was on BBC 1 every Sunday evening for 6 weeks. Our goal was to read ahead of the TV programme. We didn't quite get it right every episode, sometimes reading too far and sometimes not enough. For this reason, it was slightly disjointed, but we loved it none the less. Since then I have enjoyed re-reading the book many times.
The narrative arc of Pride & Prejudice is so simple and elegant and it is a really deft example of character revelation and development. For that reason I think it is a novel which inspires its readers to write – to try to live up to that standard. I also suspect that the number of novels inspired by Pride & Prejudice are many more than those that are openly promoted as such. It is the kind of book that when you read it you think "yes, that's how you do it".
When I wrote The Elizabeth Papers, I had already written one Pride & Prejudice variation story, Suddenly Mrs. Darcy. In both cases the basics of the story came to me in a bit of a flash. The Elizabeth Papers commences with a letter written by Mr. Darcy to his solicitor in 1860. When I am not writing, I am a practising barrister and so I have a tendency to pick up on the legal issues in books I read. I had in my mind the far reaching consequences of the entail on Longbourn in Pride & Prejudice and that is an idea that I have tried to play with in The Elizabeth Papers. I hope that readers enjoy it!
Many fans of Austen often do not like to read the Brontes. Do you read the Brontes and enjoy their work? If not, why?
I love the Brontes. I first read all of the novels as a teenager and then re-read Jane Eyre, which is my favourite in my early 20s. All of the Bronte novels are of course very different to Jane Austen, but I don't see them as mutually exclusive in terms of enjoyment and value. Another favourite classic author is Thomas Hardy – I love his novels and especially the somewhat under-appreciated "Woodlanders".
When working with someone else's beloved characters, what do you keep in mind when writing new stories for them? What are the challenges? advantages?
It is a real balancing act, and one I'm sure I have not yet perfected! On the one hand, I want the characters to be believable versions of the originals. So, I have to constantly check them against the originals, asking what would Elizabeth do here? What would she say? How would the character from the original have been changed by age and events?
The character features from the original act like a metronome, clicking away in the background, keeping me on track. On the other hand, I don't want to be too straightjacketed about it and there is a danger of the quest for authenticity inhibiting creativity. I am striving for faithfulness but I want to tell a new story of my own creation as well. That is the challenge.
In The Elizabeth Papers, there are two halves to the story. In the Regency half, almost all of the characters are drawn from Pride & Prejudice. In the modern half, all of the characters are people who I have made up. I feel far more at liberty to do what I like with those characters that I do with Austen's creations. So, I suppose that I have tried to have my cake and eat it in this department.
If you had to describe Mr. Darcy as readers know him, not as he is perceived by Elizabeth Bennet, what four words would you use and how did you come to chose those terms?
Honourable. This is the first word that jumped into my head when I read your question and it cuts through everything that he says and does in my view. His sense of honour is of course not appreciated by Elizabeth until very late in the day, but once it is understood, it is the glue that sticks his other characteristics together.
Reserved. This is very important in terms of how other people see him, including Elizabeth at the beginning of their story. He is basically rather introverted while Elizabeth is extraverted. I am a chronic introvert and so very ready to spot the same in others, real and fictional.
Romantic. Not to be underestimated although of course this is something that Austen suggests quite lightly and has been subsequently greatly embellished by readers (me included).
Observant. Mr. Darcy is a watcher, not a talker and he observes carefully everything that goes on around him. This, like his reserve, can be misconstrued.
Do you read poetry? Who or what collections would you recommend?
I'm afraid that I do not read poetry very often, and this question has inspired me to think about poetry which I have enjoyed in the past.
The last time I was a regular poetry reader was in my teens. I grew up in Cambridge and had a bit of a Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes thing going on for many years. I bought Birthday Letters on the day that it came out and still have it now. I also recall enjoying William Blake and T. S. Elliot. For A-Level, I studied John Donne and his work manages to be sexy, funny *and* 17th century. You have inspired me to go back and read it again.
I have 2 very little children and several of their favourite books are written in verse. My favourites are Bunny Fluff's Moving Day by A. J. MacGregor and Appley Dapply by Beatrix Potter. I don't think these is quite what you had in mind, but I do recommend them.
Thanks, Jenetta, for joining us today.
Jenetta James is the nom de plume of a lawyer, writer, mother and taker-on of too much. She grew up in Cambridge and read history at Oxford University where she was a scholar and president of the Oxford University History Society. After graduating, she took to the law and now practises full time as a barrister. Over the years she has lived in France, Hungary and Trinidad as well as her native England.
Jenetta currently lives in London with her husband and children where she enjoys reading, laughing and playing with Lego. Suddenly Mrs. Darcy was her first novel. You can find her on Facebook and Twitter.
Filed Under: Interviews Tagged With: Jenetta James, The Elizabeth Papers | [
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|
Blood. 2016 Jun 16;127(24):3026-34. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-686550. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
Genetic basis of PD-L1 overexpression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
Georgiou K1, Chen L2, Berglund M3, Ren W1, de Miranda NF4, Lisboa S5, Fangazio M6, Zhu S7, Hou Y7, Wu K7, Fang W8, Wang X9, Meng B9, Zhang L8, Zeng Y8, Bhagat G10, Nordenskjöld M11, Sundström C12, Enblad G12, Dalla-Favera R6, Zhang H9, Teixeira MR5, Pasqualucci L6, Peng R8, Pan-Hammarström Q1.
Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden;
Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China;
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden;
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, and Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto University, Porto, Portugal;
Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY;
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China;
State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China;
Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China;
Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY;
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; and.
Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most common and aggressive types of B-cell lymphoma. Deregulation of proto-oncogene expression after a translocation, most notably to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus (IGH), is one of the hallmarks of DLBCL. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, we have identified the PD-L1/PD-L2 locus as a recurrent translocation partner for IGH in DLBCL. PIM1 and TP63 were also identified as novel translocation partners for PD-L1/PD-L2 Fluorescence in situ hybridization was furthermore used to rapidly screen an expanded DLBCL cohort. Collectively, a subset of samples was found to be affected by gains (12%), amplifications (3%), and translocations (4%) of the PD-L1/PD-L2 locus. RNA sequencing data coupled with immunohistochemistry revealed that these cytogenetic alterations correlated with increased expression of PD-L1 but not of PD-L2 Moreover, cytogenetic alterations affecting the PD-L1/PD-L2 locus were more frequently observed in the non-germinal center B cell-like (non-GCB) subtype of DLBCL. These findings demonstrate the genetic basis of PD-L1 overexpression in DLBCL and suggest that treatments targeting the PD-1-PD-L1/PD-L2 axis might benefit DLBCL patients, especially those belonging to the more aggressive non-GCB subtype.
B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
B7-H1 Antigen/genetics*
Cytogenetic Analysis
DNA Copy Number Variations
Gene Amplification
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
Germinal Center/metabolism
Germinal Center/pathology
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
Up-Regulation/genetics
B7-H1 Antigen
CD274 protein, human
B-Cell Lymphomas - Genetic Alliance | [
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|
Your home sold for at least 100% of full fair market value or Ashley and Barbara will work for free, guaranteed!
Please provide us with your contact information so we may provide you details on our guarantee.
According to a recent survey, 72% of home sellers were dissatisfied with the performance of their agent, even if that agent had sold their property. And, most listing agreements lock you into long-term commitments and lengthy broker protection periods with heavy cancellation fees. In other words, it's an agreement your agent can get out of, but you can't.
We are offering YOU a way to list your home with US, that is totally RISK-FREE!
Please provide your contact information, so we may get in touch with to get your referral. | [
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|
The Umbrella Workshop offers a vast number of umbrellas for branding, including various options manufactured here in Britain.
Do you need branded umbrellas printed quickly?
Is British manufacture an essential part of your brand?
Simply want to save on shipping?
The Umbrella Workshop can create both golf sport and city walking style umbrellas customised with your own eye catching design. Take a look around our printed umbrella gallery for some examples of what we can do.
We've produced high quality umbrellas just like these for clients including the British Embassy. Our own Umbrella Workshop branded umbrellas are also printed and manufactured in Britain!
Manufacturing in Britain has many advantages, depending on your product spec, with the potential to reduce both turnaround time and shipping costs, as well as helping to protect jobs in the UK and create new ones.
Urgent order to place? Contact us now with your specifications and we can advise you on the design options available. All our umbrellas come with a two year guarantee as standard.
Visit our sister site The Bag Workshop for information on creating promotional bags and Wurlin for details of other printed promotional items available. | [
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|
Welcome and thank you for visiting the website of SCHAFER, TSCHOPP, WHITCOMB, MITCHELL & SHERIDAN LLP. In addition to providing you with a profile of our firm and the services we provide, this Website has been designed to become a helpful resource tool to you, our valued clients and visitors. Our dedication to superior client service has brought us to the Internet as we endeavor to continue to provide the highest quality professional service and guidance.
We take the time get to know each of our clients personally so we can really understand the goals for their business, their individual financial needs and their plans their plans for the future. Our goal is to help our clients understand complex accounting and tax issues, maximize cash flow and minimize their tax liabilities.
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|
An early-music duo are set to perform at the next Horsham Music Circle concert on Saturday, April 16, in St Mark's Church, Horsham (7.30pm).
The Passacaglia Duo are Annabel Knight and Robin Bigwood.
Annabel has established a successful performing and teaching career as a recorder player and historical flautist, while Robin is an accomplished harpsichordist (and her husband).
They aim to present The Grand Tour of music from all over 18th century Europe.
Spokeswoman Jill Elsworthy said: "As well as her duo work, Annabel plays with the ensemble Passacaglia and the Fontanella recorder quintet.
"Her career has taken her across the UK, Europe and America as well as recitals at the Wigmore Hall and the South Bank, radio broadcasts and CD recordings.
"She can also be heard playing on film soundtracks including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 and Fantastic Mr Fox.
"She is the founder and director of the popular Woodhouse Recorder Week and is currently head of recorder at Birmingham Conservatoire.
"Robin Bigwood is one of the UK's busiest harpsichordists, performing regularly as a soloist and as a continuo player with Passacaglia, The Sixteen, Florilegium and Britten Sinfonia.
Music for the Grand tour includes pieces by Bach, Handel, Teleman, Boismortier and Bigaglia. Tickets can be obtained on the door or in advance from Horsham Museum (cash or cheques only), from the Music Circle on 01403 252602, or online here.
Horsham Music Circle concerts are open to everyone. Both subscription memberships and individual tickets are available.
Visit Horsham Music Circle's website to find out more. | [
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|
Twitter Lead Client Partner Caught on Tape Slamming Free Speech and Describing Elon Musk as a 'Loony Toon' With 'Special Needs'
Twitter is not in business to make a profit or to give people free speech, but to do "something that's good for the planet," a company employee can be heard saying in a secretly recorded video.
The new undercover footage from Project Veritas features Lead Client Partner Alex Martinez discussing the company's authoritarian views on speech, and denigrating Tesla CEO Elon Musk as a "loony toon" with "special needs."
Martinez told a Project Veritas undercover reporter that Twitter wants to be "as fair, and transparent, and accurate as possible," but noted that a "level of censorship" was required to keep the information on the platform accurate.
"Right now, we don't make profit," he noted, explaining that the company's liberal ideology "led us into not being profitable."
"The rest of us who have been here believe in something that's good for the planet and not to give people free speech," he declared.
Martinez explained that Twitter employees view censorship as a way to correct people who "don't know how to make a rational decision."
"People don't know how to make a rational decision if you don't put out—correct things that are supposed to be out in the public, right?" he said.
The conversation was released Tuesday night as billionaire Elon Musk was still reevaluating his plan to take over the platform. Twitter's board last month agreed to sell the company to Musk for $44 billion, but the Tesla CEO has since put the deal is on hold while he studies the number of spam and bot accounts on the platform.
Martinez admitted that Musk's desire to return Twitter to its roots as "a platform for free speech" could lead the company to make a profit again, but didn't seem pleased about the prospect.
"If we're implementing all these rules…and Elon wants to dismantle them, then technically our ideology has led us to not making money because we're not making money, and Elon wants to turn it the other way so that we can make money," Martinez said, suggesting that the company would be more virtuous if it were not profitable.
He went on to slam his potential new boss: "Elon Musk as a person is whatever. I don't—like, he's a loony toon. He has—he has Asperger's. So he's special. We all know that. And that's fine. So here, no wonder he's going to say some f—ing crazy sh-t because he's special."
A year ago, Musk revealed while he was hosting Saturday Night Live, that he was the first person to host the show with Asperger's Syndrome.
Martinez seized on that revelation to denigrate one of the richest men in the world—as a "special needs" case.
"I'm like—you're special needs. You're literally special needs. Literally though, you really are. So I can't even take what you're saying seriously. 'Cause you're special," he snarked.
On Twitter, Tuesday night, Musk responded to the clip with a sad emoji.
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) May 18, 2022
"Twitter exec trashing free speech & mocking people with Asperger's …" Musk wrote in a subsequent "pinned tweet."
At the end of the clip, Martinez shared with the Project Veritas undercover reporter an internal company memo warning that media outlets like Project Veritas "are active right now" and "targeting Tweeps to obtain company information and insights."
"It's [Project Veritas] like some group that's just trying to out the employees. Like, they're trying to go on dates with them, like this, and record them," he said, adding with a laugh, "you're lucky you met me organically because I would be questioning everything about you." | [
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|
Jim Shaugnessy's 60-Year Odyssey Photographing the Evolution of the North American Railroad
December 27, 2019 In Cool, History
Jim Shaughnessy, "Central Vermont local freight switches cars in wintry scene, Bethel, Vermont" (1955) (source: the artist and Thames & Hudson)
Allison Meier at Hyperallergic:
"Always restless, even daring when he had to be, Shaughnessy worked hard to get in and around the railroad, in all conditions, in all settings," writes Kevin P. Keefe, former editor-in-chief of Trains magazine, in a book essay. "If the life of a crossing watchman was important, then Shaughnessy shuddered through a subzero night until the perfect moment when his subject dashed back into the warmth of a shanty. If the guts of a steam locomotive were interesting, then he'd insert himself into the depths of roundhouses and sidle up next to the hostlers in order to record the oily intricacies of valve gear and side rods."
Born in Troy, New York, in 1933, Shaughnessy published his first photograph in Trains in 1952. While the detailed captions in Essential Witness are those of a true rail enthusiast (the "Pennsylvania Railroad 11-class 2-10-0" is identified as chugging over an elevated bridge), his images have a broader appreciation for how people exist with the railroads in North America, and how these systems altered the landscape. The silhouette of a tunnel in Canaan, New York, in 1989 reveals its jagged edges, framing the train with this rock that was blasted through for progress. Sometimes the trains are tiny against the mountains or waterfalls, sometimes the focus is elsewhere, like a 1953 photograph that concentrates on the cows in a Vermont pasture, unperturbed by the freight train zooming behind.
Jim Shaughnessy, "Pennsylvania Railroad operator hoops up train orders to crew of a northbound coal train, Trout Run, Pennsylvania" (1956) (source: the artist and Thames & Hudson)
I love this photo. Train orders, are largely obsolete here in North America. But sometimes, it still happens. Traditionally orders get hooped to the conductor at the front, and the operator(s) at the caboose. Nowadays, operations are radioed or even downloaded.
Locomotive transport is and continues to be one of the most important means of transporting goods across land. It's fun to look back and understand where we've come from, and to see where we're headed.
#American Culture #American History #Authors #Hyperallergic #Jim Shaugnessy #Locations #Locomotives #Mass transit #New York #New York City #North American Railroad #Photography #Railroad #Railroad History #Train orders #Trains #Transportation #Vermont
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|
package com.mendeley.api.exceptions;
/**
* Exception that is thrown when a paged request has already returned the final page.
*/
public class NoMorePagesException extends MendeleyException {
public NoMorePagesException() {
super("No more pages available");
}
}
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An award winning Financial Services business in the UK with over 2000 staff are now looking to add to their collegiate and dynamic Learning and Development team. They are looking for an L&D Partner for the London office who will be part of a nationally based team.
This will be a broad and diverse L&D role in which the successful candidate will be responsible for TNA, design, delivery and ROI analysis of learning initiatives at all levels off the business from Apprenticeship to Executive, customer facing and support staff.
We are looking for candidates that are dynamic, ambitious, hungry for success and have a strong work and team ethic. Candidates will also ideally cone from a Financial Services business or from a Professional Services environment and have an understanding of regulated industries.
Consult, design, schedule and facilitate effective learning approaches tailored to a variety of learner groups across all levels; both client-facing and non-client facing.
Work with Head of L&D as required on talent development areas that may include Management & Leadership and Apprenticeships.
Work collaboratively with team members and in partnership with wider business stakeholders to ensure L&D interventions achieve required outcomes.
Utilisation of the LMS system and online learning tools in ways that target, engage and meet different learning types, demands and needs.
Support monthly Induction activities as required.
Undertake regular CPD to maintain and update L&D skills and knowledge relevant to the sector.
Support in design and facilitation of FCA regulatory learning.
Experienced in working as part of an expert L&D team with the ability to work independently and proactively as part of a remote team based across office locations.
Understanding and experience of coaching-led approaches, and familiarity with how the Learning agenda can support talent frameworks to embed learning and enhance careers.
Successful track record of working with those in early career stages through to senior executive roles.
Facilitation of face to face learning (workshops/seminars) and online learning.
Relevant Learning Design, Delivery, Facilitation, Coaching qualifications desirable, combined with evidence of continued professional development.
Familiarity with how L&D interventions support and embed learning to build and enhance talent pools and careers.
Strong track-record in stakeholder consultation and facilitation.
Genuine ambition to devise and implement effective learning across all levels of seniority. | [
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|
When it comes to your financial health, it's time to stop believing in several misguiding urban myths that live in your news feed.
Everyone knows at least one urban legend that dates back to childhood.
While Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster are scary, what's really frightening is when myths influence your financial decision-making. Modern day myths often start on social media and spread like wildfire.
And much like childhood urban legends, many of these ideas are purely fictional.
Before you make a major financial decision, be sure to consult the professionals -- not your news feed. Bankers debunk some of the urban legends that keep them up at night.
If you're on social media, it's hard to avoid a viral post about ATMs that's been plaguing news feeds. The post informs users that if they are ever being robbed at the ATM, all they need to do is simply type their ATM PIN in backward to alert the police and freeze the money.
Ken Justice, senior vice president and ATM executive at PNC Bank, says this idea is false, offers too much opportunity for false alarms and could even increase the risk of a consumer being hurt by a robber.
"I have been in the ATM industry for more than 36 years and I have never heard of any ATM supporting a reverse PIN distress call."
Instead, when using an ATM, be sure to follow these safety tips to help protect yourself, your accounts and your personal information.
When markets undergo a sharp downturn, it's normal to feel uneasy. However, it's certainly not time to panic. Corrections are both common and healthy for equity markets. Any sound financial plan should account for market volatility through design that is focused on long-term goals and positioning to help weather volatile markets.
Todd Rosenthal, PNC's head of credit card product management, says if you can pay off your credit card in full, pay it off. Never carry a balance if you don't have to.
Intentionally carrying a balance on your credit card means you'll pay more in interest fees, and it won't help your credit score.
Your goal should be to show yourself and your creditors that you can use credit wisely. That means always paying your bills on time. On time doesn't mean mailing them the date they are due. Also, if you do choose to borrow money on a credit card, try to pay more than your minimum balance. Ultimately, the way to maintain a good credit score is to manage your spending, saving and borrowing responsibly.
Rosenthal says at the end of the day, you should only have enough credit cards to cover the total amount of borrowing you might need. And yes, it's always OK if part of your reason for keeping an extra credit card is for emergencies. You should close any and all credit cards that don't meet that need.
"Credit cards are no different from the rest of your life and your overall financial well-being. Keep only what you need," says Rosenthal.
When most people start using a 401(k) plan in their first full-time job, they need to name a beneficiary right away and typically choose a parent. When you get married or have kids, you probably want them to receive the money if something should happen to you. However, prior accounts are often left unchanged. It's a common misconception that what's written in a will ultimately supersedes beneficiary designations. Like a number of assets, retirement funds will go to the beneficiary listed on the account, not those written in your will.
PNC Wealth Management's James C. Kelly and Mike Moyer stress the importance of consulting a financial adviser who will meet with you regularly to ensure your estate plan and will are up-to-date throughout your many life changes. Moyer, a Certified Financial Planner and senior wealth strategist, says that it's important to be proactive with your estate plan.
"The truth is, if you don't take care of it, you're leaving it up to chance."
Kelly, a vice president and wealth strategist, says that many people believe their power of attorney and executor have the power to fix everything after the fact.
"Powers afforded to these positions are limited by the respective documents. A power of attorney's authority stops at death, which is where an executor's starts. It's important to know the difference, as well as what they can actually do under the documents. They can't solve a bad plan, which is why it's important to review these plans on a regular basis," said Kelly. | [
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|
SFWA Announces New Ombudsman
DECEMBER 1, 2010–Longtime SFWA member Cynthia Felice was appointed to the position of ombudsman by John Scalzi, president of SFWA, on Monday, Nov. 29, 2010.
"I was delighted to offer Cynthia Felice the position of ombudsman, and even more delighted that she accepted," said Scalzi. "As a former ombudsman myself for the University of Chicago, I know how useful the position can be for the well-being of an organization. Ms. Felice's experience, both with the role and with SFWA, ensures our members' concerns will be heard."
The ombudsman serves as the members' advocate to the board of directors, on any issue of concern to the organization or its individual members. The ombudsman reports directly to the president. Felice replaces Lee Martindale, who served as ombudsman from July 2008, when then-President Russell Davis created the position, to July 2010, when she was elected South-Central Regional Director.
A member of SFWA since 1976, Felice is a science fiction novelist and was a John W. Campbell Award nominee in 1979 after publishing her first novel, Godsfire. She also publishes short fiction in science fiction and horror markets. Felice is a workshop enthusiast, including being an early Clarion alumna and a frequent Milford attendee, and she currently participates in local workshops.
Felice has previously served as ombudsman for United Technologies Microelectronic Center (then known as UTMC.) She had a long career as a manager in the computer and electronics industry. Her experience includes managing technical editors, writers, and designing configuration control software, as well as writing and editing technical articles, essays, and documents, one of which received the award for outstanding paper from the Society for Technical Communication. Felice grew up in Chicago, now lives with her husband on a ridge east of Colorado Springs that overlooks the Rocky Mountain Front Range.
Scalzi solicited recommendations for the post from SFWA's board of directors, and asked former ombudsman (and current board member) Martindale to prepare a short list of qualified candidates, from which Felice was selected.
"I'm especially pleased to be appointed ombudsman for SFWA where I can work closely with colleagues I already know and those I'll soon know better. My job is to provide a safe and confidential channel to help resolve misunderstandings, disputes, and disagreements that are inevitable in a complex organization like SFWA. John Scalzi assured me that I have his direct ear whenever needed and the support of the officers, which are essential in an effective ombudsmanprogram. Be assured that I'm going to do my very best to be neutral and impartial in working with you to resolve issues and concerns. I'll provide more information in other forums. Meanwhile, make note of the e-mail above and if you have any questions or concerns, contact me."
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) is a professional organization representing more than 1,700 authors, artists, and allied professionals in science fiction, fantasy and related genres. SFWA assists members in legal disputes with publishers, administers benevolent funds for authors facing medical or legal expenses and offers extensive educational and business resources to its members and genre writers in general. SFWA also sponsors the annual Nebula Awards, peer recognition for the best literary and dramatic works of speculative fiction. SFWA was founded in 1965 by the American science fiction author Damon Knight. Past and present members include Isaac Asimov, Ursula K. Le Guin, Anne McCaffrey, Ray Bradbury and Andre Norton. Learn more at: www.sfwa.org.
Tags: Cynthia Felice, ombudsman
The starstream is beautiful. But beauty turns deadly when an ancient AI bent on destruction uses it to travel uptime to humanity's future. Part 1 of a long-awaited new chapter in The Chaos Chronicles. Concludes with Crucible of Time, in September.
Gustavo Bondoni
Gustavo Bondoni is an Argentine writer with nearly three hundred stories published in fourteen countries, in seven languages. He is also the author of several books, including the well-received novel Siege. He lives in Buenos Aires. | [
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|
Animated Series "Marcel the Shell With Shoes On" Turned Into a Feature Film
The cutest shell ever!
Paul Rudd and Jeffrey Dean Morgan Bought a Candy Store to Keep It Running After the Owner Passed Away
This is the "sweetest" story.
A British Comedian Made a Funny Video Parodying a Specific Scene You See in Outer Space Movies
We've ALL seen this scene before.
Animation Video Compares the Size of Monsters From Movies, TV, and Video Games
The progression of these are intense!
8 Movie and TV Adaptations That Left Out Interesting Details That Were In The Book
It's no secret that movies and TV shows end up leaving out a whole lot of details when they are adapted from books. There's usually just not enough time in a movie or a TV show to cram in all those tidbits. And folks from the Buzzfeed community talked about some adaptations from books that…
Why Movies Use the Dutch Camera Angle
If you're a film fan… pay attention!
10 Actors Who Passed Away While Making Movies
All of these famous actors sadly passed away during the production of films. Let's take a look at what happened and how the films they were working on ultimately got finished. 1. Chris Farley The larger-than-life comedic actor passed away in 1997 at the age of 33 and had been working on the movie Shrek for…
Keanu Reeves Went the Extra Mile to Make an 80-Year-Old Fan Very Happy
You'd be hard-pressed to find a Hollywood celebrity who is as beloved as Keanu Reeves. You never hear anything bad about the guy and when he does make any kind of news whatsoever, it's usually because of a random act of kindness toward a stranger. And a person took to Reddit to share an incredibly…
A Group of People Remade "Alien" in 60 Seconds Using Household Items
Amazing creativity at work!
Someone Made a Spoof of "Titanic" With Kate Winslet Replaced by a Cat
I can't stop watching. | [
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|
The life of German settlements on the Siberian steppes
Anna Sorokina
Left: The road sign in Altai. Right: Azovo local museum.
Marina Tarasova, Alexander Oshchepkov/ngs.ru
Descendants of German settlers in Russia manage to this day to retain the culture and customs of their forebears in the Altay and Omsk steppes.
Looking at ethnic Germans in Russia today, you will, among others, discover the descendants of Mennonites (a pacifist Protestant branch), who arrived in Russia in the 18th century at the invitation of Catherine II. Then there are the 'Stolypin reform' settlers of the early 20th century, who were promised land to use as they saw fit (more on them here). Yet another German group are the so-called "newly settled" - descendants of Russian and Soviet Germans that hailed from former Soviet republics. Then there are the forced resettlements of people during the Soviet period, when ethnic Germans were transported in cargo trains to Siberia, swiftly erasing any memory of their existence in the Crimea and Caucasus regions.
Today, people identifying as Germans number about 400,000 in Russia, most of them in Siberia and Ural Region (Altay and the Omsk Region have some 50,000 each, while the Tyumen, Chalyabinsk and Kemerovo regions and Krasnodar Krai are inhabited by about 20,000 each. There's also a miniscule population of several thousand in the cities of the Volga Region).
These places all speak varying dialects of German and Russian, as well as marking their cultural occasions in a similarly mixed manner. And they make some amazing sausages while they're at it! We asked the inhabitants of these areas how they manage to retain the traditions of their forefathers.
A friendship of the cultures
Marina at the Azovo museum.
Marina Tarasova
Marina Tarasova (nee Nuss, "Nut" in German) relocated to Omsk Region from Kazakhstan after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. She first lived in the German village of Novoskatovka (140 kilometers from Omsk). The first house was bought from a departing family, before moving to Azovo (45 kilometers from Omsk) three years ago. She now manages the area's regional studies museum and dedicates her time to studying the culture of its German inhabitants, collecting various lifestyle antiques and photos.
The street in Azovo.
Her village of Azovo is the largest "German" village in Siberia - perhaps, in all of Russia. It was founded in 1909 with the purpose of settling Germans from the region of Malorossiya, who were promised free land. "The village of Aleksandrovka was the first to appear back in 1893, followed by Privalnoye, then Sosnovka, Novinka (boasting a number of traditional German homes); then, in 1904, a proper influx of Germans began," Marina says.
A house in the Azovo district.
Overall, the Azov area, established in 1992, has 25,000 inhabitants, belonging to dozens of nationalities - Russians, Ukrainians, Estonians, Kazakhs, Mordovians and Uzbeks, among others. Half of them, however, have German roots. "When the area was only just established, there were many 'Russian Germans' waiting to relocate," Marina continues. "Germany was actively involved in assisting at the time, sending train carriages for temporary habitation. Today, the families build their own homes - often in European style."
Making German waffles.
Local residents study German from kindergarten, although a shortage of teachers is being felt in light of a growing population, Marina says. Adults can also study the language in local cultural centers - they number 18 across the region, one for almost every settlement. There are also free activity clubs, which strongly resemble the Soviet era, albeit with Germans: instead of cutting out paper snowflakes, children learn to make Advent calendars for Christmas.
This is how the old spruch looks like.
Azovo celebrates its cultural occasions with a mixture of Russian and German customs: For many families, Christmas is on December 25, for others, on January 7. Easter is celebrated according to the Catholic calendar, but the Russian 'kulich' bread and egg-painting are retained from the Orthodox tradition. Moreover, some families continue to observe the ancient custom of hanging hand-sewn Bible verses - or "spruchs".
A village for difficult adolescents
The local brewery.
Just as it is back in Germany, the settlements have their own beerhouses, bakeries and meat-packing plants. Marina has been organizing regional gastronomical tours for some time now.
"We receive tourists not only from Germany, but from China, Canada, Belgium and Israel," she explains.
The church in Appolonovka, Omsk Region.
Furthermore, you can glimpse cathedrals belonging to a number of different faiths: most of the residents are Lutherans, but there are also Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox Christians. "In the Issikul area of Omsk Region, we also have the villages of Solntsevka and Appolonovka, where Mennonites live - and they're very different from ours. For example, they observe the custom of gathering together the entire village's residents to construct a house to celebrate the end of the school year," Marina says.
As is the case with other Russian Germans, she has the legal right to be reunited with her relatives in Germany. But relocating there is not something she wants to do. "I always visit them with pleasure, but I want to work here. I'm a sociable person, I always yearn for an active role in social work, and that's something I would miss if I were to move there."
Germans from Germany are frequent visitors to Siberia: aside from family visits, there are cultural exchange events, as well as a program for the re-education of problem teens. For many of them, the programs are the only chance to avoid prison. So they agree to come to Siberia of their own volition, to a life without the traditional amenities we've all grown used to, such as central heating, a warm bathroom and so on. According to German media, at the end of every program cycle, up to 80 percent of these teens become rehabilitated and never return to their anti-social ways.
A 'half-city' on the steppes
Alexander Oshchepkov/ngs.ru
The majority-German area in the region of Altay, neighboring Omsk Region, was established in 1927 and dissolved in 1938 - before forming again in 1991. The area contains 16 villages, with only 16,000 people in total - about 1,000 individuals in each settlement. The nearest city is Slavgorod, about 30 km away. The regional capital, Barnaul, is some 430 km from the villages.
Halbstadt.
The tourists know they've arrived in the German parts, as they are greeted by a large banner in German and Russian. Each village has its own outpatient hospital, schools, sports grounds and cultural centers. All of the administrative signs and names are duplicated in both languages, as well.
"Welcome to Grishkovka" road sign.
Vladimir Mikhailovsky
The German villages of Altai are marked by wide paved roads, low hedges instead of fences and sturdy brick houses sitting inside delineated areas. "Every house here is identical, they have two exists and each has a neat private yard," says Vladimir Mikhailovsky, a resident of Grishkovka village, who moved here several years ago from Kazakhstan. Vladimir teaches chemistry and biology at the local school. He says he tries to stick to the traditions handed down by his parents, and celebrates local customs according to Catholic tradition.
Vladimir in Grishkovka.
"Every event held in our village contains some elements of German culture - song and dance and so on," he says. "There is also a museum dedicated to the life of Russian Germans, as well as an annual festival - Sommerfest - where one can sample a variety of national dishes."
The German national district in Altai.
Most inhabitants subsist on agriculture. These lands, surrounded by countless lakes of the Kulundinskaya steppe, are amicably referred to as 'Siberian Chernozemye' ('Black Earth' - a region in central Russia). The area's center is considered to be the settlement of Halbstadt, founded in 1908 (population 1,700) and roughly translated from German as "half-city" (Halb-stadt). Residents who identify as Germans number about a third of that population.
Grishkovka.
The main local enterprise is 'Brücke' ('Bridge'), founded in 1995 with help from the German government. They make sausages and wieners using classic German traditions and technologies, with natural locally-sourced ingredients. So residents of other areas frequently come here on gastronomic trips. The factory's director, Petr Boss, is proud of the quality of "German order, coupled with a Russian breadth" inherent to the place. It provides jobs for more than 250 people.
Siberia traditions
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The horrors of the USSR's 'Road of Bones' (PHOTOS) | [
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|
FOR A moment, a chill December day beside the docks on the River Itchen could have been a hot exotic scene from England's World Cup adventure up the Amazon.
Dani Osvaldo twisted this way and that with the ball tied to his bootlaces, leaving two defenders on their backsides before clipping an exquisite chip into the far corner of the goal. England's assistant- manager Ray Lewington, sitting in the St Mary's stands, must have made at least a mental note.
England's centre-backs, not renowned for their nimble feet, may well have to handle the unpredictable Osvaldo when they open their World Cup against Italy in steamy Manaus in June.
The goal brought Saints no more than they deserved from a vibrant display and showed why they paid Roma £15million for the Argentine-born Italian last summer.
City's England midfielder James Milner said: "Theirs was a great goal, and it takes some doing to knock it over the top of Costel Pantilimon, so you have to give credit. They played really well all game and have some exciting young players.
Disappointment is now becoming a recurring theme for City on their travels with only two wins from eight, but they were grateful for the point at Southampton.
Saints were driven forward by their English contingent of Adam Lallana, Jay Rodriguez and Luke Shaw, but it was Osvaldo, preferred to Ricky Lambert up front, who produced the wizardry to unlock City's defence.
Those characteristics include a temperament that is typically Latin. On Wednesday night he had to be dragged away from Aston Villa's players at the heated end of a match in which Saints slipped to a third successive defeat.
Will Osvaldo hurt England as much as Luis Suarez could do in their second group match against Uruguay?
"He won't bite anyone like Suarez, I wouldn't have thought, but he does have fire," said Pochettino with a grin.
Fire was something sadly lacking in City's performance after a dominant opening 30 minutes when striker Sergio Aguero put them ahead and really should have added a second.
Captain Vincent Kompany, one of those left sprawling by Osvaldo's trickery, believes the quality gap between the Premier League teams is closing. "I can't find any explanation other than every team has been able to strengthen because of the TV money," said Kompany.
SOUTHAMPTON (4-2-3-1): Gazzaninga 6; Chambers 6, Fonte 7 Lovren 7, Shaw 8; Ward-Prowse 7 Cork 7; Lallana 8 (Ramirez 85), Davis 6 (Reed 90), Rodriguez 7, Osvaldo 7 (Lambert 77). Goal: Osvaldo 42.
MANCHESTER CITY (4-4-2): Pantilimon 7; Zabaleta 7, Kompany 7, Demichelis 7, Kolorov 7; Milner 5 Garcia 62 5) Fernandinho 6 Toure 6 (Dzeko 79), Nasri 7; Aguero 7, Negredo 6 (Navas 62 5). Booked: Nasri, Aguero. Goal: Aguero 10.
NEXT UP: Southampton – Sat: Newcastle (a) league. Manchester City – Tomorrow: Bayern Munich (a) Champions League. | [
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Home / New Jersey / North Plainfield City Jail
North Plainfield City Jail Inmate Search and Prison Information
263 Somerset Street, North Plainfield, NJ, 07060
North Plainfield City Jail inmate search: Bond, Bookings, Charges, Post Date, Release Date, Bond Amount, Bond Amount, Status, Arrests, Bail Amount, Post Date, Charges, Booking Date, Jail Roster, Who's in jail, Grade, Commitment Date, Mugshots.
The North Plainfield City Jail despite the name is not a jail. The North Plainfield City Jail is just a holding pen for people who have been arrested in the North Plainfield limits.
Unfortunately, with the holding pen in the North Plainfield City Jail is quite small. So, offenders will only be in this small holding pen for hours, if that. Most of the offenders that have been arrested in the North Plainfield limits will be brought directly to the Somerset County Detention Center and skip going down to the North Plainfield City Jail all together.
Keep in mind that the North Plainfield Police Department will also manage this smallholding pen as well.
North Plainfield City Jail — General Information
North Plainfield City Jail, City Jail.
http://www.northplainfield.org/NPPD/
How to Find Someone in North Plainfield City Jail
There is no way in with the North Plainfield Police Department where you can locate an inmate. There will be no inmates that are in the North Plainfield City Jail.
Ultimately, all inmates will ALWAYS be brought down to the Somerset County Detention Center. If you would like to contact them to find out if the offender you are looking for is in their facility, you can at 908-769-2937.
When contacting the Somerset County Detention Center, please tell them you suspect that the North Plainfield Police Department was the arresting agency along with the offender first and last name.
The North Plainfield City Jail is rarely used. There is NO sending mail whatsoever to the North Plainfield City Jail. You will want to wait until the offender gets transferred, booked, and processed into the Somerset County Detention Center before you will be permitted to send mail to them.
The North Plainfield City Jail is rarely ever used. The offender may be in a cell for just under an hour, if that. The offender will NOT have any need for cash during their time in the holding pen. You will want to wait to send cash when they get over to the Somerset County Detention Center.
The offender will not be permitted to make any phone calls until they are officially booked into the Somerset County Detention Center. As previously stated, the North Plainfield Police Department will bring the offender typically to that facility as it has more manpower.
The North Plainfield City Jail is rarely used. There is NO visitation whatsoever in the North Plainfield City Jail. You will want to wait until the offender gets transferred, booked, and processed into the Somerset County Detention Center before you will be permitted to visit with them.
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|
To make our current storefront more appealing and convenient for customers choosing to pick up their furniture orders, Amish Originals will be embarking on a redesign for the back of our store at 38 North State Street.
Recently approved by Uptown Westerville, the new design will feature doors dedicated exclusively for truck and customer use. The rear entrance will be more aesthetically pleasing for our Uptown neighbors, add energy efficient insulation for our warehouse and will offer customers a seamless experience when loading their items. | [
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|
On November 15 from 6:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m., Canadian Sufi Cultural Centre warmly invites you to Whirling into Peace with Words of Rumi.
Guest Speaker: Professor Dr. Mahmud Erol Kilic, Professor of Sufi Studies at Marmara University, Instanbul.
You are invited to this free public lecture on November 12 from 2:00-3:30 p.m. at the Ismaili Centre Toronto, 49 Wynford Drive. This presentation will focus on interfaith architecture and spaces created for museums, education, master planning and the environment.
On November 6 at Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, a Circle of Dialogue will take place with Beverly Jacobs, assistant professor, Faculty of Law, University of Windsor, as a presenter, and Banakonda Kennedy-Kish Bell, elder-in-residence, Faculty of Social Work, Wilfried Laurier University, as a responder. For more information, contact Dorinda Kruger Allen at [email protected] or call 519-884-0710 x 3241.
A Spiritual Dialogue Circle is meeting on Monday, November 6 from 7:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. at Don Heights Unitarian Congregation, Toronto, ON.
St. Barnabas Anglican Church and The Toronto Area Interfaith Council invite you to An Interfaith Service of Meditation and Solidarity for Healing and Peace on Tuesday, November 28, 2017 at 7:00 p.m. The service takes place at St. Barnabas on the Danforth (right opposite Chester Subway) in Toronto, Ontario.
The New Generation Interfaith Initiative is committed to advocating for religion in a pluralistic society and Canadian life. Join us on November 12, 2017 at the University of Toronto Multi-Faith Centre at 569 Spadina Avenue, Toronto as we bring together youth and Millennials from across the GTA to explore past, present and future themes in interfaith dialogue and collaboration. Application deadline: Friday, November 3, 2017!
The 37th Annual Neuberger Holocaust Education Week takes place from November 2-9, 2017. Over the course of Holocaust Education Week 2017, panelists, speakers, Neuberger staff and guests will help illuminate key moments over the past 70-plus year-period and examine why these moments were so significant in shaping our knowledge of the Holocaust.
Intercultural Dialogue Institute GTA cordially invites you to Public Heroes Awards 2018 Media Launch & Youth Recognition on Tuesday, November 21, 2017 at 10:15 a.m. at Toronto Paramedic Services (4330 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON).
The ISARC Faith Leaders Forum will meet at Queen's Park on November 2, 2017 from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. in rooms 228/230. | [
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|
Taylor Swift trademarks 'This sick beat' but not 'Shake it off'
WASHINGTON — If you were planning on using a Taylor Swift-penned phrase on, say, a locket or a jewelry box, think again. Because you could be trying to shake off a legal bill.
T. Swizzle, whose business savvy is rivaled only by her aptitude for earworms, has taken outseveral trademarks for phrases like "Party Like It's 1989," "This Sick Beat," "Cause We Never Go Out of Style."
This means you'll need Swift's permisison if you want to use any of those phrases on a whole host of stuff: aprons, "non-medicated" toiletries and — we kid you not — walking sticks.
The filings are on top of dozens more she's held for years. They were reported by Vox, citing the legal database, Justia.
Interestingly enough, "Shake It Off" is not on the list. Perhaps because that trademark is already held by a diet company.
Swift took out the patents last year on the heels of her fifth studio album, "1989."
Given the incredible success of that album, you can't blame a girl for wanting to protect her brand. And if you're hate, hate, hating on her for that, well, you know what you can do. | [
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|
Supporting Young Space
young space
All Artists Painting Sculpture Installation Multimedia Drawing Photography Collage Video Textile Printmaking New Media Ceramics Performance Conceptual Interview Illustration and Graphic Design Design Street Art
Tim Nikiforuk
in Painting on 04/11/19
Can you tell me a little bit about you?
I am originally from Canada, but I currently reside in San Diego, CA. I studied at the University of Connecticut where I received my MFA IN 2001. I took a number of years off from art making, but I've been back in studio of two years now.
When did you first discover art, or realize you wanted to make it yourself?
4 yrs old. There has been no doubt since.
What do you like most about working where you do?
The weather. I can work with the big overhead studio door open year round. Plus, the paint dries really, really fast!
What ideas are you exploring in your practice?
It's painting about painting… has been for most of my career. I'm very interested in support/surface and how paint can literally be applied to a panel, canvas, plexi, etc. Color and movement also factor heavily into my most recent work.
What is your process like?
A typical piece takes 3-3.5 hrs. It's immediate. I prepare the surface, the color and my application tools and execute the painting rapidly, making decisions on the fly. The gel dries quickly so I must find the composition within a compressed time frame.
What is the strangest thing you've ever had to do for art?
I paid for virtually all my painting supplies in undergraduate school by picking pop cans. I would dig through the trash cans on campus, collect the recyclables and cash em in.
Do you have a day job or other work that you split your time between?
Like so many others, I am an adjunct lecturer and have been for 16 yrs.
Do you have a mentor, or a piece of advice (or both), which has influenced your practice?
Professor Gerald Hushlak formally of the University of Calgary got the ball rolling for me. In graduate school I was heavily influenced by Saul Ostrow who served on my graduate committee. Oh ya, I'm also a huge Frank Stella fan!
Is there any piece of advice you would offer to others?
Don't wait for your ship to come in, roll out to meet it.
Success is really a matter of hanging on when others have let go.
What does it mean to you to have a "community?"
I'm a hermit in terms of how I work, but I'm a big believer in both a strong non-profit and commercial arts community. Things are very limited in San Diego and I miss having an artistic hub of energy and action.
What is your studio like?
Small but functional. I work out of a converted garage. I would say it's approx. 300 sq ft. I'm forced to keep work on the small side but overall it's meeting my needs.
Do you have any routines or rituals in the studio that get you into the mode or mindset to make your work?
Typically I work from 11am to about 2 or 3pm. Completely quiet. No music, no distractions, no breaks… except for water. I go in and I get er done.
How significant has attending art school been on your practice?
My work has changed a great deal from graduate school. I find my understanding and ability to communicate ideas about my work as probably one of the biggest things I took away from my studies. I'm a much, much better writer.
What do you find most daunting, challenging, or frustrating about pursuing art?
Space, connections and money. Time can be tough as well, but finding adequate space at a reasonable cost can be incredibly difficult. Social media helps but making connections to the major artistic hubs is also still a challenge.
How would you define "success" in art?
Making a greater financial contribution to the family income. I'd like for my wife to take a breather… she keeps things afloat. She's my biggest fan so I'd like to make things easier for her.
What is the most exciting thing you've done or accomplished so far, related to your work?
Finally getting some exposure in NYC with Krause Gallery as well as opening my work up to audiences in my native Canada via Galerie Robertson Ares in Montréal.
What are you working on right now?
Currently I am working on a group of paintings which I have loosely titled the Envelop Series. Small/medium scaled, sensuous pieces that are fluid, spontaneous and rich in their surface qualities.
Find more at niktstudio.com and on Instagram @niktstudio!
About Kate Mothes
Kate Mothes is a curator and arts organizer currently based in the Midwest.
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With 67 percent of the vote, Stillhouse Black Bourbon is a blend of corn, rye barely and limestone, distilled and barreled in charred new American oak barrels before being charcoal filtered, the company says. The product is then rested and mellowed in roasted small-batch coffee beans, the company says. Stillhouse Black Bourbon features a 40 percent alcohol-by-volume content and is packaged in the company's signature stainless steel 750-ml can.
In second place for New Product of the Year is Boom Boom Energy Drink. Tempire Group, manufactured under a license from Argo Food & Beverage International, introduced Boom Boom Energy Drink, a beverage designed to provide a boost of energy within a few minutes of ingestion for athletes, college students, businessmen and other professionals, the company says. The functional beverage is available nationwide in 250- and 355-ml cans.
Rounding out the No. 3 spot is Sebago Lake Distillery's (SLD) Barrel Rested Portland Rum. The rum features oaky flavors similar to old bourbon, some spiciness from the rye that formerly inhabited the barrels, as well as the full mouthfeel and caramel goodness similar to a 100 percent pot still rum, the company says. SLD rums are available at select retailers in the New England area.
There are never a shortage of new product releases, so be sure to check back Feb. 12 for the launch of the January Reader's Choice poll. | [
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|
Liberty seeks $5 million from Construction Co. over bond defaults
By Lorena J. Walker on May 26, 2022 Monetary contract
By Josh Liberatore (May 26, 2022, 6:46 p.m. EDT) – Liberty Mutual is seeking $5 million in damages from a construction company it says failed in its obligations on public works projects, telling a federal court in California that the company is dodging its bail bond obligations.
In a lawsuit filed Monday, Liberty Mutual Insurance said it and a subsidiary, Ohio Casualty Insurance, issued multiple payment and performance bonds to Dreambuilder Construction Corp. in 2020 in connection with work the company was doing for the California Department of Transportation, or Caltrans.
However, Dreambuilder breached its obligations under the bonded contracts and has since been using the money it earned from projects with Caltrans…
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|
Home › Memorabilia › FREE Christmas Present From The Silvers! Collectible Wrist Bands!
FREE Christmas Present From The Silvers! Collectible Wrist Bands!
We still have a few left! Be the first kid on your block to have one! We will pay the postage ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE IN A COUNTRY OTHER THAN THE USA!
These just came in the mail yesterday. Pretty cool, huh? There are a limited number of these collectible wrist bands, and you can get yours FREE by e-mailing me your address to Mick at SFResidence.com. We'll even pay the postage! This offer goes out to the first 20 people who respond as our way of saying thanks for visiting our website! | [
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|
"The last time somebody said, 'I find I can write much better with a word processor,' I replied, 'They used to say the same thing about drugs.'" Used to say?
Original quote (in quotes) from Roy Blount Jr.
This entry was posted in Writer's Platitudes and tagged Humor, platitudes, Writing, writing quotes. | [
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|
All businesses interested in soliciting door-to-door in Castle Rock must apply for a Solicitor Registration License, per ordinance.
A solicitor is any person attempting to make contact with a homeowner with the purpose of selling goods or services at the point of contact, whether or not the goods or services are actually delivered at the time of sale.
Solicitors should review the No Knock List daily. Resident addresses are submitted constantly and this list is ever evolving.
In addition to the completed application the following items are required to begin processing the application.
Please note: The $35 application fee is non-refundable if licensing is denied, or once issued, is suspended or revoked. Please allow three business days for your application to be processed. | [
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|
Political advertising took a great leap in sophistication with Lyndon Johnson's 1964 Presidential campaign. Democrats finally landed a top advertising agency -- Doyle, Dane, Bernbach (DDB) -- to produce a campaign. DDB had made its name producing evocative soft-sell advertising for Volkswagen and Avis in a departure from the repetitive slogan approach of Rosser Reeves's "Unique Selling Proposition" philosophy. DDB's emotional appeal was suited to a Johnson campaign which sought to remind voters of the administration's work fighting poverty and providing Medicare, while also capitalizing on fear of Republican opponent Barry Goldwater's views on nuclear weapons. The campaign is still regarded as one of the best ever, and the famous "Daisy" ad, where a little girl's counting of flower petals is replaced by a countdown to an atomic blast, is considered a classic.
Also significant in 1964 is the launching of Ronald Reagan's political career. Reagan captured the attention of conservative Republicans in a televised speech supporting Goldwater.
WATCH JOHNSON ADS
Ads used with permission of
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PBS Online
© 1998-2001 Wisconsin Public Television, All rights reserved. | [
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|
iPhone 7 Plus specs rumor suggests Dual-Camera setup
By Daniel Contreras -
The next cycle of release of the new iPhone is still a long way off, but the rumor mill is quite active with potential specs and design intel frequently making their way into the internet.
Apple analysts from KGI, including Ming-Chi Kuo, have definitely proven a trustworthy source of information in the past. It is true that they mostly deal with analytical results and speculations, but we have seen their suggestions come true in the past. In a new memo that Kuo has launched for the investors, there is a mention of the dual rear camera setup for the iPhone 7 Plus. Even if the camera setup may not be dual, per say, there is a mention of something that is, at least, close to it.
Considering the past record of Apple, it will be safe to assume that the company is all set to release two variants of its handset, most likely a 4.7-inch iPhone 7 and a 5.5-inch 7 Plus one.
According to the memo, the dual camera setup will be aimed at the bigger iPhone 7 Plus model. Kuo mentioned that the handset will feature a dual-CIS setup, that is most likely to be developed by LinX, which is a company that specializes in creating ultra-compact camera sensors for slim smartphones. LinX was acquired by Apple back in 2015.
The camera setup may feature dual 12MP sensors, one that has OIS (Optical image stabilization) and the other that has a wide-angle telephoto lens and 2-3x zoom. OIS is something that is not at all a new territory for Apple, but optical zoom still remains unobserved. This particular addition will surely help in making some interesting bokeh effects and variable focus possible.
Finally, Kuo also mentioned that in order to reduce the strain on the production line, there is a great chance that the dual camera setup will be offered only in the premium offerings. He further assumed that 25-35% of the shipped devices may feature this setup. | [
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|
100+ sessions in various formats: hands-on workshops, plenaries, interactive breakout sessions, discussions and debates, labs, demos and performances.
OEB is the global, cross-sector conference on technology supported learning and training.
Every year, OEB pushes boundaries, challenges preconceptions and catalyses new ideas – through innovations in the exhibition, interventions from participants and new forms of dialogue. At OEB, always expect the unexpected. | [
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|
LG G Watch charging cradle now available as separate purchase
By Sam Loveridge August 6, 2014 4:54 pm BST
LG has started selling the LG G Watch charging cradle as a separate accessory in the Google Play Store.
Both the LG G Watch and its Android Wear rival the Samsung Gear Live are charged with a proprietary charging cradle, which can be annoying when your watch runs out of charge and you've forgotten the charger.
LG has attempted to help with that problem by allowing you to buy additional charging cradles from the Google Play Store.
Priced at £14.90 a piece and offered with a microUSB cable for connecting to power supplies, the charging cradle isn't a ridiculously out of reach additional purchase.
Although when you consider the LG G Watch is already £159.99 on its own, looking to add another £15 on to that does put the price close to that £200 mark.
We wouldn't have minded having an extra charger for the LG G Watch when reviewing it though, as you'll get a maximum 36 hours usage from its 400mAh battery.
As it doesn't have a standard micro USB port for charging, if you forget to charge it for your day ahead, you'll be lugging round a useless bit of kit.
We'll be pleased when smartwatch makers will let you charge a smartwatch once a week with a generic microUSB charger, but we can't see that happening anytime soon.
The LG G Watch comes with a 1.65-inch 280 x 280p IPS LCD display running Android Wear. It is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor clocked at 1.2GHz and 512MB of RAM.
It comes with 4GB of internal storage as standard and comes with Bluetooth 4.0 connectivity.
Like the Galaxy Gear, the G Watch is also IP67 dust and water resistant.
Read more: What is Android Wear? A guide to Google's smartwatch OS
By Sam Loveridge | [
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|
Welcome to my blog! I'm the Pastor of Hallsville United Methodist Church located in Hallsville, Missouri just outside of Columbia (home of MU!). My wife, daughter and I reside in Columbia, just a short distance from our church. During my ministry career I have been a Youth Director, Associate Pastor, Church Plant Pastor and a Senior Pastor. My life has been a constant learning lesson. My greatest learning lesson lately has been in overcoming anxiety and depression in my life. I have made some radical shifts in my life when it comes to my time, goals, family, my idea of church and my role as a Pastor. In this blog you will find my "way too honest" story of shifting priorities in my life. I hope my story is an encouragement to you with the challenges of your life. Feel free to share my posts and site with your friends and family and let me leave you with this one suggestion. If you believe that your life needs to be different then what it has been, then perhaps it begins with thinking differently then how you have been thinking. | [
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Flying and falling dreams are often listed among the most common of dreams. Aside from the pure form, in which the dreamer actually falls or flies, it is frequent to find situations in which the dreamer deals with actions or objects implying gravity functions, that is, climbing, floating through air or water, and going up or down on a ladder or in an elevator. By means of the analysis of 685 dreams of male and female subjects, aged between 10 and 32, we registered various gravity contents (falling, flying, water, climbing, descending, staircase, and elevator) and their interrelations. Results show the presence of these elements in 38.1% of the sampled dreams. The authors focused on the link between gravity contents and other typical elements appearing in the same dream (attack, loss, sexual relationships, the body, performance/exams, and nursing). Results tend to confirm a link between gravity content and sexuality. The results of our research are essentially consistent with the findings of an analysis in DreamBank (http://www.dreambank.net/) of the frequency of words related to gravity in a dreams sample (N = 14,193). © 2007 American Psychological Association.
Maggiolini, A., Persico, A., Crippa, F. (2007). Gravity Content in Dreams. DREAMING, 17(2), 87-97 [10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.87].
Gravity Content in Dreams
Maggiolini, A;Persico, A;CRIPPA, FRANCA
dream, content, frequency
https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.87 | [
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|
Economic (GDP) growth, percent in India, December, 2018: For that indicator, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation of India provides data for India from Q2 2004 to Q4 2018. The average value for India during that period was 7.57 percent with a minumum of -0.14 percent in Q1 2009 and a maximum of 13.88 percent in Q1 2010. Click on the following link to see the values of Economic (GDP) growth, percent around the world. | [
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Grafvision - Fotolia
U.S. attorney: Gathering cybercrime evidence can be difficult
Assistant U.S. attorney says jurors and courts are getting smarter about cybercrime evidence, although digital cases overall may be getting more difficult to prosecute.
Michael Heller, Senior Reporter
With more cases of cybercrime on the docket, the U.S. district attorney's office has new challenges to face in terms of gathering evidence and presenting it to the court.
At Black Hat 2017, SearchSecurity sat down with Norman Barbosa, assistant U.S. state's attorney for the western district of Washington and the office's coordinator of computer hacking and intellectual property crimes, who is based in Seattle. Barbosa said jurors and judges have been getting better at understanding cybercrime evidence, although, overall, cybercrime cases have been getting more difficult to prosecute.
This interview has been edited for clarity.
Have you seen a type of tipping point in terms of understanding the digital world and cybercrime evidence, or was it a gradual process?
Norman Barbosa
Norman Barbosa: I think it's a gradual process, but it's not recent. I mean, it's been going on for decades. The courts have been seeing electronic evidence since the 70s, maybe even earlier, older stuff. And the arguments were a little bit more simplistic in those early days.
The civil practitioners have been trying cases for decades using similar evidence, email and computerized evidence. There's tons and tons of experience with handling it, establishing the authenticity of it, addressing concerns that something may have been faked. So legal systems are definitely familiar with it.
People tend to think, 'Oh, you know, because computer evidence can be faked, you're never going to get [it] into court.' The fact that it can be faked is not determinative because we all know that we receive stuff on a day-to-day basis on computers. We work with them constantly, and they are reliable for the most part. They're used all the time, and very effectively. Judges and juries understand that.
How do you meet the burden of proof with cybercrime evidence?
Barbosa: It's kind of two levels that we deal with. There's what we call the authentication rules for getting evidence into federal court, and they're governed by the rules of federal evidence. That's a fairly low standard; we have to show that the item is what it purports to be.
If I am introducing an email that the government asserts is an email sent by the defendant, I have to have some minimal amount of evidence to show that it really is. So it's something to give the judge enough confidence that this is not a fabricated piece of evidence; the government didn't type this up on paper and make it look like an email.
We can do that with a number of different things. That gets the evidence in front of the jury. If you can't meet that standard, you don't even get to talk to the jury about it.
But once you've met that standard, which is just a threshold meeting applied by the judge, it comes down to good old-fashioned argument in front of the jury on behalf of my side and the defense. The defense makes the argument that you shouldn't believe this, it's not good enough to believe that it was him, and we make our arguments as to why it is.
What do you say to those who claim cyber attribution is impossible because all digital evidence can be faked?
The reality of the situation is computers are not magical instruments that nobody can understand anymore and, frankly, juries get that now.
Barbosa: They're wrong. The reality of the situation is computers are not magical instruments that nobody can understand anymore and, frankly, juries get that now. I don't think you can find a juror who hasn't used a computer and [doesn't have] a basic understanding of how it works. Those are arguments to be made before the jury, and they are made.
It's often a defense that somebody else planted the evidence, and it's definitely our burden to show that the evidence was not planted. But there are a number of different ways to go about showing that.
And proving the validity of that cybercrime evidence is an argument for the jury? It won't stop the evidence from being submitted in the first place?
Barbosa: Generally not, unless there truly is some reason to believe that evidence has been fabricated or planted and, frankly, if there is that reason, the case is unlikely to actually get to the point of a trial.
But you put the evidence in front of the jury, the government puts as much evidence to prove their case, that they believe this evidence is reliable, and the other side makes whatever arguments they can. Juries are remarkably intelligent, and are very capable of wading through those arguments at this point. They do it on a day-to-day basis; there's tons of cases that use electronic evidence.
What are the barriers to gathering cybercrime evidence?
Barbosa: Computer crime is often pretty complex. It, very often, if not always, involves evidence in multiple jurisdictions, including foreign jurisdictions.
We're frequently required to seek assistance from other governments, which move at different paces depending on who you are dealing with. Different things, depending on the law of the country where you need to obtain evidence, you may or may not be able to get the things you need.
So that can make an investigation take a while, but not necessarily; it depends on the facts of any given case. There's no one recipe for, 'Okay, when you open a file, it'll be done within so many days.' You don't know until you start digging.
If you have evidence scattered all over the world, the different laws in place in each country where you may need to obtain evidence are going to impact that. Evidence that may be available with fairly simple process in one country may require a great deal more process to get in another country. It changes the speed at which you might be able to get your hands on [cybercrime evidence]. And, in certain countries, certain things may just not be available to law enforcement. We research what we can get, pursue whatever we can and, at the end of the day, you just have to evaluate what you're able to obtain and see if it makes a case.
We don't solve every case. You pursue every lead that you can and, really, I found that really goes to the heart of whether you can be successful. You can't ignore an avenue of investigation because it might be difficult. It's tempting in these cases because, as I point out when you're dealing with so many different jurisdictions and so many different roles, it grinds on you, makes it difficult, but the investigators that do solve cases just aggressively pursue every lead despite the difficulty of obtaining evidence. And that's what can often lead to us finding that needle in the haystack that unravels the whole thing.
Are the difficulties greater because of how quickly digital can move, or is it that the legal process in the investigative process hasn't quite adapted yet?
Barbosa: I think it's a combination of both. The cases are more complex.
Traditional crime fighting involving local crime, you know, a drug crime scene or a violent crime scene, tends to be more compact and within your jurisdiction. Many cases you do [as] a prosecutor in a violent crime section or a drug unit, you have evidence maybe throughout the United States, or it may only just be in a few states, but cybercrimes so often bring in other countries, and our laws are different.
It takes longer to work through those processes. It involves diplomatic procedures. You have to send formal requests in most instances that just take a long time -- a longer time to transmit, and a longer time to get evidence back.
So whereas, let's say, you were pursuing a case with evidence solely in the United Sates, you can use legal process that we control. You know, working with our court system, working through our court system, I can get a search warrant to search either an account or a physical location, and we go do it.
But if it's [a] foreign government, we have to ask somebody else to do that. I have to write a request to them, it has to get sent to them, then they have to pursue whatever legal process [is] in their country. And that just builds in weeks, if not months.
Once they get the evidence, they have to send it back, and it goes through a long process through their department of justice or equal component and through ours and back to us. It may be six months to nine months [before] the evidence is being looked at by our investigators. [It] can be a big difference in time.
Have you seen a movement toward streamlining the process of gathering international cybercrime evidence?
Barbosa: Yes, yes, definitely. I think everybody that's working these cases is constantly thinking about ways to make the process move quicker. Many governments are getting more comfortable, more familiar with this kind of investigation.
We're equally involved, too. I mean, we receive tons of requests from other governments for evidence that is located in our country related to crimes going on overseas, too. We've gotten better at processing those, too, but it's still a burdensome process; it takes a long time.
Part of that is built to make sure we're not just grabbing stuff willy-nilly. There are reasons for those procedures. They are in place to protect people's privacy and our system; that's what goes to the heart of our Constitution. It's good that they're there. It's frustrating sometimes when it moves slowly, but we've got to remind ourselves that those procedures are put in place for very good reasons.
We're having success, we're solving cases, we're bringing people to justice. We've got to constantly work harder and think of new, faster ways of doing cases. That's part of the challenge, which is one of the things that makes it an interesting and enjoyable space to work in. They are good challenges.
How do security companies help with investigations and gathering cybercrime evidence?
Barbosa: Many of our cases involve interaction with the incident response companies that are hired by victims to help them address the issues, and so it's often the incident response company may be the first on the scene who has taken images of the infected computers or machines.
They will often be doing some of the initial work-up and shipping leads to us; you know, sending us lists of malicious IP addresses that they may have noticed in their early incident response. Other clues that they might have picked up on, you know, if there's some email address or other lead that they may have found in the code or left on a machine, they'll send those to us.
That's really helpful. Just coordinating with the incident response companies can be very important to the success of an investigation because so much of it is [to] get jumping on leads really quickly and moving as fast as you can to pursue evidence.
[In] the vast majority of cases, we are working hand in hand with either the FBI or the Secret Service, and a variety of other agencies that do this kind of work. But we'll usually work very closely with the agents [on] the investigative plan, the strategy, and generating legal process to pursue evidence.
Most of the cases I get, I will receive a call from either counsel for the victim company or the FBI the day that we start doing the case. I mean, we're consulting with our agents from the minute the thing starts.
It sounds like there are a lot of moving parts between the domestic agencies and organizations and international partners when gathering cybercrime evidence for cases.
Barbosa: Yeah. Sometimes it's hard to keep your head around [it].
I mean, earlier this year, one of my colleagues and I were working two different credit card hacking investigations -- different victims, different actors, but a lot of similarities kept mixing. We'd be sitting down to talk about what's going on this week and constantly having to go back to our charts and our notes to make sure we're talking about the right evidence and the right case. It gets confusing.
How many cases do you tend to work on at one time?
Barbosa: It varies significantly; often somewhere around a dozen or more. They're usually in different stages of the investigation. You may have a file open that you're not actively working on for weeks at a time.
So, when you have multiple cases popping up at the same time with lots of stuff going on, that's when it gets very difficult. Just keeping stuff straight; so much of it is just numbers. IP address after IP address, something like 95.22.122.217, and then you're like, 'What is that from? I got 12 cases, I got all this stuff.' You've got to constantly be keeping charts.
When it comes to cybercrime evidence, do you tend to lean more heavily on things like IP addresses and emails, or can you build cases on connecting certain pieces of malware or some code?
Barbosa: Each piece of evidence requires its own set of factors to establish its authenticity, but you rely on everything that might be available; it's hard to prove it's authentic.
IP address tracing is one thing, you know, if you can establish that an email was sent from an IP that was registered in the name. I mean, this is a very simplistic example, but it definitely occurs, and not so much in true cybercrime cases because people use all kinds of VPNs and what-not.
But, in a business dispute case, you may be trying to introduce an email and show that it came from this particular sender. And the fact that the IP address in the header was the person's home Comcast account, it's going to be very strong evidence that he, in fact, sent it. That's definitely going to the jury. He can argue that somebody spoofed the IP, but that's not likely to work.
What about once you get into the more advanced obfuscation techniques and adversaries using the deep web?
Barbosa: You've got to bring in more. It just makes the job a little bit harder, but just keep working at it.
We don't get every piece of evidence in. But you do your homework and make sure you prepare for every potential argument [and] make the arguments to the judge. As long as you've done your work, you should be in good shape.
Is it getting more difficult to solve cybercrime cases?
Barbosa: Yes. I think this is the case in any area of criminal investigations, is investigators find ways to solve a case. Criminals look for ways to make it harder and just keep repeating that cycle over and over again. But as they develop new means of hiding themselves, we look for new ways of uncovering them.
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|
Q: upload Image or video to server using AsyncTask Hey guys i'm new to android app development, i'm trying to upload file to server using AsyncTask, but when i click a upload button app get crashed, please help with this.(Sorry if there is any language mistake).
UploadFileToServer class
/**
* Uploading the file to server
* */
private class UploadFileToServer extends AsyncTask<Void, Integer, String> {
@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
progressBar.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
super.onPreExecute();
}
@Override
protected String doInBackground(Void... params) {
return uploadFile();
}
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
private String uploadFile() {
String responseString;
HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(Config.FILE_UPLOAD_URL);
try {
AndroidMultiPartEntity entity = new AndroidMultiPartEntity(
new AndroidMultiPartEntity.ProgressListener() {
@Override
public void transferred(long num) {
publishProgress((int) ((num / (float) totalSize) * 100));
}
});
File sourceFile = new File(filePath);
// Adding file data to http body
entity.addPart("image",new FileBody(sourceFile));//new FileBody(sourceFile)
// Extra parameters pass to server
totalSize = entity.getContentLength();
httppost.setEntity(entity);
// Making server call
HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
HttpEntity r_entity = response.getEntity();
int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
if (statusCode == 200) {
// Server response
responseString = EntityUtils.toString(r_entity);
} else {
responseString = "Error occurred! Http Status Code: "
+ statusCode;
}
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
responseString = e.toString();
} catch (IOException e) {
responseString = e.toString();
}
return responseString;
}
logcat error:
E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: AsyncTask #1
#1. E/AndroidRuntime: java.lang.RuntimeException: An error occured while executing doInBackground()
#2.Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org.apache.http.entity.ContentType
E/AndroidRuntime: at org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody.<init>(FileBody.java:89)
Complete error window as follows:
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: AsyncTask #1
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: java.lang.RuntimeException: An error occured while executing doInBackground()
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.AsyncTask$3.done(AsyncTask.java:299)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.finishCompletion(FutureTask.java:352)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.setException(FutureTask.java:219)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:239)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.AsyncTask$SerialExecutor$1.run(AsyncTask.java:230)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1080)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:573)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:856)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org.apache.http.entity.ContentType
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody.<init>(FileBody.java:89)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at com.appnings.cameratrial.UploadActivity$UploadFileToServer.uploadFile(UploadActivity.java:166)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at com.appnings.cameratrial.UploadActivity$UploadFileToServer.doInBackground(UploadActivity.java:139)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at com.appnings.cameratrial.UploadActivity$UploadFileToServer.doInBackground(UploadActivity.java:114)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.AsyncTask$2.call(AsyncTask.java:287)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:234)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at android.os.AsyncTask$SerialExecutor$1.run(AsyncTask.java:230)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1080)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:573)
10-18 20:51:23.109 14829-15007/? E/AndroidRuntime: at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:856)
10-18 20:51:23.440 569-649/? E/android.os.Debug: !@Dumpstate > dumpstate -k -t -z -d -o /data/log/dumpstate_app_error
A: Given you haven't posted the error log (from logcat) it would be hard to guess.
Common thing you might have missed:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
outside the application tag in the Manifest.xml
A: Tried importing different Apache lib files, some classes missing in some lib files finally after couple of imports it worked. thank you all. happy coding.
A: I solved the same problem
1.Use the right way to add jars.
Right click your lib folder and choice "add library", and input to project.
*In settings.gradle, add it.
packagingOptions {
exclude 'META-INF/DEPENDENCIES'
exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE'
exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE'
exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE.txt'
exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE.txt'
}
*
*Compile environment:
*
*Android Studio 1.4
*target sdk:21
*jars:httpclient-4.3.6.jar,httpcore-4.3.3.jar, httpmime-4.3.6.jar
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|
Inspired by tumblr text posts that are seen all over social networking sites and usually appear unwarranted and when you least expect them. They're always so cute, angsty, and just overall adorable figments of the writer's imagination.
I know that reading other people's OTP story prompts has helped me clear my writer's block and inspired me to write, so I hope that my little mismatched ideas do the same.
* Person A is lying on their back on the bed, holding the phone up to the ceiling and ignoring the pain in their arms. 'Say Yes To The Dress' is playing on the screen. Person B is standing at the foot of the bed, out of sight, twirling a ring between their fingers teeth clenched and shoulders tense. "Hey." Person B scares Person A into dropping the phone onto their nose. "I have a question." Person A sits up, concerned by the shake in their lover's voice. B takes a deep breath; "Do you want to pick out a dress too?" "I'm more of a suit kinda person." A laughs out a reply, which dies out as they watch Person B drop to their knee holding up a simple gold ring with small markings around it.
* Person A bites their fingernails and this bothers Person B, so Person B offers to paint Person A's nails. They take two hours trying to make it perfect, doing nail art, gradients, watching YouTube videos; yet the nails turn out so so ugly! Person A is so overwhelmed by love and promises to keep the painting in perfect condition for as long as possible, layering on excessive clear coat polish to seal off the artwork. Person A forces themselves to stop nail biting and keeps the polish on for weeks until it begins to crack, and peel, but Person B repaints them.
* Person B hurries out of the rain and into their house to find Person A wrapped in a blanket lying on the couch. Person B creeps up alongside the couch and crawl on top, wrapping their arms around their significant other. The two lie there all night, finally rising when they cannot discern their stomach rumbles from the storm outside.
* Person A is staring lazily into the oven, watching their cake rise and Person B comes up behind, scaring Person A into turning around and thrusting a bunch of wild Daisies in their face. The tiny flowers held ridiculously between Person B's thumb and forefinger.
* Person B wakes up to Person A tapping their face lightly and singing along to the rhythm alternatively Person B wakes up to Person A softly running a make-up brush up and down their face.
* Person A and B are standing side-by-side brushing their teeth in front of the mirror. That's it.
* Person A is throwing pillows around the bedroom, mad about something. Person B can hear the noise from the kitchen and goes about lighting all the candles in the vicinity, opening a packet of chips and turning on Harry Potter, listening as Person A makes a different noise: feet pattering across the hallway. | [
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|
If you've ever wanted to play or perform your favorite songs, or thought of a melody that could become an original song, KORG is here to help you realize your musical potential.
61-key professional arranger keyboard with color touchscreen and built-in TC Helicon effects.
Performance that takes you places.
A songwriter's best friend, the Korg Pa700 arranger keyboard combines a compact design with amazingly natural sounds and a wide range of musical styles.
Choose the Musical Partner Destined to Deliver that Perfect Performance.
Pa Amplification System for Pa3X 76 and 61 keys. The optional PaAS is a high-fidelity speaker/amplification bar specifically designed to connect directly to the Pa3x (61 and 76 key models). | [
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|
This piece - called DISCERNMENT & VITALITY - holds Rosewood and Tiger Eye - and lots of Lovin! Rosewood is warming, improves circulation and calls upon Ganesha, the remover of obstacles. Tiger Eye brings balance between extremes, improves discernment by connecting one to ones heart. It anchors the solar rays into the physical, bringing vitality and strength. | [
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|
This morning, I have a contemporary romance series in my book spotlight! Check out the books of the Harvest Ridge series, learn about author K.L. Ramsey--and be sure to enter for a chance to win a prize in the book tour giveaway at the end of this post! | [
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]
|
namespace sfg {
Widget::Ptr Bin::GetChild() const {
if( GetChildren().size() < 1 ) {
return Widget::Ptr();
}
return *GetChildren().begin();
}
void Bin::HandleAdd( Widget::Ptr child ) {
Container::HandleAdd( child );
if( GetChildren().size() > 1 ) {
#if defined( SFGUI_DEBUG )
std::cerr << "SFGUI warning: Only one widget can be added to a Bin.\n";
#endif
Remove( child );
}
}
}
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I am a professional content writer. I have around 10 years of experience in content writing for web design, web development, software development and other IT services. RKM IT Services offers Software Testing Services, web design, Business Consulting Services, SEO, PPC for more visit: Software Development Services .
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Web Development India - Out of a lot of web development companies in India, can you trust any of them to take charge of your business, to decide your growth and future, to decide whether your children would be able to live a pleasant life or your family would be able to entrust their beliefs and desire upon you. | [
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|
Netflix shares first look and release date for The Politician season 2
By Daniel Megarry
The Politician will be back on our screens very soon.
When it aired on Netflix last year, the star-studded series from American Horror Story creator Ryan Murphy brought us LGBTQ characters, whip-smart dialogue, and hundreds of memes after Oscar-winner Jessica Lange hilariously defined the gay agenda.
While the first season focused on Payton's (Ben Platt) run for student body president, the final episode took viewers three years into the future, where Payton decided to run for state senate against characters played by Bette Midler and Judith Light.
Despite the coronavirus pandemic affecting many new releases, Ryan recently confirmed production on a second season of The Politician had wrapped up just before things got bad, and now he's given us a confirmed premiere date: 19 June.
He's also shared a first-look poster of the new season, which appears to confirm the return of Gwyneth Paltrow as Payton's mother – we weren't sure she would be a part of it after eloping at the end of the show's first season.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CAVO-_gJAYi/
Ryan previously confirmed that the second season will pick up right where the first left off, at the beginning of Payton's "campaign against the Judith Light juggernaut" which was teased in season one's final episode.
"I love how Payton has grown up. He's now in college, and the best thing about the season is the Ben Platt versus Bette Midler and Judith Light aspect. It feels very adult, it feels very topical," he said.
"It's sort of a story about baby boomers asking themselves, 'Is it time for us to pass the power that we have onto the next generation or are they too dumb to figure it out yet?' And I think you can see that battle playing out daily in our political landscape.
"And it's what it's about, and it's a very cutthroat race that they run. It feels much more adult, much more sexualized. It's really great. And Ben, but particularly Judith and Bette Midler really, I think, their performances are extraordinary." | [
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All our families are very welcome to join us for our Summer fair and Music event on Friday 8th July at 2pm. School will close at 1.30pm to enable staff to set up the fair on the school playground' Families are to collect from their usual points and can take their children down to the school field using the entrance off Neilson Road until the fair opens at 2pm.
If you can Face Paint and will have sometime without your children at the fair please can you leave your name at the school office.
lf you use Kid's Club on a Friday and will not be attending the fair you must inform the Kid's Club Team by Friday 27th. Unfortunately staff will not be able to take your child around the fair without you, but Kid's club will still be available in a different area of school. | [
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|
Dean Emerita Helen Laird 1926 - 2018
By Robert Stroker
Message from Dr. Robert T. Stroker, Dean and Vice Provost for the Arts
Dear Friends and Colleagues,
It is with great sadness that I share the news of Dean Emerita Helen Laird's passing. Dean Laird, who led the college from 1978 to 1993, passed away yesterday at 92 years of age.
Dean Laird was a beloved member of the Boyer family. An extremely influential dean, she was responsible for expanding our instrumental programs through the merger with the New School of Music, adding new undergraduate and graduate programs, building our opera program to national renown, and securing the naming gift for the college from Esther Boyer Griswold, the largest ever gift to Temple University at the time. She remained our biggest champion, attending Boyer events well into her retirement and always supporting of our students.
Below please find the lovely obituary penned by Dean Emeritus Jeffrey Cornelius with additional information about her extraordinary life. Interment will be private and plans for a memorial service will be announced later. In lieu of flowers, contributions can be made to the Helen Laird Voice/Opera Graduate Scholarship Fund. As dean and throughout her life, Helen was the finest example of what passion and drive can achieve in the arts. She will be profoundly missed by all whose lives she touched.
Future memorial service plans will be announced on the Boyer website.
Obituary written by Dean Emeritus Dr. Jeffrey Cornelius:
Helen Lorene Laird, Wednesday, October 24, aged 92 years. A Haddonfield resident for forty years, she was best known throughout the Philadelphia region as Dean of Temple University's Boyer College of Music. Her glorious soprano voice, however, had been heard previously in solo performance with the Philadelphia Orchestra, which was among many of the leading ensembles throughout the United States and in Europe with which she sang during her career as soloist and in opera. She became known throughout the musical academic world also for her administrative acumen, which resulted in her election as the first female officer of the National Association of Schools of Music, the primary accrediting body for college music degree programs in the United States.
Born in Harrisburg, Illinois, July 7, 1926, her exceptional musical talent became apparent from a young age. Singing opportunities came to her very early, and she matriculated at the University of Nebraska as a music major. Following a move by her family to Wyoming, she embarked upon and completed a graduate degree at Columbia University in New York City. After further vocal study and concert appearances in the United States, she went to Europe in 1953 and by 1954 had been engaged for leading roles at the Basel City Theater in Switzerland. Appointments followed at Mainz and Kassel in Germany, and for 14 years she was a leading soprano, with performances of major roles in over forty operas, averaging over a hundred performances per season. She found time to return to the United States for specific engagements. She garnered significant awards, including the first ever Blanche Thebom Award, the Laureate of International Competition in Geneva, and the Martha Baird Rockefeller Award for Vocal Performance. Included among her title roles were Verdi's Aida, Puccini's Madama Butterfly and Tosca, and Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos and others. Important also were several Wagnerian roles, including Eva in Die Meistersinger and Senta in The Flying Dutchman. Favorites included Mozart's Countess in Figaro, Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, and Chrysothemis in Richard Strauss's Elektra. A review of her Madama Butterfly in Kassel said, "She created the timeless destiny of Madama Butterfly with her acting ability, with conquering naturalness, and with full use of her dramatic and moving vocal resources." Of her Ariadne, it was said in Frankfurt, "She unfolded a greatness of interpretation and bewitched the audience with her beautiful voice." Her repertoire ranged from baroque to contemporary, with a particular attention to American works, which she enjoyed sharing with European audiences.
Seeking to expand her teaching, she returned to the United States and accepted the post of professor and division chair of the opera and musical theater departments of the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati, where for a decade she taught and administered one of the country's notable university vocal and opera programs until accepting the post as dean at Temple University.
Her 15 years at Temple resulted in major growth by the school. During her tenure the College of Music merged with the New School of Music in Philadelphia, greatly enhancing Temple's orchestral and other instrumental programs, resulting in the establishment of the New School Institute of Temple University. Additionally, she attracted substantial financial support to the university, resulting in the naming of the music college for benefactress Esther Boyer. New undergraduate and graduate programs were added under her guidance, including several doctoral programs. At her retirement she was hailed as an exceptional professor and administrator and as one who encouraged and followed the professional success of her students, among whom are major American figures in opera and musical theater.
Interment will be private. Plans for a memorial service will be announced at a later date. In lieu of flowers, contributions may be sent to the Helen Laird Voice/Opera Scholarship Fund at Temple University's Boyer College of Music, Philadelphia, PA 19122 | [
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|
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|
Spry Lemonburst Mints provide a fresh burst of citrus in a tiny, flavorful mint. Spry dental mints are sugar-free and sweetened with 100% xylitol! Clinical studies have repeatedly shown that xylitol may reduce the risk of dental caries in people who consistently use products sweetened with 100% xylitol. Consistent use of Spry products can help inhibit the ability of cavity-causing, plaque-forming bacteria to stick to teeth and actually help reverse early cavity formation. Enjoy great flavor and a cleaner mouth with Spry Lemonburst Dental Mints! | [
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]
|
## Contents
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Contents
4. A Note from the Authors
5. Introduction
6. **PART I** **DEFINING THE PROBLEM**
1. 1 | What Is Your Source of Medical Information?
2. 2 | Does a Gluten-Free Diet Work for You?
3. 3 | Picky Eaters—Orthorexia and the Hygiene Hypothesis
4. 4 | Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet
5. 5 | Supplements and Probiotics
6. 6 | A Word on Testing—What Do Antibodies Tell Us?
7. **PART II** **WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE GUT**
1. 7 | The Normal Gut and Digestion
2. 8 | The Gut in Disease
3. 9 | The Microbiome
4. 10 | The "Second Brain" in the Gut
8. **PART III** **THE FINGERS ON THE TRIGGER**
1. 11 | Gluten and Nongluten Grains
2. 12 | Carbohydrates and FODMAPs
3. 13 | Drugs
4. 14 | The Double Hit Theory
5. 15 | Inflammation
6. 16 | Intestinal Permeability—"Leaky Gut"
9. **PART IV** **PUTTING ORDER IN THE DISORDERS**
1. 17 | Celiac Disease
2. 18 | Gluten Sensitivity—the New Kid on the Block
3. 19 | Irritable Bowel Syndrome
4. 20 | Inflammatory Bowel Disease
5. 21 | Eosinophilic Esophagitis
6. 22 | Neuropathy
7. 23 | Diabetes
8. 24 | Wheat and Other Food Allergies
9. 25 | Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
10. **PART V** **THE BRAIN-GUT-GLUTEN CONNECTION**
1. 26 | Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD
2. 27 | Schizophrenia—Revisiting "Bread Madness"
3. 28 | Brain Fog—Neurology or Meteorology?
4. 29 | The Stress of Holding Back
11. **PART VI** **NAVIGATING A GLUTEN-FREE LIFE**
1. 30 | Nondietary Therapies—the Drug Pipeline
2. 31 | Eating Healthy
3. 32 | Myths and Misconceptions
4. 33 | Food for Thought
12. Acknowledgments
13. APPENDIX A | Diets Through the Ages
14. APPENDIX B | Resources
15. APPENDIX C | Arsenic and Mercury Guidelines
16. APPENDIX D | Guidelines for Eating Gluten-Free
17. APPENDIX E | Scientific Articles and Studies
18. Glossary
19. Index
20. P.S. Insights, Interviews & More . . .*
1. About the Authors
2. About the Book
3. Read On
21. Praise
22. Also by Peter H. R. Green, M.D., and Rory Jones, M.S
23. Copyright
24. About the Publisher
# Guide
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2. Contents
3. Chapter 1
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A Note from the Authors
All the information in this book is based on current scientific knowledge about the effect on the body of gluten and the many foods, drugs, and supplements that we ingest. It is derived from an in-depth analysis of current medical literature, extensive clinical experience, patient and professional interviews, as well as ongoing research into the various manifestations and conditions ascribed to gluten-related disorders.
Other medical experts may have differing opinions and interpretations of the medical literature. Wherever pertinent, the authors have attempted to note conflicting points of view on key issues as well as topics that have not as yet been scientifically resolved.
Many of the peer-reviewed articles we have consulted may not be readily accessible to all readers. For this reason, we have not included footnotes for all medical facts and figures. Instead, we have listed good basic review articles and books for different subjects in the appendices.
**All references to the "Center" refer to the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University.**
NOTE: This book is not a self-diagnosis manual. It is intended to generate informed patients who know what questions to ask of their physicians and how to understand the answers.
Introduction
_The fewer the facts, the stronger the opinion._
—ARNOLD H. GLASOW
Simple solutions are always appealing. In the last few years, gluten has become the ultimate villain—the Wicked Witch, Darth Vader, the Joker, and Hannibal Lecter rolled into one devouring multisystem ravager. It is blamed for draining our brain, blowing up our bellies, invading our nervous system, and setting fire to our guts. A recent bestselling book claimed that: "Brain disease can be largely prevented by the choices you make in life . . ." If only it were that simple.
Almost a third of all American and UK consumers are trying to avoid gluten. By any reckoning, a significant portion of the buying public is focused on the gluten in our food supply and on their plates.
Gluten is implicated in everything from heart disease, neuralgia, sore muscles, exhaustion, "brain fog," headaches, autism, diabetes, arthritis, curious rashes, schizophrenia, dementia, weight loss, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome to plain "it makes me feel sick-"itis. Yet most of these claims do not hold up.
In fact, it has become increasingly hard to swallow the story line written by the media as well as friends, family members, and various alternative health care professionals. The menu at this feast of confusion includes wheat and the different proteins within it, genes, germs, fungi, antibiotics, herbicides, enzymes, supplements, and anything else that travels through the intestinal tract. It is a multicourse, multisystem, increasingly nonscientific boiling pot.
Unfortunately, the food industry and general population got onto a gluten-free diet ahead of the medical community, which is now playing scientific catch-up. With the advent of the Internet, everyone has become a medical researcher. This has left room for the public to run away with ideas and point fingers at gluten as the cause for anything and everything.
Gluten has become a media-borne epidemic. **But beware: pseudoscience can be hazardous to your health.**
The Promise of Miracles
_He took a grain of truth and made a loaf of baloney._
—ANONYMOUS
The majority of the information available about the effect of gluten on the body is only partly correct or almost wholly incorrect, and few people have the background or knowledge to question its accuracy. Most of the claims touted by TV hosts, books by "experts," and websites featuring the words _natural_ or _doctor recommended_ do not withstand scrutiny.
Which is exactly what we intend to do. Starting in the gut and working up to the brain and back, we will explore the many claims, conditions, treatments, and diets to diagnose exactly what gluten does and does not cause or cure.
In 1996, Alan Greenspan, then the Federal Reserve Board chairman, used the phrase _irrational exuberance_ as a warning that the market might be overvalued. Today, this same phrase could be used to describe the emotions surrounding gluten, which is being blamed for many of the physical as well as psychological problems people suffer from. And it is becoming increasingly scientifically clear that this focus on gluten as the culprit behind "all that ails ye" is increasingly irrational.
Gluten—the "One Size Fits All" Myth
_There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the latter ignorance._
—HIPPOCRATES
Occam's Razor is a principle utilized in medicine stating that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected. It seems to account for the spate of books that point to gluten as the reason behind every pain and drain in the body.
When a patient comes to the doctor—usually with a group of symptoms—the doctor needs to isolate and evaluate each issue separately, not necessarily as manifestations of the same condition. Doctors need to care for patients as a whole, and that requires a sensitive ear as well as appropriate tests and treatments. Holistic medicine is not just about including acupuncture, behavioral therapy, and mindfulness—treatments that we recommend to some patients—but isolating, testing, and treating each patient for every individual problem they have.
It is time to look at gluten differently and offer reliable science and guidance in navigating your way to a healthier and symptom-free life.
**Part I** exposes the many misconceptions surrounding gluten. The gluten-free diet works for many and is necessary for those with celiac disease. We now understand a great deal more about why it works, as well as the benefits and pitfalls of a gluten-free lifestyle. For others, the diet does not work—or works only for a short period of time—and understanding the reasons for that can help you reboot your health.
Where you get your medical and health information can determine whether you are being properly diagnosed, treated, and monitored on a diet that is not necessarily healthy. This includes taking a close look at your eating habits—you may be eliminating the wrong foods or your household may simply be too clean for your own immunological good. Most exclusion diets come at a price; you should know the precise value of what you are sacrificing.
We will examine the various temporary or expedient remedies that are being prescribed, including probiotics and supplements, to expose the underbelly, as it were, of this unregulated industry. We will explain the key tests that are used to analyze nutritional issues and symptoms that are often blamed on gluten but may mean something entirely different.
Having eliminated some of the myths, in **Part II** we will dive into the subterranean world of your gut, its many inhabitants, and how it communicates with your brain. Four of the hottest research topics today are the brain, the microbiome, inflammation, and the food we eat, gluten in particular. We have found new and intriguing connections between them.
We begin at the mouth, where food, drugs, supplements, tobacco, alcohol, "bugs" of all types, and anything else we knowingly or inadvertently swallow enter the body and travel through the digestive tract. But this is where the story gets interesting. For many, digestion is a torturous journey that creates gas, bloating, and pain in the gut. For others, food and other ingested substances create inflammation and multisystem disorders that radiate throughout the body.
Your gastrointestinal (GI) tract is in constant communication with your brain. Much of the story is actually narrated by our brains and the "second brain," the enteric nervous system in the gut. Thus, a dynamic interaction of multiple factors and "conversations" in the body determines not only your day-to-day but also your long-term health. In this section we will start to explore what happens when the gut talks to the brain and the brain answers back, and what each person can do to moderate this internal dialogue.
**Part III** examines the different elements that cause symptoms often attributed to gluten alone. This includes other portions of wheat and FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols)—an acronym for the many dietary culprits in the carbohydrate family. Drugs, infections, and other illnesses also affect the gut-brain axis and disturb the microbiome. Many cause a "double hit"—the first infection or illness predisposing the body to a sensitivity to gluten. This will come as no surprise for anyone who has gotten turista or a traveler's infection; the bathroom journey often continues for months after they return. A double hit may even set the stage for schizophrenia.
This takes us to the role of inflammation and the so-called leaky gut, two largely misunderstood aspects of the body's defense system. They are blamed for many things they do not do—and implicated in others that we are just beginning to understand.
**Part IV** focuses on the specific conditions where gluten plays a part. Each section clarifies and explains the role and relation of diet, inflammation, antibodies, genes, germs, and gut-brain cross-talk, as well as the latest treatment options.
In **Part V** we look closely at the brain and separate pseudoscience from the important studies being conducted on serious and damaging conditions like autism and schizophrenia. We will look at the relation of gluten to "brain fog" and the potential long-term effects of the gluten-free diet on a person's mind and behavior. It is becoming increasingly clear that the constant need to "hold back" when eating—one of the most normal and usually pleasurable aspects of daily living—may create additional stress on both the brain and the body. Putting yourself on a restrictive diet—any diet—may have unintended consequences on the stress circuits in your brain.
For those committed to a truly gluten-free lifestyle, finding the right balance of nutritional foods is crucial, and **Part VI** will help to guide you there. This section contains the latest updates on nondietary therapies for celiac disease (the pharmaceutical products being developed to supplement or eliminate the need for a gluten-free diet), as well as further thoughts on what the science about gluten means for the future of our gut-brain health.
With a growing array of gluten-free products hitting the market almost monthly, it is important to know what is safe, what is hidden, and what are some of the nongluten ingredients in these products that are worse for the body than gluten. We will look at "food glue"—processed food doesn't grow that way—as well as the many myths that still surround a gluten-free diet.
**Gluten is a piece in many medical puzzles but is the ultimate answer to only a few. We will help you determine if it is an answer to yours.**
_Science, my lad, is made up of mistakes, but they are mistakes which it is useful to make, because they lead little by little to the truth._
_—_ JULES VERNE, _JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH_
_The scientific theory I like best is that the rings of Saturn are composed entirely of lost airline luggage._
—MARK RUSSELL
_Some people think that the truth can be hidden with a little cover-up and decoration. But as time goes by, what is true is revealed and what is fake fades away._
—ISMAIL HANIYEH
PART I
Defining the Problem
It started with an avalanche of bad things happening. Kind of an achiness and gluey feelings in my joints all the time, and it just started to escalate. A mysterious fatigue where I just felt drugged.
The joint stuff was so bad I couldn't walk upstairs and couldn't roll over in bed without hurting. The final straw was when I developed vertigo, which got me to go to the doctor. I thought, _I'm too young for this to be going on._
She did all these tests and scans, a neck X-ray, and everything was normal. She found "nothing wrong" with me. And yet I clearly was not functional.
Someone recommended removing things from my diet to see if it would help, and I started with wheat, dairy, sugar, and eggs. By the end of that first week I started to feel better and the vertigo went right away. It was literally like the tide going out. I was very disciplined and reintroduced each food, eggs first, then dairy, sugar, and wheat. When I reintroduced the wheat the back pain reappeared instantly.
(JILL, 50)*
I know a ton of people who don't eat gluten for a variety of things—or nothing.
(ANNABELLE, 33)
The gluten hysteria is killing the credibility of people with celiac disease. Because people think it's a fad thing, that we're watching our weight or we think it is healthier, that we're choosing this way of life, and they're discounting the fact that it's a medical illness. You'd think we'd be going in a different direction. We've gone a few steps back.
(ILYSSA, 39)
What Is Your Source of Medical Information?
_Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge._
—CARL SAGAN
_I observe the physician with the same diligence as the disease._
—JOHN DONNE
I understand that I don't really know where I am on that gluten spectrum because I haven't had any tests. And the other stuff is treated like hocus-pocus. So individuals draw their own wacky conclusions. I'd really like to know what a scientist thinks about it and what I should do.
(JILL, 50)
There are many sources today for health information and many reasons individuals do not go to a doctor to get it. Many people will see a doctor only in order to resolve a physical ailment that has either disrupted their life, will not resolve itself in the over-the-counter (OTC) drug aisles of the pharmacy, or because their spouse/child/friend/sister, etc. insisted that "it's time to get to the bottom of this." In fact, many do not see a doctor until their symptoms have seriously affected their ability to work, travel, or sleep. And even then, some arrive with a list of answers before asking the physician what they think is the matter.
When was the last time you:
• Self-diagnosed from Internet information?
• Self-treated with OTC drugs and/or diet?
• Gave a doctor a diagnosis _before_ you were examined?
Some people self-diagnose or seek alternative practitioners when medical tests fail to reveal a cause for ongoing symptoms and/or prescribed drugs fail to cure them. And many of them accept a food-related "diagnosis" as the solution to the problem. Given the current focus on foods as cause and cure, far too many roads lead to gluten. If you are looking to prove that gluten is the cause of your physical symptoms, you will undoubtedly find ammunition to justify this conclusion. As the scientist and mathematician John Lubbock noted: "What we see depends mainly on what we are looking for."
But if you type "gas, bloating, and fatigue" into your browser, you will find more than 90 other medical and psychiatric conditions on WebMD that cause the same symptoms. And your health depends on isolating, testing for, and treating the correct underlying condition.
My Doctor "Pooh-Poohs" Food Intolerances
When I don't eat gluten, I feel fine; when I do eat it, I don't. My doctor did all these tests and scans and X-rays, and everything was normal. She didn't say "it is in your head," but there was this long "Hmmmm. I don't have a diagnosis, but I think it's all about gluten."
(NANCY, 44)
Some physicians, aware of the popularity of the gluten-free diet and the susceptibility of people to dietary trends, dismiss nonceliac food intolerances as a legitimate cause for concern. These doctors may be dismissive of symptoms and therefore not interested in getting to the root of the problem, making diagnosis more difficult.
Doctors do not rely on Internet blogs, magazine articles, or website write-ups of scientific papers. They read and analyze the papers and base their diagnoses on peer-reviewed understanding of a condition. Medicine is a plastic science—studies change the understanding of diseases and their mechanisms regularly—so doctors treat conservatively rather than accepting what they may consider a diet that has no good "data" behind its efficacy. For this reason, some may believe that you are on a gluten-free diet for no real scientific reason.
Nevertheless, diagnosis is critical for social acceptance and accommodation—it confers legitimacy on a symptom or the patient. Thus, many people who feel marginalized by health care professionals turn to alternative practitioners to legitimatize their symptoms and solutions. This in turn undermines biomedical science and advocates self-diagnosis—an individual can avoid foods without a doctor's diagnosis. This can backfire if your problem has no relation to the food(s) you are eating. And if that is the case, you are postponing a proper diagnosis that might alleviate your symptoms.
Listening to the Media and the Masseuse
_Many readers do not go beyond an article's headline or its opening paragraph; it is also difficult for laymen to critically assess statements coming from apparent voices of authority._
—JEROME GROOPMAN, M.D., _HOW DOCTORS THINK_
Health advice is readily available on the Internet, TV shows, and from nutritionists or unlicensed "dietitians," health gurus, masseuses, bloggers, newspapers, and magazines. While the advice from alternative sources can be helpful in some cases and generally ensures a sympathetic ear, it should not be a substitute for or confused with medical advice from your physician.
You Rely on Internet Advice
My patient arrived with a fistful of material from the Internet, a list of tests she wanted to confirm the diagnosis she'd come to of her problem, and possible drugs to treat it. I asked her why she bothered to consult with a doctor.
(DR. F)
There are many medical resources on the Internet, but it can be hard to understand and interpret research studies. PubMed Central, an archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Library of Medicine, posts the abstracts of all research studies (essentially the summary of what the study set out to do and its results and conclusions). While some studies are free, obtaining full-text articles that contain a discussion section is often difficult without academic access and a subscription. This key section outlines all the limitations of the study (e.g., a very small group was tested, requiring confirmation in a larger study; participants dropped out because of symptoms; a drug or test caused serious side effects in a significant amount of people, etc.) that are crucial for assessing its meaning.
Magazine articles often trumpet a study, drug, or breakthrough that comes on the heels of another less-publicized study with opposing or lukewarm results.
Some Listserv sites distribute messages with Q&A sections to a specialized electronic mailing list. The advice on these sites ranges from practical travel and eating-out advice to testing analysis. The former is helpful; the latter is dangerous, as it comes mainly from patients.
Some people rely on the Internet more heavily because it is often financially difficult for them to see a doctor until a medical crisis sends them to the emergency room. Nevertheless, most major medical centers today have excellent websites based on the different specialties and conditions they treat. These specific sites offer reliable medical guidance and can help you determine if a doctor's visit is essential and help you to find appropriate resources.
Conflicting advice is found online, and many people read articles that agree with what they have already decided is the solution. Many are looking not for medical information but advice and treatments from the articles and "experts" that confirm their own prejudices on the subject.
The Internet offers everything from PubMed Central to preposterous—it is not a place to go for a diagnosis or treatment.
You "Test" Online
Alternative tests for various food intolerances are available online. While the less said about them the better—you are paying a great deal of money for something that is scientifically meaningless—the reasons behind this statement deserve some explanation.
A biological marker for gluten sensitivity does not currently exist, although researchers are working to find one. (See chapter 18, "Gluten Sensitivity.") Despite that fact, fecal (stool) tests for this condition are available online along with other fecal tests for various food intolerances and allergies. The same "lab" also advertises a DNA genetic test for nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) even though no specific genes have been isolated for the condition.
Additionally, the markers they claim will determine the "diagnosis" (IgG antigliadin antibodies) are neither sensitive nor specific enough to diagnose either celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. (See chapter 6, "A Word on Testing.") It has been shown that 20 percent of non-gluten-sensitive individuals also have elevated levels of these antibodies for no apparent reason, which puts any "diagnosis" by these tests in serious doubt.
The danger of getting your medical information and diagnosis from what amounts to a self-test is that your problem may not be gluten sensitivity and you fail to get a proper medical evaluation, thereby missing a serious illness that then goes untreated and may progress.
You Do It "Naturally" with Alternative Sources
Inundated by headlines and articles exposing the dangers in our food supply, the side effects of drugs, the rise in hospital-borne infections, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and many other environmental dangers, many patients want a more "natural" approach to health care. Others feel that they understand their bodies better than their doctors. While there may be some truth in this thinking, it can also border on the delusional. (See chapter 3, "Picky Eaters.")
Many people find their thinking about food and fatigue issues is more simpatico with that of a chiropractor, trainer, nutritionist, or acupuncturist and follow their dietary and supplement advice. Some of these practitioners push products that they claim will cure gastrointestinal issues, cleanse the body, and enhance your health, but are usually the modern version of snake oil—a quick quack remedy or panacea. The majority of these products will do little more than help your wallet lose weight, and some of them can be truly dangerous. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.") This can make patients fearful or unwilling to tell their doctors about the supplements, herbs, and potions they take in addition to prescription medications. The doctor is then unable to unravel a drug/supplement interaction that could be lethal and would be immediately apparent if the patient had come clean.
Doing it "naturally" or on your own can compound issues, especially when there are major problems or psychological issues.
Why Individuals Don't Go to Doctors
_Whenever I read anything, it says, "Consult your doctor before doing any exercise." Does anybody do that? I kind of think my doctor has people coming in with serious problems. I don't think I should be calling him and saying, "Hi, this is Rita, I'm thinking of bending at the waist."_
—RITA RUDNER
There are various reasons people do not rely on doctors for medical advice and treatment, but food and lifestyle issues seem to raise a red flag on both sides of the desk. Many with unresolved symptoms assume the doctor trivializes them as nonserious and therefore they avoid the discussion. Others state that they think the doctor views a gluten-free diet as a lifestyle rather than a health decision. And if going gluten-free is not to treat celiac disease, a wheat allergy, or another diagnosed condition but gives you a better quality of life, you both may be right.
My Doctor Doesn't Listen/Have Time
My doctor said, "You have celiac disease. Go on a gluten-free diet and I'll see you in six months." That's when we got really frustrated and really lost. My doctor sent me home without any guidance.
(ARLENE, 18)
Admittedly, not every doctor is a talented listener. Understanding the experience of illness comes with practice, and some physicians need to be reminded that the antibodies on the lab sheet are attached to a person. But there are two sides to this dialogue, and patients often fashion their narratives to give the doctor what they think the doctor wants to hear. The result can be unsatisfactory for both parties.
Allergies and food intolerances—along with celiac disease and other autoimmune diseases—have mushroomed in the past decade for reasons that are still being actively researched. Many physicians are therefore still examining the dietary and potential microbiotic aspects of their specialties, so you should request a professional referral for dietary counseling if your diagnosis requires a restricted diet.
Food restriction is currently the only treatment for those with celiac disease and food allergies, and a major component of others, such as diabetes and kidney stones. Trained and registered dietitians have the time to explore the nuances of these various diets, and you should turn to them for expert advice after—not before—diagnosis.
You Got Off on the Wrong Floor
_Where you stand depends on where you sit: your specialty can affect, even determine, your position._
—JEROME GROOPMAN, M.D., _HOW DOCTORS THINK_
Many people look to alternative sources for a diagnosis because they feel that their doctor "sees me only as someone with irritable bowel syndrome." Diagnoses stick until it can be proven that you have something else—and negative test results often leave people categorized and displeased with the answer. Patients with GI symptoms usually have GI issues; those with neurological symptoms usually have neurological issues. Doctors are taught in medical school that "the common occurs commonly." But frequently GI issues can cause neurological symptoms, as is seen in celiac disease and other malabsorption conditions that cause vitamin and mineral deficiencies leading to _ataxia_* (lack of coordination) and other gut-brain reactions.
If you need a raincoat, you won't find it in the shoe department. It is often necessary to run different tests or seek out a different specialist who is willing to change his/her position on an issue.
Financial Issues
The insurance and financial landscape of medicine is a reason cited by some people in the U.S. to explain their avoidance of medical care. If you continue to have unresolved symptoms and are self-diagnosing and self-treating without the benefit of medical testing, you should seek out a clinic or practice that will accommodate your needs, before an underlying condition sends you to the emergency room.
Where you get your medical information will ultimately determine your long-term health.
Ask yourself if you are seeking alternative sources of medical information mainly to justify a gluten-free diet as the answer for ongoing symptoms. As 19th-century French physiologist Claude Bernard said, "It is what we think we know already that often prevents us from learning."
Does a Gluten-Free Diet Work for You?
You have to decide that food is no longer the focus of your life.
(DINA, 28)
It's harming people with celiac disease because people are choosing the "diet of the month," and it's really impacting the people who medically are on a restricted diet.
(JEAN, 37)
Are You a PWAG?
PWAGs (pronounced _pee-wags_ ) stands for people who avoid wheat and gluten. It is a term coined by a group of gastroenterologists to encompass the huge numbers of patients they have been seeing who go on a gluten-free diet because of what they describe as an intolerance to wheat products in the absence of celiac disease.
Many of these patients have a higher prevalence of the genes associated with celiac disease (the HLA-DQ typing). And one study showed that PWAGs had a higher number of medical diagnoses for other food intolerances and _small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)_.
If you are a PWAG, there are many reasons you made this decision—disease treatment, symptoms relief, perception of a healthier way to be, recommended by a health care professional, etc. And an equal variation in its success.
First and Foremost—What Is Gluten?
_Gluten_ is the general term used to describe the storage protein of wheat. Wheat is approximately 10 to 15 percent protein—the remainder is starch. Gluten is what remains after the starch granules are washed from wheat flour. The gluten fraction that is most studied in celiac disease is _gliadin_ , but there are other proteins that chemically resemble _gliadin_ in rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins). These proteins are not strictly glutens, but are generally included in the term. There are other proteins in wheat (see chapter 11, "Gluten and Nongluten Grains") that may also be problematic for PWAGs and are part of the complex reason why the diet works for some, only partially for others, or not at all.
Why a Gluten-Free Diet Works
**You have celiac disease and the diet fixes the inflamed intestine.**
A gluten-free diet is a lifesaver for those with celiac disease and is a proven medical treatment. If followed carefully, it resolves symptoms, rebuilds nutritional stores depleted by a damaged intestinal lining, and, in children, rebuilds bone loss caused by malabsorption of calcium. (See chapter 17, "Celiac Disease.")
**You have nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and the diet relieves symptoms (neurological, skin, gastrointestinal).**
Many individuals who feel or have been told that they have NCGS—again, there are currently no diagnostic tests for this condition—find relief with gluten withdrawal for neurological disorders, skin rashes, and GI symptoms such as gas and bloating. (See chapter 18, "Gluten Sensitivity.")
**You have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and elimination diets have resolved some or all of the gas, bloating, and pain.**
IBS may be due to a sensitivity to a food that most tolerate without problems. It is a diagnosis of exclusion—other tests having proven negative—and dietary restriction can be successful, often only partially, for those patients with carbohydrate intolerances. (See chapter 12, "Carbohydrates and FODMAPs," and chapter 19, "Irritable Bowel Syndrome.")
**You just think it works so it does.**
A placebo is not only the archetypal sugar pill but anything that impacts a patient's expectations.
Why a Gluten-Free Diet Does Not Work
**The main reason a gluten-free diet does not work is that gluten is not the issue and/or you may be missing treatment for another disease**.
This may include:
• SIBO
• Fructose intolerance
• Lactose intolerance
• Other food intolerances
• Microscopic colitis
• Gastroparesis (a condition where the stomach cannot empty properly)
• Pelvic floor dysfunction (weak muscles in the pelvic floor, often caused by childbirth)
• A problem related to a medication you are taking
After a thorough medical evaluation, we find that many PWAGs have a variety of conditions and may, in fact, be able to eat gluten again, symptom free, with proper diagnosis and treatment.
**You may be on a gluten-free diet but other types of carbohydrates, e.g., fructose, are the problem.** (See chapter 12, "Carbohydrates and FODMAPs.")
**You're under the impression that the diet is a cure-all for many health-related ailments.**
A survey by _Consumer Reports_ showed that 63 percent of North Americans think that a gluten-free diet improves physical or mental health, and 33 percent buy gluten-free products because they believe these foods will improve digestion and gastrointestinal function. Unless you have celiac disease or a specific carbohydrate intolerance, a gluten-free diet will not work for either of these issues.
The diet does not work to lower cholesterol or strengthen your immune system, even though many people believe it does.
**The diet is disrupting your intestinal flora—the microbiome—and causing symptoms.**
Restrictive diets—gluten-free, low-FODMAP—have been shown to reduce the richness and diversity of our intestinal microbiota, which in turn may cause persistent symptoms in patients with celiac disease and possibly other conditions. While it is unclear exactly what this disruption means or the long-term effects, it is generally believed that a diverse microbiome is healthier. While there is no one "healthy" microbiome, the studies on this should be watched. (For more, see chapter 9, "The Microbiome.")
People should make every effort to diversify their diets. This may be particularly important as people age. Aging is known to be associated with a reduced diversity of the gut microbiome, and this may lead to a compromised intestinal barrier and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and infections.
If a disrupted microbiome is a side effect of a gluten-free diet, these consequences should be considered before you embark on a gluten-free regimen unless you have celiac disease.
Will It Work in Other Ways?
**Can I lose weight on a gluten-free diet?**
Some go on a gluten-free diet to lose weight. This works if you exclude but do not replace wheat as the main carbohydrate. In animal studies a gluten-free diet prevented the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. BUT, while gluten was eliminated from the diet, the mice were not fed replacements with gluten-free products. The no–white food or Atkins diet (no bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, cake, or cookies) will usually ensure weight loss but can be nutritionally inadequate if enough fruit and vegetables are not substituted for those carbohydrates. It is also hard to sustain.
**Will I have more energy?**
Unfortunately, if you do not have celiac disease, a gluten-free diet is not likely to make you the Energizer Bunny. Although many people insist that they feel logy or tired after eating gluten, there is little scientific evidence to support this. Postprandial fatigue (which occurs after eating) is common, especially after a large meal, when various hormones are released to aid digestion. These hormones act on the brain when released in the gut and cause the fatigue many report.
**Will I become a world-class athlete—or will thinking so make it better?**
The use of a gluten-free diet by famous people has enhanced its appeal. Publicized by Hollywood stars, it has also been endorsed by several high-profile athletes. The reasons behind this speak to our infatuations with celebrities and fad diets, and wanting to believe something enough to think it works—the placebo effect.*
An Australian study of nonceliac athletes, including eighteen world and/or Olympic medalists who followed a gluten-free diet 50 to 100 percent of the time, reported that self-diagnosed gluten sensitivity was the primary reason for adopting the diet. The leading sources of information on the gluten-free diet were online, a trainer/coach, and other athletes. Neither the diagnosis nor treatment was based on medical rationale, merely the perception that removing gluten provided "health benefits" and an "ergogenic edge."
If you do not have chronic symptoms that require medical treatment, the gluten-free diet can be both placebo and minefield. We advise staying tuned to your local news for updates—the latest dietary trend may be announced on _Entertainment Tonight._
If you are looking for more realistic scientific advice, the following chapters will explore what taking gluten and other foods out of your diet will really do to and for your body.
Picky Eaters—Orthorexia and the Hygiene Hypothesis
_Water surges, only to overflow._
—CHINESE PROVERB
Things turn into their opposites when they reach their extremes. And "healthy" eating is moving in that direction.
There are good reasons that we have food on our minds. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), half of all Americans have a chronic disease or condition such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes and have been instructed to think about fat, sugar, and/or salt. More than 9 percent have diabetes and must monitor their sugar/glucose intake multiple times every day. At least 35 percent of Americans are obese and cycle through different diets, gaining and losing weight every year. About 1 percent has celiac disease and avoids gluten. Up to 15 million people in the U.S. have a food allergy, estimated to affect 1 in every 13 children under the age of 18. A study by the World Health Organization reported that noncommunicable diseases were responsible for 86 percent of all deaths and 77 percent of the disease burden in the European Region and noted that this primarily included conditions caused by high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Three of the priority interventions recommended were dietary.
Unfortunately, the National Eating Disorders Association notes that 20 million women and 10 million men suffered from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating, or an eating disorder not otherwise specified. In the UK, a National Health Service (NHS) study estimated that more than 725,000 people are affected by an eating disorder and that eating disorders can affect people of any age.
The current obsession with food is not surprising; mankind has been on some kind of restricted diet—by need or choice—since the beginning of time (see Appendix A), but for some it has taken a turn into the obsessively unhealthy.
Orthorexia Nervosa—Healthy Eating as a Disease
_Food is an important part of a balanced diet._
—FRAN LEBOWITZ
I don't like anything "lite"—that's not my thing. I have one friend who goes to a chiropractor who tests you, and they take one thing after another out of your diet. He evaluates what you eat and decides what foods your body is not tolerating. She's currently living on kale.
(ILYSSA, 39)
The focus of the press and social media on "healthy eating" as the source of, or cure for, disease has taken hold to the point of creating a new condition termed _orthorexia nervosa._ Individuals eliminate one healthy food after another (gluten, corn, soy, meat, dairy, all fats, carbohydrates, etc.) in the belief that these foods are "unhealthy"—until they are barely receiving adequate nourishment. It can reach the point of anemia, bone loss, vitamin depletion, and malnutrition.
The condition is not as yet recognized in the _DSM-V_ (the _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,_ used professionally to diagnose psychiatric disorders) but is being seen by many doctors evaluating patients for symptoms related to nutritional deficiencies.
The term _orthorexia_ was coined by Dr. Steven Bratman from the Greek _ortho_ (correct or proper) and _orexis_ (hunger or appetite). Unlike in anorexia, those with orthorexia focus on the _quality_ rather than the _quantity_ of food eaten. They start removing foods because they do not feel well, and when they do not feel better, they remove more and more until they are on an overly restricted and generally unhealthy diet.
Are You Orthorexic?
• Have you eliminated entire food groups from your diet? (Gluten, dairy, corn, and soy are the usual suspects as well as red meat, carbohydrates, etc.)
• Three or more food groups?
• Do you constantly worry about which foods may be unhealthy?
• Do you feel guilty when you eat food you consider unsafe?
• Do you have problems finding healthy foods?
• Do you have ritualized eating patterns?
• Are you anxious when eating out or traveling?
• Have you started avoiding lunches, dinner dates, and catered parties?
• Do you lecture your friends and family about unhealthy eating?
• Do you read medical journal articles about digestion, carbohydrates, protein, etc.?
• Do you challenge others who disagree with your food choices?
• Do you wish that you could just eat and not worry about the quality of foods?
• Do you have symptoms that do not fit any medical diagnostic category for which you blame gluten, dairy, or a specific food?
Orthorexia affects a small percentage of individuals, but is yet another food-related disorder that has evolved from the increased focus on food as cause and/or cure for symptoms and disease.
The Hygiene Hypothesis—Are We Too Clean for Our Own Immunological Good?
My daughter-in-law sterilizes everything that goes into my grandson's mouth. I raised four children on the 10-second rule—if it's been on the floor for less than 10 seconds, pick it up and eat it—and not one had an allergy or food issue. Now we're boiling the baby's fork and spoon after it comes out of the dishwasher, and every other person's child is allergic to peanuts or dairy or gluten. Something's wacky here.
(GERI, 64)
The diagnosis of allergies and autoimmune diseases has risen dramatically in the last few decades. While there are many underlying and complex mechanisms at work, a great deal of scientific interest is being focused on the "hygiene hypothesis." This states that childhood exposure to germs and certain infections helps the immune system develop normally, and that excessive cleanliness interrupts this process.
In other words, the young child's environment can be too clean to effectively challenge a maturing immune system. Frequent and repeated exposure to a variety of _microbial antigens_ and infections may lead to a more robust, i.e., healthier immune system.
While it is well documented that avoiding germs helps prevent the spread of infections, the hygiene hypothesis suggests that we have taken this too far. And with the advent of antibiotics and the great public health efforts of the last century, the immune system is no longer required to fight germs as actively as in the past.
Scientists based this hypothesis in part on the observation that, before birth, the fetal immune system's "default setting" is suppressed to prevent it from rejecting the mother's tissue. This is necessary before birth—when the mother is providing the fetus with her own antibodies. After birth the child's own immune system must take over and learn how to fend for itself. But the extremely clean household environments often found in the developed world do not provide the necessary exposure to germs required to "educate" the immune system so that it can learn to launch its defense responses to infectious organisms.
A critical part of this evolution is orchestrated by a child's developing microbiome, and a lack of diversity—reduced by exposure to fewer germs and infections—derails the period of immune growth after birth.
The hygiene hypothesis has been implicated in the growing number of people with allergies, autism, and autoimmune diseases.
MacDonald's Farm Had the Right Idea?
Since the hypothesis was first proposed by epidemiologist Dr. David Strachan in 1989, several studies have revealed a reduction in the sensitivity to allergens and atopic (skin) disease in children exposed to farm environments, those who have animals in their homes, and in those who have attended day care at an early age and were exposed to other children's infections.
Several lessons have come from studies comparing populations in Russian Karelia and neighboring Finland. These two populations live in completely different socioeconomic circumstances—they have one of the largest socioeconomic discrepancies in the world—yet share similar diets and genetic backgrounds.
The researchers determined that the children in Karelia are exposed to a large variety of different microbial infections that are significantly less frequent in Finnish children. Starting in 1999, numerous studies on autoimmune and allergic diseases show an incidence of type 1 diabetes that is six times lower in Russian Karelia. The incidence of celiac disease is 1 in 496 in Karelia and 1 in 107 in Finland using identical criteria. These studies appear to indicate that environmental factors play a role in our immune reaction to microbes and in the development of allergies and autoimmune conditions. While all of the factors initiating these conditions have not been identified, the hygiene hypothesis offers an intriguing approach.
The mechanisms by which microbes can reduce the development of autoimmune disease are not well understood. They are only part of a larger autoimmune and allergic response that is also affected by your genetic makeup, and a variety of factors that occur over a person's lifetime. It cannot be considered the sole determinant of a disease.
Before people start feeding their children from the floor or allowing them to share the dog's bowl, it should be stressed that many researchers feel that the hygiene hypothesis is far too simplistic an approach to understanding the causes of celiac disease or any other autoimmune disease.
This hypothesis does focus attention on the impact of microbes on disease, hopefully without discouraging good hygiene practices.
BOTH ORTHOREXIA AND the hygiene hypothesis are extreme examples, yet they illustrate what can happen when individuals become mesmerized by the message, and the human body is deprived of the many forms of nourishment it requires to develop, grow, and flourish. Both advanced in the name of "health."
What we deprive our body of is every bit as important as what we feed it.
Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet
_Sooner or later everyone sits down to a banquet of consequences._
—R. L. STEVENSON
A gluten-free diet gives with one hand and takes away with the other. For individuals with celiac disease, it truly is a lifesaver yet requires constant vigilance and restrictions. Others find it gives them relief from symptoms like gas and bloating while taking many essential nutrients from their diets. The "giving hand" can also contain heavy metals, toxins, and excess fat and sugar. The "taking hand" dips into pocketbooks for more costly foods. The scale can get very unbalanced if individuals are not aware of the health risks in a gluten-free diet that are often hidden behind the hype surrounding it.
Studies on the real long-term effects of a gluten-free diet on the body and the brain are being published with increasing regularity since the awareness of celiac disease and popularity of the diet in the general public began about a decade ago. While many of the studies are on celiac disease patients who must follow a strict gluten-free diet, research has exposed some troubling issues that affect everyone following the diet.
Mostly we are doing it because we realized how good we can feel and believe it is healthy for us.
(ARIELLE, 33)
A gluten-free diet is many things to many people, but for most it is far from healthy.
Healthy or Hazardous?
Nutrition
Going "gluten-free" may cure symptoms for some, and is a necessity for those with celiac disease, but eliminating gluten from your diet also removes much of the fiber and some essential vitamins and minerals from your food supply.
Wheat, rye, and barley are flavorful, vitamin- and fiber-filled grains. Ironically, manufacturers also regularly fortify wheat flours as well as the cereals, breads, and other processed products made from them with the vitamins and minerals that might have been removed during processing. Conversely, gluten-free foods, with a few exceptions, have not caught up with this fortification. Some, like quinoa, may not need this as much as rice flour.
The breads, cereals, cookies, cakes, and snacks with gluten-free grains also put people at risk for potential problems with excess fat, sugar, and salt. These ingredients are used to bind gluten-free products—gluten is the "glue" that holds breads and cakes together—and to make them as tasty as their wheat-filled counterparts.
People with celiac disease who embark on a gluten-free diet without the help of a nutritionist can easily develop vitamin and mineral deficiencies, especially iron and the B vitamins. Calcium can also be deficient if dairy is restricted. This is a double problem because many start the diet already suffering from malabsorption due to the damage to their small intestine. Missing a favorite sweet or breaded dish, they often make poor food choices to satisfy a craving.
Lost fiber and nutrients need to be replaced with fresh fruits, nuts, beans, vegetables, and other gluten-free grains (e.g., quinoa, millet, buckwheat, sorghum) to maintain a "nutritional" diet. If you are going to take gluten out, put its nutritional value back in. (For more, see chapter 31, "Eating Healthy.")
Heavy Metal (Not of the Musical Variety)
Rice, a common substitute in a gluten-free diet, may contain high levels of arsenic as well as cadmium and mercury. Other heavy metals (e.g., tin, lead, and mercury) have also been found both in gluten-free food and flours and the people ingesting them.
While the raised levels do not approach toxic levels, there should be a warning. A greater number of patients with celiac disease develop neurological symptoms over the ensuing years after starting a gluten-free diet. While this has been attributed to the development of a new autoimmune disease, the recent concern about the occurrence of metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic in people on a gluten-free diet may in fact be a manifestation of heavy metal toxicity.
_Arsenic with Your Rice?_
Arsenic occurs naturally in the environment and is also released into soil and water by fertilizers and pesticides as well as manufacturing practices. It is absorbed into anything growing in these environments—in particular, rice absorbs arsenic more readily than many other plants. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a "hazard summary" about arsenic in 2012 stating that "food is the major source of exposure" for most people and that chronic exposure can result in GI effects as well as central and peripheral nervous system disorders and certain cancers. Studies suggest that it may also affect a baby's immune system when ingested by a mother during pregnancy.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not released a finished assessment of the potential health risks associated with arsenic in rice and other foods made from rice, but _Consumer Reports_ and other studies urge caution.
_Consumer Reports_ tested several different rices from growing regions around the world and concluded that organic rice is no different from conventionally grown rice—they both take up arsenic in the same manner from soil and water. Brown rice often has the highest levels because metallic elements accumulate in the husk and bran, which are milled off when rice is processed. Nevertheless, brown rice still contains more nutrients and is more fibrous.
It is possible to reduce the risk of arsenic in cooked rice by rinsing the raw rice before cooking, and by using excess water during the cooking process and throwing it out before serving; this sacrifices some nutritional value but can reduce the arsenic content by almost a third.
Almost everything that's gluten-free has some rice in it. Suzanne Simpson, R.D., of the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University cautions patients: "Rice doesn't have a lot of nutritional value. It doesn't have a lot of fiber or protein; it is basically just carbs. Most of the [gluten-free] breads, pasta, tortillas, cookies, and flour mixes contain rice. And people eat rice on top of it." Children who are on a gluten-free diet that also contains rice pasta, cookie, and bread products as well as cooked rice should be monitored to lessen arsenic exposure.
She recommends that people do not use rice pasta and minimize their rice intake for variety as well. We also advise people on a gluten-free diet to see a dietitian regularly to ensure that the diet is diverse and not simply various versions of rice. (See Appendix C, "Arsenic and Mercury Guidelines.")
_Corn Fungi_
The other grain staple of a gluten-free diet is corn. A recent study comparing the gluten-free diet of people with celiac disease versus those on a regular diet found a mycotoxin (a chemical produced by fungi/mold that is harmful to humans and domestic animals) in a number of corn products. The levels of this particular mycotoxin—a fumonisin associated with nervous-system and cancer-causing damage in animals—were high, raising concern regarding the long-term safety of various corn-based products.
The contamination of corn products with fumonisins has also been reported in other European studies, suggesting the potential of toxicity for anyone on a gluten-free diet ingesting a fair amount of corn-based products. While little is known about the fumonisin in the American diet, it is an area for further research and emphasizes the need to diversify the diet!
_Mercury and Other Metals_
Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal that appears to be increasing/accumulating in the food chain because of its use in medications, dental amalgams, thermometers, blood pressure machines, batteries, and fluorescent lightbulbs, and its presence in the fish we eat. Mercury can damage the nervous system, kidney, and lungs and remains in the body for a long time, where it affects inflammation and the immune system.
A recent study showed a fourfold increase in mercury blood levels of celiac disease patients following a gluten-free diet. No differences were found in their fish intake or number of amalgam fillings—both sources of mercury found to increase the amount of this metal in the body—but other dietary sources were not examined. Another study found elevated blood levels of mercury, lead, and cadmium and urinary levels of tin and arsenic in people eating a gluten-free diet, some with and some without celiac disease.
The reason for the increased levels in these people is unclear—whether it is food related, altered absorption, or response to mercury in these people. There might also be a genetic tendency in these people to accumulate it or to be more susceptible to specific toxic effects.
Additional studies to determine what is causing the increase in heavy metals in people following a gluten-free diet are needed. It is a potential pitfall that cannot be ignored.
Gluten Weighing In
The weight-loss potential of a gluten-free diet seems to be one of its biggest attractions for some people. Numerous Hollywood names attest to its effectiveness. If you cut out all bread, pasta, cake, cookies, and snacks and do not replace them with gluten-free alternatives, you will probably lose weight. It's called the no–white food, no-carb, gluten-free diet.
But many people following a gluten-free diet are surprised when they find themselves gaining weight from the many fat-, sugar-, and sodium-filled gluten-free products they are now eating to replace what has been removed. People with a double diagnosis of diabetes and celiac disease who must count carbohydrates are initially surprised to see that the gluten-free substitute is often much higher in carbs.
I was eating everything—and constantly—and lost 25 pounds in the year before I was diagnosed (with celiac disease). Once I went on a gluten-free diet, I ate the same amount and gained 30 pounds in about seven months. I went from sick and skinny to healthy and chubby. The pasta and bread and cakes were gluten-free and didn't go right through me, so I realized I had to retrain and restrain myself.
(SHEILA, 46)
People with celiac disease also often gain weight on a gluten-free diet because their intestine is healing and they are now able to digest food properly. Depending on how you define "going gluten-free," you may actually find that one of the things it "gives" is added pounds.
No Shelf Life Means More Money
The costs involved in buying shelf space from the retailer are prohibitive for the smaller manufacturer. It is one of the reasons why you see mainly larger national brands in your local stores. Also, the range and types of ingredients we use are more costly, and gluten-free products fit in the "natural" and "organic" world, where retailers often charge a premium over regular products. Many items are also made by smaller manufacturers who don't have the same big-company processing efficiency. These are some of the reasons gluten-free food is costlier.
—GEORGE CHOOKAZIAN, FOODS BY GEORGE
Gluten-free products are generally much more expensive and less widely available than their gluten counterparts. There are a number of reasons that manufacturers give for this.
Ingredients as well as facilities have to be certified and adhere to specific labeling regulations and testing, which incurs costs. Ingredients must also be grown and milled contamination-free and are often purchased in smaller batches than those used by larger manufacturers, again adding expenses. Many breads, cakes, and muffins are frozen to preserve their freshness. They have a shorter shelf life than preservative-filled products, and spoilage adds to their cost.
Some manufacturers have started lowering prices as competition in the market increases, but gluten-free products can still add to a family's grocery bill.
You Have Isolated the Wrong Issue
One of the biggest dangers of going on a gluten-free diet before properly isolating and testing for what is causing symptoms is postponing and/or missing a correct diagnosis. Numerous other serious medical conditions—including microscopic colitis, SIBO, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)—often present with the same symptoms as food-induced dyspepsia or other GI complaints. Gas, bloating, pain, diarrhea, and constipation can be distress signals for almost any and every GI disorder and disease. And neuropathies, headache, and fatigue can signal a number of underlying autoimmune and neurological diseases.
Many people mistakenly believe that their symptoms can be treated and cured through food elimination. By the time you finally get to a doctor, the gluten-free diet may have intensified another condition and taken away your health.
You May Be Eating Gluten Anyway
The biggest hurdles? Contamination. If I had to sum it up, I'm very comfortable with the lifestyle, very comfortable feeding my family, the options are enormous, but I never sit down at a dinner and say, "This is perfectly right." The kids want pizza and pasta. But when they have gluten-free pasta on the menu I still worry that they don't know how to prepare it safely. I still struggle with it.
(ILYSSA, 39)
One pitfall in a gluten-free diet is trying to adhere to it when gluten is a hidden ingredient in or on your food. This may be due to contamination or confusion about gluten-free labeling and regulations or actual false labeling.
Cross-contamination and a lack of awareness in restaurants accounts for most of the "I got glutened" comments from people trying to follow a gluten-free diet. For preparing gluten-free meals, restaurant kitchens often use fryers or pasta water in which dishes that are breaded or contain gluten have been cooked. The cross-contamination that occurs in manufacturing also usually relates to shared equipment, confusion about barley and malt—which contain gluten but not from wheat, which is required to be listed as an allergen on labels—or gluten that finds its way from crops that share fields and storage facilities with nongluten grains.
Testing can be spotty. Several groups offer "gluten-free certification," but they are not all using the same ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests to ascertain gluten content. It is also physically impossible to test every batch of a cereal or packaged product to ensure that it contains less than 20 parts per million, the standard set by the FDA for all foods with a "gluten-free" label.
Reading labels and talking to food servers is crucial to avoiding hidden ingredients and cross-contamination. Doing so is a source of stress and disruption for many people.
We were in a restaurant with a gluten-free menu, so I probably didn't ask enough questions. But my daughter ate the salad and what looked like a plain chicken breast, and within 20 minutes she was vomiting all over the tablecloth. I knew she'd gotten gluten no matter what they told me.
(CISSY, 42)
Whenever we go away I go right to the head of food services in every hotel. I don't bombard them but ask how they can help me and how I can help them. So they have the knowledge for the next person who comes with celiac disease. We get amazing dedication and great service.
(ILYSSA, 39)
Less Microbiotic Diversity
Any restrictive diet reduces the diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, a potentially unhealthy change. While there is no one healthy microbiome, a gluten-free diet removes foods that the intestinal microbiota dine on. Studies show that the FODMAP diet may not be a healthy one to maintain for that reason, and patients are cautioned about the consequences of remaining on it for a long period of time. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.")
The Bottom Line
A gluten-free diet is lifesaving for people with celiac disease. It reduces symptoms for many with NCGS—people who have tested negative for celiac disease but who have similar symptoms—and IBS. But the long-term harm of the diet for people who do not really need it is still unknown.
What we do know is that a gluten-free diet is:
• low in fiber
• low in iron
• low in B vitamins
• high in sugar and fat
• associated with elevated levels of heavy metals in the body
• a risk for increased sensitivity to gluten
• potentially bad for your microbiome
Be advised that when embarking on a gluten-free diet you are potentially sitting down to a banquet of consequences. If you are thinking of replacing what is lost in a gluten-free diet with supplements and probiotics, read the next chapter carefully.
Supplements and Probiotics
I had watched a TV show with [a well-known doctor] when he talked about a supplement—garcinia cambogia—for weight loss. The doctor had a very good reputation, and he seemed to think it was a good thing. A number of my friends love the show, and it's impressive, very persuasive. I thought it seemed safe, and I took that for about a month. I didn't feel any different, and I didn't lose any weight but happened to see my doctor right before we were going on a trip to Mexico. The doctor called me over the weekend when he got my blood tests back and told me that I had hepatitis.
I thought, _What!?_ It was unbelievable! Garcinia cambogia was so popular and so heavily advertised, and I thought that it didn't seem like anything risky. My advice to someone taking something recommended on TV—don't trust them or take anything without talking to your doctor first. Vitamins and supplements are an unregulated industry. This could have killed me and severely damaged my liver. I seem to have recovered completely but have to be checked regularly. I thought, _It's just a plant_ —I guess there's nothing more lethal than nature.
(CAROL, 56)
Carol had acute drug-induced hepatitis that can be progressive and result in liver failure and even death. Luckily hers resolved because it was caught in time. She had a follow-up appointment at the Center early in the development of the disease, and a medical history showed that she had recently started taking garcinia cambogia for weight loss. She stopped taking the drug after blood tests pinpointed the problem. The literature prominently lists hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) as a side effect of garcinia cambogia—weight loss is not.
Hepatitis does not cause symptoms early in the disease, just biochemical evidence of acute hepatitis in the form of elevated liver enzymes. Later, symptoms of liver failure develop, including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, confusion, and coma. Drug-induced liver failure may result in death if not caught early. Carol soon learned what "just a plant" meant—and that "natural" does not mean "harmless."
Half of all Americans take some type of herbal remedy, and more than $28 billion a year is spent on various vitamins, minerals, herbal preparations, and probiotics. This number is about $104 billion globally. While visits to medical professionals have remained steady over the past decade, consultations with alternative medical practitioners and health gurus have increased dramatically—along with the use of supplements.
A tsunami of herbs, minerals, vitamins, and probiotics fill the shelves in drugstores, natural food stores, and supermarkets. They are heavily advertised not just as dietary supplements but as good for your health and claim to treat a wide spectrum of conditions from prostate problems and depression to sexual dysfunction, anxiety, insomnia, thinning hair, weight loss, and more. They are also promoted as a pharmaceutical aid for diarrhea, gas, and bacteria lost through antibiotic use, vaginal yeast infections, oncoming colds and flu, and pain. Many believe that they are safer than prescription drugs whose adverse effects are stated in accompanying literature.
I read the warning label on the [drug] my doctor prescribed—it was longer than my college thesis. Looked as if it would probably cure me if it didn't kill me first. The labels on my supplements have no [listed] side effects of note.
(SHARON, 65)
They've been using these as medical cures in China for centuries.
(ANGELA, 33)
The fact that they have been used for thousands of years in the East may be the only justifiable claim many supplements can make. Although there is little scientific evidence to support the medical claims made in the popular media about the effectiveness of supplements, most people consider them "natural" and basically safe. But several recent and scientifically rigorous studies have proved that there are some very dangerous trends in this unregulated industry, and some supplements may have life-threatening consequences. A recent study in the _New England Journal of Medicine_ showed that approximately 23,000 emergency room visits each year—between the years 2004 and 2013—were due to "adverse events related to dietary supplements."
Laxatives in Your St. John's Wort?
A 2015 Canadian study tested popular herbal supplements and found that many of the bottles contained pills that were diluted or contained none of the product listed on the label. Others consisted entirely of fillers such as soybeans, wheat, and rice—ingredients that were not necessarily on the label. These were the only "plants" in the pill. One bottle of St. John's wort, the _New York Times_ reported, "contained only Alexandrian senna, an Egyptian yellow shrub that is a powerful laxative." Other supplements contained walnuts, potentially deadly for people with nut allergies. This study suggests that the problem may be widespread. It is especially troubling for those with a severe food allergy or requiring a strict gluten-free diet.
This study and others prompted the New York State attorney general in 2015 to issue a cease-and-desist order to several large chains selling supplements, requiring them to withdraw the products. He was joined by other state agencies. The aim of the initiative is to require manufacturers to address their own product issues so that supplements are not pulled from store shelves _after_ they have done harm.
If you are currently gluten-free and suddenly have a return of symptoms, you may need to look at the supplements you take instead of what you had for dinner the night before. Unfortunately, inspecting the label may not help—the "FACTS" section of a supplement label may show the product contains very little or none of this important "ingredient."
Another study published in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ found that half of the FDA Class I recalls between 2008 and 2012—where there is a "reasonable probability that [their use] will cause serious adverse health consequences or death"—were supplements. And about two-thirds of the recalled dietary supplements that were analyzed still contained banned drugs at least six months after being recalled. These banned and/or prescription-only drugs found in supplements included:
• **Sibutramine** —a weight-loss drug that was withdrawn from the U.S. market in October 2010 since it is known to substantially increase blood pressure and/or pulse rate and may present a significant risk of heart attack and stroke in some people.
• **Sildenafil** —used for erectile dysfunction, it can cause hearing loss and low blood pressure and reacts with a number of other prescription drugs.
• **Fluoxetine** —trade name Prozac, this drug is sold only by prescription.
• **Phenolphthalein** —formerly the main component in laxatives, such as Ex-Lax, banned by the FDA in 1999 for sale in the U.S. due to the risk of causing cancer with long-term use.
• **Aromatase inhibitor** —used by prescription only in breast cancer treatments to lower estrogen levels.
• **Various anabolic steroids.**
A September 2015 recall by the FDA is particularly sobering. Two weight loss supplements were found to contain both sibutramine and phenolphthalein—neither of which were listed on the label. They were marketed under the names Pink Bikini and Shorts on the Beach and sold online. The FDA also noted that "these products may also interact in life-threatening ways with other medications a consumer may be taking."
Most of the FDA-recalled supplements were for bodybuilding, weight loss, and sexual enhancement. If you use these products, you may be getting an enhancement in the form of side effects you did not bargain for. Supplement labels may hide more than that pink bikini can.
When Your Doctor Advises Vitamin or Mineral Supplements
Vitamin deficiencies are often found in people with newly diagnosed celiac disease and require supplementation until the gut has healed and can absorb nutrients properly, and the deficiency is resolved. Anyone on a restricted diet or with another GI condition that involves malabsorption is also a candidate for supplementation.
We recommend choosing a gluten-free vitamin that has only the regulated amounts of vitamins. Try to avoid multivitamins that have megadoses of anything.
People who eat processed food are most likely getting their vitamins synthetically to begin with. Milk, fortified with vitamin D, is the primary source of D for most people who avoid the sun. Ironically, cereals, breads, flours, and canned foods all are fortified to replace the vitamins and minerals removed by processing. But manufacturers have just begun to fortify gluten-free foods, and this can pose problems for someone who has grown accustomed to obtaining their vitamins synthetically from processed food and is now on a gluten-free diet.
The pendulum can easily swing in the other direction. Many people still take megadoses of vitamins, assuming that if some is good, more must be better. We see more people with vitamin B6 toxicity than deficiency, due to excess supplementation.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is involved in many metabolic functions throughout the body. It is needed for brain development and function and involved in the process of making serotonin and norepinephrine, chemical transmitters in the brain. Although vitamin B6 is often promoted for "nervous system health," its toxicity is usually focused on the nervous system. A vitamin B6 deficiency is rare in the general population since it is found in many foods.
Test First
It is not surprising that many people, anxious about the amount of different vitamins they are getting in their diet, rely so heavily on vitamin and mineral supplements. What _is_ surprising is that they read the pros and ignore the cons—the toxicities, interactions with other vitamins and drugs, contamination, and mislabeling.
A vitamin or mineral deficiency can be ascertained by blood tests and addressed by some simple dietary changes.
A Word on Fatigue and L-Carnitine
L-carnitine is an amino acid that is produced by the body and a natural component of the diet. It helps the body produce energy and is used in Europe to treat fatigue and as a replacement supplement for people on a very strict vegetarian/vegan diet.
It is found in high levels in red meat and in lower levels in dairy products as well as pork, seafood, and chicken. High levels of carnitine are found in those who consume excess amounts of red meat. A natural compound, it is available by prescription as well as over the counter.
L-carnitine excess can cause a number of side effects including diarrhea, nausea, and cramps. It can interact with prescription drugs and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. You should take supplements only under a doctor's instruction. (See chapter 17, "Celiac Disease.")
Widely Used Supplements That Cause Drug Interactions
_We don't want to focus on the trees (or their leaves) at the expense of the forest._
—DOUGLAS R. HOFSTADTER, PROFESSOR OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Recently several large studies have examined the contents of various supplements. Many were tested and found to contain allergens, little or none of the herb or vitamin on the label, or a banned substance. Others are potentially dangerous in their interaction with common medications. A few are worth mentioning.
**St. John's Wort**
St. John's wort is one of the 10 best-selling supplements in the U.S. It is marketed as a mood elevator and is arguably the most popular supplement to treat depression. But St. John's wort can speed the breakdown of various prescription medicines by eliminating them from the body before they can take full effect. This includes anticoagulants (blood thinners), oral contraceptives, antidepressants, cancer drugs, and immunosuppressants (causing transplant rejection).
**Vitamin K**
Vitamin K helps in blood coagulation but in excess can block the effect of medications like warfarin (blood thinners) used to prevent blood clots. Because it is now added to many calcium supplements and found in multivitamins, it can quietly reach high levels in the body and trigger problems before someone is aware of any issue.
**Vitamin C**
Vitamin C will facilitate iron absorption. People with a tendency to absorb excess iron should be careful with this supplement.
**Zinc**
Taken by many to "shorten a cold," zinc has numerous GI side effects and interacts with antibiotics and antihypertensive medications.
**Ginseng**
Used in Chinese medicine for heart issues, this is another popular herb that can interfere with anticoagulant drugs like warfarin and can interact with some antidepressant medications. It has been implicated in neonatal death when taken by the mother.
The list is long. Licorice, black cohosh, echinacea, ginkgo, and many of the most popular herbs are the subject of questionable claims, drug interactions, and lack of quality control.
You should limit vitamin intake to the vitamins you are deficient in—validated through testing and as directed by your doctor.
Supplements for Those Age 50 and Up
While taking supplements can be harmful at any age, older adults are more likely to encounter problems. Older adults also usually take more and a wider variety of prescription drugs than younger people, and this increases the risk of a dangerous interaction with supplements. In addition, many patients do not tell their doctors about the nonprescription pills they ingest, and many doctors do not ask about them—leading to potentially serious consequences.
Supplements, like many prescription drugs, are metabolized and eliminated through the kidney and liver. Since older people have higher rates of kidney and/or liver disease, it may be harder for their body to process compounds found in supplements. The interactions with the cardiovascular system can be particularly problematic. Taking blood thinners or cardiovascular drugs with St. John's wort, vitamin K, zinc, or ginseng may cause serious problems.
Probiotic Intoxication
_We think, each of us, that we're much more rational than we are.
And we think that we make our decisions because we have good reasons to make them. Even when it's the other way around. We believe in the reasons, because we've already made the decision._
—DANIEL KAHNEMAN, PSYCHOLOGIST AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIST, NOBEL LAUREATE
_Probiotic_ is the term currently used to name the live bacteria/microorganisms taken by people to supposedly correct and/or maintain the natural balance of their gut and microbiome. This raises the question of what is a "natural" and "healthy" balance of microbiota—proportions that science has not yet been able to determine.
The balance of different bacteria varies from person to person, as well as culture to culture, depending on eating habits, genes, and environment. And while we know that a diverse microbiome is desirable, not everyone needs "rebalancing" to stay healthy.
A recent study of a tribe of hunter-gatherers in Africa, the Hadza people of Tanzania, showed that they lacked _Bifidobacterium,_ a bacterium that is found in probiotic foods and considered healthy. They also had other bacteria that are considered a sign of disease in Western populations.
The study underscores the need to redefine what is healthy and unhealthy in our microbiota and how different bacteria interact with each other. And more important, that a far more personalized approach to probiotics is needed if they are to be effectively utilized to treat human health.
Manipulating the gut microbiota may prove to be an effective way to control the development of diseases and influence treatment. While the benefits of probiotics are being actively studied, it is still scientifically unclear whether they work for specific diseases. You are consuming live bacteria with the assumption that it is a "good" versus "bad" bacteria. For those taking probiotics during antibiotic therapy, how do you know that the antibiotic is not killing the probiotic you are taking or interfering with its action? Probiotics are regulated as a food, not a drug. Which means that they are largely _un_ regulated. They need to be reported to your doctor along with any pharmaceuticals that you are taking.
More important, the safety of their use by young children, older adults, and anyone with a compromised or weak immune system is unclear and potentially dangerous.
While many people have had symptomatic relief through the use of probiotics, the health claims related to these products are often questionable and derived from animal studies that may not translate to humans, as well as studies of different types of bacteria (e.g., lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) that have huge differences within each species. For example, there are 170 species of _Lactobacillus_ , one of the most widely advertised and available probiotic bacterium. All are part of the normal gastrointestinal and vaginal flora and are used in a variety of commercial products. Yet only some strains have been tested; others lack any real data.
While probiotics are being tested in the treatment of many different medical conditions (allergies, obesity, liver disease, IBS, diarrhea caused by antibiotics, and stomach ulcers, to name a few), it is still too early to know if they are truly effective or safe for these conditions, though studies in irritable bowel syndrome look promising.
The Upside—Some Studies Are Very Promising
Some probiotics digest or alter gluten. One commercially available probiotic that contains eight different bacteria can reduce the toxicity of gluten when used in a fermentation process. A study of sourdough baked wheat products fermented by specific bacteria and funguses was shown to be safe for people with celiac disease.
Probiotics cannot at this point be recommended for the pharmaceutical treatment of celiac disease as they have not as yet been proven safe and effective, but they are an exciting area of research.
_Clostridium Difficile_ and Fecal Transplants
Fecal transplants and certain probiotics have been proven to be effective in combating _Clostridium difficile_ (also called _C. difficile_ and _C. diff_ )—a potentially deadly infection—especially its recurrence. This bacterial infection, formerly found mainly in older populations, causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon and is increasing in younger people.
Fecal microbiota transplant is a procedure where fecal matter (stool) is collected from a healthy donor and transplanted into the affected patient, usually during a colonoscopy. The theory is to replace "good" bacteria that has been killed or suppressed by _C. difficile_ overrunning the colon. The transplant is essentially repopulating a disturbed microbiota and—while still classified as experimental—appears extremely effective for this life-threatening condition. There are now capsules of stool extract available, and hopefully the research on the use of specific bacteria will make this therapy more palatable.
Using one kind of "natural" bacteria to combat another is well studied in this condition, and the offending pathogen is well known. This practice cannot be automatically translated to the treatment of other conditions. Researchers do not yet know which strains to select for specific physical and clinical conditions, the effect of different doses, or the effect on mechanisms or function.
Patients have reported weight gain and mood changes after receiving stool from overweight and/or "unhappy" donors. While this feedback may be anecdotal, there is some research linking changes in the microbiome and weight gain. (See chapter 9, "The Microbiome.")
The Downside—Quality Control
A 2015 study at the Center tested 22 probiotic products purchased commercially and examined them for gluten. About 30 percent of them had some form of gluten that was not listed on the label. As a result, we feel that supplement labels claiming a product is gluten-free cannot currently be trusted.
This in some ways reconfirms a previous study we did showing that patients with celiac disease who regularly took supplements had more symptoms than those who did not take supplements. Interestingly, they also reported a higher quality of life. This may attest to the placebo effect of supplements—they make people better because we expect them to. The "action" would appear to be more brain than gut.
It is unclear whether the levels of gluten found in the probiotics tested posed a risk to people with celiac disease, but the results reflect the underlying problem of supplement oversight, regulation, labeling, and testing.
Are the Products Viable?
Over-the-counter pills may not be a viable source of live bacteria. The probiotics in food (yogurts and acidified milks in cold storage) are usually produced with stricter control and contain viable amounts if stored properly and consumed before the expiration date.
Like other supplements, probiotics are produced and labeled with little oversight from the FDA or other agencies that guard consumer health interests. **The consumer is currently not buying the carefully regulated probiotic mixtures used in research studies.**
Reading Labels—"Doctor Recommended"?
_"You see what you expect to see, Severus."_
—ALBUS DUMBLEDORE IN J. K. ROWLING'S _HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS_
Unethical marketing claims abound in supplement advertisements. Word-of-mouth endorsements coupled with aggressive advertising on every form of traditional and social media have fueled the supplement boom. Great examples are the products marketed as digesting gluten—a claim that is blatantly false. The pharmaceutical industry is currently developing and testing enzymes that _will_ digest the toxic fragments of gluten that cause celiac disease, but none of the currently available products do this. (See chapter 30, "Nondietary Therapies.")
The brain-gut connection is quite clear: We want to believe the claims, and some people actually feel better on supplements. This may be a placebo effect, but that has not been well studied. Unfortunately, supplements make many people sick from trying to correct conditions they never had.
Until we understand the composition, diversity, function, metabolic capacity, and plasticity of the microbial communities within us, attempting to manipulate them will continue to be somewhat hit-or-miss.
A Word of Advice
Real estate agents always advise: location, location, location. The microbes that inhabit the mouth are different from those found in the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine. Therefore, if microbes are to be studied in terms of their communication with the brain and body, researchers must first determine which bacteria and which gut area to target in any given therapy.
By inserting one type of bacteria to knock out another, what else is being destroyed or affected? The human gastrointestinal tract is a bacterial ecosystem with a genetic makeup almost 100 times the size of the human genome. We are therefore an amalgam of both our human genes and microbial "selves." And the interaction of the two is largely unexplored territory. Probiotics are an exciting area of research but should be ingested with great caution.
_There are 3 billion base pairs of nucleotides in the human genome engaged in a vast and complex dance that makes us who we are. We need to be awfully careful when we start to change the choreography, especially given our current lack of precision. When you try to move one dancer with a bulldozer, you're pretty darn certain to scoop up more than one Rockette._
—DR. SHARON MOALEM, _SURVIVAL OF THE SICKEST_
Summary
Supplements are overused and understudied regarding their effectiveness and safety. It is an industry that advertises heavily but lacks thorough regulatory oversight and quality control. Heavy metals, banned animal, pharmaceutical, and plant products, steroids, untested ingredients, and prescription medications are found in various supplements.
While prescription drugs must be proven safe and effective before they are marketed, probiotics and other dietary supplements do not need to pass that test. Every year contents are withdrawn because of toxicity—after the fact. One case report of a death in a child due to contamination with a fungus is enough to dampen enthusiasm.
As a 2014 news item from Columbia University noted: "This year marks the 20th anniversary of the passage of one of the most skillful pieces of legislation ever to undermine the health of Americans: the Dietary Supplement Health and Educational Act of 1994. The result was to remove from regulation by the Food and Drug Administration any substances labeled as a dietary supplement." It is time to take a hard look at the various vitamin, mineral, and probiotics bottles in your "medicine" cabinet and on your kitchen counter. Be well advised that you may be flushing money—quite literally—down the toilet and, more important, jeopardizing your health. Too many people are taking supplements and probiotics while removing the foods that naturally contain these vitamins and minerals from their diets.
While some dietary and medical supplementation is useful, much of it simply reflects media trends that we can enhance and increase our health with a fix-it pill. It is as enticing as it is unrealistic.
**Natural does not mean safe.**
A Word on Testing—What Do Antibodies Tell Us?
_Test first, then you treat right._
—NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF CELIAC DISEASE
Many people complain that they are "simply lab results" to their doctors. But these tests are often the most effective way of finding—as well as ruling out—serious conditions and avoiding complications. Rushing to self-diagnose gastrointestinal distress can mask a serious condition or prolong symptoms that can be cured if recognized and treated medically. Lab tests cannot resolve every issue, and they can lead to false conclusions, but they can quickly pinpoint and/or eliminate the causes of many GI complaints.
Since the GI tract is difficult to see without invasive procedures, various blood and breath tests can explain why some people do not respond to a gluten-free diet, why a drug may not cure a symptom—or cause others—and help to identify actual vitamin and mineral deficiencies. They enabled us to diagnose Carol's drug-induced hepatitis before it caused serious complications and permanent liver damage. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.")
Diagnostic tests for specific conditions are described in the following chapters, but it is important for anyone suffering from GI symptoms that they feel are caused by or related to gluten to understand the basic tests used to facilitate a diagnosis. What you see and feel may be the tip of a hidden iceberg, and a gluten-free diet may not help you avoid the impact of a collision.
Rule Out Celiac Disease
If you are suffering from symptoms that include:
• chronic diarrhea or constipation
• gas/bloating
• anemia
• vomiting
• canker sores
• weight loss
• failure to thrive (in children)
• vitamin deficiencies
• lactose intolerance
• behavioral issues
• brain fog
• neuropathies
and/or celiac disease has been diagnosed in a family member, you should be tested for celiac disease _before_ starting a gluten-free diet. Once you are on the diet, testing becomes more difficult to interpret, can be inaccurate, and may require a gluten challenge that brings a return of unwanted symptoms.
The blood and endoscopic tests for celiac disease are detailed in chapter 17. These are the definitive tests to determine if someone is mounting an autoimmune reaction to gluten that is destroying the lining of their small intestine and interfering with digestion.
Get Basic Standard of Care Tests
If you have continuing GI symptoms, it is important to know if your gut/body is inflamed, if you are anemic, and to measure specific vitamins and minerals to assess for the presence and severity of malabsorption. These tests also help your doctor to determine what part(s) of the intestine are involved and the degree of damage.
Tests include:
• **Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein** —reveals the degree of inflammation in the body; they are not specific for any particular condition or organ.
• **Ferritin** —a parameter of iron stores, inflammation, or deficiency due to malabsorption or chronic blood loss. High values reflect excessive iron stores, as in hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder of excessive iron absorption that is associated with celiac disease.
• **Folic acid** —a parameter of disease of the upper small intestine, where it is absorbed. A deficiency or low levels are common in celiac disease and rare in Crohn's disease, which is predominantly in the ileum or lower small intestine.
• **B12** —a parameter of lower small intestinal disease or stomach issues such as bacterial overgrowth or chronic gastritis.
• **Vitamin D** —necessary for calcium absorption (in turn, necessary for bone formation and muscle contraction). Vitamin D is formed in the skin from sun exposure that can be impeded by sunblock and lack of outdoor activity. Dietary deficiency is also common.
• **Parathyroid hormone** —the parathyroid monitors and manages calcium metabolism. With calcium deficiency, the hormone increases to retain calcium and maintain blood levels to ensure cardiac, blood, and muscle function.
• **Stool testing** —important in GI issues to look for blood and, with diarrhea, to look for infections.
If there are neurological issues, vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 as well as copper levels should be measured. If there are skin rashes or taste issues, zinc should be measured.
Use Breath Tests to Further Narrow the Diagnosis
Breath tests are used to diagnose a number of conditions that produce GI symptoms, including fructose and lactose intolerance, bacterial overgrowth, and intestinal transit time. It is important to exclude these conditions in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and celiac disease with persistent symptoms.
The sugars and carbohydrates we eat are normally digested and absorbed in the small intestine. But when they are mal-absorbed, they get into the colon, where they are fermented by the bacteria that live there. The bacteria dine happily on them, producing gas, water, and the painful symptoms known to those suffering from IBS. This also produces the hydrogen and/or methane gas that are a normal by-product of carbohydrate digestion. These gases are absorbed into the bloodstream and eliminated through the lungs in the breath.
Patients drink different sugars (sucrose, glucose, lactulose, fructose), and their breath is measured every half hour with special analyzers in order to measure the "peaks" of hydrogen and to determine if and how rapidly you are absorbing or mal-absorbing sugars. If lactose and fructose are digested and absorbed in the small intestine, you normally will not produce excess hydrogen.
Therefore, an increase in hydrogen indicates specific intestinal problems. With rapid transit, hydrogen is produced soon after the sugar is ingested; with bacterial overgrowth, hydrogen levels peak twice—once when digested by bacteria not normally found in the small intestine and later by the bacteria in the colon.
Breath tests are a simple and safe method of measuring alterations in digestion that create symptoms, but they have limitations. Some people have colon bacteria that produce methane gas instead of hydrogen, while others produce both. Patterns of release vary from patient to patient—some people have slower but normal transit time. Other conditions may produce malabsorption of carbohydrates, such as pancreatic insufficiency and celiac disease.
Breath tests can be particularly helpful for people with IBS told to go on the FODMAP diet. They can help to eliminate specific problem carbohydrates prior to starting a very restrictive diet. If you can isolate the main carbohydrate problem you can eliminate many weeks of trial and error. The tests should be part of a gastroenterologist's armamentarium but are often not widely available or utilized.
Test for Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
My husband does not eat anything that is orange, green, or yellow—otherwise known as vegetables. He'll eat tomatoes because I told him they were fruit.
(TESS, 29)
Many people take vitamin and mineral supplements because they make them feel healthier. Others use them to supplement a restrictive diet. Several websites and TV personalities suggest easy ways to determine if you are deficient in specific vitamins. One "analysis" includes standing on your right foot for three seconds without losing your balance (to diagnose a B12 deficiency), or pressing your thumb into your breastbone to see if this causes discomfort (to diagnose a vitamin D deficiency). This "testing" ranges from useless to preposterous. It is more likely to uncover a balance disorder and/or leave a black-and-blue mark from pressing too hard.
If you feel that your diet does not contain sufficient amounts of everything your body needs, have your doctor run blood tests for essential vitamins and minerals.
While there are many people in the world suffering from malnutrition and serious vitamin deficiencies, they are rarely the people buying supplements in health food stores. People with malabsorption conditions—celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, protein allergies, intestinal damage, etc.—need to be monitored and, if necessary, supplemented, but a balanced diet of fresh ingredients is usually adequate to supply what the body requires.
For better or worse, our diets contain a surplus of fortified foods that usually make up for the nutrients removed during the processing that extends shelf life. An overuse of many vitamins can lead to toxicity, drug interactions, and other serious problems.
What Do Antibodies to Gluten Really Mean?
_When the right thing can only be measured poorly, it tends to cause the wrong thing to be measured well. And it is often much worse to have a good measurement of the wrong thing, especially when it is so often the case that the wrong thing will, in fact, be used as an indicator of [what is] right._
—JOHN TUKEY, PROMINENT STATISTICIAN
In the following chapters—notably those in Part V, which examine several psychiatric and neurological conditions—we refer to "antigliadin antibodies" that are found in the bloodstream of people with these disorders. While not part of current standard-of-care testing, they are the focus of many research studies on gut-brain interactions, and therefore a quick primer on immunoglobulins is in order.
What Do Antibodies Do?
Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins) are a critical component of the immune system. They can do many things:
• Recognize and bind to a target and inactivate or destroy it
• Attract other cells when they do bind
• Set in motion a number of immune functions
• Initiate a cascade of other chemicals
• Cross-link other molecules
Antibodies are designed to recognize and neutralize toxins in the body by inactivating bacteria and viral products. They may also inappropriately recognize and react with specific "self" proteins. So, developed by nature to fight infection, they then fight us. The by-product is autoimmunity.
Antibodies to gluten (antigliadin antibodies or AGA) are targeting gliadin, the protein portion of gluten. They are markers that indicate an abnormal immune system response to gluten in people with celiac disease but are not specific for the disease. They have, however, been seen in the blood of some patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and cerebral palsy. These are _not_ celiac antibodies, and the significance of this immune response has not yet been explained.
Immunoglobulin Primer
Antibodies/immunoglobulins (Ig) are classified by their specific features, structure, targets, and locations. Important to our discussion are:
**IgA** —antibodies that are found throughout the GI tract and other body surfaces that are exposed to the environment and foreign substances. They deal with surface and mucosal immunity and are seen in celiac disease.
**IgE** —antibodies that circulate in the bloodstream and trigger the immediate immune response in an allergic reaction. They are present in much smaller quantities than the other major classes. Allergies are IgE mediated: When IgE antibodies bind to pollen, venom, dander, or food antigens they cause the release of histamines that trigger symptoms such as swollen airways and other reactions found in food allergies.
**IgG** —the most common in the body, they fight bacterial and viral infections. They are the only antibodies that can cross the placenta. They are also seen in food sensitivities.
Both IgA and IgG antibodies recognize and react to gluten. IgG antigliadin antibodies are found in some people with autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, schizophrenia, and cerebral palsy. IgG antigliadin antibodies are also found in the bloodstream of healthy people.
If some patients with psychiatric and neurological conditions have antigliadin antibodies, they may be the best candidates to benefit from a gluten-free diet. However, we do not know if the antibodies develop due to an intestinal issue or are the result of the neuropsychiatric condition influencing intestinal function. Also, the gut-brain axis may be bidirectional.
The presence of antigliadin antibodies must be shown to have a direct effect on function to be considered significant. At this point, the direct effect on neural function of antigliadin antibodies is still being debated. If it is possible to eliminate these antibodies through a strict gluten-free diet, it may have important therapeutic implications, though this has not been demonstrated. It is still unclear if these antigliadin antibodies are cause, effect, or simply innocent bystanders.
"Nonsense on Stilts" Testing
Tennis superstar Novak Djokovic was supposedly diagnosed by a doctor who was a family friend by putting a slice of bread on his stomach and holding up his arm as the doctor pushed against it.* While Djokovic felt it was "madness," he noticed a difference in his ability to resist the pressure. This form of kinesiology is not reliable or accepted testing. As writer Alex Gazzola noted, "I cannot help but wonder how a top athlete can come to be convinced of this stuff. 'What matters is that you are open-minded' is Djokovic's take. Yes—but not so open-minded that your brains fall out." A gluten-free diet has apparently changed Djokovic's game and life, but his diagnostic journey is not a medical testing game changer.
Summary
Issues need to be isolated if they are to be properly diagnosed and a patient is to find treatment and relief. Because the gastrointestinal symptoms of different disorders mimic one another, it is intuitively easy to point a finger at the wrong food or event as a trigger. Diarrhea and pain can be caused by a bacterial infection, a virus, food poisoning, carbohydrate intolerance, lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or acute pancreatitis, as well as a long list of other multisystem disorders.
Test first, test right, and treat right.
PART II
What Is Going On in the Gut
(The Science Basics)
_Nature uses only the longest threads to weave her patterns, so that each small piece of her fabric reveals the organization of the entire tapestry._
—RICHARD FEYNMAN, PHYSICIST
There is a game called "telephone" in which one person starts a message that is whispered from one participant to another until the last person in the game announces the final message and the person who started the game states the original. Usually, the message announced by the final person is totally different and only bizarrely connected to the original. It is a game that shows how small misconceptions can make a huge difference, how errors accumulate.
What goes on in your gut is a bit like the game telephone. Foods, drugs, and supplements interact with many participants in the digestive process, and a crossed signal, misinterpreted message, or inflamed surface changes the effect of that food or drug into a cascade of unexpected problems for the body. The original intent is often lost in the translation.
The gut is a complex and intricate system composed of different organs, glands, enzymes, secretions, cells, and nerves as well as trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeast that compose the microbiome. It also has its very own "second brain." There are many places for communications to go awry when every element is getting and sending whispered messages.
The Normal Gut and Digestion
_The human body is a machine which winds its own springs._
—JULIEN OFFROY DE LA METTRIE, 18TH-CENTURY PHYSICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER
_I don't digest things with my mind._
—MARILYN MONROE
In many ways, the digestive system is an extension of the environment—a long tube, open at both ends, that is designed to supply the body with all the nutrients and fluids it needs to function. And everything we consume—food, liquids, drugs, supplements, Play-Doh—ultimately affects the entire body as it travels through the tract.
Digestion is an amazingly effective and efficient process. The concept is simple, the design and execution quite remarkable and, as scientists are discovering, intriguingly complex. There is a constant interaction of organs, muscles, nerves, hormones, enzymes, microbes, and blood vessels, every one doing tasks that monitor, regulate, and control the job of nourishing the body. As you will see, our gut goes well beyond simply processing the food we eat. It engages in a constant conversation with other parts of the body. And the volume is often deafening.
Problems in the digestive tract are one of the most common reasons people seek medical help—or self-medicate with restrictive diets, over-the-counter remedies, supplements, and/or pre- and probiotics. The list is long, and the discomfort and inconvenience of gastrointestinal distress a source of pain as well as embarrassment.
To understand what goes wrong, and the real basis of GI problems, it is important to understand first how digestion actually occurs. It is an essential foundation for comprehending how what we ingest affects both body and brain, and why going gluten-free or lactose-free or carbohydrate-free works for some and not for others. And why we were not meant to simply eliminate one category of nutrients without ample cause.
I spend a great deal of time on the toilet. In fact, I do some of my best work in the bathroom.
(ED, 44, CROHN'S DISEASE)
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Since nothing we eat can be used by the body in its ingested form, digestion is a combination of mechanical and chemical processes that tear food apart, grind it down, shake it vigorously, and create a soupy mix that is propelled through the entire length of the digestive tract (the gut), where it is ultimately absorbed and anything unusable is eliminated.
Food enters the mouth, where it is chewed into smaller pieces and enzymes begin digestion. It then travels through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (colon), and nondigestible products exit from the anus. Throughout the GI tract are organs and glands—salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder—that secrete the enzymes and fluids needed to break down and digest food.
Diagram 1
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
The digestive system is intimately joined to:
• the circulatory system, which supplies nutrients to the organs and other tissues throughout the body
• the enteric (intrinsic) and autonomic (automatic) nervous systems, which control enzyme release and contractions of the gut, and report back to the brain
• the muscles of the digestive system, which provide coordinated motility (movement) to help digest and move/squeeze food through the long tract
• the hormones that regulate movement as well as the secretions that stimulate and/or inhibit the activities of digestion
While there is enormous capacity and redundancy built into the digestive system, if one section malfunctions, it almost necessarily affects another, and there are numerous places for things to go wrong.
Digestion
Digestion is actually a three-part process:
1. **Digestion** —the breakdown of food products into smaller components that can be absorbed.
2. **Absorption** —the passage of food products that have been broken down into the intestinal wall.
3. **Transport** —the transfer of food from the intestinal wall to the rest of the body.
It consists of two basic activities:
• the **mechanical** chewing and mixing of food in the mouth and stomach and propulsion by the intestinal muscle, called _peristalsis._ This muscular component is a crucial aspect of digestion since contractions of the smooth muscle both propel and mix the chyme (the liquid product of the broken-down food) as it travels down the digestive tract. Without peristalsis, there would be no digestion. When we discuss a lack of motility in various GI conditions, it means that peristalsis is affected.
• the **chemical** breakdown of food by secretions and enzymes throughout the digestive tract. This starts with saliva in the mouth and is completed by microbes in the colon.
Digestion actually begins before the food even enters your mouth. When you see, think about, or smell food, the _vagus nerve_ transmits a chemical message from your brain to release saliva in the mouth, increase stomach movement, and release gastric acid in the stomach. You begin to salivate, and the stomach "rumbles" at the very anticipation of food.
_The Mouth_
Digestion starts in the mouth as chewing tears, grinds, and crushes the food into smaller pieces. Saliva is secreted by glands under and around the tongue to lubricate and start to dissolve the food. Saliva contains enzymes that begin the digestion of fats and carbohydrates and acts as a glue to hold the food together as it travels toward the stomach.
The nervous system lends a hand to this process by inhibiting as well as stimulating the release of saliva. This is why we often get a "dry mouth" when fearful, and salivate at the thought or smell of food when hungry.
We swallow the ball or _bolus_ of chewed food and saliva that is transported down our esophagus. While the skeletal muscles at work in the mouth and throat are voluntary—we consciously move our jaws and swallow—smooth muscles that function involuntarily then take over in the esophagus. This is where peristalsis begins and moves the food into the stomach, where the action really begins.
_The Stomach_
The stomach is a big muscular bag that holds the chewed food, mixes it with gastric juices, and starts many of the chemical processes of digestion. The muscle movements of the stomach act like a Cuisinart—chopping, blending, and mixing the ball of food into a soupy puree called _chyme._
The main chemical ingredient in the stomach is hydrochloric (gastric) acid, a highly corrosive substance that both breaks down the food and converts the stomach into a disinfecting tank, killing bacteria and toxins in the food we have eaten. Gastric acid is an essential line of defense in the body's monitoring of dangerous substances entering it from the outside. The stomach also releases _pepsin_ , an enzyme that digests protein.
The walls of the stomach are composed of several layers of tissue—a structure found throughout the rest of the GI tract—that contain numerous mucous glands able to secrete mucus into the tract to lubricate the lining and protect it from friction and the acid bath of the chyme. The breakdown of this mucus coating is one of the causes of ulcers.
The communication system in the stomach also sends hormonal messages to the other digestive organs that food has arrived. This stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices and bile from the liver that will further break down the chyme once it moves into the small intestine.
One-Way Street
Food is only meant to travel _down_ the GI tract—a street sign that is often ignored. The sphincters (ring-like muscles) connecting the esophagus to the stomach and the stomach to the small intestine are one-way valves. Occasionally, chyme refluxes or backs up into the esophageal area—a condition known as GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease. The corrosive effect of gastric acid is well known to people who experience its effect on their less-well-protected esophagus. (See chapter 8, "The Gut in Disease.")
When the chyme is sufficiently liquefied, muscle/peristaltic contractions gradually push it into the upper part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The stomach empties in a slow and controlled way so as not to overwhelm all the mechanisms of digestion in the small intestine. Everything is released according to particle size.
As the small intestine fills with chyme, it signals the stomach to decrease its activity and slow down the emptying process. This is one reason a large or fatty meal stays with you. It lingers in the stomach until the small intestine is ready to process it.
The arrival of chyme in the small intestine triggers the release of a cascade of secretions. The small intestine, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder all deliver digestive enzymes and fluids that break down the food into components small enough to be absorbed. Alkaline mucus with a high concentration of bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize the gastric acid in the chyme.
All of these actions are regulated by both the nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones and called into action only when needed by the digestive system.
Most of these activities occur without any conscious awareness or control. In this sense, it is truly a "second brain" in your gut.
_The Pancreas_
A carrot-shaped gland that has a dual function in digestion and metabolism, the pancreas is both an endocrine gland—producing insulin, which enables the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates—and an exocrine gland—producing enzymes such as trypsin, which breaks down proteins; _amylase_ , which breaks down starches; and _lipase_ , which breaks down fats. When the pancreas becomes inflamed or diseased (e.g., pancreatitis), these enzymes are not secreted, and as a result carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion is impaired.
_The Liver_
The liver is the energy-processing center of the body. It is the first stop for nutrients absorbed from the intestine. Its many functions include metabolizing, storing, and transporting nutrients to the body, producing chemicals necessary for digestion, and breaking down drugs and alcohol.
The liver stores glucose, iron, and vitamins A, B12, and D, sending out the nutrients and substances digested from the food to the cells of the body as they are needed. It also secretes bile, a fluid that increases the solubility of fats, enabling them to pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder until needed, and delivered to the small intestine when fatty foods arrive and stimulate its release through contraction of the gallbladder.
_The Small Intestine_
The small intestine, which is actually the longest part of the GI tract, is designed to complete digestion and much of the absorption of nutrients. It is approximately 22 feet long in adults and consists of three parts:
• the duodenum (the first segment)
• jejunum (the second segment)
• ileum (the third segment, or distal small intestine)
All three segments have similar anatomy, but each has a specialized job, digesting and absorbing specific nutrients.
Slow waves of peristalsis push chyme from the stomach through the duodenum toward the jejunum. It actually takes several hours for an entire meal to travel the entire length of the small intestine to enable absorption to occur through the lining or mucosal wall of the intestine.
This lining has a unique structure that possesses a much larger surface area than the midsection of the body in which it is contained. (See Diagram 2.) This lining, the _mucosa_ , consists of folds that increase its surface area. The folds are in turn covered with tiny fingerlike projections, or _villi_ , that contain the cells that absorb nutrients and again expand the surface area. (See Diagram 3.)
The surface of each villus has a "brush" border consisting of _microvilli_ or tiny hairs that increase the absorptive surface of the small intestine yet again. The brush border also secretes enzymes that are necessary for the digestion of specific food components.
If you were to flatten out the intestinal mucosa—all the villi, microvilli, and crypts that lie between the villi—the "small" intestine actually has a surface area about the size of a football field that is totally dedicated to absorbing food! This enormous capacity ensures that the intestine can sustain a fair amount of assault and/or damage and still feed the body.
Diagram 2
A CROSS SECTION OF THE INTESTINAL WALL
Diagram 3
Inflammatory cells normally inhabit the mucosa to protect the small intestine against toxins and bacteria. Since the food supply entering the GI tract is not sterile and may contain toxic substances, these white blood cells are another line of defense. This results in a state of constant, controlled inflammation in the mucosa.
_The Villi_
The villi are the workhorses of the intestine. They are the final intestinal link between your dinner plate and your bloodstream. This is where celiac disease does its primary damage and where other gluten and food-related disorders affect the body's ability to properly absorb nutrients.
The villi play a crucial role by:
• dramatically increasing the surface area of the small intestine to allow the absorption of food
• releasing enzymes that continue and complete the breakdown/digestion of food
• absorbing the products of digestion and transporting them into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body
• acting as a barrier that blocks bacteria, parasites, and toxins from entering the body
Each villus is an independent but intimately related part of the assembly line. It is important to understand that the final stages of digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients occurs _through—_ not between—these tiny, fingerlike projections. When there is inflammation, and a breakdown of the lining of the intestine, the bowel may become permeable, often termed "leaky."
There are _millions_ of microscopic villi in each section of the small intestine. Because of its enormous capacity to absorb, parts of it can be damaged with no obvious manifestations or symptoms. But when large sections of the lining are inflamed or destroyed, absorption, enzyme release, transport of nutrients to the body, and the defensive ability of the small intestine is compromised.
Absorption
Once the food components are sufficiently digested (broken down), they are absorbed by different parts of the small intestine.
This is why disease of or infection in one section of the small intestine is often revealed by the malabsorption of specific nutrients. Iron deficiency and metabolic bone disease (e.g., osteoporosis or osteopenia) occur when disease involves the _proximal intestine_ , the first two segments of the small intestine. Fat and sugars are absorbed throughout the intestine. Therefore, when one part is diseased, another can compensate and absorb these vital nutrients.
Unless there is a disease process at work, absorption works efficiently and steadily until every usable nutrient in the chyme is absorbed. Nutrients that the body does not need for energy and efficient cellular function are stored for later use—primarily as body fat.
Transport
Once the intestinal wall absorbs the fully digested food, it is transported into the bloodstream and made available to cells throughout the body. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are transported across the epithelial cell membranes by different mechanisms, with some foods requiring specialized chemical "porters" that literally bind to the components and carry them across the cells of the villi.
_Carbohydrates_
Carbohydrates supply the body with the fuel it requires for immediate and long-term muscle function and energy. Complex carbohydrates (starches) are usually broken into simple carbs (sugars) in the small intestine. The simple sugars are usually readily transported across the villi into the bloodstream. But some sugars such as lactose or fructose are not absorbed by some people and arrive in the large intestine (colon) mostly undigested. It is these carbohydrates that are thought to cause many of the symptoms of IBS, and their digestive results are often mistaken for gluten intolerance.
_Proteins_
Proteins are large and complex molecules that are an essential part of every cell, organ, and body system. They are made up of hundreds of amino acids bound together in chemical chains that must be broken down to be used by the body. This is done by enzymes secreted by the pancreas and from the _brush border_ (microvilli), which split these chains into smaller and smaller molecules and amino acids that can then be absorbed.
The Problem Protein
Protein is not just found in meat, fish, eggs, and cheese; it is an essential part of many foods. It is the protein portion of wheat—both the gluten and nongluten parts—that gives the small intestine of many people the most trouble. For those with celiac disease, the troublemaker is _gliadin_ , the protein portion of wheat and several other grains. It contains one fraction that is not readily digested. So despite all the grinding, churning, mixing, and battering of digestion, some proteins remain intact. Gluten is a major culprit in this scenario.
But scientists are learning that for those with IBS and other gluten sensitivities, it may be the _nongluten_ portion of wheat contributing to the problem. (See chapter 11, "Gluten and Nongluten Grains.")
_Fat_
Fat is one of the major building blocks of the body. It provides long-term energy stores and needed cholesterol. While many people take statins to lower their cholesterol, it is the main component of cell membranes and is needed to maintain the integrity of every cell in the body and to make many hormones.
_Mineral and Vitamin Digestion_
Specific minerals and vitamins are crucial to body growth, function, and metabolism. Even minor deficiencies disrupt body chemistry.
Vitamins are either water or fat _soluble_. Water-soluble vitamins, the B family and C, move across the watery chyme quite easily either on their own or assisted by special carriers. Fat-soluble vitamins must be _emulsified_ to make the trip. Sodium (salt), calcium, iron, water, potassium, and other trace minerals are readily absorbed in different parts of the small intestine, but if the villi are damaged, minerals and vitamins cannot be absorbed.
_The Colon (Large Intestine)_
Whatever is left of the chyme in the small intestine is then pushed by peristalsis into the colon or large intestine. For many people, this is the part of the digestive tract where painful problems occur.
The digestive process that starts in the mouth culminates in the colon, which is about 6 feet long, shorter than the "small" intestine.
The colon is home to a huge population of bacteria (the microbiota) that have colonized your intestine throughout your lifetime. They feast on everything the small intestine has discarded and digest much of the unused fiber in our diet through fermentation—the bacterial version of chemical conversion. This reduces the chyme into feces and releases folic acid and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, and K (the clotting vitamin).
In fact, while the main function of the colon is the absorption of water, approximately 98 percent of the fluids entering from the small intestine—as well as a small but significant percentage of our calories—is actually absorbed in the large intestine. It is the fermentation process that produces carbon dioxide and methane gas, which often translates into flatulence (gas).
As the food is pushed through the colon, the fecal matter becomes more and more concentrated and then stored until it is eliminated through the rectum. The longer it takes to expel feces, the more water is absorbed, making the stool harder and, in turn, more difficult to expel. Diets high in fiber (raw fruits and vegetables, high-fiber cereals) or supplemented with drugstore fiber (e.g., Metamucil or FiberCon) create more fecal bulk that goes largely unabsorbed and creates larger stools.
One of the amazing abilities of the digestive system is its ability to function silently and independently of our brain. We do not need to think about how our food will be digested. The small intestine and much of the colon is controlled by involuntary muscles that work automatically. It is only when things go wrong that we become aware of digestion.
But our brains and extrinsic nerves (facilitated by stress, prunes, and opportunity) play a role in affecting gut muscles. When fecal residue reaches the rectum, we get a signal: We know when there is gas and when there is stool there that needs to be eliminated.
Summary
The digestive system is a wonderfully meshed machine that turns the food we eat into nutrients that support the functions and systems of the body. When all of the interconnected enzymes and secretions, glands and organs, nerve fibers and hormones, muscles and microbes enter and exit as scripted, the play runs smoothly. When any one of these actors is delayed, missing, or becomes overly temperamental, the entire production falters, and sometimes the show cannot go on.
The Gut in Disease
When she was good,
She was very good indeed,
But when she was bad she was horrid.
—HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW,
"THERE WAS A LITTLE GIRL"
Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons people see a doctor and one of the most difficult symptoms to diagnose. With several notable exceptions (such as a heart attack), most of the pain is caused by problems in the digestive tract. Yet the stages of digestion are so intricately interrelated that disturbances in any one of them—muscles or nerve impulses not working or overworking, enzyme deficiencies, swallowing disorders, infections, reactions to foods or drugs—can result in symptoms and syndromes.
Your digestive system may be falling through the bathroom floor for a number of reasons, but most of the disruptions are not caused by gluten or specific foods. Although randomly eliminating certain foods or drugs may alleviate some symptoms, it is important to _isolate the problem_ before you can treat or cure it.
In fact, the underlying conditions that create many of the symptoms attributed to gluten are often diagnosable and treatable without restricting any particular food(s), including gluten. And due to the serious nature of some conditions, it is not just unwise but actually dangerous to ignore them or treat them with diet alone.
Symptoms of GI Disease and Distress
The GI tract is expert in ridding itself of unwanted food and toxins and in letting its "host" know when it is in trouble or simply unhappy. At this point the normally silent workings of digestion raise the volume.
Pain
_The truth is rarely pure and never simple._
—OSCAR WILDE
Pain is what drives most people to both the emergency room and the doctor. It is a clear signal of distress, but it is also a complex phenomenon that must be assessed in terms of its location, severity, and duration. Pain is physical—nerves and muscles being pressured, stretched, overstimulated. It is emotional—perceived differently from one individual to another and affected by ongoing or past pain. It is sociocultural—some people are taught to "bear up," and others receive sympathy through expression. Therefore both the triggers of pain and its perception are stimulated and inhibited by many interacting factors that differ from time to time. Some people have bloating and gas pain that they find "like a claw," while others are hardly bothered by it.
The perception of pain in the gut requires perception in the brain.
Nausea and Vomiting
Vomiting is one of the most useful defense mechanisms within the gut. It helps to expel undesirable food from the stomach, including poisons and microbial toxins. It can be triggered by overeating, a reaction to medication, infection, smells or sights, a brain injury, a heart attack, migraines, motion sickness, pregnancy, and other conditions. It is often experienced as a prelude to taking SATs, going onstage in your first major starring role, or meeting your future in-laws.
Vomiting is also a common symptom of gluten ingestion in a usually well-controlled celiac patient.
Diarrhea and Constipation
Most of my meals are very short-term rentals.
(BOB, 49)
I go about once, maybe twice a week. I get my money's worth at a restaurant—the memory and the food linger on.
(SYD, 61)
The word _diarrhea_ comes from the ancient Greek meaning "flow through," which characterizes the excessive, frequent, mostly liquid bowel movements of this condition. It can be caused by infections, food poisoning, parasites, medications, lactose intolerance, nerves, fructose, artificial sweeteners, surgery, and a number of digestive disorders. It can be caused by celiac disease and eliminated by a gluten-free diet. Other causes require different treatments.
Patients usually associate diarrhea with large quantities of watery stool. However, physicians define the term as more frequent and/or looser stools. When we ask "Do you have diarrhea?" and the answer is "No, just multiple softer stools," we will write in the chart: "Patient has diarrhea."
Constipation, another common digestive disorder, occurs when bowel movements are less frequent and usually hard. While it is difficult to categorize "normal" for this otherwise normal function, some people go two to three times a day, others that many times a week or month. As explained in the previous chapter, the role of the colon is to absorb water from the stools to keep the body from becoming dehydrated and depleted of necessary minerals. But when feces remain in the large intestine, the water is absorbed out of it, sometimes making it hard and difficult to pass.
Constipation can be caused by reduced intestinal motility (movement) that creates increased storage time, a lack of fiber in the diet, disrupted diet schedules, stress, "holding it in," medications (especially narcotics with codeine), irritable bowel syndrome, and other medical conditions.
People on a strict gluten-free diet often eliminate a fair amount of fiber from their diet in the process and need to replace it to avoid becoming constipated.
Putting Order in the Disorders
The following is a brief description of medically treatable intestinal disorders that all produce symptoms when they attack the 30-foot-long gastrointestinal tract. These can range from cramping and distention to gas, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, fever, headache, fatigue, and malabsorption (leading to vitamin/mineral deficiencies and neuropathies). These illnesses create similar symptoms, but the diagnoses are as numerous as the tract is long.
Inflammatory Conditions
Inflammation can cause symptoms and signs that are the end product of many different conditions. (See also chapter 15, "Inflammation.")
_Inflammatory Bowel Disease_
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the main inflammatory disease of the GI tract. It is a classification that includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, collagenous colitis, and lymphocytic colitis. It is diagnosable by radiological imaging and biopsy of the small intestine or colon, and treatable mainly with drugs.
IBD is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. (For more and evolving information on diet in IBD, see chapter 20.)
_Drug-Induced Inflammation_
Drugs are an increasingly recognized cause of GI inflammation and distress. Prescribed to treat one condition, they may create another in the process. It is not uncommon for a label to instruct you to "take with food" to prevent stomach upset.
My doctor prescribed four Advil three times a day for my shoulder pain. Two weeks later I had stomach pain and an ulcer. I should have known better.
(DICK, 70)
A striking example of drug-induced inflammation is familiar to many taking NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) or aspirin for arthritis and/or joint pain. Repeated use can inflame the GI tract. Benicar (olmesartan), a drug used to control blood pressure, can cause celiac-like villous atrophy and severe inflammation with associated symptoms, stomach pain, and diarrhea. (See chapter 13, "Drugs.")
We are taking an increasing number of pills to treat everything from pain to fatigue, itching to constipation, weight loss to hair growth. The list of pharmaceuticals used to treat disease today fills 3,250 pages of the _Physicians' Desk Reference_. Each drug has paragraphs of side effects, many of them GI related. The 1,100-page _Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs_ published by the American Pharmacists Association is recommended as an "interactive approach to self-care." Again, the number of GI side effects is extensive.
All of these drugs must be absorbed by the GI tract, where they regularly cause significant side effects in the form of inflammation. **Beware of the long-term consequences with any "quick fix."**
(For more, see "Antibiotics" in chapter 9, "The Microbiome," and chapter 13, "Drugs.")
Autoimmune Conditions
There are a number of autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation and disrupt the intestinal tract.
_Celiac Disease_
Celiac disease is a multisystem disorder where the main target of injury is the small intestine. It inflames and destroys the villi of the small intestine, causing symptoms that are seen throughout the body. (See chapter 17.)
_Diabetes_
Diabetes attacks the islet cells of the pancreas, creating a lack or deficiency of the hormone insulin that is needed to metabolize glucose, a critical fuel for body function. Type 1, _insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus_ (IDDM), destroys the pancreatic islets, requiring permanent insulin injections or an insulin pump. Type 2, _non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus_ (NIDDM), is not an autoimmune condition, and insulin production is unstable, not absent. (See chapter 23.)
_Scleroderma_
The word _scleroderma_ comes from the Greek _sclero,_ meaning "hard," and _derma,_ meaning "skin." While hardening and tightening of the skin is one of the most visible manifestations of the disease, the symptoms vary greatly, as do the parts of the body affected. The severity of scleroderma depends on the target as well as the extent of the hardening and tightening.
In people with systemic scleroderma, tissue in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (stomach and bowels) can become hard and fibrous, causing them to function less efficiently and affecting digestion. In addition to acid reflux and difficulty swallowing, resulting from damage to the esophagus, some people with scleroderma may also have problems absorbing nutrients if their intestinal muscles lose motility and food is not moving efficiently through the intestines. They can also suffer from diarrhea alternating with constipation. Lack of motility may also contribute to _small intestine bacterial overgrowth_ (SIBO).
Since the symptoms of scleroderma are very similar to other autoimmune and GI disorders, it can be mistaken for another condition (GERD or IBS), misdiagnosed, or missed.
Infective Conditions
Infections of the gut ( _gastroenteritis_ ) cause inflammation that disrupts function. Infection is the direct invasion, and inflammation is the reaction. The most common causes of gastroenteritis are:
• Viral infections: rotavirus, Norwalk agent.
• Bacterial infections. These include salmonella, E. coli, yersinia, and shigella. Most of these bacteria are found in food and contaminated water.
• Parasites. These include giardia and cryptosporidia (microscopic parasites found in contaminated water and via human transmission through food and contact) and helminths (flatworms, ringworms, and roundworms that contaminate food, water, and feces).
While most cases of gastroenteritis recover spontaneously or require treatment with antibiotics, antimicrobials, and antiparasitics, many people continue to have intestinal inflammation and symptoms long after the "bugs" are gone. **And the infection can trigger another GI disease.** There are many people who develop symptoms of celiac disease, IBS, and IBD after bouts of traveler's dysentery, parasites, or another bacterial infection. (See Chapters 17 and for discussions of post-infective celiac disease and IBS.)
Malignant Conditions
GI cancers can occur anywhere in the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, as well as the GI organs (gallbladder, pancreas, liver), and symptoms relate to the location of the malignancy. Colon cancer, the most common GI cancer, is silent until it obstructs or bleeds. Stomach and pancreatic cancer are also silent until they progress to a stage where they impair function, causing symptoms.
At this point, there are links between conditions such as celiac disease, as well as IBD, to an increased incidence of some intestinal cancers and lymphoma. In the absence of celiac disease, no direct link has been made between gluten and malignancy.
Functional Conditions
[IBS] interferes with your life. What is so upsetting is that it is hard to control. I try to eat very plain food in a restaurant. Occasionally you feel great and think: _When is the shoe going to drop?_
(LAURA, 73)
A diseased gut can look normal but not function properly. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including IBS, are among the most common chronic diseases seen in the general public and affect from 20 to 30 percent of the population at any given time.
They include IBS, gastroparesis, SIBO, GERD, swallowing disorders, and muscle or nervous system problems causing lack of motility or altered function.
_Irritable Bowel Syndrome_
IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion when symptoms cannot be explained through blood and biopsy/pathology tests or damage to the anatomy of the gut. It is diagnosed by strict criteria. (See chapter 19.)
_Gastroparesis_
Gastroparesis is a condition where the stomach muscles are not working properly, affecting its ability to empty so that food literally sits there. The backup of food not being propelled down the GI tract into the small intestine can lead to the characteristic feeling of fullness before finishing a meal, occasional overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, the hardening of undigested food in the stomach (which can obstruct its passage into the small intestine), and blood sugar fluctuations. Gastroparesis may contribute to or aggravate GERD, especially at night.
The causes of gastroparesis are not fully known, but uncontrolled diabetes, damage to the nerves in the stomach or even the vagus nerve (which regulates chemical levels in the digestive system that signal the stomach to empty), scleroderma, and certain drugs such as opiates may cause or contribute to the condition. It has also been proposed that damage to the nerves controlling involuntary functions—such as stomach emptying—occurs.
The management of gastroparesis is primarily dietary, with medications prescribed when necessary. Patients are directed to avoid foods that delay gastric emptying, such as fatty foods, red meat, and high-fiber foods. Small, more frequent meals and soft and/or liquid foods also improve emptying.
Gastroparesis is common in celiac disease and may improve with a gluten-free diet.
_Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth_
The entire GI tract is lined with bacteria. (See chapter 9, "The Microbiome.") The number as well as the composition of these bacteria differs from the small intestine to the colon, with the majority of our microbiota in the large intestine. SIBO occurs when bacteria that are normally found in the colon flourish in the small intestine.
It can occur when gut motility (movement) is impaired and bacteria linger in the small intestine and multiply, or when the small intestine is obstructed and food cannot move along. Diverticula (small sacs protruding from the intestinal wall) can also allow bacteria to accumulate and multiply within them.
Like many of the functional conditions of the GI tract, SIBO can cause flatulence, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and pain. When SIBO is severe or goes undiagnosed, bacteria can interfere with digestion and cause vitamin and mineral deficiencies and weight loss. The resulting inflammation can also produce fatigue. **SIBO is a condition that is often mistaken for gluten sensitivity or intolerance.**
It can be diagnosed with a hydrogen breath test (see chapter 6, "Testing") or sampling of intestinal fluid.
SIBO is treated with antibiotics and probiotics or a combination of both. While most doctors will not keep patients on repeated courses of antibiotics due to long-term side effects, many do not have the same reluctance to recommend prolonged probiotic use. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.") Long-term studies comparing antibiotics, probiotics, and combinations of antibiotics and probiotics are needed.
_Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease_
I always had this very dramatic cough. In the winter I would get these scary coughs that were so deep, that wouldn't stop and wouldn't go away. About eight years ago, we were on vacation, and I went to a doctor and they put me on antibiotics, but the cough wouldn't go away. When I came back I went to a pulmonologist. He started doing breathing tests on me and then said I had asthma. So he put me on all types of asthma meds. It didn't really do very much, and I just didn't question it. I'm one who doesn't like to question authority.
Fortunately, I had a doctor friend who said, "I really wish you'd see someone else, because I think it has something to do with your esophagus, your vocal cords." I finally got to a doctor who deals with the nose down to the stomach, very unusual. She gave me all kinds of tests and diagnosed me as having silent reflux. I don't feel it. When I had reflux I coughed. Coughing was the only symptom. No sore throat.
She put me on a very, very restrictive food program for six months, and when it didn't help, she recommended a fundoplication [surgery that strengthens the valve between the stomach and the esophagus so acid does not back up]. So that was really amazingly helpful.
After a couple of years I started coughing again. So, I went on medication and on a very low pH diet again. I was on the diet more than a year, and it helped solve the issue.
I call it the "elevator syndrome." Someone says, "You should see someone for your chest," and you get on the elevator and you get off on the floor with all the chest doctors and they diagnose you with a chest issue. But if you'd gotten off two floors down and happen to go to a gastroenterologist, they might give you a diagnosis based on a stomach or gut issue. It all depends on the floor you get off on.
(LYNDSEY, 61)
GERD occurs when stomach acid or the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus. The reflux (meaning to return or flow back) irritates the lining of the esophagus, causing burning, chest pain, cough, hoarseness, a sore throat, or _globus_ (the sensation of a lump in the throat). Anyone who has ever suffered from GERD will tell you that the sour liquid filled with stomach acid seriously irritates the unprotected lining of the throat.
GERD can be caused by a number of physical, dietary, and lifestyle issues. They include a weakness in the sphincter that closes the esophageal opening (food is only supposed to go down the GI tract, not back up), a _hiatal hernia,_ and certain foods. Pregnancy and obesity may also contribute to the problem.
GERD is treated with changes to diet, eating times (eating right before lying down to sleep can make the transit of food downward from the stomach more difficult), weight loss, and other lifestyle changes. Various over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs are also recommended for some patients. The amount of shelf space devoted to OTC remedies for reflux testifies to the prevalence of the condition.
The GERD diet does not usually restrict gluten, but patients with celiac disease can also suffer from the condition. Of those people who are tested for GERD we have found about 10 percent are diagnosed with celiac disease. For these patients, the gluten-free diet relieves the symptoms, and they are able to stop taking prescribed medications. Reflux can therefore be a manifestation of celiac disease.
_Pregnancy Disruptions_
_I think I burped my baby out_.
(RIANNE, 35)
Many women have jokingly referred to pregnancy as a nine-month series of GI disruptions. In fact, much of the GI tract and its related organs are rearranged and compressed as the fetus grows. This can alter bowel, digestive, and urinary function, causing reflux, gastroparesis, nausea, gas, and bloating. Most of these are triggered by hormonal changes, but some may be a function of the increased pressure on the GI tract. Problems are compounded because women cannot take the usual medications to treat these conditions.
Pregnancy can also make a pre-existing GI condition worse—studies have documented an increased flare-up of IBD in the first trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. (For more, see chapter 9, "The Microbiome.")
Infiltrative Conditions
Diseases such as ulcers and _collagenous sprue_ cause lesions or scars that penetrate the mucosal lining of the GI tract. While ulcers are neither caused by gluten ingestion nor cured by its removal from the diet, collagenous sprue does have an interesting relation to gluten.
_Ulcers_
Peptic ulcers are defects in the surface layer or mucous lining of the GI tract. They occur mainly in the stomach and the duodenum but can appear anywhere. Occasionally they may be deep and extend through the entire bowel wall, perforating the bowel.
The stomach and duodenum come into constant contact with gastric acid and enzymes, yet are not usually damaged by acid resulting in ulcers. It used to be believed that ulcers were a result of stress or acid and exacerbated by certain foods (e.g., alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, excess roughage, rich and fatty foods). However, Drs. Barry Marshall and J. Robin Warren won the Nobel Prize for their "remarkable and unexpected discovery" that ulceration of the stomach or duodenum—peptic ulcer disease—is the result of an infection of the stomach caused by _Helicobacter pylori_. Smoking and the overuse of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, Aleve) and aspirin are the only other known causes of peptic ulcers. Ulcers lower in the GI tract are not acid or _H. pylori_ related.
Interestingly, some studies show that older adults are more likely to develop ulcers, and this may in fact be a result of their increased use of aspirin and NSAIDs to control arthritis pain.
Fortunately, peptic ulcers are relatively easy to treat with antibiotics and other drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors, which reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach. Because of the danger of bleeding and the resulting anemia and/or stomach cancer, ulcers should be diagnosed and monitored by your doctor.
_Collagenous Sprue_
Collagenous sprue is a lesion within the small intestine that occurs in those with villous atrophy. It is so named because of a band of collagen (scar tissue) that forms right under the epithelial cells lining the intestine. Its symptoms mimic many other GI diseases, and it is typically associated with severe malabsorption and diarrhea. It can be caused by any kind of sprue—tropical, celiac, or drug-induced.
Celiac disease that does not normalize on a gluten-free diet is often called "refractory sprue" (type 1 and type 2) and can develop into collagenous sprue. This is treated with a combination of a gluten-free diet, steroids, or other immunosuppressants.
Miscellaneous Disorders of the Normal Gut
_Lactose Intolerance_
Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the enzyme ( _lactase_ ) that digests lactose, the sugar found in milk and milk products. There are two types of lactose intolerance—primary, which is genetic, and secondary, which is caused by the destruction of the microvilli of the small intestine that produce lactase (see chapter 7, "The Normal Gut and Digestion"). Secondary lactose intolerance occurs in celiac disease and many other conditions when inflammation "sears" and destroys the microvilli. It usually resolves when the underlying condition is treated and cured.
When undigested lactose arrives in the colon and is fermented by the bacteria—which thrive on this sugar—it then causes the bloating, gas, and diarrhea common to sufferers of lactose intolerance.
Genetic lactose intolerance is treated by the avoidance of milk products and the use of lactase supplements when ice cream and pizza beckon. Secondary lactose intolerance is treated by the resolution of the underlying condition causing the villous atrophy.
Summary
• A diseased gut sends signals in the form of symptoms, and interpreting them can be confusing. Symptoms are complex, and the same symptoms can underlie different problems with different treatments.
• Symptoms can evolve. Bacterial and parasitic infections in the GI tract can trigger other conditions. This is often the reason that symptoms do not resolve but progress into another problem.
• GI problems fall into four basic categories. They can be caused by inflammatory conditions, malignancies, functional, and/or infiltrative issues. Putting yourself on a gluten-free diet will not necessarily resolve the underlying problem and may delay a proper diagnosis and cure.
• Do not give in to the temptation to self-diagnose and blame the food you eat for GI symptoms.
• It is critical to isolate, test, and then treat.
The Microbiome
_Exploring the unknown requires tolerating uncertainty._
—BRIAN GREENE, THEORETICAL PHYSICIST
_If you don't like bacteria, you're on the wrong planet. This is the planet of the bacteria._
—CRAIG VENTER, BIOTECHNOLOGIST, BIOCHEMIST, AND GENETICIST
The human body is home to trillions of tiny organisms that vastly outnumber the cells in the body and affect our overall health. In fact, there are approximately 10 trillion cells in the human body and 100 trillion living microorganisms. These are the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeast that compose the microbiota.* They line all the surfaces of the body and live in the GI tract from mouth to anus as well as the skin, nose, teeth, and ears, and the male and female sexual organs.
The human body is their home, and they have evolved distinct "personalities" amenable to their particular living arrangements. There is even seasonal variability in our skin microbiota. But it is in the gut that most of them exist and flourish. Some thrive in the acidity of the stomach, others in the dark and wet large intestine. Microbiota are integral to the digestive process and the constant internal dialogue between the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. They play a crucial role in human development and health, and are routinely affected by everything we put in our mouths.
They are a fulcrum of metabolism, releasing nutrients from foods that would be otherwise indigestible, and making B vitamins and vitamin K. They create a constant state of inflammation and immune regulation so that we do not identify all proteins as foreign and can also tolerate food products. In fact, the microbiome trains our immune system very early in life. They are part of the "tasting" system that samples foreign proteins and pathogens entering the gut, determining if they are safe or harmful, and then instructing the immune system.
These various organisms are often referred to as commensal bacteria, which derives from the Latin _com_ (in association) and _mensal_ (at the table or meal). We quite literally "eat at the same table" with our microbiotic family since the food we eat is their main source of energy. And everything we ingest plays a role in dictating which will thrive and which will perish.
Researchers now know that the relationship we have with our microbiome can best be described as one of _amphibiosis_ —as Martin Blaser, M.D., explains in his book _Missing Microbes_*—it is symbiotic (mutually dependent) or parasitic depending on context. Our microbiome works with and against us at any given time—and often simultaneously.
Everyone's microbiome is his or her own personal jar of multicolored jelly beans that gets shaken and rearranged, eaten, and replaced regularly. There are shifts in both the diversity and the pattern of each individual's bacterial makeup over time as well as within different cultures around the world.
Disruption in the microbiome is known as _dysbiosis_ ( _dys_ —abnormal, impaired; _biosis_ —mode of life), an imbalance in the microbiota, and this has different effects on the body and our health. There is the possibility that the manipulation of the microbiome may be a link between risk factors and development of many disorders ranging from diabetes to obesity. Intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with celiac disease, but whether the alterations in the microbiome are cause or consequence of the disease is unknown.
It is also possible that a specific genetic makeup may influence the composition of the first gut colonizers and could contribute to determining your risk for certain diseases. This is being studied in a number of neurological conditions and mood disorders as well as the gut.
Diet can also alter the composition of your flora and fauna. People on a vegan or vegetarian or very restricted diet can change the composition of their fecal microbiota. Yet there is no scientific proof as to the effect of this alteration and whether the microbiota returns to their "normal" once the diet changes. The diet can affect the composition, but not permanently. (Unless it is your permanent diet.)
We are currently studying the effects of a gluten-free diet on both celiac and gluten-sensitive volunteers to determine if it can change their microbiome.
The hot topic for scientists today is what this all means—the creation, growth, composition, mechanisms, and roles of the microbiome. Currently, almost any disease process that is looked at may be associated with alterations in the microbiome, and we may be applying "treatments" where they are unnecessary and/or harmful. There are many unanswered questions surrounding the rush to manipulate the microbiome with probiotics and a daily infusion of yogurt.
Where Does the Microbiome Come From?
_You can choose your friends, but not your relatives._
—ANONYMOUS
Our microbiota come to us both vertically and horizontally—that is, from our genes and constantly from our environment. We initially acquire our microbiome from our mother, but every child is also a product of the parental genes.
Bacteria line the birth canal and are introduced into the baby during childbirth. Exposure continues through suckling, licking, touching, and kissing the baby. Long before blenders, Beech-Nut, and Gerber, parents used to chew baby's food, and even now, mothers often use their saliva to wipe a smear of dirt from a child's mouth or face. The antibodies that are transferred from mother to child across the placenta and through breast-feeding are protective against infections and possibly dietary antigens. Everyone and everything a baby touches or consumes also feeds its microbiome. By the age of 3, the child's microbiome resembles that of an adult and stabilizes.
The adult microbiome continues to incorporate this horizontal and vertical input that changes as we age through the drugs we take; the food, vitamins, and supplements we ingest; the people we kiss and touch; the places we travel to; and the diseases we acquire. This ever-evolving, dynamic, and complex ecosystem differs not only from individual to individual but in the same person over time. Microbiota also differ from country to country depending on what you eat and where you live, and differ when you are sick.
More important, our microbiome has its own genetic component that is 100 times more complex than the human genome.
The 21st-Century Microbiome
The contemporary Western world has evolved—now we are all washing our hands, giving birth to babies in hospitals and not on the kitchen table, sterilizing baby bottles and nipples, and maintaining a level of cleanliness not seen either in our earlier human history or even in other parts of the world. And it is becoming clear that this emphasis on cleanliness has repercussions. (See chapter 3, "The Hygiene Hypothesis.") We are also taking various antibiotics—"drugs that kill bugs"—that change the composition of our microbiome.
While there is no one "healthy" microbiome, there is little doubt that 21st-century life has—and is—altering our intestinal ecosystem with ramifications for our health. When the microbiome is disrupted it upsets the entire body—slowly or rapidly depending on the degree of dysbiosis. While the active microorganisms within us may offer new keys to GI health and repair, we first must try to ascertain what comes first—the disease or the dysbiosis. That is, do changes in the microbiome initiate a disease, or are they a result of it? Quite possibly, they coexist in an elaborate dance where genes, germs, and environment take turns leading.
Why Is It Important?
_If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?_
—ALBERT EINSTEIN
Since the microbiome is extremely diverse, even in healthy people, and most diseases have various subtypes and manifestations, it is very difficult to pinpoint a direct cause-and-effect relation between the microbiome and specific diseases. This complex and unpredictable system thrives because of its ability to respond so rapidly to change. We must attempt to decode the dialogue between the microbiome and the immune system of the body before we can understand its messages.
The following are a number of factors that scientists have isolated as affecting the microbiome. Keep in mind that the consequences of these changes are unclear.
Pregnancy and the Microbiome
While some bacteria may enter the child via the placenta in utero, the bulk of the newborn's microbiome is colonized during birth when the microbes in the mother's vagina populate the child's body. Thus, there is a biological cost to an elective Caesarean section (as opposed to an emergency C-section when the child has already descended into the birth canal) for the newborn. As Martin Blaser, M.D., notes in _Missing Microbes,_ the "founding populations of microbes found on C-section infants are not those selected by hundreds of thousands of years of human evolution or even longer." He asks, "What if those first microbial residents provide signals that critically interact with cells in the rapidly developing baby's body?" Studies have shown a connection between C-section babies, obesity, and celiac disease, as well as other disorders. Yet other studies have questioned the link.
There are interesting links between the colonization of the infant microbiome and various diseases and disorders, but the effect of genetics and infant environment leave much unanswered. We often hear remarks like "stomach issues run in our family." Certain diseases—e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease—have a genetic basis but also environmental triggers. This raises the intriguing issue of whether the mother's dysbiosis is passed genetically, acquired later or during pregnancy, and what effect, if any, it has on the newborn.
The jury is still out on this.
Antibiotics and the Microbiome
If we have coevolved with our microbiome, what happens when we take multiple courses of antibiotics that kill bacteria—both good and bad, either permanently or only at times—rearranging our intestinal flora or impacting our immune systems? Does that impact give certain conditions a chance to flourish or occur?
The average child in the U.S. has taken between three and four courses of antibiotics before his/her third birthday, when a child's microbiome is still plastic. In 2013, a nationwide study showed that half of all children in many Western countries receive antibiotics at least once a year. Allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and autism diagnoses have mushroomed in the past decade. Some scientists believe antibiotics may be responsible for the rise in these and other conditions because of their effect on the microbiome and the resonating effect this has on the immune system.
Antibiotics also have a direct effect on the gut that can be easily demonstrated. Bacteria in the colon make vitamin K, which helps to clot our blood and stop excessive bleeding (see chapter 7, "Digestion"). But if you are taking antibiotics that kill the bacteria making vitamin K and you are also taking a blood thinner, such as Coumadin, you can get massively high levels of anticoagulation. This can be a huge problem.
Most of the many species of microorganisms in the digestive tract are helpful under normal circumstances. But when something upsets the balance of these organisms, an otherwise harmless bacteria can grow out of control and create huge problems. An example of this is a bacterium called _Clostridium difficile,_ or _C. diff_. When illness and/or different drugs wipe out competing bacteria, this usually benign organism overgrows the compromised intestine, releases toxins that attack the lining of the intestines, and causes severe colitis and diarrhea and occasionally death.
The disturbance of normal healthy bacteria by antibiotics, acid suppression and age may provide _C. difficile_ an opportunity to overrun the intestinal microbiome. It is carried in feces and acquired from contaminated surfaces including hands and equipment. In a healthy person's gut, it is contained by other thriving bacteria. Outbreaks therefore are often found in settings with compromised patients, such as hospitals and nursing homes. (See "Bugs as Drugs" later in this chapter and in chapter 30.)
It is clear that a disturbed microbiome reduces the body's ability to respond to and tolerate the many things we ingest.
Microbiome and Food Allergies
There has been a large rise in childhood food allergies over the past decades. Research from animal studies indicates that a microbiome diminished and/or changed by antibiotics may be a factor in this increase in allergic and immune responses.
In a recent study, mice given antibiotics early in life were far more susceptible to peanut sensitization, a model of human peanut allergy. When the mice were fed a solution containing _Clostridia,_ a common gut bacterium, the sensitization disappeared. When given _Bacteroides,_ another kind of common and healthy bacteria, the same effect was not found. The researchers determined that _Clostridia_ helped to "maintain the integrity of the [intestinal] barrier," which kept peanut proteins that can cause allergic reactions out of the bloodstream. While these researchers have concluded that it may be possible to manipulate the microbiota as allergy therapy, all of this needs testing in humans.
This and other research "opens up new territory," Blaser says. It "extends the frontier of how the microbiome is involved" in immune responses and the roles played by specific bacteria.
Research studies suggest that factors that alter the microbiome increase the risk of developing celiac disease. Most of the risk factors for celiac disease—elective Caesarean, gastrointestinal infections, antibiotic or proton pump inhibitor use—could also be interpreted as modulators of the microbiome. Some studies show that children with a genetic risk for celiac disease have different microbiota compared to other children.
Obesity and the Microbiome
There are several "nonintuitive" disruptions to the microbiome that are attracting scientific interest, such as obesity theories. Researchers have found more diversity in the microbiome of leaner people. This has raised the question of whether antibiotics contribute to the development of obesity, since they kill bacteria. Several hypotheses are suggesting manipulating the microbiome to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
There are a number of mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria may promote obesity. Some studies demonstrate that certain bacteria improve the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine—possibly promoting weight gain.
Other studies point a finger at the ability of microbes to increase inflammation. Since intestinal inflammation has been seen as a condition preceding obesity and metabolic disease, and this can be altered by dietary changes of the gut microbiota, it is possible that dietary intervention can be designed to combat these disorders.
Finally, the levels of certain families of bacteria differ in obese and lean people, which lends support to the theory of a microbial link in obesity. But it is still unknown whether people are genetically prone to lower levels of specific classes of bacteria, making them prone to obesity.
In mouse studies, microbiota from obese patients transferred obesity to the mice, leading to the assumption that microbiota can be causative and transmissible.
We have learned from farmers that giving antibiotics to farm animals makes them grow fatter and faster. With studies showing that antibiotics change the microbiota, we must question the antibiotics that are now in our meat and our milk and the consequences of this approach on us and our children.
It is important to know that these theories are controversial, but it is clear that what we ingest plays a major role in the composition of the microbiota and therefore its function. Dietary strategies targeting the microbes in our gut may be a possible tool to control metabolic disorders and obesity. Research trials using diets, probiotics, prebiotics, or a combination are in very early stages. We need to understand the complex interactions between our genes, our germs, and everything we ingest before a treatment strategy can be determined.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Microbiome
It has been hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiota play a role in the development of autism. We will explore some of the proposed mechanisms linking such changes to neurological development, immune function, and behavior in chapter 26, "Autism."
The Microbiome and the Brain—Can Bacteria Change Behavior?
The link between our microbiota and our brains is another part of the new frontier. It has been studied mainly in mice, with intriguing results. Through them scientists have shown that microbiota are not only important to healthy metabolism and brain function, but that the gut-brain communication pathways include the enteric nervous system (see chapter 10, "The 'Second Brain'"), and that the development of gut microbiota may influence the wiring of circuits that affect stress and impact mood and behavior. Many of these studies involve germ-free mice with controlled introduction of antibiotics, bacteria, and foods. Caution is required since the mouse intestinal tract is not a substitute for the human. But researchers have "humanized" mice by inserting human genes associated with different diseases into them, and this is an opportunity to study the relationship between specific genes and diseases as well as the effect of drugs and dysbiosis in various conditions.
Many people consider chocolate and coffee the ultimate "mood foods"—capable of calming frazzled nerves and restoring energy. These foods actually contain chemicals that stimulate the brain. Researchers in Canada are now examining the influence of food on the composition and activity of our intestinal bacteria and whether this can influence brain function and mood. They have shown that specific probiotic mixtures can restore normal feeding behavior in mice whose patterns had become distorted after a stomach infection. These researchers are now investigating a specific probiotic for IBS and its effect on GI as well as psychiatric symptoms. They caution that the mouse research attempting to alter behavior by modifying bacteria in the gut cannot be translated to humans at this point.
Bugs as Drugs
Before the discovery and routine use of antibiotics in the 20th century, elixirs and tinctures of herbs and plants as well as actual bugs were routinely used to treat infections and various illnesses. The line between food, plants, worms, and medicine was thin. Today, antimicrobials—which include antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics—target every organism in our microbiotic ecosystem. Unfortunately, designed for adaptation and experienced over millions of years in survival techniques, bacteria and viruses have developed resistance to many of these drugs and found ways to elude them.
Because antimicrobial resistance is now a major health issue, researchers are using bacteria, "bugs," and viruses themselves to fight disease. They are also using the ability to decode the genome to find new treatments to circumvent the growing crisis of drug resistance. Maggots, leeches, and herbal remedies are making a comeback as well.
Fecal transplants have recently been approved as therapy for resistant and recurrent _C. difficile_ infection, and are under investigation for a host of other conditions. Stool, frequently from a relative or other healthy donor, is examined for different pathogens, mixed with a saline solution, and introduced into the patient's intestines via enemas or during a colonoscopy and/or upper endoscopy. The intent is to replace the "good bacteria" that has been killed by illness, drugs, or the _C. difficile_ in order to restore the missing flora and suppress the _C. diff_ that has overrun the intestines.
One researcher noted that "the intestinal flora is a promising new frontier for scientists and health care professionals alike." The question is not only whether the newly introduced outsider will stay but what effect he will have on the neighborhood.
How Constant Is the Microbiome?
If you alter the microbiome by changing your diet or taking pro- or prebiotics, what are the short- and long-term effects? This is a key question and the focus of most of the current research. Studies have shown that if you give antibiotics to a very young child, the microbiota will permanently change. When they are given later, the composition returns to what it was. But science is not at a point in its understanding of the microbiome to know what the short- and/or long-term effects are of these changes.
There is also the question of the safety of probiotics. Under what conditions are they made, and where? Are they viable? Can you trust the label? The recent death of a child due to contaminated probiotics is unacceptable. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.")
Summary
• The intestinal microbiome is an immense ecosystem within our body. It orchestrates and maintains stability in the digestive and immune systems by constantly responding to what we ingest and changes in external conditions.
• The microbiome is populated both vertically, i.e., genetically and from our mother during birth, and horizontally, by everything we eat, touch, and breathe. Its composition is therefore continually changing and rearranging.
• It is active in metabolism by helping to digest food that is otherwise indigestible and releasing vitamins and minerals.
• Everyone's microbiome is different and varies in any individual over time and circumstances. It changes with age, diet, and disease.
• The microbiome is instrumental in controlling inflammation in the gut—in effect, turning the gas up or down. Our ability to react to pathogens and intestinal disease depends on this microbiotic hand on the intestinal "oven."
• Chronic inflammation and/or dysbiosis can bring about a series of events that lead to altered bowel function, intestinal diseases such as IBS, and, it is hypothesized, various autoimmune diseases including IBD, celiac disease, autism spectrum disorder, type 1 diabetes, and obesity.
• If bacteria in the gut strays from its usual home, it can cause both systemic as well as gut diseases.
• Sometimes "good" bacteria is killed off by antibiotics or other drugs, and "bad" bacteria overruns the system, creating dysbiosis, or disruptions in the microbiota.
• It may be possible to modify the intestinal microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, or fecal transplant of donor stool. But little is known about the best types of interventions, the degree of resistance to a particular therapy, or the long-term effect of any therapy.
• Food and drugs, such as antibiotics, affect and alter the microorganisms in the gut. Conversely, it is also possible that any one person's microbiota may also affect the response to certain foods (such as gluten) and the efficacy or toxicity of drugs he or she takes. This requires more research on both genes and germs to determine the role of each microbial species.
• The microbiome is the new frontier in GI health. While it appears to offer tantalizing answers to many things affecting the body, the truth is proving to be as elusive as the many microscopic organisms eating at our table.
The "Second Brain" in the Gut
_. . . who wears his wit in his belly, and his guts in his head . . ._
—SHAKESPEARE, _TROILUS AND CRESSIDA_
_In every body, the brain is king. Its writ is law. At the top of the bowel, the rule of the king is acknowledged, but as one descends deeper and deeper into the depths of the gut, the rule of the king weakens. A new order emerges: that of the second brain._
—MICHAEL D. GERSHON, M.D., _THE SECOND BRAIN_
_The belly rules the mind._
—SPANISH PROVERB
Digestion has evolved over millions of years into a highly efficient workhorse that enables us to digest food without conscious thought—freeing us for evolutionally desirable activities like hunting, mating, and escaping danger and the modern equivalents of working, shopping, and texting. It is only when this system raises itself to the level of consciousness and sends SOS messages—cramps, diarrhea, heartburn—that we become consciously aware of its workings.
The independent nature of our gut and the interactions between the brain and the gut have been well known for many centuries. They are an important aspect of normal GI function and to the way we think and feel. Treating GI symptoms requires an understanding and appreciation of our "second brain."
I feel as if I have two brains—one in my gut and one in my head.
(GLEN, 50)
My gut was always sensitive to emotional things. When I was in a stressful situation I would get diarrhea. Something terrible would happen, and that would be the trigger.
(CARLA, 40, IBS)
Nervous System 101
In simplest terms, the nervous system consists of two main branches that work together to control all bodily functions. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which sends nerve fibers to and from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The CNS is the "top dog," and the PNS carries out orders and reports back with constant updates on bodily status. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a branch of the PNS and controls functions in the body that work independently of conscious control and awareness, e.g., sweating, heartbeat, and digestion.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic (located within) division of the ANS that governs the functions of the gut—it does not need constant orders from the brain/spinal cord to function, although it reports back and stays in constant communication with the central nervous system. If you take a piece of bowel and isolate it, it has movement. It contracts automatically because there are local nervous connections within it to the intestinal muscles that act independently.
Thus, while all of the nervous system is interconnected and constantly engaged in cross-talk, the enteric nervous system is a "second brain" in the body.
The Enteric Nervous System
There are 100 million nerve cells in the small intestine, roughly equivalent to the number in the spinal cord. It is the largest and most complex division of the PNS and ANS, and consists of numerous different types of neurons. They monitor and control both the "automatic" aspects of digestion—which require no conscious thought to function—and the very real functional and nervous conditions it is involved in.
There are different types of nerve cells embedded within the walls of the GI tract, and each has anatomical features that reflect the cells' functions. An explanation of these different cells is beyond the scope of this book, but it is important to know that they have control over the stimulation and/or inhibition of motor activities and secretions in the bowel.
You might think of the ENS as an integrated circuit board—the "motherboard" of the system—that is involved in all aspects of intestinal function. It integrates GI motility/movement, the exchange of fluids across the mucosal surface of the intestine, blood flow, and the secretion of gut hormones. The ENS controls, coordinates, and impacts food regulation, digestion, and absorption as well as the development and perception of symptoms through its many sensory mechanisms. It is an integral and crucial component of the nervous system but capable of self-government as well as rebellion.
It acts independently, can learn and respond to emotions, and "remembers" in order to produce "gut" feelings.
I had the most outrageous pain in my lower abdomen—a take-your-breath-away, knifelike pain.
(MARION, 68)
I have an iron-man belly; nothing I eat or do affects it!
(MARSHAL, 65)
While the ENS normally runs silent and deep like a submarine, when it is altered in disease, it "surfaces," breaks radio silence, and rapidly expresses its distress. It is also capable of shooting ballistic pain missiles. This comes as no surprise to the 30 percent of all patients who visit doctors yearly for GI complaints. They have no trouble understanding that the ENS is also a sensory organ. But its "senses" are multilayered.
The GI Tract as Sensory Organ
In order to protect itself from the outside world, the GI tract must be able to mount appropriate defenses against pathogens and other harmful substances. At the same time, it must be open and permeable to nutrients. It integrates these two responses by a multifaceted detection system that senses the outside environment and then reacts appropriately. It identifies friend from foe and acts on that knowledge. It can reject foods through objectionable taste, vomiting, diarrhea, or any combination of these symptoms. This occurs through a very complex system of nerve and immune cells that line the tract and trigger responses such as nausea, vomiting, and pain. Vomiting and diarrhea can be rapid responses if toxic substances are ingested in sufficient quantities.
But the sensors can malfunction and initiate reactions that are responsible for many digestive problems—as many people with IBS will attest. As Michael Gershon, M.D. (an expert in the growing field of neurogastroenterology), notes in his book _The Second Brain,_ "Few things are more distressing than an inefficient gut with feeling. And, since the enteric nervous system can function on its own, it must be considered possible that the brain in the bowel may have its own psychoneuroses."
Many of the patients we interviewed complain that doctors tell them "It's all in your head" and prescribe a psychotropic. Their response to that is a vigorous "I am not depressed!" But it is becoming increasingly clear that many of these drugs are actually "gut-otropics"—therapies aimed at the "second brain" in the gut. A reversal in thinking on this subject may be an important answer to treating functional bowel disease.
While our understanding of the integrated responses of the gut to the sensory information it receives is growing, it is only in the early stages of developing therapeutic agents and dietary approaches that target specific gut receptors. One such receptor, serotonin, is receiving increased attention as both "sword and shield." If we can "sculpt" the ENS, we may be able to block the responses that lead to malfunctions in the GI tract and echo throughout the body.
The Molecular Busybody
Nerves act by releasing neurotransmitters, molecules that stimulate or inhibit a target receptor. These nervous impulses, like electrical transmission, release a host of different chemicals that initiate the "on" or "off" switch. One of the key chemicals in this scenario is serotonin.
What Is a Brain Chemical Doing in the Gut?
Serotonin was always considered a brain chemical—a neurotransmitter—mainly because it is targeted as a therapy for depression. But, in fact, 95 percent of the serotonin in your body can be found in your gut.
Serotonin is much more than a mood elevator. It has multiple functions—it is a "busybody" because its nose is into everything and everybody's business, and in particular it does this in the GI tract.
Serotonin has a number of important functions:
• It is critical in development, a growth factor.
• It is a hormone that moves from the gut into the bloodstream and regulates bone development.
• It regulates movement in the intestines. In other words, _too little_ serotonin can contribute to constipation (or slow transit time). _Too much_ serotonin can contribute to diarrhea (or fast transit time).
• It is a defensive molecule. The cells making serotonin have sensors that can detect bacteria. This causes serotonin to be released and can activate the immune system and start inflammation. This serves to warn the body of infection. If this malfunctions, it can lead to unwanted inflammation. But in reality, these antithetical functions are actually synergistic and, as Dr. Gershon notes, "allow the gut to have its inflammation and survive it too."
• It is a paracrine hormone (acting only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it) that stimulates peristalsis, movement in the gut that propels food down the GI tract.
• It is a neurotransmitter in the ENS involved in many nerve functions.
The role of serotonin in the GI tract is an emerging area of study. It may have a central role in GI function and the development of disease. It is important to gastrointestinal motility, intestinal neurogenesis, mucosal growth/maintenance, intestinal inflammation, and bone growth. Serotonin receptors are being actively studied as therapeutic targets to treat IBS, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and as a potential sculptor of the ENS. Its true role has yet to be determined.
Can We Train or "Sculpt" the ENS?
Altering the activities of serotonin is being actively studied to produce long-lasting changes in the ENS. Since IBS and other GI conditions often begin in childhood, it is hoped that by "sculpting" the development of neurons, the pathways for and development of various psychological or infectious/inflammatory reactions could be influenced.
Work on the ENS has many diagnostic and study challenges, since it is difficult to test intestinal nervous tissue. Most of the current studies are on mice, many with human gene mutations.
Serotonin has become part of the arsenal of antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that are effective in the treatment of both _affective_ (mood) and GI disorders. These drugs treat the active part of the gut that talks to the brain quieting the GI tract and the pain. It also quiets the part of the brain making the gut upset.
When taking serotonin, you are treating the "second brain" in the gut.
_It's not "all in your head"—a great deal is in your gut._
—MICHAEL GERSHON, M.D.
Summary
• The gut has a mind of its own—the enteric nervous system. The ENS is one of the most intriguing parts of the brain-gut complex and involved in and/or responsible for many of the symptoms of GI disease and malfunction.
• The ENS is an efficient computing center that sends nerve, immunological, and hormonal messages throughout the GI tract and cross-talk to other parts of the body.
• The receptors in the gut think, feel, and stimulate responses and/or inhibit them—often simultaneously. They are the targets of much research. Training or "sculpting" them may enable scientists to prevent as well as treat GI malfunction and conditions.
• When we evaluate and treat GI conditions, we must also acknowledge and treat this ruler of "the lower kingdom."
PART III
The Fingers on the Trigger
_Trust those who seek the truth but doubt those who say they have found it._
—ANDRÉ GIDE, NOBEL LAUREATE IN LITERATURE
_We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them._
—ALBERT EINSTEIN
What is really causing your symptoms?
It usually takes more than one insult to result in a disease. While the connection between cause and effect may appear clear-cut—"I eat gluten and get symptoms"—the link may not be that straightforward. There are many triggers of symptoms that are attributed solely to gluten or grains that come from very different sources. The following chapters explain not only some of the newest research into the reasons for both GI and systemic disorders, but also explore the intriguing and nonintuitive links between what we ingest and experience with our GI and mental health.
Some come from left field, such as a drug for blood pressure that inflames the intestine and mimics celiac disease. Others are found in foods that create similar symptoms—the nongluten proteins in wheat, dietary carbohydrates that create bloating. A few are genetic, and, increasingly, research is examining inflammation itself as a potential source of both gut and brain issues.
Finally there is the "double hit," when one condition triggers another—a diagnosis often missed when the initial condition is supposedly successfully treated before the second one occurs. Links are now being identified between parasitic or bacterial infections that predispose to a compromised gut that then becomes sensitive or intolerant to specific foods; childhood abuse, trauma, and alcohol abuse have been identified as triggers of intestinal diseases later in life.
While we all like clear directions—"make a left, follow this road, and in 500 feet you are at your destination"—symptoms come from signals that loop through a jungle of interconnections within the 30-foot-long GI tract.
The following chapters will give you a scientific guidance system to help navigate the maze and reveal what may be triggering your symptoms.
Gluten and Nongluten Grains
_An editor is someone who separates the wheat from the chaff and then prints the chaff._
—ADLAI E. STEVENSON
In the past number of years the media has accused gluten of aggravated assault and bodily harm. Yet it is increasingly clear that there are many other proteins in wheat besides gluten that may be causing the same set of symptoms blamed solely on gluten. These nongluten proteins are being studied as an additional toxic component of wheat that may be a distinct culprit in celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders.
Which is to say that beneath the chaff, there is more than gluten in the wheat.
Gluten and Nongluten Proteins
_Gluten_ is a term that is used to describe the 70 different "storage" proteins of wheat. Often referred to as gliadins and glutenins in articles or studies, they are the bulk of the protein content. The many enzymes at work in the digestive tract do not easily digest these complex proteins. In people with celiac disease, the partially digested gliadin fragments cross the mucosal lining of the intestine and provoke an immune response. But _many_ people are unable to digest gluten well, and this also triggers a response within the GI tract, causing GI symptoms.
Nongluten proteins make up about 25 percent of the proteins in wheat and are often grouped as albumins or globulins. Several of these nongluten proteins—notably, amylase trypsin inhibitors—may be additional fingers on the trigger.
Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors
Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are part of a family of nutritional proteins found in wheat and related grains that serve a protective function by inhibiting specific enzymes in bacteria and by increasing the plant's resistance to certain pests and parasites. Recent attempts to breed pest-resistant—and therefore high-yielding—wheat have led to a drastic increase of ATI content.
Nongluten proteins were once considered nontoxic for those with celiac disease, but recent studies disprove that assumption. People with celiac disease make antibodies to some of these proteins, such as ATIs, which have recently been incriminated as possibly contributing to the development of the disease. While ATIs do not explain the upsurge in cases of celiac disease, they may contribute to the development of gluten sensitivity. ATIs may be part of a group of nongluten molecules that drive intestinal inflammation.
This family of molecules has also been identified as allergens. They are responsible for wheat allergy and/or baker's asthma. Researchers have therefore focused on these nongluten proteins as possible mediators not only in celiac disease but other GI and nonintestinal inflammatory conditions.
_Importance of ATIs in Celiac Disease_
The role of nongluten proteins as a trigger of the immune response in celiac disease is a key question since current tests as well as therapies are directed against gluten. The suggestion that ATIs may be toxic may help to identify new targets for both diagnosis and treatment.
The role and significance of nongluten proteins in the development not only of celiac disease but other inflammatory conditions in the gut and body is an important avenue of current and future research. Research into the main nongluten proteins that may cause an immune response—including serpins, purinins, amylase/protease inhibitors, globulins, and farinins—may eventually target additional dietary troublemakers and treatment options.
Oats
I feel empty if I don't start the day with my bowl of steel-cut oats.
(MIMI, 37)
Oatmeal porridge? Even the thought of eating that mush . . .
(CARL, 43)
A bowl of steaming oatmeal has long been advertised as "the perfect way to start the day." Some would disagree. Because of the health benefits of oats—they contain many vitamins as well as fiber—they are also often made into cookies and added to crisp toppings and meat loaves. As a star player in the high-fiber arsenal, oats are praised for their ability to fight cholesterol, help prevent heart disease, lower blood sugar, and help prevent type 2 diabetes. They are also listed as a robust antioxidant.
Because of these many advantages, oats have been studied and accepted as a well-tolerated alternative to wheat for children and adults with celiac disease.
Oats have found their way to our "fingers on the trigger" list because a new study has found a molecular explanation for why some people with celiac disease and others with gluten sensitivities may not be as tolerant of oats as once believed. The inflammation that results may be the source of GI symptoms that are not initiated by but blamed on gluten.
The protein in oats are avenins, which are not thought to cause a reaction in the majority of people with celiac disease. Celiac disease involves a reaction to glutenins (the protein portion of wheat), _hordeins_ (barley), and secalins (rye). But antibodies to avenins have been documented in some people with celiac disease.
One possible reason for this enhanced response to oat protein may be a general elevation of food antibodies in an already inflamed intestine. When the gut is inflamed, the normal protective barrier of the intestine (the _epithelium_ ) can become damaged, and pathogens can travel through and between it and initiate an antibody response. (See chapter 16, "Intestinal Permeability.")
There are a number of other reasons that oats may cause GI symptoms. While oats are safe for most people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivities, cross-contamination during milling and processing can still occur. It is also important to note that because of oats' high fiber content, some people who add oats to their regular diet encounter bloating, gas, and indigestion. This is generally more a result of the sudden addition of so much fiber and usually gradually disappears when your intestines adjust to the change. This is very common for anyone adding any type of fiber to his or her diet—it must be gradual!
We continue to recommend monitoring and follow-up of people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivities who regularly ingest oats as part of their diet to ensure that there is no sensitivity or antibody reaction to this nongluten grain.
Summary
• Your body can develop an immune response to a number of proteins besides gluten in different grains. This immune response does not necessarily mean that these proteins are toxic.
• If other proteins in wheat are involved in the development of celiac disease, they may play a role in its treatment.
• The antibody response triggered by nongluten grains needs to be investigated further. We do not know if they are innocent bystanders, part of a general immune response in the gut of people with celiac disease, or if they may in fact have potential as biomarkers for other gluten-related disorders.
Carbohydrates and FODMAPs
_Carbohydrates, from the Latin carbo, which means "yummy," and hydrates, which means "cinnamon bun," are not something I can eliminate or even drastically cut back on._
—CELIA RIVENBARK
Most of the energy we need to move and live is provided by the carbohydrates we eat. They are the most readily digested form of fuel for the body—for most people. For others, carbohydrates often trigger the most gastric symptoms.
Taken in excess—mainly in processed and manufactured foods sweetened with them—they also fuel weight gain. In some people certain carbs also fuel a rapid race to the bathroom to deal with diarrhea and flatulence. For them, carbohydrates are not just fingers on the trigger but a heavy foot on the intestinal gas pedal.
What Exactly Are Carbohydrates?
All carbohydrates are sugars (saccharides) found in grains, fibers, fruit, vegetables, plants, roots, and nuts. Manufacturers also add them in a condensed form (e.g., dextrose, corn syrups/fructose, malt, glucose) to sweeten processed products from breads to soft drinks, canned goods to yogurts, cereals to soups. Catering to the human cravings for sugar, salt, and fat—necessary for body function and survival—the food industry has added sugars to so many products it is difficult to avoid them in the supermarket.
All carbohydrates are classified according to the complexity of their makeup.
• **Monosaccharides** ( _mono,_ "one"; _saccharide,_ "sugar") are the simplest sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Glucose is found in fruits, corn, corn syrup, honey, and some roots; fructose is found together with glucose in honey and fruit. It is commonly used to sweeten products in the form of high-fructose corn syrup.
• **Disaccharides** are two sugars joined together and usually contain glucose. Sucrose is glucose and fructose; lactose is glucose and galactose. Sucrose is table sugar and found in fruits, vegetables, honey, sugar cane, sugar beets, maple, and corn syrup. Lactose is the main sugar found in milk and can be broken down only by lactase.
• **Polyols** (sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol) are the alcohol forms of some sugars. They are poorly absorbed, if at all, from the GI tract and inhibit a rapid rise in blood sugar, which is why they are often found in products designed for diabetics. While they are found in fruits and plants, they are also manufactured and usually added to sweeten "sugarless" products. People who chew sugarless gum consume a great deal of polyols. Because they are not fully absorbed by the body, they can be a potent cause of diarrhea and bloating.
• **Oligosaccharides** ( _oligo,_ "a few") contain several sugars and are the fructans and galactans. They are found in plants including wheat, some vegetables (e.g., onions and the onion family, garlic and asparagus), and legumes (e.g., beans, lentils).
• **Polysaccharides** ( _poly,_ "many") are the most complex carbohydrates and are starches, dextrin, glycogen, and cellulose. Starches and dextrin are most easily digested and found in plants. Glycogen is the main storage form of glucose in the body. Cellulose is largely indigestible.
Although it is possible to live on a low-carbohydrate diet, carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the brain and for maintaining function in nerve tissue and metabolizing fat. They are also the major food for the trillions of microbiota living in our gut. In this role, carbs have come under attack as a cause of obesity and implicated in various GI conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome.
While most of the sugars in the diet used to be consumed in the form of fruits, grains, vegetables, and table sugar—cooked into homemade baked goods—we now consume most of our carbohydrates from commercially prepared food to which sweeteners have been added.
The Problem with Carbohydrates
After I've eaten an apple or almost any other fruit, I can take a running start out of my driveway and take off without need of a car.
(HARRIET, 33)
As we saw in chapter 7, most of the food we eat is broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. But some sugars and insoluble fiber do not digest easily and arrive in the large intestine (colon) mostly undigested. The wall-to-wall bacteria lining the colon (see chapter 9, "The Microbiome") dine happily on the undigested fiber and sugars presented to them by our diet. This process is called fermentation and produces a great deal of gas and liquid that builds up in the large intestine. The result can be pain and bloating and changes in gut motility (movement). This in turn causes it to empty too quickly (diarrhea) or too slowly (constipation). Recently, researchers have identified a group of sugars/carbohydrates that appear to underlie many of the common symptoms seen by gastroenterologists. They are identified under a new classification: FODMAPs.
FODMAP is the acronym for:
**F** ermentable
**O** ligosaccharides
**D** isaccharides
**M** onosaccharides
**A** nd
**P** olyols
The FODMAP diet plan is based on avoiding the particular sugars for those people whose symptoms are triggered by them. It essentially removes the food supply for the bacteria in the colon that are creating the liquid, gas, and bloating. In particular, it is effective for quite a number of people with IBS, though not all experts in the IBS field agree with its curative abilities. The diet is individualized to each patient—some are only intolerant to fructose, others a combination of FODMAPs.
Nevertheless, it can be very restrictive as FODMAPs are the basis of a good deal of our foods. There are a number of breath tests (see chapter 6, "Testing") that can immediately diagnose intolerance to a specific sugar and enable patients to include or exclude them from their diet.
The low-FODMAP diet targets and eliminates specific carbohydrates—and is not intended as a cure but simply to control symptoms.
Wheat is an oligosaccharide (a fructan) and a FODMAP. Since many gluten-free products are also low in FODMAPs, people without celiac disease who go gluten-free are also eliminating many FODMAPs. Researchers have shown that the lowered FODMAP content, not the elimination of wheat per se, may be the reason symptoms resolve. This has raised the interesting question of whether people suffering from what is termed _gluten sensitivity_ or _intolerance_ actually have problems with the digestion of FODMAPs rather than with gluten.
People with celiac disease can also be intolerant to a number of FODMAPs and may need to eliminate them to fully resolve the symptoms.
The low-FODMAP diet removes many favorite and commonly consumed foods such as milk, garlic, onions, apples, and wheat and can lead to a reduction in fiber and calcium intake. Working with a knowledgeable dietitian ensures the patient is guided through the diet's many nuances, educated not only on appropriate low-FODMAP foods but encouraged to eat a well-balanced, varied, and nutrient-rich diet. When a patient is willing to embark on an elimination diet, they should be given the best opportunity to succeed with the diet plan. The dietitian plays a key role in successful implementation of the low-FODMAP diet education.
—KATE SCARLATA, R.D., L.D.N.
On a FODMAP program, you may also be eliminating a number of vitamin-, calcium-, and fiber-rich foods from your diet. For this reason the diet is best undertaken under the care of a registered dietitian or knowledgeable nutritionist. We will typically advise a strict low-FODMAP diet for several weeks. If it is going to work, it works quickly. Then foods can be reintroduced, because most patients do not have to avoid all FODMAPs.
A low-FODMAP diet is associated with a reduced abundance of bacteria in the colon, while a higher-FODMAP diet showed evidence of stimulation of the growth of bacterial groups with assumed health benefits. In other words, the low-FODMAP diet alters the diversity and reduces the abundance of the microbiome. The significance and health implications of this finding may lead to caution about reducing FODMAP intake for asymptomatic people or even symptomatic people for an extended period of time. More research is needed on the health benefits/drawbacks of any restrictive diet.
Things You Need to Know—It's Not All about Carbs
Bloating, diarrhea, and constipation are very common and can be caused by a number of things, including bacterial overgrowth, lactose intolerance, fructose intolerance, celiac disease, or IBS. Therapies are specific for each condition, and any one symptom can have an entirely different underlying cause.
Drugs
_For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction._
—ISAAC NEWTON
Pharmaceuticals to me are as much part of the problem as part of the solution. There's a whole world of things out there. Hidden danger.
(NED, 52)
Most of us ingest an array of drugs to fight disease, aid digestion, control cholesterol and high blood pressure, replace hormones, dull pain, loosen joints, dry acne, grow hair, and elevate mood—to name just a few. While some drugs, such as laxatives, antidiarrheals, and antacids, are meant to affect the GI tract, others have side effects that can seriously alter GI function and impact the body. These drugs include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) used to control stomach acid, aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), immunosuppressants, Benicar (a commonly prescribed antihypertensive), and antibiotics.
Like a seesaw, drugs intended to treat and cure one condition shift intestinal balances and can initiate another. Sometimes this very side effect can be helpful in treating another condition. For example, cholestyramine, a cholesterol-lowering drug, has a constipating effect and is used to treat diarrhea.
Other side effects are subtle, long-term, and obvious only after years of using the drug.
While the benefits of a pharmaceutical drug usually outweigh its potential side effects, an educated patient can better approach and manage GI reactions and ramifications. All of the drugs in this chapter work on and within the normal workings of the GI tract. Some appear to alter the intestinal microbiome, but the meaning of these alterations is still unclear.
It must be reiterated that many drugs have GI side effects. The following drugs stand out for their ability to alter GI function and trigger problems that are often misdiagnosed.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of drug that inhibit the amount of acid that your stomach produces. They are used to treat the symptoms of _gastroesophageal reflux disease_ (GERD) as well as other conditions caused by excess stomach acid, such as erosive esophagitis (damage to the esophagus by stomach acid), and ulcers. While PPIs are a blockbuster market for the pharmaceutical industry, most studies demonstrate that they are often used inappropriately.
Stomach acid and PPIs are both two-edged swords—they are beneficial as well as potentially harmful. On one hand, the microbiota of the stomach— _H. pylori_ is the dominant microorganism—are comfortable in and accustomed to their unique acidic environment. But _H. pylori_ and an acidic environment can encourage the formation of gastric and peptic ulcers.
While PPIs effectively reduce acid, they do not act on the _H. pylori_ that causes many ulcers. This bacteria lives under the thick mucous layer of the stomach and is difficult to eliminate. Treatment usually consists of a multidrug regimen including different antibiotics and antibacterials, as well as a PPI (which is necessary for the antibiotics to work).
The greatest clinical benefit of PPIs is to treat GERD. They are so effective that people with GERD may neglect the lifestyle changes that may be all that is needed to prevent GERD symptoms. (See chapter 8.)
But while PPIs efficiently lower stomach acid, they often disrupt the protective effect of the acid from the bacteria we ingest with our food, and increase the risk of _gastroenteritis,_ traveler's diarrhea, and _C. difficile_ infection. Available both with and without a prescription, drugs such as Prilosec, Nexium, and Prevacid are overused to treat excess stomach acid and, in the process, suppress its natural antibacterial effect. Once stomach acidity is lowered, the effect reverberates down the digestive tract, changing the balance of bacteria into the small intestine.
We have conducted studies on the effects of PPIs, and several interesting findings have emerged. Most important, we found that exposure to PPIs was strongly associated with a subsequent diagnosis of celiac disease. This was found mainly in younger individuals who were exposed to both PPIs and _H2RAs_ (histamine 2 receptor antagonists, a drug that reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, using a different mechanism than a PPI). While the mechanism by which acid suppression affects the development of celiac disease is unknown, it raises many intriguing questions about the connection of celiac disease to an altered microbiome.
PPIs are given to help eradicate _H. pylori,_ prevent and cure ulcers, and treat GERD. However, the long-term use of PPIs also increases the risk of several systemic and GI conditions, including increased risk of fracture, increased pneumonia, low magnesium levels, vitamin B12 malabsorption, and increased kidney disease.
They are a finger on many triggers.
Drugs That Mimic Celiac Disease
Olmesartan
Recently, a patient came into the Center with diarrhea and dehydration severe enough to cause kidney failure and requiring dialysis. The symptoms mimicked an acute and critical form of celiac disease but were, in fact, caused by Benicar (olmesartan), a drug given to lower blood pressure.
Olmesartan can cause intestinal problems that appear to be celiac disease. It is part of a class of drugs called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical that causes the muscles that surround blood vessels to contract and the vessels to narrow. When blood vessels narrow, the pressure inside increases, creating high blood pressure. ARBs block angiotensin II, allowing the blood vessel to dilate and reducing the pressure. This is a very popular class of antihypertensive medication.
While the GI effect of Benicar is rare, it is a potentially life-threatening situation that should be investigated in anyone taking the drug. It can cause damage to the villi of the small intestine, diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration, and weight loss. These celiac-like symptoms usually improve dramatically once the drug is stopped.
Immunosuppressants
Also called antirejection drugs, immunosuppressants reduce the strength of the body's immune system, which results in an increased risk of infection and malignancy. All patients receiving an organ transplant take them so that the body will not attack the new organ as "foreign" and reject it.
They are also used to suppress the immune system in autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, where the body inappropriately attacks its own tissue, or in severe cases of refractory or unresponsive celiac disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's, ulcerative colitis) to control the intestinal inflammation. With control, the inflammation is dampened, and the gut's powerful ability to respond to pathogens is also inhibited.
Immunosuppressants are classified into four basic categories that include azathioprine (Imuran), cyclosporine, monoclonal antibodies, and corticosteroids (prednisone). Many transplant patients and those suffering from severe IBD take a combination of them.
Immunosuppressants can stop the crippling effect of many autoimmune diseases but can also cause injury in the upper GI tract.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) are the mainstay of OTC treatment for aches and pains of all kinds. This grouping includes aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), naproxen (Aleve), and ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis). They are also prescribed in stronger form by doctors when needed for more acute pain. Many people take "an aspirin a day" to guard against blood clots. For others with arthritis and sports injuries, NSAIDs are part of their daily regimen.
The most common side effects of NSAIDs are GI problems. Since aspirin is absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the stomach, it does most of its damage there. Serious side effects include bleeding, peptic and esophageal ulcers, or perforation.
Some aspirin tablets are available enteric-coated so that they are carried farther down the GI tract, where they are absorbed and supposedly do less damage. But this can cause changes in intestinal permeability. So, while aspirin saves lives by reducing cardiac events, it can be toxic to the epithelial lining of the gut, causing intestinal ulcers or _strictures._
Many athletes take NSAIDs to prevent anticipated exercise-induced pain. But these drugs also may have a potentially hazardous effect on the GI mucosa during strenuous physical exercise. A small study recently showed that ibuprofen aggravated exercise-induced small intestinal injury and can cause gut barrier dysfunction in healthy individuals. The study concluded that NSAIDs consumed by athletes are not harmless and their use should be discouraged.
NSAIDs should not be used regularly unless under the guidance of a physician.
Opiates
Opiates (prescription painkillers derived from opium) slow down the motility (movement) of the GI tract. This can cause delays down the entire length of the gut and constipation. It can also result in nausea, a feeling of fullness after even a small meal, and bloating.
Antibiotics
_Science never solves a problem without creating 10 more._
—GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
Antibiotics are a class of drugs designed to kill or disarm bacteria. They have played a large role in saving lives and changing the average lifespan of people from 49 years in 1900 to more than 78 years today.
Some antibiotics are created to target specific bacteria; others are "broad spectrum" and destroy a range of bacteria. Although they are often taken inappropriately for viral infections such as colds and flu, they do not kill viruses.
But we have paid a price for their use—and overuse. There is a growing array of "superbugs" that are outsmarting our antibiotics. And of particular importance to what is going on in the gut, they often upset the balance of microbiota in the GI tract by destroying "good" as well as "bad" bacteria. Much research is now being conducted on the short- and long-term effects of antibiotics on both body and brain. And the microscope is on the microbiome.
Antibiotics, Allergies, and Obesity Theories
When my daughter was working in the ER, she got TB (tuberculosis). It took something like 12 weeks rather than the usual six for her sputum to test negative. There were pockets of the TB bacteria hidden in little cavities in her lungs, buried in deep, as I understand it. Her daughter has so many allergies—one pediatrician said when my granddaughter was six months old, "this child is an immunological disaster"—and she thinks they are related to all the antibiotics she took during that time.
(MARY, 67)
The prenatal exchange of antibiotics between mother and child may affect the colonization of bacteria in the newborn's gut. Researchers are examining the potential for an association with obesity (the mechanisms are unclear), allergies, and the early use of antibiotics.
There appears to be more diversity in the microbiome of leaner people. This has led to several hypotheses:
• Bacteria could use up calories.
• Antibiotics may cause obesity since they kill bacteria.
• Bacteria could affect the metabolic processes in the body.
• People with less microbiotic diversity are more likely to have a risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer as well as insulin resistance.
It should be noted that these theories are controversial.
Antibiotics and Animals
It has been shown that—for reasons not fully understood—some antibiotics help cattle grow faster, gain more weight, and get more from the feed they ingest. While the prolonged use of antibiotics in cattle and other "food" animals is under scrutiny for the potential side effects to humans eating these animal products, the alteration of bacteria through the use of antibiotics in these animals and the resulting weight gain give evidence to some mechanism related to an altered microbiome. (See chapter 9, "The Microbiome.")
The use of antibiotics on the farm has resulted in antibiotics in our food supply. While the effects are not known, they may be important. The FDA has been studying this issue, and more regulation and research is required to address this potential public health problem.
My uncle died of a kidney infection in 1928 at the age of 30. If he had been born 10 or 15 years later, after penicillin was discovered and in use, he would have lived to raise his infant son.
(ROBERT, 75)
It must not be forgotten that antibiotics save lives. They fight lethal infections and keep serious infections from becoming lethal. They are first-line therapy for many deadly infections that are now curable. But they are also misused—when prescribed for minor colds, sore throats, coughs, and infections that turn out to be viral. Patients often take part of a prescription and stop when they "feel better," leaving bacteria behind that becomes resistant to that antibiotic. Or, alternatively, they are taken for too long.
Unexpected Side Effects
A friend of mine was getting extremely tired. It turned out that the pharmacist had filled his prescription for his cholesterol-lowering drugs with Valium, which he was taking every day. They were both blue pills!
(PAUL, 66)
Some people have individual sensitivities to drugs that can cause a so-called side effect to take center stage. Unfortunately, prescriptions can also be misfilled with a similar-looking pill. Prescription refills should be examined closely to ensure that you are taking the right medicine.
Summary
• Drugs are a major cause of GI symptoms—because of their actions as well as your reactions to them.
• The side effects of many drugs are focused on their first point of contact in the body: the GI tract. The effects then ripple through other parts of the body.
• Older adults who take multiple pill regimens need to be particularly diligent of side effects—many of the pills interact with others.
• When we talk about the mouth, gut, and brain, this includes _everything_ we ingest. When asked by a doctor, "What medications or drugs are you taking?" remember to include OTC products even if they are labeled "natural."
• Drugs are self- and doctor prescribed. They cure symptoms and diseases but can often cause others. Before you blame the food you are eating for your symptoms, examine the drugs you ingest.
**For every action, there is a reaction.**
The Double Hit Theory
_The game is played away from the ball._
—ANONYMOUS
Diseases are caused by many interacting factors—more is usually involved than exposure to a virus, germ, or food. For example, when someone sneezes in a crowded room, some people will catch that person's cold; others will not. And while most people eat gluten, very few develop celiac disease. Even for people who are sensitive to the grain, gluten alone may be harmless until the body experiences a "double hit," causing a more active reaction to this protein.
The double hit theory explores the relationship between specific infections, illnesses, and conditions that are not caused by gluten yet open the door to a second "hit" or "insult" that creates celiac disease, gluten intolerance, or even diseases of the brain.*
Lighting the Fuse in the Gut
There are a number of GI conditions that occur after a double hit.
Traveler's Diarrhea
When I was living in South Africa I got giardia. And basically it went undiagnosed. They couldn't figure out what was going on. And they kept giving me antibiotics for treatment. I was terribly nauseated, had skin rashes, bouts of diarrhea. After that I was sick all the time.
Back home, I went to see gastroenterologists, who told me that I had gastritis and my gut was irritated—but that there was nothing really wrong with me. The gastroenterologist actually said to my mom after the appointment that he thought the symptoms were in my head. My mom told him that she had seen how sick I was, and it did not seem credible to her that a healthy 21-year-old wanted to be sick all the time.
It was only when I finally went to see another doctor, who looked at all of my symptoms together—including the rashes, allergies, etc.—that I was diagnosed with a significant parasitic infection and candida.
The healing process from that took a while. (I was dewormed, took probiotics, put on a restrictive diet that included taking me off gluten.) And I started feeling a lot better. Now? Sometimes I still get stomachaches. My tolerance for not feeling great is pretty good. Your baseline is different when you've been so sick.
(JUNE, 32)
Traveler's diarrhea or "turista" is a common complaint of people who leave home and develop gastroenteritis during their trip. For others, parasitic friends also return home with them, requiring numerous courses of drug therapy to erase.
This is a common story after travel to an exotic locale. Caused by different organisms, these GI infections upset normal GI function, possibly disrupt the microbiome, often require rounds of antibiotics or antiparasitics that can in themselves create symptoms, and may set off a chain reaction that results in another GI condition. For those people whose symptoms persist, some will then develop IBD, celiac disease, IBS, or food sensitivities.
But viruses, bacteria, and parasites also attack at home with similar results.
Fooling the Immune System—Gluten and Rotavirus
According to the CDC, rotavirus is the most common cause of childhood diarrhea throughout the world. It produces prolonged diarrhea and is common in preschool children. The CDC studies note that almost every child in the U.S. has had at least one rotavirus infection by the age of 3. The virus attacks the lining of the small intestine, causing inflammation and loss of fluids and _electrolytes_. Once exposed to rotavirus, the immune system "remembers" it.
Evidence that it is a risk factor for celiac disease comes from studies showing that children with celiac disease have a greater number of rotavirus antibodies than those without it. While the mechanisms behind this are not fully understood, one theory is that rotavirus sets up perfect conditions for a double hit because it cross-reacts with gluten through something called "molecular mimicry." Another theory is that gluten disrupts the mucosal barrier, allowing gluten to be recognized as foreign.
Gluten is similar in structure to other proteins in our body as well as some viruses, namely rotavirus. Therefore, when susceptible individuals eat gluten after having the viral infection, the body's immune system attacks the gluten molecule, thinking it is being besieged by rotavirus again. In other words, part of a molecule of one protein resembles a part of a molecule of a totally different protein. The initial infection primes the immune system's "memory" to react—a double hit that creates a sensitivity to gluten.
Lighting the Fuse in the Brain
Toxoplasmosis and Gluten Antibodies
An exposure to _toxoplasmosis_ —a parasitic disease that is found in more than 60 million people in the U.S. but usually kept in check by a healthy immune system—may be connected to an immune response to gluten in sensitive people that occurs well after the initial infection.*
Toxoplasmosis is the world's most common parasite. Most people with a healthy immune system never develop symptoms—or will have mild, flu-like ones—but it can lead to serious complications in infants born to infected mothers or people with a weakened immune system.
Research has also indicated a direct relationship between infection with this parasite and the development of schizophrenia in people who develop antibodies to gluten. For these people, this immune reaction is recognized as part of the pathology for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and perhaps autism.
This would support a gastrointestinal basis through which a double hit—toxoplasmosis and sensitivity to dietary gluten—might activate certain brain disorders. It is still unclear whether gliadin antibodies are helping initiate the disease, are a product of it, or are markers for other processes contributing to or causing the problems. (For more, see chapter 27, "Schizophrenia.")
Alcohol Ataxia
Similarly, studies have shown that prolonged and excessive alcohol intake can trigger ataxias in the brain and antigliadin antibodies—although it is unclear if this is the only factor responsible for the "insult" to the cerebellum, the part of the brain affected.
Ataxia (from the Greek _a,_ "without" and _taxis,_ "order") creates problems with balance, movement, and coordination. It can affect limbs, body, speech, and eye movements. There are many causes and manifestations of the condition, and the association with gluten in combination with alcohol, is an intriguing part of the "double hit."
Alcohol is a common cause of ataxia. A recent study examined patients with alcohol-related cerebellar ataxia to determine whether alcohol also created sensitivity to gluten in susceptible people. Researchers found that antigliadin antibodies were significantly higher in these patients and that the genes associated with celiac disease (HLA-DQ2/-DQ8) were more than double that of the healthy population. They concluded that alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration might, in genetically susceptible individuals, induce sensitization to gluten. This may result from a primary cerebellar insult, but a more systemic effect is also possible. The sensitization may be initiated by the insult to the brain, or other systemic effects. And the duration and amount of alcohol may not be the only factors responsible for the insult to the brain. (For more, see the discussion on gluten ataxia in chapter 22, "Neuropathy.")
Abuse, Trauma, and GI Illness
A history of abuse and trauma has multiple effects on gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders. Dr. Douglas Drossman, an expert who has studied these conditions for the past few decades, noted, "the prevalence of abuse history is greater among those who have more severe symptoms. The pathophysiological features [functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury] that explain this association relate to stress-mediated brain-gut dysfunction."
The mechanisms behind this double hit appear to be stress-initiated changes in immune function in the gut due to an impaired ability of the central nervous system to suppress certain stimuli and signals. Insult leads to injury that cascades into ongoing GI disorders. Or the stress may alter nerve cell connections in the brain that lead to GI-related symptoms or the patient's perception of them.
While victims of abuse and those of trauma (including war veterans) are usually seen in a psychiatric context, Drossman explains that it is important that "gastroenterologists and other health care providers . . . understand when to inquire about an abuse history and what to do with that information."
Abuse history is common in GI practice and more prevalent in patients with more severe symptoms. We have similarly shown that people with persistent symptoms after the diagnosis of celiac disease have an increased history of abuse and other psychological factors.
_Effects of War Trauma on IBS Development_
The federal government commissioned a report by the Institute of Medicine (now known as the National Academy of Medicine) on the impact that deployment in a war zone could have on the mental and physical health of war veterans who served in the Gulf War. The review found sufficient evidence for an association with several specific psychiatric disorders (including PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder), substance abuse, and functional GI disorders such as IBS and functional dyspepsia.
Since more than 50 percent of deployed soldiers in the study acquired acute gastroenteritis, the review concluded that "deployed vets experiencing war trauma who are also exposed to gastroenteritis are at greater risk to later develop IBS."
While knowledge is growing about the role of abuse and trauma in gastrointestinal illness, the reasons for this association are not known. But stress-related brain-gut mechanisms are beginning to be clarified. This is a double hit that highlights the many complex aspects of the brain-gut axis.
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections
The acronym PANDAS describes a subset of children with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or tic disorders whose symptoms appear to be related to a streptococcus infection. It is an evolving and controversial concept originated in the late 1990s. The proposed mechanism behind this double hit states that the body produces antibodies that attack the streptococcal infection, which cross-react with proteins in the brain that mimic the streptococcal proteins. Repeated strep infections continuously damage the brain, resulting in a chronic psychiatric disorder.
Some researchers feel that the available evidence does not convincingly support the relationship between streptococcal infections and chronic tic disorders. And the autoimmune origin of PANDAS is still being evaluated. A recent study of a group of children and adolescents with PANDAS that looked for other autoimmune conditions—including thyroid function abnormalities and celiac disease antibodies—did not find any statistical difference with a healthy control population.
At this point, we will cautiously note the potential for streptococcal infections to trigger a double hit on the body, initiating a reaction in/on the brain. But PANDAS does not involve gluten, nor will removing gluten from the diet effect any behavioral change.
The Hormone Hit: Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a time of tremendous hormone variation and is also a stress on the digestive system. In order to feed the developing fetus, the mother's blood sugar levels are higher than normal. Usually, the body makes more insulin to metabolize the increased glucose in the bloodstream, but if it cannot, blood sugar levels rise, and this can result in gestational diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes are at a greatly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Pregnancy is often the tipping point for a diagnosis of celiac disease. It may or may not be the double hit that stimulates a more active form of the disease.
Food for Thought
Developing an immune response to gluten after a history of toxoplasmosis, alcohol abuse, trauma, and certain infections may be the tip of the double hit iceberg. These various conditions cause a level of gastrointestinal or systemic damage or dysfunction that can compromise and weaken it. Then an additional insult triggers another condition in the gut-brain axis.
Is the double hit involved in the increased incidence of celiac disease and gluten sensitivities? The amount of alcohol consumption, prevalence of toxoplasmosis, and/or intestinal infections has not necessarily increased in the past few decades, but perhaps the use of antibiotics, antifungals, and other drug therapies to treat these various conditions has. And they may be agents of change that open the door to further insult. There may be other environmental "hits" that we have not identified.
The connections between what goes through our digestive tract—food, pathogens, alcohol, drugs—and its effect on our body and brain often play out in more than one act(ion).
What is the take-away lesson? Symptoms and disorders often appear in one place but originate someplace else.
The champion hockey player Wayne Gretzky was once asked why he was so successful. He replied, "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been."
Inflammation
_Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot that it do singe yourself._
—WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
I often feel as if my belly is on fire.
(SUSAN, 25)
Inflammation defends and destroys.
The gut exists in a constant state of low-grade, controlled inflammation. This is provided by the very active immune system found within the internal lining of the small intestine, which samples and monitors everything going through. All of the bacteria, viruses, fungi, pathogens, foods, and other substances we ingest are usually controlled this way. But the internal furnace that protects us from our foes often singes its host.
When things go wrong in the gut, the result is impaired GI function and disease. But you also have inflammation that can affect a specific area of the gut or travel throughout the body. This can contribute to abnormal function in other organs, migraines, peripheral neuropathies, and fatigue. The impact of this fire is being actively studied as a potential trigger for many different conditions that affect the brain as well as the gut and body.
What Is Inflammation?
Inflammation is many different things.
Viewed under a microscope, it is an explosion of cells that should not be there. While it can be seen this way, it appears as symptoms that we feel, such as fever, coughs, and chills due to infection, or swollen joints in conditions such as arthritis or fatigue.
It is possible to assess inflammation in the body through changes in the blood that can be measured, most commonly in an elevated white cell count. There are other commonly used inflammatory markers, such as _C-reactive protein_ and _erythrocyte sedimentation rate_. But other cellular markers that are released during inflammation and permeate organs—e.g., _cytokines_ —are not usually tested for or seen. This is the inflammation that signals the brain to induce a sickness response that includes increased pain and a negative affect (facial and body expression). It is one reason we crawl into bed with a bad flu. The brain and body are working together to heal themselves through rest and sleep.
What Causes the Transition from Low to High Heat?
Inflammation is a final product that can be triggered by many factors and conditions:
• Drugs—aspirin or NSAIDs that break down the intestinal barrier and result in ulceration and inflammation (ironically, these drugs are also used to lower fevers and reduce inflammation in conditions like arthritis)
• Infections
• Autoimmune conditions
• Immune dysregulation—an aberrant response to bacteria
• Toxins (ingesting a corrosive such as lye or drugs in excess such as Tylenol)
• Allergies
In turn, inflammation may contribute to functional issues affecting the hormonal, nervous, or immune systems.
Inflammation in the Gut
A chronic state of inflammation is necessary for the immune system to police the huge surface area of the gut. This is a challenge not only in terms of its vast microscopic area but because this 30-foot-long pipe is open to the world on both ends. Foreign substances are constantly washing through it.
Everything is held in check by cells of the immune system. The microbiome may also be part of the overall protective apparatus. We evolved with these organisms, and they provide a chronic stimulation for the immune system that is protective.
The immune system functions through a complex interaction of innate (born with) and adaptive mechanisms. These two branches of the system "know" to attack certain pathogens, "learn" to attack others—and "mislearn" in autoimmune diseases, where they inappropriately attack the body itself. In other words, they "recognize" the self as something foreign.
The Key Players
Many cells play a role in balancing the inflammatory response of the immune system in the gut and regulating the "temperature" of the GI burner. Of special importance in this very complex system—which is only outlined here—are cytokines, T-cells, and _dendritic cells_. These cells are cited in most articles about celiac disease and autoimmune disorders and offer a fascinating look at how the body "cross talks."
Cytokines are molecular messengers that respond to infection and trigger inflammation. They are chemical "switches" that turn different immune cells on and off. There are a variety of cytokines, such as interleukins, interferons, and growth factors. An explosion of cytokines can be destructive—they are instrumental in starting the cascade of cells that turn inflammatory heat to "high" and cause damage to intestinal villi as well as in different parts of the body. Drugs that block cytokines—cytokine antagonists, like infliximab—are used to treat several chronic inflammatory diseases.
_T-cells_ are a type of white blood cell that circulates around our body, scanning for infections and abnormalities. There are "killer" T-cells and "helper" T-cells. The first type hunts down and destroys cells that have been invaded by "foreign" material such as viruses, bacteria, or cancer. The second type helps to orchestrate both innate and adaptive immunity. They are capable of "remembering" any germ once they encounter it, and they will destroy them if they encounter them again.
Sometimes T-cell responses are inappropriate—they "recognize" cells of the body (self) as foreign and destroy them. This leads to many autoimmune diseases, including celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. They are also responsible for the rejection of a transplanted organ—"recognizing" it as foreign. A lack of T-cells—as seen in HIV/AIDS—can be fatal, as the body is unable to defend itself against infection.
Special dendritic cells in the lining of the mucosa also monitor the contents of the intestine, both to suppress inflammatory reactions against food and to protect against invading pathogens. These messenger cells monitor the "talk" between our innate and adaptive immune system and play a role in allergic food reactions and autoimmune disease.
The development of the microbiome in early childhood may also drive the development of our intestinal immune function and allow us to tolerate the foreign proteins in foods and organisms. The potential mechanisms behind the cross talk between the microbiome, the intestine, and the immune system is under intense study.
Essentially, the digestive tract and its contents engage in a constant immune cross-talk with cells that maintain a protective inflammation. When we ingest something that is perceived as a threat, these cells turn up the heat.
Systemic Inflammation—Gut to Brain?
There is increasing interest in how—and whether—inflammation alters behavior and thought. The fatigue, pain, and withdrawal experienced during acute illness and infection makes evolutionary sense; they enable the body to fight the infection, heal wounds, and conserve energy. It is believed these reactions are a result of inflammation-generated signals to the brain.
However, if these states are prolonged, pain, fatigue, and withdrawal become depression. In conditions such as IBS, chronic inflammation appears to cause the transition from one set of symptoms into depression and chronic pain, but the mechanisms behind this are unclear.
Inflammation is also being actively studied in different neurological conditions such as autism. (See chapter 26.) Because brain tissue cannot be biopsied, researchers examine cerebrospinal fluid and use imaging tests such as PET scans to measure inflammatory markers in this arena.
There is also intriguing work on mice injected with human DNA that shows serotonin may be a possible mediator of inflammation in the brain. This opens the potential for serotonin drugs to help tame GI conditions. (See chapter 10, "The 'Second Brain' in the Gut.")
In disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), systemic inflammation may also include the gut. In this scenario, systemic inflammation could lead to an abnormal immune response to different foods and, in turn, to an increased antibody response to gluten. It may include a breakdown of the intestinal barrier.
Some of the antigliadin antibodies formed in the gut in celiac disease are also found in conditions such as schizophrenia and ASD. These antibodies are not the precise ones found in celiac disease but are nonspecific antigliadin antibodies. It is unclear which is the horse and which is the cart—do the antibodies develop because of a primary gut problem and contribute to the brain problem? Or is the arrow going in the other direction, i.e., altered brain signals affect gut function?
Anti-Inflammation Diets
It is very exciting to think that you can alter inflammation by changing what you eat. Celiac disease is an amazing example of this—withdraw gluten from the diet and you can reverse a devastating autoimmune disease. However, there is little scientific evidence that changing one's diet can similarly affect other diseases.
But since the microbiome is instrumental in controlling inflammation in the gut, some of the so-called anti-inflammation diets may be altering the microbiome—which is what is actually affecting inflammation. While changing the diet can affect the composition of the microbiome—conceivably making it more or less healthy—this has not been translated into any scientifically proven therapeutic diets as yet.
One important exception may be the effect of extreme changes in diet on the inflammation in some patients with IBD. There is evidence from the 1970s that an elemental diet, devoid of fiber and whole food groups and consisting of predigested food components, may control inflammation in some patients. However, current versions of anti-inflammatory diets are little more than "healthy" diets rich in fiber, minerals, and vitamins.
Summary
We understand a great deal about the gut when there is destructive inflammation in conditions such as celiac disease and IBD. Here we can measure and identify inflammation. There are many unknowns regarding systemic inflammation involving the brain.
**More research is needed! Anti-inflammatory diets, supplements, and claims are running way ahead of the science.**
Intestinal Permeability—"Leaky Gut"
_Science is the father of knowledge, but opinion breeds ignorance._
—HIPPOCRATES
The so-called leaky gut has gotten a lot of press recently as the trigger for numerous diseases—as well as a potential target for therapies to treat them. It is a term that has been popularized in the alternative medicine literature.
What exactly is leaky gut? Despite popular articles on the subject, there is very little agreement—or good scientific research—about the subject.
Before we can treat it, we need to understand what causes it, what it may trigger, what this really means for our intestinal health, and, what, if any, effect diet has on it.
First, it is important to understand a few terms.
Intestinal Barrier vs. Intestinal Permeability
The intestinal barrier is the huge mucosal surface of the GI tract that protects the body from the billions of bacteria, microorganisms, toxins, and food components that wash through it daily. It functions as a barrier between the external environment and the closely regulated internal environment of the body and is crucial to our health. Conversely, this barrier must open and absorb essential fluids and nutrients to feed the body.
These opposing goals are achieved by a normal functional state described as intestinal permeability (IP). It is the gatekeeper of the intestinal tract.
This permeability allows the body to "sample" intestinal proteins and present them to the immune system, and allows small molecules to pass through the lining of the intestine. Its mechanism is complex, but it is essentially composed of epithelial cells held together by "tight junctions." Layers of water, mucous, and bacteria (microbiota) are additional barriers protecting the epithelial cells. Many factors can alter intestinal permeability, including infection, bacteria, drugs, alteration in the immune system, and stress.
When IP is altered, the result is often referred to as a "leaky gut." **But IP is a constantly changing and normal physical phenomenon.** Many circumstances and conditions cause the tight junctions that line the GI tract to become slightly porous. It occurs in healthy people—during strenuous exercise, stress, and/or the ingestion of medications, alcohol, aspirin or other NSAIDs—as well as in anyone with intestinal disease.
However, there are various degrees of IP, and we know that it is increased in almost any GI disorder and may contribute to other disease states. In fact, IP is often increased in relatives of people with GI disorders who don't have any manifestation of disease—indicating a possible genetic component.
Tests for Intestinal Permeability
There are various tests to measure IP, the most common being the measurement of two nondigestible sugar molecules—lactulose and mannitol. Mannitol is a small sugar molecule and is absorbed easily through the intestinal barrier. Lactulose is larger and more complex and gets taken up only partially—unless the barrier is more permeable.
The degree of IP or malabsorption is reflected in the levels of the two sugars recovered in a urine sample collected over the following hours. Because IP is so naturally variable and affected by multiple physiological causes—alcohol, pregnancy, exercise, drugs—the test must be done in a highly controlled setting. There is controversy about the timing as well as the reliability of these collections.
Altered Intestinal Permeability
As we noted, a number of factors can compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier—the lining of the GI tract. This includes:
• Intestinal infection and inflammation
• Allergenic foods
• Toxic chemicals
• Drugs
• Lifestyle factors (intense exercise, trauma, stress)
• NSAIDs, including aspirin
Disruption of the intestinal barrier also disrupts—and is disrupted by—the microbiota living throughout the GI tract. When the intestinal barrier is inappropriately breached, it allows substances into the body that it cannot absorb and/or neutralize. The resulting inflammatory reaction causes a cascade of problems that may result in diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases and celiac disease. Recently, obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic diseases have also been implicated.
Inflammation and Intestinal Permeability
More important, the pathways for unwanted substances into the body are both _through_ and _between_ the epithelial cell barrier. This is an important point in understanding the so-called leaky gut. The intestinal barrier absorbs nutrients and fluids _through_ the cells of the epithelium (see chapter 7, "The Normal Gut and Digestion"). But proteins can move _through_ an inflamed cell as well as _between_ the tight junctions opened by inflammation.
In order to treat celiac disease, it is necessary to stop all the gluten from crossing the intestinal barrier. This affects the celiac disease treatments designed to "close the tight junctions" and stop gluten from entering the body. These treatments do not address the gluten entering through the epithelial cells. (See chapter 30, "Nondietary Therapies.")
The Microbiome and Intestinal Permeability
The microbiome is involved in the development and maintenance of the intestinal immune system. Several diseases have been linked to changes in the populations of microbiota that, in turn, alter barrier function.
For example, it is thought that a high-fat diet causes alterations in gut microbiota and increased gut permeability. This may allow the transfer of bacterial products from the GI tract into the body and cause inflammatory reactions that trigger metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Since the liver is the first site where toxins get through the GI tract, an altered IP may contribute to a fatty liver. It is thought that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may be a manifestation of altered IP.
Therefore it is tempting to speculate that modifying the intestinal microbiota and the cellular "gates" of the GI tract with drugs, food components, or probiotic bacteria might offer approaches for future therapy of intestinal barrier-related diseases. But the science has not as yet justified the hypothesis.
Autism and IP
A study was recently conducted to determine the occurrence of damage to the gut mucosa in a small group of autistic children with no known intestinal disorders. Using the lactulose/mannitol recovery tests, 43 percent of them showed altered intestinal permeability (versus none of the controls). The researchers speculated that altered IP could represent "a possible mechanism for the increased passage through the gut mucosa of peptides derived from foods, with subsequent behavioral abnormalities." Because of the difficulty in assessing "normal" intestinal permeability as well as the meaning of an altered one, these types of studies require much more extensive research to draw any conclusions about the effect of altered IP on the development of autism.
Summary
• _Leaky gut_ is not a scientific term. It is a popularized and somewhat inaccurate name for a normal physiological function—namely, changes in intestinal permeability, which is a feature of intestinal barrier function.
• The realization that the barrier is so important raises the questions of what can disrupt it and how we can improve gut barrier functions—and what role altering gut microbiota may play.
• Gluten is the known dietary cause for increased IP in people with celiac disease and some with diarrhea-prominent IBS, but not in any other condition.
• There are currently no drugs, probiotics, or diet that have been scientifically proven to improve a so-called leaky gut or to treat it. One drug, larazotide, does appear to tighten the intercellular junctions. Its role in various disease states is being studied.
• This area may be a valuable new target for disease prevention and therapy. We need good scientific research, not pseudoscience hypotheses, to explain potentially important concepts like IP.
PART IV
Putting Order in the Disorders
Most of the advice that I've gotten from doctors is: "Whatever works for you, even if it doesn't work." Sort of "just deal with it." One said: "Well, do the best you can. If it's really bad I'll give you an antibiotic." So I tried a gluten-free diet, and that seems to help. Most of the time.
(ELLIE, 28)
As long as your blood tests are good—that's it. As far as he [the doctor] was concerned I wasn't sick. How I felt? Must be nerves . . .
(LYNN, 48)
_A decade ago celiac disease was considered extremely rare outside Europe and, therefore, was almost completely ignored by health care professionals. In only 10 years, key milestones have moved celiac disease from obscurity into the popular spotlight worldwide. Now we are observing another interesting phenomenon that is generating great confusion among health care professionals. **The number of individuals embracing a gluten-free diet (GFD) appears much higher than the projected number of celiac disease patients, fueling a global market of gluten-free products.**_
—THE OSLO DEFINITIONS FOR COELIAC DISEASE AND RELATED TERMS*
Many people suffering from unexplained symptoms go from doctor to doctor, specialist to nutritionist, Internet blog to magazine article, and back again. When test results fail to uncover a disease or recognizable condition, patients are often sent on their way. And so, they seek out answers on their own. Many are convinced that gluten plays a major role as the solution to or cause of every unexplained symptom from which they suffer.
The actual picture is more complex. Our bodies are filled with feedback loops. To understand one signal or symptom is not enough to grasp either its message or its part in the whole. The conversations between the gut, the brain, and the microbiome are like a party line shared by multiple subscribers. And researchers are listening in with increasing interest.
The following section puts some order in disorders that affect the gut and the gut-brain axis, and explains where the gluten-free diet works and where it does not.
Keep in mind: Your gut has a limited number of ways to tell you it is suffering. Thus, many of the symptoms of one condition resemble others.
Celiac Disease
Being on a GF diet is fine now. But it was like drinking out of a fire hose the first few months: completely overwhelming.
(DIANA, 49)
I can talk forever about making sure the restaurant doesn't put croutons on your salad and preparing menus and all that kind of stuff, but that's way down on the list of really major concerns. I don't think that's the hardest part. I'm much more concerned about the risk of autoimmune diseases with celiac. About my daughter getting lupus or scleroderma.
(MARY, 67)
For those with celiac disease, gluten-free exuberance has created a wonderful array of "safe" products that are readily available at grocery stores as well as online and in health food stores. People now have "gluten intolerance," "gluten sensitivity," "gluten allergy," and plain old "glutenitis." These conditions are different from celiac disease, their autoimmune-driven cousin.
What Is Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is a multisystem autoimmune disorder whose main target of injury is the small intestine. It is caused by an inappropriate immune reaction to gluten, the protein in wheat, rye, and barley, and occurs in 1 to 2 percent of the population worldwide. Most doctors now understand that a patient's migraine headaches, infertility, peripheral neuropathies, and/or blistering skin (among other conditions) may, in fact, be manifestations of this chameleon-like condition.
The digestive tract is a complex and highly efficient system designed to deal with the outside world going through it. To accomplish this, a series of defenses have been built into the GI system. These include:
• an intact lining of cells protecting the border from mouth to anus
• gastric acid that destroys pathogens in the stomach
• the microbiota that "taste" content, determine its status, then sculpt and continually signal the immune system
• immune cells underneath the mucosa that "learn" which parts of what we ingest are friendly and send antibodies to destroy what they perceive as foe
• the enteric nervous system or "second brain" in the gut, which silently regulates and coordinates the stages of digestion to maintain order while engaging in constant cross talk with a network of neurons outside of the tract
• a low level of controlled inflammation that immediately seals off an infected area
When the immune system senses a serious infection or foreign invader, the normally controlled inflammatory process revs up. In people with celiac disease, undigested gluten comes both through and between the mucosal cells lining the tract. It is inappropriately perceived as an invader by the immune cells, who call for the troops (a cascade of white blood cells producing inflammatory cytokines), thereby creating even more inflammation in order to destroy the perceived pathogen. After repeated assaults, the inflammation destroys the surrounding tissue and causes the villi to atrophy and eventually flatten, losing their ability to absorb nutrients. Without the epithelial cell barrier, our immune system begins to make more antibodies to food proteins.
Essentially, the firemen put out the fire, leaving a burned-out building. The small intestine, the main site of nutrient absorption, is damaged and/or partially destroyed, which can create vitamin and mineral deficiencies and diarrhea. The ongoing inflammation also creates fatigue and many other related symptoms.
The Gut in Flames
The inflammatory response resembles a battlefield with different troops racing to the scene, releasing their chemical weapons and leaving behind collateral damage and debris. If there is not much damage, the body repairs itself. This occurs when we eat spoiled food or get a stomach "bug." The body responds by putting in more inflammation, the problem is dealt with, and the inflammation subsides.
In people with celiac disease, the gliadin molecule gets into the intestinal lining and continually stimulates the inflammatory response. The inflammation will remain high and cause continual damage until the offending toxin is removed.
The intestine will not recover until you interrupt the vicious cycle by taking gluten out of the diet permanently. This allows the inflammation to subside and normal intestinal appearance to return. With the regrowth of the villi, function can return. Until then, the digestive system creates symptoms that reflect the level of damage to the body—it begins to ask or yell for help.
In some cases, the progress of the reaction is gradual; in others it's rapid and dramatic. Symptoms may also wax and wane over a long period of time. While we know the dietary trigger—gluten—we still do not know why only a small percentage of people who are genetically predisposed develop an active form of celiac disease and why it occurs at varying times in their lives.
Symptoms and Complications
There are four major categories of symptoms and complications in celiac disease.
1. **"Classic" celiac disease**
My dad at the age of 83 lost a lot of weight. He went from 160 pounds to 90-some. The physicians couldn't figure it out. I was on the phone with his doctor and asked if he checked for celiac disease. He said, "Two-year-olds get celiac disease, not someone his age." I asked: "Would you get a biopsy and check for it?" My dad had celiac disease and he recovered, but he never got all his weight back—which was a good thing. He said, "Living with this disease is not so bad. Whenever I get overweight and want to lose a few pounds, I eat a bagel."
(MICHAEL GERSHON, M.D.)
This category describes mild to severe symptoms that predominantly involve the GI tract. The severity of symptoms is related to the amount of intestinal damage and involves GI disturbances including diarrhea, cramps, bloating, lactose intolerance, increased reflux, and dyspepsia.
2. **"Silent" celiac disease**
I had numerous pregnancy losses, I had elevated liver enzymes, anemia, I had numbness in my hands, and saw numerous doctors who never connected the dots. After I was diagnosed, we had both of my daughters tested. I have a 17- and a 14-year-old. I could have sworn it was the 17-year-old—she had all of the symptoms . . . It was the 14-year-old, who had no symptoms.
The GI who did her procedure was so excited when he met me after the procedure—her intestines were scalloped and so damaged that he hadn't seen anything like that for a while. He couldn't contain his medical excitement. It was sort of like a _Saturday Night Live_ sketch.
(DARA, 42)
While GI problems were once considered to be the major manifestation of celiac disease, the more remote effects of malabsorption are now the most common symptoms seen by doctors. These include:
• **Vitamin and mineral deficiencies.** Vitamins and minerals are absorbed in specific sections of the small intestine: vitamin B12 in the ileum; iron and much of our calcium, fat-soluble vitamins, and folic acid in the proximal portion of the small intestine (where celiac disease does much of its damage).
• **Anemia.** The most common cause of anemia in women is menstrual blood loss. In men, it is blood loss through injury or an intestinal problem. People suffering from persistent anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia, where other underlying medical conditions have been ruled out, should ask their doctors about testing for celiac disease.
• **Fatigue.** Fatigue can be caused by malnutrition and malabsorption of nutrients, inflammation, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, other autoimmune disorders, and/or depression. Chronic fatigue should be considered as a symptom of celiac disease. (See chapter 25.)
• **Osteoporosis.** Osteoporosis is a "silent" condition because most people do not know they have thin bones until one of them breaks. Low bone density and osteoporosis are common in patients with celiac disease. Low blood calcium levels are a specific marker for the condition.
• **Neuropathies.** Small-fiber neuropathies and some ataxias are associated with celiac disease. Neuropathies are also associated with inflammation. Many resolve on a gluten-free diet. (See chapter 22.)
3. **Systemic inflammation and autoimmune diseases**
While malabsorption underlies many of the symptoms of celiac disease, the inflammatory process itself is now understood to be a major factor in the development of symptoms. Inflammation, mainly through the increased levels of circulating cytokines, makes people feel unwell.
It is well documented that autoimmune diseases tend to "travel in packs." That is, if you develop one, you are more likely to develop another. It is believed that this is most likely due to a genetic predisposition. Approximately 8 to 10 percent of all type 1 diabetics have celiac disease, and the number may be higher as more patients are diagnosed. Among the celiac disease patients we see, 30 percent have at least one associated autoimmune disorder, compared to 3 percent of the general population.
People with one diagnosed autoimmune disease and unexplained symptoms should explore the possible link with celiac disease.
4. **Malignancies**
People with celiac disease have a twofold greater chance to develop a malignancy than the general population. The malignancies that occur at an increased rate include non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as the main culprit. However, esophageal carcinoma, small intestinal adenocarcinoma, and melanoma are also seen. A gluten-free diet appears to reduce the risk of developing these malignancies to that of the general population after five years of compliance—with the exception of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which appears to be associated with a villous atrophy that fails to heal.
Celiac disease was once called "the great pretender." Its many symptoms and manifestations can masquerade as many other illnesses. This is also the reason it is often missed—patients are labeled with another disease that "sticks," and treated for that condition. They continue to eat gluten and remain sick despite treatment.
What Causes Celiac Disease?
We need to rethink the way people get celiac disease. We know that it is a combination of gluten, genes, and environmental factors—but isolating the trigger remains elusive. While we have identified a number of environmental factors that appear to activate or trigger an active form of the condition, no one factor is present in all cases. This is a puzzle that still has many missing pieces.
While the response to gluten in people with celiac disease—and its manifestations and consequences—have been extensively documented in our book _Celiac Disease: A Hidden Epidemic_ , the newest areas of scientific study are focused on the underlying mechanisms initiating and driving the immune reaction.
Gluten
You have to be eating gluten to develop celiac disease. It is the only environmental trigger for an autoimmune disease that has been definitively identified. None of us digest gluten completely since it is a large, complex protein that remains mainly resistant to our normal intestinal enzymes. We know that the gliadin protein—the alcohol-soluble portion of gluten—gets into the lining of the intestine in certain individuals and sets off the inflammatory cascade that causes the disease.
Genes
There is a definite genetic influence that is demonstrated by the prevalence of celiac disease in families and in identical twins, but not all of the genes have been conclusively identified. The two specific genes that have been recognized so far are part of the HLA (human leukocyte antigens) class II DQ genes. The HLA genes are the "sentries" of the immune system. They patrol the immune system and identify "self"—belonging to the body—from "nonself"—a foreign substance. We all have slightly different versions of these proteins inherited from our parents. These are the genes that are used to determine organ transplant suitability.
Ninety-five percent of patients with celiac disease have HLA-DQ2, and most of the remaining 5 percent have HLA-DQ8.* In simple terms, specific genetically driven immune cells with these HLA "sentries" are primed to react to gliadin.
While it is absolutely necessary to have either HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 or the separate components of these genes, they are not sufficient to _cause_ celiac disease. They increase the risk in the general population, but different genes have been identified in other populations. More than 40 other genes are seen more often in celiac disease patients than in unaffected people, but we believe that we have identified only about 50 percent of the genetic influences.
Therefore, in order to get celiac disease, you have to have gliadin, and you have to have HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8. Simple enough, but 30 percent of the general population have HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 lymphocytes yet only about 1 percent get celiac disease. And since not all identical twins and a large percentage in a given family do not have celiac disease, there are obviously other factors at play. There is increasing interest in _epigenetics_ —the modification of genes by other, typically environmental factors that may in turn be inherited. These factors have as yet to be studied in celiac disease. (See chapter 33, "Food for Thought.")
The answer is not just gluten and genes.
Environmental Factors
There is convincing evidence that celiac disease has increased over the past 50 years—not just the rate of diagnosis that lags behind the actual prevalence of the disorder. But why? The presence of the necessary genetic variants has not changed, nor has the type or amount of wheat that is ingested by most people who eat wheat. Therefore other environmental factors must be contributing to this growing percentage of cases.
_Infant Feeding Practices_
Up until recently, researchers thought that infant feeding practices affected the onset of the disease. However, it will be hard for anyone to continue to recommend the introduction of gluten—specifically at the age of four to six months—since a recent extensive population study did not find that exposure to gluten at this age decreased the risk of celiac disease. Neither did delaying gluten exposure until a child was 12 months old protect him/her from getting celiac disease. This study was a 10-year, multicountry study conducted in Europe, prompted by the Swedish celiac disease epidemic study of 2001.
The researchers also did not find any evidence that breast-feeding, the duration of breast-feeding, or the introduction of gluten during breast-feeding influenced later development of celiac disease. Although we recognize the overall importance of breast-feeding for child health, breast-feeding does not appear to protect against celiac disease in children. While these European guidelines still appear in the popular press, the recommendation needs to be changed.
_Infections_
Infections—both in adults and children—may play a role in the development of celiac disease. When the lining of the intestine is disrupted by an infection, some larger molecules such as gliadin can get through the intestinal barrier and set off the immune reaction. Rotavirus infection in childhood and _campylobacter_ infection in adulthood (a common food-borne illness from raw or undercooked poultry) both increase the risk of celiac disease. (See chapter 14, "The Double Hit Theory.") Interestingly, infection with _H. pylori_ appears to be protective against the disease.
Drugs/Antibiotics/Proton Pump Inhibitors
Drugs and antibiotics can damage the intestinal lining, making it more permeable and more susceptible to food antigens. Just having an altered pH may alter the digestion of gluten. Medications also upset the delicate balance of our microbiome, and that may be a precipitating factor.
Aspirin and Other NSAIDs
Many people are taking enteric-coated aspirin that dissolves in the small intestine instead of the stomach. This transfers the damage from the stomach—where it can cause ulcers and bleeding—to the small intestine. It alters intestinal permeability and may increase the risk of other diseases such as CD. Other NSAIDs, widely available over the counter and used extensively for pain control, also disrupt the intestinal barrier and may play a role in the development of altered intestinal permeability and concurrent disease.
The Microbiome
As we discussed in chapter 9, "The Microbiome," there are many factors that influence the colonization of the microbiota in our gut, including birth mode, antibiotic use, diet, and early environment. Since exposure to microbes "educates" and helps shape the immune system, the initial flora that colonize the GI tract may have important consequences in a child's tolerance to food antigens. While there are no studies that demonstrate a direct relation between a disrupted microbiome and CD, it has been proposed that some microbiota may influence the immune response to gliadin in genetically predisposed individuals. In other words, alterations in the composition of intestinal flora may play a role in the loss of tolerance to gluten. This may be of particular importance during the first few years of life, when the immune system is maturing and being "educated."
Since it has been hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota is somehow involved in celiac disease, probiotics are appearing as an interesting enhancement in the dietetic management of the disease. We do not currently advise them because of the total lack of supporting evidence and regulatory oversight. (See chapter 5, "Supplements and Probiotics.")
_Testing Gluten and the Microbiome_
We are currently conducting a study to determine the effect of gluten on the microbiota of people with and without celiac disease. Using a gluten challenge, and testing skin and stool microbiota, we hope to have specific answers to its effect. We know that simple dietary modulation may alter the microbiome. What we do not know is whether this is beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
The composition of the microbiome and its role in immunity and celiac disease is an exciting new area of exploration and may be an important piece of the celiac disease puzzle.
An Allergic Component?
Recent studies have shown an increase in eosinophils (white blood cells that control mechanisms associated with allergies) in patients with active celiac disease. They subside on a gluten-free diet, suggesting that there may be an allergic component to the immune response in celiac disease. (See chapter 21, "Eosinophilic Esophagitis.")
_Smoking_
There are studies that suggest smoking may be protective for celiac disease, and others where this is not confirmed. There are many chemicals in cigarettes besides nicotine, but nicotine patches have been used as "drug" therapy in conditions such as severe ulcerative colitis. While the mechanisms of action are still not completely understood, the therapeutic effect of nicotine appears to dampen inflammation and the immune response. Nevertheless, this does not change the very negative effect of smoking on overall health.
Vital Wheat Gluten
Another factor that has so far received little attention is vital wheat gluten. Processed from wheat flour, this form of gluten is increasingly used in the preparation of baked goods and processed foods. It was investigated in a European multicenter study, and although that study showed negative results, the role of vital gluten needs to be explored further.* (For more, see chapter 31, "Eating Healthy.")
Stress, Life Events, and Trauma
I had a very successful but stressful career. I've always taken things emotionally home with me. I believe there has to be some trigger [for celiac disease]; maybe it's age or something else, but I think that it's stress. I was going through a very stressful period at work, the politics, a boss dying. That's when things really got bad.
(NED, 60)
Many patients pinpoint a stressful occurrence as the "triggering" event for their celiac disease diagnosis. A recent study showed that life events may favor the clinical appearance of celiac disease or accelerate its diagnosis.
Stress can be both physical and emotional. While biological stress seems to contribute to the improper functioning of immune cells, the "second brain" in the gut may also play a role in signaling the immune system during emotional stress.
Stress may also affect the protective responses in the gut and create an improper discrimination between pathogens and our microbiota. But to date, only animal models have shown that stress alters the microbiota.
Trauma and pregnancy may also be factors contributing to GI conditions, including celiac disease. (See chapter 14.)
The Mismatch Theory
The mismatch theory lies at the core of evolutionary biology/medicine, a field that applies evolutionary practices to health and illness. It suggests that we are developing illnesses that were previously rare because our bodies possess features preserved by natural selection and designed for survival in a given environment that is unlike the modern environments we have now created and live in. These environmental changes have altered how the body functions.
_Put simply, mismatches are caused by stimuli that are too much, too little, or too new._
—DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN, _THE STORY OF THE HUMAN BODY_
This theory has been narrowed into a hypothesis that we are eating a food (wheat) that we were not designed or evolved to eat. A number of anthropologists, archaeologists, and molecular biologists have countered this hypothesis based on the so-called Paleo diet:
_Our bodies have adapted over time to different circumstances, including to cooking and to modern agriculture, and this process is always ongoing. There is no pristine virtue in what our ancestors ate in Palaeolithic times, and in any case our bodies have already undergone significant changes since that time. Life, especially human life, is never perfectly matched to one kind of eating. It is always evolving as the food sources change._
—DIMITRA PAPAGIANNI, PH.D., AND MICHAEL MORSE, PH.D., COAUTHORS OF _THE NEANDERTHALS REDISCOVERED_
Ninety-eight percent of the worldwide population that regularly eats gluten does not get celiac disease. If you factor in other related gluten sensitivities and intolerances, 70 percent of this population has no GI distress from the grain at all.
_Tomatoes, peppers, squash, potatoes, avocados, pecans, cashews, and blueberries are all New World crops, and have only been on the dinner table of African and Eurasian populations for probably 10 generations of their evolutionary history. Europeans have been eating grain for the last 10,000 years; we've been eating sweet potatoes for less than 500. Yet the human body has seemingly adapted perfectly well to yams, let alone pineapple and sunflower seeds._
—DR. KARL FENST, BIOARCHAEOLOGIST
_Temporary Gluten Autoimmunity—a Confounding Factor_
Adding mystery to the puzzle are the children and adults with celiac disease antibodies that go away when they continue on a regular diet. While we feel that this is a rare event, it has been seen in children involved in long-term studies. It is one reason that asymptomatic children tested during a screening should have a second blood test prior to subjecting the child to an endoscopy.
Although this is rarely seen in adults, we did a study on a baker who had positive blood results for celiac disease but a negative biopsy, and whose blood tests normalized on a regular diet after a period of time. It does not appear to occur in patients who have abnormal biopsies.
What does it mean? It means that the switch can go on and then it can go off. But it is very risky to assume that celiac disease has "gone away" since being able to "tolerate" gluten is not a reliable test of whether celiac disease has gone away.
The long-term effects of positive blood tests that switch to negative remain unclear, and these patients should be followed into adulthood. Perhaps we should call these people "potential celiacs."
The danger rests in people who focus on the word _temporary_ and go back on a regular diet, only to suffer complications from the continued inflammatory reaction in their GI tract. There are patients in their 50s who were diagnosed with celiac disease as babies, whose parents were told it had gone away, and who ate gluten without symptoms for 40 years—and then developed intestinal cancer.
Management—Diagnosis and Treatment
There have been several advances in the diagnosis of celiac disease in the past few years. Some of the issues of the past, such as variation in lab and pathology interpretation, still lead to incorrect diagnoses.
The panel of tests available for celiac disease includes all of the following. While there are no tests that are 100 percent specific and sensitive for celiac disease, some of the following are extremely accurate.
Diagnostic Tests
1. **IgA tissue transglutaminase (tTG):** tTG is the enzyme that converts gliadin into a more toxic molecule. We consider this one test the "gold standard" blood test. It may be combined with the deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) to increase the number of diagnoses.
2. **IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA):** This test adds specificity to the diagnosis. (This means that there are no other conditions that can cause a positive result.) It is an expensive test that is read manually by an expert technician. It has been advocated to replace the biopsy in the new European diagnostic pathways for children. (See opposite.)
3. **Total IgA:** This test is not done routinely, as it is unclear whether it is cost-effective. While it is helpful in finding people who are IgA deficient, that is a small group. ( **IgG tissue transglutaminase** is used to diagnose celiac disease in IgA-deficient individuals. There is no role when IgA is normal.)
4. **IgA deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP):** The deamidated gliadin peptide test has been developed recently and replaced the antigliadin antibody (AGA) test, which is no longer available. The test looks for specific antibodies that have developed in response to gliadin (the protein portion of gluten). The DGP may not be as valuable as the tissue transglutaminase test, but it is part of the panel that we recommend for celiac disease screening. This test may be positive in some patients with celiac disease who have negative IgA tTG tests.
_Biopsy Results_
If blood tests are positive, the diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. None of the blood tests are either 100 percent sensitive or specific for celiac disease, which is why we still recommend a biopsy as the ultimate gold standard for diagnosis.
Biopsy is pathologist dependent, and not all pathologists are expert at interpreting small intestinal biopsies nor use a standardized terminology for grading the changes in celiac disease. The Marsh score is one such form. If there is a question about the result, the biopsy can always be reviewed by a different pathologist.
False Negatives/False Positives
False negatives: You can have celiac disease and still have negative blood tests, and you can have negative blood tests and develop celiac disease later in life. If you are not eating a lot of gluten, you can have celiac disease with negative antibodies.
**A Word on Sensitivity and Specificity**
Testing criteria are based on the sensitivity and specificity of the test. These terms are often used in the medical literature, so it is important to understand their meaning.
**Specificity:** If a test is 100 percent specific, it means there is nothing else, no other medical condition that can cause the positive result.
**Sensitivity:** If a test is 100 percent sensitive, it means that everyone with the disease has a positive test.
However, no test is 100 percent. Blood tests are designed to have cut-offs that will include most people with the disease. However, they will include some as positive who do not have the disease if they fall in this range, and miss others who do not.
European Pediatric Guidelines
There are pediatric guidelines in Europe that suggest that you can diagnose celiac disease without a biopsy. They are not accepted in the United States. They were created in response to parents reluctant to subject children to a biopsy that is usually conducted under general anesthesia. If used, they require very strict guidelines that need to be adhered to.
The European guidelines require **all** of the following conditions:
The child **must be symptomatic** and then have:
1. A positive tTG more than 10 times the upper level of normal
2. A second blood test for EMA that is positive and that _must_ be taken on a separate occasion
3. Presence of genetic markers.
The second blood draw guards against temporary gluten autoimmunity and may account for "false positive" antibody tests. When these criteria are met, a presumptive diagnosis can be made and a gluten-free diet started.
There are pros and cons to these guidelines. On one hand, you diagnose most cases of celiac disease. It eliminates an invasive endoscopy and biopsy, as well as the concern about general anesthesia, which has been suggested as a contributing factor to some cognitive impairment in the very young. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated. Conversely, the guidelines must be adhered to strictly, and some doctors do not do a separate blood draw, which may not catch children who are asymptomatic. Without an endoscopy, other conditions that occur with celiac disease may be missed. And some children with positive blood tests may not have celiac disease.
We favor being very certain because as the child becomes an adolescent, then an adult, he or she or their adult physician may not believe the diagnosis.
One patient who had been diagnosed with celiac disease as a child by his pediatrician discovered as a young adult that he did not have it. His anger toward his parents when he found out that the childhood diagnosis—done without a biopsy—was not correct remains troubling.
Gene Testing
In any one individual there are multiple factors in addition to genetic makeup that will lead to celiac disease, and they are different for each person. Having the gene(s)—specifically HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8—merely means that you are at risk. However, you must have these specific genes to have celiac disease.
HLAs are human leukocyte antigens, the proteins found on the surface of almost every cell in the body. They are the sentries that patrol the immune system identifying other cells as "self" or "nonself"—a foreign body. These are the genes that must "match" to determine compatibility for an organ transplant.
**People should not have a genetic test unless they understand the significance of the test.** It is not a determinant of celiac disease and cannot be used to diagnose it. Its value is in a negative result because this excludes the possibility of having the disease. If you have been correctly diagnosed with celiac disease you do not need a gene test.
Approximately 30 percent of people in the U.S. have these HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 genes, and only 1 percent have celiac disease. It is necessary but not sufficient for development of celiac disease.
Gene testing should be conducted and interpreted by doctors who understand its significance. Home testing, because of the potential for misinterpretation, is not recommended. The presence of these genes is not a reason to commence a gluten-free diet.
The role of genetic testing is to:
• Determine which family members to screen for celiac disease. There is no point in testing family members in an "at risk" family without the genes.
• Diagnose patients in whom antibody and biopsy results appear incongruent.
Point-of-Care/Finger-Prick Testing
Point-of-care testing involves technology that gives an immediate result. These tests can be performed in a doctor's office or purchased commercially without any medical personnel input.
There is a great deal of precedence for point-of-care testing—notably in pregnancy, strep, and HIV kits. Such a test has been developed for celiac disease and currently approved for use in Canada as an OTC product. Because interpretation is particularly important in celiac disease, confirmation with an endoscopy is still necessary. The test is marketed and used in Canada to track a gluten-free diet.
Fecal Testing
Currently, fecal stool tests for celiac/gluten antibodies are neither specific nor sensitive enough to be used as a diagnostic tool. Some labs offer them, but there are _no_ rigorous scientific studies proving their validity, efficacy, or usefulness. They have no role in the diagnosis of gluten-related disorders.
Treatment
The current treatment for celiac disease is a lifelong gluten-free diet, though nondietary pharmaceutical treatments are being developed to eliminate the toxic effect of gluten on the intestines of susceptible people. The exact role of these adjunctive therapies remains to be seen, but most will not replace a gluten-free diet. (See chapter 30, "Nondietary Therapies.")
Patients often opt out of further treatment once they are diagnosed and on a gluten-free diet, but the management of celiac disease should not stop at the end of your fork. Celiac disease is a chronic condition like diabetes or high blood pressure and should be monitored with yearly visits to a physician specifically for the celiac disease, to prevent long-term complications.
L-Carnitine
There is a study showing that L-carnitine is effective in the treatment of some types of fatigue found in celiac disease. Supplementation can be very helpful in patients with fatigue and low levels of L-carnitine in their blood. (See chapter 5, "Supplements.")
L-carnitine is an amino acid (a building block for proteins) that is produced by the body and is a natural component of the diet. If tests show that you are deficient in this metabolite and cannot correct this through diet, you should take supplements under a doctor's instruction. It is not a cure-all for the fatigue found in celiac disease.
Summary
• Incidences of celiac disease appears to have increased over the past 50 years. While some risk factors have been pinpointed, others remain to be uncovered.
• Despite intensive research in the past decade, the mechanisms behind celiac disease remain a challenge, and it is still underdiagnosed.
• The variability of age at the onset of symptoms is still puzzling, as well as the variability of the symptoms themselves.
• While many of the environmental factors may be related, they are not necessarily causal. An infection, drug, or life event may uncover the underlying condition rather than trigger it. This is of particular interest as scientists investigate the role of the microbiome in diseases such as celiac disease. While alterations in the small intestine microbial composition have been associated with active celiac disease, there have been no studies demonstrating a causative effect to these changes.
• We continue to search for the "switch"—the genetic/epigenetic, environmental, infective, or physiological button—that causes someone to go from tolerating gluten to not tolerating gluten, so that we can prevent it.
We have come a long way, but many intriguing puzzle pieces are still missing.
Gluten Sensitivity—the New Kid on the Block
I became gluten-free in 2003 because I was feeling really awful most of the time. I was distended and bloated; my [throat] was always burning. A friend suggested I stop eating bread, and within three days, I noticed a huge difference. I haven't had real bread since then. When I eat it I feel terrible. Instead, I eat a variety of gluten-free grains like rice, corn, and quinoa.
(INGRID, 64)
Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a new, emerging entity that encompasses a diverse group of conditions that all appear to improve when gluten is removed from the diet. It is unclear how long it has been around, but patients have been aware of it for years. In 2011 a consensus conference established the definition of NCGS within the framework of other gluten-related disorders in the medical community.
It is, without doubt, a popular name in the consumer press. While there are some people with gluten-sensitive symptoms, it is currently a self-diagnosis since **there is no definitive test to confirm its presence.** It is a common diagnosis by nontraditional medical practitioners.
However, the number of patients who have neither celiac disease nor a wheat allergy, but appear to derive benefit from a gluten-free diet, has increased substantially.
What Is NCGS?
NCGS is defined as a reduction in symptoms after eliminating gluten-containing products from the diet and a recurrence of symptoms when gluten is re-introduced in people without celiac disease and a wheat allergy. People with NCGS do not have the small intestinal damage or develop the antibodies (tissue transglutaminase, tTG) found in celiac disease. While it is important that celiac disease is ruled out in these patients, it is worth noting that most people with gluten sensitivity have not been tested for celiac disease or other possible causes of their symptoms.
It is the "youngest" member of the family of gluten-related disorders and is characterized by a great variability in symptoms and clinical history. Most patients report both GI and non-GI symptoms (especially fatigue or "foggy brain") that improve on a gluten-free diet.
The gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and include bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and nausea.
The extra-intestinal symptoms include lack of well-being, tiredness, headache, foggy mind, numbness, and joint or muscle pain.
The rapid disappearance of symptoms on a gluten-free diet and their recurrence after gluten reintroduction are also characteristic of the condition.
After a thorough medical evaluation, we find that many PWAGs (people who avoid wheat and gluten) have a variety of other conditions such as lactose or fructose intolerance, bacterial overgrowth, or microscopic colitis and once those are diagnosed and treated they are able to eat gluten again symptom-free. **Thus, a self-diagnosis of NCGS may mask other conditions**. It is also unclear whether another component of wheat is causing symptoms in these people. (See the following section.)
Patients often identify other foods that cause symptoms—50 percent of NCGS/PWAGs seen at the Center are avoiding dairy, soy, or corn as well as wheat.
What Causes NCGS?
Nongluten Components of Wheat?
While NCGS appears to be directly related to an adverse food-related reaction, recent studies suggested that gluten may not be the only trigger, and that different proteins found in wheat (e.g., ATIs) are likely to play a relevant role in this condition.
New studies have shown that a diet low in FODMAPs results in improved symptoms in some patients with self-reported NCGS, supporting the hypothesis of a major role of FODMAPs compared to gluten.
Other possible causes of symptoms in NCGS are wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), other proteins found in wheat and related grains. (See chapter 11, "Gluten and Nongluten Grains.")
Because it is unclear which components of wheat-based products are responsible for an individual's symptoms, it may be premature to assign all of the blame to gluten. This is why we and others prefer to call these individuals PWAGs, as the term better encompasses the possible underlying dietary culprits.
Genes?
Although celiac disease is characterized by a strong genetic association—about 95 percent of patients carry HLA-DQ2, and the remaining 5 percent carry HLA-DQ8—only about 50 percent of patients with NCGS carry HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8. Nevertheless, this percentage is slightly higher than the general population (30 percent). This serves to further emphasize the need for patients to be assessed prior to going gluten-free. This is especially important as we learn the pitfalls and hazards of a gluten-free diet. (See chapter 4.)
As the cost of DNA sequencing lowers, it will be interesting to characterize the genetic profile of different subgroups of patients with NCGS.
Management of NCGS
Diagnosis
As noted earlier, there is currently no diagnostic test for NCGS. It is often a diagnosis of exclusion—patients do not have specific celiac disease markers or intestinal damage (villous atrophy), nor do they have high blood levels of IgE indicating a wheat allergy.
An intestinal biopsy sample should always be obtained from patients with suspected NCGS while they are eating gluten to exclude the presence of villous atrophy, the hallmark of CD. About 60 percent of NCGS patients have normal intestinal mucosa.
Some interesting results are starting to appear in regard to the antibodies found in patients with NCGS. Various studies have found IgG anti-gliadin antibodies in a large percentage of patients with NCGS. As explained fully in chapter 6, antigliadin antibodies are targeting gliadin, the protein portion of gluten. While these antibodies are found in celiac disease, these are not the specific IgA antibodies found in celiac disease.
Interestingly, after patients with NCGS started a gluten-free diet, the IgG levels returned to normal in almost all of them. Strict compliance and a good response to a gluten-free diet, with significant improvement in symptoms, were significantly related to the disappearance of IgG antigliadin levels in these patients.
Still, IgG antigliadin cannot be considered a reliable biomarker of NCGS because it is also found in people with many other disorders, including autoimmune diseases, autism spectrum disorder, and ADHD, as well as in healthy subjects. (For more, see part V, "The Brain-Gut-Gluten Connection.") These antibody tests are only available right now in a research setting.
Treatment
It is important to avoid self-diagnosis. If you think you have NCGS you should be tested for celiac disease as well as bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, and other food intolerances and perform a trial of the FODMAP diet before starting—or continuing—a gluten-free diet. A full medical history regarding drugs (both OTC and prescription) should also be taken. NSAIDs and other drugs have been associated with similar symptoms in patients.
A self-diagnosis of NCGS can mask other serious conditions that can affect your long-term health.
Summary
• Patients suffering from NCGS are a diverse group, composed of several subgroups, each characterized by a different clinical history, and, probably, clinical course.
• None of us fully digest gluten the way we digest other proteins such as those in meat, but only 1 percent of people develop an autoimmune response. It is possible that the group with NCGS is a middle group that does not get the full immune response characterized by celiac disease, but develops a greater response than someone with some gas or burps. There may also be a group of NCGS patients who develop villous atrophy in the future.
• A diagnosis of NCGS can only be made by excluding celiac disease and a wheat allergy.
• It is important therefore that we look at ways of better classifying patients with NCGS. An accurate diagnostic test would certainly provide the best way of doing this. Gliadin antibodies and HLA DQ2/DQ8 genes are more prevalent in NCGS patients than the general population, and it may be that they play a role in delineating NCGS patients in the future, but as yet they cannot be used in diagnosis.
• We need to examine what is triggering symptoms—is it the gliadin proteins, nongliadin gluten parts in grains, gluten contaminants, other wheat constituents such as amylase trypsin inhibitor (ATIs), or only carbohydrates (lactose or fructose) in the diet?
• Future research should aim to identify the biomarkers for a diagnosis of NCGS diagnosis and better define the different NCGS subgroups.
In the past few years, NCGS has become increasingly recognized, and researchers are just beginning to define this entity.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Let me put it this way: IBS makes me feel as if someone is "fracking" my gut. Massive pressure is injected, enormous amounts of natural gas is forced to the surface, and the effect on the environment is undesirable to lots of people.
(GENE, 55)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) interrupts a life. The symptoms are unpredictable, the pain can be crippling, and patients echo the challenges of airplane travel, family occasions, disrupted meetings, and the psychological burdens they carry.
What Is IBS?
IBS is a functional bowel disorder—which is to say that symptoms are caused by changes in how the gastrointestinal tract works. The GI tract continues to look normal—it appears undamaged—but creates symptoms. It is one of the most common disorders diagnosed by doctors and affects as many as 5 to 20 percent of people worldwide. It occurs more often in women and affects children as well as adults. Symptoms range from diarrhea to constipation—and can yo-yo between both—as well as abdominal discomfort or extreme pain, bloating, and gas. While the symptoms are common, it is unclear why they have such an intense impact on some people and not others.
Some people complain of daily distress while others have intermittent symptoms that may not occur for weeks or months. A decreased quality of life is well documented. While some studies show that only a minority of people who suffer seek out medical care, other patients go to numerous doctors and undergo endoscopies, colonoscopies, X-rays, scans, blood tests, and biopsies—the results of most of which are normal, confounding both patient and physician.
IBS is usually classified into four categories that also determine the type of treatment used for symptoms. These are:
1. **IBS with constipation (IBS-C)—** mainly hard or lumpy stool
2. **IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D)—** mainly loose or watery stools
3. **Mixed IBS (IBS-M)—** a combination of hard and watery stools
4. **Unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U)—** insufficient criteria to meet any of the other categories
It is not uncommon for patients to switch subtypes over time. There are also conditions that resemble IBS. These include functional constipation, diarrhea, and bloating syndromes.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of the Rome III criteria, a physical exam, and tests to diagnose or rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. These include IBD (e.g., colitis, Crohn's disease), celiac disease, ulcers, SIBO, food allergies and intolerances, pancreatic insufficiency, microscopic colitis, or a chronic GI infection or parasite. It is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion.
Nothing in my life is predictable—I never know if I can get through a concert or a phone call without rushing to the bathroom.
(JANET, 70)
The Rome III Criteria
The Rome III criteria require that patients have had recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least three days per month in the last three months, associated with two or more of the following:
• Relieved by defecation
• Onset associated with a change in stool frequency
• Onset associated with a change in stool appearance
They must also have symptoms to support the diagnosis, which include:
• Abnormal stool frequency (greater than three bowel movements per day or less than three bowel movements per week)
• Abnormal stool form (lump/hard or loose/watery stool)
• Abnormal stool passage (straining, urgency, or feeling of incomplete evacuation)
• Passage of mucus
• Bloating or feeling of abdominal distension
Patients with IBS also report fatigue, a "noisy" abdomen (borborygmi), and depression. IBS can also occur along with other conditions including IBD and celiac disease. Symptoms that include fever, weight loss, or blood in the stool demand a prompt clinical evaluation.
Few clinicians correctly label patients according to the Rome Criteria. Thirty percent of the patients we have diagnosed with celiac disease had a previous misdiagnosis of IBS.
There is considerable interest in the development of biomarkers for IBS. Several blood tests are promising, but the biomarkers tested overlap with and are elevated in other conditions, especially celiac disease. Thus, blood tests are not as sensitive for a diagnosis of IBS.
What's normal for you may not be normal for everyone else. I can't wear certain clothes because my belly blows up when I eat. That's my normal.
(CASSIE, 51)
Unfortunately, patients with IBS usually present with GI complaints for which their doctor can find no organic cause. This has led to diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, hypochondria, and "hysteria." It also forced many patients to ignore symptoms and regard them as a normal part of life. With our growing understanding of the "second brain" in the gut and gut-brain interactions, this perspective has begun to change.
What Causes IBS?
IBS is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood condition—its symptoms distinct, its causes more elusive. They appear to be a complex construction of:
• Genes (people often say that "bad stomachs run in my family")
• Diet and food sensitivity
• The microbiome—a makeup uncharacteristic of gut bacteria from that of healthy individuals
• Infections and/or with antibiotic therapy causing a "double hit"
• An abnormality of bile salt metabolism
• Altered GI motility (how the GI tract deals with and eliminates its contents)
• Brain-gut signaling problems (including a hyperreactivity to stress or psychosocial factors)
Right now, even the puzzle pieces keep changing shape in this complex and challenging condition.
Genes
IBS tends to "run in the family." It is common to hear comments such as "My mother had stomach issues, I've got belly issues, and my daughter pops antacids." While no specific genes have as yet been definitively identified, interesting studies regarding polymorphisms (anomalies) in genes that encode gut serotonin have been implicated.
Studies examining the environment and social learning suggest that the reinforcement of illness behavior in a family can contribute to the heightened awareness of GI symptoms.
Diet and Food Sensitivity
Many patients feel that certain foods trigger their symptoms. In particular, milk and dairy products, spicy or fatty foods, gluten, high-fiber vegetables and grains (cabbage, beans), caffeine, and fried foods. While many doctors recommend taking fat and caffeine out of the diet and increasing fiber, this has not been a satisfactory solution for most people. The low-FODMAP diet has been successful for some people.
It is still unclear to what extent diet causes the symptoms of IBS.
The Microbiome
The intestinal flora of IBS patients has been shown to differ from that of healthy controls, but the meaning of this is unclear since microbiota differ in many illnesses as well as between individuals.
Several studies have examined the role of the gut microbiota in IBS through manipulation with probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and germ-free animals. They have shown a relation between the microbiota and symptoms such as pain and bowel habits. Other studies are looking at the effect of stress on the intestinal microbiota. It continues to be an area of important research into possible therapeutic interventions for IBS.
Post-Infective IBS
She was treated for parasites and we assumed she had knocked it out but wasn't well. Then she went to Central America and got amoebas and got treated. But she still wasn't feeling fantastic. One doctor told her it was all in her head. I was furious at this doctor. I don't think anybody wants to be sick. If you're sick, you're sick. If you're sick enough to complain about it, it's real.
(ENID, 62)
A considerable number of cases of IBS are diagnosed following a GI infection. Patients get traveler's diarrhea, giardia (parasite infection), or campylobacter (food poisoning) and are never the same. (See chapter 14, "The Double Hit Theory.")
There are also cases of IBS following a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Illnesses such as IBD can cause more liquid to remain in the bowel, increasing the load of water that arrives in the large intestine and causing diarrhea. Excessive amounts of liquids in the bowel can also cause it to swell, and a red and inflamed gut can slow down the movement of the intestinal muscles, causing constipation. We also see many people with a diagnosis of celiac disease who respond well to a gluten-free diet and then appear to develop post-celiac IBS.
Brain-Gut Signal Problems
I remember sitting in morning assembly in grade school just filled with pain.
(ANNIE, 24)
It is said that IBS is "all in the head." Some is—the perception of pain is in the head—but the mechanism is in the gut.
Signals between the brain and the gut control how the intestines work. It is believed that disturbances in the neuroendocrine system that controls the motility (movement), secretions, and sensation within the gut may play a role in the development of IBS.
People with IBS have GI motor problems—i.e., slow or fast motility—that create spasms or sudden strong muscle contractions that can cause pain. And people with IBS have a lower pain threshold for the bowel stretching caused by gas or stool, leading to the hypothesis that their brain may process pain signals from the gut differently.
The "Gate" Theory of IBS
The Gate-Control Theory of pain perception suggests that the spinal cord contains a type of "gate" that opens and closes to allow or block pain signals traveling to the brain where they are interpreted and perceived.
It is proposed that people with IBS have gates that open more readily, and that the interpretation and perception of pain is amplified when they are experiencing psychological stress or distress. Pain is also a highly personal experience and difficult to measure. It can be influenced by expectations and augmented by psychological distress and strong emotions.
A maladaptive stress response may also contribute to the initiation, persistence, and severity of symptoms. Patients with IBS have a hyperreactivity or sensitivity to psychosocial factors such as a dramatic increase in bowel contraction in response to stress (e.g., final exams, presentations at work) or eating.
Psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD are more common in people with IBS, although the link is unclear. GI disorders including IBS are often found in people who have reported past physical or sexual abuse. In a study we did of patients with celiac disease and persistent symptoms despite a strict gluten-free diet, a previous history of abuse (physical, emotional, or sexual) was shown to be the predominant driving factor of their symptoms.
Irritable bowel syndrome can be considered an example of the disruption of the complex relationships between the gut and the brain, and a better understanding of these alterations might provide new, targeted therapies. It is often addressed with psychological treatments, antidepressants, or both.
How Is IBS Treated?
We need to stop putting Band-Aids on symptoms and address the real problems behind common symptoms—such as bloating.
(FRAN, 69)
IBS is very difficult to treat. Most of the current medical options are limited to silencing symptoms but the more researchers uncover about the underlying causes of IBS, the more hope there is for drug therapies to treat them.
In addition, any one symptom can have a number of other diagnoses. Symptoms must be taken seriously even if the physician doesn't understand their mechanism of action.
Medications
The current arsenal for IBS medications includes:
• Laxatives for constipation
• Antidiarrheals to decrease the frequency of bowel movements
• Bile salt absorptive agents
• Antispasmodics to treat abdominal cramping and pain
• Antidepressants/psychotropics to treat pain and brain-gut dysfunction
The prescribing of antidepressants for IBS often elicits a response from patients of "You think this is all in my head!" or "I'm not depressed!" In fact, although antidepressants were developed to treat depression, they are also effective as analgesics, i.e., drugs that reduce pain. They block pain messages between the brain and the GI tract and reduce visceral hypersensitivity (within the inner organs). A recent study noted, "Much like treating diabetes with the insulin that is missing, antidepressants may help recover the brain's ability to respond to pain signals properly." Different categories of psychotropics also help treat diarrhea and constipation.
Antidepressants are often effective in treating IBS symptoms—we consider them "gut-otropics."
Serotonin
Serotonin, among its many activities, plays a major role in regulating peristalsis in the intestines as well as relaying sensory information to the brain. As noted in chapter 10 ("The 'Second Brain'"), mouse studies have demonstrated that _too little_ serotonin can contribute to constipation, and _too much_ can contribute to diarrhea. Studies are under way assessing abnormalities in serotonin transporters (SERT) as treatment in IBS. In addition, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a form of medication frequently prescribed for IBS.
Dietary Restriction
The majority of patients on a gluten-free diet have IBS and find the diet relieves some symptoms. What is unclear, however, is what aspects of wheat are causing their symptoms, whether this translates into an understanding or good treatment of the condition, and if it is an effective approach. It is clear that some people with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) are wheat sensitive, and a trial of wheat or gluten restriction—after celiac disease has been excluded—is not unreasonable.
People with IBS often find relief with other types of dietary intervention such as lactose or fructose restriction. The low-FODMAP diet targets various carbohydrates (sugars) that are fermented in the colon by bacteria and create the gas and bloating characteristic of IBS. It is considered a miracle by some, and not truly effective by others.
Before commencing a strict FODMAP diet we would test for fructose intolerance. Fructose is a major component of the FODMAPs and, if positive, the avoidance of fructose-containing foods may be all that is required rather than the more restrictive FODMAP diet.
Probiotics
Probiotics are being studied as adjunctive therapy in treating IBS. To date, the studies have given researchers interesting observations, but the actual role of altered gut bacteria on the symptoms of IBS is unproven.
Supplements like probiotics are a largely unregulated market. Many contain unlabeled ingredients that may be harmful. (See chapter 5, "Supplements.") We suggest caution when taking various probiotics for IBS. Studies are often performed with products from specific manufacturers that may not be the same as those available over the counter.
Therapies for Mental Health Problems
Because cognitive processes play an important role in the top-down regulation of the body, various psychological treatments have been used to reduce pain and GI symptoms. This may include relaxation therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy to help modify the pain "gates" and stress responses in IBS.
Summary
• IBS is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood gastrointestinal disorder. While the gut can look normal, the disease is much more subtle pathologically.
• What we do understand is that it can interrupt everyday life with symptoms that are very real but whose causes are elusive.
• People with IBS appear to produce more gas in their GI tracts, eliminate it less effectively (promoting distension), and are more highly sensitized to the pain this causes. They also suffer from bouts of diarrhea and/or constipation—both often yo-yoing—triggered by a variety of environmental as well as physiological factors.
• Researchers are currently studying drugs that target diarrhea-predominant or constipation-predominant IBS.
• IBS is a condition that is often treated with dietary restrictions that may simply be a Band-Aid. As the science progresses, better therapies will become available. It is an area of intense research.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Most mornings I have a bout or two of diarrhea, and sometimes it wakes me up at night. And it's liquid, just like a faucet. I can tell you, it ain't no fun.
(GORDON, 52)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the medical term for a digestive tract on fire. And the inflammation in all or parts of the GI tract can ulcerate and/or scar the intestines causing the pain, diarrhea, bleeding, and weight loss common to the condition. The disease may be mild and restricted to a localized area, or severe enough to require immunosuppressant drugs, _parenteral (intravenous) nutrition,_ or surgery.
While there is no one typical diet for people with IBD, dietary advice and management are of great importance to patients with the disease. Advice from the Internet or alternative medical practitioners is not a substitute for the role played by registered dietitians in the management of disease activity, symptoms, and general nutrition.
What Is IBD?
My life revolves around it.
(BILL, 40)
IBD is the umbrella term for Crohn's disease, which may occur anywhere in the GI tract, and ulcerative colitis, which is limited to the colon. It is characterized by a recurring or chronically active inflammation originating in the intestines, but manifestations also occur outside of the tract. Some patients are classified as having intermediate colitis when it is not clear if they have Crohn's or colitis.
Colitis
Colitis is an inflammation of the colon. It may be mild, moderate, or severe, and is categorized by its causes. This includes infective (bacterial or viral), vascular (caused by a diminished blood supply to the colon), and immune based. The symptoms of colitis include diarrhea, cramping and pain, bleeding or bloody stools, _tenesmus_ (the constant urge to have a bowel movement or sensation of incomplete evacuation), fever, fatigue, and other signs of inflammation.
Because some of these symptoms are also seen in IBS, celiac disease, and a number of other conditions, they are often confused, or mask a proper diagnosis.
Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease can affect the entire GI tract—from the mouth to the anus—not just the colon. The symptoms are similar to other inflammatory bowel diseases, but abdominal pain is usually more prominent and bleeding less prominent than in ulcerative colitis.
It is important that you seek medical help if the diarrhea is persistent or you become dehydrated. Fever and blood in the stool are alarm symptoms that require an aggressive diagnostic approach.
What Causes IBD?
Stress and diet were once believed to initiate IBD, but it is now understood that they only aggravate the symptoms. Because inflammation can be ascertained through tests, we understand a lot about the gut itself in diseases like IBD, but uncovering its causes has proven more difficult.
IBD is a complex disease that appears to occur due to a combination of:
• genes
• an inappropriate immune response in the gut triggers inflammation
• the microbiome
• environmental factors
Recent studies are beginning to connect some of the dots.
Genes
Genes appear to be a factor, as the condition is found in clusters in some families. Ten to 20 percent of people with IBD have a family history of the disease. Thus, the genetic influence on microbial content in the gut is also thought to play a role.
Immune Responses
One theory regarding the development of IBD involves an inappropriate immune response within the gut that creates inflammation. It is thought that this response is triggered by a disturbed tolerance to antigens (toxins, bacteria) found in the _lumen_. And most of these antigens are derived from the intestinal microbiota.
The Microbiome
The colonization of the intestine by microbes in early life is the main stimulus that matures the immune system in babies. (See chapter 9, "The Microbiome.") This is an active and fluid process that depends on genetic and environmental factors.
Scientists are beginning to explore the possibility that the composition of our intestinal microbiota could contribute to inflammatory conditions in the gut. In people whose microbiota respond inappropriately to what is going through the digestive tract, the normal low-grade inflammation that keeps us safe from pathogens goes into overdrive and starts to damage and/or destroy the mucosal lining. There may be a similar genetic/microbiotic/environmental storm at work in celiac disease.
Studies on the microbiotic makeup of patients with IBD are being conducted. One study showed that people with IBD had 30 to 50 percent reduced biodiversity in _Firmicutes_ and _Bacteroidetes,_ two of the major classes of bacteria populating the gut. The Firmicutes family includes many "friendly" bacteria that are essential for digestion and balance in the body and others such as _Streptococcus_ and _Clostridium_ that cause infections when they overgrow.
Further evidence of the role of gut flora in the cause of inflammatory bowel disease is that affected individuals are more likely to have been prescribed antibiotics in the two- to five-year period before their diagnosis than unaffected individuals. The microbiome can be altered by environmental factors such as food or oral medications—antibiotics, iron preparations—but no direct link to specific diseases has been proven.
Future studies are necessary to determine the meaning of the complex interactions between our gut and our microbiota and the respective role each plays in inflammatory diseases such as IBD.
Environmental Factors
A number of environmental factors have been implicated in IBD. They include:
• **Geography:** The disease has concentrations in certain parts of the U.S. and the world
• **Smoking:** For unknown reasons smokers are at lower risk of developing ulcerative colitis while Crohn's disease is more common among smokers.
• **Medications:** Antibiotics and NSAIDs may aggravate symptoms rather than cause them, yet they have been implicated in the condition.
The Western diet—with its low-fiber, high-fat, and high-sugar content—has been implicated in the development of IBD, but there is little evidence to back up this supposition. Advice about anti-inflammatory, Paleo, low-carb, specific carbohydrate, or gluten-free diets abounds. However, they have not been studied and may place unnecessary nutritional burdens on patients with IBD.
Liquid diets have been studied in the dietary manipulation of Crohn's disease with some interesting results regarding the relation of food to the causes of IBD. The exclusive or partial enteral nutrition diets replace foods with predigested liquid. Gluten, animal fat, and dairy products are among the restricted items on these diets. The response to these dietary therapies in terms of remission rates is high—equivalent to the response to steroid therapy, a mainstay of treatment for IBD. While the mechanism remains unclear, it has moved from the concept of "bowel rest" to hypotheses about the effects on the intestinal microbiome, intestinal barrier repair, and the immune system. The dramatic response rate to the lack of specific foods and the presence of predigested dietary components highlight the role of food or specific components of food in the genesis—and possible treatment—of this disease.
How Is IBD Diagnosed?
They went in from the top and they went in from the bottom. The doctor showed me a picture—which meant little to me—of these fissures and said, "This is abnormal."
(GORDON, 52)
IBD is diagnosed through a variety of tests that may include endoscopy and/or colonoscopy with biopsy, blood and stool tests, and X-rays or scans in order to determine if the GI tract is inflamed and injured, as well as the extent and location of the damage. A patient history of symptoms and frequency and what environmental or dietary factors affect them is also taken.
How Is IBD Treated?
Treatment for IBD will depend on whether a patient has Crohn's disease or some form of colitis. It is usually some combination of medications to reduce inflammation, induce healing, and relieve symptoms, and/or surgery.
Diet
Dietary advice is essential in IBD. Since the inflammation of the GI tract can cause the malabsorption of essential vitamins and minerals leading to malnutrition, these deficiencies must be addressed. Nutrient deficiencies including vitamin B12, iron, vitamin D, and folic acid can be measured and treated when necessary.
After bouts of diarrhea, it is also important for patients to replenish lost water.
There are restriction diets used to control symptoms, and they vary with a patient's diagnosis, food intolerances, and other conditions that may occur simultaneously. Up to one-third of patients continue to have symptoms in the absence of inflammatory disease activity. This may be post–IBD irritable bowel syndrome, or a functional disorder caused by a fructose or FODMAP sensitivity that needs to be determined.
Lactose intolerance is common in ulcerative colitis, so avoiding milk products will alleviate symptoms for these people. Reducing fiber or specific foods that trigger symptoms often helps people who have flares or strictures.
Celiac Disease, Gluten, and IBD
My colitis improved since I started a gluten-free diet! Do I have celiac disease?
(WAYNE, 50)
On one hand, celiac disease and IBD can occur together, but the improvement may coincide with a remission in the IBD, since the disease is subject to spontaneous flares and remissions. In addition, the improvement of symptoms on a gluten-free diet may be due to the reduction of other carbohydrates. All of this highlights the need to be tested for celiac disease before starting a gluten-free diet.
Celiac disease does occur more commonly in IBD patients than in the general population. It is important to note that people can have two diseases and/or other food intolerances.
Summary
• IBD is a complex group of conditions that inflame and ulcerate the bowel. It requires an accurate medical diagnosis and dietary treatment.
• If you do go on an elimination diet, seek the help of a registered dietitian. There is evidence that a significant number of IBD patients are reducing gluten. Whether this alleviates symptoms is unclear, as is the effectiveness of the currently popular "anti-inflammatory" diets. There is no evidence that either diet actually reduces the inflammatory response causing the disease in the gut.
• It is especially important to remember that the symptoms of IBD overlap with those of other conditions and food intolerances.
• This is an area where isolating the issue, testing, and only then treating is particularly relevant.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
_A good listener is a good talker with a sore throat._
—KATHERINE WHITEHORN
_Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)_ is an emerging food-related disorder. It is a specific type of inflammation of the esophagus that may cause food to become stuck in this muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It is seen in children as well as adults. Unlike other GI conditions such as celiac disease or IBS, it affects men more than women.
People often minimize symptoms, feeling that they will go away, are caused by eating too quickly, or are something the individual can live with. Children with the condition are often told that they are not chewing their food well or are eating too quickly. A lack of awareness of the condition in the medical community means that symptoms are often overlooked or misdiagnosed.
What Is EoE?
EoE is an inflammation of the esophagus characterized by dysfunction in the esophagus and the presence of eosinophils (white blood cells associated with allergies) in the mucosal tissue lining the esophagus. Patients typically complain of food "sticking" in the throat, although this symptom is not always present.
Other symptoms include:
• difficulty or pain with swallowing
• food becoming lodged within the esophagus
• refusal to eat or failure to thrive in children
• vomiting with meals
• heartburn
EoE may also coexist with other GI conditions, including celiac disease. Celiac disease and EoE are both associated with an aberrant immune response to food antigens and the different studies have demonstrated an association between the two. This is interesting, as the nature of the immune response is different in the two conditions. But both require endoscopy for diagnosis.
What Causes EoE?
There are two types of EoE. The main cause is an allergic immune response to specific foods. Because some people respond to intensive treatment for gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD), we are aware that reflux may cause EoE. Esophagitis—an inflammation of the esophagus—is also caused by a number of other mechanisms including infections (viral and fungal) and radiation therapy. This is different from a diagnosis of EoE.
Food Allergy
The leading theory about the cause of eosinophilic esophagitis is that it represents a food allergy. The hallmark is the presence of a large number of eosinophils, a white blood cell associated with other allergic conditions, in the wall of the esophagus. Studies using elimination diets have shown a reversal of the esophagitis and disappearance of the eosinophils confirming this mechanism.
GERD
Some patients suffering from EoE have GERD, which is much more common, and will see symptoms resolved with medications, typically proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). (See chapter 8, "The Gut in Disease.") After a diagnosis of EoE, a trial of high-dose PPIs is often undertaken to assess if that will resolve symptoms and normalize biopsy results.
Interestingly, the pathological features of EoE due to GERD are similar to that of EoE caused by a food allergy. Pathologists examining biopsies of patients with GERD sometimes find "nests" of eosinophils.
Diagnosis of EoE
The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is done during an endoscopy. Biopsies then confirm the presence of a great number of eosinophils.
The tests for food allergies in EoE are not considered reliable. These include blood tests for IgE antibodies to specific foods and skin or patch tests. The most reliable tests are elimination diets in which people are advised to go on an exclusion diet eliminating the eight major food groups known to cause allergic reactions (dairy, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, wheat, fish, and shellfish). Different categories are then added back one by one until the offending food is found.
Often multiple endoscopies are performed to assess the effect of withdrawal, and foods are reintroduced based on the findings.
Treatment
The treatment for EoE depends on the age of the patient and the severity of symptoms. Swallowed steroids are the mainstay of treatment for symptom relief. Inhalers of the type used in the treatment of asthma are prescribed, with patients instructed to swallow, not inhale, the drug.
Patients with a markedly narrow esophagus may require stretching or dilation. This is done with some apprehension, however, as in some cases this can rupture the esophagus.
Summary
EoE is a disease that has become more prevalent in the past decade. It is primarily a food-related sensitivity.
Like celiac disease, other allergies, and autoimmune conditions, it is on the rise. This raises the intriguing question—what are the environmental triggers responsible for this remarkable change in medicine in the past few decades?
Neuropathy
_Science is wonderfully equipped to answer the question "How?" but it gets terribly confused when you ask the question "Why?"_
—ERWIN CHARGAFF
I found out about peripheral neuropathy because I'm old-fashioned. You see, I still write checks. I couldn't hold the pen to sign my name. And when I did, it didn't look like my signature. My kids told me it was time to switch to online banking, but I figured it was time to see a doctor.
(LILA, 59)
The nervous system and brain are perhaps the most complex and elusive parts of the human body. Nerve fibers run to, from, and through every inch of our frame—we are, quite literally, a bundle of nerves. Compounding this is the "second brain" in our gut that has a mind and plenty of "nerve" of its own. (See chapter 10.)
The nervous system is the regulator and monitor of every organ and system in the body and is intimately involved in our perception of the world. It is at once the wise and benign sovereign of all movement, coordination, and sensation, and the devil-like source of all pain.
Recently there have been claims that gluten is destroying our brains—a dangerously simplistic approach to an intricate system that is difficult to visualize and whose mechanisms are still largely unknown. While science has a good grasp of how the nervous system functions, the mechanisms behind and treatment of its malfunctions currently offer more questions than answers.
Gluten may actually play a role in nervous system malfunctions such as the neuropathies and ataxias suffered by some, but removing it from your diet is not a cure and may not even be an effective treatment.
What Is a Neuropathy?
The word _neuropathy_ ( _neuro,_ "nervous system"; _pathy,_ "disease of") encompasses all the nerves in the body. This includes:
• autonomic nerves (that control involuntary or unconscious nerves)
• motor nerves (that control movement of limbs, etc.)
• sensory nerves (that transmit various information about hot, cold, pain, position)
A person's symptoms depend on the type of neuropathy and the type of nerves affected. Our focus will be on the peripheral neuropathies and ataxia that appear to be related to gluten.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Try holding chopsticks when your fingers are numb.
(RITA, 36)
Peripheral neuropathies are a general term to explain an alteration of normal sensation occurring usually in the hands, feet, and face. They create _paresthesia_ (a burning or tingling), as well as numbness, cramps, restless legs, and especially pain in the hands and feet, and sometimes other parts of the body.
Most people have experienced paresthesia—a feeling of pins and needles—at some time in their lives. When you sit with crossed legs for too long, a leg may fall asleep. This occurs because sustained pressure is placed on a nerve; the leg "wakes up" once the pressure is relieved. The paresthesia may be mild or severe enough to interfere with normal function and activities.
Chronic _neuropathies_ are often a symptom of an underlying neurological disease or traumatic nerve damage. While diabetes is the most common cause of neuropathy, other medical conditions can also lead to the problem; these include vitamin or mineral deficiencies, Lyme disease, inflammation, trauma, excessive alcohol intake, Guillain-Barré syndrome, infections, pressure on nerves (computer use or sports related), celiac disease, and various pharmaceuticals.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Most cases of neuropathy are found in people who have type 1 diabetes, though it also occurs in type 2 diabetics. Diabetic neuropathy is a micro-vascular (involving small blood vessels) complication of the disease. Elevated levels of blood sugar in people with diabetes can, over time, injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels that supply nerves. Since one consequence of the nerve damage can be an inability to feel pain, problems can go unnoticed until digits are badly injured, especially in the legs. In the U.S., 50 to 70 percent of people with diabetes have some form of diabetic neuropathy. A diabetic patient's neuropathy often affects the gut (autonomic neuropathy), causing _gastroparesis._
Autoimmune Disease and Neuropathy
Neuropathies are common in various other autoimmune diseases. The neuropathies found in celiac disease appear to be related to vitamin deficiencies, inflammation, and/or autoimmune factors. Symptoms consistent with neuropathy are common when people are diagnosed, and often disappear on a gluten-free diet. We routinely test patients with celiac disease and neuropathy for vitamin deficiencies.
People with nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) may also feel that these symptoms resolve when gluten is removed. Yet some patients on a gluten-free diet develop peripheral neuropathies at a later date. This may be due to the development of a new autoimmune disease or as a result of the gluten-free diet itself—a heavy-metal toxicity (lead, mercury, arsenic) or a B vitamin deficiency. (See chapter 4, "Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet.")
Ataxia
When I went to an ataxia patient meeting, I wasn't prepared for what I saw. I encountered many people who struggled with or were unable to perform daily tasks that we take for granted, like walking, cutting their steak, or having a glass of water.
(ARMIN ALAEDINI, PH.D., BIOCHEMIST AND IMMUNOLOGIST)
Ataxia creates problems with balance, movement, and coordination. It describes a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects. Ataxia can affect movement, speech, eye movement, and swallowing. It is also associated with degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Persistent ataxia usually results from damage to your cerebellum—the part of your brain that controls muscle coordination. It is also seen in people with neuropathies because of an altered perception of the position of their limbs.
Many conditions can cause ataxia, including alcohol abuse, stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. Inherited defective genes also can cause ataxia. About 40 percent of ataxias are genetic, but 60 percent are idiopathic (of unknown origin). In various studies, 9 to 15 percent of patients with idiopathic ataxia have celiac disease. In fact, some researchers believe that as many as 40 percent of the cases of idiopathic ataxia are gluten related.
Gluten Ataxia
Gluten ataxia (GA) is defined as an ataxia where other underlying causes cannot be ascertained and antigliadin antibodies are present. It is associated with cerebellar atrophy, where cells in the area of the brain controlling coordination and balance deteriorate and die. Some research indicates that GA may be immune mediated and part of the spectrum of gluten sensitivity, but this is open to question.
In a UK study, 40 percent of sporadic ataxia patients were positive for IgG antibodies to gluten. But the meaning of the presence of antigliadin antibodies in these patients is not fully understood. These are nonceliac antibodies also found in a percentage of people with a number of conditions, including ADHD and autism. The presence of these antibodies must be shown to have a direct effect on function to be considered significant.
At this point, the direct pathological effect on neural function of antigliadin antibodies is still being debated. If it is possible to eliminate these antibodies through a strict gluten-free diet, it may have important therapeutic implications, though this has not been demonstrated. (See chapter 6, "Testing—What Do Antibodies Tell Us?")
Researchers in Finland and England have studied the brains of people with gluten ataxia and found deposits of gluten antibodies around blood vessels in their brains. These investigators also found antibodies in the brain to transglutaminase 6 (TG6), a form of TG2, the enzyme that reacts with gliadin and sets off the reaction that triggers celiac disease. They feel these individuals develop antibodies to TG6 in an immune response to gluten. These results need to be duplicated by other researchers before the development of a test for GA will be commercially available.
Nevertheless, it is an intriguing finding that may uncover one of the few treatable causes of idiopathic sporadic ataxia.
There is also interest in the potential for an individual's immune response to gluten to cross-react with certain proteins found in the brain such as _synapsin I_. Synapsin I is a complex protein that does many things in the body, especially in the nervous system. In simple terms, it can act as a "shuttle" that helps in the transmission of nerve signals. As Armin Alaedini, a biochemist and immunologist at Columbia University, explains, "We have shown that antibodies to gliadin can cross-react and bind to the synapsin I protein. This does not necessarily mean that such cross-reactivity will cause neurologic disease but if the antibodies can access and bind to the protein, they may interfere with its functions or create a harmful inflammatory response against nerve tissue."
These findings open a window into the potential effect of the immune response to gluten on the nervous system. This may lead to an understanding of the mechanisms beneath the neurological symptoms found in gluten sensitivity; and the role that antibodies to gliadin may play in modifying cellular signaling within the nervous system.
How Is Neuropathy Diagnosed?
Peripheral neuropathies are diagnosed by a physical examination and patient history, as well as _nerve conduction studies_ (EMG) and laboratory tests. The small-fiber neuropathies associated with celiac disease are not the larger nerves tested in EMG. Therefore these EMG studies will be normal in people with celiac disease who have a peripheral neuropathy. Instead, we perform a skin biopsy that is stained to highlight the small nerve fibers. The diagnosis is made when the small nerve fibers are seen to be absent or reduced.
Ataxias are diagnosed based on a person's medical history, family history, and a complete neurological evaluation, including an MRI scan of the brain to determine if there is damage. Various blood tests may be performed to rule out other possible disorders that may present similar symptoms. Genetic testing is also available to determine if the ataxia is inherited.
Vitamin deficiencies (E, B12, B1, B2, and B6) and copper deficiency need to be excluded, as well as vitamin B6 toxicity.
How Is Neuropathy Treated?
The appropriate treatment for neuropathy depends on accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause. And since this is often unclear, most treatments focus on symptom relief.
For peripheral neuropathies, therapies such as electrical nerve stimulation, physical therapy, surgery to release compressed nerves, and various medications can resolve symptoms for many. Drugs such as IV gamma globulin and NSAIDs can be helpful. Frequently, SSRIs are prescribed.
There is conflicting data on the effect of a gluten-free diet. Putting the majority of the blame on gluten is a mistake, and even in people with celiac disease, a gluten-free diet does not always resolve symptoms. Some people see a complete reversal of symptoms, others find the symptoms are less severe, and some develop peripheral neuropathies while on a gluten-free diet. Others improve through nutritional supplementation because they are mal-absorbing the B vitamins, minerals, or other trace elements.
Summary
• Neuropathy is the result of a number of underlying medical conditions. It often exists without a clear cause—what doctors classify as idiopathic, of unknown origin.
• Peripheral neuropathies are fairly common. Everyone, at some point in his or her life, will probably have some type of neurological symptom. They are associated with a number of diseases and lifestyles. Recently, the science of ergonomics developed, to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace—which often includes paresthesia of the hands, wrists, back, and arms from computer use.
• Ataxia is a rare disease but disrupts function for those with the condition. It can be mild—occasional loss of balance—or paralyzing. In the absence of celiac disease, the presence of antigliadin antibodies indicates a gluten connection in some people.
• The cross-reaction of gluten with proteins in the brain is being studied in various neurological conditions. At this point, the mechanisms behind various neurological complications in gluten-related disorders are not clear.
• While gluten may be a cause of both neuropathy and ataxia, numerous other conditions need to be excluded before adopting a gluten-free diet.
Nevertheless, studies linking gluten to various neuropathies provide a tantalizing link between the gut and the brain.
Diabetes
You always have diabetes. Every moment you have diabetes. It's either something you're consciously thinking of, or it's there and you're going to have to think about it. _Is my blood sugar high, is it low? When do I have to eat? Or should I eat?_
Being on an insulin pump has made an enormous difference in that, but the potential for something getting out of control is there.
(ART, 67)
In the U.S. today, there are approximately 21 million people who have been diagnosed with diabetes. About 1.25 million of them have type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In the UK, approximately 3.2 million people have diabetes and the number is estimated by Diabetes UK to rise to 5 million by 2025. Studies show that about 10 percent of this group will also develop celiac disease. However, the role that gluten may play in the development of IDDM is a new and intriguing finding in the search for the mechanisms leading to this disease and the search for a cure.
There is a recognized association between celiac disease and type 1 or IDDM. The same association does not exist with type 2. Many clinics screen diabetic children for celiac disease, although the symptoms are often silent or go unrecognized. In fact, many doctors and clinics view the "double diagnosis" as a huge burden and will not test unless pushed by parents or the development of symptoms. This may not be a wise choice.
What Is Diabetes?
In the middle of final exams during my senior year in college, I started to have strange physical symptoms. I was experiencing extreme thirst and very frequent urination, always getting up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom. Initially, my friends and I joked about it—"What the hell is this?" In response to the thirst, I would—in retrospect, absurdly—drink a bunch of sugared soda to quench my thirst, and then go to the bathroom even more. And it finally reached a point where I said, "I better go and do something about this." I went to the university medical clinic and was diagnosed with what is now called type 1 diabetes. That was forty-seven years ago.
(ART, 67)
Diabetes mellitus (from the Greek for "go through" and "sweet") describes a lack or deficiency of insulin, a hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose (sugar). Glucose is a fuel that is critical for muscle, brain, and body function. Unable to enter the cells, it accumulates in the blood until it gets to the kidneys, where fluid is drawn from the body in order to excrete the excess sugar, which then spills into the urine. This causes the thirst and frequent glucose-filled urination Art describes, and a recognized symptom of the disease.
If the diabetes is not corrected, the body becomes starved for energy and begins drawing on fat and protein stores, leading to weight loss and muscle wasting. This emergency process releases fatty acids (in the form of ketones) into the bloodstream, which can lead to coma or death.
**There are two types of diabetes.**
**Type 1** , or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), formerly referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes, is an autoimmune disorder that occurs mainly in younger people, but can occur in adults. The immune system attacks and destroys the pancreatic islets where the insulin-producing cells reside, setting off the sequence of events described above. When insulin is no longer produced by the body, it must be permanently replaced by injections/pump.
**Type 2** , or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), so-called adult onset diabetes, appears to start as an insulin resistance, a condition in which the insulin produced is less effective in controlling blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes is not an autoimmune condition, and insulin production is unstable, not absent. The condition appears to have a genetic or family association and occurs more commonly in people with obesity and older age. However, it is increasingly being seen in overweight children whose cells cannot handle the amount of carbohydrates they are consuming.
Type 2 diabetics can often control their condition through diet alone or with oral (non-insulin) medications. Some will also require insulin shots to control blood glucose levels.
A third type, _gestational diabetes_ , occurs during pregnancy and is usually temporary. The mother's body does not respond to insulin, and the condition can normally be controlled with diet alone. The condition usually resolves itself once the baby is born.
What Causes Diabetes?
The destruction of the islet cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin, in IDDM appears to be caused by several factors. While the precise trigger is not clear, it is believed to include an autoimmune reaction, infections that attack the islet cells, and other environmental factors that initiate the autoimmune process. The possible role of the microbiome is also of emerging interest.
Is Gluten a Trigger in IDDM?
Celiac disease is 5 to 7 percent more common in people with IDDM than in the general population. It is not more common in people with NIDDM.
There is evidence that patients diagnosed with celiac disease later in life have a higher rate of IDDM than patients diagnosed at a younger age. This indicates that a longer exposure to gluten increases the risk of developing IDDM in susceptible individuals.
Furthermore, two large human studies established an association between an early infant diet containing gluten and the development of autoantibodies (antibodies against "self") against the islet cells.
Several animal studies have documented that the development of IDDM is influenced by diet. While a gluten-free diet largely prevented the onset of diabetes in one study of mice specially bred with a susceptibility to develop IDDM, the mechanisms underlying the influence of gluten on the incidence of IDDM in humans are not fully understood.
Some studies have shown that gluten creates an inflammatory response affecting the microbiota. It raises the feasibility of early dietary interventions for IDDM and the need to determine if and how dietary intervention can affect immune regulation and disease development.
Diabetes and the Microbiome
The microbiome plays an important role in shaping immune responses in the gut as well as in the development of autoimmunity. A growing number of human studies demonstrate differences in the microbiome of people with IDDM versus controls. This supports the idea that alterations in the microbiome precede the onset of IDDM. Since the microbiome is sculpted and remodeled extensively in the first few years of life, there may be a window of opportunity to modify risk factors in children who have markers of anti-islet autoimmunity.
Studies are looking to find the mechanism(s), timeline, and possible therapeutic options to prevent the disease by altering the microbiome.
The Dual Diagnosis
As mentioned earlier, approximately 10 percent of all diabetics have a double diagnosis of celiac disease and IDDM. The link to gluten exposure as a potential triggering factor of the autoimmune reaction gives further validity to the need to test children with IDDM for celiac disease.
This raises the question of whether all children with IDDM should be routinely screened. A recent study showed tremendous variability on this question, as well as in the guidelines of different authoritative groups regarding which tests to use and the timing and frequency of those tests.
The Pros for Screening
There are several well-defined links between celiac disease and diabetes. Both are associated with similar _HLA (human leukocyte antigen) genes_. They are both autoimmune diseases where autoantibodies are present in children. Having one autoimmune disease increases the risk of getting another.
Those who advocate routine screening emphasize that patients with IDDM may have no symptoms or silent symptoms that are only recognized retrospectively. In addition, there are complications of untreated celiac disease, and it is better to pick up the potential subtle changes that might affect learning and achievement.
Symptoms to look for include:
• GI complaints, common in both diseases, should not be overlooked; mild symptoms such as bloating are often recognized retrospectively
• growth issues (failure to thrive)
• delayed puberty
• anemia
• fatigue
• iron deficiency
• dental enamel defects
• hypoglycemia and a reduction in insulin requirements, or "ping-ponging" when food is not being absorbed
• vitamin/mineral deficiencies
• elevated liver enzymes
Interestingly, in a recent study in the _Diabetes Educator,_ 49 percent of the respondents to a screening test reported that their patients improved with a gluten-free diet despite not being aware of symptoms prior to the diagnosis of celiac disease. It is unclear what percentage of physicians test for celiac disease in diabetic patients.
The Cons
Some argue against routine screening, claiming that it can affect quality of life, and that the outcome of subclinical celiac disease in diabetes is not fully investigated. Evidence is inconclusive as to whether the benefits of screening and potentially treating asymptomatic individuals outweigh the harms of managing a population already burdened with a serious illness.
Nevertheless, we recommend testing people with IDDM for celiac disease because of the high prevalence and the potential benefits of treatment with a gluten-free diet. This includes control of symptoms, stabilization of diabetes, and prevention of complications associated with celiac disease.
Recent population-based studies following patients with both IDDM and celiac disease for nearly 40 years showed a significantly higher mortality for these people than those who just had celiac disease. This implies that undiagnosed celiac disease is not a benign condition and needs to be diagnosed and treated. The explanation for the increased risk of death included:
• persistent low-grade inflammation due to disease activity
• poor adherence to the gluten-free diet
• difficulty following a gluten-free diet and insulin therapy
This study also highlights the need for excellence in both the care of the diabetes and of the celiac disease.
Treating the Double Diagnosis—Glucose and Gluten
A lot of these children are on the pump for a few years, are well managed and coping, and then [are] told "you have to be gluten-free." They did not necessarily feel bad to begin with, are already "different," and don't want to be gluten-free. Some manage it really well, and others don't. My goal is to encourage them to consider being gluten-free and to do so in a healthy way.
(SUZANNE SIMPSON, R.D.)
Our daughter was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when she turned 4 and celiac disease two weeks afterward. From our perspective the celiac is more difficult to deal with. There's not much that she can't eat in relation to type 1 as long as we prepare and plan ahead, and cover her with the right amount of insulin. In terms of celiac disease, she needs to be totally gluten-free, and we're finding that a huge challenge.
(RAY, 38)
Most people with IDDM receive the diabetes diagnosis first and they develop the skills, knowledge, and how-to to manage the diabetes and blood sugar and insulin. And then they get diagnosed with celiac disease and many say it is harder having celiac disease than diabetes. On one hand, this may be due to having mastered the care of their diabetes—you can adjust your insulin to compensate for the candy bar you want—but with celiac disease you cannot just "take something" if you want to eat gluten or think you have inadvertently eaten it. It also means rethinking glucose in terms of its high presence in gluten-free foods.
Treating people with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease involves mind as well as matter. Balancing diet, lifestyle, and compliance is like walking an emotional and physical tightrope and can be difficult. Many do not have gastrointestinal symptoms, so the motivation to be gluten-free is not high.
The hardest part is not getting a break—it is sort of a double whammy of having to think about your food from two different perspectives. You have two conditions and you have to think about them all the time.
(SUZANNE SIMPSON, R.D.)
_Carbohydrates from Two Perspectives_
Dietary management in diabetes is based on controlling blood sugar levels. It is a combination of food, exercise/lifestyle, and insulin. When you look at food as a diabetic, you are looking primarily at the carbohydrates, since insulin regulation is based on the amount of carbohydrates in the food and your blood sugar levels at that particular moment.
When you have celiac disease, you are also focused on food—specifically gluten. And gluten-free foods are usually much higher in starch/carbohydrates, lower in fiber than their wheat-based counterparts, and have a different impact on blood sugar. The glycemic response to many gluten-free foods varies from patient to patient, but tends to be higher and faster. It is also important to be aware of the inadequacies of a gluten-free diet. (See chapter 4, "Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet.")
The balance of food, insulin, and level of activity takes on an added dimension that must be learned and integrated into a lifestyle. This can be particularly hard on adolescents who live—and tend to enjoy—more spontaneous and unpredictable lives. Planning often means "let's go!"
The biggest thing for me is that I'm concerned that she's losing a bit of her childhood in a way, being forced to think about things a 4-year-old wouldn't have to face. I wonder how that's going to affect her. It seems that there's sort of a loss of innocence I feel bad about.
(RAY, 38)
Children and adolescents with a double diagnosis must buy into their own care. This may require the assistance not only of parents, but dietitians they trust and support groups that offer peer assistance. A sharing support system of family and friends is essential.
Despite the psychological burdens of a dual glucose- and gluten-restricted diet, the price paid for noncompliance is very high. Patients must learn to embrace a "live with" rather than "life without" lifestyle.
Summary
• The role(s) of gluten in the development of IDDM via its effect on autoimmune and inflammatory processes and the microbiome are being actively studied. They may offer an exciting pathway to block the development of IDDM.
• Is there a "switch" at play? If so, is there a time frame for turning it off or ensuring that it is not turned on?
• A gluten-free diet will not cure someone already diagnosed with type 1 diabetes or reverse any of its complications. Studies indicate that antigliadin antibodies do disappear on a gluten-free diet, and this may have a positive effect on those with a dual diagnosis, especially children.
Wheat and Other Food Allergies
In Candy Land there are a few things that can happen to you when you get to jump across the board. One is getting a lollipop and one is getting a peppermint candy and one is getting a peanut. And [my granddaughter] drew the peanut, and she said, "Eek! I can't have peanuts, get it away from me." I told her that her playing piece could jump on that square but that she wouldn't really eat it. We don't put the whole Candy Land away just because it has a peanut.
(MARY, 67)
Food allergies are a potentially lethal cousin of a food intolerance or sensitivity. While many people avoid wheat because it makes them bloated, gassy, or fatigued, others must avoid wheat because it makes their throats swell and breathing increasingly difficult and sometimes impossible.
Food allergies are one of the most common medical disorders and affect up to 15 million Americans and more than 17 million in Europe. A study by the CDC showed that food allergies increased by about 50 percent between 1997 and 2011. The upsurge in allergies is part of the medical puzzle surrounding our unexpected and increasing reactions to various foods.
What Are Food Allergies?
Food allergies are caused when your immune system sees an otherwise harmless food or substance as an invader (allergen). It releases antibodies, specifically IgE antibodies, to neutralize the perceived threat. These are different from the IgA and IgG antibodies seen in food intolerances and sensitivities. (See chapter 6, "Antibodies.") The first encounter is usually benign and simply sensitizes that person to the food. But when the IgE antibodies "see" that antigen again, they trigger the release of chemicals such as _histamines_ , causing the symptoms that characterize an allergic reaction. This may include swelling, itching, hives, asthma, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, and shock. The reactions range from mild—itchy skin or mouth—to severe _anaphylaxis_ , which can be life threatening.
IgE allergic reactions are immediate, usually occurring within seconds or up to several hours, and involve the whole body. They are different from the delayed sensitivity described in previous chapters. Allergens can be to different foods, drugs, insect bites and stings, as well as pollens, mold spores, animal dander, and dust mites.
They directly affect a person's quality of life and require extreme vigilance when eating out or traveling. Most children will outgrow allergies to eggs, dairy, wheat, and soy, possibly because of the immune system's response to the food. Allergies to peanuts, seafood, and tree nuts are rarely lost.
Specific Food-Induced Allergies
There was one kiwi slice on top of the fruit salad, so I thought I'd just dig underneath. That was hospital trip number one.
(GEORGE, 19)
There are eight categories of major food allergens (the so-called Big 8)—milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans. The USA Food Allergen Labeling Act requires that they must be listed on all processed food labels. These foods account for about 90 percent of all food allergies, but people can also be allergic to various seeds, legumes (including peanuts and soybeans), fruits, corn, vegetables, and various herbs and spices.
Allergies also occur in conjunction with other conditions, such as asthma, and in certain professions, i.e., baker's asthma.
Allergic Asthma
Allergies and asthma can occur together. Asthma is a lung disease that causes the airways to become inflamed and narrowed. It occurs often in childhood and its causes are unclear, but appear to have both genetic and environmental origins. For many people, it is connected to an allergic reaction to a specific food or substance. Over 50 percent of people suffering from asthma have allergic asthma. While many of these reactions are directed against dust, pollen, and airborne substances, several are food related.
Children who have food allergies as well as asthma are at an increased risk for a more severe reaction to both. The relationship between the two does not appear to be causal. It is crucial that patients are educated about avoiding the offending food(s) and the emergency use of asthma and allergy medications in the event of a reaction.
Baker's Asthma
Baker's asthma is the most common cause of occupational asthma, and annual incidences of the disease range between 1 and 10 cases per 1,000 bakery workers. The main agents that cause baker's asthma are cereal flours (wheat, rye, and barley) and enzymes. Baker's asthma is IgE mediated and can affect anyone working in a bakery, confectionery, flour miller, and/or food processing facility.
Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is a rare disorder where exercise that occurs after ingesting an allergen triggers anaphylaxis. This can occur even though the exercise and allergen exposure are tolerated independently of each other. It is one clinical form of IgE-mediated allergy to wheat. Wheat is not the only food associated with food-exercise-induced anaphylaxis—it was first described with celery!
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic reaction to food that causes swelling of the tissue in the esophagus. (For a fuller description, see chapter 21, "Eosinophilic Esophagitis.")
What Causes Food Allergies?
When my granddaughter was a few weeks old, they noticed blood in her diaper. So the pediatrician said, "Let's test her." She was being breast-fed, and they told [my daughter] to stop eating dairy. So my daughter went on a dairy-free diet. But the baby continued to have lots and lots of stomach cramps.
When she was 6 months old, they went to an allergy clinic and were told that under one she was too young for the blood tests for allergies to be meaningful at all, but that they'd do a blood test anyway. And the allergies to a number of things showed up in the super-high zone.
She was allergic to salmon, nuts, eggs, and dairy. She's now three and a half and goes every six months to the clinic. And it got more complicated. Now it's sesame seeds, tree nuts, and peanuts as well as dairy and eggs and most fish.
Fortunately she's never choked and turned blue. But her reaction to surface contact is high. When she was at a wedding with her parents and someone spilled a cup of coffee with milk in it on her leg, she got hives all over her body because of the teaspoon of milk in the coffee. She got hives from playgroup where some of the babies were drinking milk out of a bottle. Maybe it got on their hands [and then they] touched hers, or [it was on] a common surface.
She has to be watched all the time.
(MARY, 67)
Food allergies are caused by an inappropriate response of the immune system to an otherwise harmless substance. The trigger of this response appears to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is also unclear why food allergies are being diagnosed at such an increased rate. The increased use of antibiotics and their effect on the makeup of the microbiome has been implicated. Others blame processed foods and/or the emphasis on "clean" living—the hygiene hypothesis. This last theory is based on the premise that exposure is not a bad thing and allows the immune system to develop a more complete tolerance to foreign proteins. (See chapter 3, "The Hygiene Hypothesis.")
Some people believe that a mother's eating habits during pregnancy also play a role but this has not been scientifically proven. A mother's antibodies are protective and can cross the placenta during pregnancy and even during breast-feeding. But their direct effect as a protective mechanism in the gut is being questioned. For example, it was believed that starting gluten exposure in an infant during breast-feeding was protective against celiac disease, but this was disproved in a recent large study.
How Food Allergies Are Diagnosed
Currently, diagnosis relies on the presence of IgE antibodies in the blood. Yet the detection of specific IgE antibodies in blood tests and skin-prick tests are neither completely accurate nor reliable indicators of allergy. Therefore a careful medical history, and for some a food challenge, in addition to lab tests is recommended for diagnosis. Most panels for food allergies test for the "Big 8" major allergens. Elimination diets that take all potential allergens out of the diet for six weeks and then reintroduce them, one by one, are also utilized.
Treating Food Allergies
The management of food allergies requires the avoidance of the food(s) causing the reaction, and an appropriate and rapid response to the allergic reaction. Many patients carry an EpiPen (injected epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis) and/or Benadryl tablets in case of an unexpected exposure.
Studies and trials are under way to increase tolerance to various food allergens utilizing oral immunotherapy. Vaccines, Chinese herbal medicines, and anti-IgE antibodies are also being studied. The effectiveness of these therapies varies among different food antigens, and their long-term safety is also unclear. Other treatments involving sublingual (under the tongue) and epicutaneous (delivered through the skin) immunotherapy are being studied. At this point, their benefits and safety have not been fully demonstrated.
Many childhood food allergies resolve with age, and some people develop food allergies as adults.
Summary
• Food allergies are common and can be fatal. They cause an immediate immune reaction to the offending allergen. They are IgE mediated and different from the IgA- and IgG-mediated reactions associated with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.
• The "hygiene hypothesis," which is based on the premise that early exposure to germs, infections, and foods is not necessarily a bad thing, has developed as one intriguing reason behind the increase in allergies. It is thought that exposure enables the immune system to develop tolerance and helps prevent allergies and some autoimmune diseases.
• Another intriguing hypothesis connects the increased use of antibiotics, especially in children, to disruptions or imbalances in the microbiome ( _dysbiosis_ ) that in turn may account for some of the increase in childhood allergies.
• Allergies are another piece of the emerging food-gut-microbiome picture.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
_The greatest evil is physical pain._
—ST. AUGUSTINE
My auto accident at sixteen was the initial onset of my extreme fatigue and fogginess. But throughout college, the fatigue got worse and I started getting different joint and soft tissue pain. But because I was an active person, I would just brush it off.
When I was in my twenties, [my husband and I] lived in Germany, and when I was in elevations—like in the mountains—I would have trouble walking. And having babies was very difficult—my pregnancies were all very hard. I had a lot of pain in my shoulders and lower back.
In my thirties, I started thinking, _There has to be more to this,_ and I started looking for answers. I started swimming and having massages, and started to try sensible eating, but nobody really knew why I was still so tired and had all these pains. The fatigue never dissipated.
(ANN, 71)
Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (also referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis) are two diseases that have resisted neat medical categories—neurologic, rheumatic, and psychological—but cause fatigue and pain that can disrupt a life. Many people suffering with them believe that various exclusion diets are helpful, but others find them of little or no help. This has not kept alternative medicine practitioners from prescribing supplements and various diets—including a gluten-free diet—to treat the pain and fatigue people report.
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia has been described as a problem with "volume control." The word _fibromyalgia_ comes from the Latin _fibro_ ("fibrous tissue") and the Greek _myo_ (muscle) and _algia_ (pain). It is characterized by chronic pain throughout the body, joint stiffness, and/or extremely tender musculoskeletal "trigger" points. The symptoms also include fatigue, problems sleeping, cognitive dysfunction, and mood and memory issues.
What Causes Fibromyalgia?
The causes of fibromyalgia are unknown, but there are probably a number of factors involved. The perceived pain appears to be related to biological, psychological, and sociological factors, as well as alterations or inflammation in the nervous system and its transmitters. Like Ann, many people associate the onset of fibromyalgia with a physically or emotionally stressful or traumatic event, repetitive injuries, or an illness. For others, fibromyalgia seems to occur spontaneously.
Many researchers are examining other causes, including problems with how the central nervous system processes pain. This syncs with the belief that fibromyalgia may be a condition of "central nervous system hypersensitivity" resulting in an amplified response to pain and stimuli. The problem has been in identifying the trigger of this sensitivity.
Researchers studying idiopathic (of unknown origin) pain disorders such as IBS and fibromyalgia believe that psychological distress and strong emotions play an important role in promoting the symptoms.
Some scientists speculate that there may be a genetic link in the way people process painful stimuli. Several genes that occur more commonly in fibromyalgia patients have already been identified.
How Is Fibromyalgia Diagnosed?
Since pain and fatigue are symptoms that occur in many other conditions, all of these must be ruled out before a diagnosis of fibromyalgia can be reached. Patients typically visit a number of doctors before getting a diagnosis, since standard laboratory tests often fail to reveal a physiological reason for the pain. Because there is no generally accepted, objective test for fibromyalgia, some doctors unfortunately may conclude that a patient's pain is not real, or they may tell the patient that little can be done.
A diagnosis can be made based on criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology that includes:
• tenderness in more than 19 pain locations
• six self-reported symptoms including difficulty sleeping, fatigue, poor cognition, headache, depression, and abdominal pain
• a history of widespread pain lasting more than three months
It is important that other conditions whose symptoms mimic fibromyalgia be ruled out. These include celiac disease, Lyme disease, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypothyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, lupus, and polymyalgia rheumatica. Some scientists have proposed that a percentage of patients with fibromyalgia suffer from underlying gluten sensitivity. Many symptoms of the two conditions are similar.
Conversely, some patients are given a diagnosis of fibromyalgia without proper lab testing, and are later found to have a treatable condition such as celiac disease.
How Is Fibromyalgia Treated?
I went to doctors who offered drugs and operations. I became addicted to painkillers and Valium because that's all they had to offer me. Fortunately, I had my own business—I had a job and a family—so I had a reason to keep going . . . I kept pursuing different avenues.
But I never got the connections to what I was eating until much, much later. In addition to the pain and fatigue, I've had irritable bowel syndrome for the past 15 years. Certain foods would make everything spasm. I constantly read and researched and tried things because my doctors didn't have answers.
In my 50s I started seeing some of the patterns but didn't know what to do with all the information. I was working hard on my diet but was given a lot of different ones. I knew that yeast was a problem in my body, and then I removed sugar and it seemed to be better. The white flour came later. I'm off dairy, gluten, sugar.
I found that diet and rest and exercise were the three things that kept me feeling better. I find that I'm in the water just about every day doing water aerobics classes, so I'm using the buoyancy of the water to help me. Going to a gym with a regular trainer and yoga got way too painful for me.
For years I've also done massage therapy and gone to support groups. Two other things are very helpful: aromatherapy and essential oils. I use those for pain instead of pills. I've never taken aspirin or anything for pain since the time I was addicted to pain pills.
(ANN, 71)
Fibromyalgia treatment is based on symptom control, which varies since every patient has a different level of physical and/or psychosocial distress. Many patients use a multifaceted approach that includes health care professionals, physical therapy, fitness training, cognitive behavioral therapy, acupuncture, and relaxation training. Most important, the patient must play an active role. The aim is the improvement of quality of life.
The FDA has approved several medications for the treatment of fibromyalgia but a recent study recommended that treatment for fibromyalgia using pharmaceuticals start "slow and low."
Doctors also treat fibromyalgia with a variety of other medications developed and approved for other purposes. Analgesics such as NSAIDs have been used to ease pain but are not effective at eradicating it. Antidepressants are also used to modulate pain.
Various dietary interventions have been investigated in fibromyalgia, and the findings were variable, ranging from negative to significantly effective.
Today I don't think of myself as sick—and I think that also has had a tremendous effect. Am I symptom free? No, but I get in the pool or take a nap or ride my bike (I got a tricycle) or meditate—I know how to make myself feel better. The water has been a godsend. Exercise of the right kind is terribly important.
I think if I didn't have the inner strength and positive outlook through the years, I would have been a shut-in.
(ANN, 71)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition that causes marked long-term tiredness (fatigue), headaches, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms that are not caused by any other known medical condition. The core symptoms are a sustained depletion of energy after minimal activity and profound ongoing fatigue.
Many experts and patients prefer the term _myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME),_ meaning "brain and spinal cord inflammation with muscle pain," or ME/CFS, because it underscores a physical basis for the condition. Although some research has suggested that inflammation of the central nervous system is involved, its role is not proven, and muscle pain is not as prominent as other features.
What Causes CFS?
Several factors have been suggested in the development of CFS, including genetic, viral, immunological, neuroendocrine, and psychological. While the exact causes of CFS are unknown, it appears to be triggered by a variety of factors in people who have an underlying predisposition. Some suggest that it may be part of a double hit—after a viral infection that initiates an inflammatory response—but there is little scientific evidence to support this theory.
A recent study showed that there are changing levels of cytokines (molecules that stimulate or inhibit immune cells) in the blood samples of people with ME/CFS, indicating some kind of inflammatory and/or disease process at work. These biomarkers also indicate that people are not imagining or "making up" their symptoms. The role of these markers in the initiation or aggravation of the syndrome is under study.
How Is CFS Diagnosed?
There are currently no diagnostic lab tests or criteria that can confirm the diagnosis. It is made based on a pattern of symptoms and, more important, by excluding other conditions and diseases with similar symptoms.
The diagnosis is made after symptoms have persisted for at least three to four months and other conditions have been ruled out.
How Is CFS Treated?
Like fibromyalgia, CFS is treated by symptom control. This may include drugs, dietary changes, exercise routines, and cognitive therapy under professional guidance and medical supervision. Severe symptoms may require the support of a specialist in the condition.
Patients often feel that dietary manipulation can help to ease the fatigue—removing sugar, gluten, dairy, and/or other foods. Whether this is because of an underlying sensitivity to specific foods is unclear.
Before removing gluten from your diet, it is important to test first to make sure that you do not have celiac disease. After a period on a gluten-free diet, it may be impossible to diagnose this underlying condition without a gluten challenge, which requires adding gluten back to your diet.
Some patients with ME/CFS have low L-carnitine levels (see "Carnitine Supplements" in chapter 17, "Celiac Disease") and may benefit from supplements to improve their fatigue.
Are Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity Related?
Fatigue, brain fog, and joint and muscle pain are common symptoms in people who diagnose themselves as gluten sensitive. It is very possible that we are going to find gluten sensitivity in certain people with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.
We are currently analyzing blood samples to determine if they contain antibodies to gluten (antigliadin antibodies). As discussed before, the meaning of these antibodies is unclear—they do not indicate celiac disease but do indicate some type of immune response to dietary gluten. A gluten-free diet may help these specific patients. The antibodies may also be part of an inflammatory reaction that may yield a biomarker for these conditions.
Since the symptoms mimic those of celiac disease, it is possible that some people with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome have an immune response to gluten that is similar to those with various neurological and psychiatric syndromes seen in celiac disease. This raises many interesting questions regarding the role of gluten in various neuromuscular conditions.
Summary
• Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are painful, stressful, and often debilitating conditions that are difficult to diagnose and treat. Most treatments aim to turn down the volume of the pain and eliminate or ease the level of fatigue.
• Because of the lack of clear-cut medical guidelines and specific biomarkers in patients with these conditions, many medical doctors dismiss the symptoms or prescribe painkillers. Unable to get direction from their doctors and seeking a diagnosis, patients are vulnerable to practitioners who subject them to expensive tests not covered by insurance and arduous therapies for the wrong condition. Others recommend expensive supplements and restricted diets. The diets appear to help some—if only to feel temporarily better—but the cost of most of the supplements is high and the benefits are low. Some supplements are dangerous and cause more harm than good.
• If taking control of your diet initiates a greater involvement in taking control of your body and the condition itself, the psychological benefit outweighs the effect of the food elimination.
PART V
The Brain-Gut-Gluten Connection
_The human brain has 100 billion neurons, each neuron connected to 10 thousand other neurons. Sitting on your shoulders is the most complicated object in the known universe._
—MICHIO KAKU
_If the body be feeble, the mind will not be strong._
—THOMAS JEFFERSON
Recent books and articles have called gluten the "silent killer" of the brain, claiming that whole grains cause dementia, autism, headaches, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and more. The scientific truth is that _reading and believing_ this about grains probably fogs more brain cells than eating them will.
Our brains do exist in intimate interaction with our gut, where our "second brain" and our microbiome reside. But the direction of this interaction and who is in charge of which function is unclear. In fact, gut-microbiome-brain interactions offer insights into brain function in both health and disease. Whether this will have direct therapeutic results or prove to be only a small piece in a much larger brain-gut puzzle remains to be revealed. There are many more questions than scientific answers for this particular puzzle.
Brain study is in its infancy—we are still "orienteering." This is an activity where people are given a map and a compass, and navigate from point to point in unfamiliar territory to find something. Similarly, medical researchers are navigating a diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain to determine how, why, and if foods are the culprit in a number of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
Despite the many books and articles trumpeting clear connections, it is currently way too early to make scientific claims for specific or functional links between brain function, our microbiota, and gluten. What we do know is that intriguing pathways have been identified and that researchers are actively exploring them.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD
_If we want to solve a problem that we have never solved before, we must leave the door to the unknown ajar._
—RICHARD P. FEYNMAN
According to various studies, gluten-free and/or casein-free diets are used by between 15 and 38 percent of parents for children on the autism spectrum. While the diets are increasingly popular, the theories and findings that are portrayed in the popular press, on websites, and in books appear to be more firmly established than the science behind them.
When you first get a diagnosis, what you want is a way out, you want hope, you want treatment. So you're drawn to the promise of something.
(DONNA, 42)
Parents are looking for treatments to do something, and specific foods are an appealing answer. There is a misconception that gluten is exacerbating or causing the symptoms of autism. So some parents immediately put their children on a gluten-free and/or casein-free diet in hopes that it will "cure" them.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of neural development. It is characterized by impaired social communication and restrictive and repetitive behaviors. Many children have language and physical difficulties as well.*
There is no one clear cause of ASD, but contributing risk factors include:
• genes—ASD runs in families. If one sibling is diagnosed, a second sibling will have a 15 to 20 percent chance of developing the condition.
• sex—Males are four times more likely to have ASD.
• other environmental and/or biological factors
Ultimately, the odds are low that specific environmental insults such as paternal age or maternal infection that have been the focus of recent studies will influence the outcome. Other risk factors for autism are being studied. For example, researchers are looking at the effect of alterations in a young child's microbiome to see the impact on the development of autism. (See "ASD and the Microbiome.")
Symptoms of ASD emerge during early childhood and are typically diagnosed between 2 and 4 years of age. Diagnosis is done by a clinician based on behavioral observation and reports from parents.
There are currently no biomarkers or medical tests to diagnose ASD. Some genes have been implicated in the development of the disorder, but genes alone do not determine the onset of the condition.
Typical treatments include behavioral, speech, and physical therapies. There are currently no pharmaceutical treatments but research is being conducted on possible targets and drugs.
((Mommy, My Tummy Hurts))
[Our son] has chronic constipation and takes Miralax on a daily basis—it keeps things under control and his behavior under control as well.
Before we figured out what to use, he went for two to three days or more without a movement. You could see that he was upset—he wants to do it, and when he fails he gets upset and does more self-stimulation. You can't get his attention—he's in a zone. He won't engage in normal activities if he's very constipated.
(MARTY, 45)
Gastrointestinal complaints and conditions are among the most common medical issues associated with ASD. Diarrhea, constipation, and GERD are often reported. This may be a direct effect of certain behaviors ("holding it in" may result in constipation), or the GI complaint may affect their behavior as well as their physical well-being.
Many nonverbal children who cannot simply say that their tummies hurt express distress in other ways. A child in pain may withdraw or engage in self-injurious behavior (i.e., bite him- or herself) or have a tantrum in order to get attention so that someone will come to help. This does not mean that all children who display disruptive behaviors are masking GI symptoms; and GI issues are not seen as a singular problem in ASD—a subset of neurotypical children also have GI issues—but GI symptoms may be an extra barrier to ameliorate symptoms and affect treatment.
One recent study by Pat Levitt, Ph.D., a neuroscientist and professor at USC, showed that parents were aware of the existence but not necessarily the nature of a GI disorder in their child. And that a large portion of children in the study with GI disorders and ASD lacked "expressive language" and showed increased social impairment compared to those children with ASD who did not have GI issues. The study noted that this "novel finding . . . warrants further study." It was unclear whether the GI medical issues affected the child's ability to respond to treatment or whether the lack of expressive language itself contributed to constipation by "limiting appropriate toileting behavior."
Individuals with GI issues and ASD need to be diagnosed and treated by a gastroenterologist in order to isolate and properly treat their symptoms.
Visiting the Gastroenterologist
Taking a child with ASD to the doctor can pose a challenge. Many children are sensitive to new environments, and the doctor's office has a variety of unknowns including smells, sounds, and unfamiliar people. Preparing a child with ASD for some of the unknowns—what the situation will look like and what will happen—can help to reduce anxiety and agitation.
Autism Speaks, a nonprofit organization dedicated to research and information for the ASD community, has a comprehensive Parent's Guide to medical appointments and blood work. Links can be found in Appendix B, "Resources."
Why a Gluten-Free and/or Casein-Free Diet?
The role of gluten in the development, progress, and treatment of ASD is complex and under intense scrutiny in different settings. It is possible that the presence of IgG antigliadin antibodies may indicate a subset of children who may benefit from a gluten-free diet. (See chapter 6, "What Do Antibodies Tell Us?")
Studies have shown that there are increased food antibodies (IgG antigliadin antibodies and anticasein antibodies) in a subset of children with autism who have GI symptoms. These are nonceliac antibodies. While this suggests a gut-brain interaction, we do not know the direction of this interaction (i.e., is the brain affecting gut permeability or vice versa?). The presence of antibodies has to be shown to have a direct effect on brain function or dysfunction if it is to have scientific significance as a causative factor. Nevertheless, this immune response may help to identify novel biomarkers of ASD and offer new insights into the disease mechanisms for some of those with ASD.
A study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also showed that a subset had IgG antigliadin antibodies, but their significance is similarly unknown. Some experts feel that tests for antigliadin antibodies and the specific celiac antibodies should be part of the diagnostic process for these children to rule out celiac disease and to determine a possible sensitivity to gluten. The causes of ADHD are not known, but genes and environmental factors (maternal smoking and alcohol use, lead exposure, brain trauma) may contribute to symptoms. The roles of sugar and food additives have been studied with mixed scientific results. Some parents report that a sugar-free, gluten-free diet has improved hyperactive behaviors. Scientific studies have not objectively shown that elimination diets are effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD. It is fairly common that children with ASD may have symptoms of ADHD.
Several rationales are suggested to explain the presence of antibodies to gluten and casein in some people with ASD.
• The "leaky gut" theory suggests that impaired intestinal permeability allows harmful peptides, including gluten and casein, to diffuse into the body, where they create an immune response in the form of antibodies. (See chapter 16, "Intestinal Permeability.")
• Gluten may trigger an inflammatory response in the gut of some children, which may react with the central nervous system.
• A study found a significantly higher IgG antibody response to casein and gluten in patients with ASD in comparison to neurotypical individuals, perhaps an indication of systemic inflammation that could include the gut.
• It is possible that altered intestinal permeability is a secondary effect that results from disturbed brain function (see the discussion on cerebral palsy in chapter 27, "Schizophrenia"), neither causing nor contributing to the brain dysfunction.
The exact significance of the presence of IgG antigliadin antibodies in this subset of people with ASD is unclear. Nevertheless, these individuals do appear to have more GI symptoms.
Most of the research studies following the effectiveness of gluten-free and/or casein-free diets in ASD have been shown to be too small to be statistically valid and/or flawed. Many rely on the reports of a parent or caregiver and may be influenced by the caregiver's desire for a positive outcome.
For the 1 percent of children with ASD who also have celiac disease, a gluten-free diet may have a dramatic effect on outcome. For those with nonspecific IgG antibodies to gluten, it may be helpful in alleviating symptoms, though this has not been demonstrated. For many others, isolating other causes for GI symptoms may be the most helpful way to resolve them.
Unfortunately, parents often receive conflicting advice about dietary interventions. While food and the GI tract are very clear issues for many individuals with autism, the science underlying the complex brain-gut puzzle is not.
When the twins got their diagnosis, it was a weeklong assessment that involved seeing a lot of specialists of different disciplines. And one of them was a psychiatrist. He was actually one of the most helpful, but at the end he wanted us to cut the boys off dairy completely for three months—he said it was just to see if it had an effect on their behavior. And he gave us forms to fill out for every day describing their behavior.
This was incredibly daunting, to say the least, having just received the autism diagnosis. And when we discussed this with the developmental pediatrician who was in essence the lead of the whole process, she actually rolled her eyes, and she said, "You're going through enough—no reason you have to do that. They need their dairy."
So, literally from the day of the diagnosis, we had two doctors telling us opposite things. To me the most daunting thing was that having gotten the diagnosis, there was no clear guidance as to what was real and what was not real.
Our disposition from the beginning, because of our experience with the two specialists, was to doubt dietary interventions.
(MARTY, 45)
Pitfalls of a Gluten-free Diet for People with ASD
There are many feeding issues in children with ASD. They are more "picky" eaters than those in the general population, perhaps a manifestation of restricted and repetitive behaviors that are a hallmark of the disorder. A gluten-free diet is often low in fiber and essential nutrients, and this may only compound the problem. Recent studies on the presence of heavy metals in people on a gluten-free diet raise possible neurological complications that need to be studied further. (See chapter 4, "Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet.")
[My son's] teachers sometimes use food rewards when something requires a very high motivation, like during the first stages of toilet training. Now they use an activity they like. In most schools I had to send them the edible rewards. So you have that control over it.
(DONNA, 42)
A restrictive diet is also difficult to enforce—children with ASD often see many different therapists and clinicians in the course of a typical school day (speech, art, movement therapy). Often, each group uses food as a reward to enforce desired behaviors. If that reward is a cookie or cracker with gluten, it may trump efforts to keep to a gluten-free diet. Thus parents may be seeing results that relate more to therapy than to diet.
Feeding my son is incredibly hard work.
(SALLY, 36)
For some children with ASD, feeding and/or eating takes on a life of its own. A preference for specific foods—yellow or red, mushy or crunchy, spicy or bland—and sensory sensitivity can limit diets and create behavioral issues as well as malnutrition.
A gluten-free diet is a popular consideration for this population, but has not been demonstrated to alter the disorder state. It may also be extremely difficult to enforce, adding additional stress to family meals.
ASD and the Microbiome
It has been hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiome play a role in the development of ASD. These studies are further complicated by the fact that individuals with autism frequently receive medication with antibiotics, are often on special diets, are highly dietary selective, and/or have repetitive dietary behaviors, all of which may alter their microbiota. Thus, it is difficult to establish whether the changes are causative or simply a consequence of the disease or its treatment.
Since it is difficult to study the human gut at a molecular level, some researchers have studied the influence of the microbiota on brain development and function in ASD on specially bred mice. These studies have established a link between the microbiota and autism-like behaviors, but not the underlying mechanisms. That is, it is not clear whether alterations in the gut microbiota are causing autism symptoms.
Some studies indicate that the serotonin system is involved in the development of GI symptoms in ASD. (See "The Molecular Busybody" in chapter 10, "The 'Second Brain'.") These studies involve mice with a genetic mutation from humans with ASD affecting GI and serotonin function. The mouse does not have autism but genetic permutations and features that are similar to humans with ASD. This research has provided information about the relationships between diet and the microbiome in a specific subset of people with ASD. While mice are not, as a recent article noted, "little humans with tails," they open a window into the relationship between diet, the microbiome, and GI complaints.
What Does It All Mean?
Although the links are currently unclear, it is possible that breakthrough autism treatments may start in the GI tract. Researchers are studying whether GI symptoms are a manifestation of the neurodevelopmental disorder that could be a clue to its physical and biochemical development. An article in _Autism Speaks_ notes, "Studies that improve our understanding of these brain-gut connections are laying a pathway to innovations in treatment."
It is increasingly frustrating for the parents and caretakers of individuals with ASD to continually hear "it's unclear" and "we don't know what will work or what this means." What is clear is the importance of correctly testing for, diagnosing, and treating GI disorders in this population. _Anyone_ in pain or suffering from GI distress will have difficulty focusing on mental tasks. This can have distinct repercussions on the many interventions used to treat ASD.
Summary
• The use of gluten-free and/or casein-free diets in people with ASD is controversial. Scientific studies have not proven objective changes in behaviors for children on these diets.
• Parents should be aware of the serious pitfalls of a gluten-free diet before implementing one for their child. They are adding nutritional as well as food choice limitations to a population already burdened by restrictions.
• The presence of antibodies to gluten in a subset of children with ASD is an intriguing finding and may point to a group of people who might benefit from a gluten-free diet. But these antibodies must be studied further to determine when they develop and how this relates to the child's development. We must be careful not to confuse association with cause.
• Gastrointestinal dysfunction may provide a window to better understand both autism and the brain in autism. It is a bidirectional avenue that may hold answers even in those without GI disorders. Potentially it could mean that a drug targeting the intestines might help neuropsychiatric conditions.
Schizophrenia—Revisiting "Bread Madness"
_Science is like a love affair with nature; an elusive, tantalizing mistress. It has all the turbulence, twists and turns of romantic love, but that's part of the game._
—VILAYANUR S. RAMACHANDRAN
The evidence for a connection between disturbances in the GI tract and psychiatric illness has been accumulating for many years. Our growing understanding of how the brain, the microbiome, and the enteric nervous system—the "second brain" in the gut—interact has uncovered intriguing associations between what we ingest and behavior. But as we must consistently note in this section focusing on the brain, there is a big difference between association and cause.
Bread Madness
The association of bread with madness dates back to the Middle Ages, when rye was susceptible to ergot, a fungus containing chemicals that resemble LSD. When eaten, it caused convulsions, pain, and a type of "madness" called St. Anthony's Fire, or ergot poisoning. The symptoms became associated with "bewitching" and may have accounted for some of the accusations behind the Salem Witch Trials. The "madness" symptoms were then attached to schizophrenia. In the 1920s, the "intestinal intoxication" theory of schizophrenia was popular. Papers in the 1960s referred to schizophrenia as "bread madness."
This lingering belief has been replaced—at least in the scientific community—with an understanding that while the specific causes of schizophrenia are unknown, contributing factors appear to include a genetic predisposition interacting with complex environmental and neurotransmitter disturbances. But intriguing connections to gluten remain.
They exist in the similarity of genes for schizophrenia and certain genes found in other autoimmune disorders such as celiac disease. An infectious "insult"—exposure to the parasite _Toxoplasma gondii_ —is a known risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, presumably through a direct effect of the parasite on brain and behavior. This may also be part of a "double hit" where an infection with toxoplasmosis combined with an immune response to gluten in susceptible individuals can result in schizophrenia. (Also see chapter 14, "The Double Hit Theory.") Dr. Robert Yolken, an investigator from Johns Hopkins University, has provided evidence supporting this theory.
Some researchers hypothesize that an alteration of gut permeability may be the initial step causing both schizophrenia and celiac disease, sharing similar pathways of altered gut permeability. In this scenario, the gut of genetically susceptible people may lose its capacity to block toxins and psychosis-causing substances may enter the body, thus causing the development of various psychiatric conditions.
The microbiome may also play a part, since manipulation of the microbiota in germ-free animals has created behavioral as well as biochemical and molecular changes.
The Presence of Anti-gliadin Antibodies—The Horse or the Cart?
Studies show that some patients with schizophrenia have _IgG antigliadin antibodies_. These antibodies are also associated with neurologic and psychiatric manifestation (ataxia, peripheral neuropathies, brain fog) but without the GI symptoms seen in celiac disease. (See "What Do Antibodies to Gluten Really Mean?" in chapter 6, "Testing.")
It has been proposed that the IgG antigliadin antibodies seen in these patients reflect an increased sensitivity or immunological response to gliadin. This does not appear to affect the GI tract, but it has been suggested that the antibodies cross-react with parts of the central nervous system or specific proteins in the brain.
While it is hoped that a resolution of antibodies would improve symptoms in schizophrenia, studies with gluten-free diets have had mixed results. None of these studies, however, have focused on those most likely to respond—those with antigliadin antibodies. It is clear that the gut-brain interaction goes both ways. What is not clear is whether gluten sensitivity is the result of, or contributes to, the development or progression of this disease.
The effect of these antibodies on function cannot be proven as yet. They may very well be a good measure of the wrong thing.
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) results from "insults" to different areas of the developing nervous system and causes a varying severity of symptoms. The management of these symptoms is the goal of treatment, and children with severe spasticity often suffer from problems with swallowing, reflux, and delayed stomach emptying. This can lead to malnutrition.
An increased level of IgG antibodies to gliadin as well as other food components has also been found in some patients with cerebral palsy. The clinical implications of their presence in this condition are unclear. They do, however, indicate that the gut-brain interaction is bidirectional—CP is primarily a brain problem, yet there are increased food antibodies.
In one interesting study, positive IgG antigliadin antibodies to gliadin were found in children with CP who had lower weight, height, and BMI compared to healthy children. A number of possible reasons were suggested, focusing on an effect on the gut that was not recognized, an inflammation of the gut mucosa, or intestinal permeability leading to an immune response in the body.
While some parents put children with cerebral palsy on a gluten-free and/or casein-free diet, the pitfalls of the diet should be taken into account in children whose nutritional status may be at risk. (See chapter 4, "Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet.") The benefits of the diet at this point appear to be very controversial and may be harmful for children already suffering from malnutrition.
Summary
Various neuropsychological conditions highlight the complex brain-gut connection. Clearly more research is needed to determine if IgG antigliadin antibodies and other food antibodies are a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption and contribute to brain dysfunction. If so, it would provide an impetus for examining the effect of a gluten-free diet in a subset of patients who have antibodies to gluten.
This is an exciting field of research that may help provide evidence that links disrupted pathways outside of the brain to the development of certain brain disorders.
Brain Fog—Neurology or Meteorology?
After only one month on a [gluten-free] diet, I felt as if a veil had been lifted from my brain.
(ROZ, 58)
"Brain fog" is one of the most common symptoms mentioned by people with gluten-related disorders. It is not an acknowledged medical term but a definition that originated with patients. It is described as mental confusion, a lack of clarity or focus, and forgetfulness.
The mechanisms causing these symptoms are unclear, but the same symptoms can be caused by a number of factors including lack of sleep, various neurological disorders, stress, early stages of dementia, diabetes (fluctuating glucose levels can affect brain function), chemotherapy (aka "chemo fog"), anesthesia, acute illnesses, and the side effects of various medications.
While the various tests to measure cognition and depression contain limitations, different instruments are used to measure attention, concentration, orientation, short- and long-term memory, praxis (the ability to learn and retain new information), speed of processing, language, and executive function. The results would indicate that brain fog is very real in a subset of patients with celiac disease.
Brain fog is also considered a classic aspect of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia, and is often accompanied by disorientation and difficulty in finding words.
In an intriguing new study, Peter Gibson, M.D., of Monash University in Australia looked at the cognitive function of people newly diagnosed with celiac disease. He found that the cognitive performance of one group of patients on a strict gluten-free diet showed a definite improvement that paralleled the healing in their gut. He concluded that "suboptimal levels of cognition in untreated celiac disease may affect the performance of everyday tasks."
Before going on a gluten-free diet, the subjects had a level of impairment similar to people with a blood alcohol level equal to the upper legal limit for driving in Australia. It is also the equivalent of severe jet lag. This meant that someone with untreated celiac disease might be at risk for impaired performance at work or while driving. In fact, a Swedish study found that asymptomatic young adults in whom celiac disease was discovered by screening had fewer university degrees and managerial positions compared to subjects in an age-matched control group.
Using five different research instruments and questionnaires, Gibson's group assessed subtle cognitive impairment, the recall of words, fine motor movements, and the reconstruction of complex situations. The study showed that all were impaired and improved at six and twelve months on the diet. This correlated with improved blood tests and biopsy results. The results suggest that there is a real impairment of cognitive function related to disease activity. That said, the mechanisms underlying these symptoms are not clear, and the results could be different for different individuals. More studies are needed to replicate these findings.
What Causes Brain Fog?
There are a number of theories on the development of brain fog in gluten-related disorders.
Inflammation
Many cellular markers are released during inflammation that permeate organs and signal the brain to induce a "sickness response." This includes symptoms such as fatigue, depression, lack of motivation, and lack of mental clarity that often clears up along with the disease. Most people experience this crawl-into-bed response when sick with the flu. In conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic inflammation provokes a transition from this type of sickness response into depression and chronic pain.
Cytokines (molecules that signal the inflammatory response) are one such marker released in response to infections, illness, and stress. The brain has cytokine receptors, and these cells may bind to neurons and affect signaling. If levels of these cells persist in the body they may cause a disruption of perception.
Several studies offer insights into the complex relationship between inflammatory processes and neurological function. Studies show that antibodies to gluten do bind to nervous tissue in humans and animals. In celiac disease specifically, we know that antigliadin antibodies can bind to proteins in neurological tissue. While it is unclear whether binding interferes with the function of the tissue, studies suggest that it does.
It is also possible that inflammation in the gut disrupts the microbiota that in turn affects the gut-brain pathway.
Gluten
When someone has an immune response to gluten, there is an increase in inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines) that might interfere with the blood-brain barrier or disrupt various hormones and enzymes. These disruptions may cause depression, cognitive impairment, or brain fog in some individuals.
Nutrient Deficiencies
There is a fair amount of evidence showing that vitamin deficiencies affect the nervous system. Patients with untreated celiac disease or other intestinal malabsorption conditions may have vitamin and mineral deficiencies affecting cognitive function and/or causing neurological deficits.
Gut Microbiota
The gut-brain-microbiome axis appears to plays a role in influencing brain development, mood, and behavior. In a similar vein, an unhealthy diet has recently been highlighted as a risk factor for depression.
Our gut microbiota interacts bi-directionally with environmental factors such as diet and stress, and this may eventually be a target for interventions to treat mental conditions. Studies of this are in very early stages, and no direct link to brain fog has been suggested.
Stress and Anxiety Due to Illness or Trauma
An illness itself may play a major role in initiating brain fog. Sickness can alter one's ability to function, and subtle cognitive functions like memory are more vulnerable to stress and anxiety.
Poor stress resilience and an exaggerated inflammatory response to environmental stress is characteristic of people who have undergone trauma in their early lives. This in turn may affect cognition and well-being. (For more, see chapter 29, "The Stress of Holding Back.")
Summary
• Any physical illness, whether acute or chronic, is usually accompanied by numerous psychological symptoms that may include fatigue, depression, an increased sensitivity to pain, and lack of motivation, appetite, and sociability. They are part of what is called a "sickness response," and most disappear with the disease.
• Brain fog may be a symptom or part of a sickness response in those with an immune or inflammatory response to gluten. The mechanisms underlying the condition are unclear, but the brain fog is real.
• If your illness is chronic, your sickness response may be as well. This might require pharmaceuticals to treat both the physical as well as psychological symptoms.
• Brain fog may be another piece of the conversation between the brain, the gut, and our microbiome. This puzzle is still missing many pieces, which scientists may be able to identify as targets for treatment in the future. At this point, a gluten-free diet clears the fog for some people with celiac disease, but should not be considered the dietary answer to treating brain fog in others.
The Stress of Holding Back
_"Stressed" is "desserts" spelled backward._
—ANONYMOUS
College on a strict gluten-free diet is way harder than I expected. It's definitely not easy to balance schoolwork and also worry about food all the time! A lot of people here in California are on the gluten-free diet for the fad, which undermines the severity of celiac disease and cross-contamination and everything. It was a huge struggle. In college I've been more resentful of the disease than any time before. Social life is isolating, dealing with my own food. I often have to go back to my room to get something to eat, and that takes away that spontaneity that makes college so fun. I feel like I'm missing out. That's the most difficult [thing]. I constantly have to be vigilant. At home it's so nice to know that everything is safe—it's a lot more relaxing.
(ALEXIS, 20)
Is it a gluten-free diet—not the gluten—that is stressing your brain circuits and causing a literal brain drain?
Stress is defined as a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. There is good stress that keeps us alert and involved, and bad stress that takes a mental and physical toll. People who are always on alert when eating or living with a chronic illness have constant stress—a condition that loads the part of the brain responsible for executive function, tapping its resources and making it less effective. This eventually produces wear and tear on the entire body—referred to as "allostatic load" in the medical literature. This "load" is triggered by various chemicals and hormones released in response to stress, and can determine our patterns of emotional response and resiliency to events that can extend far beyond the dinner table.
The Evolutionary Perspective
Stress responses benefit animals in the wild and may have given our prehistoric ancestors a survival advantage in avoiding predators. Daniel Lieberman, an evolutionary biologist and professor at Harvard University, puts it most succinctly in noting that animals on the Serengeti do two things most of the day: "They eat and they worry."
These survival skills are not required when seeking food in the supermarket, but we now worry about gluten, fat, and carbohydrates rather than large predators—an evolutionary shift of focus that is affecting our brains and health in unexpected ways.
I feel nervous whenever I'm on a date. Afraid he won't like me because I ask the waiter so many questions. Makes me a neurotic mess, I guess.
(JOAN, 28)
While it is a highly subjective phenomenon that is difficult to measure, it is becoming increasingly clear that the stress of "holding back," of monitoring, measuring, and thinking about what we eat at every meal and in every social setting, has many silent and cumulative effects. Beyond the fight-or-flight response that characterizes acute stress, when food and eating become chronic concerns of everyday life, the stress can affect thought, mental performance, and the responses of numerous organs.
The Burden of Restrictive Dieting
Having a gluten-free home is expensive but manageable; the problem comes with outings, vacations and trips, and trying to go to restaurants. And it seems like school is much more prepared and willing to deal with peanut allergies and that sort of thing.
(RAY, 38)
For people with chronic illnesses such as celiac disease, IBS, IBD, type 1 diabetes, or a food allergy, stress comes in navigating a school cafeteria, counting carbs, always reading labels, carrying an EpiPen, ordering in a restaurant, and constantly being vigilant.
In a recent study, people with celiac disease perceived the treatment burden of the diagnosis as a heavier one than end-stage renal failure (a fatal condition in which the options are dialysis several times a week or a kidney transplant). Many come to an entirely gluten-free event and remark, "It was the first time I remember being so totally relaxed at a party—I never worried about what I was putting in my mouth." Others with IBS sometimes eat nothing at an event in fear of not reaching the bathroom in time. Like individuals with a food allergy, they are on perpetual alert, a stressful state of constant vigilance, where food is involved.
What Your Brain Gains and Loses on a Diet of Chronic Stress
The brain is the main organ in the body that determines what we perceive as stressful and how we will react and adapt to it. It is also a target of the stress, and this can have lasting effects on it. And there are enormous differences in how each individual responds. When stress becomes a destructive element in someone's life, it is important to take steps to address the consequences. Sometimes it is a silent pressure that only shows its face after much damage is done.
Stress "loads" the prefrontal cortex, the part of our brain where executive function is centered. This function involves a number of abilities that affect your capacity to organize and manipulate different types of information and behaviors. It comes into play during decisions that involve planning, decision-making, abstract thinking, troubleshooting, initiating or inhibiting responses and/or temptations, and processing sensory information. It may actually play a role in the brain fog that many patients report. (See chapter 28, "Brain Fog.")
Stress can also affect impulse control because it elevates _glucocorticoid_ levels, sometimes for extended periods of time. These steroid hormones regulate the body's need for energy. One of the glucocorticoids, cortisol, causes the body to crave food—many people say they "eat when stressed."
In teenagers, the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed—one reason many have poor impulse control in general. But impulse control is a complex phenomenon that is intertwined with other "reward" systems in the brain that are developing during adolescence. The combination of immature systems often results in poor choices within this age group that makes dietary and health constraints harder to follow.
There is also an increased sensitivity to pain that is often found in people suffering from chronic stress. This, however, is a two-way street. Not only is it possible that social distress may sensitize individuals to physical pain, enhanced pain may lead to greater perception of social distress. Researchers note that these two processes seem to be moving together and possibly influencing each other.
Adjusting to a Restricted Diet
_A crust eaten in peace is better than a banquet partaken in anxiety._
—AESOP
There are many reasons a restricted diet is difficult, including the necessary change in habits, social and cultural constraints and stigma, and loss of control (of impulses and the ability to find "safe" food). Your adjustment will then depend on your personality and how you respond to the change. People who need to be in control can become extremely frustrated. While some psychologists recommend trying out "other ways to be in the world," this is not always easily achieved.
What is it like to be the grandmother of a child with celiac disease? It's more a question of being the mother-in-law of the mother of the child with celiac disease.
(LUCY, 65)
The timing and delivery of the diagnosis can affect the difficulty in dealing with the condition. When diagnosis comes during adolescence—a sensitive developmental period—the perceived negative effects are often more severe than during early childhood, when the condition is integrated into identity and habit more readily.
My doctor said, "You have celiac disease. Go on a gluten-free diet, and I'll see you in six months." That's when we got really frustrated and really lost. My doctor sent me home without any guidance.
(ALEXIS, 20)
Patients who receive excellent dietary counseling and guidance at the time of diagnosis are more accepting of the diagnosis and restrictions than those left to fend for themselves on the Internet.
Identity Threats
It's interesting to watch my granddaughter develop her self-identity. Who she is is someone who cannot play with a child who has peanut butter on his hands. Who she is is someone who can never go into an ice cream store and eat regular ice cream. It's incorporated into her identity.
(MARY, 67)
In a recent book on how stereotypes affect us, the social psychologist Claude M. Steele discusses how stereotype threats have a real effect on people.* And people on a very restricted diet are often marginalized and/or made to feel an outsider to the food at parties, galas, business meals, school trips, and many restaurants. Some schools even refuse to take children with food allergies or intolerances on class trips where they cannot readily accommodate dietary restrictions that might cause a health issue.
Steele analyzed the effect when identity threats become chronic and are an ongoing experience in some area of one's life. His studies suggest that the long-term stress of dealing with threats to identity may undermine not only a person's happiness, but also contribute to health issues.
Fortunately, as Bruce McEwan, a neuroscientist and professor at Rockefeller University, emphasizes, "The good news is that interventions can prevent the negative effects of stress on the brain and body."
I kept a gluten-free kitchen even when my daughter went off to college. This way she can relax completely and feel safe when she comes home.
(AMY, 49)
Navigating Through the Stress of Holding Back
There are several steps you can take to improve your stress levels and your perception of stress.
1. **Rewrite the Script**
You hear, "It's not fair, I don't get to eat what the other kids are eating." It actually is fair. It would be unfair for me to give my son what the other kids are getting. What we can try to do is make things equivalent. So if they're getting a dessert, you might not get the same dessert, but you'll get the dessert that's good for you. That's fair.
We don't all get the same things out of life, but we can make them the equivalent.
(KEIRA, 43)
2. **Eat a Healthy Diet, Get Physical Activity, and Sleep**
Stress depletes the body—a balanced diet of fresh food, exercise, and sufficient hours of rest feed and restore it. Sleep deprivation also triggers hormones that stimulate hunger—studies have found that people who sleep less are more likely to be overweight.
3. **Get Social Support**
Eating is very personal, and many people feel it does not require outside intervention and interference. But people with chronic illnesses and allergies fare best when supported by medical professionals who understand the science behind their conditions. The support of family and friends can reduce the "solitary" burden and make social occasions easier to navigate. For example, celiac disease meet-ups have become increasingly popular in some cities and offer the exchange of restaurant and product suggestions that encourage compliance and comfort with the diagnosis, and grow social resilience through shared participation in a diagnosis and treatment.
4. **Try Different "Mind Practices"**
If compliance is difficult and causing medical issues, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be very effective in improving attitude and approach. Many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and IBS report that meditation and mindfulness also decrease painful symptoms and improve their quality of life.
You may need to set up a mental road map that differs from the patterns and routes you have been taking.
5. **Reward Yourself**
We all crave a treat or comfort food every so often and want to be rewarded for good behavior on a diet. People on a weight-loss diet are wisely counseled not to eat an entire piece of chocolate cake. When you _must_ have one, take a few bites. This is where the advice to those on a gluten-free diet to find substitutes for their favorite foods—pizza, chocolate brownies, beer, mac and cheese, etc.—cannot be emphasized enough.
There is a difference between rewarding yourself with a safe food and cheating.
6. **Seek Out Medical Professionals to Help Manage Your Disease**
Keeping your disease and symptoms well managed will lower your stress levels. Far too many people who are prescribed a gluten-free diet are not advised to see a dietitian or feel they are expert and vigilant enough to teach their children and handle the diet on their own. Yet we have heard children admit to cheating on the diet when their parents were not present. Dropping off the diet is frequent at times of stress and transition—changing schools, entering college, a first or new job—and having direct access to a dietitian can make these transitions easier.
7. **Use Pharmaceutical Agents If Necessary**
There are a number of drugs used to control stress, including antidepressants, beta blockers, sleeping pills, and other agents for relief from inflammation and pain. All have strengths, limitations, and side effects that must be measured and balanced with your underlying condition as well as your level of stress.
Directing your energy toward the management and control of personal perception and behaviors can help the brain respond more flexibly to stress. As Professor McEwan states, "Motivation and decision making and perseverance are all functions of the brain!"
Holding back can create stress that eventually colors an individual's perception of food, family, friends, and lifestyle. Being aware of its impact on your brain and body can affect your long-term health and well-being.
PART VI
Navigating a Gluten-Free Life
_Minds are like parachutes, they only function when open._
—THOMAS DEWAR
_Things should be made as simple as possible—but not simpler._
—ALBERT EINSTEIN
The first five sections of this book put gluten and the gastrointestinal tract under the microscope. They examined the public perceptions—and misconceptions—about the grain, its role in different diseases and conditions, its effect on the GI tract and possibly the brain, and how a gluten-free diet and lifestyle can affect your stress level and resilience.
We also explored how everything we ingest affects the GI tract and why other foods, drugs, and toxins create the symptoms often attributed to gluten.
But the complete picture cannot be drawn without a closer inspection of the pharmaceutical drugs being developed to assist those on a gluten-free diet as well as the myths, hidden ingredients, food guidelines, and future directions for those trying to navigate a healthy and symptom-free life.
Nondietary Therapies—the Drug Pipeline
_I can resist everything except temptation._
—OSCAR WILDE
It is difficult to follow a strict, lifelong diet of any type, but that is currently the only safe and effective treatment for those with celiac disease. Patients need and want a nondietary form of therapy for several reasons:
• Temptation, the desire to eat "some" gluten if symptoms are not severe, can make compliance a real problem, especially if there are no immediate symptoms when the gluten is ingested.
• Products, even those labeled "gluten-free," can be contaminated.
• A small percentage of patients do not respond to the diet, and an even greater number (estimated at 30 to 70 percent) do not heal completely.
• Patients with minimal symptoms prior to diagnosis may become more sensitive to gluten after a period on a gluten-free diet.
Various studies underscore the extent of these issues. One study of patients in the UK showed that 70 percent either intentionally and/or inadvertently ingested gluten. It is also hard to avoid gluten even in products marked "gluten-free." While there are only a few good studies, those that exist indicate that a few breakfast cereals marked as gluten-free contained amounts of gluten greater than the minimal amount allowed by law to carry that label. Gluten has also been found in various supplements, an unregulated industry where the "gluten-free" label currently is questionable.
A nondietary answer therefore holds tremendous appeal and has a long history in other GI conditions. Lactase pills, for example, have made having an ice cream cone or slice of pizza possible for those with lactose intolerance. And antacids are a staple in most households. They do not replace the need to avoid dairy or highly fatty foods for these individuals, but treat a dietary "mistake" or indiscretion. Severe IBD can be put into total symptomatic and histological remission.
All this has led to the development of some very promising and exciting alternative and/or complementary approaches to a gluten-free diet. Since more is known about the development of celiac disease than any other autoimmune disease, researchers have tracked the pathways through which the partially degraded and toxic fragment of gluten gets into the lining of the intestine and interacts with the immune system. It is these very pathways that are the target of various therapies.
While there is currently **_no_** product on the market that prevents, halts, or reduces the harmful effect of gluten on people with celiac disease, the following show the most promise at the moment. The potential therapies block, bind, or degrade the toxic components of gluten. **Except for the vaccine, they all currently work _in conjunction with_ a gluten-free diet.**
I'm the kind who, if you can take a pill for it, it's perfect. I'm ready when the pill is ready.
(CHERRY, 35)
I'm leery of untested things in general. I'd be scared of trying the new therapies until they've been on the market for a few years.
(NED, 52)
Helping Digest or Degrade Gluten
The gluten protein is not completely digested in the small intestine by the proteases (enzymes that break down proteins) in our GI tract. But a number of different proteases that do digest gluten exist in nature. They are referred to often as glutenases and can come from various sources.* They exist in some grains—including, ironically, barley—and in bacteria and fungi. These sources are being harnessed to be manufactured in commercial quantities with special qualities. They can also be specifically engineered in the laboratory. They need to be able to act fast and completely in the very acidic environment of the stomach, while the stomach is mixing and dissolving ingested food, and before it leaves to enter the small intestine. This is a very promising therapy.
Studies have demonstrated that some glutenase enzyme preparations can effectively digest gluten in the acidic environment of the stomach. ALV003, manufactured in the U.S. from barley and bacteria, and AN-PEP, manufactured in the Netherlands from fungi, appear effective. However, placebo-controlled studies in patients with celiac disease did not meet the planned primary end points of the studies. This emphasizes the difficulty in conducting placebo-controlled studies in those with celiac disease. A promising, potent engineered enzyme (Kuma030) is being studied by investigators at the University of Washington.
While other glutenases from various sources including mouth bacteria, stool bacteria, and probiotics have been detected, none have been commercially developed at this time.
It must be reiterated that there are currently many available OTC glutenases marketed as dietary supplements that have _not_ been evaluated by the FDA and are _not_ effective in degrading or digesting gluten in the stomach despite claims to the contrary. We recommend that patients with celiac disease specifically avoid using these products, as they could be harmful.
Inhibiting Intestinal Permeability
Larazotide Acetate
Another drug with FDA Fast Track designation, Larazotide, has a strategy based on keeping the toxic gliadin peptides from entering the intestinal lining, where they trigger the immune response. It essentially shuts the gate that lets the toxic peptides in.
Larazotide works on the "tight junctions" holding the cells together and may also be working on other components of the transport mechanisms between cells. Gluten is also transported _through_ the epithelial cells, and Larazotide would not block this entry. (See chapter 16, "Intestinal Permeability.")
Phase II clinical trials have shown it to be effective and generally well tolerated in improving symptoms of celiac disease more than a gluten-free diet alone. To date, the studies have not included biopsies to assess mucosal injury, but they would be necessary for FDA approval and will be necessary end points in definitive trials.
Binding Gluten with Polymers to Safely Escort It from the GI Tract
BioLineRx Ltd.'s BL-7010
Distinct from therapies that degrade gluten, this approach uses polymers that act in the intestinal tract (the _lumen_ ). The polymers are being developed with the ability and properties necessary to target and bind gliadin and prevent digestion and absorption. It would then be "escorted" out of the GI tract and excreted in stool. Studies in experimental animals show that BL-7010 does do this. In the U.S., it has not yet progressed to clinical trials in humans, where it must be proven safe. There is concern that it can also block/bind with vitamins and minerals and prevent their absorption. This is an attractive form of therapy, since physicians prescribe a similar class of drugs to treat high cholesterol and diarrhea.
Vaccine to Induce Tolerance to Gluten
ImmusanT's Nexvax2
Nexvax2 is an injectable vaccine that is designed to induce immune tolerance to gluten. It is designed to work like an allergy shot—exposing the immune system in a controlled way. It is assumed that the vaccine will induce tolerance by acting on the T-cells, which serve as a go-between in the immune system, and create a protective T-cell response.
ImmusanT has identified three of the most potent peptides causing the immune reaction in people with HLA-DQ2–associated celiac disease. This accounts for approximately 90 percent of people with celiac disease. The vaccine will not work for patients who have the -DQ8 genes.
It has been tested in Phase I trials in Australia and shown to be safe and tolerable. It must now move to trials to test its effectiveness in protecting the intestine from gluten damage. This treatment would involve patients continuing to eat gluten and require regular injections—similar to someone receiving allergy shots.
If proven safe and effective, a vaccination strategy might be even more attractive than other novel treatments.
Other Potential Therapies
Blocking Tissue Transglutaminase
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG Inhibitor) is the enzyme that changes gluten into a toxic molecule for people with celiac disease. Therefore, inhibiting its action has been suggested as an effective therapeutic approach for celiac disease. Since tTG is also an essential enzyme used by the body for wound binding and other binding activities, it poses a high risk if the therapy blocks tTG in any other organ or interacts and/or disturbs other metabolic or biological pathways.
Studies on this approach are still preclinical (not conducted in humans).
Modifying Wheat
It has been proposed that modifying wheat strains to remove the peptides causing the immune reaction—without removing the baking quality of the wheat—might be an option for people with celiac disease seeking to replace gluten-containing bread.
There are many challenges in the process of the modification of gluten contents in the wheat varieties. Modifying the protein contents may lead to a loss of or decrease in baking characteristics; all the peptides in wheat that causes an immune reaction are still not known; the potential for contamination of genetically modified grains with the wild strains during cultivation, pollination, harvesting, and processing is possible; commercial wheat is cheap and any future genetically engineered wheat would increase in cost in an already price-inflated gluten-free market.
An alternative approach is to detoxify gluten by using bacteria-derived peptidases during food processing that would "digest" the wheat peptides. This is the process by which sourdough bread is made and would have to be carried through to totally eliminate gluten. A study confirmed that this resulted in bread that was not toxic to individuals with celiac disease (although the product resembled a biscuit more than a bread).
Bugs as Drugs—Hookworms
Our early contact with bacteria and toxins trains our immune systems. Based on the theory that as we have lost the chronic immune stimulation that came with all the infections mankind evolved with, parasites, including hookworms, are being ingested to stimulate the immune system in a protective way. This is a telling example of how much we need "bugs," and an exciting area of research. This approach has been used in Crohn's disease and asthma—using different kinds of parasites—and has been applied to celiac disease. The hookworms get in through the skin and travel to the intestinal tract via the bloodstream. They grow in the gut and exert an immune response.
One study showed no benefit, and another done recently did not reduce the severity of symptoms or prevent intestinal deterioration. But the parasitic infection did suppress some inflammatory responses, suggesting that further studies should be done.
Hookworms can cause anemia, and we do not recommend trying this approach at home—although they are often obtained unwittingly while on vacation in developing countries, where they are widespread.
Oral Passive Antibody Therapy
This approach has been considered for some time. The theory is that some animals can be immunized and produce antibodies to gluten. These antibodies can then be produced in sufficient quantities and administered to bind to gluten in the intestine. There are two proposed sources—one developed from the colostrum of cow's milk, and recently an antibody to gluten developed in hens' eggs. Individuals with an egg allergy could not take the latter product.
While the press releases of each new potential product attract much attention, there is a great deal of work to get a drug to market. It is an expensive and time-consuming project, and many products never make it to the shelf.
Probiotics
Probiotics are an exciting form of potential therapy. It is possible that they can be genetically enriched with drugs and then ingested into the small intestine, where they would release the potential drug at a needed site and act locally. However, much research needs to be done on this mode of therapy. Probiotics would have to move from the category of dietary supplement to that of a drug and thus undergo the rigorous safety and efficacy studies required for drugs to be sold in the U.S.
Over-the-Counter Drugs Currently Available
There are currently _no_ products available over the counter that can fully degrade or digest gluten and block the effects it has on those with celiac disease, despite some manufacturers' claims to the contrary. Various OTC supplements are actively marketed in carefully worded advertisements that make claims about digesting gluten, healing the gut, and reducing inflammation. Manufacturers state in very fine print at the bottom of labels and websites that the supplements are not intended to cure or treat disease. And they advise people to take their products without the rigid testing for effectiveness and safety required by the FDA.
These products contain a variety of enzymes that can partially digest gluten in test tubes. However, studies by Dr. Frits Koning in the Netherlands have shown that they cannot digest gluten in the acidic environment of the stomach. In addition, they do not digest the toxic peptides that are resistant to the usual digestive enzymes. These different OTC supplements may also pose a health risk to anyone with undiagnosed celiac disease who believes they can "safely" eat gluten—all the while allowing it to silently inflame their intestines. We recommend that patients with celiac disease specifically avoid using these products as they could be harmful.
Most people with celiac disease and other GI disorders are careful about the foods they put in their mouth. They should be equally concerned—or even more careful—about OTC supplements they ingest.
FDA Approval
The development of therapies for celiac disease must follow a specific line negotiated by the drug companies with the FDA. Because celiac disease has specific tissue and biochemical abnormalities, it allows for the development of end points that must be satisfied prior to approval. These end points are agreed to prior to placebo-controlled studies. For celiac disease, therapies must prove to be effective in reducing inflammation and/or intestinal damage as well as symptoms. Most important, any drug must make people feel better. This needs to be determined in placebo-controlled randomized studies.
The FDA now also mandates that companies developing drugs develop a plan for studying the drug in children.
Once a drug is on the market, physicians can prescribe the medication for "off label" use to treat other conditions. It is anticipated that gluten-sensitive people may want these medications once they are available, especially if they are very sensitive to small amounts of gluten, as that is the target of the therapy. However, we hope to know more about gluten sensitivity and be able to target the cause—which may not be gluten, the gliadin fraction of wheat.
The Hazard of Taking a Pill
The widespread prescribing of statins (cholesterol-inhibiting drugs) has erroneously convinced some people that they can take a pill in the morning and then have a cheese omelet for lunch, "bread their butter," and then eat fried and creamed foods for dinner. They think, "The pill will take care of it." Statins can be "oversaturated" and essentially unable to take care of the cholesterol load ingested.
That is one of the real moral hazards of the new drugs being developed. Currently, they are not able to replace a gluten-free diet but do augment it and cover contamination or an occasional exposure. They are able to degrade small amounts of gluten, not a sandwich, pizza slices, or a piece of cake. People may take the medication and then feel it relieves them of the need to stay on a gluten-free diet. Or the medication may enable them to feel better when they eat out, all the while (unwittingly?) ingesting more gluten than the drug can handle. The patient then gets a low-grade chronic exposure to gluten for many years, feels good, does not get celiac-specific checkups, and develops a lymphoma in 10 years.
We will not find out how bad that may be for many people for decades, especially those who are asymptomatic—they can eat gluten and continue to have an immune inflammatory response and/or get the disease.
When choosing new treatment strategies, one must consider the possible risks versus benefits of the treatments against a gluten-free diet, which we know is safe, effectively eliminates the problem protein, and saves lives.
Questions Arise: Is the Drug Suitable for Me?
It is unclear if the drugs will work for everyone taking them. Some people might not respond and may not realize it. Other diseases or therapies could impact the delivery or efficacy of any of the potential therapies. For example, the enzymes that work in the stomach are dependent on an acidic environment—individuals cannot swallow acid blockers all the time and still have them work, and some people do not make acid at all (a condition known as hypochlorhydria).
Summary
There is a real need to continue to seek out and develop an alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet. Ideally, this will be a therapy that will not simply help with the diet by dealing with minor contamination, but that will allow people to eat a regular diet containing gluten.
Patients with celiac disease and most clinicians treating the patients will want to be convinced that any new drug for celiac disease is able to prevent the development of the gluten-induced damage to the lining of the small intestine, and ensure that patients live a long and symptom-free life.
The pipeline is built, but is not as yet pumping effective and safe treatments.
Eating Healthy
_Don't eat anything your great-grandmother wouldn't recognize as food._
—MICHAEL POLLAN
_High-tech tomatoes. Mysterious milk. Supersquash. Are we supposed to eat this stuff? Or is it going to eat us?_
—ANITA MANNING
Gluten is the most recent dietary sensation. But it is too often not a healthy one. Navigating your way to this particular table can be a dietary obstacle course.
The markets are filled with hidden gluten and, in gluten-free products, some ingredients that, for certain people, are possibly worse than gluten. There are also products and food manufacturing processes that may be contributing to the recent growth in celiac disease as well as other autoimmune conditions.
It is time to move the dialogue away from gluten alone and include everything else on your plate. We need to explore what is being done to gluten-free products to make them taste and look like the "real thing."
We may, in fact, be eating ourselves sick.
Emulsifiers, Binders, and Enhancers
In the Western world, most people who do not live on farms—growing and eating only what they produce—eat a diet of food that is processed to guard against spoilage, ensure longevity, and promote its taste and appeal. This includes everything from pasteurization (guarding against harmful bacteria) to supplementation with chemicals, vitamins, and minerals that put back what processing takes out—plus a list of sweeteners, salt, flavorings, and binders to make products more appealing to the perceived wants of the consumer.
Emulsifiers
_They were like oil and water._
—PROVERBIAL PHRASE
Emulsifiers are a common additive used to stabilize food. For example, if you add oil to water and vigorously shake it, the oil will disperse throughout the water. Left to sit, the oil and water will separate. When you add an emulsifier, the oil stays dispersed and a stable emulsion is formed. Mustard will accomplish this for the oil and vinegar in a salad dressing; bile salts accomplish this in the intestine. They enable fats to be spread through the liquid contents of the intestine and be digested and absorbed into the body. Chemicals are used in food processing to hold products together.
Emulsions are found throughout the food industry. They are used in baking to form and maintain the volume and texture of biscuits and breads, and to improve the structure of crumbs in cakes. They are also in dairy products, confectionery items like chocolates and toffees, meats, margarine, and spreads (e.g., peanut butter).
A new study suggests that emulsifiers may be linked to metabolic syndrome and IBD. The study, reported in the academic journal _Nature,_ showed that mice fed relatively low concentrations of two commonly used emulsifiers had low-grade inflammation and obesity/metabolic syndrome. The emulsifiers also promoted colitis in mice predisposed to this disorder. The researchers tested different species of bacteria in the mouse GI tract and hypothesized that a disruption of the microbiota encouraged the issues. While the scientists acknowledged that "excess caloric consumption was still a predominant factor driving the metabolic syndrome epidemic," the study pointed toward elements like emulsifiers in food as a potential promoter of low-grade intestinal inflammation.
If emulsifiers encourage inflammation in the gut, which in turn increases intestinal permeability ("leaky gut"), it would potentially enable food antigens and bacteria to move into the body from the intestinal tract, and might promote any number of allergies and conditions in predisposed people. More studies will need to be done to test this theory.
Food "Glue"
Another product used to enhance the texture and quality of food products is an enzyme called microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). It is a food "glue" that modifies proteins to improve the appearance, hardness, and shelf life of meat, the hardness of fish products, the quality and texture of milk and dairy products, the consistency and elasticity of candy, and the texture and volume of foods in commercially baked goods. If the label reads "added enzymes," those enzymes are more than likely MTGase.
Human tissue transglutaminase has long been recognized as the auto-antigen of celiac disease—the enzyme that reacts with gliadin and sets off the reaction that triggers celiac disease. But transglutaminases are found throughout nature in mammal tissue, invertebrates, plants, and microbial cells. MTGase is the biological glue used in food products and some medicine. In fact, our diets may contain large amounts of MTGase, raising the question of its relation to the rise in incidences of celiac disease.
The key question is whether MTGase added to food increases the risk to those susceptible to celiac disease or nonceliac gluten sensitivity, or whether it can cause disease by itself in these individuals. While it is considered to be generally safe for the majority of people because it is approved as a natural product, several studies have led to the hypothesis that the industrial use of MTGase is a new environmental enhancer of celiac disease and may have negative effects on the gluten-sensitive population.
It does this in two ways. It may create toxic gluten peptides capable of producing an immune response prior to ingestion; and/or once eaten, these peptides may increase toxicity in the intestine and initiate celiac disease in susceptible individuals.
MTGase is also used on gluten-free ingredients (e.g., soy) in gluten-free products. Thus a product labeled "gluten-free" but containing soy that has been cross-linked using MTGase creates an additional layer of confusion. Gluten-free foods frequently and inevitably contain small amounts of gluten, and these small amounts of contaminants would become more toxic to people with celiac disease due to MTGase action.
The scientists studying MTGase concluded that "If future research substantiates this hypothesis, the findings will affect food product labeling, food additive policies of the food industry, and consumer health education."
It is something to think about when you reach for processed products in the market. Because MTGase is not a food, it is not required to be listed on food labels.
Vital Gluten
For those who are focused solely on the gluten in their food, it is available in industrial-strength form.
Vital gluten is a powdered form of the protein portion of wheat with the starch washed out. It is sold alongside many flours and advertised as a "natural," "high-protein" baking product that improves the texture and elasticity of dough. One manufacturer advertises it as something that "can easily put the home bread baker on a par with the professionals." It is not a flour but powdered gluten.
Vital wheat gluten is the main ingredient in seitan, a food product used in vegetarian cooking and often referred to as "wheat meat." Wheat gluten is also used as a source of protein and in pet foods as a binder. Wheat gluten from China, adulterated by melamine, was blamed as the cause of pet food recalls in 2007. It also can hold other food products together, e.g., mushroom or vegetarian burgers.
It is unclear what effect a vegetarian or vegan diet high in vital wheat gluten might have on someone with a genetic susceptibility to celiac disease. Researchers are examining this issue.
Are You Eating Products or Food?
While nondairy milk may be of value for individuals who are lactose intolerant or dedicated to a vegan diet, it is not a food. Milk is a natural product of lactation, not of an electric blender or manufacturing plant. Juices that claim to have "fresh from the orange" taste often do not have fresh-from-the-orange ingredients.
Labels are required to list all ingredients in descending order by amount. If the first ingredient is water, then there is more water in the product than anything else. If we break down the label on soy or almond milk, both consist mainly of water that is sweetened and supplemented with calcium, vitamins, and thickening agents.
Both soy and almond milk usually contain carrageenan (highly processed seaweed), added to create a creamy texture—and implicated in inflammation and GI problems.
All these labels boast "natural" vitamins. Vitamins are found in all of the foods we eat—that is the natural form. Added vitamins are manufactured (calcium carbonate, D2, vitamin-synthetic vitamin A) and often lack the cofactors (the other food and/or vitamins) necessary for them to be properly absorbed by the body.
Adding back vitamins after the fact ignores the issue of synergy: how nutrients work naturally as opposed to when they are isolated. A 2011 study on broccoli at the Linus Pauling Institute illustrates this point. The researchers found that giving subjects fresh broccoli florets led them to absorb and metabolize seven times more of the anticancer compounds known as glucosinolates, present in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables (Brussels sprouts, collard greens, kale) than when glucosinolates were given in straight capsule form. The researchers hypothesized that this might be because the fresh broccoli contained other compounds that helped people's bodies put the broccoli's anticancer chemicals to use.
There is a certain amount of irony in the instructions to take vitamins and certain minerals (i.e., calcium) with food for proper digestion and bodily effectiveness. Supplementation is also ironically praiseworthy as it returns to the food supply all the natural vitamins and minerals food processing and our diets have taken out.
**Everyone on a gluten-free diet should try to eat and drink less processed food. Your symptoms may be coming from ingredients that sound natural but are actually intestinal irritants.**
Where Is Gluten Hiding?
Gluten is found not only in products made with wheat, rye, and barley, but as an ingredient to modify texture, facilitate water or fat retention, and help bind products, from soups and meats to ready-to-eat meals, etc. It is also used as a filler in drug and supplement capsules.
In accordance with the FDA labeling law passed in 2013, any food labeled gluten-free must contain "less than 20mg/kg gluten" (less than 20 parts per million). The ruling further specifies that any "foods specially processed to reduce gluten content" or "very low gluten" must comply with levels between 20 and 100 mg/kg.
This is a controversial area, as there are different tests used by manufacturers to determine gluten content, and testing batches in food products varies. Since the labeling process is voluntary, there is no government-regulated testing to confirm labeling in the U.S. as there is in Canada. A few studies have shown contamination of gluten-free foods and medications/supplements, even in those made of inherently gluten-free grains.
Cross-Contamination
Cross-contamination can occur at any level of food production. While this problem is mainly directed to people with celiac disease who require a truly gluten-free product to maintain their health, there are few guarantees in place.
A number of so-called gluten-free flours and grains actually have tested for unsafe levels of contamination. Many home cooks can find the source of digestive problems related to gluten within their stock of gluten-free ingredients. Manufacturers may also receive batches of contaminated grains while making products in a dedicated facility. Unless they do regular on-site testing using validated assays, this can be an issue.
While various experts have studied the contamination of oats with wheat and barley, it is not the only grain that can be contaminated. Other grains that are naturally gluten-free, like millet, have been shown to be frequently contaminated by wheat.
To guarantee that a grain is gluten-free, it needs to be either grown and processed in dedicated fields and facilities, or, alternatively, tested to be free of gluten. All grains except for rice also have to be labeled "gluten-free" because of contamination studies.
Bulk Bins
Contamination can occur when food is displayed in open bins in the market. Suzanne Simpson, R.D., warns patients not to buy from bulk bins with a scoop. Scoops "travel" and can find themselves in the raisin bin having started the morning in another nearby bin containing a product with gluten. She also warns patients to beware of websites selling nuts, flours, and mixes that must be carefully monitored to be safe.
Reading Labels
We came up with a system. If the label has more than three different things that you cannot pronounce, then it's not really good for you.
(OWEN, 12)
If you are trying to be gluten-free, you need to read labels to avoid gluten. But many foods require no stamp of approval, as they are naturally gluten-free. Water is at the top of the list, yet there are actually water bottles labeled "gluten-free" and selling at a premium—"because you can never be too sure." Labeling rules now allow water as well as other products to be labeled gluten-free even though they may be just that by nature. The only thing that this label likely ensures is that you are paying more money unnecessarily.
The foods that require a gluten-free label are anything made from or with flours: cereals, pastas, breads, cookies, cakes, pretzels, rice cakes, crackers, pizza, breaded and frozen items, etc. Soups, mixes, and all-in-one products with packets of flavorings (e.g., rice pilaf mixes) should also be scrutinized carefully.
While there are many forms of hidden gluten, if a product contains wheat in any of its forms, it must be listed on the label. Barley is not part of the labeling law and must be identified in its various forms (malt) and uses (beer).
Reading labels is important and not difficult once certain words are ruled out. For example, malt is made from barley, but when it is the first four letters in a long word such as _maltodextrin_ or _maltitol_ it is safe. Yeast as an ingredient is fine, but brewer's yeast is not.
If a product is made in a facility that processes other products with wheat—and is not labeled gluten-free—it may be contaminated. If it is labeled gluten-free, it is most likely safe.
Eating Healthy
_"A gluten-free diet is the only treatment for gluten-related disorders—but in all honesty being just gluten-free is not enough. We need to think of our diet as part of our overall healthy lifestyle. We need to get back to basics and make sure that our diet is nourishing both our health and well-being."_
—ANNE R. LEE, ED.D., R.D.N., L.D.
CELIAC DISEASE CENTER AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
The newest population studies—examining large numbers of people over an extended period of time—show that people eating a _high_ gluten diet had a lower risk of both type 2 diabetes and heart disease. This is linked to the high fiber and nutrients found in a wheat-based diet and underlines the importance of making your gluten-free diet equally rich in fiber and nutrients from different gluten-free sources to ensure your long-term health.
Despite the many roadblocks, the road to a healthy gluten-free diet can be found by focusing on what you _can_ eat, not on what you cannot.
• Eat a _balanced_ and _varied_ diet that is high in naturally gluten-free whole foods.
• Eat plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, and legumes.
• Limit processed and packaged gluten-free products as much as possible. If you use these products, choose those with a variety of gluten-free whole grains and few ingredients.
• Aim for low fat, low sugar, low salt.
• Add more whole grains such as quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat, millet, lentils, chick peas, and gluten-free oats that are gluten-free and high in fiber in place of rice, corn, or potatoes.
• Add these grains to soups, stews, and salads to increase their fiber, B vitamins, and protein.
• Eat raw and "crunchy, cooked" vegetables as well as beans and foods with skin to get as much soluble fiber as possible.
• Eat plenty of protein from various sources (fish, lean meat and poultry, dairy, eggs, beans, seeds, and nuts).
• Snack smart—nibble fresh fruit and vegetables, trail mix with nuts, seeds, and dried fruit; multigrain chips and crackers with seeds, nuts, and a source of at least 2 grams of fiber.
• Avoid processed products with long ingredient lists (they usually contain excessive chemical additives).
• Bake with flours made from gluten-free grains, nuts, and beans such chickpea, almond, quinoa, sorghum, and teff instead of simply using rice or corn flour.
• Read labels and shop smart.
**A healthy diet is not accomplished on a 7- or 14-day plan. It is a long-term commitment to changing habits, eating differently, and turning these guidelines into actions.**
A Note on Adding Fiber
A gluten-free diet doesn't mean living on rice, corn, and potatoes. I use as little of those ingredients as possible in my baking and daily diet. Instead, I rely on the great gluten-free whole grains and flours like buckwheat, quinoa, oats, amaranth, sorghum, chickpea, and teff. You only have to look at their nutritional profiles to see that each one is a powerhouse of nutrients, fiber, and protein.
—BETH HILLSON, FOOD EDITOR AND AUTHOR
All grains, fruits, and vegetables contain fiber, whether gluten-free or not. Quinoa, oats, and lentils are especially high in fiber, and unless you're accustomed to it the fiber by itself can cause gas and bloating. Whenever a patient has a flare of symptoms and says that they are "trying to eat really healthy," it often means they have increased their fiber and have not tolerated the rapid increase. Their problem may also be an intolerance to fructose or other FODMAPs.
If you are trying to eat healthier and add grains, fresh fruit, and vegetables rapidly, be careful not to confuse the possible ensuing bloating with a return of symptoms.
Summary
• A healthy gluten-free diet is one of variety and filled with naturally gluten-free "food" rather than "products" made from ingredients grown in a lab and compiled in a manufacturing plant.
• Substitute wisely—adding too many sugar- and fat-filled gluten-free cakes, cookies, and snacks will add pleasure, but also pounds. Eating gluten-free and eating healthy are not synonymous.
• Be smart when reading labels. "Natural" does not mean healthy.
• Diversify your diet—try new grains, vegetables, and fruits.
• Removing gluten from your diet may be a lifesaver, a symptom reliever, or a road to continuing medical issues. Make these guidelines the first steps to a healthier life.
Myths and Misconceptions
_Fables should be taught as fables, myths as myths, and miracles as poetic fantasies. To teach superstitions as truths is a most terrible thing._
—HYPATIA
Myths are widely held ideas that are false. But studies show that the more you tell people they are wrong, the more they believe their deeply held ideas. The following myths are a combination of "the usual suspects"—myths about gluten that absolutely refuse to die—and some interesting new misconceptions and questions that surround gluten.
**_Gluten causes dementia and Alzheimer's._**
No, it does not. These two conditions are not related to gluten. Some of the symptoms of the "brain fog" that many patients describe can be confused for the early stages of these conditions, but brain fog is a discrete entity.
**_Gluten causes "brain fog," and a gluten-free diet can boost brainpower and improve mental focus._**
Although brain fog is a poorly defined medical condition, it is frequently reported by patients. A medical term that encompasses this may well be "mild cognitive impairment." In recently diagnosed patients with celiac disease, studies show brain fog is common, but it improves with a gluten-free diet (and with the healing of the small intestine). There are no studies involving people with gluten sensitivity, nor is there any concrete science that indicates gluten causes brain fog in the general population.
There have also been no scientific studies that have shown that eliminating gluten from your diet (again, in the general population—and not those with celiac disease or a gluten-related issue) can boost your brainpower, improve mental focus, or prevent a decline in memory. (See chapter 28 for a more detailed discussion.)
Also, one could make an argument that thinking your focus is better makes it so—part of the placebo effect. And stomach issues in general, such as gas, bloating, and pain can decrease one's ability to concentrate. A feeling of fatigue or sleepiness after a meal may well be normal and related to hormones produced in the intestine. There are many studies that are exploring a brain-gut interaction but there is much that is unknown and several hypotheses that need to be explored before these claims can be substantiated.
**_Eating gluten makes you fat._**
Eating more calories than you can burn off during your daily activities will add pounds to your body. A diet that contains grains will not, in itself, make you fat. The amount you eat will determine your weight.
Gluten-free baked goods and snacks contain high amounts of sugar and fat to enhance their taste and hold them together. On a gluten-free diet, patients often gain weight when they substitute these gluten-free foods for their wheat-based counterparts.
**_A gluten-free diet is healthier._**
Unless you have a specific food allergy or intolerance, or a disease requiring food restrictions, a diverse diet—one that includes meat-based foods, dairy, fats, fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that are high in fiber—is the healthiest. (See chapter 31, "Eating Healthy.")
**_Everyone should try eating gluten-free for a week._**
While a week of gluten-free eating is generally harmless, the majority of people have nothing to gain. You are also removing a great deal of fiber, vitamins, and minerals from your diet and need to replace them with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and other grains. Studies have also confirmed that a trial gluten-free diet is not a test for celiac disease.
The fact that something is harmless does not mean it is good for you. This is an adjunct to the concept that something labeled "natural" is therefore harmless. All plants are natural, but many are highly toxic.
**_Is gluten sensitivity common?_**
Since medical science does not know how to define or test for gluten sensitivity, it is unclear how prevalent it may be. A recent double-blind study showed that only about 30 percent of people who believed they were "gluten sensitive" actually had adverse reactions when fed gluten. The condition is real, but it is not believed to be as widespread as some experts report. There are many other causes of GI symptoms that people blame on gluten alone.
**_Is there a gene test for gluten sensitivity?_**
There is no genetic link to nonceliac gluten sensitivity and therefore no gene test that is meaningful.
**_Can you diagnose celiac disease with just a blood test?_**
Blood tests are the first step used to determine if someone has celiac disease. If they are positive, the next steps are an endoscopy and biopsy. The results of a biopsy are still the gold standard for diagnosis.
There are strict guidelines followed by some physicians in Europe that use only blood tests to diagnosis children, but this standard has not been accepted in the U.S.
A complete listing of tests for celiac disease, as well as a fuller discussion of this issue, can be found in chapters 6 and .
**_Does corn raise celiac antibody levels?_**
Corn is not harmful for the majority of people with celiac disease. But some individuals have corn allergies or sensitivities as a separate issue. So you can have celiac disease _and_ IgE antibodies (allergy based) to corn. Eating corn will not increase your antibodies to gluten.
**_Can gluten pass through the skin?_**
Gliadin is not absorbed through the skin, but it can enter the GI tract through the more porous mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. Therefore, lipstick can be a source of gluten. You can also breathe it in.
The skin barrier is designed to keep the outside world out—but if your skin is broken or damaged, gluten can get through. But it will not cause dermatitis herpetiformis (the skin manifestation of celiac disease).
Gluten can worsen hives, canker sores, psoriasis, and eczema in some people. There are also numerous ingredients in lotions and shampoos that can cause skin irritation and inflammation, which may then be blamed on gluten in the product.
**_What does it mean when antibodies to different foods are found in the stool?_**
Very little. We do not know how commonly antibodies to foods occur in those with no symptoms. Stool tests are not a reliable test for allergies or celiac disease.
**_Does having celiac disease mean that my immune system is depressed or suppressed?_**
No, it is just the opposite—it is more active. The gluten-free diet removes the trigger activating the immune system and causing the inflammation.
This is one reason that people with undiagnosed but active celiac disease are more likely to develop a second autoimmune condition: their immune systems are overactive, and can turn against the body.
There are, however, specific instances in which the immune system can be compromised—people with active celiac disease have impaired spleen function. The mechanism of this is not clear. Since pneumococcal and meningococcal bacteria require normal spleen function to be cleared by humans, it is recommended that individuals with celiac disease receive a pneumococcal vaccination.
There is evidence that those with celiac disease who fail to follow a gluten-free diet are at greater risk of developing more autoimmune diseases than those who do adhere to it. It is another reason that people with celiac disease are well advised to follow a strict gluten-free diet.
**_Over-the-counter (OTC) enzymes containing DPP4 "digest" gluten._**
There are currently _no_ OTC products that are able to digest the toxic fractions of gluten. Most of the "enzymes" found in these products (DPP4, amylase) are already found in the intestinal tract, where they are not able to break down the complex gliadin protein. Many people do not realize that they are paying money for OTC products containing ingredients claiming to digest gluten that are already present in the body and unable to do the job.
**_You can outgrow celiac disease._**
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that cannot be outgrown. Some people do not have overt symptoms after eating gluten and may think this means they have outgrown it. But even without symptoms, the grain may be silently inflaming their intestines and causing an autoimmune reaction throughout the body that will manifest in more serious disease years later. (This topic is discussed in more detail in chapter 17.)
**_Genetically modified wheat is causing the rise in celiac disease and gluten-related disorders today._**
Wheat today has been genetically modified by regular cultivation practices of crossbreeding to produce species with a higher yield that contain more protein and carbohydrates than the strains of wild grains found 10,000 years ago. The various species of wheat available today each contain different flavors, qualities, and uses (bread, pasta, cakes, etc.). In addition, some flours are fortified with "vital wheat gluten" to enhance their baking properties. This may contribute to increasing the gluten content of wheat products and the development of celiac disease. (See chapter 17, "Celiac Disease.")
Nevertheless, the modification of wheat cannot explain the rise in gluten-related disorders and celiac disease. In fact, it has been scientifically linked to many more environmental factors beyond wheat itself. These include the rise in antibiotic and other drug use—both OTC and prescription—that may alter the intestinal balance of microbiota living there, the hygiene hypothesis (see chapter 3, "Picky Eaters"), and possibly the change in diet to more processed food that is chemically enriched, preserved and pasteurized (see chapter 4, "Pitfalls and Perils of a Gluten-Free Diet") and other individual genetic, age, health, and lifestyle factors.
Researchers have been examining wheat species for the past two decades to try to isolate cultivars (specifically bred strains) of wheat that may be less and/or nontoxic to people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. In addition, there are attempts to genetically modify wheat in the laboratory (GMO wheat). At this point in time, it is unclear if any of these genetically modified wheat species that lack the toxic aspects of gluten can compete with regular wheat in terms of taste, baking and cooking qualities, and yield. But stay tuned.
Thus, wheat modification is neither cause nor _currently_ a cure for gluten-related disorders.
**_Glyphosates are contributing to the dramatic increase in celiac disease._**
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup. It is an herbicide whose extensive use has led to an increase in weeds resistant to the product. This has become a serious problem for farmers, and therefore other products were developed to handle these weeds, leading the EPA to place restrictions on the levels of these herbicides allowable in water.
One paper became the banner for the antiglyphosate movement when it stated that glyphosate was a key contributor to the obesity and autism epidemics in the U.S., as well as to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, infertility, depression, cancer, and celiac disease.
A number of scientists at Monsanto, the maker of Roundup, found the paper to be "a collection of unrelated data points that drew conclusion from observations that were incorrect or poorly established." In fact, the study was a collection of assertions that were not backed up by the observations cited. But the disapproval then went well beyond the Monsanto review of the paper when numerous other scientists and science writers joined the debate.
They saw "bad science becoming truth online" and posted an article "When Media Uncritically Cover Pseudoscience." One writer called "this kind of alarmism unethical and irresponsible."
While it is becoming increasingly apparent that the many chemicals we put in our food—to grow, enlarge, and/or bind it, in addition to those to make it taste better (especially the "low-fat" varieties)—may be harming us in unknown ways, association is not cause. Whether glyphosate is toxic to more than weeds is scientifically questionable. And whether it somehow epigenetically affects the genome is intriguing, but also unproven.
**_Can you drink coffee if you have celiac disease?_**
Regular and decaffeinated coffee are gluten-free. Flavored coffees and coffee drinks may contain gluten—check the label, especially for sweeteners with malt. Instant, ground, or whole-bean coffee should be gluten-free, but again, check the label. Flavoring can add ingredients that are not gluten-free.
**_The only vodka that is safe to drink, i.e., gluten-free, is made from potatoes._**
All distilled spirits are safe for people with celiac disease to drink. The gliadin molecule is removed during distillation. If "distillate" is added back or flavorings are added that are not distilled and contain gluten, these vodkas would not be safe to drink.
Fermented alcohols made of grain, such as beer, are not gluten-free, as the fermentation process does not remove the gluten.
And saving the best for last:
**_I read it on the Internet (so it must be true)._**
Medical misinformation is widely available on the Internet and in the popular press. If you search hard enough, you will eventually find a "doctor" or post to tell you what you want to hear.
If you are searching the web, make sure you look into the background of the person writing the piece. This holds true for any book or article you read. The ability to use buzzwords and medical terms does not mean someone is an expert on the subject or capable of giving you good advice. Many articles and so-called "medical" sites that are not affiliated with major medical centers are way ahead of the science and often misleading. If someone claims to be an expert, check them out on PubMed. This is where scientific articles and true expertise reside.
If you are looking for answers to your symptoms, you should make an appointment with a medical doctor.
Food for Thought
Stories Matter: Different Roads to a Healthy Life
I had horrible stomach problems my entire life and no one could tell me what was wrong. I had horrible diarrhea and a lot of vomiting, and no one knew what that was from. People gave me various diagnoses, from milk allergies to "neurotic and stressed out," that kind of stuff. No one ever could say what was wrong.
I was at my OB-GYN and she said, "You're really deficient in iron and a lot of other things—you should go to a gastroenterologist and be tested for celiac disease." So I did and he said, "It's very unlikely: you don't look like someone who would have celiac disease." So I went to another doctor who did a blood test and found [high] antibodies, then did an endoscopy and found pretty severe damage. I was diagnosed with celiac disease almost 10 years ago.
In the beginning I was a lot more paranoid and nervous about it—I didn't want to go to restaurants at all and made everything for myself. I would scrutinize labels and was incredibly restrictive. And there was also so much less out there.
Now I feel more comfortable. Restaurants are more educated about it. But if I am exposed to anything with gluten, my reaction is much, much worse. I have horrible, unbearable headaches for days that nothing can help.
The only time it's stressful is when I'm going to a business lunch or something honoring someone and there are 500 people. I'm never sure if I'll show up at a large function and there'll be nothing to eat. Sometimes I would eat before and not say anything.
I think now people don't take it as seriously as before because of all the new fads with dieting. Now when I say to people, "I can't eat gluten," there's some eye-rolling—like, "Oh, she's one of those women who has weird food fixations." Which is kind of annoying because it trivializes the disease and how serious it is.
The hardest part is having a child who doesn't have celiac disease. He spreads crumbs with gluten everywhere, puts his hand in my mouth. That has been a challenge and has made me sick a few times.
In the great scheme of things, it's not that bad. I'd only advise people to be very careful about the diet. I would tell them how much better I felt once I was diagnosed.
(ANNABELLE, 33)
I went on a gluten-free diet at the suggestion of my gastroenterologist. I have what they call idiopathic irritable bowel syndrome—which means they can't figure out what's causing my symptoms, but I've got a litany of them. My mom also had a terrible digestive system; she always had indigestion.
I get constipated for two to three days, and my colon fills and presses on my bladder. So I have to urinate frequently. When you have to hold that much fecal matter, your back hurts. I couldn't get comfortable until I had a bowel movement. But I was constipated and couldn't go. So I took medicine to poop and got diarrhea and took medicine to stop. The doctor said, "You've got to stop taking all these drugs to go and stop." And when it finally moves through the last part there is _major_ discomfort getting it out.
And the gas—I can literally see my belly blow up. I get bloated for two to three days and look like I'm four months pregnant. It's not gas that I can eliminate—it just sits there; it's this grumble. I also have something where the vaginal wall is falling—I think it's called pelvic floor dysfunction—which adds to these symptoms. My gynecologist suggested that I eat more fiber and change my diet.
My internist knew all the issues and suggested I change my diet by cutting back on carbs. I finally went on a gluten-free diet when my gastroenterologist said that gluten or something might be causing an issue in my digestion system and I should try the gluten-free diet and see if that helped. He tested me for celiac disease, and that was negative. He also put me on Linzess to loosen the fecal matter—after I had tried every other pill on the market so the insurance company would allow it.
I don't go crazy about the diet—I do not have to worry if I've had something with gluten so some may be in my diet. I read labels and understand hidden gluten. I don't eat packaged things and have never been a big bread eater anyway. I'm always happy with potatoes; I've never met one I didn't like.
This combination of things has made a difference. I don't have terrible gas pains and bloating and the difficulty of having fecal matter move through my body. There's no weight loss, none of that. I cook and I bake. What I've learned in my 53 years—everything in moderation.
I think it has made a big difference. Everyone comes to it from a different perspective. And this works for me.
(CASSIE, 53)
The reason I went on a gluten-free diet? I have Graves' disease [hyperthyroidism]. I had a terribly bad reaction—pounding heart, my hair fell out. I've been on and off different levels of methimazole [to control symptoms], but you can't take that forever. The flares, which were quite severe, responded to the drug the first two times. The third flare was mild, but I still needed medicine. After that episode, I asked my doctor: "Could diet play a part in this?" She said no.
But I believe, I really do believe, that being on a gluten-free diet helps to control these symptoms—these racing thyroid levels. Looking back, I do associate eating barley and pizza with an awful lot of bloating. I have not been able to digest barley for years. I get quite a sore belly. But I've never been tested for celiac disease. After the third episode I went gluten-free, and I've been symptom free for the past two to three years. And just in general I think I feel better.
(MAURI, 62)
For everyone calling me anorexic—I have a gluten and lactose allergy. It's not about weight; it's about health. Gluten is crapppp anyway!
—MILEY CYRUS, ON TWITTER
Everyone comes to a gluten-free diet with his or her own story—celiac disease, gastrointestinal and/or neurological symptoms, psychiatric conditions, or simply interest in the latest dietary "cure." People who avoid wheat and gluten are often seen as an aggregate, but they are in fact a diverse group of individuals who must find different roads to a healthy life.
There is rarely one simple solution—such as eliminating grains or gluten—no matter how appealing that may be, and not every symptom can be readily resolved. It is possible that some of the answers may lie at the very core of our individuality—in our genes and the ecosystem of microbiota living in our guts, or how each of our brains perceive and react to illness.
What Is Making Us Sick—Gluten or Genetics Gone Awry?
Our individuality begins with our genome and, also important, how each of us reacts to our environments. There is a great deal of variety between the responses of people to the same environmental risk, which implies that genetic susceptibility may play a big role in certain diseases. Celiac disease requires specific genes, as do autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes, other common diseases such as hypertension, or congenital conditions such as cleft palate.
Our genes/DNA are an instruction manual for every cell in the body—they send directions for cells to be skin or bone, hair to be red or black or brown, the cholesterol produced in your liver to be high or low. They are the underlying source code for body function—and perhaps its disrepair.
A key question is whether certain genes that originally evolved as a protective measure to fight infections, i.e., involved in survival, are now putting people at risk for other conditions. While the original function has become obsolete, the gene remains and is now reacting to the current environment. New genetic research is expanding our knowledge of why so many more people have celiac disease and a host of related autoimmune disorders. And the environment may also be rewriting the DNA instruction manual.
Epigenetics
_Epigenetics_ is a term coined in 1942 to describe alterations in the expression or behavior of a gene caused by environmental factors. These changes do not affect the underlying DNA, but exist "on top of" ( _epi,_ Greek) the genetic inheritance.
If the DNA instruction manual arrives at the cell with directions in Chinese, and the cell can only read English, the gene would be silenced, unable to read the instructions. And if the manual contained faulty instructions, the cell's behavior would be altered accordingly.
In this way the epigenetic environmental changes do not affect the DNA of the gene but only how it behaves and may be altering how the body responds. If the environment can modify gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, it may contribute to autoimmune disease in a genetically predisposed person. It has been proven that epigenetic dysregulation plays a role in cancer, and researchers are exploring the effect it may have on diet-related chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and perhaps celiac disease.
The influence of environment is particularly important during our development and may induce permanent changes in bodily structure, gene expression, and disease risk. If someone becomes sensitized to foods during early development, the effect may last into adulthood.
Or Is It Genes and Germs?
If humans are a composite of microbial and human cells, the human genetic landscape becomes an aggregate of the genes in the human genome and the microbiome—a blend of human and microbial traits. Understanding this immense diversity and the factors affecting it is one of the main goals of a new initiative—the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). The HMP is looking to identify and characterize the microorganisms found in both healthy and diseased humans.
Because the microbiome is populated vertically (genetically) as well as horizontally (by the environment) it may be that our genes determine the composition of our microbiome, thereby predisposing it to disease susceptibility.
Many studies are now showing that changes in the composition of our microbiome correlate with various disease states, raising the possibility that manipulating our bacterial friends and foes may be a way to treat disease.
It may be possible that the newest keys to health will not be an alteration in our diets, but in the bacteria that feeds on it.
How Great Is the Placebo Effect?
Responding to a gluten-free diet does not indicate gluten sensitivity. The response could be a placebo or nocebo effect.
The placebo effect ( _placebo_ is Latin for "I shall please") is a well-studied and well-known phenomenon in which a dummy treatment or therapy creates a beneficial response simply because the person taking it feels that it will help. In various studies, sugar pills often produce the same result as actual drugs.
While the exact psychological and neurological explanation of why inactive placebos work as well as the active drug in different trials is still unclear, various hypotheses (pills reduce anxiety, modulate expectations, raise self-awareness and attention) have been suggested. This has also been studied in alternative medicine, where rituals may act as a placebo.
_Nocebo_ (Latin for "I shall harm") is a substance or therapy that creates a harmful effect. The responses are a result of the patient's perception of how the substance will affect him or her. A nocebo creates the perception that a substance will be harmful, and these negative expectations can create an actual symptom. In one study of lactose intolerance, people were told they were receiving lactose but were in fact receiving a glucose pill. A large percentage of people with lactose intolerance (44 percent) and without (26 percent) complained of GI symptoms. Often, when doctors tell patients of the side effects of a drug or therapy—which they are ethically required to do—there is an increased likelihood that the patient will experience the side effect. People anticipating the negative effects of gluten can actually feel symptoms. The placebo and nocebo responses are another reason the FDA requires double-blind studies in which both the patient and the researcher are not aware of who is getting the active drug.
The mind is a powerful tool. Believing something is bad or good for you can make it so. Studies on the actual versus believed effects of gluten on various groups show this to be the case, perhaps contributing to the "glutenitis" surge reported in the media.
Gluten Realities
_We have stopped natural selection from purifying the species because deep in our heart of hearts, we are all terrified that we won't make the cut._
—MOXIE MEZCAL, WRITER
A gluten-free diet is many things.
It is a miracle treatment if you have celiac disease.
It is a myth if you think that eliminating gluten it is a healthy or effective weight-loss diet, or that it causes every brain or gut condition in the medical textbooks.
It is a menace if you eat the many gluten-free foods and supplements that contain heavy metals and potentially dangerous binders and emulsions.
Natural selection has given way to antibiotics, stents, and statins, and a focus on pills and potions that supposedly give us a biological advantage. We all want answers and our "connected world" promises that they are all readily available, but many of the substances we ingest to outwit Mother Nature may not be the clever strategies we think them to be.
With any new therapy there is often a great wave of enthusiasm that settles down to an appropriate level. To be of proven value any medical treatment needs time. The FODMAP diet is a good example of this. Irritable bowel syndrome is so difficult to manage in many patients that the early reports of great success with this diet caused a lot of enthusiastic support. Current studies showing a much lower rate of resolved symptoms are dampening that enthusiasm. But as with any therapy, the FODMAP diet will find its place as placebo-controlled studies on it are done.
The results of another large study on the effect of breast-feeding and the early introduction of gluten as a means of controlling celiac disease has recently been shown to be incorrect. This changes a decade of advice to patients. Again, it required a placebo-controlled study!
Isolate, Test First, Treat Right
There is a great deal of talk about "personalized medicine." This has various meanings that include matching treatment/drugs to a patient's genes (or those of a tumor or cell) as well as their characteristics, needs, and preferences. We look at personalized medicine as the basis of good doctoring—helping each patient navigate his or her own road to health. Gluten has a place in medical treatment—but it must be part of an individual story. Gluten is simply not causing the many conditions it is blamed for—nor can it treat and cure them. Test first—before going on a gluten-free diet.
As scientists uncover the mysteries of our brains, guts, and microbiota, new treatments and solutions will be found, and some old remedies will undoubtedly regain importance or fall by the wayside. Gluten will eventually find its scientific place.
_You cannot put the same shoe on every foot._
—PUBLILIUS SYRUS
Acknowledgments
This book evolved over the past few years, nurtured by the interdisciplinary environment that research into celiac disease and the overall effect of gluten on the body requires. We would like to thank everyone we have worked and collaborated with over the past number of years, but some deserve a special mention for providing the energy and focus needed to explore this topic.
My colleagues in the Celiac Center, Drs. Alaedini, Bhagat, Krisndreddy, Lebwohl, Lewis, and Reilly continue to inspire me. I would like to thank Cynthia Beckman, Director of Developmet at the Celiac Disease Center, for guiding the center, helping patients, and supporting all the activities that have kept the center functioning Also, I thank my family—Marise and my beautiful daughters, Alanya and Isabella—for their support. In addition, the patients and friends of the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University, upon whom we depend so much for supporting all our activities.
—Peter Green, M.D.
This book found shape and inspiration in each and every narrative shared with me over the past few years by family, students, patients, and friends. I am particularly indebted to those friends who brainstormed titles that nurtured the writing process as well as the writer. And very special thanks to my daughter, Rebecca Jones, Ph.D., whose understanding of the social brain was fundamental to clearing up misconceptions about gluten's role on and in the brain. And always, my family, especially David, deserves the deepest thanks for their endless patience and humor as gut disorders became the main topic of conversation at dinner.
—Rory Jones, M.S.
Finally, we both want to express special thanks to:
Our editor, Jennifer Civiletto, who patiently, tirelessly, and ferociously championed this book from its conceptual infancy, and expertly guided it with a steady hand to completion; Faith Hamlin, our agent, who knew that gluten was ready for its close-up and shepherded us as well as the book into print. Last, we both want to thank the many patients and friends who so generously gave us their time, insights, and opinions—and openly shared personal and often difficult stories about gluten and gluten-related disorders. We remain impressed by their resilience and desire to help others by sharing their medical journeys. This book is for you, and for the many people still making the journey to diagnosis.
APPENDIX A
Diets Through the Ages
Diets have been practiced since the beginning of time—not always by choice.
**Approximately 150,000 BC—The Neanderthal (aka Paleo) Diet**
Lacking an abundance of food, Neanderthals ate whatever they could hunt or forage. Luck meant a mammoth or small deer, but their protein was limited and they had periods of near starvation. Despite the "paleofantasy" of the raw food diet, Neanderthals ate both cooked and raw meats as well as foraged tubers, plants, wild grains, and fruits.
**Approximately 10,000 BC—Agriculture Arrives**
Cultivated grains were added to the diet during the agricultural revolution, but wild grains were part of the early human diet before that.
**Ancient Greeks and Romans—The Original Mediterranean Diet**
_Mens sana in corpore sana_ —a healthy mind in a healthy body.
The Ancient Greeks and Romans left records of weight loss diets. Prescriptions for weight loss included vomiting, purgation (enema or laxative), worry, hard beds, heat, vigorous exercise, and eating sour and harsh things. Sour foods were often tainted or bad, which circled back to vomiting . . .
Pliny the Elder based his dietary advice on wine. To gain weight, drink wine with meals; to lose it, avoid wine with meals.
**Middle Ages—Anti-Sin Diets**
Some of the first diets came from the religious crusades against sin. Gluttony was one of the seven deadly sins, and hermits and monks seeking to cleanse mind and body ate a normal diet for five days and fasted for two.
Saint Catherine of Siena denied herself food as part of the spiritual denial of self.
People in the Middle Ages were also known to binge and purge in order to eat more at a meal. Now this is called bulimia.
**Circa 1829—Vegetarian Diet**
Sylvester Graham, an ordained preacher and dietary reformer, created the first vegetarian diet. Consisting mainly of fruits, vegetables, whole wheat, and high-fiber foods, limited amounts of milk products and eggs, and no meat or spices, the diet was believed to prevent "impure thought and in turn . . . stop masturbation," which Graham believed to cause blindness and early death. Graham is known more for the cracker named after him, a staple of the diet.
**Circa 1850s—The First Low-Carb Diet**
William Harvey treated English undertaker William Banting for obesity. Based on a diabetes management regime he had learned about in Paris, Harvey advised Banting to cut down on sugars and starches. This appears to be the first low-carb diet.
**Circa Late 1800s—The Chew and/or Spit Diet**
William Gladstone, Britain's prime minister, advised that food must be chewed 32 times before swallowed. The theory was based on the principle that the chewing could lessen one's appetite, which would lead to weight loss. By the turn of the 20th century, Horace Fletcher advocated the "chew and spit" diet, which recommended chewing food until all the "goodness" was extracted and then spitting the rest out. Now this is called an eating disorder.
**Early 1900s—The Tapeworm Diet**
Although later credited to opera singer Maria Callas, the tapeworm diet involves swallowing a parasite-packed pill (or live parasites). Side effects include weight gain (those worms are hungry), pain, nausea, malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, diarrhea, and weakness. Tapeworms can grow up to 30 feet.
**1918—The Calorie Goes Mainstream**
Wilbur Atwater, an American chemist, discovered the energy provided by food and its caloric value in the late 1880s. It was not until 1918 that the concept went mainstream, when Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters wrote a bestseller that outlined the first methods of counting calories as a method to lose weight. Dr. Peters outlined 100-calorie portions of different foods and espoused counting calories to regulate weight.
**1925—The Cigarette Diet**
Lucky Strike cigarettes introduce the "Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet" campaign, which promoted nicotine's ability to suppress appetite.
**1930s—The Grapefruit Diet**
This diet required eating grapefruit with every meal. It claimed that grapefruit had fat-burning enzymes or properties. It was normally consumed with high-fat foods. It was not until many decades later that the harmful effect of grapefruit interacting with numerous drugs came to light.
**1950s—The Cabbage Soup Diet**
This quick weight loss diet was based on consuming as much cabbage soup as you want every day with a limited amount of other foods. Most of the weight lost on this radical short-term diet is water. It created a great deal of interest and flatulence.
**Circa 1960—Macrobiotic Arrives**
The Zen or macrobiotic diet is a grain-heavy approach credited to Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, a German doctor, and Sagen Ishizuka, a Japanese military doctor. The Japanese-style diet varies from the Western one, but both rely on whole grains, especially rice, vegetables, beans, legumes, and naturally processed foods. Fish and seafood, seeds and nuts, and fruits and beverages are allowed several times a week. Highly processed and refined foods are avoided, as are most animal products.
**1963—Weight Watchers**
Weight Watchers, founded by Jean Nidetch, is based on restricting consumption to approximately 1,000 calories per day until an optimal weight is achieved, but all foods are allowed. The group offers meetings, support material, and tracking tools to allow "members" to track their personal calorie deficits and stay on course. Dieters are given social support as well as dietary advice.
**1970s and 1980s—Drugs and Appetite Suppressants**
The appetite suppressant pill Dexatrim goes on the market. It is one of the first in a series of such drugs to come to market. Side effects such as stroke and heart attacks caused many of them to be removed from shelves.
**1977—Liquid Diets Arrive**
SlimFast becomes the first in a long line of "liquid" dietary staples. It advocates having a shake for breakfast and lunch, and then a sensible dinner. It is a grandparent of the "juicing" diet.
**1978—Dieting in Scarsdale**
Herman Tarnower, M.D., publishes _The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet_. It is a high-protein, low-carb diet.
**1979—Pritikin: Fat Is Out**
The Pritikin Diet answers the trend of the high-protein, low-carb diets with a high-fiber, very-low-fat diet. Fat is your enemy.
**1981—Back to Hollywood: Food Is Out**
The Beverly Hills Diet recommends eating nothing but fruit for the first 10 days.
**1985—Peas at Noon, Hamburgers at Night**
Harvey and Marilyn Diamond publish _Fit for Life,_ which prohibits complex carbs and protein from being eaten during the same meal.
**1992—Atkins: Fat Is Back**
Robert C. Atkins, M.D., publishes _Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution_ , a high-protein, low-carb plan. Fat is your friend.
**1995—Zone: Balance Is Back**
The Zone Diet, which calls for a specific ratio of carbs, fat, and protein at each meal, ushered in the 40-30-30 ratio of carbs, fat, and protein.
**1996—Blood Types Are In**
_Eat Right for Your Type_ by Peter J. D'Adamo paired diets with blood type.
**2000—Macrobiotic Is Back**
The Macrobiotic Diet is popularized by celebrities who prefer the restrictive Japanese plan based on whole grains and veggies.
**2003—South Beach: "White Foods" Are Out**
Miami doctor Arthur Agatston, M.D., publishes _The South Beach Diet_ , seen as a more moderate version of Atkins. "White foods" (carbs) are off the menu.
**2010—Paleo Is Back as Fantasy**
_The Paleo Diet, The Paleo Solution,_ and _The Primal Blueprint_ books urge people to get in touch with their inner meat lover, ignoring the archeological evidence that early man also ate plants, vegetables, grains, and fruit.
**Circa 2010—Gluten Is Out**
With the rise in awareness of celiac disease and the popularity of _Wheat Belly, Grain Brain,_ and Miley Cyrus, gluten has become the target of much hype and bad publicity.
**Today—Take Your Pick**
Raw food diet
Vegan—forgoing all animal products
Vegetarian
Anti-inflammatory diet of Dr. Andrew Weil
Low-FODMAP
Master Cleanse (lemonade diet)
Juicing diet
Gluten-free diet
Atkins
Weight Watchers
The Whole30
Orthorexia
**Bottom Line: What goes around, comes around.**
APPENDIX B
Resources
There are numerous resources available for people interested in more information on specific medical conditions. Any medical information obtained via national foundations, support groups, and/or professional groups should be used only for informational purposes. We are not endorsing its use for diagnostic or treatment purposes, which can only be obtained through appropriate medical and professional consultation.
The following listings contain contact information that is accurate at time of publication. Website addresses and links may change.
General Information
**National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC)**
A service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/index.htm
**United States National Library of Medicine**
A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. Links to PubMed and MedlinePlus
www.nlm.nih.gov
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus
**Gluten Free Watchdog**
A site that makes information on state-of-the-art testing of products for gluten available to the consumer
www.glutenfreewatchdog.org
Books
There are several medical, dietary, and lifestyle books that deal with different aspects of the gluten-free diet as well as the different conditions associated with its ingestion. This brief list contains publications mentioned in the text and others that provide background on the issues discussed.
Blaser, Martin J. _Missing Microbes._ New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2014.
Case, Shelley RD, R.D. _Gluten Free: The Definitive Resource Guide._ Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Case Nutrition Consulting, Inc., 2016.
Gershon, Michael D. _The Second Brain_. New York: HarperCollins, 1998.
Hillson, Beth. _Gluten-Free Makeovers_. Boston: Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2011.
Lieberman, Daniel E. _The Story of the Human Body_. New York: Pantheon Books, 2013.
Papagianni, Dimitra, and Michael A. Morse. _The Neanderthals Rediscovered._ London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 2013.
Roberts, Annalise. _Gluten Free Baking Classics_. Surrey: Agate, 2008.
Scarlata, Kate. _The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eating Well with IBS (Idiot's_ _Guides)._ New York: Penguin Group, 2010.
Support Groups
There are a number of support groups for disease-specific information and advice. Several focus on gluten-related issues.
**Celiac Disease Foundation**
Patient and physician education, advocacy and research
www.celiac.org
**Gluten Intolerance Group**
www.gluten.org
**Beyond Celiac (formerly National Foundation for Celiac Awareness)**
www.celiaccentral.org
**American Diabetes Association**
www.diabetes.org
**Autism Science Foundation**
www.autismsciencefoundation.org
**Autism Speaks**
www.autismspeaks.org
APPENDIX C
Arsenic and Mercury Guidelines
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and FDA have limits on the amount of arsenic in drinking water (tap and bottled) of 10 micrograms per liter. The EPA in the past set a reference dose for inorganic arsenic exposure of .3 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day. Rice-based foods may contain inorganic arsenic. Arsenic in rice appears to be very bioavailable.
**To reduce arsenic in your diet:**
• Cook rice in large amounts of water and discard the water after cooking.
• Choose white rice instead of brown rice. Arsenic is concentrated in the outer layer of rice, which is removed to make white rice.
• If you eat flour-based gluten-free foods, limit your rice intake (most gluten-free flour-based foods will contain varying amounts of rice flour).
• Choose corn, soybean, or quinoa pasta (gluten-free) instead of pastas made from rice. Some gluten-free pastas contain a mix of grains.
• Choose crackers made from corn, tapioca, or buckwheat instead of rice.
• Choose snacks made without rice—popcorn, cheese, hummus, yogurt, etc.
• Check the arsenic content of your water.
• Do not use rice bran (it has been tested and found to have high levels of arsenic).
• Limit products sweetened with rice syrup.
• Choose gluten-free cereals, pitas, and tortillas that do not contain rice.
• Choose quinoa and other gluten-free grains (millet, buckwheat, teff) instead of rice.
**To reduce mercury in your diet:**
• Avoid tilefish, shark, swordfish, and king mackerel.
• Limit consumption of white (albacore) tuna to 6 ounces a week.
• Choose lower-mercury fish, including shrimp, pollack, salmon, canned light tuna, tilapia, catfish, and cod.
• When eating fish caught from local streams, rivers, and lakes, follow fish advisories from local authorities. If advice isn't available, limit your total intake of such fish to 6 ounces a week and 1 to 3 ounces for children.
• Limit your rice intake. Mercury is another heavy metal that can be leached from ground water.
APPENDIX D
Label Guidelines for Eating Gluten-Free
**The following ingredients must be avoided by those with celiac disease:**
• Wheat (in all its forms, including kamut, semolina, spelt/farro, triticale, bulgur, durum, einkorn, emmer, farina, atta/chapati flour)
• Oats (unless labeled gluten-free)
• Rye
• Barley (malt)
• Brewer's yeast
**These additives in FDA-regulated foods are generally safe for those with celiac disease:**
• Artificial color and flavor
• Baking powder
• Baking soda
• Caramel color
• Citric acid
• Dextrin
• Hydrolyzed soy protein
• Maltodextrin
• Modified food starch
• Mono- and diglycerides
• Monosodium glutamate
• Natural and artificial color and flavor
• Soy, soy protein
• Soy lecithin
• Vanilla, vanilla extract
• Vinegar (no malt vinegar)
• Whey
**In USDA foods not labeled gluten-free, check for the following ingredients (and contact the manufacturer if necessary to confirm the product is gluten-free):**
• Dextrin
• Starch, modified food starch
APPENDIX E
Scientific Articles and Studies
There are several celiac disease experts in most countries who publish in scientifically reputable journals on a variety of topics related to gluten, and their articles can be found on PubMed. The following is a listing of some of the more recent research on the topic.
Most of Dr. Green's articles are available through the website of the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia, www.celiacdiseasecenter.columbia.edu.
An abstract or summary of the following articles is also available on www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.
Extraintestinal Manifestations of Coeliac Disease. Leffler DA, Green PH, Fasano A. _Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Aug 11.
Gluten Introduction, Breastfeeding, and Celiac Disease: Back to the Drawing Board. Lebwohl B, Murray JA, Verdú EF, Crowe SE, Dennis M, Fasano A, Green PH, Guandalini S, Khosla C. _Am J Gastroenterol_. 2015 Aug 11.
Attitudes Toward Genetic Testing for Celiac Disease. Roy A, Pallai M, Lebwohl B, Taylor AK, Green PH. _J Genet Couns_. 2015 Aug 2.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRS Is an Inhibitory Receptor on Human and Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Bunin A, Sisirak V, Ghosh HS, Grajkowska LT, Hou ZE, Miron M, Yang C, Ceribelli M, Uetani N, Chaperot L, Plumas J, Hendriks W, Tremblay ML, Häcker H, Staudt LM, Green PH, Bhagat G, Reizis B. _Immunity_. 2015 Aug 18;43(2):277–88.
Coeliac Disease: The Association Between Quality of Life and Social Support Network Participation. Lee AR, Wolf R, Contento I, Verdeli H, Green PH. _J Hum Nutr Diet_. 2015 Jul 21.
Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Coeliac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Emilsson L, Lebwohl B, Sundström J, Ludvigsson JF. _Dig Liver Dis_. 2015 Jun 16.
Celiac Crisis in a 64-Year-Old Woman: An Unusual Cause of Severe Diarrhea, Acidosis, and Malabsorption. Mrad RA, Ghaddara HA, Green PH, El-Majzoub N, Barada KA. _ACG Case Rep J_. 2015 Jan 16;2(2):95–7.
Trends in Celiac Disease Research. Ciaccio EJ, Bhagat G, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Comput Biol Med_. 2015 Jun 5.
Blockers of Angiotensin Other Than Olmesartan in Patients with Villous Atrophy: A Nationwide Case-Control Study. Mårild K, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. _Mayo Clin Proc_. 2015 Jun;90(6):730–7.
Distinct and Synergistic Contributions of Epithelial Stress and Adaptive Immunity to Functions of Intraepithelial Killer Cells and Active Celiac Disease. Setty M, Discepolo V, Abadie V, Kamhawi S, Mayassi T, Kent A, Ciszewski C, Maglio M, Kistner E, Bhagat G, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Green PH, Guandalini S, Troncone R, Murray JA, Turner JR, Jabri B. _Gastroenterology_. 2015 May 19.
Suggestions for Automatic Quantitation of Endoscopic Image Analysis to Improve Detection of Small Intestinal Pathology in Celiac Disease Patients. Ciaccio EJ, Bhagat G, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Comput Biol Med_. 2015 Apr 24.
The Coeliac Stomach: Gastritis in Patients with Coeliac Disease. Lebwohl B, Green PH, Genta RM. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2015 Jul;42(2):180–7.
Risk of Neuropathy Among 28,232 Patients with Biopsy-Verified Celiac Disease. Thawani SP, Brannagan TH 3rd, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _JAMA Neurol_. 2015 Jul 1;72(7):806–11.
Celiac Disease. Green PH, Lebwohl B, Greywoode R. _J Allergy Clin Immunol_. 2015 May;135(5):1099–106.
Clinical Manifestations of Celiac Disease. Green PH, Krishnareddy S, Lebwohl B. _Dig Dis_. 2015;33(2):137–40.
Celiac Disease and the Forgotten 10%: The "Silent Minority." Lebwohl B. _Dig Dis Sci_. 2015 Jun;60(6):1517–8.
Abnormal Skeletal Strength and Microarchitecture in Women with Celiac Disease. Stein EM, Rogers H, Leib A, McMahon DJ, Young P, Nishiyama K, Guo XE, Lewis S, Green PH, Shane E. _J Clin Endocrinol Metab_. 2015 Jun;100(6):2347–53.
Cost Effectiveness of Routine Duodenal Biopsy Analysis for Celiac Disease During Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux. Yang JJ, Thanataveerat A, Green PH, Lebwohl B. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Aug;13(8):1437–43.
Exploring the Strange New World of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Lebwohl B, Leffler DA. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Sep;13(9):1613–5.
Quantitative Image Analysis of Celiac Disease. Ciaccio EJ, Bhagat G, Lewis SK, Green PH. _World J Gastroenterol_. 2015 Mar 7;21(9):2577–81.
Increased Risk of Esophageal Eosinophilia and Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients with Active Celiac Disease on Biopsy. Jensen ET, Eluri S, Lebwohl B, Genta RM, Dellon ES. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Aug;13(8):1426–31.
Larazotide Acetate for Persistent Symptoms of Celiac Disease Despite a Gluten-Free Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Green PH, Fedorak RN, DiMarino A, Perrow W, Rasmussen H, Wang C, Bercik P, Bachir NM, Murray JA. _Gastroenterology_. 2015 Jun;148(7):1311–9.
Endoscopic Biopsy Technique in the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: One Bite or Two? Latorre M, Lagana SM, Freedberg DE, Lewis SK, Lebwohl B, Bhagat G, Green PH. _Gastrointest Endosc_. 2015 May;81(5):1228–33.
Mucosal Healing and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease or Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Celiac Disease; a Population-Based Study. Lebwohl B, Emilsson L, Fröbert O, Einstein AJ, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _PLoS One_. 2015 Jan 30;10(1):e0117529.
Increased Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease After Diagnosis of Celiac Disease. Reilly NR, Lebwohl B, Hultcrantz R, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _J Hepatol_. 2015 Jun;62(6):1405–11.
Mucosal Healing in Patients with Celiac Disease and Outcomes of Pregnancy: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Lebwohl B, Stephansson O, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Jun;13(6):1111–7.
The Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome. Freedberg DE, Lebwohl B, Abrams JA. _Clin Lab Med_. 2014 Dec;34(4):771–85.
Seroprevalence of Celiac Disease Among United Arab Emirates Healthy Adult Nationals: A Gender Disparity. Abu-Zeid YA, Jasem WS, Lebwohl B, Green PH, ElGhazali G. _World J Gastroenterol_. 2014 Nov 14;20(42):15830–6.
Assessing Bowel Preparation Quality Using the Mean Number of Adenomas Per Colonoscopy. Hillyer GC, Lebwohl B, Rosenberg RM, Neugut AI, Wolf R, Basch CH, Mata J, Hernandez E, Corley DA, Shea S, Basch CE. _Therap Adv Gastroenterol_. 2014 Nov;7(6):238–46.
Sprue-Like Histology in Patients with Abdominal Pain Taking Olmesartan Compared with Other Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. Lagana SM, Braunstein ED, Arguelles-Grande C, Bhagat G, Green PH, Lebwohl B. _J Clin Pathol_. 2015 Jan;68(1):29–32.
Specific Nongluten Proteins of Wheat Are Novel Target Antigens in Celiac Disease Humoral Response. Huebener S, Tanaka CK, Uhde M, Zone JJ, Vensel WH, Kasarda DD, Beams L, Briani C, Green PH, Altenbach SB, Alaedini A. _J Proeome Res_. 2015 Jan 2;14(1):503–11.
Editorial: Sprue-Like Enteropathy Due to Olmesartan and Other Angiotensin Receptor Blockers—the Plot Thickens. Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2014 Nov;40(10):1245–6.
Editorial: Mucosal Healing and Adherence to the Gluten-Free Diet in Coeliac Disease. Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2014 Nov;40(10):1241–2.
The Missing Environmental Factor in Celiac Disease. Ludvigsson JF, Green PH. _N Engl J Med_. 2014 Oct 2;371(14):1341–3.
Use of Basis Images for Detection and Classification of Celiac Disease. Ciaccio EJ, Tennyson CA, Bhagat G, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Biomed Mater Eng_. 2014;24(6):1913–23.
Methods to Quantitate Videocapsule Endoscopy Images in Celiac Disease. Ciaccio EJ, Tennyson CA, Bhagat G, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Biomed Mater Eng_. 2014;24(6):1895–911.
Risk of Celiac Disease According to HLA Haplotype and Country. Lebwohl B, Green P. _N Engl J Med_. 2014 Sep 11;371(11):1073–4.
Dietary Supplement Use in Patients with Celiac Disease in the United States. Nazareth S, Lebwohl B, Tennyson CA, Simpson S, Greenlee H, Green PH. _J Clin Gastroenterol_. 2015 Aug;49(7):577–81.
Rates of Suboptimal Preparation for Colonoscopy Differ Markedly Between Providers: Impact on Adenoma Detection Rates. Mahadev S, Green PH, Lebwohl B. _J Clin Gastroenterol_. 2014 Aug 20.
Editorial: "Brain Fog" and Coeliac Disease—Evidence for Its Existence. Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2014 Sep;40(5):565.
Olmesartan, Other Antihypertensives, and Chronic Diarrhea Among Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Procedures: A Case-Control Study. Greywoode R, Braunstein ED, Arguelles-Grande C, Green PH, Lebwohl B. _Mayo Clin Proc_. 2014 Sep;89(9):1239–43.
Isotretinoin Use and Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Lebwohl B, Sundström A, Jabri B, Kupfer SS, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _Am J Clin Dermatol_. 2014 Dec;15(6):537–42.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Celiac Disease In North America Confirms FRMD4B as New Celiac Locus. Garner C, Ahn R, Ding YC, Steele L, Stoven S, Green PH, Fasano A, Murray JA, Neuhausen SL. _PLoS One_. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101428.
Diagnosis and Management of Adult Coeliac Disease: Guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC, Biagi F, Card TR, Ciacci C, Ciclitira PJ, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Holdoway A, van Heel DA, Kaukinen K, Leffler DA, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, McGough N, Davidson M, Murray JA, Swift GL, Coeliac Disease Guidelines Development Group; British Society of Gastroenterology. Walker MM, Zingone F, Sanders DS; BSG _Gut_. 2014 Aug;63(8):1210–28.
How Often Do Hematologists Consider Celiac Disease in Iron-Deficiency Anemia? Results of a National Survey. Smukalla S, Lebwohl B, Mears JG, Leslie LA, Green PH. _Clin Adv Hematol Oncol_. 2014 Feb;12(2):100–5.
Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Score (the SCOPE Score) to Predict Sedation Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Procedures. Braunstein ED, Rosenberg R, Gress F, Green PH, Lebwohl B. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2014 Jul;40(1):72–82.
Utilizing HDL Levels to Improve Detection of Celiac Disease in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Abu Daya H, Lebwohl B, Smukalla S, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Am J Gastroenterol_. 2014 May;109(5):769–70.
Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Study. Lebwohl B, Eriksson H, Hansson J, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _J Am Acad Dermatol_. 2014 Aug;71(2):245–8.
Issues Associated with the Emergence of Coeliac Disease in the Asia–Pacific Region: A Working Party Report of the World Gastroenterology Organization and the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology. Makharia GK, Mulder CJ, Goh KL, Ahuja V, Bai JC, Catassi C, Green PH, Gupta SD, Lundin KE, Ramakrishna BS, Rawat R, Sharma H, Sood A, Watanabe C, Gibson PR; World Gastroenterology Organization-Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology Working Party on Celiac Disease. _J Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2014 Apr;29(4):666–77.
Lack of Serologic Evidence to Link IgA Nephropathy with Celiac Disease or Immune Reactivity to Gluten. Moeller S, Canetta PA, Taylor AK, Arguelles-Grande C, Snyder H, Green PH, Kiryluk K, Alaedini A. _PLoS One_. 2014 Apr 14;9(4):e94677.
No Association Between Biopsy-Verified Celiac Disease and Subsequent Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis—a Population-Based Cohort Study. Ludvigsson JF, Mariosa D, Lebwohl B, Fang F. _Eur J Neurol_. 2014 Jul;21(7):976–82.
Re: "Decreased Risk of Celiac Diseasei Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Colonization." The Authors Reply. Lebwohl B, Blaser MJ, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH, Rundle A, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. _Am J Epidemiol_. 2014 May 15;179(10):1275–6.
Characteristics Associated with Suboptimal Bowel Preparation Prior to Colonoscopy: Results of a National Survey. Basch CH, Hillyer GC, Basch CE, Lebwohl B, Neugut AI. _Int J Prev Med_. 2014 Feb;5(2):233–7.
Prediction of Celiac Disease at Endoscopy. Barada K, Habib RH, Malli A, Hashash JG, Halawi H, Maasri K, Tawil A, Mourad F, Sharara AI, Soweid A, Sukkarieh I, Chakhachiro Z, Jabbour M, Fasano A, Santora D, Arguelles C, Murray JA, Green PH. _Endoscopy_. 2014 Feb;46(2):110–9.
Celiac Disease Is Diagnosed Less Frequently in Young Adult Males. Dixit R, Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Lewis SK, Rizkalla-Reilly N, Green PH. _Dig Dis Sci_. 2014 Jul;59(7):1509–12.
Persistent Mucosal Damage and Risk of Fracture in Celiac Disease. Lebwohl B, Michaëlsson K, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _J Clin Endocrinol Metab_. 2014 Feb;99(2):609–16.
Predictors of Persistent Villous Atrophy in Coeliac Disease: A Population-Based Study. Lebwohl B, Murray JA, Rubio-Tapia A, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2014 Mar;39(5):488–95.
Characteristics of Patients Who Avoid Wheat and/or Gluten in the Absence of Celiac Disease. Tavakkoli A, Lewis SK, Tennyson CA, Lebwohl B, Green PH. _Dig Dis Sci_. 2014 Jun;59(6):1255–61.
_Dermatitis herpetiformis:_ Clinical Presentations Are Independent of Manifestations of Celiac Disease. Krishnareddy S, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Am J Clin Dermatol_. 2014 Feb;15(1):51–6.
The Unfolding Story of Celiac Disease Risk Factors. Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2014 Apr;12(4):632–5.
Screening Colonoscopy Bowel Preparation: Experience in an Urban Minority Population. Basch CH, Basch CE, Wolf RL, Zybert P, Lebwohl B, Shmukler C, Neugut AI, Shea S. _Therap Adv Gastroenterol_. 2013 Nov;6(6):442–6.
Decreased Risk of Celiac Disease in Patients with _Helicobacter pylori_ Colonization. Lebwohl B, Blaser MJ, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH, Rundle A, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. _Am J Epidemiol_. 2013 Dec 15;178(12):1721–30.
Lack of Association Between Autism and Anti-GM1 Ganglioside Antibody. Moeller S, Lau NM, Green PH, Hellberg D, Higgins JJ, Rajadhyaksha AM, Alaedini A. _Neurology_. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1640–1.
Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Subsequent Risk of Celiac Disease. Lebwohl B, Spechler SJ, Wang TC, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _Dig Liver Dis_. 2014 Jan;46(1):36–40.
Interest in Medical Therapy for Celiac Disease. Tennyson CA, Simpson S, Lebwohl B, Lewis S, Green PH. _Therap Adv Gastroenterol_. 2013 Sep;6(5):358–64.
Mucosal Healing and Risk For Lymphoproliferative Malignancy in Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Lebwohl B, Granath F, Ekbom A, Smedby KE, Murray JA, Neugut AI, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. _Ann Intern Med_. 2013 Aug 6;159(3):169–75.
Antibiotic Exposure and the Development of Coeliac Disease: A Nationwide Case-Control Study. Mårild K, Ye W, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Blaser MJ, Card T, Ludvigsson JF. _BMC Gastroenterol_. 2013 Jul 8;13:109.
Prevalence of Gluten-Free Diet Adherence Among Individuals Without Celiac Disease in the USA: Results from the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. DiGiacomo DV, Tennyson CA, Green PH, Demmer RT. _Scand J Gastroenterol_. 2013 Aug;48(8):921–5.
Markers of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity in Children with Autism. Lau NM, Green PH, Taylor AK, Hellberg D, Ajamian M, Tan CZ, Kosofsky BE, Higgins JJ, Rajadhyaksha AM, Alaedini A. _PLoS One_. 2013 Jun 18;8(6):e66155.
Post-Colonoscopy Recommendations after Inadequate Bowel Preparation: All in the Timing. Lebwohl B, Neugut AI. _Dig Dis Sci_. 2013 Aug;58(8):2135–7.
Celiac Disease Patients Presenting with Anemia Have More Severe Disease Than Those Presenting with Diarrhea. Abu Daya H, Lebwohl B, Lewis SK, Green PH. _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2013 Nov;11(11):1472–7.
Men with Celiac Disease Are Shorter Than Their Peers in the General Population. Sonti R, Lebwohl B, Lewis SK, Abu Daya H, Klavan H, Aguilar K, Green PH. _Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2013 Sep;25(9):1033–7.
Development and Validation of a Celiac Disease Quality of Life Instrument for North American Children. Jordan NE, Li Y, Magrini D, Simpson S, Reilly NR, Defelice AR, Sockolow R, Green PH. _J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr_. 2013 Oct;57(4):477–86.
Is Dietitian Use Associated with Celiac Disease Outcomes? Mahadev S, Simpson S, Lebwohl B, Lewis SK, Tennyson CA, Green PH. _Nutrients_. 2013 May 15;5(5):1585–94.
Celiac Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Screening and Diagnostic Practices. Simpson SM, Ciaccio EJ, Case S, Jaffe N, Mahadov S, Lebwohl B, Green PH. _Diabetes Educ_. 2013 Jul-Aug;39(4):532–40.
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism: Parental Report, Clinical Evaluation, and Associated Factors. Gorrindo P, Williams KC, Lee EB, Walker LS, McGrew SG, Levitt P. _Autism Res._ 2012 Apr;5(2):101–8.
Rigid-Compulsive Behaviors Are Associated with Mixed Bowel Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Peters B, Williams KC, Gorrindo P, Rosenberg D, Lee EB, Levitt P, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. _J Autism Dev Disord._ 2014 Jun;44(6).
Cognitive Impairment in Coeliac Disease Improves on a Gluten-Free Diet and Correlates with Histological and Serological Indices of Disease Severity. Lichtwark IT, Newnham ED, Robinson SR, Shepherd SJ, Hosking P, Gibson PR, Yelland GW. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther._ 2014 Jul;40(2):160–70.
Effects of a Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota and Immune Function in Healthy Adult Human Subjects. De Palma, Giada; Nadal, Inmaculada; Collado, Maria Carmen; Sanz, Yolanda. _The British Journal of Nutrition._ 102.8 (Oct 28, 2009): 1154–60.
Gluten Contamination of Commercial Oat Products in the United States. Trisha Thompson, M.S., R.D. _N Engl J Med._ 2004; 351:2021–2.
A Nationwide Population-Based Study on the Risk of Coma, Ketoacidosis and Hypoglycemia in Patients with Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. Kurien M, Mollazadegan K, Sanders DS, Ludvigsson JF. _Acta Diabetol._ 2015 Dec;52(6):1167–74.
Editorial: Adherence in Coeliac Disease—Those That Can Will and Those That Can't Won't (and Need Support)! Kurien M, Sanders DS. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther._ 2015 Oct;42(7):934–5.
Cost and Availability of Gluten-Free Food in the UK: In Store and Online. Burden M, Mooney PD, Blanshard RJ, White WL, Cambray-Deakin DR, Sanders DS. _Postgrad Med J_. 2015 Nov;91(1081):622–6.
Noncoeliac Gluten Sensitivity: A Diagnostic Dilemma. Branchi F, Aziz I, Conte D, Sanders DS. _Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care_. 2015 Sep;18(5):508–14.
The Spectrum of Noncoeliac Gluten Sensitivity. Aziz I, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS. _Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Sep;12(9):516–26.
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Symptoms and Coeliac Disease: No Role for Routine Duodenal Biopsy. Mooney PD, Evans KE, Kurien M, Hopper AD, Sanders DS. _Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol._ 2015 Jun;27(6):692–7.
Support for Patients with Celiac Disease: A Literature Review. Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C. _United European Gastroenterol J._ 2015 Apr;3(2):146–59.
Psychological Morbidity of Celiac Disease: A Review of the Literature. Zingone F, Swift GL, Card TR, Sanders DS, Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC. _United European Gastroenterol J_. 2015 Apr;3(2):136–45.
The Gluten-Free Diet and Its Current Application in Coeliac Disease and _Dermatitis herpetiformis_. Ciacci C, Ciclitira P, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Ludvigsson JF, McGough N, Sanders DS, Woodward J, Leonard JN, Swift GL. _United European Gastroenterol_ J. 2015 Apr;3(2):121–35.
Screening for Celiac Disease in the General Population and in High-Risk Groups. Ludvigsson JF, Card TR, Kaukinen K, Bai J, Zingone F, Sanders DS, Murray JA. _United European Gastroenterol J_. 2015 Apr;3(2):106–20.
Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy and Device-Assisted Enteroscopy for Diagnosis and Treatment of Small-Bowel Disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Pennazio M, Spada C, Eliakim R, Keuchel M, May A, Mulder CJ, Rondonotti E, Adler SN, Albert J, Baltes P, Barbaro F, Cellier C, Charton JP, Delvaux M, Despott EJ, Domagk D, Klein A, McAlindon M, Rosa B, Rowse G, Sanders DS, Saurin JC, Sidhu R, Dumonceau JM, Hassan C, Gralnek IM. _Endoscopy_. 2015 Apr;47(4):352–76.
Prevalence of Idiopathic Bile Acid Diarrhea Among Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Rome III Criteria. Aziz I, Mumtaz S, Bholah H, Chowdhury FU, Sanders DS, Ford AC. High _Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol_. 2015 Sep;13(9):1650–5.e2.
Systematic Review: Noncoeliac Gluten Sensitivity. Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2015 May;41(9):807–20.
A Study Evaluating the Bidirectional Relationship Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Aziz I, Branchi F, Pearson K, Priest J, Sanders DS. _Inflamm Bowel Dis._ 2015 Apr;21(4):847–53.
The Rise and Fall of Gluten! Aziz I, Branchi F, Sanders DS. _Proc Nutr Soc._ 2015 Aug;74(3):221–6.
Editorial: Is a Histological Diagnosis Mandatory for Adult Patients with Suspected Coeliac Disease? Kurien M, Mooney PD, Sanders DS. _Aliment Pharmacol Ther_. 2015 Jan;41(1):146–7.
A No Biopsy Strategy for Adult Patients with Suspected Coeliac Disease: Making the World Gluten-Free. Kurien M, Ludvigsson JF, Sanders DS; authors of the BSG guidelines. _Gut._ 2015 Jun;64(6):1003–4.
Support for Patients with Celiac Disease: A Literature Review. Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C. _United European Gastroenterol J._ 2015 Apr;3(2):146–59.
Gastrointestinal Effects of Eating Quinoa ( _Chenopodium quinoa Willd_.) in Celiac Patients. Zevallos VF, Herencia LI, Chang F, Donnelly S, Ellis HJ, Ciclitira PJ. _Am J Gastroenterol_. 2014 Feb;109(2):270–8.
Evaluation of the Safety of Ancient Strains of Wheat in Coeliac Disease Reveals Heterogeneous Small Intestinal T Cell Responses Suggestive of Coeliac Toxicity. Šuligoj T, Gregorini A, Colomba M, Ellis HJ, Ciclitira PJ. _Clin Nutr._ 2013 Dec;32(6):1043–9.
Celiac Disease: Management of Persistent Symptoms in Patients on a Gluten-Free Diet. Dewar DH, Donnelly SC, McLaughlin SD, Johnson MW, Ellis HJ, Ciclitira PJ. _World J Gastroenterol,_ 2012 Mar 28;18(12):1348–56.
Pharmacotherapy and Management Strategies for Coeliac Disease. Donnelly SC, Ellis HJ, Ciclitira PJ. _Expert Opin Pharmacother_. 2011 Aug;12(11):1731–44.
Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Celiac Disease Toxic Gliadin in Foodstuff. Nassef HM, Bermudo Redondo MC, Ciclitira PJ, Ellis HJ, Fragoso A, O'Sullivan CK. _Anal Chem._ 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9265–71.
Glossary
**Affective disorders—** Those disorders relating to moods, feelings, and/or attitudes.
**Alleles** —The different forms of a given gene.
**Amylase** —An enzyme secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down starches (carbohydrates) into simple sugars.
**Anaphylaxis** —A sudden, severe systemic allergic reaction to a substance that causes inflammation in various parts of the body. Symptoms can be mild or potentially life threatening. It can affect the skin, blood pressure, breathing, and digestion.
**Antibody** —Antibodies are proteins secreted by cells of the immune system. They are found in the bloodstream and body tissues and protect the body from various foreign substances and infections. (See also _Immunoglobulin_.)
**Antigen** —Any foreign material that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.
**Antigliadin antibodies (AGA)** —A food antibody that targets the protein found in wheat.
**Ataxia** —A balance disturbance that affects motor control and coordination. It can affect limbs, body, speech, and eye movements and is also associated with degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.
**Atherosclerosis** —A hardening of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque, cholesterol, and other substances in artery walls
**Bacteroides—** A phylum of bacterium found in the GI tract and part of our microbiota.
**Barrett's esophagus** —An abnormality of the lining of the lower esophagus due to chronic reflux, considered premalignant.
**Bifidobacteria** —One of the dominant microbial populations of the intestinal tract.
**Bile duct** —The duct that connects the liver to the small intestine and enables bile to be released into the center of the duodenum.
**Bile** —A liver secretion that aids in the digestion of fats.
**Bolus** —A lump or mass. Used in two different contexts: A bolus of partially digested food is propelled from the stomach into the duodenum. Also as in a bolus of insulin that is the extra dose of short-acting insulin taken by a diabetic before a meal or snack to control or cover the glucose in the food.
**Brush border** —The microvilli or tiny "hairs" covering the villi of the small intestine that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine, and secrete specific enzymes that aid in digestion. When the microvilli are flattened or destroyed, both of these functions are impaired or halted.
**Cerebral calcification** —A calcium deposit in the brain.
**Chyme** —A soupy solution formed in the stomach consisting of food, gastric juices, enzymes, and saliva.
**_Clostridium difficile (C. difficile_ or _C. diff_ )**—A bacterium found in the intestines. This is regarded as one of the superbugs.
**Coeliac disease** —A spelling of celiac disease commonly used outside the U.S.
**Collagenous sprue** —A lesion within the small intestine in which inflammatory cells lay down a thickened band of fibrous tissue. It can occur in any type of villous atrophy including celiac disease and intestinal inflammatory disease caused by the drug olmesartan.
**Colon** —The lower end of the digestive tract.
**Cytokines** —Protein "messengers" produced by inflammatory cells to respond to infections, which increase the inflammatory response. They are released by cells to affect the behavior of other cells.
**Dementia** —Disorientation and/or impairment of mental processes caused by disease, old age, trauma, stroke, or unknown factors. The definition of Alzheimer's dementia is different from that of dementia.
**Dendric cells** —A highly specialized white blood cell found in the skin, mucosa, and lymph tissues that initiates an immune response.
**Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH)** —An extremely itchy, blistering skin condition that is caused by IgA deposits in the layers of the skin. If you have a definitive diagnosis of DH, you have celiac disease.
**Diverticula** —Small sacs protruding from the intestinal wall that can occur anywhere in the GI tract. Most often encountered in the colon.
**Dysbiosis** —An imbalance or disruption, e.g., of the intestinal microbiota.
**Dysphagia** —Difficulty swallowing.
**Electrolytes** —Minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge. Electrolytes affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of your blood (pH), your muscle function, and other important processes.
**Emulsification** —The process through which fats are broken into small particles with a surface area that can unite or bind with water in order to pass through the intestinal wall. An emulsifying agent such as phospholipids keeps the droplets from reforming back into larger drops. This is the main function of bile.
**Endoscopy** —A minimally invasive procedure during which a small tube with a built-in camera is introduced into the body either through the mouth, colon, or airway. It can be used to take pictures or take tissue samples (biopsies), remove foreign bodies, and perform other therapeutic maneuvers.
**Enteropathy** —Any inflammatory disease of the small intestine characterized by villous atrophy.
**Eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE)** —An inflammation of the esophagus that causes food to "stick" and trouble swallowing.
**Eosinophils** —A type of white blood cell often present in immune reactions and allergies.
**Epithelium** —A grouping of cells that make up most of the surfaces of the body and line the GI tract.
**Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)** —A blood test to determine levels of inflammation in the body.
**Etiology** —The origins and causes of a disease.
**Firmicutes** —A phylum of bacteria found in the GI tract and part of our microbiota, includes other classes of bacteria such as _Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,_ and _Clostridium._
**FODMAPs—** Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. The carbohydrates found in many plants, vegetables, and fruits.
**Fumonisin** —A mycotoxin or environmental toxin that is produced by various fungi and molds. It occurs in the field or during storage, mainly in corn.
**Gastric acid** —The highly effective—and highly corrosive—acid that helps to digest the food in the stomach. It is also protective against infections.
**Gastroenteritis** —Inflammation of the digestive tract by food or pathogens, resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms.
**Gastroparesis** —Delayed emptying of the stomach. May be caused by decreased intestinal motility due to diabetes, scleroderma, or celiac disease.
**GERD** —Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
**Gestational diabetes** —A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves once the baby is born.
**GI** —Gastrointestinal.
**Gliadin** —The alcohol-soluble fraction of gluten found in wheat; the most studied portion in celiac disease, but not necessarily the only toxic fraction in grains.
**Globus** —The sensation of a lump in the throat, a common symptom of GERD or anxiety.
**Glucocorticoid** —A class of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands in response to signals from the brain. They mobilize and replenish energy stores.
**Gluten** —The storage protein of wheat. Essentially, the portion of wheat flour that makes it "sticky." The gluten fraction that is most studied in celiac disease is called gliadin, but there are other proteins that chemically resemble gliadin in rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins). These proteins are not strictly glutens, but are generally included in the term.
**Hiatal hernia** —A condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. It is due to an enlargement of the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
**Histamine receptor type 2 (H2RA) inhibitors** —An acid reducer for healing ulcers and GERD; available in prescription and nonprescription form, e.g., Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid.
**Histamines** —Substances released into tissues and the bloodstream that produce the symptoms of allergy including inflammation, itching, swelling, etc.
**Homeostasis** —Regulation of metabolic functions so that their processes remain stable and constant.
**Hordeins** —See _Gluten_.
**Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)** —Proteins that sit on the surface of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system by reacting with foreign substances. These proteins are genetically determined, and every person receives one set from each parent.
**Hyperglycemia** —High blood glucose levels commonly seen in diabetics who do not have enough, or any, insulin that is required to metabolize the glucose for use by the body. Usually apparent after a meal.
**Hypoglycemia** —Low blood glucose levels commonly observed when too much insulin is administered, or too little food eaten to cover the insulin given.
**Ileitis** —An inflammation of the ileum.
**Immunoglobulin (Ig)** —Proteins secreted by specific white blood cells protecting the body against bacteria and viruses.
**Immunoglobulin A (IgA)** —The antibodies secreted by plasma cells into the lining of the GI tract, tissues, and bloodstream that act locally in the lining or on the surface to disinfect our ingested food. Other classes of immunoglobulins include IgE, IgM, IgD and IgE.
**Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)** —Chronic inflammation of the digestive tract of unclear cause. Includes both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
**Inflammatory markers** —Tests used to measure the levels of inflammation in the body; e.g., C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
**Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)** —Also known as type 1 diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes. Characterized by the decreased or total absence of insulin.
**Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)** —Any persistent condition with diarrhea and/or constipation, gas, and abdominal pain that is not explained by other known diseases. There are strict criteria—the Rome criteria—that define the functional bowel disorders that include IBS, dyspepsia, functional bloating, and constipation.
**Lactase** —The enzyme secreted by the brush border of the small intestine that digests milk products. It is available commercially to treat lactase deficiency.
**Lactose intolerance** —A condition where lactase is not produced by the small intestine. Secondary lactose intolerance can occur when the brush border of the small intestine is damaged or destroyed and unable to produce the enzyme.
**Lactulose** —A nonmetabolized sugar.
**Lipase(s)** —The group of enzymes that break down fats into smaller and smaller components so they are able to be absorbed by the body. It is mainly secreted by the pancreas, but also by salivary glands (lingual lipase) that starts to digest fats in the stomach.
**Lumen—** The central, hollow portion of the digestive tube that is the site for the majority of digestive action.
**Lupus or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—** An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the various tissues within the body, leading to organ damage and dysfunction.
**Mannitol** —A nonmetabolized sugar.
**Microbial antigen** —Antigens are proteins that sit on the surface of a pathogen (any bacteria, virus, etc., that can cause disease) and causes the body to mount an immune response. The immune system produces antibodies that destroy the pathogen.
**Microscopic colitis** —An autoimmune inflammatory condition in the colon that may be associated with celiac disease. It is characterized by diarrhea, but no infection, and can vary in severity. It is diagnosed by biopsy.
**Microvilli** —The tiny hairlike projections lining each villus that further increase its absorptive potential.
**Mucosa** —The surface or superficial lining of the wall of the intestine. The mucosa consists of the epithelial (single) cell layer, the lamina propria, and a muscle layer.
**Nerve conduction studies** —Tests for nerve damage in which signals are run through nerve paths to determine if the nerve is functioning properly (i.e., conducting the signal and eliciting an appropriate response).
**Neuropathy** —A condition caused by the inflammation of nerves, resulting in altered sensation, weakness, or an array of other symptoms.
**Olmesartan** —A blood pressure medication that can cause a severe sprue-like disease. Patients may be told they have refractory celiac disease.
**Orthorexia nervosa** —A food disorder where people eliminate one food after another in the belief that the foods are "unhealthy," to the point of malnutrition.
**Parathyroid hormone (PTH)** —The hormone responsible for maintaining normal levels of calcium in the bloodstream. PTH increases the resorption of bone, causing calcium to be released into the bloodstream and the kidneys to retain calcium in the body. It also stimulates the activation of vitamin D that increases the intestinal absorption of calcium.
**Parenteral nutrition (PN)** —Feeding a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. The person receives nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and added vitamins and dietary minerals.
**Paresthesia** —A burning, tingling, or prickling sensation that is usually felt in different parts of the body. The sensation is usually described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.
**Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS)** —A subset of children with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or tic disorders whose symptoms appear to be related to a streptococcus infection.
**Pepsin** —An enzyme secreted by the stomach that breaks down proteins. Part of a category of enzymes that break down protein.
**Peptidases** —A group of enzymes, such as pepsin, that breaks down proteins into smaller amino acid units.
**Peptide bonds** —The molecular bond that binds two amino acids.
**Peripheral neuropathies** —Numbness and/or tingling in the hands, face, and feet because of damaged peripheral nerves.
**Peristalsis** —The undulating contraction of the wall of the digestive tract that moves food down the digestive tube.
**Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)** —A group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
**Proximal intestine** —The upper portion of the small intestine that includes the duodenum and the upper jejunum.
**Rhinitis** —Inflammation of the nasal membranes characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, itching, and runny nose. Seasonal allergy.
**Rotavirus** —The most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children.
**Salivary glands** —The mucous glands in and around the mouth that supply saliva to aid in swallowing and digestion.
**Scleroderma** —The thickening and scarring of certain tissues. It may involve skin, intestine, lungs or kidneys, and the heart. The effects depend on the organ involved.
**Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors** —A class of drugs that block a receptor that reabsorbs serotonin, making more of it chemically available. Serotonin messaging is known to influence mood and pain perception.
**Serologies** —Blood tests. Serum (blood) is drawn and analyzed. Physicians can request specific panels (tests).
**Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])** —A biological base that functions as a neurotransmitter in the body.
**Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)** —A disease characterized by an increase in the small intestine of bacteria that normally inhabit the colon. The bacteria cause poor fat and carbohydrate (sugar) absorption. The bacteria also use vitamin B12 for their own growth, causing B12 deficiency in the body.
**Soluble** —Able to dissolve in water. (See _Emulsification._ )
**Sphincter** —A muscle that acts as a break or valve. The esophageal and pyloric sphincter muscles control the entrance of food into the stomach and its exit into the duodenum, respectively. Spasms and/or malfunctions of these sphincters can be extremely painful and cause digestive problems.
**Spruce** —A tree.
**Sprue** —A syndrome in which there is an inflammatory disease of the intestines with villous atrophy that results in malabsorption (enteropathy). Celiac disease was formerly called celiac sprue in the U.S. It is currently used to define enteropathies such as tropical sprue, olmesartan enteropathy, and undefined sprue.
**Stricture** —An abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage (as from inflammation, cancer, or the formation of scar tissue).
**Sucrase** —Enzyme that breaks down sugars into glucose.
**Synapsin** —A protein found in the brain that regulates neurotransmitter release.
**T-cells** —A type of white blood cell that has various roles in the immune system, such as identifying specific foreign substances in the body; activating and deactivating other immune cells. A category of T-cells (CD4+ cells) plays a role in celiac disease.
**Tenesmus** —The feeling that more stool is there when, in fact, the feces are liquid and have been fully voided. A common condition in acute diarrhea.
**Tissue transglutaminase (tTG)** —An enzyme found in every tissue of the body that joins proteins together. It reacts with gliadin, setting off the chain of reactions that destroys the villi of the small intestine in celiac disease.
**Toxoplasmosis** —A parasitic disease caused by _Toxoplasma gondii_ that occurs through infected meat; ingesting water, soil, or food that has come in contact with infected animal fecal matter (commonly household cats); or through transmission from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy.
**tTG** —See _Tissue transglutaminase_.
**Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)** —See _Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus_.
**Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)** —A condition where the pancreas cannot make enough insulin or does not use insulin properly (insulin resistance). Glucose builds up in the blood instead of being metabolized into the cells of the body.
**Vagus nerve** —A nerve that extends from the brain stem to the gut and commands unconscious body processes such as digestion.
**Villi** —Small projections lining the wall of the small intestine that greatly increase its absorptive power; they are lined with epithelial cells covered in microvilli that absorb nutrients.
**Villus atrophy** —The inflammation and eventual flattening (loss) of the villi of the small intestine resulting in a decreased surface for absorption.
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader's search tools.
abdominal pain, 75
absorption, 64, 71
abuse, 137–38
AGA. _See_ antigliadin antibodies
alcohol ataxia, 136–37
allergic asthma, 225
alternative medicine, 8
ALV003, 273
Alzheimer's disease, 293
amphibiosis, 91
amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), 114
in celiac disease, 115
anabolic steroids, 37
anaphylaxis, 224
anemia, 159
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 127
animals, 130–31
anorexia nervosa, 19
antibiotics, 227
animals and, 130–31
food allergies and, 129–30
obesity and, 129–30
resistance to, 8
antibodies. _See also_ antigliadin antibodies
endomysial, 171
to gluten, 54–55
monoclonal, 127
role of, 55
transfer of, 93
antidepressants, 190–91
antigliadin antibodies (AGA), 55, 146, 246
schizophrenia and, 253
anti-inflammation diets, 146–47
antimicrobial resistance, 100
anxiety, 258
ARBs. _See_ angiotensin II receptor blockers
aromatase inhibitors, 37
arsenic, 26–27
ASD. _See_ autism spectrum disorder
aspirin, 128
celiac disease and, 164
ataxia, 10, 209
alcohol, 136–37
gluten, 210–11
athleticism, 16–17
ATIs. _See_ amylase trypsin inhibitors
Atkins diet, 16
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 55, 245
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), xiii, 55, 145, 242
gluten-free diet and, 244–47
intestinal permeability and, 151–52
microbiome and, 99, 248–49
autoimmune diseases, 9, 21–22
gastrointestinal, 80–81
avenins, 116
azathioprine, 127
Bacteroides, 97, 197
baker's asthma, 225
Benicar, 127
biological markers, 7
BL-7010, 275
Blaset, Martin, 91, 95, 97
bolus, 65
brain fog, xiii, 255–56, 293–94
anxiety and, 258
gluten and, 257–58
inflammation and, 257
microbiome and, 258
nutrient deficiencies and, 258
stress and, 258
brain-gut connection, 46, 239–40
in IBS, 188–89
breath tests, 52–53
brush border, 72
bulk bins, 289
calcium, 25–26
carbohydrates, 16
definition, 118–20
in gluten-free foods, 29
IDDM and, 221–22
problems with, 120–23
transport of, 71–72
casein-free diet, 244–47
CBT. _See_ cognitive behavioral therapy
celiac disease, 2, 9, 25, 80, 295–97
anemia in, 159
aspirin and, 164
ATIs in, 115
biopsy, 170
classic, 158
complications, 158–61
definition, 153, 155–57
diagnosis, 169–71
drugs mimicking, 126–29
environmental factors, 163–64
false test results, 171
fatigue in, 159
fecal testing, 174–75
finger-prick testing, 174
genetics and, 12, 161–62, 173–74
gluten and, 161
gluten-free diet and, 13
IBD and, 200
IDDM and, 220–21
infant feeding and, 163
infections and, 163–64
inflammation in, 157
L-carnitine in, 175
malignancies in, 160–61
microbiome and, 164–65
mineral deficiencies in, 159
mismatch theory, 167–69
neuropathies in, 159
NSAIDs and, 164
osteoporosis in, 159
pediatric guidelines, 172–73
point-of-care testing, 174
proton pump inhibitors and, 164
ruling out, 50
silent, 158–59
smoking and, 166
stress and, 166–67
symptoms, 158–61
systemic inflammation in, 160
testing sensitivity and specificity, 171–72
trauma and, 166–67
treatment, 169–71
central nervous system (CNS), 105
cerebral palsy, 253–54
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 234
causes, 235
diagnosis of, 236–37
treatment, 236
chyme, 66, 73
cleanliness, 93–94
_Clostridium difficile_ , 44–45, 96, 97, 100–101, 126
CNS. _See_ central nervous system
coffee, 299
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 266
colitis, 195
collagenous sprue, 88
colon, 73–74
Columbia University, 48
constipation, 77–78
corn fungi, 27–28
corticosteroids, 127
C-reactive protein, 51
Crohn's disease, 195–96. _See also_ inflammatory bowel disease
cross-contamination, 31, 288
C-section, 95
cyclosporine, 127
cytokines, 142, 144
deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP), 170
dendritic cells, 144
Dewar, Thomas, 269
DGP. _See_ deamidated gliadin peptide
diabetes, 80, 214. _See also_ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
causes of, 216
definition, 215–16
microbiome and, 217–18
diabetic neuropathy, 208
diarrhea, 77–78
digestion, 61
chemical processes in, 64
evolution of, 104
liver in, 67–68
mechanical processes in, 64
of minerals, 73
mouth in, 65–66
pancreas in, 67
phases of, 64
small intestine in, 68–70
stomach in, 65–66
villi in, 68, 70–71
of vitamins, 73
disaccharides, 119
Djokovic, Novak, 57
doctors
avoiding, 8–9
financial issues and, 10–11
as listeners, 9
specialists, 10
double hit, 112, 133
Drossman, Douglas, 137
drug-induced inflammation, 79–80
dysbiosis, 91–92
eating disorders, 19
electrolytes, 135
EMA. _See_ endomysial antibodies
emulsifiers, 283–84
endomysial antibodies (EMA), 171
enteric nervous system (ENS), 105–7, 109–10
environmental factors, 22–23
eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), 202, 226
causes of, 203
definition, 203
diagnosis of, 204–5
food allergies and, 203
GERD and, 204
treatment, 205
epigenetics, 162, 305–6
EpiPen, 228
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 51
fat, 72–73
fatigue, 159
chronic, 234–37
fat-soluble vitamins, 73
FDA. _See_ Food and Drug Administration
fecal transplants, 44–45 ferritin, 51
fiber, 26, 291–92
fibromyalgia
causes of, 231–32
diagnosis of, 232
treatment, 233–34
financial issues, 10–11
finger-prick testing, 174
fluoxetine, 37
FODMAPs, xiii, 15, 32, 53, 308
definition, 121
elimination of, 121–22
intolerance, 122
folic acid, 51
food allergies, 9, 224–25
antibiotics and, 129–30
causes of, 226–27
diagnosis of, 228
EoE and, 204
microbiome and, 97
treatment, 228
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 27, 279–80
food glue, xiv, 284–85
food intolerance, 9
alternative tests for, 7
doctors on, 4–5
fructose intolerance, 14
gastroenteritis, 81–82, 126
gastroenterologist, 244
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 66, 84–85, 125–26
EoE and, 204
gastrointestinal disease
abuse as cause, 137–38
autoimmune, 80–81
causes of, 111
constipation in, 77–78
diarrhea in, 77–78
functional, 82–86
infective, 81–82
infiltrative, 87–88
inflammatory conditions, 78–80
malignant, 82
miscellaneous disorders, 88
nausea in, 76–77
pain in, 76
pregnancy disruptions, 86
symptoms, 76–78
trauma as cause, 137–38
vomiting in, 76–77
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, xii–xiii
inflammation in, 141, 143
neurological symptoms and, 10
as sensory organ, 107–8
serotonin in, 108–9
systems joined with, 62–64
gastroparesis, 14, 83, 208
Gazzola, Alex, 57
genetics
celiac disease and, 12, 161–62, 173–74
epigenetics, 162, 305–6
gluten and, 305
of IBD, 196
IBS and, 187
NCGS, 179
GERD. _See_ gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gershon, Michael, 107, 110
gestational diabetes, 216
giardia, 134
Gibson, Peter, 256
ginseng, 41
GI tract. _See_ gastrointestinal tract
gliadin, 13, 72. _See also_ antigliadin antibodies
glucocorticoids, 263
gluten, ix
alcoholic ataxia and, 136–37
antibodies to, 54–55
ataxia, 210–11
brain fog and, 257–58
celiac disease and, 161
definition, 13
digestive aids for, 273–74
genetics and, 305
hiding, 287–88
IDDM and, 217
microbiome and, 165
myths about, xi–xii
proteins, 113–16
rotavirus and, 135–36
toxoplasmosis and, 136
vaccine for tolerance of, 275–76
vital wheat, 166
gluten-free diet, 308
assessment of, 33
athleticism and, 16–17
autism spectrum disorder and, 244–47
celiac disease and, 13
doctor dismissal of, 4–5
energy and, 16
healthiness of, 290–91, 294
heavy metals in, 26–28
incorrect diagnosis and, 30–31
irritable bowel syndrome and, 14
microbiome and, 15–16
NCGS, 13–14
nutrition in, 25–26
pitfalls, 247–48
placebos and, 14
popularity of, x
stories, 301–4
success of, 13–15
weight loss and, 16, 29
gluten-free foods
additives in, 25, 282
carbohydrates in, 29
cost of, 29–30
labeling, 31–32
gluten sensitivity. _See also_ nonceliac gluten sensitivity
biological markers for, 7
erroneous testing for, 57
rates of, 295
testing, 177–78
glyphosates, 298
Groopman, Jerome, 5, 10
gut. _See_ gastrointestinal tract
_H2RAs_ , 126
heavy metals, 26–28
Helicobacter pylori, 87, 125
hepatitis, 35
herbal remedies, 34–36
hiatal hernia, 86
Hippocrates, xi
HLA-DQ typing, 12, 162, 173–74
HMP. _See_ Human Microbiome Project
holistic medicine, xi
hookworms, 277
hormones, 139–40
Human Microbiome Project (HMP), 306
hygiene hypothesis, 21–22, 227
IBD. _See_ inflammatory bowel disease
IBS. _See_ irritable bowel syndrome
IDDM. _See_ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
identity, 264–65
IgA, 55, 169–71
IgE, 56
IgG, 56, 170–71, 246
antigliadin, 180
immune system
environmental factors, 22–23
in IBD, 196–97
microbiome in, 91
rotavirus and gluten in, 135–36
immunoglobulin primer, 55–56
immunosuppressants, 127–28
immunotherapy, 228
ImmusanT, 275–76
impulse control, 263
infant feeding, 163
inflammation, 98
brain fog and, 257
in celiac disease, 157
cell responses in, 143–45
definition, 142
in GI tract, 141, 143
heat changes in, 142–43
intestinal permeability and, 150–51
systemic, 145–46, 160
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 30, 78–79, 194
causes of, 196–99
celiac disease and, 200
definition, 195
diagnosis of, 199
diet for, 199–200
environmental factors, 198–99
genetics of, 196–99
immune responses in, 196–97
microbiome in, 197–98
smoking and, 198
treatment of, 199–200
insects, 100–101
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 80, 215–16
carbohydrates and, 221–22
celiac disease and, 220–21
gluten and, 217
screening, 218–20
intestinal permeability
alterations in, 150
autism and, 151–52
inflammation and, 150–51
inhibition of, 274
microbiome and, 151
tests for, 148–49
intestinal wall, _69_
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 10, 30, 83, 138
brain-gut signal problems in, 188–89
causes of, 186–89
classifications, 184
definition, 183–84
diet for, 187, 191–92
gate theory, 189–90
genetics, 187
gluten-free diet and, 14
medication for, 190–91
mental health and, 192
microbiome and, 187–88
post-infective, 188
probiotics for, 192
Rome III criteria, 185–86
serotonin for, 191
lactase, 88, 272
Lactobacillus, 43
lactose intolerance, 14, 88, 200
larazotide, 274
L-carnitine, 39–40, 236
in celiac disease, 175
leaky gut, 149, 245, 284
Levitt, Pat, 243–44
liquid diets, 198–99
liver, 67–68
Lubbock, John, 4
Marshall, Barry, 87
McEwan, Bruce, 265
mental health, 192
microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), 284–85
microbiome
antibiotics and, 95–97
autism and, 99, 248–49
brain and, 99
brain fog and, 258
celiac disease and, 164–65
consistency of, 101
diabetes and, 217–18
diet and, 92
diversity, 32
food allergies and, 97
gluten and, 165
gluten-free diet and, 15–16
healthy, 42–43
IBD and, 197–98
IBS and, 187–88
in immune system, 91
importance of, 94
intestinal permeability and, 151
obesity and, 98
origin of, 92–93
pregnancy and, 95
self and, 47
in twenty-first century, 93–94
microscopic colitis, 14, 30
minerals, 73. _See also_ vitamin and mineral deficiencies
supplements, 38–39
mismatch theory, 167–69
_Missing Microbes_ (Blaset), 91, 95
monoclonal antibodies, 127
monosaccharides, 119
MTGase. _See_ microbial transglutaminase
mycotoxins, 28
National Eating Disorders Association, 19
National Health Service (NHS), 19
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6
nausea, 76–77
NCGS. _See_ nonceliac gluten sensitivity
neuropathies
in celiac disease, 159
definition, 207
diabetic, 208
diagnosis of, 211–12
peripheral, 207–8
treatment, 212
Nexvax2, 275–76
NHS. _See_ National Health Service
NIDDM. _See_ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIH. _See_ National Institutes of Health
nocebo, 307
nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), 7, 236–37
causes of, 179
definition, 178
diagnosis of, 180
genetics and, 179
gluten-free diet and, 13–14
management, 180
self-diagnosis, 178
nongluten proteins, 113–16
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 80, 216
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), 79, 128
celiac disease and, 164
oats, 115–16
obesity, 294
antibiotics and, 129–30
microbiome and, 98
oligosaccharides, 119
olmesartan, 126–27
opiates, 129
orthorexia nervosa
definition, 19–20
diagnosis of, 20–21
osteoporosis, 159
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 3, 46, 278–79, 297
Paleo diet, 167–68
pancreas, 67
PANDAS, 139
parathyroid hormone, 51
parenteral nutrition, 194
pepsin, 65
peripheral nervous system (PNS), 105
peripheral neuropathies, 207–8
phenolphthalein, 37
placebos, 307
gluten-free diet and, 14
PNS. _See_ peripheral nervous system
point-of-care testing, 174
polyols, 119
polysaccharides, 120
post-infective IBS, 188
prefrontal cortex, 263
pregnancy
gastrointestinal disease and, 86
microbiome and, 95
probiotics, 42–43, 101, 278
caution with, 47
gluten and, 44
or IBS, 192
quality control of, 45
viability of, 46
proteins, 72
proton pump inhibitors, 125–26
celiac disease and, 164
PWAGs, 12, 178
rice, 26–27
Rome III criteria, 185–86
rotavirus, 135–36
schizophrenia, xiii, 251–52
antigliadin antibodies and, 253
scleroderma, 80
Second Brain, The (Gershon), 107
self-diagnosis, 4–7, 299–300
serotonin
functions of, 108–9
in GI tract, 108–9
for IBS, 191
SIBO. _See_ small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
sibutramine, 37
side effects, 131
sildenafil, 37
silent celiac disease, 158–59
small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), 12–14, 30, 81, 83–84
small intestine, 68–70
smoking
celiac disease and, 166
IBD and, 198
statins, 280–81
St. John's wort, 36, 40
stool testing, 52, 296
celiac disease, 174–75
Strachan, David, 22
streptococcal infections, 139
stress, xiii, 260–61
brain fog, 258
celiac disease and, 166–67
navigating, 265–67
restrictive dieting and, 262–63
sugars, 52
supplements
for age 50 and up, 41–42
drug interactions, 40–41
labels, 46
mineral, 38–39
natural, 8
vitamin, 38–39
synapsin I, 211
systemic inflammation, 145–46
in celiac disease, 160
T-cells, 144
temporary gluten autoimmunity, 168–69
TG6. _See_ transglutaminase 6
tissue transglutaminase (tTG), 169–71
blocking, 276
toxoplasmosis, 252
gluten and, 136
transglutaminase 6 (TG6), 210
transport, 64
of carbohydrates, 71–72
of fat, 72–73
of proteins, 72
trauma
celiac disease and, 166–67
gastrointestinal disease caused by, 137–38
traveler's diarrhea, 126, 134–35
tTG. _See_ tissue transglutaminase
ulcers, 87
vaccines, 275–76
vertigo, 1
villi, 68, 70–71
vital wheat gluten, 166, 285–86
vitamin and mineral deficiencies
brain fog and, 258
in celiac disease, 159
testing for, 39, 53–54
vitamins
B6, 39
B12, 51
B complex, 25–26
C, 41
D, 38, 51
digestion of, 73
fat-soluble, 73
fortification, 287
K, 41, 97
supplements, 38–39
water-soluble, 73
vomiting, 76–77
Warren, Robin J., 87
water-soluble vitamins, 73
WDEIA. _See_ wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
weight loss, 16, 29
wheat
fortification of, 25
modification of, 276–77, 297
wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA), 226
World Health Organization (WHO), 18–19
## P.S. Insights, Interviews & More . . .*
About the Authors
* * *
More about Dr. Peter H. R. Green and Rory Jones, M.S.
About the Book
* * *
The Inspiration Behind _Gluten Exposed_
A Conversation with Dr. Green and Rory Jones
Read On
* * *
What's Happening at the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center
Also by Dr. Green and Rory Jones: _Celiac Disease: A Hidden Epidemic_?
Health Quiz: Should You Get Tested for Celiac Disease?
## About the Authors
**More about Dr. Peter H. R. Green and Rory Jones, M.S.**
**PETER H. R. GREEN, M.D**., is the director of the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University. He is the Ivan and Phyllis Seidenberg Professor of Medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and attending physician at the Columbia University Medical Center (New York–Presbyterian Hospital). Celiac disease has been his focus for the last twenty-five years, with equal concentration on patient care and research.
Dr. Green received his medical degree from the University of Sydney, Australia. After completing his residency and gastrointestinal fellowship in Sydney he became a research fellow at Harvard Medical School and in the Gastroenterology Department at the Beth Israel Hospital in Boston.
He is a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians and the American College of Gastroenterology as well as a member of the American Gastroenterologic Association and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
**RORY JONES, M.S**., is a writer and adjunct professor of Narrative Medicine at Barnard College of Columbia University. She has done extensive work on health and medical topics, including educational programs for both adults and children. She specializes in "translating" scientific information for a consumer audience. Diagnosed with celiac disease in 1998, she has researched and written about it and the gluten-free diet for medical as well as consumer publications.
She is also an award-winning educational film and TV writer and producer specializing in creating programs for hard-to-reach audiences as well as younger children and their adults.
Jones has a B.A. from Smith College and an M.S. from Columbia University.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
## About the Book
**The Inspiration Behind _Gluten Exposed_**
This book evolved from two converging trends that occurred within and outside of the celiac disease community. First, gluten-free became the new fad diet. Books like _Grain Brain_ and _Wheat Belly_ tended to treat gluten as the "one-cause-fits-all" villain.
Gluten-free foods proliferated, restaurants became familiar with the concept, and eventually self-diagnosis became all too common. Information from the Internet and various nonmedical "professionals" replaced science about gluten's real effect on the body and what a healthy gluten-free diet consists of.
Secondly, the neuropsychological symptoms of people with celiac disease and other conditions became more publicized and studied (depression, anxiety, eating disorders, neuropathies, autism, etc.). Research into the brain-gut relationship started to unearth real connections that were fascinating and important to explore.
On both fronts, pseudoscience became the norm—it was time to insert a scientific reality check and give this pendulum a push in the opposite direction. To let people know the pitfalls and long-term effects of a gluten-free diet, the supplements they were taking to bolster the diet, which gets left out of most articles about the subject; and important new links that can have a dramatic effect on someone's brain as well as their belly.
**A Conversation with Dr. Green and Rory Jones**
**_Q: How did gluten become the "root of all evil" when it comes to gastrointestinal issues?_**
**A:** Sound bites from the Internet and media; the inclination for most people to only read headlines and the first paragraph of an article (the reality of the piece occurring toward the end); books composed to sell the author rather than scientific truth; the public's desire for an easy answer to tough medical and weight issues (give me a pill).
Food elimination has become first-line treatment for many patients prior to seeing a doctor, where they end up when symptoms continue or worsen.
**_Q: What are some of the issues that can arise when people unnecessarily remove gluten from their diets?_**
**A:** Excluding gluten from your diet removes many of the nutrients that keep you out of the doctor's office, not in it. Let's start with the vitamin and mineral deficiencies; loss of fiber and variety in the diet; weight gain if gluten-free foods are substituted; increased arsenic in the diet (rice is a staple of many gluten-free foods and contains higher levels than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration now considers prudent, especially for children); and social stress. So, whether someone is following a gluten-free diet because they've been diagnosed with celiac disease or they're choosing to adopt the diet for personal reasons, it's critical that people read the book to be sure they're eating a healthy, varied diet that won't leave them nutritionally deficient.
And then there are recent studies showing that a gluten-free diet can _increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes_. A long-term Harvard study shows that there may be a link between low gluten consumption and diabetes risk. Avoiding foods such as cereals, bread, and pasta may be doing you more harm than good unless you have celiac disease or are truly gluten intolerant. And even then, you have to know how to add back what you are eliminating nutritionally and eat a smart gluten-free diet to stay healthy.
Another population-based study is also showing _that people who consume high levels of gluten have less heart disease._ This is related to the importance of whole grains to heart health.
These studies raise serious concerns for people who do not have celiac disease or a medically diagnosed gluten sensitivity and decide to eliminate gluten because they think it is healthier, and underline the real importance of substituting healthy grains in a gluten-free diet. See chapter 31, "[Healthy Eating."]
**_Q. All the vitamins, iron, and minerals necessary for a healthy diet are abundant in meat, fish, poultry, and dairy products. Why should someone on a gluten-free diet suffer from these deficiencies?_**
**A:** They shouldn't.
But a recent study showed that people who are gluten-free are more apt to avoid other food groups. In addition, people on a gluten-free diet may be vegetarian, vegan, lactose intolerant, or avoid cheese and meat because of high cholesterol. They are therefore on an especially restrictive diet that can lead to serious nutritional deficiencies.
**_Q: What is your concern with people using supplements and probiotics?_**
**A:** Too many people are consuming pills (supplements and probiotics) while removing the foods that naturally contain these vitamins and minerals from their diets. Many don't realize that supplements are overused and understudied regarding their effectiveness and safety. Every year products are withdrawn because of toxicity—after the fact. One death because of contamination or toxicity is too many.
**_Q: What are some of the top illnesses or conditions that are often mistaken for a gluten intolerance?_**
**A:** Lactose intolerance, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, fructose intolerance. Many people eliminate gluten from their diet to cure bloating and stomach pain—and find temporary relief—only to have the symptoms recur after the initial "honeymoon" period. They then find out they are actually FODMAP sensitive, which is a reaction to the complex carbohydrates/sugars in gluten as well as other foods, especially garlic, onions, and certain fruits. See chapter 12, "[Carbohydrates and FODMAPs."]
**_Q: So many people report feeling healthier once they stop eating gluten. Can going gluten-free be that problematic if it makes so many people feel healthier?_**
**A:** It is hard to determine what "feeling better" consists of. A placebo effect with a new diet that you want to work? Thinking so can make it so. Many people say the same thing about removing red meat and sugar.
Wheat is not an easy protein to digest and causes bloating in many people—less bloat equals feeling better. If that's the case, then a modified gluten-free diet is great. Very few of these people are truly gluten-free nor need to be. They fall into the third "face of gluten," where reducing its input can make a difference.
**_Q: What is gluten's role in our nutrition? Does it serve any positive purposes?_**
**A:** Wheat is a healthy grain loaded with vitamins, minerals, and fiber. It's just not for people with celiac disease. As studies show, it may protect against developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
**_Q: If someone thinks they might have a gluten intolerance, what should they do instead of immediately cutting out gluten?_**
**A:** Go to a medical doctor and get tested for celiac disease and various carbohydrate intolerances [fructose, lactose, etc.], as well as other conditions related to their symptoms.
**_Q: Do you think the gluten-free craze is here to stay?_**
**A:** I think that gluten-free is here to stay; the "craze" is not. Like paleo and Whole 30, it is too restricted for most people to follow for an extended period of time. For those without celiac disease, it will become modified or incorporated into the next new dieting fad which may be an old one; see Appendix A, "[Diets Through the Ages"].
**_Q: Given the popularity of gluten-free diets, why do so many cases of celiac disease still go undiagnosed?_**
**A:** Many people with celiac disease are asymptomatic—one study showed 60 percent of children and 41 percent of adults were asymptomatic at diagnosis. For those who do show symptoms, they're often perceived as a dietary issue which most people feel they can treat and control themselves. There's also a lot of self-diagnosis from Internet and naturopathic sources. And once they're on a gluten-free diet, people with actual celiac disease feel better, which leads them to think, Why see a doctor if I'm now fine?
**_Q: Why is a gluten-free diet stressful?_**
**A:** Denying ourselves causes a specific effect on our brain. Anyone who has tried to lose weight can attest to this.
Yet, any type of restrictive eating or lifestyle change requires a constant focus on limiting certain cravings and/or behaviors. This causes an "alert response" that stresses certain parts of the brain that control performance and thought.
For people with celiac disease or a medically diagnosed gluten sensitivity, we recommend different ways to navigate the issue. See chapter 29, "[The Stress of Holding Back."]
For those who have other reasons for choosing a gluten-free lifestyle for themselves and/or their children, we ask: Should a healthy five-year-old or teenager have to worry about everything they are putting in their mouths?
The younger generation is more conscious of food and what they are eating. If we can instill thoughtful choices in our children it will be better in the long term. But we've forgotten some of the basics: the best diet is a balanced diet.
**_Q: What is the harm in using the gluten-free diet for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?_**
**A:** At this point in time the studies do not support the use of the diet for most children with ASD. But that does not mean that larger, well designed, and controlled studies will not identify a specific subgroup of children with ASD who would benefit most from a dietary intervention with a gluten-free regimen. As we explain in the book see chapter 26, "[Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD"], some subgroups of children may in fact be more sensitive to dietary input than others. A key objective is finding ways to recognize these children See [chapter 6 on current testing].
_Importantly, for those parents who do choose to undertake a gluten-free regimen, it is extremely important that they understand not only the lifestyle changes that the diet imposes, but the nutritional issues involved so that they keep their children well nourished._ The gluten-free diet is low in fiber, B vitamins, and iron. Given the role of folate (vitamin B9) in brain development, this is only one example of a potential pitfall of the diet.
As we note, the gluten-free diet gives with one hand and often takes with the other.
**_Q: Why can't people do their own_ research—the Internet has multiple "expert" sources?**
**A:** Unfortunately, "doing your own research" has resulted in many people coming to doctors with nutritional deficiencies as well as more complicated and advanced medical conditions.
Reading labels is an easily learned skill—but it is not enough to guarantee a healthy gluten-free existence.
**_Q: What new information will people learn from the revised edition of_ Celiac Disease _?_**
**A:** The book discusses advances in testing and treatments, as well as the most up-to-date understanding of the disease's causes (notably the changes in breast-feeding and early gluten introduction guidelines). The book also provides an updated/expanded list of gluten-free manufacturers, national and international support groups, and publications and resources.
## Read On
**What's Happening at the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center**
In addition to patient care for adults and children, the center specializes in clinical research, with current and future studies focusing on the many health, nutritional, and lifestyle issues affecting people on a gluten-free diet. These include:
• Analyzing how patients use the Nima sensor in managing the gluten-free diet (The Nima sensor is a portable device that allows people to test a food sample for gluten levels.)
• Examining the relation of the quality of life of adults and children with celiac disease and their degree of adherence to a gluten-free diet
• Establishing a tool to determine the degree of dietary adherence in people with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet
• Studying the beliefs and food avoidance patterns of people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity
• Exploring the role of the microbiome in people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity
• Developing a rapid test for the diagnosis of celiac disease in people already on a gluten-free diet
• Studying the effect of the gluten-free diet on the general health of individuals
• Researching the role of gastrointestinal infections in people with celiac disease
• Identifying the prevalence and significance of psychological disorders/diagnoses in patients with celiac disease
• Investigating trends in celiac disease research funding compared to inflammatory bowel disease
**Also by Dr. Green and Rory Jones:**
**_Celiac Disease: A Hidden Epidemic_** is _the_ authoritative guide on how this serious autoimmune disorder is properly diagnosed, treated, and managed. It is an essential and comprehensive resource for the countless people who seek relief from debilitating symptoms.
**This revised and updated edition includes:**
• The latest medical research on celiac disease, gluten intolerance, and gluten sensitivity
• New guidelines on testing, and the most recent scientific research toward a cure
• The most up-to-date understanding of the disease's causes (notably the changes in breast-feeding and early gluten introduction guidelines)
• An entire section on coping with the psychological aspects of living with a chronic illness and following a gluten-free diet
• An updated/expanded list of gluten-free manufacturers, national and international support groups, and publications and resources
**Health Quiz: Should You Get Tested for Celiac Disease?**
**SECTION 1: SYMPTOMS**
Check each of the symptoms that you have experienced at least once a week during the past three months:
___ Bloating
___ Gas and/or stomach cramping
___ Diarrhea or runny stools
___ Constipation
___ Joint pain
___ Numbness or tingling in your extremities
___ Itchy skin lesions
___ Constant unexplained fatigue
___ Frequent headaches or migraines
**SECTION II: DIAGNOSES**
Check if you have had or been diagnosed with any of the following:
___ Irritable bowel syndrome
___ Eczema or unexplained contact dermatitis
___ Fibromyalgia
___ Chronic fatigue syndrome
___ Nervous stomach (non-ulcer dyspepsia)
**SECTION III: ASSOCIATED ILLNESSES**
Check if you have any of the following:
___ Lactose intolerance
___ Osteopenia and/or osteoporosis
___ Autoimmune disorders
___ Thyroid disease (hypo/hyper)
___ Diabetes mellitus (type 1)
___ Sjögren's syndrome
___ Chronic liver disease
___ An immediate family member with an autoimmune condition
___ Peripheral neuropathy
___ Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
___ Small intestinal cancer
___ Psychiatric disorders or depression
___ Anemia (iron deficiency)
___ Infertility
**SCORING:**
If you have checked one or more lines in _either_ Section I or II and have _any_ of the illnesses in Section III (especially males or women under forty-five with osteopenia and/or osteoporosis), you should consider testing for celiac disease. If you have checks in all three sections, you and your doctor(s) should explore a diagnosis of celiac disease.
All of the symptoms in Section I, all of the diagnoses in Section II, and all of the associated illnesses in Section III are intimately related to celiac disease. One in every 100 people in the United States is affected by celiac disease—and 85 percent of them are undiagnosed!
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Praise for _Gluten Exposed_
"There's a lot of confusion surrounding gluten—whether eliminating it can help you lose weight, clear brain fog, cure stomach issues, and more. The brilliant and renowned Dr. Peter Green and science writer Rory Jones have cut through the confusion to provide evidence-based answers and advice you can trust. In _Gluten Exposed,_ they sort through all the science to create a comprehensive guide on the subject. If you are considering going gluten-free, you should definitely read this book first."
—Joy Bauer, M.S., R.D.N, nutritionist for NBC's _Today_ show, founder of Nourish Snacks, and bestselling author of _From Junk Food to Joy Food_
"Years ago, Dr. Peter Green was the pioneer who revealed the prevalence of celiac disease and the life-saving value of a gluten-free diet for its victims. In _Gluten Exposed,_ he uncovers the hype that now misleads so many to go gluten-free for all the wrong reasons. This urgently needed, highly accessible, solidly science-based book is a must-read for people who care about their health."
—Walter Mischel, professor of psychology, Columbia University, and author of _The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control_
" _Gluten Exposed_ will hopefully put the brakes on the worldwide epidemic of using a gluten-free diet for just about everything that 'ails ya.' Peter Green and Rory Jones provide a masterful in-depth summary of the pitfalls and dangers of gluten-free diets in nonceliac individuals, and at the same time describe openings for more research where it may be helpful outside of celiac disease. _Gluten Exposed_ reviews a totality of gluten and celiac-related science that will enrich health care professionals and the health-minded community."
—Richard J. Deckelbaum, M.D., F.R.C.P. (C), Division of Pediatric
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and Director,
Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center
"[ _Gluten Exposed_ ] is a model for how to communicate science to the public, an antidote to the breathless hype and simplistic headlines that too often dominate popular scientific discourse. . . . The book offers expert, up-to-date summaries of the scientific consensus (or lack thereof) on gluten, grains, the gut, the microbiome, and theories about how these come together in healthy and unhealthy people."
—Slate
"Written with keen intelligence and a kind heart, _Gluten Exposed_ illuminates what is known and not known, what is believed and what is doubted, what is claimed and what is disputed. This is an essential book for those seeking not only information but also wisdom about a most important and misunderstood condition."
—Jerome Groopman, M.D., Recanati Professor, Harvard Medical School, and coauthor with Dr. Pamela Hartzband of _Your Medical Mind: How to Decide What Is Right for You_
"Serious and comprehensive."
— _Publishers Weekly_
"In _Gluten Exposed,_ Dr. Peter Green, a leader in the care of patients with celiac disease, and science writer Rory Jones explain the illness and how ordinary people can optimize their health. This is a very useful book, and fully digestible!"
—Martin J. Blaser, M.D., Director, NYU Human Microbiome Program, and author of _Missing Microbes_
"The demonization of gluten has resulted in claims and counterclaims; profit-making by celebrities, pseudoscientists, and the food industry; and general confusion, even in the scientific community. _Gluten Exposed_ provides simple and digestible understanding in this perplexing debate, helping those with an open mind to better understand the issues and make reasoned, personal decisions about their health. It will contribute significantly to community understanding of the issues around gluten and more."
—Peter Gibson, M.D., Director of Gastroenterology at the Alfred Hospital and Monash University
"Dr. Peter Green is my gluten-free medical go-to. I am constantly learning and benefiting from his passion and pursuit, and we all benefit from his commitment to research when it comes to celiac disease and autoimmune connections."
—Elisabeth Hasselbeck, bestselling author of _The G-Free Diet_ and _Deliciously G-Free_ and creator and founder of NoGii—gluten-free solutions for the entire family
" _Gluten Exposed_ provides detailed but easy-to-read explanations of the science behind celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, and the relevance of gluten to a host of other conditions, from autism and 'brain fog' to diabetes and fibromyalgia. Dr. Green's deep clinical experience comes through on every page. The book provides sensible advice to all who are concerned about the impact of gluten on their bodies. Green and Jones aren't shy about pointing out common myths and misconceptions about gluten, and letting the reader know what is merely speculation rather than fact. The chapter on autism is a case in point. If you're curious about all the hype around gluten, read _Gluten Exposed_."
—Paul Wang, M.D., senior vice president, Autism Speaks
Also by Peter H. R. Green, M.D., And Rory Jones, M.S.
_Celiac Disease: A Hidden Epidemic_
## Copyright
This book contains advice and information relating to health care. It should be used to supplement rather than replace the advice of your doctor or another trained health professional. If you know or suspect you have a health problem, it is recommended that you seek your physician's advice before embarking on any medical program or treatment. All efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of the information contained in this book as of the date of publication. This publisher and the author disclaim liability for any medical outcomes that may occur as a result of applying the methods suggested in this book.
P.S.™ is a trademark of HarperCollins Publishers.
GLUTEN EXPOSED. Copyright © 2016 by Peter H. R. Green, M.D., and Rory Jones, M.S. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Chapter 7 appeared in a different form in _Celiac Disease: A Hidden Epidemic_ (first ed.) by Peter H. R. Green, M.D., and Rory Jones, published by William Morrow, 2006.
A hardcover edition of this book was published in 2016 by William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
FIRST WILLIAM MORROW PAPERBACK EDITION PUBLISHED 2017.
_Illustrations by Thom Graves_
_Cover design by Ariana Grabec-Dingman_
* * *
The Library of Congress has catalogued the hardcover edition as follows:
Names: Green, Peter H. R., author. | Jones, Rory, author.
Title: Gluten exposed : the science behind the hype and how to navigate to a healthy, symptom-free life / Peter H.R. Green, M.D. and Rory Jones, M.S.
Description: First edition. | New York, NY : William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, [2016] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016001185 (print) | LCCN 2016003081 (ebook) | ISBN 9780062394286 (hardback) | ISBN 9780062394293 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Gluten—Health aspects—Popular works. | Gluten-free diet—Popular works. | Celiac disease—Popular works. | Self-care, Health—Popular works. | BISAC: HEALTH & FITNESS / Diets. | HEALTH & FITNESS / Nutrition. | HEALTH & FITNESS / Diseases / General.
Classification: LCC RC862.C44 G744 2016 (print) | LCC RC862.C44 (ebook) | DDC
616.3/99—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016001185
* * *
ISBN 978-0-06-256155-8 (pbk.)
EPUB Edition August 2017 ISBN 978-0-06-239429-3
## About the Publisher
**Australia**
HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd.
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Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au
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www.harpercollins.com
* In order to preserve patient confidentiality we have used first names or pseudonyms throughout.
* Throughout the book we italicize less-familiar words and terms when they first appear and provide a more complete definition in the glossary at the back of the book.
* Or the "nocebo" effect, where believing something will harm you actually causes an adverse reaction to it.
* Reported in an article in the _Wall Street Journal_.
* The term _microbiota_ encompasses the trillions of microbes living in and on the human body; the term _microbiome_ technically means the collective genome of the microbiota. They are often used interchangeably.
* _Missing Microbes,_ Martin J. Blaser, M.D., Henry Holt and Co., 2014, p. 99.
* It is a cousin of the "two-hit" hypothesis of Alfred Knudson, which explained the relationship between the hereditary and nonhereditary, or sporadic, forms of one type of cancer.
* Centers for Disease Control.
* A multidisciplinary task force of 16 physicians from seven countries. Published in _Gut_ in 2013.
* These are "nicknames" for HLA-DQ2 (encoded by alleles DQA1*05 and DQB1*02) and -DQ8 (encoded by DQB1*0302 and DQA1*03).
* Of note: The amount of gluten administered to the children in the study was very low (about 2 to 3 percent of the amount of gluten in a slice of bread).
* The classification of Asperger's syndrome is no longer included in the latest revision of the _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)_ , which is used by professionals as the standard criteria by which to diagnose mental disorders. Children with these symptoms are considered to have high-functioning ASD.
* Claude M. Steele, _Whistling Vivaldi_ (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010).
* The suffix "–ase" is used to form the names of enzymes: lactase breaks down lactose, lipase breaks down lipids or fats, etc.
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|
El-Rufai to doctors: Go on strike, lose your jobs
Posted by News Express | 22 May 2020 | 1,190 times
•Kaduna State governor, Nasir el-Rufai
By LAMI SADIQ, Kaduna
Kaduna State Government has threatened to sack any health worker who fails to show up at their assigned places of work, saying the government will view such action by health workers as having forfeited their employment.
The state government, in response to a strike notice by health workers over the state's deductions of 25 percent from the salaries of all civil servants, said it will not bend to blackmail and instructed that every health worker willing to work is required to sign the register at the Ministry of Health and the health institutions to which they are deployed.
The Congress of Health Workers' Unions and Associations in Kaduna State had given the state government an ultimatum to refund the 25 percent salary cuts from their April and May salaries as well as tasked the government to provide them with Personal Protective Equipment.
The union, in a communique issued within the week warned of strike action should the state government fail to meet its demands.
However, a statement issued by the Special Adviser to the Governor Nasir El-Rufai, on Media and Communication, Muyiwa Adekeye, announced that the state government will not bow to what it described as "naked blackmail" as it will keep its health facilities running and protect staff that are willing to work.
It directed the Ministry of Health to ensure that health facilities run and provide services to the public with the support of willing workers who must be offered every assistance and protection.
"The government noted that it is instructive that the strike action was announced on the same day that many health workers were showing evidence on social media of the N450,000 they had received as April 2020 incentive.
"Government rejects the strike threat and will regard persons who fail to show up at their assigned places of work as having forfeited their employment," it stated.
"Every effort will be made to ensure that health facilities keep functioning, staffed by willing workers who will be guaranteed free and safe access to health facilities.
"Those who are not willing to work are strongly warned against criminal action such as attempts to impede access to workplaces, harass willing workers or to sabotage facilities and equipment," it further stated.
The statement further described as a form of "naked blackmail" the action of health workers to declare a strike action amidst the Covid-19 pandemic stressing that they had based their assumptions on "the mistaken assumption that the state government will reward irresponsible conduct by some health workers with surrender.
"The state government will not be misled into granting health workers a special status amongst public servants."
It stated that the consequences of concessions made along such lines by previous governments have created a sense that "some public servants are more precious than others."
It added that, "government will not be browbeaten by strike action into excluding health workers from the sacrifices being made by other public servants who are donating 25 percent of their salary to fund the provision of palliatives for low-income, poor and vulnerable persons that are impacted by the lockdown."
The governor clarified that the salary deductions introduced in April 2020 apply to everyone who works for the state government from the governor to the most junior civil servant with take-home pay of more than N50, 000 monthly, stressing that it does not favour or discriminate against any professional group in the public service.
Daily Trust reports that the Kaduna State Government has from April commenced the payment of daily incentives of between N5, 000 and N15, 000 to frontline health workers in the state as well as a monthly incentive of 10% of net pay for other health workers in public hospitals and primary health centres.
The government has also provided them with additional insurance coverage for death and disability to the tune of N5 million for death and N2.5 million for disability while Covid-19 infection cover of N100, 000 for 10 days. (Text, excluding headline, courtesy of Daily Trust)
Source: News Express
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|
Some advanced turbocharged four-cylinder engines are delivering more horsepower than big V-8s did just a few years ago – and they get great gas mileage. But these benefits come with the cost of strictly adhering to recommended maintenance schedules – especially oil changes. At Mackert Automotive in Gig Harbor we install quality NAPA replacement parts. Call us at 253.851.3307. To learn more about NAPA AutoCare, visit www.NAPAAutoCare.com. | [
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|
Bring the park into your own back garden this summer with one of our play centres. Guaranteed fun for the whole family. Constructed from high quality plastics and wood, these garden play centres are sourced from leading suppliers including plum and Little Tikes, so you can be sure that your kids will reap many years for outdoor enjoyment. Our play centres include various combinations of slides, swings and climbing frames. Some even have built-in playhouses. | [
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|
Sometimes, you have to improvise.
[@794565,nem16] I've never watched cartoons. I didn't watch TV until I was in my 20s.
I have watched the odd thing with my nephews and nieces but that it.
[@44604,Aidolovemostofyourthoughts] Then you probably had a more interesting and experienced childhood. | [
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|
Malta seized Russia-printed banknotes en route to Haftar's forces in eastern Libya
By Libyan Express Published: 2 Nov 2019
20 dinars banknotes. [Photo: Social Media]
Malta has seized a massive shipment of an unofficial Libyan currency believed to have been destined for Khalifa Haftar who is leading an offensive south of Tripoli.
Sources involved in the country's national security sector confirmed to Times of Malta that two 2,000-cubic-foot containers packed full of the recently-introduced currency were discovered at the end of September when the shipment stopped in Malta.
The cash is thought to have originated from a Russian-owned mint, which has been printing money for the unrecognised Libyan government, based in the eastern city of Al-Bayda.
High Council of State decries bias of Arab League, calls for changing location…
Haftar declares "Jihad" against Turkey and calls on Arabs for help
Since 2016, the eastern government has printed billions of Libyan dinars in Russia, a large part of which has been used to bankroll the forces of Khalifa Haftar's so-called LNA and its war efforts.
Security sources familiar with the situation say the cash has been spreading like wildfire and has now become impossible to control.
The seizure of the undisclosed sum of cash by the Maltese authorities, acting on the back of what sources described as "high-level intelligence", has been interpreted by political observers as a move that "will go down well with America but not with Russia".
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BanknotesHaftarLibyaMaltaRussiaTripoli
High Council of State decries bias of Arab League, calls for changing location of its…
Interior Ministry: After Turkey's approval to send troops to Libya, Haftar…
High Council of State welcomes Turkish Parliament's approval to deploy troops… | [
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|
Blue Heaven Lip Bomb comes with 80% Natural ingredients and freshly plucked with Fruits Aroma (Natural Identical) It Nourishes, moisturizes, Protects and heals your chapped n dry lips. Enriched with Canola oil which gives protection of skin proteins and lipids against photo oxidation and free radicals while Shea butter helps in moisturisation and skin barrier recovery.
Easy to handle and carry around, you can just prop this in the side-zipper of your handbag or your vanity kit for easy access. The lip balm can easily glide along your lips to give that smooth and moisture intense feel. It is packed with Shea Butter and Canola Oil, therefore keeping your lips moist and soft. The lip balm container comes in the form of a sphere which has a twist-off top for easy usage. Easy to handle and carry around.
Explore the entire range of Lip Balm available on Nykaa. Shop more Blue Heaven products here.You can browse through the complete world of Blue Heaven Lip Balm . | [
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|
The Government Shutdown Was Ended by Airport Workers
The Federal Government Shutdown Was Ended by Airport Workers
The long federal government shutdown was devastating for thousands of workers, as well as for the people who rely on all the services those workers provide. Our government would still be shut down today if it weren't for the actions of airport workers across the country.
TSA workers and air traffic controllers called in sick as many employees were reporting that they were not able to report to work due to financial limitations, causing major delays at airports across the country. SEIU-USWW LAX Executive Board member Armando Munoz (pictured above) was among the airport workers who spoke out in solidarity on behalf of those who were not getting paid due to the shutdown.
The victory we won through our actions is one example of what is possible when airport workers join together for the things we know are right. When we stand united we are unstoppable. Coming together as a union we have the power to make a brighter future for ourselves and our families.
SEIU-USWW airports members, let's keep fighting in 2019 and beyond!
Northen California passenger service workers: click here to fill out a bargaining survey today and be part of our historic fight as we move toward winning a strong contract that unites passenger service workers for stonger standards across employers.
Menzies and Covenant Aviation Security members: be part of the fight as we move toward winning a strong contract for ourselves and our families in 2019.
LAX workers: Stay tuned for more information on upcoming events to build power for LAX workers and fight back against the ongoing attacks on our standards.
How Air Traffic Controllers Helped End the Shutdown — and Changed History
10 Percent of TSA Workers Call in Sick as Government Shutdown Drags On
The Government Shutdown Was Ended by Airport Workers2019-02-072019-02-27http://seiuusww.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/seiu-usww-logo.svgSEIU-USWWhttps://www.seiu-usww.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/armando-supporting-tsa-officers.jpg200px200px
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SEIU-USWW Rejects Trump's Manufactured EmergencyEvents, Political Action | [
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|
Baku Expo Centre will host the 10th Anniversary International Exhibition for Heating, Ventilation, Air- Conditioning, Water Supply, Sanitary, Environmental Technology, Swimming Pool and Renewable Energies, Aquatherm Baku 2017 from October 18 to 21.
An international exhibition of footwear and leather goods SHOESSTAR – Caspian will take place on September 23-25.
From the 18th to the 21st of October Baku Expo Centre will host the Caspian region's major event in the construction field – WorldBuild Baku 2017, the 23rd Azerbaijan International Construction Exhibition, which will mark the beginning of Caspian Construction Week.
Beauty Azerbaijan 2017, the 11-th Azerbaijan International Beauty and Aesthetic Medicine exhibition, country's leading beauty industry event, will take place from 28 - 30 September at Baku Expo Center.
The project #SMM2017 Business Breakfast, organized by ASAN Kadr Career Center of the ASAN Volunteer School, has kicked off in Azerbaijan.
Caspian Event Organizers will open the new exhibition season in Azerbaijan in autumn.
In Azerbaijan the next season of trade and industrial exhibitions starts in September. Iteca Caspian will hold 7 international exhibitions until the end of 2017, where the exhibitors will be able to study the market, attract new partners and benefit from the networking opportunities.
The project #SMM2017 Business breakfast, which is being implemented by the ASAN Kadr Career Center of the ASAN Volunteer School, starts in Azerbaijan.
SPE's 4th annual Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition will return to Baku, Azerbaijan on November 1-3 2017.
Charge your energy and health for the whole weekend.
Giving gifts is a great way to show your friends that you care, but sometimes it can be difficult to find the perfect present. Luckily, with some pointers and intuition, you'll be able to pick out the perfect gift for everyone.
The International Real Estate & Investment Show 2017 (IREIS) is the one-stop shop for real estate investment opportunities across the world.
The sixth annual conference IDC Day 2017 under the motto: "Towards a Digital Transformation" was held in Baku Bulvar Hotel on June 6.
Over 30 franchise brands will be presented at the First International Franchise Exhibition BUYBRAND Transcaucasia, which will take place on June 2-3 in Tbilisi, Georgia.
Azerbaijan hosts a congress of the European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations (EFPSA) for the first time.
Wowoman, women's personal and professional development platform, invites women to join a project- "WoWenture".
The 4th edition of DOMOTEX Turkey will run on May 22-25, 2017 in Gaziantep at the center of carpet.
Azerbaijan will host congress of the European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations(EFPSA) for the first time.
Francophonie Weeks, featuring cultural creativity and diversity of francophone countries, started in Baku on March 30.
The 2017 USACC Annual Conference concluded with a high-level formal reception organized in partnership with Embassy of Azerbaijan at the historic Willard InterContinental hotel.
United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC) has successfully concluded its annual conference at the historic Willard InterContinental Hotel in Washington, DC on March 1-2, 2017 with the support of Embassy of Azerbaijan. | [
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|
This week's trailer is from a great little bit of eighties dark fantasy called Something Wicked This Way Comes.
I actually saw this in grade school if you can believe that. Come to think of it, I got to watch an unusual amount of cool films during my public school career, including Animal Farm, Lord of the Flies, Romeo & Juliet (the one with Olivia Hussey years before I would see her in the classic horror Black Christmas) and The Dark Crystal.
Needless to say, I aced all those assignments. I wonder if that was the curriculum, or the teacher that made those screenings happen. Guess I'll never know. | [
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|
The Semantic Abyss - Plumbing the Semantic Web: What's my name? Who am I?
They seem like such simple, obvious questions: What's your name? Who are you? In the "real" world the answers are easy, and online casually they are also easy, but in a hard-core semantic sense, boy are they tough problems. Sure, there is no problem if all you are using a name for is a text label or where the context provides qualifying information, but in a general, abstract sense names and identities are very hard problems.
So, what is my name?
Casually, as you see at the bottom of my blog posts, I am Jack Krupansky. Simple enough.
But... Jack is just my nick name and not suitable for any legal documents. My driver's license and bills and credit cards and financial accounts all have my legal first name, John. So, I am "really" John Krupansky.
Actually, I almost never use John Krupansky. In formal, legal contexts, including my driver's license, bills, voter registration, etc., I always use my middle initial: W. So, legally I refer to myself as John W. Krupansky, with the period.
Actually, my driver's license says: KRUPANSKY, JOHN W, without the period.
And my credit cards say JOHN W KRUPANSKY, also without the period.
Please note that "J. Krupansky", "J Krupansky" and "J KRUPANSKY" are not necessarily my name. In some contexts the "J" is really an abbreviation for Judge. There are only two examples I know of, but they are (were) real: Judge Robert Brazil Krupansky and Judge Blanche Krupansky. They are not relatives as far as I know. They might be distant relatives, but that is not known.
Did I say that John Krupansky is my name? Well, yes, but it is not only my name. A Web search shows that there are at least two other people who "have" that name, so I cannot technically claim exclusive ownership. There is a John Krupansky from upstate NY or Kentucky and there is a John Joseph Krupansky out there somewhere.
Almost forgot, there was another John Krupansky, even before I was born, a John F. Krupansky or John Frank Krupansky, my grandfather. That may be part of the reason I became known as "Jack". The rest of the reason was that in first grade of elementary school, there were four John's out of 20 kids.
As far as I know, there are no other John W. Krupansky's out there. But, that is not something that we can count on.
You would think that with all of the "intelligence" and horsepower in modern computers that all of these variations could be sorted out with no effort required on our part, but that is not the case. Sure, various pieces of software do have varying degrees of smarts for dealing with names, but the emphasis is on varying.
As far as I know, the Semantic Web and the various Semantic Web technologies as well as the various prototype semantic search engines do not even offer a proposed solution to this problem of mapping an informal textual name reference to a specific identity. In theory, on the Semantic Web there should be a specific concept or URI for each of us Johns or Krupansky, J., for each of our identities. In fact, the situation is so complex that even Google does not offer a name search capability that is able to deal with the simple variations I have detailed here.
Oops, I forgot another variation, back in Europe, there was an accent on the y of Krupansky and you can even use Google to find some of those European Krupansky's. Semantic search needs to be able to handle both the accented and unaccented forms as well as an option for whether to require the accents to match.
The good news, for me personally, is that it does not appear that there is any other Jack Krupansky out there, at least right now.
Oh, and who is Jack Krupanski? Well, it's actually me, but spelled wrong. What computer software knows that?
To some people I am Mr. John Krupansky. Is the Mr. part of my name? Good question.
Almost forgot... there are also people out there who insist that my name is jack krupansky without any capitals. In general, capitalization does not matter, but it can matter when text is being parsed to be indexed and software is attempting to recognize names.
Ultimately, each person needs to have a unique URI that represents their identity.
That identity needs to include all of the name components, such as first name, middle name, last name, suffix, title, nick name, etc. as attributes.
Each of the various forms of your name needs to have its own URI. That should include misspellings, for example, Jack Krupanski. That also includes variations in titles and suffixes.
There should be RDF for many-to-many mappings between the various identities for each name form and the potential identities that share that name form, so that given a name form the possible identities can be examined and given an identity the possible name forms can be examined.
Whether in a UI or an API, given a name form, it should be possible to examine the various name forms that might be equivalent.
Have the concept of preferred name form. But there could be multiple preferred forms, such as nick name vs. legal name.
Back to the headline question, for any legal context I always use John W. Krupansky. But, sometimes, I actually run into a form that does not request a middle initial, so then I am John Krupansky. Even then, legal contexts tend to include one or more of social security number, drivers license state and number, and residential address. Still, it feels odd using a form of name that I know is not unique.
In non-legal contexts, such as random social networking web sites, I almost always use Jack Krupansky. I do the same for business cards as well, although I have thought of switching to using my legal first name on business cards.
My resume has John William Krupansky plus Jack Krupansky and happens to use John W. Krupansky in the copyright notice.
The other answer to the question is that I respond by asking what field format you need my name in (and whether it is for a "legal" context.) Actually, I usually respond with Jack Krupansky and then optionally revise to John if it becomes clear that it is a legal context.
In any case, I am dubious when I run into a single field such as name, author, or creator that doesn't seem to care what form a name is in. That is fine for famous names, but for everybody else it is a recipe for confusion. The solution is to require the identity URI for the person and to have a convenient UI for looking up names.
If it was up to me, I would bad simple text name fields. Or maybe not ban them but require a validation rule that checks for uniqueness and then automatically maps to the true identity. | [
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|
W3zoo
7 Best Radio Station WordPress Themes — 2022
Whether you are building a website for an FM or digital broadcast radio station, or want to stream your radio shows exclusively via the internet, the themes featured in this collection will be able to help you quickly launch your new online presence.
Most of these radio station WordPress themes come with built-in audio players that let your audience enjoy your shows uninterrupted as they visit the different pages on your site. They also have templates for uploading your radio station schedule, displaying the details of your hosts, and publishing the archive recordings of past shows.
Some of these themes also have good ecommerce support, making them suitable for selling physical and digital products, such as music files, directly from your radio station website. Event management and promotion features are common too among the best radio station WordPress themes.
1. Onair2
Onair2 is a radio station WordPress theme with a non-stop music player. If you want to promote your radio station online and deliver your music content directly from your website, Onair2 could be the theme that will help you launch your new site. The three demos that you get access to with Onair2 give you a range of well-designed options for your radio station website. Depending on your choice, the homepage of your site could feature a large slider that displays the latest content from your radio station, or any content that you like, including music videos.
One feature that all the Onair2 demos share is the music player that can be used to stream the audio from your radio station or play prerecorded content that you're hosting on your site. The music player is advanced enough to keep the audio playing as your audience visit different pages on your website, providing a constant soundtrack to their user experience. As well as having good support for streaming audio, Onair2 can handle video content just as well.
Downloads – 5,625+
Rating – 4.86/5
Price – $69
2. Music Club
Music Club is a flexible WordPress music theme that works well for radio station websites. Thanks to the two homepage layouts in the Music Club theme package, you get two different options for how the front page of your website will look. Not only that, but as Music Club has a built-in page builder tool, you can easily edit the homepage and other content templates to create your own unique radio station website. However, as the templates of the Music Club theme have been so well designed, there's no need to start editing them if you don't want to.
To help you make your radio station website useful as well as visually appealing, the Music Club theme has its own audio player functionality that lets your visitors listen to your shows via your website. If you'd like to upload recordings of your previous shows or other audio content, Music Club has all the templates you should need to organize these files so that they're easily accessible to your audience.
3. Vice
Vice is a multipurpose music theme that can help you launch a radio station website with WordPress. Whatever type of music you'll be playing on your radio station, there's a good chance that the templates of Vice will be a positive match for you and your audience. The homepage design has a full-width layout that doesn't look like a typical WordPress website design. The menu bar is hidden by default, only revealing itself when a user clicks on its expansion button, while the floating social share icon that's always on display makes it easy for your visitors to share your content with their followers, whenever they feel inspired to do so.
As Vice has a single-page layout, the selection of modules reveals themselves as your audience scroll down the page. Some of these modules include the featured artists or radio show hosts section, the events feed, and the video player. The other modules that make up the Vice theme simplify the process of publishing details of your shows, audio releases, and podcast episodes. You can also use the blog templates to publish the latest news.
4. Chords
Chords has a pre-built website demo that's been designed specifically for creating radio station sites. While you could use Chords for almost any type of music site, it does have a demo that can help you quickly launch a radio station website with WordPress. The full-width layout of the Chords radio station demo lets you upload large images and use them as the background of your homepage. You can then replace the other demo content with your own text, images, and audio files to set up the rest of your website.
As Chords has its own internal music player, you can share the latest recordings from your radio station with the visitors of your website. Using the events tool lets you promote upcoming special shows or other things that are taking place on your radio station or elsewhere, such as offline events like festivals, club nights, and parties.
5. SONIK
SONIK is a music-focused WordPress theme that's well suited to creating radio station websites. Although this theme comes with four website demos, the purpose-built radio station option will be of interest to most readers of this guide. While the other demos work well for DJs, musicians, and rock bands that need a stylish website, the radio station website demo has all the features you're likely to need for this type of project. One of those features is a floating header area that keeps the audio player controls on display at all times.
The schedule section is particularly well-designed, giving you an easy way to display the broadcast times of each show. Thanks to the Ajax loading of the schedule publishing tool, visitors can view the timetables for the different days of the week, without triggering any page loads. This helps create a smooth user experience while visitors are browsing your radio station website.
6. Sounder
Sounder is aimed at internet-based as well as more traditional broadcast radio stations. The design of Sounder will certainly make a big impact on your visitors. Therefore, if you want to grab the attention of your visitors as soon as they arrive at your radio station website, this theme could help. Although, while the three website demos of Sounder all have bright and colorful designs, you can easily adjust the default settings to change the fonts, colors, and other visual properties of your website, all through an intuitive user interface.
Regardless of which of the three Sounder demos you choose, the audio player will be the central feature of your homepage. Depending on which variation of Sounder you opt for, the audio player could be a simple widget with basic controls or a feature-rich module that also displays the details of the current show that's playing and information about the one that's scheduled next.
Downloads – 559+
Rating – 5/5
7. Rare Radio
Rare Radio is a good all-round music WordPress theme with lots of templates and features for radio station sites. The selection of demos that make up the Rare Radio theme covers a range of different types of music websites, including radio station sites. To save time when building your site, choosing one of radio station demos is the most convenient option, as it should provide you with everything you need to get started.
Some of the elements that'll be part of your website if you import one of the demos into your WordPress dashboard are the weekly schedule that makes it easy for your visitors to see when your shows are being broadcast, a panel for displaying the profiles of the radio station hosts, and a module for promoting events such as special radio shows or upcoming parties and club nights. Rare Radio has full ecommerce support too, thanks to the integration with the WooCommerce plugin. Due to this, if you want to sell anything you from your website, you can do so without too much extra work.
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New FIU Forensic Accounting track teaches students to follow the money, one class at a time.
Uncategorized March 16, 2017August 30, 2017 Karen-Janine Cohen
Nevin Shapiro, who once owned a legitimate wholesale grocery distribution business, chose to make money an easier way: by defrauding investors and cooking the books. It meant a 20-year prison sentence for the former Miami Beach resident. Yet for students in Associate Professor Antoinette Smith's introductory class in forensic accounting, Shapiro's crime served as an instructive example of how schemes are perpetrated and how perpetrators are caught.
Shapiro's rise and fall was just one of the cases examined by the 20 students in the first cohort of the School of Accounting's newly launched forensic accounting track, which joins assurance and tax as a specialty for those working on their master's in accounting at Florida International University's College of Business. On the last day of the course, teams of students were presenting their case studies, including that of Shapiro.
"Our team, which we called 'Breaking Fraud,' chose to focus our presentation on Ponzi schemes," said Carolyn Nguyen, part of the group that investigated the Shapiro affair. "We wanted to pick a case that was local and current and the Nevin Shapiro case hit close to home."
Nguyen, who will start as an auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers in the fall, said she's always been interested in forensic accounting. "Something about uncovering fraud excites and motives me," she said. "During my audit class in undergrad, I found myself reading all the fraud cases from the textbook and telling my friends about it."
A perfect Miami fit.
That enthusiasm did not surprise Smith, whose background includes a stint as senior auditor and fraud detector at the U.S. Air Force Audit Agency. Smith, who lead the academic committee that put together the forensic accounting track, knew the specialty was a perfect fit for the university, and for South Florida.
"It's an area that has always fascinated me," she said. "As a practitioner, I served the people by catching someone doing wrong. As a professor, I am educating future forensic accountants and fraud investigators."
Antoinette Smith
It's news to almost no one that South Florida tends to be ground zero for all kinds of underhanded schemes, ranging from identity theft, Medicaid fraud and financial crimes to tax evasions, Ponzi schemes, bankruptcy fraud and even matrimonial fraud. It's a good bet that area employers will find the specialty attractive.
And, said Smith, FIU students have advantages; many are bilingual, or even trilingual, tend to be young, and are eager learners.
The students did more than study cases (which ranged from contemporary fraudsters like Scott Rothstein, to old-time gangsters like Al Capone, who was brought down on tax evasion charges, a not uncommon way to catch criminals). The class had a galaxy of guest speakers, from FBI special agents to accountants working in the field. One especially notable guest speaker was Kelly R. Jackson, special agent in charge in the IRS's Criminal Investigation division.
FIU Associate Professor Antoinette Smith and Forensic Accounting track students.
The group of forensic accounting students will take five specialty classes overall. The next one will be taught by Clinical Associate Professor Kenneth Henry. He is almost guaranteed an enthusiastic class, ready to take the next step.
"I hope one day to become a partner at a public accounting firm," said student David Wilson, who works for the city of Pembroke Pines while attending school. It's key, he said to have people who know how to apply checks and balances. "The big thing is that people in power may tend to abuse it."
Antoinette Smith, Forensic Accounting Track, MACC, Master of Accounting
About Karen-Janine Cohen
View all posts by Karen-Janine Cohen →
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Injustice, race and equity: FIU Business student-driven panel starts an important conversation.
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|
Q: PHP MYSQLI Unable to delete a row of data from database i want to delete a row of data for example userid number 4 when i click on the delete button but nothing happen.It just pop out "Are you sure you want to delete '4undefine" Can someone help?
index.php
<?php
$connection = mysqli_connect("localhost","root","","userdatabase");
mysqli_select_db($connection, "userdatabase");
$sql_query="SELECT * FROM user";
$result_set=mysqli_query($connection,$sql_query);
if(isset($_GET['delete_id']))
{
$sql_query="DELETE FROM user WHERE userid=".$_GET['delete_id'];
mysqli_query($sql_query);
header("Location: $_SERVER[PHP_SELF]");
}
?>
This is the confirmation
<script type="text/javascript">
function delete_id(userid,username,password,email,workplace,role)
{
if(confirm("Are you sure you want to delete '" +userid+username))
{
window.location.href='adminhome.php?delete_id='+userid;
}
}
</script>
<?php
if(mysqli_num_rows($result_set)>0)
{
while($row=mysqli_fetch_row($result_set))
{
$userid = $row[0];
$username = $row[1];
$password = $row[2];
$email = $row[3];
$workplace = $row[4];
$role = $row[5];
?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo $userid; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $username; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $password; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $email; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $workplace; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $role; ?></td>
<td align="center"><a href="javascript:delete_id(<?php echo $row[0]; ?>)"><img src="RemoveUser.png" alt="Delete" /></a></td>
</tr>
<?php
}
}
A: So your first problem is that you've defined your function like this:
function delete_id(userid,username,password,email,workplace,role)
But are calling it like this:
delete_id(<?php echo $row[0]; ?>)
Is it any wonder that username is undefined? Then your syntax is incorrect on your call to mysqli_query(), as pointed out in the comments above. It takes two parameters in the procedural style you're using.
Next thing you need to worry about is what would happen if someone went to http://your.site/adminhome.php?delete_id=4%20or%201=1. I suggest you learn about preventing SQL injections ASAP.
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My name is Christine Atkinson and I was born on the 6th of June 1945 in the county of Durham. Before I converted to Islam Ahmadiyyat I was a Christian.
My mother and father were christened but they weren't practising Christians. My father's side of the family were all Catholics and my mother's side of the family all belonged to the Church of England. It was my Grandmother who spoke to me about God and who also encouraged me to go to Church and Sunday school with her. It was her who really had a strong love for God and who really encouraged me to believe in God through my youth. So I continued to go to Sunday school throughout my childhood.
In my mid twenties, I met and later married, my husband Bilal in a church ceremony. We had our first son Martin who was also christened in Church. So I started to take my son to the Church and Sunday school. I used to also teach in Sunday school. My brother Stephen was my son's Godfather. He was epileptic and he once had an epileptic fit in the Church. The Vicar at the time wanted to move him to the back of the Church out of the way. This upset me greatly because the Vicar thought it was disturbing other people and the Bishop, who was also present, couldn't get on with his duty. After this incident my husband Bilal wouldn't go to the Church with me anymore. That's when he started looking into Islam through his friend Dr Khan. My husband used to go to meet with Dr Khan, but I never met him for a long time. I just carried on going to the Church as normal. But during all this time I constantly had a dream about a white lady.
The dream was that the white lady started at the bottom of my bed and over the years she came nearer and nearer to me (I used to have the same dream constantly) and only appeared to me to be a white glowing shape. I never saw her face but I knew it was a lady. It was always glowing and brilliant white. Eventually over the years it came closer to the side of my bed and bent over me so that it was nose to nose to me. I then became aware that it was actually a face of a man. This really frightened me because all the time that I used to have this dream, I would wake up screaming, as I used to believe it was a sign that I was going to die.
When my husband Bilal decided he wanted to convert to Islam, as I was a Christian and my husband was now a Muslim, so I sat down my son and told him that I can't say that his father's religion is wrong or mine is wrong; therefore if he didn't want to go to church anymore, then he didn't have to. But I stressed that I would like him to continue with his prayers. I started to attend the meetings that Dr Khan used to hold in his converted garage (he had made his garage into a hall) because it was a part of my husband's life and I wanted to be supportive of him. This is how I met Dr Khan's wife, Mrs Sajida Khan. Soon we became good friends and we used to talk about various topics and eventually we started to talk about Islam. After some time Mr and Mrs Khan invited us to go and meet Huzoor (Khalifatul-Masih Rabi) in London.
When I met Huzoor I found out that he was the man who I had been seeing in my dreams. Before I met him I was really nervous because I knew how important a Khalifa was and how people from all over the world used to write to him for prayers and that he was a very busy man. I started to shake before I went into his office. But once I got into his office, I was shocked because he was the man who was in my dreams! I related to him about my dreams. He told me that when the shadow bent over me that was where my heart was and that was God's way of telling me what He wanted to do. He said that he could see I was shocked and that I needed to think about these things. He advised to go away and think about what he had said and that it was up to me now to decide what I was going to do.
Quite some time later we worked out that my dream had started when Huzoor had left Pakistan and come to live in the UK. From the time I told Huzoor about my dream to this very day I never had the same dream again. Whenever I met Huzoor, he always asked me how I was and he took a great interest in what I was doing. He made me feel that he was genuinely concerned about me. He never once asked me whether I had made up my mind about converting to Islam.
Over the years we attended many Question and Answer sessions with Huzoor at the London Mosque and Huzoor always had a warm welcome for us. Huzoor also had a very special bond with the Hartlepool Jama'at calling it a 'pool of hearts'. On one of his visits to Hartlepool, Mrs Khan asked him if he would speak to the ladies. I was invited to join the other ladies and he asked if anyone wanted to ask him a question. So I asked him, "In the Bible Jesus says that the greatest commandment is 'to Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind'. If you are doing this to the best of your ability are you on the right path?" He replied, "yes". After he had left, Mrs Khan told me that when he answered my question with a 'yes', her heart sank because she thought that now I would never convert to Islam. As I said earlier that, God moves in mysterious ways, and I had other dreams.
One dream was that Huzoor was sitting on a throne, even though he was a far distance away from me, I could see his face was glowing. A man came up to me and said that Huzoor will speak to anyone, anywhere, anytime, day or night.
Another dream I had was that Huzoor was laying on his right side in bed and he held the sheet up with his left hand and asked me to get in the bed and lay with him. After these dreams I thought again about what I should do. Dr Khan, Mrs Khan, my husband Bilal and I went to London. We arrived on the Friday evening and after something to eat, we retired for the night. I had a dream that my father was seriously ill in hospital and my mother and brother were by his bedside crying. I was also crying but I told them that I was very sorry and that I had to leave. This was something that I would never have done. The dream upset me so much that I woke up crying. When I went down for breakfast the next day, Mrs Khan asked me what was the matter, as my eyes were red. I told her about my dream. Later that day we went to see Huzoor.
I knew before I had even finished the Holy Qur'an that I was going to convert. When I completed reading the Holy Qur'an I decided to convert. Because Mrs Khan had cancer and by this time, Mrs Khan was too ill to travel to London; Mrs Khan's children accompanied Bilal and myself to London. We went to see Huzoor. It was the 24th of July 1993. That morning Huzoor had been given a proof copy of the new Bai'at form that was now going to be used later that month at the 1st International Bai'at Ceremony at the Jalsa. He said I might as well use that one. He told me that he was not allowed to hold my hand, but Bilal could put his hand on Huzoor's hand and I could put mine on top of Bilal's. When we came out of Huzoor's office, Tayyaba, Mrs Khan's daughter said to me "I don't know whether you realised, but Huzoor was wearing a white suit, as he was in your dream". Because Dr. and Mrs Khan's children were with us, it made me feel as though Dr and Mrs Khan were in the room with us also.
Sometime later I started to learn Arabic by Mrs Khan, when she started to get a little bit better and also her sister in-law Mrs Tahira Sadiqa Nasira, who was also the second wife of the third Khalifa, and was also in England at the time and she also helped me.
When I started to read the translation of the Holy Qur'an I saw that it also mentioned the prophets Adam, Noah, Moses and Jesus and all the prophets I had read in the Bible as a child and throughout my adult life. What also made me very happy was the Holy Qur'an mentioned Jesus as the son of Mary and that he died a natural death and was not taken up into heaven. As a Christian I always found this hard to accept that someone had to be treated cruelly and put on the cross and die so that all my sins could be forgiven. This was a relief for me because I always found this concept hard to believe. So this made me very happy after I converted to Ahmadiyyat to find out that the Holy Qur'an says that Jesus was a prophet and that he died a natural death and that the Promised Messiah said that he was buried in Kashmir, India. Although before converting, I believed that I was on the right path, but after I converted I felt as though I was on a more comfortable path now.
I finished my first reading of the Holy Qur'an on the 31st of May 1995. That year Dr Khan held two of his children's wedding in Hartlepool and Huzoor had come to attend the weddings. I had completed my reading of the Holy Qur'an in Arabic and Mrs Khan asked Huzoor if he would do our Ameen after the wedding. I was very nervous at the time, but Huzoor was very kind to us and afterwards he allowed us to have our photos taken with him. It is one of my most treasured possessions. Even on that day Huzoor was wearing a white suit. So once again a part of my dream had materialised.
When I converted to Ahmadiyyat I made a promise to myself that I would do everything in my power to serve Ahmadiyyat in every way possible. After Mrs Khan passed away, another Pakistani lady become Sadr but after six months we had the elections again and I was made the Sadr and I stayed Sadr for six years. I have been in the Aamala and served in the best way possible. At the moment I am presently the Tabligh Secretary and I am also the Regional monitor for Tabligh. It always my intention when I go out to do Tabligh that I give the true image of Islam rather than the one that the media portrays.
I have also been to Rabwah, Pakistan. I went for two weeks. There was another lady there from Sweden called Mrs Kanta and MTA Rabwah showed us around Rabwah. They showed us Schools, Hospitals and they were very kind to us. I really enjoyed my visit to Rabwah. My initials thought when I got to Rabwah were that how very kind and loving the people over there were. I already knew that the people of the Community were very kind because I knew Dr Khan and other families from the Community that lived in the Hartlepool, but people in Rabwah were just so welcoming and they wanted to tell you so much about the community. They told me how the community had started in Rabwah and the struggles they had to face in the beginning and how devoted they were.
I have also been to Qadian, India where I was privileged to stay in the Promised Messiah's may peace be upon him house. That was a great blessing. We were shown around where he would do all of his writing and the room in which he would pray. To me it was a proof of a miracle because the Promised Messiah had said that 'his message would reach the corners of the world'. Even though now Qadian is quite established and modern to what it used to be in the Promised Messiah's may peace be upon him time, but still compared to the western world it is quite basic. It was a lovely experience for me to go to Qadian. To realise that there was no way that he was lying about his claim because a liar couldn't claim that 'my message will reach the corners of the world' as it has via MTA.
The only thing I knew about Islam was what I had been taught at my school, which was mostly about the crusades. That infidels were killing holy men. That was my basic knowledge about Islam because I didn't really know any Muslims personally. I hadn't come in to contact with any Muslims who could teach me the true Islam. So the first people I did come in contact with were Dr Khan and his wife Mrs Sajida Khan. That was a blessing in itself because they practiced what they preached and preached what they practiced. They followed the teachings of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and the Promised Messiah's teachings and they followed Huzoor's instructions. So this was an excellent way to be introduced into Islam. It's just upsetting to see what the media and the Al-Qaeeda are portraying Islam as. This is presenting a real bad image of Islam. So this doesn't give the west a good image of Islam at all. But overall my first impression of Islam was a good one.
Ahmadiyyat has changed me as a person. One of the biggest changes that it has bought about in my life is that it has made me more at peace with myself. So converting to Ahmadiyyat has been a very big blessing to me. Over the years I have met many nice people and I have attended many Jalsa Salana and I get to meet other converts. I get to hear how they converted and what difficulties they had to face and how God helped them to get through it. I have even spoken to some people who have had dreams in which they have seen the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Ahmadiyyat is just a beautiful and loving community to belong to.
Ahmadiyyat spiritually has made me much stronger in my belief. I've had three tragedies, the first was when Mrs Khan passed away, she was a very good friend to me and I loved her dearly. It just made me a stronger in my belief because I knew I would see her again. The second was when my brother passed away at the young age of thirty-three. My parents found this very difficult to accept this especially my father, who never believed that he would see him again. But for me, having my faith helped me get over that loss. The third was that my mother passed away after being involved in an fatal accident. Because my father was eleven years older than my mother he found it really hard cope without her. My father found it very difficult to accept that his loved ones had gone, but I firmly believe that I am going to see them again in the afterlife.
My family's reaction to my conversion to Islam was neutral. My mother was a very easy-going person she didn't really mind what we done as long as we were happy and we didn't harm anyone. But my father couldn't understand why I had converted. He used to think that my husband had made me convert so he used to ask me whether he did made me convert. I used tell my father that my husband has never made me do anything I didn't want to in all the time we have been married. My son couldn't understand it either and he didn't really want to know anything about Islam – he was very confused. Now he has children of his own. When I met my son's wife she didn't really want to know anything about Islam either and she didn't want any of her future children to know about it. Over the years she has started to ask questions and every now and then we have a conversations about Islam. I am now blessed with two granddaughters and they and their mother have even started to occasionally come to events in the Mosque.
When I converted I told my son that everybody has a soul and that everybody is accountable for his or her own soul and that you have to do what is right for your soul because at the end of the day you are going to be accountable for your own actions on the day of Judgement. Bilal and I pray that one day they will accept the true religion too and we believe that, Insha'Allah they will, together with my granddaughters and their progeny as well.
I know that there is a God and this encourages you to think about your actions. I pray dearly that I can please Him and that I will eventually see Him and be at peace, Amen.
New Ahmadi Forum in Hartlepool 1990.
The meetings were held at Dr Hameed Khan's house and the men and women were separated by a partition. | [
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|
A tale of two New Yorks: pandemic lays bare a city's shocking inequities
Ed Pilkington and Ankita Rao
10 April 2020, 7:05 am ·11-min read
Photograph: David Dee Delgado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
When Sean Petty walked into the emergency room of Jacobi medical center in the Bronx, at the start of his nursing shift on Monday, he was assailed by a catastrophic scene. About 60 people, almost all of them African Americans or Latinos from the surrounding area of New York City, all displaying classic symptoms of Covid-19, were gasping on stretchers everywhere he looked.
"Every nook and cranny of the emergency department was full of patients attached to portable oxygen tanks, people so sick they needed beds. The stretchers filled the room and spilled down the corridors, 10 patients in just one hallway," he said.
The dreadful sounds of sickness filled the room. "It's like a chorus, a cacophony of coughing."
Petty, a pediatric emergency nurse who now spends much of his time caring for adults with coronavirus, could not help envisaging the thousands of contagious micro-droplets being expelled into the air with all that coughing. "I felt like I was walking into a cloud of poison," he said.
Coronavirus has exposed New York's two societies; one rich, one poor
Petty is on the frontline of the frontline: New York City. The metropolis has become the focus of the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, just as in 2001 it became the focus of the worldwide al-Qaida terrorist threat on 9/11.
Day by day, the statistics tell their own grim story. On Tuesday, the New York City death toll overtook that of 9/11 and now stands at 3,602 (2,753 died in the city in the 2001 terrorist attacks). On Wednesday, it was announced that New York had suffered its highest number of fatalities in a 24-hour period – 806 lives snuffed out in just one day.
Even that was almost certainly an undercount, as those New Yorkers who die at home are not being included in the figures.
A worker wearing personal protective equipment, pushes a Covid-19 patient from a specialized bus at the Montefiore medical center Moses Campus in the Bronx borough of New York City on 7 April. Photograph: John Moore/Getty Images
The attack is coming in waves – not just on one sunny morning in September as when the Twin Towers came down, but over days and relentless weeks. There are Ground Zeros dotted throughout the city, like Jacobi, one of 11 major public hospitals that are all now pushed to, and beyond, the limit.
As the crisis thickens, a picture of how the virus is ravaging the city has come into view carrying with it a sobering realization. Coronavirus may not in itself discriminate, but its outcomes certainly do. It has inflicted its terrible toll not so much on New York City, but on the two cities it contains.
"Coronavirus has exposed New York's two societies," Jumaane Williams, the public advocate who acts as the official watchdog for New Yorkers, told the Guardian. "One society was able to run away to the Hamptons or work from home and have food delivered to their door; the other society was deemed 'essential workers' and made to go out to work with no protection."
Different boroughs, even different neighborhoods within each borough, are experiencing coronavirus almost as though it were two different contagions. In wealthier white areas the residential streets are empty; parking spots that are fought over in normal times now stand vacant following an exodus to out-of-town weekend homes or Airbnbs.
We have almost 100% people of color in our emergency room.
Sean Petty
In places like the Bronx – which is 84% black, Latino or mixed race – the sidewalks are still bustling with people making their way into work. There is still a rush hour. "We used to call them 'service workers'," Williams said. "Now they are 'essential workers' and we have left them to fend for themselves."
The public advocate pointed out that 79% of New York's frontline workers – nurses, subway staff, sanitation workers, van drivers, grocery cashiers – are African American or Latino. While those city dwellers who have the luxury to do so are in lockdown in their homes, these communities have no choice but to put themselves in harm's way every day.
If you superimpose a map of where frontline workers live within New York over a map of the 76,876 confirmed cases in the city, the two are virtually identical. In Queens, the most intense concentration of Covid-19 infections are in precisely those neighborhoods with large numbers of essential workers.
One telling detail: at least 41 subway and bus workers have died from coronavirus. A diversity review by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in 2016 found that 55% of its 72,000 employees were black or Latino, and 82% were male – which is also telling as more men than women are dying from the virus.
A Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) driver wears a protective mask while driving a bus in the Bronx, New York, on 2 April. Photograph: David Dee Delgado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
"We put people out there and said you got to go to work, but we didn't give them protective gear or additional testing to keep them safe. It was almost as though these groups were expendable to keep the city moving," Williams said.
This week a tiger tested positive at Bronx Zoo. It generated plenty of headlines, but few media articles made the point that Williams highlighted.
"A tiger tests positive – that's good to know. If we have enough diagnostic test kits for tigers, shouldn't we have enough for our own frontline humans?"
Two miles away from Bronx Zoo, back in the ER of the Jacobi medical center, Sean Petty sees the impact of New York's two societies every day. "We have almost 100% people of color in our emergency room," Petty said.
Related: The devastating impact of Covid-19 in New York
Most of the adult Covid patients he cares for are also wrestling with underlying health conditions that make them far more vulnerable to the disease.
"Our patients are coming in with all of the comorbidities associated with poverty and racism – diabetes, asthma, hypertension. We have patients who are sicker and more likely to die because their lives have been conditioned by these chronic illnesses."
Reliable data has been hard to come by, as both city and state authorities resisted for several weeks releasing official figures on the grounds that the subject of disparities was less important than keeping hospitals afloat. Journalists at the independent not-for-profit news site the City were driven to do their own analysis of NYC department of health data and found that in the Bronx people are dying at twice the rate of New Yorkers as a whole.
On Wednesday, Mayor Bill de Blasio finally caved to pressure and posted preliminary findings that unambiguously underline the racial breakdown of coronavirus's deadly toll. Black and Latino New Yorkers are dying at double the rate of white and Asian New Yorkers, following precisely the public advocate's narrative of two societies.
New York police department officers wear protective masks at the Fordham bus hub in the Bronx on 2 April. Photograph: David Dee Delgado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
"There are clear inequalities, clear disparities in how this disease is affecting the people of our city," De Blasio said.
In recent days Andrew Cuomo, the governor of New York state, has tentatively suggested that the crisis may already have reached its apex and could be plateauing as the curves for new cases, hospitalizations and ICU admissions all show signs of flattening.
'There is no good news story here'
If there are indications that the city may be starting to prevail against the disease, it certainly doesn't feel like that to Sean Petty. When he looks out of the window of the staff room during shift breaks he sees the refrigerated truck lined up to receive the bodies of Covid victims – one of 80 parked outside hospitals around the city.
"There is no good news story here," he said.
Already Jacobi has lost two frontline health workers, an educator in the psychiatric department and a nurse's aide. On top of what he sees as preventable tragedies, Petty said what rattled him most was when a Jacobi emergency room resident aged 27 was admitted into intensive care.
"That was a huge wake-up call for me. To see a 27-year-old person sent to ICU who was working a hundred yards from me, that shook me."
Petty said he has never felt as angry towards the US healthcare system and towards government – the Trump administration as well as city and state leaders – for failing to protect the city's frontline workers. Through his union, the New York State Nurses Association, he has had to fight every step of the way to secure basic personal protective equipment (PPE) to keep him and his colleagues safe.
Nurses hold signs during a demonstration for increased personal protection equipment outside Montefiore hospital in the Bronx on 2 April. Photograph: David Dee Delgado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
As the virus claims more victims, the city is having to think the unthinkable. Rikers Island, the notorious New York jail complex that is fighting its own Covid-19 outbreak and saw the first death of a detainee on Sunday, has been paying prisoners $6 an hour to dig mass graves on a nearby island in the Bronx though recently they switched to contract labourers.
This week a New York city council member revealed in a tweet that has since been deleted that mass burials were being considered in local parks, 10 caskets per grave. He later backtracked and said it was a "contingency plan".
Political leaders, from De Blasio locally, to Cuomo regionally and Donald Trump nationally, have all tried to calm emotions by pointing to high-profile initiatives intended to provide some relief for hospitals pushed to the edge. The Javits Convention Center has been turned into a military-run hospital; the USNS Comfort, a naval hospital ship, is also now docked in the Hudson River.
But so far these headline-grabbing schemes have been full of sound and fury, delivering very little. Between them, the Javits and Comfort have treated just over 100 patients.
A far less glamorous but much more substantial pattern of events is unfolding in the outer boroughs where most Covid victims live, away from the cameras and the political grandstanding. Here doctors and nurses are working far longer hours, at greater pace, than ever before, and with less protective equipment.
Ventilator shortages mean making phone calls across the wards to see if other units can share. Patients are transferred between hospitals when one is running out of space. And health workers who normally wouldn't work in an ER or intensive care have been reassigned to fill the need.
Across the city, the practice of medicine has been turned on its head. A physician working at Bellevue hospital in Manhattan said he tries to see patients from outside the room window to minimize exposure, often guiding them to adjust their oxygen levels themselves.
"We're having to be innovative," he said. "But it's not necessarily comfortable." Dozens of health workers have become sick on his unit, he said, but most have recovered quickly and returned to work.
We're having to be innovative. But it's not necessarily comfortable
A physician at Elmhurst hospital, which like Jacobi is in the thick of the crisis, and treats many low-income and immigrant populations, said he is now having conversations with patients and their families about end-of-life care six or seven times a day, instead of once every two weeks.
"These discussions are intensely personal and very emotional," he said. And now that he can't invite the family into the patient room, or hold the patient's hand, "there's a degree of detachment and depersonalization".
With such heartbreaking conversations now being held across the city, racial disparities continue to distort everything. Uché Blackstock, an urgent care physician, has witnessed the gulf in experiences of the virus in central Brooklyn where she works across several clinics.
When she goes to work at a site in an African American or Latino neighborhood she knows she will be inundated with patients with Covid-like symptoms. In higher-income white neighborhoods the demand for health services has actually declined since the start of the crisis, to the extent that several clinics in these areas have been closed.
"This pandemic is laying bare the inequities that have always existed in New York city," she said. "We don't invest in people, we don't invest in neighborhoods, and this is what we get." | [
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|
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