{"sample_id": "d23a9700-4315-11ed-8073-0242ac110007", "query": "What were the various public releases of the game `The Settlers`? How are they related to each other?", "summary": "Over the course of the past 3 decades, several version of the game have been released in period intervals. The first iteration was released in 1993, followed by 3 more iterations - Settlers II, Settlers III and Settlers IV in 1996, 1998 and 2001 respectively. 2004, 2007 and 2010 saw three more releases - Heritage of Kinds, Rise of an Empire and Paths to a Kingdom. Several spin-offs were also made to the original series of the games. For example, The Settlers II (10th Anniversary) was a remake of The Settlers II. In terms of gameplay, although the main theme behind all the games matched to a large extent, each of them had a different story for the player to follow, independent of the other games in the series.", "support_doc": "8e779008-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "faf8298e-4318-11ed-adc3-0242ac110007", "query": "Can you explain the core idea behind `The Settlers` games? How did the gameplay vary among releases?", "summary": "All the release of the game revolve around the idea of building a city, seeing to its economic growth and real-time strategy to conquer other cities or protect your own city. Some iterations of the game focused more on the strategy aspect while others tilted towards the city-building aspect. Settler releases I and II focused on city-building aspect primarily. However, releases III and IV focused a lot on real-time strategy, combat, building army etc. In subsequent releases, such as Rise of an Empire, Paths to a Kingdom, the focus on military/combat aspects were reduced a lot.", "support_doc": "8e779008-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "3dd44762-4326-11ed-8b23-0242ac110007", "query": "How was the tour of South African football team to South America in 1906? What was the constitution of the team?", "summary": "The South African National team toured South America in 1906. The tour turned out to be a splendid one for the team, with 11 victories and just a single loss, against Argentina Alumni. The team scored a total of 60 goals and conceded just 7. The composition of the team in this tour reflected the existent racial segregation prevelant in the country. The team consisted of all white males, with 7 from South Africa and 8 from England and Scotland.", "support_doc": "8e779256-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "428f7a94-4329-11ed-85db-0242ac110007", "query": "What were the effects of racial apartheid on the participation of South Africa in CAF and FIFA in the mid 20th century?", "summary": "Due to the existent apartheid in South Africa, their participation was cancelled in CAF 1956 (either via prohibition or voluntary withdrawal), CAF 1958 (through prohibition). FIFA banned South Africa from participation in 1961 under the same reasons of apartheid. The existence of racial apartheid in South Africa affected the country's interest towards football to such a large extent that the then president of The Football Association of England, Sir Stanley Rous, felt further ban on football in South Africa would lead to a total collapse of the sport in the country.", "support_doc": "8e779256-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "f13d77ee-43a1-11ed-962a-0242ac110007", "query": "What was Britney Spears' motivation behind her hit album Femme Fatale? How did she accomplish it? How was it received world-wide?", "summary": "Spears was motivated to create a song that people could hum to, vibe with in their day-to-day activities, such as driving, night-outs etc. She wanted a song that people could dance to in clubs, something different from the contemporary works. In order to accomplish this, she infused the song with dance-pop, electropop electronic dance music and synth-pop styles. The album received overwhelming love among the masses, topping the charts in Australia, Canada, Mexico, Russia, South Korea and the United States. The music critics also garnered with the album with favourable reviews, appreciating the production and the dance-pop style. All in all, the motivation behind the album was well motivated.", "support_doc": "8e779508-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "83ff8620-4466-11ed-9359-0242ac110007", "query": "How did TikTok help resurge Britney Spears' Femme Fatale album in 2020?", "summary": "Britney published four singles under the Femme Fatale album. Criminal was the fourth song in the album, which was caught amidst a viral trend in TikTok in 2020. The trend caused Criminal to be one of most streamed songs for her, causing a resurgence of the Femme Fatale album for a short while.", "support_doc": "8e779508-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "66493020-4468-11ed-9de5-0242ac110007", "query": "Does omega-3 fatty acid help reduction in chances of cancer?", "summary": "There is lack of high quality evidence that consumption of omega-3 fatty acids leads to lower chances of cancer. A possible exception is breast cancer, where there is irrefutable evidence on a correlation of decreased chances. However, omega-3 fatty acids are frequently prescribed to patients in advanced stages of cancer to improve appetite, weight and help with quality of life.", "support_doc": "8e779670-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "7f4fa052-446a-11ed-9ece-0242ac110007", "query": "How does omega-3 fatty acid consumption help people in regards to cardiovascular disease?", "summary": "There have been conflicting reports on omega-3 fatty acids helping people prevent fatal cardiovascular events. An analysis in 2018 showed no support in favour of omega-3 consumption while prevention of coronary heart disease, non fatal myocardial infarction etc. However, there have been other studies which show consumption in amount greater than 1 gm daily may prove effective in preventing cardiac death, myocardial infarction etc. A similar trend follows for stroke related deaths too. There have been demographically contained experiments (such as African American populace) which show evidence that consumption of a fish diet (natural source of omega-3) led to protection against cardiac diseases.", "support_doc": "8e779670-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "b194e5c6-446b-11ed-a007-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the 2 Line? What purpose does it serve?", "summary": "2 Line is the official name for East Link Extension, a light rail in the Eastside region of Seattle. It is scheduled to open for public use in 2024 and will serve 10 stations spanning a total of 23 kilometres.", "support_doc": "8e7798f0-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "9fb2c5b8-446f-11ed-ada6-0242ac110007", "query": "How did WSDOT experiment on the floating bridge to judge its ability to support the light rail? What were the outcomes of this experiment? What were the  outcomes of Joint Transportation Committee's probe into the potential issues of running the light rail on the floating bridge?", "summary": "WSDOT conducted a live load test in order to test the floating bridge's capabilities to withstand the load of the light rail. They used 20 metre long flat-bed trucks loaded with concrete weights to simulate the light rail on the bridge. The results from the live load experiment revealed that the floating bridge could be used to support the light rail. WSDOT also suggested a few modification to the bridge in order to support the light rail, deduced from the results of the experiment. The Joint Transport Committee, in 2008, conducted a separate analysis on the floating bridge with the objective to determine the effectiveness of the bridge in supporting the rail. The analysis revealed a total of 23 issues that could arise from such an utilization and suggested several measures to mitigate the issues.", "support_doc": "8e7798f0-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "97837edc-4474-11ed-b5b9-0242ac110007", "query": "What was the genre of songs from the German band Rammstein? How did the band approach their songwriting?", "summary": "Rammstein produced music in a very unique genre at the time. Infact, their debut album led to the coining of the genre - Neue Deutsche Harte. The process that the band followed for their music production was uniform throughout their history - the lead vocalist (Till Lindemann) writing and singing the song, with the rest of the members complementing with instrumental pieces.", "support_doc": "8e779a9e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "76b870de-4476-11ed-882b-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the history behind the name of the band Rammstein?", "summary": "Initially the band was named Rammstein Flugschau inspired by the Ramstein air show disaster. However, as the band gained popularity, Flugschau was dropped from the name and the members deined association of the name to the disaster and instead quoted Rammsteine (giant doorstep type devices on old gates) as the inspiration, which made \"ramming stone\" as the English translation for the name of the band.", "support_doc": "8e779a9e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "56e8c9ba-447c-11ed-8878-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the streetcar transportation system in North America in the 19th century. What were some commonly applied ways to increase profitability of the business?", "summary": "Streetcar business in North America started with horse powered omnibus lines. These were used to provide services to people moving between places that fell within the predefined route of the lines. The streetcar transportation industry gradually evolved to cover 9700 kilometre of track in the United States itself, catering to 188 million passengers per year. The business also spread to Mexico, with streetcars serving passengers in as many as 1000 towns. With the streetcar business growing rapidly, stakeholders were invested in finding ways to extract more profit with as little cost as possible. In order to boost profitability, the wagons were drawn on rails rather than roads, which reduced the resistance - as only rolling friction provided resistance. Additionally, the businesses used mules instead of horses as the former was hypothesized to provide more hours per day than the latter.", "support_doc": "8e779bc0-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "d090cc72-447c-11ed-962e-0242ac110007", "query": "What are streetcar suburbs? How did the streetcar industry facilitate the growth of these suburbs?", "summary": "Streetcars provided for a cheap way of transportation to the people. This led to people being comfortable living in the outskirts of a city and commute to their work daily. Such residential outskirts gradually developed to accommodate the livelihoods of working families and gradually grew into suburban areas termed as streetcar suburbs.", "support_doc": "8e779bc0-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "4c328e1a-4482-11ed-8e8c-0242ac110007", "query": "Where has the East Carolina Pirates football team played its home games?", "summary": "The team has played in 3 stadiums for home games in its history. These included the College Stadium in the main campus and the Dowdy-Ficklen stadium. The  College Stadium was used in the team's early years, from 1949 to 1962. While, the Dowdy-Ficklen stadium has been the go to stadium for home games since 1963, with the exception of 1999.", "support_doc": "8e779ce2-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "419cf5de-4488-11ed-b207-0242ac110007", "query": "What was East Carolina Pirates football team's performance like under coach John Thompson?", "summary": "Thompson replaced Steve Logan as the coach for East Carolina Pirates football team. Although he had a stellar history as a great defensive minded guide for the team, his performance as coach of the Pirates team was below par. Over his tenure of two years, the team gathered only three wins. The bad record led to severe impatience among the fans and the administration finally causing John Thompson to be fired from the position of coach.", "support_doc": "8e779ce2-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "9c1b176c-448c-11ed-a20e-0242ac110007", "query": "How did the Internet affect the Music Industry, specifically the sale of recorded music?", "summary": "With the advent of Internet in the 2000s, widespread digital distribution of music was possible through the Internet. This led to a tremendous distribution of digital music (both legally and illegally ), causing a sharp decline in the purchase of recorded music sales. The trend continued and Apple Inc.'s iTunes Store became the largest retailer of music in the world by 2011.", "support_doc": "8e779e7c-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "12e8f574-448f-11ed-a202-0242ac110007", "query": "How did machine printed sheet music lead to better blending of different musical styles?", "summary": "Prior to machine printed sheet, music was hand written and published, which is an expensive and time taking process. This limited the widespread publication of music. With the advent of machine generated printed music in the 15th century, it was easy to publish musical content frequently and widely. This led to better spread of musical styles, rather than the confined spread in case of hand written publications. Such spread meant that a musician of one style could enjoy the publication from a musician of different style. This enabled musicians to generate content fused with different styles.", "support_doc": "8e779e7c-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "75ddb4e2-4491-11ed-9fe0-0242ac110007", "query": "What is an ideal transformer? Explain how the electrical energy in the primary windings are transferred to the secondary windings in an ideal Transformer.", "summary": "The primary and secondary windings are wound around the transformer core. When a varying current passes through the primary winding, it induces a magnetic flux in the transformer core. This flux, or rather the change in flux, induces electrical energy in the secondary winding. This is electrical energy is transferred from the primary winding to the secondary winding. An ideal transformer assumes that there is now loss of energy while conversions. In an ideal transformer, the entire electrical energy in the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding in a lossless way.", "support_doc": "8e779f58-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "3c9f86fa-4497-11ed-99c2-0242ac110007", "query": "What is leakage flux in a transformer? Why is it undesired?", "summary": "Ideal transformer assumes that the flux generated by one turn of the primary winding links all the turns including the turn that causes it. However, this is not always true in a real transformer. There are flux paths that go outside the winding. This flux in known as leakage flux. An ideal transformer has the voltage in the secondary winding proportional to the voltage in the primary winding. Leakage flux causes deviation from this proportionality, especially under heavy load. Such a behaviour is undesired, which is why leakage flux is also undesired.", "support_doc": "8e779f58-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "0b0b74e2-44a0-11ed-8214-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the North China Craton? Why is it important?", "summary": "The North China Craton is a continental crustal block located in the north eastern part of China. A craton is a part of a continent that is stable, buoyant and rigid. The North China Craton in an ancient one with a long period of stability. It is one the most complete and complex records of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes, which makes it a very important region for geological research.", "support_doc": "8e77a098-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "0601edd0-4533-11ed-a4d7-0242ac110007", "query": "Why does the Eastern Block of the North China Craton experience more earthquakes as compared to the Western Block?", "summary": "The thin mantle root under the Eastern Block is the primary reason for earthquakes in the region. The thin mantle root causes instability by weakening the seismology layer, which lets earthquakes occur in the crust. Comparatively, the mantle root under the Western Block is thick, providing stability and saving the region from earthquakes.", "support_doc": "8e77a098-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "35bc0450-4535-11ed-9526-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the estimated costs for the second phase development of Chennai Metro? How will they be fulfilled?", "summary": "The estimated cost for the second phase development of the Chennai Metro is Rupees sixty three thousand crores. The project is funded by the government and other lending agencies, such as JICA, AIIB, ADB and NDB. Additionally, JICA has already sanctioned a loan amount of Rs. 8877 crores.", "support_doc": "8e77a16a-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "18ff9fd8-4536-11ed-bc42-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the operations of the Chennai Metro. What kind of tracks are used? What are the operational hours? What is the frequency of trains? What are the average and maximum speeds?", "summary": "Chennai Metro uses the standard gauge (56.5 inch) for its operations. Trains are run between the hours of 4:30 AM in the morning to 11 PM at night, with a frequency of one train per 4.5 minutes in peak hours and one train every 15 minutes otherwise. The trains are operated at an average speed of 35 kilometres per hour, touching a maximum speed of 80 kilometres per hour.", "support_doc": "8e77a16a-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "d80ee2c2-453a-11ed-aaac-0242ac110007", "query": "How was John Breckinridge associated with the Civil War?", "summary": "John's first act included refusing to allocate resources for President Lincoln in the fight against Confederacy. Post this, he fled to Confederacy in the fear of his arrest, where he actively participated in the Civil War. He was an active member of the Confederate Army for four years from October 1861 to February 1865. After the war ended on May 10th 1865, Breckinridge escaped to Cuba. He stayed in exile for three years, moving across Cuba, Great Britain and Canada. His exile ended with a formal amnesty from President Andrew Johnson, which let him return to his homeland.", "support_doc": "8e77a304-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "f515daf0-454a-11ed-ba84-0242ac110007", "query": "What were the views of John Breckinridge on slavery?", "summary": "Historians do not agree one particular view that John had on slavery. Some believe that he had a pro slavery view while others believe the opposite. However, the family that Breckinridge was brought up in was a fairly anti-slavery one, with views such as slavery is immoral and a total abolition of slavery is necessary. Breckinridge had a non-traditional view towards slavery, viewing slavery from a constitutional viewpoint rather than a moral one. He argued that slaves are properties and hence, by the constitution, the federal government should not interfere in slavery, citing these as property rights. He declared that slavery is a local and domestic issue and insisted strongly that Congress should not intervene on the matter.", "support_doc": "8e77a304-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "21f692c0-4551-11ed-9195-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the roles and responsibilities of the Meat and Livestock Australia organization?", "summary": "Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) is a regulatory organization in Australia, independent from the government that regulates standards for meats and livestock management. It has multiple roles to uphold, such as manage financials pertaining to the meat and livestock industry, research, marketing etc. It offers marketing strategies to meat producers, government bodies and market analysts.", "support_doc": "8e77a408-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "ca173964-4556-11ed-86dc-0242ac110007", "query": "How has the COVID 19 pandemic affected the M&LA organization?", "summary": "The pandemic has affected Meat & Livestock Australia on multiple fronts. It has affected the revenue of the group, disrupted various initiatives of the group leading to cancellation or indefinite postponement. A usual task of M&LA group - research and data analysis was also interrupted by the pandemic. It was interrupted by the difficulty in collecting data and statistics from the global market in the ongoing pandemic. Due to the constrained access to data, the group could not produce the EYCI metric between March and June 2020. However, as the restrictions were eased, the computation of the metric was possible.", "support_doc": "8e77a408-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "866eba36-455e-11ed-b625-0242ac110007", "query": "Why has the term \"Archaic\" in \"Archaic Greece\" been objected against? Mention some of the notable accomplishments of the archaic period of Greece.", "summary": "It was considered that the archaic period of Greece was historically less important and interesting than the classical period. However, with gradual discoveries, it was understood that a lot of significant events happened during the archaic period of Greece. The period witnessed the advancements of Greek politics, economies, warfare, culture and international relations. Early institutions of democracy were implemented during this period. The period witnessed a structural revolution that helped Greece establish a concrete political map for itself in the world. In light of such significant advancements, scholars argued that using a word such as archaic to qualify the era seems unjust, as the word archaic refers to something outdated and primitive. Such a connotation for the word archaic is what led to the objection of \"Archaic\" in \"Archaic Greece\".", "support_doc": "8e77a520-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "7db25904-4566-11ed-86d8-0242ac110007", "query": "What was the demography like in Archaic Greece?", "summary": "The population of Greece increased significantly during the early stages of the archaic era. Historians attribute this to the shift of climatic conditions in the Mediterranean region, with more of the region getting cooler and wetter. However, with all the growth in population, it was also seen that perinatal and infant mortality were very high. Additionally, it was rare for people to live past the age of 60, with only one in 20 surviving above that age on an average. The proportion of the populace below the age of 18 was estimated to be between two-fifth and two-third. Similarly, it was estimated that less than 1in 4 people were over the age of 40.", "support_doc": "8e77a520-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "287eb5c0-4603-11ed-8efd-0242ac110007", "query": "How was the recording an production of the song Savage done? How long did it take?", "summary": "The engineer stated that the entire process of producing and recording the song was finished within an hour. He describes that the process was quite parallel - as he was producing the music, Megan was writing lyrics to complement the beat of the music. He described that Megan was ready to sing the song as soon as the production and the lyrics were ready. He added by saying that Megan was absolutely brilliant in the recording, completing the whole recording affair in a matter of 10-15 minutes.", "support_doc": "8e77a91c-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "7d2f717a-4605-11ed-a5e3-0242ac110007", "query": "How was the song Savage, by Megan, received by the critics?", "summary": "The song was received with overwhelming appreciation by the critics in the music industry. Some described the song as a \"stand-out track\", while some described it as a\"joyfully conceited\". A Rolling Stone employee. Rob Sheffield, used the song to acclaim that Megan is \"at her absolute peak\" in her career. Salvatore Maicki from The Fader comments that the song checks all the desired boxes - classy, bougie, ratchet, sassy, moody and nasty. Kristin Corry from Vice listed Savage as one of the best songs for March 2020.", "support_doc": "8e77a91c-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "1c736ad2-460d-11ed-b215-0242ac110007", "query": "According to the Nebular Hypothesis, how are stars formed? And how are the planets around the stars formed?", "summary": "Nebular Hypothesis deduces that stars are formed in massive, dense clouds of molecular hydrogen. Due to gravitational instability, the clouds gradually move closer to each other resulting in vigorous rotation and ultimate collapse into a single mass which forms into a start. This complex process results in a protoplanetary disk around the newly formed star which leads to the birth of planets around the star under feasible circumstances. According to the nebular hypothesis, the formation of planets around a star is just a by-product of the formation of the star.", "support_doc": "8e77aaa2-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "0975d76a-460f-11ed-996a-0242ac110007", "query": "What is an accretion disk? How is it different from the protoplanetary disk that exists around a star during its formation?", "summary": "An accretion disk refers to the disk around a cosmological object, like a star or a planet, containing materials that are gradually moving towards the object. In such a disk there is a net flux of mass from a larger radius to a smaller radius, indicating the motion towards the cosmological object. Protoplanetary disk is the one formed around a star during its formation. It is the contents of this disk that lead to the formation of planets. During the process of planets within the protoplanetary disk, giant planets might have their own accretion disk off of which they feed more mass into them.", "support_doc": "8e77aaa2-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "f18cc3a4-4611-11ed-83a3-0242ac110007", "query": "Why was Type theory created? What did it solve and how?", "summary": "Set theory had a foundational paradox, known as the Russel's paradox, revolving around - a set can be defined by using all possible sets including itself. Type theory was introduced/created in order to remove the Russel's paradox. It was Bertrand Russel himself (after whom the paradox is named) who worked on the foundations of Type theory and published these foundations in the Principia Mathematica with Whitehead between 1910 and 1913. Type theory created a hierarchy of type, assigning a type to each mathematical entity. Now, using this hierarchy, an entity is defined entirely by subtypes of the entity's type. This prevented any entity from being defined by itself. ", "support_doc": "8e77ab7e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "8cfc78c6-4616-11ed-99bc-0242ac110007", "query": "Why did the Blood Transfusion Service Board start the anti-D immunoglobulin treatment? How was it delivered to the patients?", "summary": "The treatment was started for pregnant women. A rhesus negative mother birthing a rhesus positive baby could develop anti-bodies that could lead to haemolytic disease in future babies from the mother. In order to prevent this from happening the Blood Transfusion Service Board started the anti-D immunoglobulin treatment for pregnant women. In order to determine whether or not a pregnant woman is a candidate for the treatment, a neo-natal blood test would be carried out to determine compatibility of the rhesus factor of the mother with that of the foetus. If incompatibility is detected, the mother would be injected with an anti-D injection to protect future pregnancies.", "support_doc": "8e77ac6e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "c13839a0-461a-11ed-849d-0242ac110007", "query": "How did the distribution of anti-D injections in 1977 from BTSB led to hepatitis in patients administered with the injection? What was the source of the infection?", "summary": "The BTSB produced anti-D injections by using blood samples from women with a history of pregnancies affected by haemolytic disease. Under the scheme, they siphoned plasma from a woman being treated with plasma exchange in the Coombe Maternity Hospital, during 1976-1977. Later, during one of the cycles of the plasma exchange, it was found that the patient was jaundiced. The doctor diagnosed her with hepatitis and notified the BTSB. However, as the test for hepatitis B turned out negative, her plasma exchange treatment continued along with the usage of her plasma for anti-D injection production. Later on, it was reported that the batches of anti-D injection created from the patient's plasma led to hepatitis in three pregnant women injected with anti-D. This led to the exclusion of the patient's plasma from all production pools.", "support_doc": "8e77ac6e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "468805c2-4620-11ed-8cc7-0242ac110007", "query": "How did the low attendance in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum affect the Los Angeles Chargers and what was the outcome?", "summary": "The attendance for the home games of Los Angeles Chargers was consistently dropping below ten thousand, in a stadium with capacity for more than 100,000 seating capacity. This low enthusiasm led the shift of venue of the championship venue from Los Angeles to the Jeppesen Stadium in Houston. The poor attendance also prompted the shift of Los Angeles Chargers to a different stadium - the Balboa Stadium in San Diego. The team returned to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 2017.", "support_doc": "8e77ad90-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "8dc5be6a-4626-11ed-8d2a-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the events characterizing the formation of the administrative staff (manager and coaches) of the Los Angeles Chargers team in 1959-1960.", "summary": "Barron Hilton obtained the rights to the Los Angeles franchise from the American Football League in 1959. Hilton went on to hire Frank Leahy as the general manager for the team. Leahy was formerly the coach and administrator for Notre Dame. Leahy was tasked with hiring a head coach for the team and a director of personnel to task with signing of new players. After failed attempts to hire Bob McBride and Lou Rymkus, Leahy approached Sid Gillman, who had recently left Los Angeles Rams for the post of head coach. Gillman was finally lured into signing the head coach position for the Los Angeles Chargers. Post this. Gillman hired 4 assistant coaches - Joe Madro, Jack Faulkner, Al Davis and Chuck Noll. This completed the administrative staff for the team.", "support_doc": "8e77ad90-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "20e43f3c-4631-11ed-b1dc-0242ac110007", "query": "Where was Mirai Aileen Nagasu born? What did her parents do? Describe her educational career.", "summary": "Mirai Aileen Nagasu was born in the United States, specifically in Montebello, Los Angeles County, California. However, she was raised in Arcadia, California, where her parents owned a Japanese sushi restaurant named kiyosuzu. Nagasu attended Foothills Middle School and graduated in spring, 2007. Thereafter she started her high schooling at the Arcadia High School in the fall of 2007. She switched to an online high school in 2009 and graduated high school in June 2011. After high schooling, she enrolled in University of Colorado, Colorado Springs (UCCS) in 2015 with courses in the business field. She graduated from UCCS in December 2020.", "support_doc": "8e77aec6-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "1bc9686e-4637-11ed-b659-0242ac110007", "query": "How is Timba related to Salsa and Despelote?", "summary": "Timba, Salsa and Despelote are music genres in Cuba. Timba focuses more on the bass drum, whereas Salsa is totally devoid of one. However, Timba and Salsa have the same tempo range and use the standard conga marcha. Despelote is a similar form of art, to Timba, focusing on a radically sexual and provocative dance style. Despelote is an evolution of Salsa, with larger room for improvisation. As opposed to Salsa, Timba represents a mix of many folkloric styles from a mix of sources. Compared to Salsa, Timba sounds more innovative, experimental and usually more virtuosic.", "support_doc": "8e77afd4-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "4cb8c94c-4646-11ed-86ca-0242ac110007", "query": "How did the Special Period help in the growth of Timba in Cuba?", "summary": "Special Period in Cuba was characterized by economic downfall and hardships for the country due to the dissolution of Soviet Union, the main trading partner for Cuba. In order to stabilize the economy, Cuba opened its tourism industry which led to Timba gaining popularity among the tourists. The tourists frequently enjoyed the danceable beat and the energizing sound of Cuba, which helped Timba grow in popularity.", "support_doc": "8e77afd4-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "7139af8e-46f5-11ed-b169-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the real name of Onew? How did he develop a taste for music and how did it shape his educational career?", "summary": "Onew is the stage name for Lee Jin-ki. His interest in music developed at a very young age, when he started playing the piano. His taste in music influenced his educational career significantly, with Onew earning both his Bachelor's and Master's degree in the field of music. Post his highschooling, Lee joined the Chungwoon University with a major in broadcasting music for his Bachelor's degree. He went on to get a Master's degree from the same university with a major in practical music.", "support_doc": "8e77b0ba-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "e4eda666-46f9-11ed-a554-0242ac110007", "query": "What was the sexual harassment allegation against Lee Jin-ki? How did he get into such an allegation? How did Onew respond?", "summary": "Onew was accused of sexual harassment in August 2017. The allegation stated that Onew was intoxicated and touch the leg of the victim two or three times while attempting to stand up in a duration of 2 hours while she was drinking. Although the victim withdrew the charges citing that such behaviour could happen unintentionally under the influence of alcohol, the case was forwarded to the prosecution as a recommendation for indictment without detention. Onew responded with a letter of apology, after a pause of four months on the issue. The letter received mixed response from the fans, with some suggesting Onew to step down from Shinee.", "support_doc": "8e77b0ba-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "f57a2648-492a-11ed-9a68-0242ac110007", "query": "How do archaeologists trace socio-economic differences in Harappan society? What are the differences that they notice? ", "summary": "Archaeologists trace socio-economic differences in Harappan society in the following ways: Burials and Looking for \u201cluxuries\u201d.  In the Harappan society, the dead were generally laid in pits. In some burial pits the hallowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. Some graves contain pottery and ornaments. In some instances the dead were buried with copper mirrors. Artefacts are divided into two categories \u2013 utilitarian and luxuries. The utilitarian objects are of daily use. These are made of ordinary materials such as stone and clay. These are found in all settlements. Luxury items are found in large settlements of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. These are made of valuable materials like faience. Gold too was rare and precious as all the gold jewellery has been found at Harappan sites.", "support_doc": "f57a254e-492a-11ed-9a68-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "226e66aa-492b-11ed-8f22-0242ac110007", "query": "Would you agree that the drainage system in Harappan cities indicates town planning? Give reasons for your answer.", "summary": "Yes, I agree with that the drainage system in Harappan cities which indicates the town planning. I can cite the following reasons in support of my answer. The drainage system needed a planning for its execution. It seems that first drainages were laid out and then houses were built along with the drains. Every house was supposed to have at least one wall along a street to allow the domestic waste water to flow out in the street drains. The plans of the lower town show that roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. It appears that human settlement was made by planning from the beginning. The city was restricted to a fixed area on the platforms. Bricks, sundried or baked, were of standard ratio. The length and breadth of bricks were of four times and twice the height respectively These bricks were used at all the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.", "support_doc": "226e65d8-492b-11ed-8f22-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d0bd74c0-492c-11ed-ba9c-0242ac110007", "query": "List the materials used to make beads in the Harappan Civilisation. Describe the process by which any one kind of bead was made.", "summary": "Making beads was an important craft of the Harappan people. It was mainly prevalent in Chanhudaro. Materials for making beads included beautiful red coloured stone-like camelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite. Besides these, use of copper, bronze, gold, shell, faience, terracotta or burnt clay was also used.Process of making beads Making of beads differed as per the materials used. Beads had variety*of shapes. They did not make geometrical shapes like one made of harder stones. Nodules were to be chipped for making rough shapes. They were finally flaked into the final form. By firing the yellowish raw material, the red colour of camelian was obtained. Grinding, polishing and drilling constituted the last phase. Chanhudaro, Lothal and Dholavira were famous for specialized drilling.", "support_doc": "d0bd73ee-492c-11ed-ba9c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "001afe68-492d-11ed-a832-0242ac110007", "query": "List the raw materials required for craft production in the Harappan Civilisation and discuss how these might have been obtained.", "summary": "The raw materials required for craft production in the Harappan civilisation was as given below: Stones like camelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite; Metals like copper, bronze and gold, and Shell, faience and terracotta, or burnt clay. The above raw materials might have been obtained as mentioned below: They established settlements such as Nageshwar and Balakot in areas where shell was available. Other places were Shortughai, in far-off Afghanistan, near the best source of lapis lazuli, a blue stone and Lothal near the sources of camelian, steatite and metal. The second way was to send expeditions to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan for copper and south India for gold. The third way to have contact with distant lands. For example, copper was brought from Oman, on the south-eastern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Mesopotamian texts mention contact with Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region. It is likely that communication with Oman, Bahrain or Mesopotamia was by sea.", "support_doc": "001afd96-492d-11ed-a832-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "4cba8b84-4933-11ed-96d3-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss the evidence of craft production in Early Historic cities. In what ways is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities?", "summary": "Widespread and deep excavations in the early historic towns have not been possible due to the fact that these towns are still inhabited. In Harappan Civilisation, we have been fortunate enough that excavations have taken place widespread. Despite this shortcoming, we have found many artefacts in the historic towns. These throw light on the craftsmanship of those days. There are other evidences too, that throw light on the craftsmanship of those days. The salient features of such evidences are as follows: From the sights the fine pottery bowls and dishes have been found. They are glossy too and we call them Northern Black Polished Ware. It looks they were used by the rich people. There have also been evidence of ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels and figurines. There are a wide range of items made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta. The donor inscription tells who all lived in towns in terms of professionals and craftsmen. It included washer men, weaver, scribes, carpenters, goldsmith, ironsmith, etc. It is notable in Harappan towns there are no evidences of iron use. The craftsmen and artisans built their guilds too. They collectively bought raw materials, produced and marketed their products.", "support_doc": "4cba8a94-4933-11ed-96d3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6ba565aa-4933-11ed-90b3-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss the notions of kingship that developed in the post-Mauryan period.", "summary": "In the post-Mauryan age, the idea of kingship got associated with divine theory of state. Now, the monarchs began to talk about divine sanction to rule the people. Kushan rulers propagated the idea of the same at the unprecented scale. They ruled from central Asia to western India. We can discuss the kingship based on the dynasties. Kushan Kings: Kushan Kings called themselves Devputra and hence, godly status. They built great statues of themselves in temples. Gupta Rulers: Second development of kingship is found during Gupta dynasty. It was a period of large-sized states. Such states were dependent on Samantas who sometimes became powerful enough to usurp the power of kings too. Literature, coins and inscriptions helped us in creating history of those days. Very often poets would describe the monarch often to praise them but giving insight into the history and kingship too. A good example is of Harisena who praised Samudragupta, the great Gupta ruler.", "support_doc": "6ba564ce-4933-11ed-90b3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6058c0ba-4939-11ed-a2aa-0242ac110007", "query": "What have been the methods used to study the ruins of Hampi over the last two centuries? In what way do you think they would have complemented the information provided by the priests of the Virupaksha temple?", "summary": "The engineer and antiquarian Colonel Colin Mackenzie brought the ruins of Hampi to light in 1800. He worked for many years in East India Company and prepared the first Survey maps of this site. His earlier information were based on the memories of priest of the Virupaksha temple and shrine of Pampadevi. From 1856 onwards, photographers started to record the pictures of monuments. The picture of the sites helped the scholars to study them. Dozens of inscription were collected from Virupaksha temples and other temples situated around temples. Historians collected information from these sources other sources such as accounts of foreign travellers and literature composed in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit languages used by the historians so that the History of the city could be reconstructed. These functions complemented the information given priests of Virupaksha temple.", "support_doc": "6058bfca-4939-11ed-a2aa-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "bc39d7ac-4939-11ed-b274-0242ac110007", "query": "How were the water requirements of Vijayanagara met?", "summary": "The requirement of water in Vijayanagara was fulfilled from the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This flowed in the north-eastern direction and was surrounded by stunning granite hills. It flowed down to the river Tungabhadra. So the rulers of the Vijayanagara got built large embankments to store water. They also constructed reservoirs of varying sizes. They also make arrangements to store the rainwater as this was the most arid zone of the peninsula. A very large tank was found built in the fifteenth century to store water. The water tank presently known as Kamalapuram tank. The water of this tank was used for several Royal centre purposes.\n(i)The water from the tank was used to irrigate the nearby fields.\n(ii)The water of tank fulfilled the needs of the Royal centre.\n(iii)The Hiriya canal drew water from a dam across the Tungabhadra river which was used for irrigation.", "support_doc": "bc39d69e-4939-11ed-b274-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "3208fbfe-493d-11ed-a6fc-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the process of manuscript production in the Mughal court.", "summary": "Process of manuscript production in the Mughal court included the following: Paper-maker\u2019s responsibility was to prepare the folios of the manuscript. Skill writer, i.e. scribes or calligrapher copied the texts. Guilders, illuminated the pages of the manuscript. Miniature painter illustrated the scene from the text. The book binders gathered the folio and gave it to the original shape of a book.", "support_doc": "3208fb22-493d-11ed-a6fc-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "486fab10-4940-11ed-8059-0242ac110007", "query": "Why was jotedar a powerful figure in many areas of rural Bengal?", "summary": "Jotedars were rich peasants in Bengal. They owned big plots of land sometimes running into thousand of acres of land. They controlled local trade and commerce including the money lending business. They had great influence on the local village population. They were regarded more powerful than the Zamindars even. Following are the main reasons for the high status of Jotedars. The Jotedars controlled trade and commerce including money lending business at the local level.\nIn order to weaken the Zamindars, Jotedars would mobilise ryots not to pay or delay payment towards land revenue. The Jotedars opposed the moves of Zamindars to increase the Jama of a village. The Jotedars lived in villages only. Hence they were in a better position to interact with and influence the peasants. Jotedars were rich and owned big areas of land under cultivation. Many a time they would buy estates of Zamindar. That would be auctioned due to failure to pay up land revenue.", "support_doc": "486faa2a-4940-11ed-8059-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b502a5b6-4940-11ed-aac6-0242ac110007", "query": "How did the Paharias respond to the coming of outsiders?", "summary": "Paharias live in the hills of Rajmahal. The British people began to interact with them and later Santhals began to settle down there. The response of the Paharias was as follows: Paharias resisted the settlement of Santhals initially but had to accommodate them in course of time. The Paharias shifted to deeper areas into the hills. They were confined to more barren and rocky areas of the hills in course of time. The paharias did shifting cultivation. Now shifting cultivation was becoming more and more difficult as proper and stable settlements. As forest began to be cleared, the paharis could not depend on it for livelihood. Thus, the lifestyle and living of Paharias underwent change due to coming of outsiders.", "support_doc": "b502a4bc-4940-11ed-aac6-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "a613c846-494f-11ed-b11c-0242ac110007", "query": "What do the terms \"White\" and \"Black\" Town signify?", "summary": "The White Town was the area where Europeans lived. These areas were separate. They had broad streets, bungalows set amidst large gardens, barracks, parade ground and church. They were safe heaven for the Europeans. For example in Madras Fort St. George was the nucleus of the White Town where most of the Europeans lived. Walls and bastions made this a distinct enclave. The Black Town on the other hand, were meant for Indians \u2013 the Indian agents, middlemen, weavers, artisans and interpreters. In Madras, the Black Town was developed outside the Fort. A Black Town generally resembled traditional Indian town, with living quarters built around its own temple and bazaar. There were narrow lanes and distinct caste-specific neighbourhoods.", "support_doc": "a613c760-494f-11ed-b11c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b59963f2-494f-11ed-a996-0242ac110007", "query": "How did prominent Indian merchants establish themselves in the colonial city?", "summary": "The prominent Indian merchants and traders settled in colonial cities like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. They served as agents or middlemen for the British and lived traditionally built courtyard houses in the Black Town. They centred over large tracts of land in these cities and heavily made investments for the future. They wanted to impress their British masters or colonial ruler or white people living in white towns by giving lavish parties during festivals seasons and built temples to establish their supremacy and prestige in society.", "support_doc": "b59962ee-494f-11ed-a996-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "29778aaa-4951-11ed-9415-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the different colonial architectural styles which can be seen in Bombay city?", "summary": "In the past, buildings were at odds with the traditional Indian buildings. Gradually, Indians too got used to European architecture and made it their own. The British in turn adapted some Indian styles to suit their needs. One example is the bungalow which was used by government officers in Bombay. The colonial bungalow was set on extensive grounds which ensured privacy. The traditional pitched roof and surrounding veranda kept the bungalow cool in summer months. These bungalows can still be seen in the city. Other than that traditional styles of decoration and building exist. The lack of space in the city and crowding led to a type of building unique to Bombay, the chawl.", "support_doc": "297789ba-4951-11ed-9415-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "99bf552a-4953-11ed-a20e-0242ac110007", "query": "How did Mahatma Gandhi seek to identify with the common people?", "summary": " Mahatma Gandhi seeked to identify himself with the common people of India. For this action plan, he began to live in a very simple lifestyle. He wore simple clothes which a poor Indian would wear. He spoke the language of local people. Mahatma Gandhi opposed the caste system and attacked untouchability personally lived with the Harijan. Mahatma Gandhi attached dignity to labour and physical work. He worked on Charkha and cleaned toilets. He attacked the sentiment of the feeling of classifying people into low and high.", "support_doc": "99bf5444-4953-11ed-a20e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "142a36b8-4954-11ed-b0da-0242ac110007", "query": "How was Mahatma Gandhi perceived by the peasants?", "summary": "Mahatma Gandhi was very popular among the peasants and his image was as mentioned below: The peasants considered him as if he had been sent by the King to redress the grievances of the farmers, and that he had the power to overrule all local officials. It was also claimed that Gandhiji\u2019s power was superior to that of the English monarch, and that with his arrival the colonial rulers would go away from the district. There were also rumours that the villagers, who had criticised him, have found their houses mysteriously falling apart or their crops failing. He was called as, \u201cGandhi baba \u2013 Gandhi Maharaj\u201d or \u201cMahatma\u201d. Peasants considered him as a saviour, who would rescue them from high taxes and oppressive officials. It was hoped that Gandhi would restore dignity and autonomy to their lives.\nGandhiji\u2019s appeal among the peasants was enhanced by his ascetic lifestyle, and by his use of the dhoti and the charkha.", "support_doc": "142a35c8-4954-11ed-b0da-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "3095d0a8-4956-11ed-8abf-0242ac110007", "query": "Why did the salt laws become an important issue of struggle?", "summary": "Poorest of poor Indian consume food that has salt as one of its prime ingredient. British government brought tax on salt and making salt indigenously was forbidden. It was to become a big burden on the poor people of India. Some important points regarding salt law are as follows. Salt law was to lead to monopoly of salt production and distribution. It was to fuel prices, and added to this was the tax levied by the government. People were denied access to natural salt and tons of the same were destroyed. Salt law was an attack on the local industry in the villages too. Hence salt law was extremely unpopular and it became an important issue of the struggle.", "support_doc": "3095cfae-4956-11ed-8abf-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "57d841d4-4959-11ed-87c9-0242ac110007", "query": "What did the Muslim League demand through its resolution of 1940?", "summary": "An important resolution was passed by the Muslim League on 23rd March, 1940. This resolution was drafted by Sikandar Hayat Khan, the leader of the Unionist Party and the Punjab Premier. Through this, the Muslim League demanded an autonomy for the Muslim -majority areas of the subcontinent. But in the resolution there was no mention either of the partition of the country or the creation of Pakistan. Sikandar Hayat Khan was opposed to the idea of the formation of Pakistan. He opined of a loose federation with a lot of autonomy for the states.", "support_doc": "57d840e4-4959-11ed-87c9-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0e6f7336-49f0-11ed-95a0-0242ac110007", "query": "What considerations lead people to consider management as an art?", "summary": "Art is the skillful and personal applications of existing knowledge to achieve desired goal.\nManagement is considered an art due to the following reasons- (i) Existence of Theoretical Knowledge :All art subjects are based on theoretical knowledge e.g., written material is available on dancing, time arts, music etc same way there is lot of literature available on management and its branches \u2013 finance, marketing, human resource etc. (ii) Personalised Application :The use of this basic knowledge differs from one individual to the other. Two painters, two dancers or two singers all use their knowledge in their own way. Same way two managers who have acquired the same knowledge may use it in their own different ways to get the work done. (iii) Based on Practice and Creativity : All art is practical. It involves creative practice. The more we practice it better we become at it. It also requires creativity. Same way a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a unique manner. More practice makes him a better manager and he also develops his own style of management.", "support_doc": "0e6f7246-49f0-11ed-95a0-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "38ba3f80-49f6-11ed-a0ae-0242ac110007", "query": "How is the Principle of \u2018Unity of Command\u2019 useful to management?", "summary": "Principle of Unity of Command implies that each and every subordinate should have one and only one boss. Orders and instructions should come from only one head. This helps the working of any organisation in the following manner- (i) Authority responsibility relationship is clearly defined. (ii) Subordinates are known for whom they are accountable. (iii) Discipline and order is maintained.", "support_doc": "38ba3e86-49f6-11ed-a0ae-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "8e100850-49f8-11ed-a9c8-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the Time Study technique of scientific study. How does it help?", "summary": "It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs. There are three objectives achieved through time study.\n(i) Determine the number of workers.\n(ii) Frame suitable incentive schemes.\n(iii) Determines labour costs.\ne.g., if standard time taken to do a piece of work in 20 minutes then one work can be done 3 times in an hour and total 21 times (3\u00d77 hours per day) the work can be done on a single day.", "support_doc": "8e100774-49f8-11ed-a9c8-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b507874e-49f8-11ed-b1f2-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the Motion Study technique of scientific study. How does it help?", "summary": "Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions. On close examination of body motions, e.g., it is possible to find out three types motions\n(i) Motions which are productive.\n(ii) Motions which are incidental.\n(iii) Motions which are unproductive.\nOut of the above, three workers were motivated to eliminate the third type completely and reduce the second one to the minimum. This help in increasing productivity.", "support_doc": "b507865e-49f8-11ed-b1f2-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "de6ebc88-49f8-11ed-82c8-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the Fatigue Study technique of scientific study. How does it help?", "summary": "Fatigue study seeks to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task. A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if he does not take rest while working. The next intervals will heip one to regain stamina and work again with the same efficiency for e.g., in an organisaton working hours are 9 to 5. There is a lunch break of an hour for the workers to take rest similarly in a school there is a break for the students and teachers after 4 periods of continuous learning.", "support_doc": "de6ebb98-49f8-11ed-82c8-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "e0c95f9e-49fb-11ed-b4b3-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss the relevance of Taylor and Fayol\u2019s contribution in the contemporary business environment.", "summary": "Both Fayol and Taylor have given principles of management to improve efficiency in an organisation. Taylor gave us scientific principles of management which are being adopted by all organisations to improve its productivity at the shop floor level, the principles help in giving effective results. In the same manner, Henry Fayol gave in general principles of management which when implemented at any of the levels-top, middle or lower and helps in achieving better co-ordination, remove ambiguity and encourage the employees to improve their work performance.", "support_doc": "e0c95ec2-49fb-11ed-b4b3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "a8d17ac6-49fc-11ed-8bd4-0242ac110007", "query": "Do you think planning can work in a changing environment?", "summary": "Planning may not work in a changing environment. The environment consists of a number of dimensions, economic, political, social, legal and technological dimensions. The organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes. It becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends in the environment. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.", "support_doc": "a8d179ea-49fc-11ed-8bd4-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c28f762a-49fc-11ed-be92-0242ac110007", "query": "If planning involves working out details for the future, why does it not ensure success?", "summary": "Planning does not guarantee success. The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up and implemented. Any plan needs to be translated into action or it becomes meaningless. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. It is not always true that just because a plan has worked before it will work again. This kind of false sense of security may actually lead to failure instead of success.", "support_doc": "c28f753a-49fc-11ed-be92-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "fdf0a36a-49fc-11ed-b483-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is it that organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives despite fool-proof planning?", "summary": "Organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives due to the following reasons\n(i) Planning Leads to Rigidity: In an organisation a well defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved, with in a specific time frame. These plans then decide how the work will progress in the future and managers may not be in a position to change it. This creates a problem as flexibility is very important. Always adhering to the plan may not give us the desired results always.\n(ii)Planning May not Work in a Dynamic Environment: The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant. The business environment is a totality of external forces, where in some changes or the other keep on taking place. Plans decide in advance what has to be done in future. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus there may be obstacles to effective planning.\n(iii) Planning Reduces Creativity: Planning is generally done by the top management. Usually the rest of the members just implements these plans. As a consequence, middle management and other decisions makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own, thus planning in a way reduces creativity since people tend to think along the same lines as others, there is nothing new or innovative.\n(iv) Planning Involves Huge Cost Planning: involves huge cost in their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits derived from the plans.\n(v) Planning is a Time Consuming Process: Sometimes plans to be drawn take up so much of time that there is not much time left for their implementation and the objectives to be achieved.\n(iv) Planning does not Guarantee Success: Any plans needs to be translated into action or it becomes meaningless. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. It is not always true that just because a plan has worked before it will work again.", "support_doc": "fdf0a28e-49fc-11ed-b483-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "19ff1520-4a00-11ed-afa0-0242ac110007", "query": "Is planning actually worth the huge costs involved? How so?", "summary": "Planning involves huge cost, when plans are drawn up huge costs are involved in their formulation. These are in terms of time, money, effort etc. Detailed plans require scientific calculations to ascertain facts and figures. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits derived from the plans. There are a number of incidental costs as well (which are indirect) like expenditures on organising a meeting, consultation fees given to professional experts, market survey etc. But despite the high cost no firm can work without proper planning if used properly.", "support_doc": "19ff143a-4a00-11ed-afa0-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6471329e-4a02-11ed-8c0a-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the steps involved in the process of organising?", "summary": "Organising involves following steps that need to be taken in series\n(i) Identification and Division of Work Organising process begins with identifying and division of total work into small units.\n(ii) Departmentalisation After dividing the work, related and similar jobs are grouped together and put under one department.\n(iii) Assignment of Duties After departmentalisation, the work is assigned according to the ability of individuals.\n(iv) Establishing Reporting Relationship Assigning duties is not enough. Each individual should also know, who he has to take orders and to whom he is accountable. Thus, reporting relationship helps in co-ordination among various departments.", "support_doc": "647131ae-4a02-11ed-8c0a-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "1209995c-4a06-11ed-8917-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the various elements of delegation?", "summary": "The elements of delegation are as follows:\n(i) Authority It refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates and to take action within the scope of his position. The concept of authority arises from the established scalar chain, which links the various job positions and levels of an organisation. It must be noted that authority is restricted by laws and the rules and regulations of the organisations. Authority flows downward.\n(ii) Responsibility Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. It arises from a superior-subordinate relationship because the subordinate is bound to perform the duty assigned to him by his superior. Responsibility flows upward.\n(iii) Accountability Accountability implies being answerable for the final outcome. Once authority has been delegated and responsibility accepted, one cannot deny accountability. It cannot be delegated and flows upwards i.e., a subordinate will be accountable to a superior for satisfactory performance of work.", "support_doc": "12099862-4a06-11ed-8917-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "aa3703f4-4a06-11ed-9d41-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is delegation considered essential for effective organising?", "summary": "Effective delegation leads to the following benefits:\n(i) Effective Management By empowering the employees, the managers are able to function more efficiently as they get more time to concentrate on important matters. This makes the working of all the levels effective and efficient.\n(ii) Employee Development As a result of delegation, employees get more opportunities to utilise their talent and this may give rise to talent abilities in them. It makes them better leaders and decision makers. Delegation empowers the employees by providing them with the chance to use their skills, gain experience and develop themselves for higher positions.\n(iii) Motivation of Employees Delegation helps in developing the talents of the employees. It also has psychological benefits. Responsibility for work builds the self-esteem of an employee and improves his confidence. He feels encouraged and tries to improve his performance further.\n(iv) Facilitation of Growth Delegation helps in the expansion of an organisation by providing a ready workforce to take up leading positions in new ventures. Trained and experienced employees are able to play significant roles in the launch of new projects.\n(v) Basis of Management Hierarchy Delegation of authority establishes superior-subordinate, which are the basis of hierarchy of management. The extent of delegated authority also decides the power that each job position enjoys in the organisation.\n(vi) Better Co-ordination Due to delegation work, duties, power all becomes very clear. This helps to avoid overlapping of duties and duplication of effort as it gives a clear picture of the work being done at various levels. Such clarity in reporting relationships help in developing and maintaining effective coordination amongst the departments, levels and functions of management.", "support_doc": "aa370318-4a06-11ed-9d41-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c6a6f300-4a3d-11ed-9eff-0242ac110007", "query": "Can a large sized organisation be totally centralised or decentralised? If yes, why? If no, why not?", "summary": "No large organisation can not be totally centralised or decentralised. Complete centralisation would imply concentralization of all decision making functions at the apex of the management hierarchy. Such a scenario would obviate the need for a management hierarchy. On the other hand, complete decentralisation would imply the delegation of all decision making functions to the lower level of the hierarchy and this would finish off the need for higher, managerial positions. Both the situations are unrealistic. As an organisation grows in size and complexity, there is a tendency to move towards decentralised decision making. This is because, in large organisations those employees, who are directly and closely involved with certain operations tend to have more knowledge about them than the top management, which may only be indirectly associated with individual operations. Hence, there is a need for balance between these co-existing forces.", "support_doc": "c6a6f21a-4a3d-11ed-9eff-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f4b66054-4a3e-11ed-83ad-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by recruitment? How is it different from selection?", "summary": "Recruitment refers to the process of finding possible candidates for a job. It can be defined as the process of motivating and encouraging people to come and apply for a job in an organisation. Selection is the process of identifying and choosing the best person out of a number of prospective candidates for a job. If recruitment is positive, selection is negative. Recruitment helps in creating a pool of prospective workforce whereas selection helps in finding the best out of them.", "support_doc": "f4b65f6e-4a3e-11ed-83ad-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "081796de-4a41-11ed-872c-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the importance of staffing function in today\u2019s environment?", "summary": "Staffing is considered to be a key function because it deals with human resource, which is regarded as one of the most valuable resource of any organisation. Once an organisation could place the right man at the right job, it is easy to plan, organise, co-ordinate, direct and control the human activities to get the desired results. It helps in discovering and obtaining competent personnel, ensures the continuous survival and growth, helps to ensure optimum utilisation of resources and improves job satisfaction as well.", "support_doc": "081795ee-4a41-11ed-872c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6287c6b0-4a42-11ed-96d6-0242ac110007", "query": "Why are internal sources of recruitment considered to be more economical?", "summary": "Filling of jobs internally is cheaper as compared to getting candidates from external sources because only transfer or promotion has to be done. It does not involve the long process of staffing or selection. It increases the cost in the form of more time, money and efforts in recruiting.", "support_doc": "6287c5b6-4a42-11ed-96d6-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "cca6679e-4a43-11ed-8001-0242ac110007", "query": "What are semantic barriers of communication?", "summary": "While communicating a message, misrepresentation of communication causes misunderstanding on account of use of wrong words lack of vocabulary skills, faulty translations, different interpretations is known as semantic barriers. It is concerned with the problems which arises in the process of encoding and decoding of message into words or impressions. Main causes of semantic barriers are listed below\n(i) Badly expressed message\n(ii) Symbols with different meanings\n(iii) Faulty translations\n(iv) Unclarified assumptions\n(v) Technical jargon\n(vi) Body language and gesture decoding", "support_doc": "cca666b8-4a43-11ed-8001-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d5cc33a0-4a46-11ed-b34b-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss Maslow\u2019s need Hierarchy theory of motivation.", "summary": "Maslow\u2019s need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation Motivation is a psychological term and the needs of an employee plays an important role in motivation. In order to study motivation various researchers developed theories on them. Among them Abraham Maslow\u2019s need Hierarchy theory is considered of worth. As per him, their exists a Hierarchy of five needs these are\n(i) Basic Physiological Needs These needs are most basic in the hierarchy and corresponds to primary needs. Food, clothing shelter are a few examples of this type of need. Basic salary helps to fulfill these needs.\n(ii) Safety/Security Needs When the basic needs satisfied, people start thinking of future. These needs provide security and protection from physical and emotional harm in coming future e.g., job security, pension plans etc.\n(iii) Affiliation/Belonging Need These needs refer to human feeling of belongingness. We all as human beings look forward to being accepted in the society e.g., friendship.\n(iv) Esteem Needs These include factors such as self-respect, autonomous status, attention. An individual wants a respect and recognition from others in this need.\n(v) Self-actualisation Needs It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. The needs include growth self-fulfillment and achievement of goals etc.", "support_doc": "d5cc32ba-4a46-11ed-b34b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "09651126-4a49-11ed-914c-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss the relationship between planning and controlling.", "summary": "Planning and controlling are inseparable, they are twins of management. A system of control pre-supposes the existence of certain standards. These standards of performance which serve as the basis of controlling are provided by planning. Once a plan becomes operational controlling is necessary to monitor the progress, measure it, discover deviations and initiate corrective measures to ensure that events conform to plans. Planning is clearly a pre-requisite for controlling. Controlling cannot be accomplished with planning. With planning there is no pre-determined understanding of the desired performance, planning seeks consistent, integrated and articulated programmes while controlling seeks to compel events to conform to plans.", "support_doc": "0965104a-4a49-11ed-914c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ada946c4-4a50-11ed-bcf1-0242ac110007", "query": "How is human geography related to other social sciences?", "summary": "Human geography attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and the space they occur over. Thus, human geography assumes a highly interdisciplinary nature. It develops close interface with sister disciplines in social sciences in order to understand and explain human elements on the surface of the earth. With the expansion of knowledge, new sub-fields emerge and it has further expanded realm of human geography.", "support_doc": "ada945f2-4a50-11ed-bcf1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "99e45006-4a51-11ed-9a65-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the geographical factors that influence the distribution of population?", "summary": "Availability of water: It is the most important factor of life. People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is readily available. Water is essential in development of agriculture and carrying out day-to-day activities.\nLand forms: People prefer to live in flat plains and gentle slopes as they are favourable for the production of crops and in building roads and industries.\nClimate: People prefer living in areas that do not have extreme climatic conditions that is areas that do not have high diurnal and annual range of temperature and also which have adequate rainfall.\nSoils: Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, areas which have fertile loamy soils, have more people living on them as they can support intensive agriculture.", "support_doc": "99e44f20-4a51-11ed-9a65-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "8b068a66-4a53-11ed-b7bc-0242ac110007", "query": "Discuss the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in the world.", "summary": "There are primarily three factors influencing the distribution and density of population in the world. These are enumerated below:\nGeographical Factors: Geographical traits such as availability of water, land forms, climate and soil affect the distribution and density significantly. Water is essential for development of agriculture and carrying out day to day activities, While land forms characterise the ease of living in a place. Climate influences a lot of factors in the lives of people, such as agriculture, ease of living etc. Similarly, soil influences the lives of people through agriculture. Population would eventually build up in the presence of fertile soil.\nEconomic Factors: Factors such as presence of minerals, industrialization, urbanization etc also play a major role. Presence of minerals eventually leads to mining industries being set up, creating job opportunities, leading to an influx of people to occupy the jobs. Similarly industrialization and urbanization also attract the populace.\nSocial and cultural factors: Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance. In the same way, people tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest. Example; emigration of people from civil war affected areas of Africa. Many a times government offers incentives to people to live in sparsely populated areas.", "support_doc": "8b068980-4a53-11ed-b7bc-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "62ae7938-4a54-11ed-8c97-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the three stages of demographic transition?", "summary": "Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The theory tells us that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as a society progresses from rural, agrarian and illiterate to urban, industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages, which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.\n\nThe first stage has high fertility and high mortality rates because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. Population growth is slow and most people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low; people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries were in this stage.\n\nIn the second stage, fertility remains high in the beginning, but it declines with time. This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition to population is high. This results in population explosion. Eg. Countries like India.\n\nIn the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanized, literate and has high technical know how and deliberately controls the family size. Some countries even face negative growth of population, E.g., many Western European countries.", "support_doc": "62ae785c-4a54-11ed-8c97-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ef42fdc4-4a54-11ed-80f5-0242ac110007", "query": "What is population growth? What does population change indicate for an area?", "summary": "Population growth or population change refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. It is an important indicator of economic development and historical and cultural background of the region.", "support_doc": "ef42fcd4-4a54-11ed-80f5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0ce47ea2-4a55-11ed-99ba-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the components of population change?", "summary": "There are three components of population change: Births, deaths and migration. Population growth occurs not only by increasing birth rate but also due to decreasing death rate. Apart from these the population size is also affected by the movement of people from one place to another in pursuit of better living i.e. migration.", "support_doc": "0ce47dbc-4a55-11ed-99ba-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "5330dfbc-4a56-11ed-b46f-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the significance of age-structure? How does it indicate population composition?", "summary": "Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. This is an important indicator of population composition, since a large size of population in the age group of 15-59 indicates a large working population. A greater proportion of population above 60 years represents an ageing population which requires more expenditure on health care facilities. Similarly high proportion of young population would mean that the region has a high birth rate and the population is youthful.", "support_doc": "5330decc-4a56-11ed-b46f-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "69ff4f20-4a5c-11ed-b17d-0242ac110007", "query": "Why did Malthus believe that catastrophic events like famines and epidemics that cause mass deaths were inevitable?", "summary": "English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus argued that human population tend to grow at a much faster rates than the rate which the means of human subsistence (land, agriculture) can grow.\nHe said population rises in geometric progression whereas agricultural production can only grow in Arithmetic progression. Malthus believed that positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases, was inevitable. These are nature\u2019s way of dealing with the balance between food supply and increasing population. According to him, these natural checks are extremely painful and difficult. Although it helps to achieve a balance between population and subsistence by increasing the death rate.", "support_doc": "69ff4e44-4a5c-11ed-b17d-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0041f9b6-4abb-11ed-add1-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by 'birth rate' and 'death rate'? Explain why the birth rate in relatively slow to fall while the death rate declines much faster.", "summary": "Birth rate and death rate are fundamental concepts in Demography.\nBirth rate: It refers to the total number of births in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any territorial unit during a specific period.\nIt is crude birth rate because it does not include the ratio of bearing age.\nBirth rate can be defined as the number of live births per thousand persons in a year.\nBirth rate gets significantly affected by Age of marriage, infertility, climatic conditions, social condition, religious beliefs and education.\nDeath rate: It is the number of deaths per thousands persons in a year in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any other territorial unit.\nCauses of slow birth rate:\nBirth rate is relatively slow while the death rate can be brought down at much faster rate for the following reasons:\nPublic health measures and medical advancement can control the death rate immediately. Everybody wants good health and wants to live a long life. Because of the love for life everybody adopts all medical and technological measures with high level of motivation.\nBirth rate continues to be high because it is related to attitude, beliefs and values of people. Birth rate is related to religious beliefs and by and large it is socio-cultural phenomena which is significantly slow to change.", "support_doc": "0041f8c6-4abb-11ed-add1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "8257399e-4ac4-11ed-aeb9-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the role of the ideas of separation and hierarchy in the caste system?", "summary": "The caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy. Each caste is different and strictly separated from every other caste on the basis of restrictions. These restrictions are related to marriage, food sharing and social interaction to occupation. Different and separated castes do not have an individual existence. They exist in relation to a larger whole. This societal whole or system is a hierarchical rather than egalitarian system. Each individual caste follows an ordered rank\u2014a particular position in a ladder like arrangement going from highest to lowest. The hierarchical ordering of castes is based on the distinction between purity and pollution. Castes that are considered ritually pure have high status, while those considered less pure or impure have low status. Historians believe that those who were defeated in wars were often assigned low caste status. Castes are not only unequal in ritual terms. They are complementary and non competing groups. It means each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste. Caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as a social division of labour. It allows no mobility.This idea of separation and hierarchy has inculcated discrimination, inequality and prejudices in Indian society.", "support_doc": "825738c2-4ac4-11ed-aeb9-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "1b0f4de8-4ac5-11ed-a912-0242ac110007", "query": "What are some of the rules that the caste system imposes?", "summary": "The most commonly cited rules that the caste system has imposed are as follows: Caste is determined by birth-a child inherits the \u201cbom information\u201d the caste of its parents. One can never change one\u2019s caste, leave it, or choose not to join it. Caste is never a matter of choice. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are \u201cendogamous\u201d i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group. Members of a particular caste have to follow rules about food and food sharing. An individual bom into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary. Caste involves hierarchy of rank and status. Every person has a caste. Every caste has a caste. Every caste has a specified place in the hierarchy of all castes. Castes involve sub-division within themselves. Sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-caste i.e. segmental organisation.", "support_doc": "1b0f4cf8-4ac5-11ed-a912-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "3ac124b2-4ac6-11ed-a711-0242ac110007", "query": "What changes did colonialism bring about in the caste system?", "summary": "The institution of caste underwent major changes during the colonial period. Present status of caste in India is more a product of colonialism than of ancient Indian tradition. The British administrators tried to understand the complexities of caste in an effort to learn how to govern the country efficiently. The most important official effort to collect information on caste was through census. It began in 1860s. The 1901 census under the direction of Herbert Risley was particularly important as it sought to collect information on the social hierarchy of caste i.e. the social order of precedence in particular regions, as to the position of each caste in the rank order. The counting of caste and to officially recording of caste made this institution of caste identity became more rigid in India. The land revenue settlements and laws gave legal recognition to the caste based rights of the upper caste. Large scale irrigation schemes were accompanied by efforts to settle population there, and these also had caste dimension. So colonialism brought about major changes in the institution of caste. In short the Britishers took initiative in following areas:\n(i) Census-to make sure of number and sizes of the castes and sub-castes.\n(ii) To understand the values, beliefs and customs of different sections of society.\n(iii) Land settlement.", "support_doc": "3ac123c2-4ac6-11ed-a711-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "05f1e452-4acf-11ed-9610-0242ac110007", "query": "In what sense has caste become relatively \u2018invisible\u2019 for the urban upper castes? ", "summary": "The changes in the caste system benefited the most were urban middle and upper class. Caste status ensured these groups the necessary economic and educational resources and they took full advantage of the opportunities offered by rapid development. Particularly the upper caste elite were able to benefit from subsidised public education, specially professional education in science, technology, medicine and management. They were also able to take advantages of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after independence. Because of this earlier load over the rest of the society in terms of education ensured a privileged status. For the so called SC and ST and backward castes this change became detrimental. For these the caste became all too visible. They had not inherited educational and social capital and they had to compete with already established upper caste group.They cannot afford to abandon their caste identity.They continue to suffer from discrimination of various kinds.", "support_doc": "05f1e358-4acf-11ed-9610-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "3060770e-4ad3-11ed-9855-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the differences between matriliny and matriarchy? Please explain", "summary": "Matriliny: Societies of Meghalaya Khasi, Jaintia, Garo tribes and societies of Kerala, Nayyar family property inheritance goes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from maternal uncle to Nephew. It means a women inherits property from mother and passes on to her daughter while a man controls his sister\u2019s property and passes on control to his sister\u2019s son. This matriliny generates intense role conflict for men because they are in conflict between their responsibilities to their own house on the one hand and to their wife and children on the other-\u201cShould I pay more attention to my family or my sister\u2019s family.\u201d This role conflict is for woman also. She possesses only token authority, men are the defacto powerholders. Despite matriliny men are the powerholders.\nMatriarchy: In such societies the women exercise authority and play dominant role. Practically it is only a theoretical concept as it never allows the women to have real power of dominance. Realistically it is not existed even in matrilineal families.", "support_doc": "30607628-4ad3-11ed-9855-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "27a4f552-4ad5-11ed-a9ec-0242ac110007", "query": "How does a sociological perspective on markets differ from an economic one?", "summary": "Adam Smith and other thinkers developed the ideas of modem economics. It is based on the idea that the economy can be studied as a separate part of society that operates according to its own laws, leaving out the larger social or political context in which market functions. On the other hand, sociologists have tried to develop an alternative way of studying economic institutions and processes within the larger social frameworks. In this way, sociologists consider markets as social institution which are made in culturally specific ways. Sociologists maintain that economies are socially \u2018embedded\u2019.", "support_doc": "27a4f462-4ad5-11ed-a9ec-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "43fd2d64-4ad5-11ed-8e40-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by the phrase \u2018invisible hand\u2019?", "summary": "According to Adam Smith, every person looks for his own self-interest and in pursuit of this in-tum works for the self-interest of all . In this sense, there seems to be an unseen force at work that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for the society. This unseen force was called the 'invisible hand'.", "support_doc": "43fd2c6a-4ad5-11ed-8e40-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "a25d0b14-4ad9-11ed-8d89-0242ac110007", "query": "In what ways is a market\u2014such as a weekly village market\u2014a social institution?", "summary": "Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell their goods. In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.", "support_doc": "a25d0a24-4ad9-11ed-8d89-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d036e06c-4adb-11ed-993e-0242ac110007", "query": "How do caste and kin networks contribute to the success of a business?", "summary": "In the precolonial period on wards, India had an extensive trading connection, not only within the country but also outside. These trading connections were made by merchant groups who did extensive internal and external trades and mostly they were organized as a community based on their same caste or kinship and they did business on the basis of trust, loyalty and understanding that prevailed within their community. An interesting illustration of the use of traditional joint family structure and kinship and caste networks to build their business can be seen in banking and trading activities of Chettiars of Tamil Nadu. They controlled trade and banking all over south-east Asia and Ceylon (new Sri Lanka) in the 19th century and operate as joint family business. This is typical patriarchal structure of joint family but they used trust, unity and goodwill of kinship to build their connection. This gives its idea that Indians had their indigenous version of capitalism, when they ran business for profit, which was centres around caste and kinship.", "support_doc": "d036df86-4adb-11ed-993e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "8b6f5c24-4adc-11ed-82e7-0242ac110007", "query": "In what ways did the Indian economy change after the coming of colonialism?", "summary": "The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. Cheap manufactured textiles from England completely destroyed the handloom industry and made the weavers jobless. In the colonial era, India began to be more fully linked to the world capitalist economy. Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market. After colonialism, India became a source of raw materials and agriculture products and a consumer of manufactured goods, both largely for the benefit of industrialising England. But rather than completely overturning the existing economic institutions, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic . opportunities provided by colonialism. A good example of this process is provided by Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best\u2014known business community in India.", "support_doc": "8b6f5b34-4adc-11ed-82e7-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "27ff83ba-4ade-11ed-a715-0242ac110007", "query": "What do you understand by commoditisation?", "summary": "Commoditisation occurs when things that were earlier not traded in the market become commodities.\nFor example:\n1. Labours or skills have become things that can be bought and sold.\n2. Sale of human organs, such as kidneys by poor to cater to rich patients to earii money.\n3. Traditionally, marriages were arranged by families but now professional marriage bureaus and websites help people to find brides and grooms and take a proper fees. Earlier rituals and ceremonies were planned out by elders in the family but now it is given as a contract to marriage planners to plan out the entire ceremony.\n4. In earlier times, people could not have even thought that any one could sell drinking water or charge money for it. But today, we buy bottled water as a normal commodity i.e. a commodity we can buy and sell.", "support_doc": "27ff82ac-4ade-11ed-a715-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "471e4268-4ade-11ed-83f0-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by a `status symbol`?", "summary": "Max Weber, coined the term status symbol to describe the relationship between the goods that people buy as per their social status, i.e., the goods they buy and use are closely related to their status in the society.\nFor example - Brand of cell phones or model of cars are important markers of socio-economic status.", "support_doc": "471e4150-4ade-11ed-83f0-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "7d39063a-4ade-11ed-b22c-0242ac110007", "query": "What are some of the processes included under the label \u2018globalisation\u2019?", "summary": "In the era of globalisation the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. Their interconnections are not only economic but also cultural and political.\nThe process of globalisation involves a number of trends, especially the increase in international movement of commodities money, information, people and development in technology.\nThe main feature of globalisation is the increasing extension and integrations of markets around the globe. It means that changes in a market in one part of the globe may have a profound impact somewhere else far away.\nFor example - India\u2019s booming software industry may face a slump if the U.S. economy does badly as happened after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York leading to a loss of business and jobs there.", "support_doc": "7d39055e-4ade-11ed-b22c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "4f3d651c-4ae0-11ed-a5a1-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by `liberalisation`?", "summary": "Liberalisation is the process whereby state control over economic activities are minimised and left to the market forces to decide. In general, it is process of making laws more liberal and loosening of government rules and regulation on capital labour and trade; privatisation of public sector enterprises selling government around companies to private companies, a reduction in tariffs and import duties so that foreign goods can be imported more easily.\nIt includes privatisation of public sector enterprises.\nIt allows easier access for foreign companies to set up industries in India.\nThis is also known as marketisation or market based process to solve economic, social or political problems.", "support_doc": "4f3d6436-4ae0-11ed-a5a1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "cf61aa76-4ae2-11ed-b79c-0242ac110007", "query": "How is social inequality different from the inequality of individual?", "summary": "Individual inequality refers to destructiveness and variations among individuals in their psychological and physical characteristics. Social inequality refers to a social system where some people are getting opportunity to make use of the resources and others are not. Some people are at a higher level in terms of wealth, education, health and status while others are at the lowest level. Social inequality gets manifested in following forms: (i) Social stratification, (ii) Prejudices, (iii) Stereotypes, and (iv) Discrimination.", "support_doc": "cf61a97c-4ae2-11ed-b79c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "e78e8e20-4ae2-11ed-ad0b-0242ac110007", "query": "What are some of the features of social stratification?", "summary": "The key features of social stratification are\n(i) Social stratification is a characteristics of society, not simply a function of individual differences.\nIt is society-wide system that unequally distributes social resources among categories of people.\nFor example: In the most technologically primitive societies-hunting and gathering societies, little was produced, so only rudimentary social stratification could exist.\nIn more technologically advanced societies, where people produce a surplus over and above their basic needs, however, social resources are unequally distributed to various social categories regardless of people\u2019s innate individual abilities.\n(ii) Social stratification persists over generations:\nIt is closely linked to the family and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next. A person\u2019s social position is ascribed, i.e., a child assumes the social position of its parents. Births dictate occupation e.g. a Dalit is likely to \u2018 be confined to traditional occupation such as agricultural labours, scavenging or\nleather work, with little chance of being able to get high paying white-collar or professional work.\nThe ascribed aspect of social inequality is reinforced by the practice of endogamy,\ni.e., marriage is usually restricted to members of the same caste, ruling out the potential for breaking caste line through intercaste marriages.\n(iii) Social stratification is supported by patterns of beliefs and ideology:\nNo system of social stratification is likely to persist over generations unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable. For example, Caste system is justified in terms of the opposition of purity and pollution, with Brahmans designated as the most superior and Dalits as the most inferior by virtue of their birth and occupation.\nNot everyone, thinks of a system of inequality as legitimate. Typically, people with the greatest social privileges express the strongest support, while those who have experienced exploitation and humiliation of being at the bottom of the hierarchy are most likely to challenge it.", "support_doc": "e78e8d26-4ae2-11ed-ad0b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0132727e-4ae3-11ed-acd5-0242ac110007", "query": "How would you distinguish prejudice from other kinds of opinion or belief?", "summary": "Prejudice refers to pre-judgement, i.e., an opinion made in advance. Prejudice refers to pre-thought opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.\nPrejudice may be either positive or negative. A prejudiced person\u2019s pre-thought views r are .generally based on hearsay rather than on direct evidence. This word is generally used for negative pre-judgements.\nOn the other hand, an opinion is a judgment about someone or something, not necessarily based on fact and knowledge.", "support_doc": "0132718e-4ae3-11ed-acd5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ae726354-4ae3-11ed-9193-0242ac110007", "query": "What is social exclusion?", "summary": "Social exclusion is the combined result of deprivation and discrimination that presents individual or groups from participating completely in the economic, social and political life of the society in which they live.Social exclusion is structural i.e., the outcome of social processes and institutions rather than individual action. In this process, the individuals may cut off from total improvement in the broader society.", "support_doc": "ae72626e-4ae3-11ed-9193-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "705d2832-4ae4-11ed-b9ce-0242ac110007", "query": "What is untouchability?", "summary": "Untouchability is a social practice within the caste system in which members of the lowest castes are thought to be ritually impure to such a limit that they cause pollution by mere touch or even sight. Untouchable castes are at the bottom of the hierarchical system. These low castes are excluded from most social institutions.\nIt is an extreme and vicious aspect of the caste system. It uses stringent social and ritual sanctions against members of castes located at the bottom of the purity pollution scale. They are considered to be outside the caste hierarchy.", "support_doc": "705d2738-4ae4-11ed-b9ce-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "dcea7748-4b02-11ed-b4f9-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is reproduction essential for organisms?", "summary": "Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to produce a young one similar to itself. It ensures continuity of a species generation after generation. Reproduction introduces variation in the organisms. Useful variations are essential for adaptation and evolution. Therefore, it is essential for organisms.", "support_doc": "dcea764e-4b02-11ed-b4f9-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "7c8622de-4b03-11ed-a894-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?", "summary": "Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which a single individual is capable of producing offspring. These offspring are not only genetically and morphologically similar to one another but also similar to their parent. Clone is the term given to individuals that are genetically and morphologically similar. Thus the offspring produced by asexual reproduction are called clones.", "support_doc": "7c86220c-4b03-11ed-a894-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ce38fb78-4b04-11ed-8934-0242ac110007", "query": "What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.", "summary": "Vegetative propagation is the formation of new plants from vegetative units. In plants, the units of vegetative propagation are runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb, etc. These are capable of producing new offsprings. These structures are called v vegetative propagules. Modified tuberous roots of sweet potato, tapioca, yam, Dahlia and Tinospora can be propagated vegetatively when planted in soil. Small plants emerging from the buds (called eyes) of the potato tuber, from the rhizomes of banana and ginger are other examples.", "support_doc": "ce38fa6a-4b04-11ed-8934-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "457933ce-4b05-11ed-bc1e-0242ac110007", "query": "Offsprings formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?", "summary": "The offsprings obtained from sexual reproduction have better chances of survival because the genetic material of such organisms are formed from both the parents. Daughter organisms/offsprings show variation that leads to the evolution of species. This statement is always true. The offspring produced due to sexual reproduction adapt better to the changing environmental conditions. Genetic recombination, interaction, etc. during sexual reproduction provide vigour and vitality to the offspring.", "support_doc": "457932f2-4b05-11ed-bc1e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6ed6b160-4b05-11ed-83b3-0242ac110007", "query": "Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?", "summary": "Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity because sexual reproduction results in multiplication and perpetuation of species and also contributes to evolution of species by introducing variation much more faster than asexual reproduction in a particular population. Sexual reproduction enables higher organisms to survive during unfavourable conditions.", "support_doc": "6ed6b066-4b05-11ed-83b3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "baec1e6c-4b16-11ed-b0b2-0242ac110007", "query": "Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages.", "summary": "When fusion of the gametes takes place outside the body of the organisms, it is called external fertilization or external syngamy. The external medium like water is required for this form of fertilization. This form, is found in many aquatic animals like fishes, amphibians, majority of algae.\nIn this, parents release eggs and sperms in the surrounding water, then fertilization and development of offspring occur externally. Disadvantages of external fertilization:\n(i)it can occur only in aquatic medium.\n(ii)a chance factor is involved requiring synchronous release of gametes nearby and absence of turbulence of water.\n(iii)there is no protection to young ones. They are vulnerable to a number of predators.", "support_doc": "baec1d7c-4b16-11ed-b0b2-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0e987c2c-4b17-11ed-8afd-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe the post-fertilization changes in a flower.", "summary": "In sexual reproduction, events that occur after the formation of zygote are called post-fertilization events. In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule. After fertilization the sepals, petals and stamens of the flower wither and fall off. But the pistil remains attached to the plant. The zygote develops into the embryo and the ovules develop into the seed. The ovary develops into die fruit that develops.a thick wall called pericarp which is protective in \u2013 function. After dispersal, seeds germinate under favourable conditions to produce new plants.", "support_doc": "0e987b28-4b17-11ed-8afd-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "459d08e6-4b21-11ed-93c6-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?", "summary": "In majority of flowering plants one of the megaspores is functional while the other three degenerate. Only the functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte or embryo sac. This method of development of embryo sac from a single megaspore is called monosporic development.", "support_doc": "459d07ec-4b21-11ed-93c6-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d3f98088-4b21-11ed-bd2c-0242ac110007", "query": "What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross-pollination occur in deistogamous flowers? Give reasons for your answer", "summary": "Chasmogamous flowers are those flowers which are open with exposed anther and stigma. Cleistogamous flowers are those flowers which do not open at all. In these flowers, the anthers and stigma lie close to each other, when anthers dehisce in the flower buds, the pollen grains come in the contact with stigma to effect pollination. So these flowers are invariably self-pollinated as the flowers remain closed and there is no chance of cross pollen landing on the stigma. Pollination and seed setting are assured even in the absence of pollinators.", "support_doc": "d3f97fa2-4b21-11ed-bd2c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "91cf4a56-4b23-11ed-989d-0242ac110007", "query": "Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.", "summary": "Continued self-pollination decreases the vigour and vitality of a particular race. Thus, flowering plants have developed many devices to discourage self-pollination and to encourage cross-pollination. Dichogamy and self-sterility are.two most common devices that ensure cross-pollination. Dichogamy \u2013 Maturation of anther and stigma at different times in a bisexual flower prevent self-pollination. Self-sterility (or self-incompatibility) \u2013 Due to the presence of self-sterile gene in some flowers, pollen grains do not germinate on the stigma of that flowers. e.g.,- tobacco, potato.", "support_doc": "91cf4966-4b23-11ed-989d-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "30befc42-4b92-11ed-a182-0242ac110007", "query": "What is self-incompatiblility? Why does self-pollination not lead to seed formation in self-incompatible species?", "summary": "If a pistil carrying functional female gametes fails to set seeds following pollination with viable and fertile pollen, capable of bringing about fertilisation in another pistil, the two are said to be incompatible, and the phenomenon is known as sexual incompatibility. Sexual incompatibility may be interspecific (between individuals of different species) or intraspecific (between individuals of the same species). The latter is also called self-incompatibility. Self-incompatibility is a gene-physiological process. Incompatibility reactions are controlled by a single gene, called S-gene, which has several alleles. Pollen grains that possess the S-allele common to any one of the two alleles present in the cells of the pistil, will not be functional on that particular pistil. However, every pollen grain having no common S alleles with pistil would be functional on the pistil of a that plant. As self pollens are unable to fertilise the egg to form pmbryo, hence seeds are not formed in self-incompatible species.", "support_doc": "30befb7a-4b92-11ed-a182-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "15694afa-4b93-11ed-a55b-0242ac110007", "query": "What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?", "summary": "It is the covering of emasculated flowers (removal of anthers in bud condition from a bisexual flower by a bag of butter paper or polythene in their bud condition i.e., before anthesis) to prevent contamination of its stigmas with unwanted pollens. When the stigmas of emasculated flowers mature the bags are removed, stigmas are dusted with pollen grains of desired male . plants by means of a presterilized brush and flowers are rebagged till fruit develop. This technique is mainly used in artificial hybridization. Plant breeders often use this technique to prevent the contamination of stigma of the flowers from unwanted pollen grains.", "support_doc": "15694a00-4b93-11ed-a55b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "228cf2d6-4b93-11ed-815c-0242ac110007", "query": "What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?", "summary": "Removal of stamens or anthers of a bisexual flower without affecting the female reproductive organs is called emasculation. This technique is used in artificial hybridisation. In such crossing experiments it is important to make sure that only the desired pollen grains are used for pollination and the stigma is protected from contamination from unwanted pollens. This is achieved by emasculation and bagging technique. This technique is used to obtain desired variety of seeds.", "support_doc": "228cf1f0-4b93-11ed-815c-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "a73dfb56-4b93-11ed-96f6-0242ac110007", "query": "What is apomixis and what is its importance?", "summary": "Apomixis is a mode of asexual reproduction that produces seeds without fertilization, e.g.- some species of Asteraceae and Grasses. This method is important in hybrid seed industry. Hybrids are extensively cultivated for increasing productivity. But the main drawback is that the hybrid seeds are to be produce every year because the seeds of the hybrid plants da not maintain hybrid characters for longer period due to segregation of characters. This can be avoided if apomixis can be introduced in hybrid seeds. For this reason scientists are trying hard to identify genes for apomixis.", "support_doc": "a73dfa48-4b93-11ed-96f6-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b6537d8c-4b93-11ed-aae5-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is apple called a false fruit? Which Part(s) of the flower forms the fruit?", "summary": "Botanically ripened ovary is called a true fruit. The fruits in which thalamus and other floral parts develop along with the ovary are called false fruits. For example \u2013 apple, strawberry, cashew etc. In apple the main edible portion of the fruit is the fleshy thalamus. Ovary forms the fruit after fertilization or without fertilization in parthenocarpic fruits.", "support_doc": "b6537cc4-4b93-11ed-aae5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "95c549f0-4b99-11ed-a557-0242ac110007", "query": "Explain the Law of Dominance using a monohybrid cross.", "summary": "When two different factors (genes) or a pair of contrasting forms of a character are present in an organism, only one expresses itself in the F, generation and is termed as dominant while the other remains unexpressed and called recessive factors (gene). A tall (TT) true breeding plant is crossed with a dwarf (tt) plant. The character of height is represented by\u2018T\u2019 for tall\u2018t\u2019 for dwarf are the alternate form as character of height. The Fj hybrid \u2018Tt\u2019 is Tall, showing that tall is dominant over dwarf while dwarf remains unexpressed in F, offspring due to phenomenon of dominance by tall factor or gene.In this Tt heterozygous has tall phenotype showing T is dominant over t allele.", "support_doc": "95c5490a-4b99-11ed-a557-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "86f1e950-4b9a-11ed-9099-0242ac110007", "query": "How is sex determined in human beings?", "summary": "Sex determination refers to the mechanisms employed by organisms to produce offsprings that are of two different sexes. The sex of an individual is determined by the genetic information present in the individual\u2019s sex chromosomes. Sex determination in human is done by XY type chromosome. In humans, females have two XX chromosomes and males have two different chromosomes (XY).", "support_doc": "86f1e860-4b9a-11ed-9099-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "fd633dfa-4b9a-11ed-8377-0242ac110007", "query": "What is pedigree analysis? Suggest how such an analysis, can be useful.", "summary": "Pedigree analysis is study of pedigree for the transmission of particular trait and finding the possibility of absence or presence of that trait in homozygous or heterozygous state in a particular individual. Pedigree analysis helps-\n(i) in analysis of transmission of character in family over generation.\n(ii) in genetic counselling of disease like haemophilia.\n(iii) to identify whether a particular genetic disease is due to recessive gene or a dominant gene.\n(iv) to identify the possible origin of the defective gene in the family or in a population.", "support_doc": "fd633d14-4b9a-11ed-8377-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "76f35c68-4b9b-11ed-8899-0242ac110007", "query": "Mention any two autosomal genetic disorders with their symptoms.", "summary": "Sickle cell anaemia : Haemoglobin has less 02 transport, sickle shaped RBCs etc.\nPhenylketonuria : Mental retardation (due to accumulation of phenylalanine in brain), hypopigmentation of skin & hair, eczema etc.", "support_doc": "76f35b64-4b9b-11ed-8899-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "5707a914-4b9f-11ed-ae1b-0242ac110007", "query": "Explain antibiotic, resistance observed in bacteria in light of Darwinian selection theory.", "summary": "According to Darwin, environment selects organisms with favourable variations and these organisms are allowed to survive. When a bacterial population encounters a particular antibiotic, those sensitive to it die. But some bacteria having mutations become resistant to the antibiotic. Such resistant bacteria survive and multiply quickly as the competing bacteria have died. Some the resistance providing genes become widespread and entire bacterial population becomes resistant.", "support_doc": "5707a838-4b9f-11ed-ae1b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6216234a-4ba3-11ed-9ca2-0242ac110007", "query": "Why did the superpowers have military alliances with smaller countries? Give three reasons.", "summary": " Superpowers had military alliances with smaller states who were helpful for them in gaining access to:\n1. Vital resources as oil and minerals.\n2. Territory from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.\n3. Locations from where they could spy on each other.\n4. Economic support to pay their military expenses.", "support_doc": "6216225a-4ba3-11ed-9ca2-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "1eb0797e-4ba4-11ed-bb30-0242ac110007", "query": "The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these development?", "summary": "The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control:\n1. Cuban Missile Crisis engaged both of them (superpowers) in the development of nuclear weapons to influence the world.\n2. US dropped nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the intention to stop Soviet Union from making military and political gains in Asia.\n3. Both the powers were not ready to initiate a war because they knew that destruction from these will not justify any gain for them.\n4. Both the powers were to be rational and responsible being restraint and avoiding risk of another World War to ensure human survival.\n5. Hence, both the superpowers decided to limiting certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons by signing various significant agreements within a decade i.e. Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty etc.", "support_doc": "1eb07884-4ba4-11ed-bb30-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "32596fd0-4ba4-11ed-9f64-0242ac110007", "query": "Sometimes it is said that the Cold War was a simple struggle for power and that ideology had nothing to do with it. Do you agree with this? Give one example to support your position.", "summary": "Yes, the Cold War was a simple struggle for power and that ideology had nothing to do with it because:\n1. The Cold War led to several shooting wars but this did not lead to another World War.\n2. Despite direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62), the Congo (early 1960s), neither alliance system crossed certain limits.\n3. Many lives have been lost in some of the arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan but World War spread a nuclear war or global hostilities.", "support_doc": "32596ee0-4ba4-11ed-9f64-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "189a792e-4ba7-11ed-82a7-0242ac110007", "query": "What was India\u2019s foreign policy towards the US and USSR during the Cold War era? Do you think that this policy helped India\u2019s interests?", "summary": " India\u2019s foreign policy towards the US and USSR was two fold:\n1. Took particular care in staging away from the two alliances.\n2. Raised voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these alliances.\n3. Moreover, India tried to reduce the differences and rivalries between these alliances from escalating into a full scale war.\nYes, this policy served India\u2019s interests also:\n1. Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions that served India\u2019s interests rather than interests of superpowers and its allies.\n2. India maintained a balance between two superpowers as if India felt ignored by one superpower it could tilt towards other superpowers.\n3. Neither the alliance could take India for granted.", "support_doc": "189a782a-4ba7-11ed-82a7-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d771f388-4baf-11ed-aa6e-0242ac110007", "query": "For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?", "summary": "During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the particles, at this period of time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change from one state of matter to the other state.", "support_doc": "d771f27a-4baf-11ed-aa6e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c8752234-4bb3-11ed-9ab5-0242ac110007", "query": "On the basis of Thomson\u2019s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.", "summary": "According to Thomson\u2019s model of an atom, an atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons are embedded in it. The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. So the atom is electrically neutral.", "support_doc": "c875214e-4bb3-11ed-9ab5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "e4f9593e-4bb3-11ed-8029-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson\u2019s model of the atom?", "summary": "According to J.J. Thomson\u2019s model of an atom, the electrons are embedded all over in the positively charged spheres. But experiments done by other scientists showed that protons are present only in the centre of the atom and electrons are distributed around it.", "support_doc": "e4f9584e-4bb3-11ed-8029-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f44dd84c-4bb3-11ed-911d-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the limitations of Rutherford\u2019s model of the atom?", "summary": "According to Rutherford\u2019s model of an atom the electrons are revolving in a circular orbit around the nucleus. Any such particle that revolves would undergo acceleration and radiate energy. The revolving electron would lose its energy and finally fall into the nucleus, the atom would be highly unstable. But we know that atoms are quite stable.", "support_doc": "f44dd748-4bb3-11ed-911d-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0c051bbe-4bbc-11ed-ae6e-0242ac110007", "query": "How is prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?", "summary": "Prokaryotic cell is generally smaller in size (1-10 pm), nuclear region is poorly defined, the cell organelles are not membrane-bound and has a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cell is generally larger in size (5-100 pm), nuclear region is well defined with nuclear membrane. Membrane-bound cell organelles are present and has more than one chromosome.", "support_doc": "0c051ace-4bbc-11ed-ae6e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "75586116-4bc1-11ed-9557-0242ac110007", "query": "Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects a large amount of water at a high velocity.", "summary": "The water that is ejected out from the hose in the forward direction comes out with a large momentum and equal amount of momentum is developed in the hose in the opposite direction and hence the hose is pushed backward. It becomes difficult for a fireman to hold a hose which experiences this large momentum.", "support_doc": "75586008-4bc1-11ed-9557-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "178ae4ee-4ddf-11ed-8037-0242ac110007", "query": "How is our atmosphere different from the atmosphere on Venus and Mars?", "summary": "Our atmosphere contains a mixture of many gases like nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and water vapor (in varying proportion). Whereas the atmosphere on Venus and Mars is mainly comprised of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide constitutes up to 95-97% of the atmosphere on Venus and Mars. It is supposed that due to this reason no life is known to exist on these planets.", "support_doc": "178ae412-4ddf-11ed-8037-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "2d27b020-4ddf-11ed-b760-0242ac110007", "query": "How does the atmosphere act as a blanket for our planet Earth?", "summary": "It is a known fact that, air is a bad conductor of heat and our atmosphere contains mainly the air. Due to this reason, the atmosphere keeps the average temperature of the Earth fairly steady during the day and even during the course of the whole year. The atmosphere prevents the sudden increase in temperature during the daylight hours and during the night, it slows down the escape of heat into outer space.", "support_doc": "2d27af1c-4ddf-11ed-b760-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "93c9673c-4de0-11ed-b600-0242ac110007", "query": "How are clouds formed in the atmosphere of the Earth?", "summary": "The water evaporates due to heating up Of water bodies and other biological activities. The air also heats and rises. On rising, it expands and cools to form tiny droplets. These droplets grow bigger, expand and form clouds. The collection Of dust and other suspended particles facilitate the process.", "support_doc": "93c96656-4de0-11ed-b600-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "e7295054-4de0-11ed-bf5d-0242ac110007", "query": "How do human activities lead to air pollution? What are some of the activities that do so?", "summary": "Human activities that would lead to air pollution are-\n(i) Excessive use and burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum produces different oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. These are not only dangerous to our respiratory system but also leads to acid rain.\n(ii) Incomplete combustion of various fuels forms unburnt carbon particles which lowers the visibility, especially in cold weather when water also condenses Out of air. This is known as smog and is a visible indication Of air pollution.\n(iii) Large usage Of automobiles and improperly tuning of engines leads to the formation of carbon monoxide gas and Other oxides of nitrogen which causes lot of respiratory problems.\n(iv) Forest fires, excessive mining and ore refining, excessive use of chlorofluorocarbons and excessive industrialisation leads to air pollution.", "support_doc": "e7294f6e-4de0-11ed-bf5d-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "81bd953a-4de1-11ed-9aab-0242ac110007", "query": "Why do organisms need water?", "summary": "Organisms need water due to the following\n(i) All cellular processes take place in a water medium.\n(ii) All the reactions that take place within our body and within the cells occur between substances that are dissolved in water.\n(iii) Substances are also transported from one part of the body to the other in a dissolved form.\n(iv) Water makes up about 70% of body weight Of all living organisms.\n(v) It helps in the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients in the blood. Hence, organisms need to maintain the level of water within their bodies in order to stay alive. It helps in maintaining body temperature.", "support_doc": "81bd9436-4de1-11ed-9aab-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "dbc2d29c-4de2-11ed-8c29-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the methods of preventing or reducing soil erosion?", "summary": "The methods of preventing soil erosion are :\n(i) Afforestation : Forests reduce erosion as the roots of trees hold the soil in place.\n(ii) Shelter belts : Trees planted in lines or hedges around farmland reduce erosion by reducing the speed of the wind.\n(iii) Contour ploughing : Farmers plough land so that furrows lie across the natural slope of the land. These furrows trap water and do not allow it to flow down carrying the topsoil.\n(iv) Terrace (or step) farming : A terraced hillside is less likely to be eroded than a natural hillside. Here a series of steps formed by horizontal strips supported by walls, catch the descending water. It gives the water sufficient time to percolate into the soil and nourish the crop.\n(v) Soil cover : Soil left bare after harvesting a crop is often covered with dried vegetation to prevent erosion. Steep slopes that cannot be ploughed are covered with grass or pasture crops.\n(vi) Preventing overgrazing : As the grass has a tendency to bind soil molecules, so even a very little grass on a field prevents erosion of soil. But if the grass is overgrazed, it exposes the soil to erosion.", "support_doc": "dbc2d1a2-4de2-11ed-8c29-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f799db50-4de2-11ed-8f0f-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the different states in which water is found during the water cycle?", "summary": "All three possible states of water can be seen during the water cycle. These states are :\n(i) Gaseous state (In the form Of water vapour which evaporates from the surface water). Liquid state (It is formed by the condensation of water vapour and can be Seen in the form of rain).\n(ii) Solid state (It is formed by the freezing Of liquid droplets in the upper layer of atmosphere which can be seen in the form Of snow, hail Or sleet).", "support_doc": "f799da4c-4de2-11ed-8f0f-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "66c25aa6-4de4-11ed-9521-0242ac110007", "query": "The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but the watches show the same time. How does this happen?", "summary": "From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, there is a time lag of two hours, but the watches show the same time because the time along the Standard Meridian of India (82\u00b0 30\u2019E) passing through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh is taken as the standard time for the whole country. Because the same standard time for the whole country has been adopted, the watches show the same time in Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, and in all parts of the country.", "support_doc": "66c25998-4de4-11ed-9521-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f892a2f0-4de5-11ed-8390-0242ac110007", "query": "How would you compare the east-flowing and the west-flowing rivers of the Peninsular plateau of India?", "summary": "East Flowing Rivers\nThe Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri are the main east flowing rivers of Peninsular India. These rivers drain in the Bay of Bengal. These rivers make deltas at their mouth\n\nWest Flowing Rivers.\nThese rivers have a developed tributary system. Their tributaries are comparatively large in size. These rivers flow through not very deep channels. The Narmada and the Tapi are the main west-flowing rivers of Peninsular India. These rivers drain in the Arabian Sea. These rivers enter the sea through estuaries. These rivers are devoid of developed tributary system. Their tributaries are quite small in size. These rivers flow in a trough or a funnel-like narrow but deep channel.", "support_doc": "f892a1e2-4de5-11ed-8390-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "2bdf8ce0-4de6-11ed-9c23-0242ac110007", "query": "Why are rivers important for the country\u2019s economy?", "summary": "Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout human history. Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource, essential for various human activities. Therefore, the riverbanks have attracted settlers from ancient times. These settlements have now become big cities. Make a list of cities in your state, which is located on the bank of a river. Using rivers for irrigation, navigation, hydropower generation is of special significance \u2013 particularly to a country like India, where agriculture is the major source of livelihood of the majority of its population.", "support_doc": "2bdf8be6-4de6-11ed-9c23-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6b8cd60c-4de8-11ed-b42e-0242ac110007", "query": "Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?", "summary": "The monsoon type of climate is characterised by a distinct seasonal pattern. The weather conditions greatly change from one season to the other. These changes are particularly noticeable in the interior parts of the country. The coastal areas do not experience much variation in temperature though there is variation in rainfall patterns. Four main seasons can be identified in India \u2013 the cold-weather season, the hot weather season, the advancing monsoon, and the retreating monsoon with some regional variations.", "support_doc": "6b8cd53a-4de8-11ed-b42e-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "8b1b1db2-4de8-11ed-b18b-0242ac110007", "query": "What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?", "summary": "Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. A number of separate jet streams have been identified. The most constant is the mid-latitude and the subtropical jet stream. Over India, these jet streams blow south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer. The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and northwestern parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India, approximately over 14\u00b0N during the summer months.", "support_doc": "8b1b1c9a-4de8-11ed-b18b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "aaa6a902-4de9-11ed-83a9-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?", "summary": "Despite great moderating influences on the climate of India, there are great variations in the temperature conditions. Nevertheless, the unifying influence of the monsoon on the Indian subcontinent is quite perceptible. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons.", "support_doc": "aaa6a808-4de9-11ed-83a9-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c0b01fda-4de9-11ed-b568-0242ac110007", "query": "Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?", "summary": "The western coast and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall annually. However, it is less than 60 cm in western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab. Rainfall is equally low in the interior of the Deccan plateau, and east of the Sahyadris. The third area of low precipitation is around Leh in Jammu and Kashmir. The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall.\n\nSnowfall is restricted to the Himalayan region. Owing to the nature of monsoons, the annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year. Variability is high in the regions of low rainfall such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats. As such, while areas of high rainfall are liable to be affected by floods, areas of low rainfall are drought-prone.", "support_doc": "c0b01ec2-4de9-11ed-b568-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "9e854f96-4df0-11ed-9be0-0242ac110007", "query": "How is migration a determinant factor of population change?", "summary": "Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries). Internal migration does not change the size of the population but influences the distribution of population within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of a population.", "support_doc": "9e854e7e-4df0-11ed-9be0-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ed1cf0d2-4df0-11ed-af98-0242ac110007", "query": "How do population growth and population change differ?", "summary": "Population growth\nGrowth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time, say during the last ten years. Such a change can be expressed in two ways: in terms of absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.\nPopulation change\nThere are three main processes of change of population: birth rates, death rates, and migration. The natural increase of population is the difference between birth rates and death rates. The birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. The third component of population growth is migration. Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries). Internal migration does not change the size of the population but influences the distribution of population within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population", "support_doc": "ed1cefce-4df0-11ed-af98-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "78afaaf4-4df1-11ed-bf9b-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the significant features of the National Population Policy 2000?", "summary": "The significant features of the National Population Policy 2000 are:\n1. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need greater attention.\n2. Besides nutritional requirements, the policy puts greater emphasis on other important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).\n3. It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and child-bearing, education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex, making contraceptive services accessible and affordable, providing food supplements, nutritional services, strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.", "support_doc": "78afaa0e-4df1-11ed-bf9b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "305283f6-4df3-11ed-b9b5-0242ac110007", "query": "Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?", "summary": "A waged labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year. Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan. Hence they pay very low wages to the farm labourers.", "support_doc": "3052831a-4df3-11ed-b9b5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "75e7503e-4df5-11ed-85cb-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the role of education in human capital formation?", "summary": "Educated people find jobs in private firms while the uneducated people continue with the same work as their parents. They earn a meagre income like their parents, which is just enough to support a family. Several years of education adds to the quality of labour. This enhances their total productivity. Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. This in turn pays an individual through salary or in some other form of his choice. It is a known fact that with investments made on education and health; one can yield a high return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society.", "support_doc": "75e74f62-4df5-11ed-85cb-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "17e03ffe-4df6-11ed-a030-0242ac110007", "query": "What part does health play in the individual\u2019s working life?", "summary": "Health plays a very important role in an individual\u2019s life because as we all know health is wealth and only a healthy person can work or perform to his full potential. An unhealthy person can not work efficiently. A healthy person is able to work harder and better, thus, earning more and living a better life. If the body is healthy, only then one can perform well. So, we can say that health plays a vital role in an individual\u2019s life.", "support_doc": "17e03f22-4df6-11ed-a030-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "acca4fe0-4df8-11ed-8954-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.", "summary": "A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given \u201cminimum level\u201d necessary to fulfill basic needs. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The resent formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.\nAs per 2000 figures; a family of five which is earning less than Rs. 1,640 per month is considered to be living below the poverty line. This figure is Rs. 2,270 per month for the urban area. The expected calorie intake has been fixed at 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. A person consuming less than this amount is considered to be living below the poverty line.", "support_doc": "acca4f04-4df8-11ed-8954-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c0b98124-4df8-11ed-9cdc-0242ac110007", "query": "Do you think that the present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?", "summary": "No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food, clothing, fuel etc. But the quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available. The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for the constant price fluctuations. The poverty line should include some corrections for inflation and market fluctuations.", "support_doc": "c0b9803e-4df8-11ed-9cdc-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0df3717e-4dfa-11ed-b9a1-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the major reasons of poverty in India?", "summary": "There were a number of causes for the widespread poverty in India. One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration. The low rate of growth persisted until the nineteen-eighties. This resulted in fewer job opportunities and a low growth rate of incomes. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of the population. The two combined to make the growth rate of per capita income very low. Another feature of high poverty rates has been the huge income inequalities. One of the major reasons for this is the unequal distribution of land and other resources. Despite many policies, we have not been able to tackle the issue in a meaningful manner.", "support_doc": "0df37070-4dfa-11ed-b9a1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "36ad25e2-4dfa-11ed-9f17-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the strategies employed in order to remove poverty in India?", "summary": "Removal of poverty is one of the major objectives of the Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks:\nPromotion of Economic Growth and Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes\nSome of the targeted anti-poverty programmes undertaken by the government are:\nPrime Minister\u2019s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). This programme was started in 1993. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.\nPradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY). This programme was launched in 2000. It aims at creating and improving basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.\nRural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). This programme was launched in 1995. It aims at creating self-employment opportunities in rural areas and urban towns.\nMahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme would be extended to 600 districts. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women.", "support_doc": "36ad2434-4dfa-11ed-9f17-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "01ffe67e-4dfd-11ed-9e53-0242ac110007", "query": "How has green revolution helped India, if at all?", "summary": "After independence, India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the \u2018Green Revolution\u2019 especially in the production of wheat and rice. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of the Green revolution in agriculture by releasing a special stamp entitled \u2018Wheat Revolution\u2019 in July 1968. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The increase in food grains was, however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where food grain production jumped from 7.23 million tonnes in 1964\u201365 to reach an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995\u201396.", "support_doc": "01ffe598-4dfd-11ed-9e53-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "7ccb623e-4dfd-11ed-bc7d-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is a buffer stock created by the government?", "summary": "To ensure availability of food to all sections of the society the Indian government carefully designed a food security system, which is composed of two components: (a) buffer stock and (b) public distribution system. This is done to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price.", "support_doc": "7ccb6162-4dfd-11ed-bc7d-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b5cbc3f8-4dfd-11ed-aabd-0242ac110007", "query": "How are seasonal hunger and chronic hunger different from each other?", "summary": "Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting whereas chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity or quality. People suffer from seasonal hunger in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities and because of causal labour in the urban areas whereas poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of very low income and thereby inability to buy food even for bare survival.", "support_doc": "b5cbc31c-4dfd-11ed-aabd-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "4c3912f0-4e03-11ed-86c5-0242ac110007", "query": "What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?", "summary": "In order to help the poor, and provide food security to them,two special schemes were launched in 2000. They were Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and the Annapurna Scheme (APS) with special target groups of \u2018poorest of the poor\u2019 and \u2018indigent senior citizens\u2019, respectively. The functioning of these two schemes was linked with the existing network.", "support_doc": "4c39120a-4e03-11ed-86c5-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "97c3730c-4e06-11ed-b9da-0242ac110007", "query": "What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?", "summary": "An equation for a chemical reaction is an equation in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the reactants and the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.", "support_doc": "97c37226-4e06-11ed-b9da-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "eaae8686-4e08-11ed-bc6a-0242ac110007", "query": "While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?", "summary": "While diluting an acid it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid because if water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, then a large amount of heat is evolved at once. This heat changes some of the water to steam explosively which can splash the acid on one\u2019s face or clothes and cause acid burns.", "support_doc": "eaae8596-4e08-11ed-bc6a-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ab76ff8c-4e0a-11ed-b786-0242ac110007", "query": "Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micell be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?", "summary": "Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.\nSuch micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium salt of fatty acids do not dissolve.", "support_doc": "ab76fe92-4e0a-11ed-b786-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "a141073c-4e0b-11ed-9f6a-0242ac110007", "query": "How do soaps clean our hands when we wash them with soaps?", "summary": "When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon end of the soap molecules in micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times.", "support_doc": "a1410656-4e0b-11ed-9f6a-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f9316eb2-4e0d-11ed-92f8-0242ac110007", "query": "How could the modern periodic table remove various anomalies of Mendeleev\u2019s periodic Table?", "summary": "(i) The modern periodic table is based on atomic number, while Mendeleev\u2019s periodic table was based on atomic mass.\n(ii) The isotopes of an element have same number of protons (or atomic number). So they are alloted the same position in modern periodic table.\n(iii) Cobalt and nickel are placed at 9th and 10th position respectively.\n(iv) Hydrogen has been alloted special position, i.e., it is placed at the top of alkali metals in the first group.", "support_doc": "f9316dc2-4e0d-11ed-92f8-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "7028c862-4e0e-11ed-8f18-0242ac110007", "query": "How does the electronic configuration of an atom relate to its position in the Modern Periodic Table?", "summary": "Modern periodic table is based on the atomic number and atomic number is directly related to the electronic configuration. One can find the group number and period number of an element on the basis of electronic configuration. For example, if an element has 1 or 2 electrons in its outermost shell, then it would belong to group 1 or group 2. And if it has 3 or more electrons in its outermost shell, then it would belong to group 10 4- the number of electrons in the outermost shell.\n\nAll the alkali metals have one electron in their outermost shell, so they are placed in group 1. Thus, all the group 2 elements have 2 electrons in their outermost shell. In group 15 elements, there are 5 electrons in their outermost shell. Similarly, the number of shells in an element indicates its period number. For example, the atomic number of magnesium is 12 and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 2. Thus it is an element of 3rd period.", "support_doc": "7028c77c-4e0e-11ed-8f18-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "70dc7e1a-4e0f-11ed-b034-0242ac110007", "query": "What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?", "summary": "Aquatic organisms use oxygen dissolved in surrounding water. Since air dissolved in water has fairly low concentration of oxygen, the aquatic organisms have much faster rate of breathing.\nTerrestrial organisms take oxygen from the oxygen-rich atmosphere through respiratory organs. Hence, they have much less breathing rate than aquatic organisms.", "support_doc": "70dc7d34-4e0f-11ed-b034-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "89d5a554-4e14-11ed-8127-0242ac110007", "query": "What happens at the synapse between two neurons?", "summary": "The small empty space between two nerve cells is called synapse. At synapse, a chemical substance is produced at the end of axon of one nerve cell that reaches to the other nerve cell through the dendrite. Thus, information is transmitted from one nerve cell to other nerve cell by synapse.", "support_doc": "89d5a45a-4e14-11ed-8127-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ba5e1f1c-4e14-11ed-af9f-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the role of the brain in reflex action ?", "summary": "There is no role of brain in reflex action. These involuntary actions are controlled by the spinal cord which take place immediately without thinking of how to respond to the stimuli.", "support_doc": "ba5e1e2c-4e14-11ed-af9f-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c7b5fb48-4e15-11ed-bed3-0242ac110007", "query": "How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support ?", "summary": "When the tip of a tendril touches a support, then the auxins present in its tip move to that side of tip which is away from the support. Auxins promote growth. So, due to more auxins in it, the side of tendril away from the support grows faster (and becomes longer) than the side which is in contact with the support and makes the tendril twirl (or bend) around the support.", "support_doc": "c7b5fa4e-4e15-11ed-bed3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "5bab94d4-4e16-11ed-ac04-0242ac110007", "query": "How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?", "summary": "Chemical coordination in animals takes place through the hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Coordination in animals takes place through hormone system as well as nervous system which is called endocrine system. Endocrine glands secrete animal hormones directly into the blood that reach to the specific cells. Special type of molecules are present on the surface of cells to detect these hormones. These cells act according to the information that a particular hormone carries.", "support_doc": "5bab93d0-4e16-11ed-ac04-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "ed856e02-4e16-11ed-94ec-0242ac110007", "query": "How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?", "summary": "The heart beat increases when adrenaline is secreted into the blood so that more oxygen is supplied to our muscles. The blood supply to the digestive system and skin decreases because the small arteries around the muscles of these organs contract. This turns the direction of blood towards our skeletal muscles. The breathing rate also increases due to the contractions of the diaphragm and rib muscles. All these responses enable us to face the situations of fear and anger.", "support_doc": "ed856cea-4e16-11ed-94ec-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "f54886be-4e17-11ed-80bf-0242ac110007", "query": "What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise?", "summary": "Receptors are specialised cells located in our sense organs like ear, nose, skin, tongue and eyes. The function of receptors is to detect information from the environment. For example, olfactory receptors detect smell. If receptors do not work properly, the information obtained from the environment will be delayed to reach the spinal cord or brain. In this situation, the response to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing harm to the body. For example, if skin receptors are damaged, and one accidentally touches a hot object, then his/her hands might get burn as the damaged receptor cannot perceive the external stimuli of heat and pain.", "support_doc": "f54885c4-4e17-11ed-80bf-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "5c341d20-4e18-11ed-a348-0242ac110007", "query": "How does phototropism occur in plants?", "summary": "The movement in any part of a plant due to light is called phototropism. The shoot of plant shows positive phototropism and roots show negative phototropism.\nPhototropism in plants occurs due to the hormone auxin. When light falls on one side of a plant, the secretion of auxin hormone is more in the part away from the light. Hence, auxin causes growth in length of the cells in shady part. So, the plant appears to bend towards light.", "support_doc": "5c341c3a-4e18-11ed-a348-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "524a77f4-4e19-11ed-9dcf-0242ac110007", "query": "Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?", "summary": "We prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because of two reasons :\nA convex mirror always produces an erect image of the objects.\nThe image formed in a convex mirror is highly diminished or much smaller than the object, due to which a convex mirror gives a wide field of view of the traffic behind. A convex mirror enables the driver to view such larger area of the traffic behind him.", "support_doc": "524a770e-4e19-11ed-9dcf-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "987d8a98-4e1b-11ed-bcb3-0242ac110007", "query": "A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why?", "summary": "The light ray bends towards the normal. When a ray of light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium, it gets bent towards the normal. Since water is optically denser than air, a ray of light travelling from air into the water will bend towards the normal.", "support_doc": "987d89bc-4e1b-11ed-bcb3-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "78727c5a-4e3d-11ed-a9c1-0242ac110007", "query": "Why do stars twinkle? And explain why planets don't", "summary": "Stars appear to twinkle due to atmospheric refraction. The light of star after the entry of light in earth\u2019s atmosphere undergoes refraction continuously till it reaches the surface of the earth. Stars are far away. So, they are the point source of light. As the path of light coming from stars keep changing, thus the apparent position of stars keep changing and amount of light from stars entering the eye keeps twinkling. Due to which a star sometimes appear bright and sometimes dim, which is the effect of twinkling. The planets are much nearer to the earth than stars and because of this they can be considered as large source of light. If a planet is considered to be a collection of a very large number of point sources of light, then the average value of change in the amount of light entering the eye from all point size light sources is zero. Due to this the effect of twinkling is nullified.", "support_doc": "78727b60-4e3d-11ed-a9c1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "d346e552-4e3e-11ed-9ce4-0242ac110007", "query": "Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning?", "summary": "The light coming from the sun passes through various denser layers of air in the earth\u2019s atmosphere before reaching our eyes near the horizon. Most of the part of blue light and light of small wavelength gets scattered by dust particles near the horizon. So, the light reaching our eyes is of large wavelength. Due to this the sun appears reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset.", "support_doc": "d346e480-4e3e-11ed-9ce4-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "c6f9189a-4e40-11ed-8661-0242ac110007", "query": "Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material, when connected to the same source? Why?", "summary": "The current will flow more easily through a thick wire than a thin wire of the same material. Larger the area of cross-section of a conductor, more is the ease with which the electrons can move through the conductor. Therefore, smaller is the resistance of the conductor.", "support_doc": "c6f917be-4e40-11ed-8661-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "b7e3f9c8-4ea0-11ed-a299-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the battery instead of connecting them in series?", "summary": "Advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the battery are:\nIn parallel circuits, if an electrical appliance stops working due to some defect, then all other appliances keep working normally.\nIn parallel circuits, each electrical appliance has its own switch due to which it can be turned on turned off independently, without affecting other appliances.\nIn parallel circuits, each electrical appliance gets the same voltage (220 V) as that of the power supply line.\nIn the parallel connection of electrical appliances, the overall resistance of the household circuit is reduced due to which the current from the power supply is high.", "support_doc": "b7e3f8ec-4ea0-11ed-a299-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "2372b6c4-4ea2-11ed-b266-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the disadvantages of using fossil fuels?", "summary": "(i) The burning of fossil fuels produces large amount of carbon dioxide that causes increased greenhouse effect.\n(ii) The burning of fossil fuels (such as coal) produces smoke which pollutes the air.\n(iii) The burning of fossil fuels produces acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These acidic gases cause acid rain that affects our water and soil resources.\n(iv) Fossil fuels cannot be replenished in short time because it takes millions of years to form them.", "support_doc": "2372b5d4-4ea2-11ed-b266-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6bde508a-4ea2-11ed-87e1-0242ac110007", "query": "What is geothermal energy?", "summary": "Energy stored as heat in certain regions of the earth (called hot spots) is called geothermal energy. Hot spots are the locations below earth\u2019s crust where upward moving magma gets collected due to geological changes. When underground water comes in contact with the hot spots, steam is generated. This steam is utilised to generate electricity using pipes and turbines. Sometimes hot water from the hot spot finds outlet at the surface. Such outlets are called hot springs.", "support_doc": "6bde4f90-4ea2-11ed-87e1-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "7c7d312c-4ea2-11ed-8a39-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the advantages of nuclear energy?", "summary": "The advantages of nuclear energy are that :\nIt produces a large amount of useful energy from a very small amount of a nuclear fuel (like uranium-235).\nOnce the nuclear fuel (like uranium-235) is loaded into the reactor, the nuclear power plant can go on producing electricity for two to three years at a stretch. There is no need for putting in nuclear fuel again and again.\nIt does not produce gases like carbon dioxide which contributes to greenhouse effect or sulphur dioxide which causes acid rain.", "support_doc": "7c7d3050-4ea2-11ed-8a39-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "4d58c870-4ea7-11ed-aa54-0242ac110007", "query": "Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?", "summary": "The microorganism like bacteria and other decomposer organisms (called saprophytes) present in our environment are specific in their action. They break down the materials or products made from natural materials (say, paper) but do not break down man-made materials such as plastics. So, it is due to the property of decomposer organisms of being specific in their action that some waste materials are biodegradable, whereas others are non-biodegradable.", "support_doc": "4d58c79e-4ea7-11ed-aa54-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "6ceae2e0-4ea7-11ed-b208-0242ac110007", "query": "What are some ways in which non-biodegradable substances affect our environment?", "summary": "(i) Biodegradable substances are decomposed by the action of microorganisms and decomposed materials are recycled through geo-chemical cycle.\n(ii) These substances keep the environment clean.", "support_doc": "6ceae1fa-4ea7-11ed-b208-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "82b4fb9c-4ea7-11ed-b281-0242ac110007", "query": "What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?", "summary": "Ozone is an isotope of oxygen, i.e., it is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. At the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiations from the sun. These radiations are highly damaging to organisms. Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer.", "support_doc": "82b4fac0-4ea7-11ed-b281-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "cc553f08-4ea9-11ed-95dc-0242ac110007", "query": "Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?", "summary": "Yes, the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level will be different for different trophic levels. For example, on removing producers; herbivores would not be able to survive or they would migrate and ecosystem would collapse. If herbivores are removed, producers would grow unchecked and carnivores would not get food. If carnivores are removed, herbivores would increase to unsustainable levels and could destroy the producers. If decomposers are removed, the dead animals would pile up due to which the environment would become polluted. In addition to this, if dead animals will not decompose, the recycling of nutrients in the soil will be stopped and its fertility will be reduced. As a result the green cover of the earth will be lost. Thus to maintain the balance of the ecosystem the presence of organisms is necessary at each trophic level.", "support_doc": "cc553e22-4ea9-11ed-95dc-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "bd12ad40-4eaa-11ed-9f81-0242ac110007", "query": "Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?", "summary": "The damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern because if the ozone layer in the atmosphere disappears completely, then all the extremely harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun would reach the earth. These ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer and other ailments in men and animals and also damage the plants.\nIn an attempt to protect the ozone layer, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) unanimously forged an agreement among its member countries to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels.", "support_doc": "bd12ac5a-4eaa-11ed-9f81-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "fccee42e-4eac-11ed-98a2-0242ac110007", "query": "What would be the advantages of exploiting resources with short term aims? How would these advantages differ from the advantages of using a long term perspective in managing our resources?", "summary": "There would be no advantage of exploiting resources with short-term aims. Their exploitation may appear to be advantageous in the short-term but it is highly disadvantageous in the long- term. By doing so, we may be able to enjoy the comforts Of life but we would damage our environment gradually. The exploitation of natural resources with short-term aims are advantageous for present generation to meet their daily requirements whereas management of natural resources with long-term perspective are aimed to fulfill the needs of future generation and to maintain their sustainability.", "support_doc": "fccee348-4eac-11ed-98a2-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "0ba233ae-4eb0-11ed-ae6b-0242ac110007", "query": "Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India", "summary": "In India many traditional communities still live in the forests and depend on their livelihood for forest produce. These communities are working hand in hand with the government to conserve forests.\nIn Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers fought against mining activities. In Alwar district of Rajasthan, local communities belonging to five villages have set their own rules and regulations in 1,200 hectares of forest land. They have named it as the Bhairodev Dakav \u2018Sonchuri\u2019. Hunting is not allowed in these lands and outside encroachments are prohibited.\nThe famous Chipko movement was started in the Himalayan region to stop deforestation. People belonging to the local community took to afforestation in a big way. Indigenous species were cultivated and protected.\nInvolving local communities in protecting the environment, and stopping degradation of forests has reaped many benefits.", "support_doc": "0ba232c8-4eb0-11ed-ae6b-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "15365886-4eb1-11ed-a947-0242ac110007", "query": "What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives? How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna?", "summary": "Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, or on an entire planet. There are millions of living organisms on planet earth. All these living organisms, including man, are interdependent on each other. Cutting down of forests for agricultural expansion, large scale developmental projects, grazing and fuel wood collection and for urbanization has led to the depletion of flora and fauna.", "support_doc": "153657a0-4eb1-11ed-a947-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "668d7522-4eb4-11ed-9455-0242ac110007", "query": "What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?", "summary": "Water scarcity is the shortage of water but it is not only associated with regions having low rainfall or those that are drought-prone. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation, but water scarcity in most cases is caused by overexploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.", "support_doc": "668d743c-4eb4-11ed-9455-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "91267a9a-4eb4-11ed-8172-0242ac110007", "query": "What are the various advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects?", "summary": "Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier streambeds and poorer habitats for the rivers\u2019 aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning. It has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil. At the same time, it has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor. The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.", "support_doc": "912679b4-4eb4-11ed-8172-0242ac110007"}
{"sample_id": "e2ad9974-79ee-11ed-ae10-acde48001122", "query": "How is the weather in Gotland? How does it affect the tourism industry in Gotland?", "summary": "Gotland features a semi-continental variety of marine climate. This causes larger seasonal differences than the typical marine climates. However, in the isolated places of Gotland, such as Hoburgen or \u00d6stergarnsholm, the seasonal differences are much less. This leads to warmer autumns and winters, and colder springs and summers in such places. The sea around Gotland remains ice-free all year round, as winters are typically above freezing temperature. However, during rare extreme cold waves, the sea does witness icebergs. The sunny climate during the summers, mild weather in winters and ice-free waters contribute positively towards the tourism industry.", "support_doc": "8e77b1a0-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}
{"sample_id": "da225a66-834d-11ed-ad2e-3e22fbbc18d6", "query": "How was the Maserati Quattroporte physically? How many seats did it offer? What was the structure like? What did it look like?", "summary": "The Maserati Quattroporte was a four-door luxury sports sedan. The first generation featured a steel unibody structure. The front suspension was made with coil springs and hydraulic dampers and was independent for both wheels. The brakes were developed using solid Girling discs. It featured a five-seater interior. The design of the car was given by a Turinese coachbuilder Pietro Frua, and it looked like a special 5000 GT designed for Prince Karim Aga Khan.", "support_doc": "8e77b39e-42e9-11ed-a0a2-3e22fbbc18d6"}